text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|May 5, 1970
|Filing date
|Aug 2, 1967
|Priority date
|May 11, 1966
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Greene Clifford E, Krasin Lester Q
|Original Assignee
|Superior Cable Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (20), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
May 5, 1970 L.. Q. KRAslN ETAL. 3,510,584
TELEPHONE SYSTEM WITH ADDED MAIN LINE SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES Filed Aug. 2. 1967 '7 Sheets-Shea?l 1 ATTORNEYS May 5,` 1970 l.. Q. KRAslN 'E1-AL.
` TELEPHONE SYSTEM WITH ADDED MAIN LINE SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES Filed Aug. 2. 1967 L |64 (COM) FIG 3 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTORS LESTER-Q. KRASIN BY CEIP-'FORD E. GREENE ATTORNEYS Y May 5, 1970 l.. Q. KRAslN r-:TAL 3,510,584
TELEPHONE SYSTEM WITH ADDED MAIN LINE SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES Filed Aug. 2, 1967 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 am I E@ x@ ULL il @new )ATTORNEYS um May 5, 1970 L. Q'. KRAslN ETAL. 3,510,584
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TELEPHONE SYSTEM WITH ADDED MAIN LINE SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES Filed Aug. 2, 1967 7 Shee1,s-Sheerl 6 zNvENToR l LESTER Q. KRASN 1 BY CLIFFORD E. GREENE mm-fui@ am M ATTORNEYS L. Q. KRAslN ETAL. 3,510,584
TELEPHONE SYSTEHVWITH ADDED MIN LINE SUBSCRIBER FCILTIES May 5, 1970 '7 Sheets-Sheet '7 Filed Aug. 2, 1967 United States Patent O U.S. Cl. 179-25 18 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE The disclosure relates to a telephone communication system wherein additional facilities are added to the normal cable transmission pair of lines without ail'ecting the original system and which utilizes its own battery power rather than the system power during transmission and reception. This is provided yby adding subscriber stations with their own batteries which operate at frequencies different from those of the communication system and include filter means to separate system signals from those of the additional facilities. The batteries are conditioned to -be charged by the power supply of the system during non-operation thereof and of the additional facilities to maintain the batteries in charged condition.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 549,399, now abandoned, which was filed on May 1l, 1966.
This invention relates to telephone communication systems, and more particularly to apparatus for use in combination with existing telephone systems which facilitates the addition of a second subscriber telephone circuit to each cable transmission pair normally providing a singleone-party subscriber telephone circuit.
With the rapid growth in population, a problem arose in telephone communication systems of providing for subscriber circuit expansion in areas where the subscriber exchange plant was already congested without the necessity of adding cable reinforcement. In other words, the problem was that of furnishing a second listed telephone for a business or residence. This problem becomes especially critical in many so-called dedicated plant areas where only one cable pair was allotted per residence address in building development areas. A general object of the present invention is to provide a practical, eiiicient and economical solution to the aforesaid problem.
Another object of our invention is to provide a system that is adaptable for use in combination with and is readily applicable to existing telephone facilities and will supply a second subscriber circuit for a cable pair. Moreover, it is an object of the invention to provide such a system that can be installed and maintained easily by telephone company personnel with no special skills being required.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for supplying a second subscriber circuit for an existing cable pair in a conventional telephone system that requires no external adjustments when it is installed. The equipment of our invention may readily take the form of prepackaged units that can be easily installed at the subscriber station and at a central office terminal of the system. There is no common equipment associated with the system of our invention which is required for a plurality of our units. Thus, no economic penalty is involved in applications where only a small number of circuits are required. Consequently, the equipment can be installed on a circuitice per-circuit :basis as required, on a readily determined lixed cost per circuit basis.
A more specific object of the present invention is to provide a system for supplying a second subscriber circuit to an existing cable transmission pair ina telephone system that utilizes its own battery power for operation. Previous attempts to utilize batteries for subscriber circuits failed because the batteries were not recharged during operation of the equipment. Such systems were not reliable and were thus unsuccessful. This probelm has been overcome in the present invention by a unique arrangement wherein a battery in the subscriber circuit is continually recharged whenever the subscriber telephone of the physical circuit is in the on-hook position. Thus, for our added main line system, no external power source is required for either end of the equipment. The equipment is powered directly from the talking battery" means normally supplied by the central office switching equipment to each subscriber circuit and is done in such a way that it does not interfere with the normal utilization of this power for operating the switching relays and providing telephone set transmitter current.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a telephone system with a second subscriber circuit added to a cable transmission pair as described wherein the second subscriber circuit includes a ringing control circuit which provides an AC voltage output sufficient to ring a plurality of standard straight line ringers of the type normally included in a standard telephone set.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a telephone system with a second subscriber circuit added to a cable transmission line which includes a battery charging circuit for constantly charging a battery that operates the seocnd subscriber circuit by power from the central oiiice whenever the subscriber telephone of the physical circuit is in the on-hook position and regardless of the battery polarity existent on the carrier transmission line.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a telephone system with an added subscriber circuit on a cable transmission pair as described that utilizes line current for battery charging in a manner which minimizes the required line current and at the same time increases the allowable current drain on the battery.
The unique method of the present invention of powering the added subscriber circuit also greatly enhances the simplicity of the equipment. The only connections required are to the existing line terminals of the central oice equipment for a central office terminal unit and to the transmission cable pair at the subscriber station Ifor a subscriber terminal unit. Our invention creates a completely static carrier channel; one which requires only the connection of the affected circuits to make it fully operable.
Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following dctailed description, one embodiment of which is presented in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a lblock diagram showing the broad concept of a system embodying the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a combined block and circuit diagram showing the central office station for the system of FIG. l;
FIG. 3 is a detailed circuit diagram showing a series mode of a power regulating system for the central oice terminal unit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a detail circuit diagram showing an alternate parallel mode of a power regulating system for the central o'ice terminal of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a combined block and circuit diagram showing the subscriber station for the system of FIG. l;
FIG. 6 is a detailed diagram of the ringing control circuit for the subscriber terminal unit shown in FIG.
FIG. 7 is a combined block and circuit diagram showing another form of subscriber station according to the present invention with a modified battery charging circuit;
FIG. 8 is a combined block and circuit diagram showing still another embodiment of a subscriber station according to our invention with a further modified form of battery charging circuit;
FIG. 8a is a circuit diagram of the battery charging component shown in FIG. 8;
FIG. 9 is a combined block and circuit diagram showing a modified subscriber station for the system utilizing a ringing inverter; and
FIG. 10 is a detailed diagram of the ringing control circuit for the subscriber terminal unit shown in FIG. 9.
In the drawing, FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically the arrangement according to the present invention, wherein a carrier derived circuit is connected to a single physical subscriber circuit of a conventional telephone system, thereby enabling a second single party subscriber to be added to the one normally provided by the single transmission cable pair. Thus, at a residence or business ofiice which is connected by only one cable pair to the telephone central ofiice, an additional one-party subscriber can be added without increasing the transmission cable facilities. As shown, the conventional telephone exchange central ofiice equipment, including its switching and line finding circuits, is represented by the block 10. Its connector terminals 12 and 14 for the conventional subscribers circuit, which shall be referred to as circuit A, are connected to a standard cable pair 16 that extend to the subscribers station and are connected to a conventional telephone set 18. Another pair of connector terminals 20 and 22 from the central office equipment are connected to a central ofce terminal unit 24 of the carrier derived circuit, hereinafter refered to as circuit B. One the other side of the central ofiice terminal unit, a pair of leads 26 and 27 are connected to the cable pair 16.
At the subscriber station, a subscriber terminal unit 28 is connected one one side by a pair of leads 30 and 31 -to the cable pair y16, and by another pair of leads 32 and 33 on the other side to the added subscribers telephone set 34.
The carrier circuit B, including the central office terminal unit 24 and the subscriber terminal unit 28, provide means for deriving and applying to the transmission pair a double sideband amplitude modulated voice frequency signal. The system utilizes different frequencies for the two directions of transmission. In the following description F1 designates the frequency of the signal trar1smitted from the central office, while F2 designates the frequency of the signal transmitted from the subscriber terminal unit 28.
At the telephone central office between the equipment terminals 12 and 14 and the junctions 36 of the central office terminals leads 26 and 27 and the cable pair 16, the latter passes through a first voice frequency (VF) low pass filter 38. Similarly, at the subscriber station a second voice low frequency pass filter 40 is connected to the cable pair between the conventional telephone set 18 and the junctions 42 of the cable pair 16 and the leads and 31 to -the subscriber terminal unit 28. These filters 38 and `40 provide a means for isolating the physically derived circuit (circuit A) from the carrier circuitry associated with the carrier derived circuit (circuit B). Thus, since the added carrier circuit operates at the relatively low carrier frequencies F1 and F2, its transmissions are filtered out of the cable pair 16 and are thereby prevented from reaching the conventional telephone receiving equipment at either the central ofhce or the subscriber station.
As shown in FIG. 2 the central office terminal unit 24 comprises transmitter and receiver sections 44 and 46, respectively, both of which are connected to a hybrid transformer 48. The transmitter section includes a VF amplifier 50 connected in series to a VF low pass filter 52, a modulator 54 connected to an oscillator 56 operating at the frequency F1, a carrier amplifier 58 and band pass filter 60, the latter having output leads 26 and 27 connected to the cable transmission pair 16. The receiver section 46 of the central ofiice terminal includes a VF amplifier 66 connected in series to a VF low pass filter 68, a detector 70, a carrier amplifier 72 and a band pass filter 74 set for the frequency F2 and having a pair of input leads 76 and 78 connected to the leads 26 and 27 and thus to the cable transmission pair. An automatic gain control means 80 is utilized in the central office terminal unit to maintain a substantially constant VF output with a wide range of signal power input levels, thereby eliminating the need for external field adjustments.
In an actual installation of our system lthe central office terminal unit 24 is preferably packaged as a small compact electronic component using conventional assembly techniques. Thus, it may be easily attached to the standard iron frame used for conventional telephone equipment, with the terminals for the connections, as described, being readily accessible.
The subscriber terminal unit 28, as shown in detail in FIG. 5, generally is similar to the central ofiice terminal unit 24 in that it has transmitter and receiver sections 82 and 84 and equivalent components for filtering, amplifying, detecting and controlling signals, as described below. The transmitter and receiver sections are connected to the cable transmission pair 16 and, through a hybrid transformer 86, to the added subscriber telephone set 34. In accordance with the principles of the invention, the subscriber terminal unit 28 is powered by a self-contained battery 88 which is charged by DC voltage originating from the central office station and existent on the transmission cable pair 16. This battery, which may be any suitable form of rechargeable cell, such as the nickelcadmium type, is constantly charged during the time that the conventional or physical circuit A is idle. Every time circuit A becomes active, the battery 88 is disconnected by means of a battery control circuit 90 in the subscriber terminal unit 28, the operation of which will become apparent as the detailed description of the apparatus proceeds.
With the battery 88, no external power source is required `for either end of the equipment, and this is an important feature of our invention. Both the central office terminal unit 24 and the subscriber terminal 1unit 28 are powered by the talking battery power source which is normally supplied by the central office switching equipment 10. Moreover, this power, which is present in all conventional telephone systems, is supplied to each subscriber circuit in such a way that no interference occurs with its normal utilization for operating the switching relays and for providing normal telephone set transmitter current. In some instances, the central office terminal unit may be supplied with Voltage directly from the central ofiice source without involving the associated line equiprnent, .but this in no way changes the operation of our 1nvent1on.
The aforesaid and other features of the invention will now be described in greater detail by reviewing the various modes of operation of a typical system incorporating the invention. In an idle circuit condition direct current power (e.g., 50 volts) of the polarity indicated is continuously applied from the normal talking battery power lsource to the physical circuit A through the windings of a line relay 92 (FIG. 2), which is connected to the conventional line selecting equipment (block 10). Thls voltage is thus present on the transmission pair 16 and is applied to the subscriber terminal unit 28 through a pair of terminals 94 and 96 and to its battery charging control circuit 90. Here, the positive voltage is applied through a lead 98, a diode 100, and a current limiting resistor 102 to the collector of a NPN transistor 104, which is biased to a conducting condition by a bias net consisting of a resistor 106, a capacitor 108 and a resistor 110. When the transistor 104 conducts, a positive voltage is applied to the battery 88, which is connected through the return circuit through a lead 112-to the terminal 94. Thus, a charging current is provided to the battery 88 which is limited (e.g., to approximately 5 ma.) by the resistor 102.
The battery 88 is connected on its positive voltage side to a lead 115 which connects to all of the various components of the subscriber terminal unit 28, as shown in FIG. 5. To conserve space and avoid confusion, these connections from each component to the lead 266 are indicated by a lead from each component terminating with a plus sign.
Though the charging current is not sufficient to operate the line relay 92 at the central oice, it would introduce a significant bias to any dial pulse originating from the normally connected subscriber telephone set 18 and, therefore, must be eliminated. In telephone set 18 the removal of the handset 114 from the switch hook cradle closes switch hook contacts 116, which through normally closed contacts in the dial 118 applies a resistance circuit between a pair of terminals 120 and 122. This resistance circuit appearing across the cable pair 16 serves to operate the relay 92, thereby seizing the central oflce switching equipment and at the same time substantially lowering the voltage appearing across the pair 16. This voltage across the terminals 94 and 96 results in a downward shift of the bias voltage of the transistor 104 being applied to its base from the junction of resistors 106 and 110, thereby causing the transistor 104 to become non-conducting and effectively disconnecting the battery 88 from the line. Thus, removal of the handset 114 from its hook cradle in the telephone set 18 interrupts the charging of the battery.
In FIG. 7 a subscriber terminal unit 28a with an alternate form of battery control circuit 90a is shown which may be connected to the pair of input leads 98 and 112 without regard to the battery polarity. In the previously described control circuit 90, it is possible to connect the battery improperly and cause it to discharge eventually. In this alternate arrangement which eliminates the problern, the leads 98 and 112 are provided with current limiting and isolation resistors 306 and 308, respectively, and are connected to the input terminals 310 and 312 of a diode bridge circuit 314 which provides complete independence of polarity. In other words, whether a positive or negative voltage appears on an input lead, or an AC voltage, the DC output of the bridge circuit at its output terminals 316 and 318 will always be the same. The bridge circuit 314 may be of the conventional type and comprises four diodes 320, 322, 324 and 326 which are connected, as shown, between its input and output leads. A capacitor 328 is connected across the input leads to serve as an RF by-pass, and another capacitor 330 is connected across the output leads to provide filtering. A pair of leads 332 and 334 containing resistors 336 and 338, respectively, are connected between the bridge output terminals and the terminals of the battery 88a. So long as the voltage apparent across the line terminals 94 and 96 is less than the voltage of the battery, plus the diode drops of the bridge circuit (e.g., nominal 7.2 volts), the diode bridge will no longer conduct. Therefore, the bridge circuit acting as a switch disconnects the charging circuit from the physical line. Thus, again the removal of the handset 1114 from its hook cradle in the telephone set 18 interrupts the charging of the battery.
For some central oce line circuits it is necessary to minimize the charging current derived from the physical circuit, so that suicient line current is always available for operation of the standard equipment. This problem is overcome in another modified subscriber station 28b shown in FIGS. 8 and 8a. Here, the leads 98 and 112 to the battery charging control circuit 90b from the terminals 94 and 96 are connected through a pair of resistors 340 and 342 to the input terminals 344 and 346 of a diode brige circuit 348. The latter has a pair of output terminals 350 and 352 and connected between the input and output terminals are four diodes 354, 355, 356 and 358. Connected to the output terminals of the bridge circuit is a high frequency (e.g., 140 kHz.) oscillator circuit which is comprised of a transistor 360', a transformer 362 and other associated components. The transistor 360 and the primary winding 364 of the transformer 362 are connected in a modified Hartley oscillator configuration. This includes a capacitor 366 connected from a center tap 368 across one portion of the primary wind, whose inductance with the capacitor forms a resonant circuit which is connected to the collector of the transistor 360 by a lead 370. The transistor emitter is connected to one output terminal 350 of the bridge circuit and a lead 372 connects the other output terminal 352 to the center tap 368 on the primary winding 364.
The other section of the primary winding 364 provides a positive feedback to the base of the transistor 360 through a bias network comprised of a capacitor 374 and a resistor 376 in parallel therewith. So long as a negative voltalge is applied to the emitter of the transistor and a positive voltage to the tap 368 of the primary winding 364, this circuit will operate at its resonant frequency. The secondary winding 378 of the transformer 362 is inductively coupled and connected as a standard full wave rectifier circuit through a pair of diodes 380 and 382 provided in a lead 384 which interconnects its end terminals. A capacitor 386 is connected in a lead 388 between a center tap 390 of the secondary winding 378 and a junction with the lead 384 between the diodes 380 and 382. A capacitor 392 connected between the input terminals of the bridge circuit serves as an RF by-pass. Between each of the input terminals 344 and 346 of the bridge circuit and a common terminal 394 are leads containing a pair of capacitors 396 and 398. A lead -400 connects this common terminal through a resistor 402 to the center tap 390 of the secondary winding which in turn is also connected by a lead 4014 with the plus terminal of the battery `8812. These latter capacitors 396 and 398 serve to provide and preserve a balanced condition between the carrier line and the electronic circuitry.
`Operation of the dial 118 on the conventionally connected subscriber telephone set 18 causes a succession of open-circuit pulses to appear across the transmission pair 16, and these in turn cause a pulsing operation of the relay 92 in the central office switching equipment 10. An open-circuit condition such as introduced by the opening of the dial 118 contacts will instantaneously cause the voltage to increase across the transmission pair 16, and through the terminals 94 and 96 to be applied, as previously described, to the battery 88 through the charging circuit. However, the time constant of the resistor 110 and the capacitor 108 are such that the bias voltage appearing at the junction 109 of resistor 110 and resistor 106 will not allow the base bias of transistor 104 to rise sutiiciently to cause conduction. Transistor 104, therefore, will remain in a non-conducting condition during dialing intervals.
An answered condition from the called party will cause a reversal of polarity of the voltage applied to the relay 92; thereby, reversing the polarity of the voltage appearing across transmission pair 16. This occurs because the calling party always gets reversed battery supervision. This reversed voltage, appearing at terminals 94 and 96 and acting at diode 100 egectively disconnects the battery charging circuit for the duration of the conversation through the reversed voltage condition appearing at the diode 100. Thus, seizure of the circuit A by normal answering procedure at the subscriber telephone set 18 disconnects the battery charging circuit 90 of the subscriber terminal 28 and keeps it in a disconnected condition through the entire duration of the conversation. During this period, the subscriber terminal unit 28 will be operating directly off the stored energy in the battery 88.
The foregoing describes the normal call sequence of the physically derived circuit A, and we shall proceed to describe the carrier circuit B in greater detail.
The central office terminal unit 24 is completely powered by normal talking battery current, which is supplied from the line relay circuit of the central oice equipment that controls a line relay 125 to a pair of line terminals 126 and 128. In the idle circuit condition, voltage of the polarity shown in FIG. 2 which is applied to these latter terminals, is supplied through leads 132 and 134 to the terminals 20 and 22 of the central office terminal unit. This voltage through the lead 136 and a winding 140 of the hybrid transformer 48 is applied through a lead 142 to a power regulation and control circuit 144, and it returns through lead 146 and a network consisting of a dialing relay contact 148, a pair of current limiting resistors 150 and 152 and a capacitor 154. An arc suppression resistor 151 is connected to the relay contact 148 in parallel with the resistor 150.
Voltages derived from this circuit just described are used to: (l) power the standby circuit of the receiver section 46 of the central office terminal unit 24 during the on-hook condition; (2) turn on the transmitter section 44 when a carrier frequency signal is received from the subscriber terminal unit 28; and (3) turn on the` transmitter section 44 when ringing voltage is applied to the drop of the carrier-derived circuit B and the subscribed terminal unit 28 is on-hook.
The aforesaid functions are accomplished through a series of output leads that extend from the lpower regulation and control unit 144. A first such lead 158 extends to the detector 70 and the carrier amplifier 72 of the receiver unit 46 and also by a branch lead 160 through a relay coil 162 to the detector, providing standby current to the receiver. A second output lead 164 is the common return lead for all electronic circuits. A third output lead 166 provides controlled DC power to the VF amplifiers 50 and 66 of both the receiver and transmitter sections and to the modulator 54 and the oscillator 56 of the latter.
The power regulation and control circuit 144 may be arranged for either series or parallel mode operation. In the series mode, shown in detail in FIG. 3, this control circuit includes a bridge rectifier 168 having four terminals 170, l172, 174 and 176. The input lead 142 is connected to the terminal 170 and the opposite terminal 172 is connected to the lead 146 of the dialing relay network. The terminal 174 is connected to the first and second output leads 158 and 164 by a lead 180 at junction 181 and 182, respectively, and the opposite terminal 176 is connected directly to the third output lead 166.
In the idle circuit condition, the voltage through the input lead 142 to the bridge rectifier 168 causes a DC voltage to appear across a capacitor 178 in a conductor connected between the opposite terminals 174 and 176. From the terminal 174 the lead 180 extends to a junction 182 with lead 164 which is at a common potential level. v
Between the lead 180 and the output lead 166 is a lead 184 in which two Zener diodes 186 and 188 are connected in series. In an extension of the lead 180 connected to the common junction 182 and in parallel with the first Zener diode 186 is a capacitor 190. A lead 192 interconnects the lead 180 at the common junction 182 a junction 193 between the two Zener diodes.
The DC voltage appearing across the capacitor 178 in the idle circui condition causes a voltage to appear across the first Zener diode 186 and the capacitor 190. This voltage thus is also present in the first output lead 158 and maintains the carrier amplifier 72, the detector 70 and the automatic gain control circuit 80 in an active circuit condition. The rest of the electronic circuitry of the central office terminal 24 being supplied with power through the lead 166 from the opposite terminal 176 is of such a magnitude as not to allow the second Zener diode 188 to reach its Zener voltage. This is due to the current limiting action of the resistors 150 and 152. It is seen, therefore, that in the idle condition the receiver of the central office terminal 24 is at all times in a condition to receive a transmitted signal of frequency F2.
The application of a ringing signal in the central oce switching equipment 10 will cause an alternating voltage to be superimposed upon the DC voltage apparent at the tip and ring terminals 126 and 128. This alternating voltage acting through the hybrid terminal windings and 141 as previously described, will be rectified by the bridge circuit 168. The return circuit is through the capacitor 154 which is of such a value as to effectively shunt the current limiting resistor 150, thereby causing an increased voltage to appear across the rectifier capacitor 17 8. This latter voltage reaches a magnitude that causes the Zener diode 188, which is shunted by the electronic load, to reach its clamping voltage. This increase in voltage in turn will activate through the output lead 166, the VF amplifier 50, the modulator 54, the oscillator 56, and the carrier frequency amplifier 58, thereby causing a signal at frequency F1 to be transmitted through the bandpass filter 60 over the leads 26 and 27 to the terminals 36, placing the signal on the transmission pair 16.
In the parallel operation mode for the power regulation and control circuit 144a shown in FIG. 4, the second Zener diode 188 of the previous embodiment is replaced by a network which is connected in parallel with the rst Zener diode 186a and the capacitor 190a. The network here comprises another Zener diode 192 and a pair of resistors 194 and 196 in series therewith in a lead 197 extending between a pair of leads 180a and 166a from the rectifier terminals 174a and 176m, respectively, the latter being at a positive voltage (e.g., 8 volts) and the former being at a common potential. A transistor 198 is base-connected to a junction 200 between the resistances 194 and 196, its emitter 202 being connected to the output lead 166m, and its collector 204 being connected to an output lead 16611. In the lead 180e which is connected to a junction 206 with the output lead 166a and in parallel with the lead 197 is a resistor 208 and the Zener diode 186a in series. In parallel with the Zener diode 186a is a lead 210 connected between junctions 212 and 214 containing the capacitor 190er. In the initial idle condition with the resistance in the circuit there is not enough voltage difference developed between the output plus lead 166m and the common lead 1800: to cause current to fiow through the Zener diode 192. When the relay contacts 148 are closed and the resistance 150 is shunted out, the potential difference between the leads and 166a is sufcient to cause the Zener diode 192 to draw current through the resistors 194 and 196. This establishes a turn-on bias between the base and the emitter of the transistor 198, thus applying voltage through the output lead 166b to the various components of the central oiiice terminal.
The major difference between the foregoing series and parallel modes of operation for the power regulation and control circuit 144 is that in the series arrangement shown in FIG. 3, the voltage on the output lead 166 is positive with respect to common, and the voltage on the output lead 158 is negative with respect to common. In the parallel mode, the voltage on both of the output leads 166b and 158a is positive with respect to common. The parallel mode therefore has the advantage of being able to utilize components of the same polarity.
When a signal transmitted `from the central office terminal 24 appears at the terminals 94 and 96 of the subscriber terminal unit 28, it travels through a pair of leads 216 and 218 and is selected by a bandpass filter 220 of its receiver section 84. A carrier frequency arnplifier 222 connected to the latter filter, a detector 224 and an automatic gain control circuit 226 of this receiver section 84 are normally activated by Voltage from the battery 88 through a lead 230. These components, therefore, are in a condition to react to any signal selected by the bandpass filter 220. Upon reception, this incoming signal is amplified by the carrier frequency amplifier 222 and is detected by the detector 224. The AGC circuit 226 acts through its associated pad to maintain the output of the detector at a predetermined level. The detector through a lead 232 actuates a ringer control circuit 234, which through a lead 236, applies a DC voltage to the subscriber telephone set 34, actuating a DC ringer 238 which may be the conventional type.
In the ringing control circuit 234 shown in FIG. 6, the received signal from the central office terminal 24 at the frequency F1 appears across the primary 241 of a transformer 240, which is part of the detector circuit 224. 'Ihis signal is coupled to the secondary winding 242 which is connected between the emitter and base of a transistor 244. A voltage through the lead 266 from the battery 88 is applied through a pair of resistors 246 and 248 to the collector of the transistor 244. The voltage developed at the junction 247 between these resistors 246 and 248 is that voltage which is applied through the lead 232 to the ring control circuit 234. In its initial condition (without signal) the detector transistor 244 is in a a non-conducting condition. Appearance of a signal from the secondary winding 242 to the base of transistor 244 through lead 232 causes this transistor to become conducting, thereby causing a voltage drop to appear across the resistors 246 and 248. This voltage drop in the polarity indicated is applied through the lead 232 to a ring control transistor 250, which was initially in a non-conducting stage, causing it to become conducting and to apply a positive DC voltage from the lead 266 through a lead 252 and the lead 236 to the DC ringer 238, thereby acuating it.
In some instances it may be desirable to employ standard straight line ringers in our system of the type which are operable by an alternating (e.g., 20 cycle) ringing voltage rather than by a DC voltage as utilized in the diagram shown in FIG. 6. In a block diagram of F-IG. 9 an arrangement for accomplishing this modification is shown which includes a ringing inverter 410 connected to the output lead 236 of the ring control circuit 234 and having an output connected through a lead 412 to an input terminal of the telephone set 34. The inverter receives battery power through a pair of leads 414 and 416.
As illustrated in detail in FIG. 10, the inverter circuit 410 comprises a transformer 418 having iirst and second primary windings 420 and 422, a pair of transistors 424 and 426 and a diode 428. As previously described, a positive voltage is supplied to the ring control circuit 234 through the lead 252 and the lead 236. However, this lead 236 is now connected through a resistor 430 to a tap 432 on the second primary winding 422. A positive voltage is also supplied from the lead 245 to a tap 434 of the first primary winding 420 and by a lead 436 from the lead 245 to an end terminal 438 of the secondary winding 440.
A negative voltage supplied to the inverter circuit 410 through a lead 442 is connected to a junction 444 in a lead 446 connecting emitters of the transistors 424 and 426. I'he diode 428 is in a lead which extends from the junction 444 to the lead 236. From the end terminals of the first primary winding 420 a pair of leads 450 and 452 and connected to the collectors of the transistors 424 and 426, respectively, and from the ends of the second primary Winding 422 a pair of leads 454 and 456 are connected to the transistor bases.
As stated, one end of the secondary winding 440 is connected to the positive voltage lead 436 at the end terminal 438. The other end 458 of the secondary winding is connected to one terminal 460 of a standard straight line ringer 238a whose other terminal 462 is connected by a lead 268 to the negative power lead 416.
The positive voltage through the resistor 430 applied to the diode 428 and the center tap 432 of the second primary winding 420 will, due to the potential drop across the diode, cause a turn-on bias to appear at the bases of the transistors 424 and 426, thereby causing a multi-vibrator action to commence, which may be described as follows.
Whichever transistor starts conduction first will draw increased current through its particular half of the winding. The windings are so xed that such an increase in collector current of a specific transistor will cause an increased base voltage on `the same transistor so that the current will continue to increase until such time as the magnetic core of the transformer 418 saturates. At this time current in the conducting transistor will remain constant until no longer able to apply an increased curret; the current will start to decrease on the conducting tarnsistor and at the same time apply a turn-on bias to the non-conducting transistor, which will go through the same sequence. Therefore, with voltage applied and a turn-on bias present, the two transistors 424 and 426 will switch alternately from non-conduction to saturation at a rate determined by the magnetic time constant of transformer 418, in this case a nominal 20 Hz. The primary windings 420 and 422 of the transformer inductively coupled to the secondary Winding 440 have a step-up ratio, so that the output voltage (e.g., approximately volts) is applied through the terminal 460 to the standard straight line ringer 238er, such as is normally included in a standard telephone set.
Removing the handset 254 of telephone set 34 will cause closure of its switch hook contact 256 (FIG. 5), which closes a circuit through the normally closed contacts of a dial 258 of the set 34 and a lead 260 to a terminal 262 of the hybrid transformer 86. The voltage thus appearing at a terminal 264 and in a lead 266 will cause a negative voltage from a lead 268 to be applied through the set 34 to a VF amplifier 270 in the receiver 84, a VF amplifier 272 in the transmitter 82, and an oscillator 274, a modulator 276 and a carrier frequency amplifier 278 of the transmitter section `82, thereby applying a signal at the frequency F2 to a bandpass filter 280. This signal through leads 282 and 284 and leads l112 and 98 will be applied to the terminals 94 and 96 connected to the transmission pair 16. Simultaneously the negative voltage from lead 266 is applied to a lead 286 of the ring control circuit 234.
As shown in FIG. 6, a transistor 288 of the ring control circuit is initially non-conducting, being biased olf through a resistor 290. Application of negative voltage from the lead 286 through ay resistor 292 to the base of the transistor 288 causes it to become conductive. This effectively shorts the bias resistor 246 causing the transistor 250 to become non-conductive, thereby deactivating the ringer 238 and keeping it inactive as long as the handset 254 remains off-hook.
At the central office terminal unit 24, the signal transmitted from the subscriber terminal unit 28 at frequency F2 when the handset 254 is off-hook appears through the transmission pair 16 at a pair of terminals 294 and 296 and is conducted through the leads 76 and 78 to the bandpass filter 74. It is then amplified by the carrier frequency amplier 72 and is detected by the detector 70 at a predetermined level established by the AGC circuit 80 and its associated pad. Detection of this signal acting through lead 160 will cause operation of the relay 162 causing closure of its contacts 148 which, acting through the windings and 141 of the hybrid transformer 48, will present a resistant condition of such magnitude to appear across the terminals 20 and 22 that the ringing signal from the central office switching equipment 10 will be cut off. This then would leave both the subscriber terminal 28 and the central office terminal 24 in a fully active condition and in readiness to provide two-way voice frequency communications. This is by virtue of the 1 l fact that the circuit limiting resistor 150 has been shunted out by the much lower resistance of the arc suppression resistor 151.
Normally, there is not sufficient current applied to the carrier frequency amplifier 72 and the detector 70 to cause the relay 162 to be operative. However, the current stored in the capacitor 154 associated with these components will provide the initial pulse of current of sufficient magnitude to operate the relay 162, and closure of the contact 148 will maintain the current at an adequate level to keep this relay in an activated condition so long as a signal is maintained through the detector 70.
In the case of a call initiated from the subscriber end, the circuitry functions as follows: Removal of the handset 254 from its switch hook cradle, as shown in FIG. 5, will close the switch hook contacts 256, thereby applying negative voltage derived from the lead 268 through the lead 260 at the terminal 262 and the primary winding of the transformer 86 apparent at the terminal 264 through lead 266 to all the connected circuit elements. As previously described, this will place a signal at frequency F2 through the terminals 94 and 96 to the transmission pair 16. Selection of this signal by the bandpass filter 74 of the central office terminal unit 24 will activate the detector 70 and cause operation of the relay 162 and closure of its associated contacts 148. This will apply full voltage to all elements of the central office terminal 24 at the same time causing a resistant circuit condition to appear across terminals 20 and 22. This resistant circuit condition through leads 132 and 134 will be applied to the line switching equipment terminals 126 and 128, seizing the line relay 125 of the line switching equipment and causing a dial tone to be applied to the terminals 126 and 128. This tone is transmitted back by the carrier frequency circuit B to the subscriber telephone set 34. After reception of the dial tone, the subscriber will commence dialing. Operation of the dial 258 will interrupt the DC voltage being applied to the various circuit elements from the lead 268 through the lead 266. This will cause the signal at frequency F2 to be interrupted in a digital manner in accordance with the dial information. This dialed interruption of signal F2 detected in the detector 70 of the central ofiice terminal will cause an instep operation of the relay contacts 148, which in turn will cause a pulsing of the relay 125 in the associated line Switching equipment 10. The answered condition of the called party will cause a reversal of polarity to appear at terminals 126 and 128 in the conventional manner. Due, however, to the bridge circuit characteristics of the rectifier circuit 168, this reversal of polarity will have no effect on the power utilized by the terminal equipment.
Under talking circuit conditions conversation appearmg at the terminals 126 and 128 through the leads 132, and 134 and appearing at terminals 20 and 22 of the terminal equipment are impressed across the windings 140 and 141 of the hybrid transformer through a capacitor 300 in a lead interconnecting these windings. This conversation is coupled to a winding 302 of the hybrid transformer, is amplified by the VF amplifier 50 and impressed through the VF low pass filter 52 on the modulator 54 where it effectively modulates the carrier signal F1 developed from the oscillator 56. This modulated signal is then applied to the carrier frequency amplifier 58 through the bandpass filter 60, through leads 26 and 27 and to the terminals 36 on the transmission pair 16. This signal then appears at the terminals 94 and 96 at the subscriber terminal 28 and is connected through leads 216 and 218 to the bandpass filter 220. It is then amplified by the carrier frequency amplifier 222, is detected by the detector 224, and the AGC circuit 226 acts to maintain the demodulated VF signal at a constant level. This signal is integrated inthe low pass VF filter 271 and is amplified by the VF amplifier 270 before being applied to the secondary winding 85 of the hybrid transformer 86.
The VF information appearing between the terminals 262 and 264 of the transformer primary 87 effectively modulates the DC current flowing through the telephone set 34 which in turn is heard through the handset 254 of the telephone. In the reverse direction, the handset of the subscriber telephone set 34 is effectively in series with a primary winding 87 of the hybrid transformer 86 and the electronic equipment powered through the lead 266. This information appearing across the terminals 262 and 264 is effectively being coupled from this primary winding 87 to the secondary winding 89 and to the VF amplifier 272 of the transmitter 82. From this point forward the sequence of events is identical to that described in the previous paragraph.
From the foregoing it should be apparent that the present invention provides an effective solution to the problem of furnishing additional subscriber facilities without increasing physical cable installations. As described, the system fully and efiiciently performs all normal telephone functions and maintains sufficient operating power by the battery 88 which is charged by current from the normal central office source.
To those skilled in the art to which this invention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosures and the description herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.
We claim:
1. In a telephone system, a central office including a talking battery power supply connected to a line relay circuit, a cable transmission pair extending from said line relay circuit in said central oice to a remotely located subscriber station; a first telephone set physically connected to said cable pair providing a first subscriber circuit; means providing a second subscriber circuit at said subscriber station including a second telephone set connected to said cable pair, said second circuit being operable independently from said first subscriber circuit at a different frequency level; and battery means for operating said second subscriber circuit and charged directly from said line relay circuit by current normally supplied from said talking battery power supply through said cable pair.
2. In combination with a telephone system including a central otiice having a talking battery power supply connected to a line relay circuit, a cable transmission pair extending from said line relay circuit in said central ofi'ice to a remotely located subscriber station and connected to a first telephone set to form a physical subscriber circuit, a carrier circuit providing an additional subscriber facility for the same cable transmission pair comprlsmg:
a central office terminal unit having carrier transmitter and receiver sections and |connected to said central office and to said transmission pair;
a subscriber terminal unit also having transmitter and receiver sections and connected to said cable pair at the subscriber station;
a second telephone set connected to said subscriber terminal;
rechargeable battery means in said subscriber terminal for supplying power to operate each subscriber terminal unit;
and battery charging control means connected to said battery in said subscriber terminal and to said transmission pair for controlling the recharging power applied to said battery which is derived directly through said cable transmission pair from said line relay circuit of said central ofce.
3. The system as described in claim 2 wherein said charging control means includes a transistor and a network connected to said cable transmission pair and said transistor and responsive to a reduced current flow in 13 said transmission pair to bring said transistor to a nonconducting level.
4. The charging control means as described in claim 3 including a capacitor in said network having a predetermined time constant and operable to prevent activation of said transistor during a dialing of said first telephone set.
5. The system as described in claim 2 wherein said central ofiice terminal unit comprises one pair of terminals connectible to line equipment terminals of the central oice equipment and another set of terminals connectible to a preselected cable pair, and said subscriber terminal unit comprises a single package component adapted for installation at the subscriber station having one set of terminals connected to the said preselected cable pair and another set of terminals connected to said second telephone set.
6. The system as described in claim 2 wherein said central ofice terminal unit includes a power regulation and control means for regulating the voltage from the talking battery power supply to a predetermined level and supplying it to the carrier receiver and transmitter sections.
7. The system as described in claim 6 including a receive relay and a relay network associated therewith including a current limiting resistor connected to said power regulation and control means, said receive relay being operable to close in response to a signal from said subscriber terminal when its telephone is off-hood and to short ont said limiting resistor thereby causing said central oice terminal to draw increased current, said power regulation and control means being responsive to the increase in current to supply controlled DC operating current to carrier receiver and transmitter components.
8. 'I'he system as described in claim 7 including a capacitor in said relay network responsive to a ringing voltage applied to the carrier circuit when the subscriber terminal is in the on-hoo condition, said ringing voltage being applied through said capacitor to shunt said limiting resistor and causing said power regulation means to produce a controlled DC output for turning on the transmitter of the central office terminal.
9. The system as described in claim 8 including means in said subscriber terminal for applying a ringing voltage to the bell of said second telephone set when carrier current is received from said central office terminal unit and said second telephone set is in the on-hook condition.
10. The system as described in claim 6 wherein said power regulation means comprises a bridge rectifier, first and second Zener diodes in a control network connected to an output from said rectifier and a capacitor connected in parallel to said first Zener diode and to a rectifier output terminal, said second Zener diode being ,prevented from reaching its Zener voltage during the idle circuit condition but reaching its clamping voltage in response to a ringing signal to the central office terminal, thereby activating carrier receiver and transmitter components.
11. The system as described in claim 7 wherein said power regulation and control means comprises a bridge rectifier, first and second Zener diodes in a parallel arrangement, said rst Zener diode being in series with a pair of resistors, and a transistor switch being base connected between said resistors with its collector providing a power output lead, and its emitter connected to a rectifier output terminal, said first Zener diode being operative to draw current through said resistors to establish a turnon bias for said transistor when the carrier circuit is activated upon closing of the said receive relay contacts.
12. In combination with a telephone system including a central oce having a talking battery power supply connected to a line relay circuit to provide transmission and supervision on a normally derived subscriber circuit and a pair of conductors interconnecting said line relay circuit with a subscriber station having a rst telephone, a single party carrier channel apparatus, comprising:
a central ofce terminal unit for `deriving and applying to the conductor pair a double sideband amplitude modulated signal and having a receiver section and a transmitter section with input leads connected to said line relay circuit and output leads connected to said conductor pair;
a first low pass ltering means connected to said conductor pair in series with the subscriber circuit between the central office and the junction of the central ofiice terminal, and a second low pass filtering means connected in series with said conductor pair near the subscriber station;
an auxliary subscriber station including a second telephone set connected to a subscriber terminal unit for deriving and applying an amplitude modulated signal and including a receiver section and a transmitter section with input leads connected to said conductor pair and output leads connected to said second telephone;
a battery in said subscriber terminal unit for operating the receiver and transmitter sections thereof;
and a charging control circuit in said subscriber terminal unit connected to said battery; whereby power for charging said battery is derived through said conductor pair directly from the central office talking battery power supply without adding and additional power source to the system.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said subscriber terminal unit includes a ringing control circuit for applying power to the bell of the second telephone when a ringing signal is received by the subscriber terminal unit from the central office terminal unit and the second telephone set is in the on-hoo condition, and transistor means for deactivating the ringing control circuit and applying power to the subscriber terminal unit transmitter when said second telephone set is placed in the off-hook condition.
14. The apparatus as described in claim 13 wherein said ringing control circuit includes a ringing inverter for providing an AC voltage output and a standard AC bell ringer connected to said inverter.
15. The apparatus as `described in claim 14 wherein said ringing inverter comprises: a transformer having first and second portions of a primary winding; a pair of transistors connected to said portions of said primary winding so as to produce a multivibrator action and thus an AC output on the secondary of said transformer connected to said AC bell ringer.
16. The system as described in claim 12 wherein said charging control circuit includes means for deriving a battery charging current from the carrier transmission line irregardless of the battery polarity relative thereto.
17. The system as described in claim 16 wherein said battery control means comprises: a charging circuit, a diode 'bridge means between said charging circuit and said carrier transmission line which will conduct current only when the voltage apparent across the conductors of said transmission line exceeds the voltage of the battery.
18. The system as described in claim 16 wherein said battery control means comprises:
a diode bridge circuit;
a high frequency oscillator circuit connected to said bridge circuit and including a transistor and a trans- `former having first and second portions of a primary Winding, said first portion being connected to the collector of said transistor in said oscillator circuit to provide a resonant circuit while said second portion is connected through a bias network to provide a feedback to the base of said transistor; and
an inductively coupled secondary winding on said transformer connected as a lfull wave rectifier, said oscil- References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 10/1953 Edson 179-25 5/1956 Hosmer 179-2.5
Dimond 179-26 Singer 179-25 X Chen 179-15 X Hawks et al. 179-25 X Kehm 179-15 RALPH D. BLAKESLEE, Primary Examiner UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE 0F CGRRECTION Patent NO. 3 5l() 584 May 5 1970 Lester Q. Krasin et al.
It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
In the heading to the printed specification, line 5,
"Superior Cable Corporation," should read Superior Continental Corporation, Column l, line 46, "becomes" should read became Column 2, line 34, "seocnd" should read second Column 3, line 36, "One" should read On line 40, "one", first occurrence, should on line 59, "low frequency" should read frequency low Column 6, line ll, "wind" should read winding line 67, "egectively" should read effectively Column 7, line 66, before "a" insert to Column l0, line 18, "tarnsistor" should read Signed and sealed this 12th day of January 1971.
(SEAL) Attest:
EDWARD M.FLETCHER,JR. WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, JR Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 27, 1949
|Oct 6, 1953
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Power line carrier telephone system
|Jul 30, 1951
|May 8, 1956
|Hosmer Ellsworth A
|Carrier telephone system
|Nov 26, 1954
|Apr 1, 1958
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Battery charging over subscriber telephone line
|Aug 16, 1954
|Oct 21, 1958
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Carrier operation of multistation telephone lines
|Apr 29, 1955
|Dec 15, 1959
|Li-Yen Chen
|Carrier telephone system
|Sep 10, 1954
|Apr 12, 1960
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Rural carrier telephone transmission system
|Nov 13, 1957
|Apr 10, 1962
|W C Dillon & Company Inc
|Communication system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 24, 1969
|Aug 24, 1971
|Stromberg Carlson Corp
|Carrier and voice-frequency telephone system
|Mar 1, 1971
|Aug 22, 1972
|Stevenson Robert Andrew
|Telephone instruments
|Oct 16, 1970
|Oct 24, 1972
|Single channel carrier telephone system
|Mar 1, 1972
|Dec 18, 1973
|Gte Automatic Electric Lab Inc
|Automatic disconnect circuit for reducing dial pulse distortion caused by subscriber carrier equipment
|Oct 10, 1972
|Jul 2, 1974
|Garrett J
|One channel carrier intercom system
|Nov 5, 1973
|May 27, 1975
|Seismograph Service Corp
|Ringing generator for telephone station terminal
|Jan 25, 1974
|Aug 26, 1975
|Gte Automatic Electric Lab Inc
|Ringer guard circuitry for subscriber carrier telephone system
|Jan 25, 1974
|Sep 2, 1975
|Gte Automatic Electric Lab Inc
|Power control circuitry for subscriber carrier telephone systems
|Feb 7, 1974
|Jan 13, 1976
|Stromberg-Carlson Corporation
|Telephone transmission system
|Dec 5, 1975
|Sep 13, 1977
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Battery charging circuit
|Jun 6, 1977
|Jul 25, 1978
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Variable delay ringing detector
|Feb 7, 1977
|Aug 8, 1978
|H. R. Electronics Company
|Control circuit for pay telephones and the like
|Aug 25, 1977
|May 1, 1979
|Gte Automatic Electric Laboratories, Inc.
|Ringer power generator circuit for carrier subscriber station terminal
|Jun 18, 1984
|Mar 24, 1987
|Brand-Rex Company
|Single channel subscriber carrier system
|Jul 25, 1989
|Oct 17, 1995
|Raychem Corporation
|Digital added main line system
|Jan 27, 1995
|Oct 17, 1995
|Raychem Corporation
|Digital added main line system
|Jan 27, 1995
|Dec 5, 1995
|Raychem Corporation
|Digital added main line system
|Nov 3, 1995
|May 6, 1997
|Raychem Corporation
|Digital added main line system with power-up and power-down features
|Sep 5, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Raychem Corporation
|Dual DDS data multiplexer
|Dec 19, 1997
|Aug 28, 2001
|Terayon Communication Systems, Inc.
|ISDN plus voice multiplexer system
|U.S. Classification
|370/488, 370/496
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text: I learned the hard way today about an app called "text flooder" or "sms bomber". In case you have not heard of it, it is an app that will continuously send the same message to the recipient's cell phone as many times as you tell it to. I believe you have the option to also send them all at one time or periodically. The only solution I found to put a stop to this is to block the person juvenile enough to do something so stupid & annoying. Until he decides to grow up he will stay blocked! But I'm astounded that any of the carriers or the Market would allow such a thing. My phone was completely useless until the messages were done sending or the idiot sending them was blocked. Does anyone know of any other way to stop this so I don't get it from some other jack@ss in the future? Is there an app for that yet? If not could someone please get to working on one?!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Aerobic Life, Mag 07, Oxygenating Digestive System Cleanser, 150 g (Discontinued Item)
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
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Aerobic Life, Mag 07, Oxygenating Digestive System Cleanser, 150 g (Discontinued Item)
Shipping Weight:?0.47 lbsSwitch to Metric units
- Product Code: AER-03021
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3 x 3 x 5.3 in, 0.4 lbsSwitch to Metric units
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The magnesium in this product is intended to be an oxygen delivery mechanism for the purpose of colon cleansing and general colon health. This product is not intended to be used as a magnesium supplement.
Mag O7 is a specially formulated magnesium based compound which has been ozonated and stabilized to release Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) when used as directed. Mag O7 has a stool softening effect, which eliminates the digestive tract of unwanted debris. Mag O7 aids the digestive process by slowly releasing beneficial ROS which helps friendly bacteria utilize nutrients efficiently.
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As a dietary supplement, mix 1/2 teaspoons with 8 oz of water and drink on an empty stomach. Decrease dosage for maintenance. Daily dosage will vary depending on individual and intended purpose. Results may vary.
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Citric acid.
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Store in a cool dry place.
Keep out of reach of children.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1/2 Teaspoon (3 grams)
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|Amount Per Serving
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|Elemental Magnesium
(From 2,500 mg of Ozonated Magnesium Oxides)
|1,400 mg
|Elemental Potassium
(From 261 mg of Potassium Citrate)
|99 mg
Excellent Product
Verified Purchase
Excellent Product
I had been using Colosan powder until I found this product as I cannot swallow pills and this was the only other oxygen colon cleansing product I could find on the market that didnt cost $70 or more so I thought I'd give it a go and was pleasantly suprised by how well it works. You also dont have to drink a glass of lemon juice after it as you do with the Colosan powder, and, which I'm sure, damages your teeth, so I plan to stick to this from now on.
Was this review helpful to you?
Posted by kei-rylie on Dec 10, 2013 | Verified Purchase
this is a life saver. whenever i have bowel movement problems, this works within an hour of consumption. doesn't create any pain.
It works
Posted by iHerb Customer on Aug 11, 2011 | Verified Purchase
This is a very good product for constipation as it cleans the large and small intestines. Also it does not need lemon to work as similar products do.
Effective but disgusting - try pills!
Posted by iHerb Customer on Jun 27, 2011 | Verified Purchase
Two stars because the product does work. It is an effective detoxifier, with no side effects I've noticed. Some report burning and irritation, but that was not my experience. Usually I prefer powders to pills because it seems absorption is better. And I do not mind the bitter taste of many healthful supplements. However, this powder is nasty. I could hardly get it down, even in a smoothie. It does not dissolve, but instead forms a resistant film on whatever you mix it into. It seems insoluble. Yuck. However, I bought the MagO7 pills here on iHerb, and they are GREAT!! They work fine - I take two a night, and never want to be without them. My recommendation would be to take the pills. You are also sure of getting a more accurately measured dose with pills because you don't have half the product left clinging to the inside of the glass.
Tastes disgusting but quickly relieves constipation
Posted by iHerb Customer on Nov 04, 2010 | Verified Purchase
Just cleans you out, takes less than 24 hours to work and hopefully isn't as harmful as taking laxatives.
Unsure at this time
Posted by iHerb Customer on Sep 14, 2010 | Verified Purchase
have not used yet since capsules work so well


text:
A very exciting bird that was my top priority to see in Sweden having had my eyes on from fieldguides for years now.
At Tofta Kile,30 km North of Gothenburg there is a nature preserve full of reeds, the birds preferred habitat. The birds were very active and I saw many small flocks. There was a bit of wind so not that easy to get the birds in the frame for very long.
This is the male.
pictures can only be used with the approval from the photographer


text: Buy African Rock Lodge vouchers for deals on 5 or 7nt South African Lodge Stay, Transfers & Safari. Enjoy an exciting trip to South Africa, staying in a luxury lodge with African Rock Lodge. Stylish lodges with twin or double bed, en-suite, TV, Wi-Fi, fridge, tea and coffee facilities, towels, robes and a private veranda. Enjoy a half-board stay with breakfast each morning and a South African Braai barbecue dinner. Includes transfers, a full-day safari drive in Kruger National Park and a guided bush walk - plus, children under two go free! Winner of a Trip Advisor Certificate of Excellence! Voucher valid on selected dates between 29th Aug 2016-31st Jul 2017.


text:
This is from the comments section, where she replies to a detractor:
Valerie Says: Hi Sonia –
You ask how what I think about two verses. But I cannot consider these two or any verses outside the whole trajectory of scripture. I cannot consider them without regard to who wrote those verses and why, who decided that a specific fragment of writings to be a part of the Bible and why, or what rationales are used currently to emphasize different parts of scripture and to downplay others. All of these are human decisions.
That is all I'm trying to say. I keep saying it, or at least struggling to find the right words, because it when we don't recognizing these as human decisions, we mistake human creations for manifestations of God. That is idolatry. And it puts us at risk of violating the deepest values of Christianity itself, the heart of the ministry that is described in the Gospels, and the moral core that Christianity shares with many of the world's great wisdom traditions. Human history and Christian history are fraught with errors of this type made by people who earnestly sought to do God's will.
If we ignore the layers and layers of human judgments that lie between us and the ultimate realities we are trying to understand, then verses such as the ones you quote not only seem clear, but seem to be a clear statement of the will of God.
If we do look at the layers of human decisions that have brought those specific verses in that specific English form to your attention, then we realize how humble we must actually be about asserting that we are absolutely sure what is right.
For whatever reason, I can't help but admire that. There's something…..elegant and balanced in the way that she responded.
It also encapsulates (in a particularly 'gentle" fashion), why I have never been able to buy into "biblical inerrancy", or the other cop-outs/gimmicks used by Fundies (and even some "mainstream" Christian apologists). I am incapable of buying into the notion that a purportedly omnipotent/omnibenevolent "God" would "create" Earth over 7, 24-hour "days" at a specific point in 4004 BC, FAKE the fossil record to deliberately mislead "the Proud", and then "divinely inspire" a myriad of errors/contradictions/textual corruption, etc.
The whole chain of "reasoning" is just indefensibly stupid, and, quite frankly, unworthy of even an overt irrationalist such as martin Luther


text:
Chess Wars for Windows 10 is a free Windows game, belonging to the category PC games with subcategory Checkers & Chess and has been published by Dangling Concepts. Chess Wars for Windows 10 offers a challenging experience to chess players.
More about Chess Wars for Windows 10
The software version information is not available and the latest update was on 11/21/2012. This software is available for users with the operating system Windows 8 and prior versions, and you can download it only in English.Since the game was added to our catalog in 2012, it has obtained 2,151 downloads, and last week it gained 1 download.The information about the install size of Chess Wars for Windows 10 is currently not available. It's a game very heavily used in India and Bulgaria.


text:
3DOcean Big Realistic City 6041219
3DOcean Big Realistic City 6041219
3D Model \ Buildings and Architecture
City \ Realistic \ Real \ Office \ Park \ Skyline \ Skyscraper \ Town \ Tall \ Street
3D Model - Big Realistic City 6041219 by cornea @ 3DOcean
3D Model \ Buildings and Architecture
3D File Formats Included: .3ds (multi format), .max (3ds Max), .obj (multi format) ; Animated: No ; Created In: 3ds max 2012 ; Geometry: Polygons ; Low-poly: No ; Materials: Yes ; Poly Count: 1148000 ; Rigged: No ; Textured: Yes ; UV Layout: No .
Realistic model of a big city downtown area.
The diversity of the city buildings is very good.
It's easy to increase the dimensions of the city by copying the city blocks.
The only Jpg maps are for the grass texture and for the streets.
Each building or group of buildings has their own name and material, so you can edit the colors.
Hanging plants - 20 set - ivy; Plant Hanging on Wall - Colored; Plant Model D; Plant Model C; Plant Model B; Plant Model A; Chair design - Arreda.
Keywords: 3d, 3ds, air, architectural, architecture, big, big city, block, building, city, detail, detailed, downtown, exterior, max, model, obj, office, park, real, realistic, realistic city, sky, skyline, skyscraper, street, tall, town, view.
Download Link


text:
Ok folks, there is so much out there already. I had the foresight to go to Mass at 6:30am and am glad I did. Fox News is the only one of the three networks with nearly non-stop coverage from the campus. Only a few select updates will be offered here. You have to go to my twitter feed to see many more.
UPDATE 4: Fox news has had nearly continuing coverage. Not sure if they will show the actual commencement. If not, catch it on C-SPAN beginning at 2:45pm
UPDATE 3 Norma McCorvey (aka, "Jane Roe") has been arrested, as has Dr. Monica Miller of Citizens for a Pro-life society.
UPDATE 2 I give up - Got my coffee and I'm twittering like crazy along with many others. The least I can do is re-tweet what's out there so follow me on Twitter by clicking the icon below. You'll get updates throughout the next few hours.
UPDATE 1: I am not in South Bend, but at my kitchen table watching news coverage and scanning the internet. If you really want to know what is going on from those on the ground in South Bend, then follow the tweets below....
If I find more, I'll add them.
- Tom Peters is not there, but he is re-tweeting (RT) from many sources who are.
- Arina Grosu is in South Bend:
- Jill Stanek is in South Bend:
- John Norton of OSV is in South Bend:
- A guy named Phil is in South Bend
Other Resources:
Te Deum Laudamus! Home
Te Deum Laudamus! Home
The obedient are not held captive by Holy Mother Church; it is the disobedient who are held captive by the world!


text:
Results 1 to 2 of 2
06-13-13, 20:35 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Mar 2012
- Posts
- 6
Unanswered: Attachment locking the entire DB !!!
Hay guys
I just need help
i have access BD and every one use it through shared folder
my problem is in attachment ! , if i use the regular attachment filed in access there is one user only able to attach files and others can`t attach any thing until he finish
i tried to do attachment through VBA like below which make it worse as it lock the DB so, no one can even open the DB and one user only access the DB
Dim db As DAO.Database
Dim rsParent As DAO.Recordset2
Dim rsChild As DAO.Recordset2
Set db = CurrentDb
Set rsParent = me.Recordset
Set rsChild = rsParent.Fields("Attachment").Value
rsChild.Fields("FileData").LoadFromFile "file path"
Set rsChild = Nothing
Set rsParent = Nothing
end sub
appreciate your help how multi users attach files at the same time without locking the DB
06-13-13, 21:11 #2Moderator
Provided Answers: 19
- Join Date
- Jun 2005
- Location
- Richmond, Virginia USA
- Posts
- 2,764
Why don't we work this from a single thread:
Attachment locking the entire DB !!! - Access World Forums
Linq ;0)>Hope this helps!
The problem with making anything foolproof...is that fools are so darn ingenious!
All posts/responses based on Access 2003/2007


text:
sort by best latest
Penny Arcade http://www.penny-arcade.com/ My husband and I have been reading it since about 2003, and it's still going strong.
You can help the HubPages community highlight top quality content by ranking this answer up or down.
Thanks for the recommendation, I will absolutely check it out!


text:
Tax Preparer Software se demon smile a laugh. Guxuan looked up at the sky dazzling three, two men and a woman, look at the face, only to know tax preparer software that three people stare at Guxuan not words. After a long time, the three golden light received, was actually directly tax preparer software left tax preparer software here, completely gone. Beiyin big nodded his head and laughed Go, fairy field of the principal since you left a life, presumably also acquiesced in the birth of a large product Luo, the small blessing is not shallow, tax return software speed to tax software profile leave. Promise demon look at the fairy field of tax preparer software the three go, and the North and the black phoenix seems to protect this kid, his own glances also glanced at the ancient Xuan, faint hum said This talent if I am in my hell sigh After a cry, but also turned away in the nothingness. At this point you repair this, tax software training not enough to support the shuttle three realms, according to me, out of the illusion, you have three hours of time can be used to hover escape, to avoid being reckless people. A quiet and concealed place to practice. Black feng said a cry, the s.
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Clippers Coach Doc Rivers broke down after his team's loss to Boston on Wednesday night. He had just learned of the death of Ingrid Williams, wife of Oklahoma City Thunder assistant coach Monty Williams.
Ingrid Williams, 44, was seriously injured in an car accident Tuesday night and died at a hospital the following night.
"I've known them since they were married," said Rivers, who was so emotionally overcome when informed of the news after the game that a trainer had to be summoned.
"There's no words. There really isn't. I'm heartbroken, sick to death and once again it puts this stuff we do in perspective. This is awful. Obviously, our love and our support and all that, but sometimes that doesn't seem fair. There's no better human being in the world than Monty and Ingrid and for this to happen, sometimes you question everything and this is one of those times, for me at least."
Rivers wasn't the only one feeling that way. Oklahoma City star Kevin Durant got so choked up he wasn't able to get through a session with reporters.
"I feel for him man," Durant said of his assistant coach. "He's someone we all love. I just don't know what to say, I'm sorry."
Denver Coach Michael Malone also was emotional when discussing the tragedy following his team's win over Detroit.
"I apologized to the team. The first half, I coached very angry," he said. "I don't know if you guys heard -- Monty Williams, a good friend of mine, his wife was killed in an accident."
After a long pause, Malone said, "So I apologized to them because it's taking my anger out on them, and they don't deserve that."
The Thunder released a statement: "The Thunder organization has heavy hearts tonight with the news of Ingrid's passing. Words cannot adequately describe how deep our sorrow is for the loss of Monty's wife. Our thoughts and prayers are with Monty and his family, and we will support him in every way possible. We know the entire community of Oklahoma City has them in their prayers."
Monty Williams is in his first year with Oklahoma City after five seasons as head coach in New Orleans. The Pelicans held a moment of silence before their game against Utah and issued a statement on behalf of their owners.
"Ingrid was beloved by the Pelicans organization and the New Orleans community and will forever be remembered as one of the most generous, kind and humble individuals we've ever known," it said.
Others in the NBA community expressed their sorrow through tweets later that night.
Ingrid Williams was fatally injured when an oncoming car crossed the center line and hit her SUV. That driver was pronounced dead on the scene, according to Oklahoma City police.
Times staff writer Ben Bolch contributed to this report.


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The Law Office of David Jellinek provides legal services to clients in Newton, Massachusetts, and throughout the Greater Boston area. Clients seek out the law firm from cities such as Newton, Boston, Waltham, Framingham, Natick, Brookline, Somerville, Dorchester, Wellesley and throughout Middlesex County, Suffolk County and Norfolk County.
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Top Secret America
July 19, 2010 by USA Post
Top Secret America:WASHINGTON – Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, the collection of top-secret information the government has become so complicated and costly that no one really knows what it takes and how many people are involved, The Washington Post reported Monday.
A two-year investigation by the newspaper to expose what he called an American "Top Secret" that is mostly hidden from public view and largely devoid of oversight.
In its first installment of a series of reports, the Post said there are currently more than 1,200 government and more than 1,900 private companies that work in countert*rror*sm, national security and intelligence in some 10,000 locations across the U.S.
Some 854 000 people – or nearly 1 1 / 2 times the number of people living in Washington – have security clearance top secret, the newspaper said.
Col. Dave Lapan, a Pentagon spokesman said Monday the issue of redundancy within the intelligence community is a "well known" problem.
"We've been fighting two wars since 9.11 and a lot of growth in the intelligence community has come as a result of necessary increases in collecting such information and activities to support two wars," said LAPAN.
Defense Secretary Robert Gates had already ordered the services and defense agencies to find cost savings in the coming years. LAPAN said the programs of the military intelligence, including its dependence on contractors, are expected to be part of that revision.
Gates told the Post he does not believe that the vast bureaucracy of government and private intelligence has grown too large to manage, but sometimes it is difficult to get accurate information.
"Nine years after 9 / 11, it makes sense to sort of look at this and say, 'OK, we've built tremendous capacity, but we have more than we need?" said.
The CIA chief, Leon Panetta, said he knows that with growing budget deficits the spending level of intelligence is likely to be reduced and is working on a five-year plan for the agency.
The White House had been anticipating the Post and said that before publication the Obama administration took office aware of the problems and is trying to solve.
The administration also released a memorandum from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence list what he called eight "myths" and seeks to respond point by point the charges against the number of shipments expected to increase.
Among them was that contractors represent the bulk of the workforce intelligence. The note gave the figure of 28 percent, or less than one third.
The note said that 70 percent of the intelligence budget is dedicated to "contracts, not the contractors."
"The contracts are for major acquisitions, such as satellite and computer systems, and commercial activities such as rent, food service, and maintenance of facilities and security," the memo said.
The Post said its investigation also found:
_ On the outskirts of Washington, 33 complex of buildings – a total of about 17 million square feet of space – on top secret information are under construction or have been built since 9 / 11.
_Many intelligence agencies are doing the same work, spend money and resources on redundancy.
_So many intelligence reports are published each year in which many routinely ignored.
"There has been much growth since 9 / 11 to get your arms around it – not only for the DNI, but for any person to the director of the CIA, to Secretary of Defense – is a challenge," Gates told the Post.
Online: http://www.washingtonpost.com
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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2921 Ingersoll Ave.
Des Moines, Iowa 50312
515 279 9191
|Artists Exhibits Art in Spaces Clients Services Contact Home
Artist Portfolios
Tom Moberg is an artist that uses a very unique approach and medium to create relief sculpture. Tom collaborates with consultants, architects, designers, builders and homeowners to design a wall sculpture that is appropriate for each project. Tom has worked on numerous commissions across the nation and has been featured in many publications, including a focus on his series of "Healing Trees" in Healthcare Design magazine. He has also been featured on the HGTV program Modern Masters.
"Although my style and medium are contemporary in concept, my artistic love is basically traditional subject matter. I get a surge of creativity when I walk into a room and see a space in which I'll be creating a sculpture that in turn creates a warm, timeless piece of art that will have a positive effect on the lives of others." - TM


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Sudan Archaeology
Sudan is not only one of the biggest countries in Africa, it is also one of the richest regions of this continent in archaeological remains. The human presence in this part of the Nile Valley could be traced back to over hundreds millennia of years. The location of the Sudan on the southern frontier of Egypt and its extension to the heart of equatorial Africa (southwards), to the Red Sea Coast (eastwards) and into the Great Sahara (westwards) have turned the country into a meeting place for many populations and cultures. The Sudan represents today a harmonic marriage between the Arabo- Islamic culture and traditional Africa one.


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Author has written 3 stories for Misc. Plays/Musicals.
I'm completely in love with Niall Horan.
I only write 1D. It might change, idk, who knows?
Follow me on twitter: @ashotofhoroin
Follow me on tumblr: imnotinlovewitha-leprechaun.tumblr.com
Feel free to PM me here or message me on tumblr if you need to talk. My ask is always open.
Love ya babe!! xx
Ahem. Due to circumstances beyond my control, I won't be updating on this website as often.
HOWEVER!!! If you would like to continue reading updates, please go to onedirectionfanfiction.com and search BooBearsLulu.
ALSO!!! They are threatening to kick me off of here bc i won't remove my stories. I'm gonna keep posting until they do bc idc. If one day you get on and can't find me, search me at above address.


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"This is a great make ahead recipe for parties or just so you can have this wonderful treat any time you want. We like to squeeze lemon juice on top after cooking."
Crab Stuffed Mushrooms
0 recipe photos
READY IN:16mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (6 ounce) package crabmeat (canned, frozen or fresh)
- 1⁄3 cup mayonnaise
- 2 tablespoons minced celery
- 2 tablespoons minced onions
- 4 tablespoons dried breadcrumbs
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 1 tablespoon dry sherry
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄8 teaspoon hot sauce
- 12 medium mushroom caps
- 2 tablespoons salad oil
- 1 garlic clove, pressed
- Drain crabmeat well.
- In bowl mix crab with mayo, celery, onion, bread crumbs, lemon juice, sherry, salt and hot sauce.
- Lightly brush mushroom caps with oil.
- Stuff mixture in each cap.
- Arrange on wax paper lined cookie sheet.
- Freeze mushrooms then place in sealed container or freezer bag until ready to use.
- 10 minutes before serving, remove as many mushrooms as you need.
- Place on microwave safe plate.
- Cook high power for 5-6 minutes or until hot.
- If necessary, blot cooked mushrooms with paper towel before serving.
- Serve with lemon juice or place provolone cheese on top and heat in broiler until melted.
- You can cook these in a hot oven if you prefer, a 350°F oven--should take about 10-15 minutes to cook from frozen.
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Feds Protecting Patents
May 1, 1997
Some small inventors say proposed changes in the patent law now before Congress would devastate the patent system, taking with it America's technological edge. A key issue is how quickly patent information is made public.
- Under current law, patent information is kept secret until the patent is actually approved by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- But a bill passed in the House last week sought to require publication of all applications 18 months after they are submitted -- whether or not the patent had been granted by that time.
- The bill would also make it easier for third parties to challenge patents by allowing challengers to take part in determining a patent's validity.
- It would also make the Commerce Department's Patent and Trademark Office into a stand-alone government corporation.
While a number of large corporations back the bill, saying it would make their R&D more efficient and less duplicative, inventors and small businesses fear that companies and other countries would use the earlier disclosures to steal their ideas.
- The General Accounting Office says patent applications usually take about four years until they are granted.
- Moreover, invention breakthroughs can be slowed for years, often by the government itself -- for example, the Food and Drug Administration can add a decade or more in testing before permission to market a new drug is granted.
- An amendment to the House bill exempts universities, independent inventors and firms with fewer than 500 workers from the 18-month publication rule. But observers say that amendment might not survive in the Senate.
Source: Daniel J. Murphy, "Is It Patent Reform or Piracy?" Investor's Business Daily, May 1, 1997.
Browse more articles on Government Issues


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At Jesus' Side Trailer (2008)
01 March 2008 Animated, Drama, Family 82 mins
AT JESUS' SIDE is an animated family feature about the last week of Jesus' life through the Resurrection, as seen through the eyes of a little pack of outcast animals. Our hero, Jericho, is a vagabond street dog who befriends Jesus and follows him throughout the week. Jericho hates humans, so when Jesus is kind to him, it's the biggest surprise of his life. We see him turn from fear and anger to love and grace when he learns how to forgive a man who hurt him in the past. After Jesus' arrest at Gethsemane, Jericho rallies an epic charge of animal friends to try to save Jesus from his fate. Jericho's grief at the Crucifixion becomes joyous celebration at witnessing the Resurrection, the greatest miracle of the Christian faith. No one was there to see it. So of course, the story has never been told.
Watch the official At Jesus' Side 2008 trailer in HD below or find more At Jesus' Side videos on Vidimovie.


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Louis Carserides
Current Location:
London, London (Greater London)
My Profile
A recent graduate from the University of Leicester with a History and Ancient History degree I am now looking to pursue a career within the field of International Development. Having experienced roles in Accounting and Business Development I have come to realise that there is nothing else I would rather do than to be part of an organization which makes a positive difference by helping those who need it the most.
Prior to and throughout University I have actively partaken in volunteering programmes and fundraising events. I received a De La Salle award through my secondary school which required over 100 hours of community service and have voluntarily taught 'Street Tennis' to young children from less fortunate backgrounds, however, It was upon completeing a round the world trip in 2010 which encouraged me to start thinking about the charity sector as a viable career path.
Volunteering in Laos, teaching English to underprivliged children was the best experience I have been fortunate enough to enjoy and it is where my passion for international developement stemmed from.
Other hobbies include Football, Politics, Literature, Business & Finance.
I am currently seeking a chance for a 'way-in' and am happy to work voluntarily. I wish to gain as much experience as I can before I embark upon a Masters course in International Development within a couple of years.
Friend Request
has been sent a request to be your friend.
Total money raised so far: £0.00
My Friends
Become the first Charity Choice friend of Louis.


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Black Friday and Cyber Monday have been great for anyone looking to pick up a new console. We've seen some great deals for Xbox One, but the most notable offers thus far have been for the PS4. Until now.
At Tesco, you can pick up what might be the best Xbox One S deal we've seen this whole weekend.
You can grab an Xbox One S with FIFA 17, Mafia 3, Dishonored 2, Battlefield 1, Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, Forza Horizon 3, Titanfall 2 and an extra V2 Xbox One controller all for an incredibly cheap £349. No cheat codes required.
In person deals
To get the deal to work you'll need to add the additional games and this specific controller to your basket manually. It should also be noted that it's a click and collect deal only.
It's worth the extra clicks and a trip to your local Tesco, though, for that kind of saving. Why not pick up some snacks when you're there – you'll need them for the hours of gameplay you've just purchased.
Don't need all of the games there? You can remove any you don't want to take £20 off the total price for each extra you remove.


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'RNA in Translational Biomedical Research'
Click above to walk, donate, or both. (Donations support Making Strides Against Breast Cancer with the American Cancer Society)
At the RNA Institute, we focus on developing tools and analytics for moving RNA therapeutics down the drug candidate pathway. We disseminate these tools and technologies through collaborations with researchers in a breadth of disciplines and disease focuses, critical to human health.
New technologies and approaches in single-molecule biophysics and molecular analysis.


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Top baby names of 2012
The SSA listed the top named baby names. Is this list of names ever going to move? It seems like we look at the same list year after year?
Popular Baby Names
Re: Top baby names of 2012
I know my kid's name is on there....but what a BORING list. Lol
Re: Top baby names of 2012
I am shocked Hudson (93) is more popular than Harrison (181)
I'm surprised to see Kimberly in the top 100 still. Doesn't seem very popular these days.
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