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NursingABC Experienced Faculty and Staff
Dr. Ken Hartman - Executive Director
After graduation in 1960 with a college degree in chemistry, I earned a PhD in Organic Chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania and began a 37 year teaching career at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, PA. In the early 1970's, as a young college professor, a local nursing school asked me to teach high school chemistry to a group of 15 of their non-traditional chemistry-deficient applicants. That request was the beginning of what has now become NursingABC. I am privileged to have been involved with the creation of this program which provides basic education to students who will become some our nation's most critically needed health professionals.
Outside of my love of teaching, I have enjoyed many activities including stained-glass window crafting, sports (especially Steelers games) and more recently gardening. As a grandfather to nine wonderful grandchildren, I now enjoy watching Saturday soccer games, occasionally going to dance recitals, family summer vacations at the ocean and travelling with my wife Dee.
H. Elaine Frey - Facilitator: Biology, Chemistry, & Help Line Instructor
My experience began with teaching science courses in an inner-city high school which was undergoing court-ordered desegregation. At the college level, I was part of the faculty in the Business Department, and the Math and Computer Science Department at a private university in the Midwest. After graduate school I taught Master's level courses in Health Care Administration, until I took a self-imposed sabbatical to become a soccer mom. My experience includes working with diverse populations, and represents a variety of cultural and academic backgrounds. I enjoy the professional enrichment gained from working with groups that represent Native Americans, Malaysian royalty, first generation college students and children of college professors. I have taught and advised both traditional students and returning adults. My university colleagues also represented several different countries and cultural backgrounds. Through these people and experiences I learned to appreciate and respect an individual's background, the challenges he or she faces, and the unique talents each offers in working together toward a goal.
I am pleased to be part of NursingABC, where I blend my professional interests with my teaching experience.
Dee Hartman - Planning Coordinator
As I watched Ken teach through the years I always marveled at his willingness to patiently explain difficult concepts to students … in his office, on the phone, at our dining room table. When he began to teach these non-traditional students who wanted to enter nursing school, I felt it was a perfect fit for his gifts. Then as the official organization of "NursingABC" began to develop, I saw where my years of experience as an administrative assistant and office manager could be a help.
Having worked at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, at Beaver County Christian School in Beaver Falls and for several years at Geneva College (most recently as the assistant to the Vice President for Student Development) I was able to be the support staff the organization needed. Currently, I also greatly enjoy nine young grandchildren and working on the township recreation board.
It has been an incredible blessing to me to see how much these courses have helped students at a time when they most needed to be shown patience and to gain confidence. This curriculum truly has helped so many achieve their goals and realize their dreams and I love being a part of that!
Kara Hartman - Facilitator: Math
I've always wanted to teach, ever since I was a little kid. I love seeing the spark when someone is studying something and they finally get it, or get excited about something they are learning. So after graduating from highschool I pursued a degree in secondary education from Geneva College. I then spent four years teaching at both the junior and senior high levels. When I had my first child I wanted to be able to stay at home, but still be able to do a bit of work on the side. So I spent the next 5 years tutoring students in my home and actually teaching Algebra courses to several students who learned better in a one-on-one setting. As my oldest child came to school age we decided that I would begin homeschooling her which made tutoring schedules a little tougher. It was about this time that the position at NursingABC opened up.
The position allows me to continue to have one-on-one interaction with students but a much more flexible schedule. It has been a perfect fit! Unlike teaching, math has not always been my favorite subject, even though it came easily to me. But the more I've studied it the more amazing it becomes. I've come to view Math as one of the languages that God has given us to explore, discover, and create in this awe-inspiring world that He has placed us in.
Nate Hartman - Consultant
I graduated from Geneva College in 1995 with a double major in English Education and writing, married my wife, Kara, and we both accepted teaching jobs in Ft. Collins, Colorado. During that time just about every member of each of our families had settled down near Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, and we decided to move back out East before we began our own family.
While teaching part-time at two local schools, I also received a Master's Degree from Geneva College in Higher Education. After that time I continued to teach and to serve as an Athletic Director. My lifelong interest in sports as a ministry grew even stronger and my wife and I decided it was time to take the risk of starting our own non-profit, the National Christian School Athletic Association. That was five years ago and the organization is still growing – and so is our family. Kara and I now have three girls and a boy.
At the same time I began to work with NursingABC, using my computer and writing skills when the vision for an online program was emerging. It has been very gratifying to see NursingABC grow and serve so many schools and their applicants.
Riley Hoselton - Facilitator: Biology
After graduating from Geneva College in 1986 I taught science for eight years in private Christian schools. Having a biology degree and a chemistry minor helped me in my first job at Beaver County Christian School where I was hired as the ENTIRE secondary science department! Later my husband, Drew, and I moved to the west coast where I received my Masters degree in Teaching Biology from the University of Washington. In 1995 we moved to upstate New York where I currently home school our two teenage sons.
Dr. Hartman and his wife, Dee, have been my friends since 1983 when Ken taught me organic chemistry at Geneva. Later I enjoyed teaching both of their children at BCCS. Now I get to work with all four of them and consider myself to be blessed to be part of such a great team.
Libby Michalik - Registrar; Facilitator
I graduated from Geneva College in Beaver Falls, PA in 1999 as a Chemistry major. I enjoyed my major, but was not sure that I wanted to spend all my time in a lab. I gave it and try and began to work for an analytical chemistry lab in Pittsburgh. The experience there was positive, but I wanted to have more interaction with people. I moved on to work for a company that placed chemists in lab positions.
When my husband Steve and I had our first child, I decided to stay home with our little boy. Then, when the opportunity to work as a chemistry instructor with NursingABC came along it seemed like a perfect way to use my education and experience while sticking with the goal of being home with our children. I also serve NursingABC as the registrar and have responsibility in the hiring of staff and instructors. My previous experience with the placement agency has served me well in this position.
Steve Michalik - Director of Operations; Instructor
I graduated with a Bachelor of Science in both Chemical Engineering and Chemistry from Geneva College and pursued my Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. My interests went outside the scope of traditional engineering, and I spent six years working in new product development in environments ranging from a start-up biotechnology company to a global polymer producer.
My role at NursingABC allows me to continue with the aspects of development that I liked the most – starting with a good product, and finding ways to make it useful and available to more people. A great benefit of working for NursingABC is that I get to interact with people and see the impact that taking these courses can have in the lives of our students.
Outside of working I enjoy spending time with my family, being involved in our church, geeky games like fantasy sports and Nintendo Wii, watching the NFL (Go Steelers!), and attending various forms of auto racing events.
Dr. Stephanie Wilsey - Adjunct Instructor: Psychology
My Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh is in Applied Developmental Psychology. I have taught nursing, education, psychology and various other undergraduate majors in a variety of institutions in the Pittsburgh area. In addition to my work at NursingABC, I am a full-time professor at a liberal arts institution.
I get to enjoy human development from a more personal stance as I watch my young daughter and son grow and learn. In addition to academics, music is an additional passion, and I direct choirs, play piano, and perform vocally in various churches and local Pennsylvania venues.
Andrew Winner - Director of Institutional Advancement
I graduated from Westminster College with a degree in History and Secondary Education. After teaching high school in North Carolina for a year I decided my interest was outside of traditional secondary education. I went back to school and graduated with a master's degree in Higher Education from Geneva College in 2007. I pursued various interests over the next 5 years before being hired at NursingABC.
The best part of my job is getting to talk with different people throughout the nursing education field. I remain passionate about education and enjoy seeing students succeed and grow. In my free time I enjoy reading, going to movies, playing golf, running marathons, and spending time with my wife and our dog Cohen!
Joshua Schroder - Coordinator of Communications and Relations
I graduated from Westminster College in 2013 with a degree in History and Secondary Education. Prior to being hired at NursingABC I worked at Ligonier Camp and Conference Center where I organized different activities for various groups of people. At NursingABC, I have the awesome job of being able to travel to different parts of the country to meet with different students, faculty, and staff. I am blessed by the opportunities NursingABC gives me to interact and help others achieve their educational goals.
When I am not working, I enjoy watching and/or playing golf, soccer, volleyball, football, and most of all hockey. I also love spending time with my friends and family!
Joshua Wilsey - Operations Coordinator
I graduated from Geneva College in 1999 with a degree in Broadcast Communications. I spent the next 11 years working for a small publishing company in Pittsburgh before joining the staff a NursingABC. I am currently finishing my Masters degree in Organizational Management.
I am really enjoying my new role at NursingABC -- helping make the learning experience better for students and making sure everything runs as smoothly as possible. When I am not working, I enjoy spending time with my wife Stephanie, and my two children. And amusement parks.


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OLED TV Reviews 2016/2017 Plus 4K OLED
By Robert Wiley, Editor
OLED TVs are here. Below we have some of the first entries into the OLED arena. LG is currently dominating the space with its offerings but we expect Samsung and Panasonic to follow suit soon. OLED technology trumps previous display techonologies of LCD, LED, and plasma by offering infinite contrast ratio, supremely realistic colors, and the best viewing angles. We also have articles comparing OLED agianst the other technologies available so you can see the pros and cons for each. It's an exciting time for televisions.
LG OLED55B6P and OLED65B6P
The B6 has a lower price point. It may not be quite as attractive nor have 3D but it has the same stunning picture quality, 4K resolution, and 40W Harmon Kardon speaker pagkage..... Read More.
LG OLED55E6P and OLED65E6P
When you view an E6 next to a 4K LED TV, the first thing you notice is the immense and infinite black levels of the OLED TV. Yes, 4K LED TVs can still pump out a brighter picture due to amped up LED backlights, but it's no comparison... Read More.
LG OLED55C6P and OLED65C6P
The major differences between the B6P and the C6P is the the C6P adds a curved screen and 3D capability to the mix. It's priced similarly.... Read More.
LG OLED65G6P and OLED77G6P
This is the macdaddy most expensive OLED TV on the market. It has HDR enhanced technology as one of the key drivers of the increased price. The 77 inch has not shipped as of this writing so it's available only in the 65 inch size... Read More.
OLED TV vs. 4K TV; Which is better? 10-point Test
Both technologies are outrageously expensive as 4K TVs enter the market for the first time, and OLED Televisions enter in the large size arena. First let's delve into the technologies to find hints of which technology might win out...Read More.
OLED TV vs LCD TV
OLED (organic light emitting diode) is the newest technology in the lively TV/display market and my opinion is that it will be a viable alternative to LCD (liquid crystal display) TVs in the future. So which is better, LCD or OLED TV?Read More.
OLED TV vs Plasma TV
Plasma TV technology appears to be much more closely related to OLED TV technology than its rival LCD. This "future of TV" format has many similarities with plasma technique, as we will see below. OLED TV (organic light emitting diode) is the newest...Read More.
WSJ Piece on Thinner OLED Televisions/Fatter Profits
The tough question for me is this; "Haven't flat screen televisions been getting thinner and lighter for the past 10 years?" Yes, they have. So why all of a sudden will people be willing to pay between $4000 to $8000 for these new OLED Televisions...Read More.

subset: commoncrawl


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Red Sox Deal Lowell to Rangers
The Boston Red Sox are soon expected to trade third baseman Mike Lowell to the Texas Rangers for catcher Max Ramirez. The young Ramirez had 46 at bats last season in the show, hitting for an average of .217 with two home runs and nine RBI's. The Sox will have to pick up most of Lowell's $12 million salary as part of the deal.
Lowell underwent hip surgery after the 2008 season which really affected his mobility. He offered to contribute at first base in order to stay in Boston, but Red Sox management wasn't too favorable towards the idea. "I'm not for it," said Terry Francona. "The guy has played third base his whole life. He could do it, but I don't know if it's as easy as people think, and I don't know if it's in his best interests."
While signing shortstop Marco Scutaro earlier this off-season, GM Theo Epstein said he'd like to see a better fit defense in 2010. "I think we could do more, certainly," he said. "Whether we're able to or not remains to be seen. I think it will be hard to improve both on offense and with our defense, but I'm not sure which direction it will go yet." 2010 Boston Red Sox tickets are now available!
Categories: Boston Events, Boston Red Sox, MLB Baseball, Sports, Texas Rangers


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A Ghost Story – part 3on October 14, 2015 at 12:01 am
So the idea for this strip was a call back to when George wanted Drew, then as a ghost, out of the apartment before. I even had George's first line be a direct quote.
While I was preparing this strip I decided to go back and look at the old strip and I found it hilarious that it went up on October 15, 2010. That's almost an exact anniversary for the callback.
I really had to think twice on whether or not I wanted to come up with another strip, maybe something that showed George's frustration with Drew and then post this strip on the actual day just years apart… but I decided that since it wasn't planned to happen on that date and that it was just a happy accident to go ahead and post it on the 14th.
I'm really happy with George's character art in this strip by the way. There's some really fun lines I was able to get in his face that tickle me.


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Everton close on Niang deal
Sky Sports understands Everton are in pole position to land highly-rated Caen striker M'Baye Niang
By Pete O'Rourke - Follow me: @skysportspeteo
Last Updated: 25/08/12 1:22pm
Sky Sports understands Everton are in pole position to land highly-rated Caen striker M'Baye Niang.
Niang has been chased by a host of clubs across Europe with Arsenal, Manchester City, Tottenham and AC Milan all showing an interest in the teenager.
Niang enjoyed training spells with Arsenal and AC Milan, with both clubs expressing interest in signing the youngster.
However, Everton are poised to win the race for the 17-year-old's signature after he impressed during a trial stint at Goodison Park earlier this month.
Everton are thought have tabled a €3million (£2.3million) bid to Caen for the forward with the French club willing to sell their prize asset following their relegation from Ligue 1 last season.
David Moyes' side are now waiting to hear if their offer will be accepted, with personal terms with Niang thought to have already been agreed.
Niang is expected to finalise his move to Merseyside in the next few days as Moyes looks to bolster his attacking options before the close of the transfer window.
Niang's arrival will be a major coup for Moyes with the player regarded as one of the best young talents in Europe.


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The fact that the local food is very tasty, and the local residents are considered to be some of the sweetest and polite people in the world along with the unbelieveble beauty of Thailand and its islands are only a few of the reasons why this one of Asia's most popular tourist destinations. Thailand's reputation for hedonism attracts thousands of backpackers and its natural beauty also attracts an increasing amount of holiday-makers. Thailand is a mystical country which leaves a life long impression on anyone who visits. It offers a rich history, smiling locals, some interesting quirks and of course an unforgettable experience. Here are some of the best places you have to see:
1. Bangkok
Bangkok is a restless and chaotic metropolis and an essential part of a trip to Thailand. Although not everyone's cup of tea, the culture-shock inducing capital has some incredible places of interest that you would be foolish to miss. The impossibly bejewelled Grand Palace should really be visited and if you have time, take a trip to Wat Arun (one of the oldest and best known landmarks in Bangkok) and Wat Po which is home to a huge reclining Buddha. This is one of the largest urban attractions. Inside the temple is actually lying about 40 meters long golden statue. The more adventurous head for the notorious backpacker's road Khao San, the bazaars and alleyways of Chinatown and the infamous Patpong Night Market, located in the city's red light district.
2. Ko Samui
Ko Samui is an island in the Gulf of Thailand. From ancient Buddha images to modern, colorful temples, there is a vast selection of interesting places to visit and sights to see. Not to mention the amazing beaches.
|Ko Samui Beach
3. The Floating Market
The Floating Market- made famous by the James Bond classic "The Man with the Golden Gun" – can be found on the Damneon Saduak Canal. Although now a major tourist attraction, the market is highly photogenic and visitors can get an idea of what trading was like in Thailand before the modernisation of the city. It's also tonnes of fun. Among the river waters, close to the shore, shallow wooden boats carry the goods of the local merchants. If you want to buy something here you will have to hail down a narrow long boat piled high with produce (which is quite an experience in itself). The region also has plenty of vineyards, orchards and thriving local businesses which are great to view by canal boat on route to the market.
4. Chiang Mai
|Loi Krathong festival in Chiang Mai, Thailand
The spiritual city of Chiang Mai is a much calmer city than Bangkok but still an essential visit on the travellers trail if you want to see the best of Thailand. Dotted with temples, craft shops, great restaurants and plenty of Thai massage and cooking schools, the city has a somehow relaxed and comparatively tranquil atmosphere. Many travellers often mention Chiang Mai as their favourite Thai city and once visited it's easy to see why the city is so popular. It's location high in the north mountainous region of Thailand also makes it a perfect base for the popular mountain treks. Organised treks can be arranged very easily here with almost every other shop offering them. The trails from Chiang Mai are although interesting are often a well-worn path and many backpackers now head for the nearby small town Pai. Pai is a gorgeously located traveller's mecca popular with artists and musicians. It also offers less touristy and more 'rustic' treks and visits to hill-tribes.
5. San Kamphaeng Hot Springs
|San Kamphaeng Hot Springs, Thailand
San Kamphaeng is a district located 36km from the northern city Chiang Mai. The area is home to the popular hot springs which are set in a 40 acre beautifully landscaped parkland. They are well known for their restorative properties and people come from miles to visit. The springs come from a deep source, are over 100 degrees centigrade and high in sulfur. Here you can camp, dine, bath in the mineral rich waters or if you fancy – boil some eggs.
6. The East Coast Islands
Koh Samui and Koh Phangan are islands on the east side of Thailand popular with both vacationers and backpackers. The islands are known for their palm tree lined white sandy beaches, clear turquoise waters and laid back attitudes. On Koh Phangan you'll find plenty of bohemian style bars and cafes and of course the world-famous full moon parties. Nearby, the islands of Koh Tao and Koh Nang Yuan are much less touristy due to their more isolated locations and are perfect for those looking for peace. These islands also offer world-class snorkelling and diving.
|Koh Phangan, Thailand
7. Mae Hong Son
Mae Hong Son is the capital of Thailand's northwestern-most province. Its close proximity to the Burmese boarder gives the city a very different feel to the rest of Thailand. Very quiet and isolated this mountainous city is often shrouded in an atmospheric mist. Visitors come here for the unusual and beautiful natural scenery, the mountain trekking and to see the local hill tribe communities – one of which is the famous Karen long neck tribe. The Thanon Thongchai range between Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand is popular for trekking and here you can also see the Pha Sua waterfall. Handicrafts and artwork from the hill-tribe people can be purchased at the local night market-great for unique souvenirs.
8. Ayutthaya
Only an hours journey from Bangkok, Ayutthaya is the ancient capital of Siam (modern Thailand). The town is a historical monument under the open skies. Everywhere one can see Buddhist temples and statues of Buddha. The ancient city is now ruined but the remains of the extraordinary and once towering temples are classed as an UNESCO world heritage site and should not be missed.
9. Railay
|Phang Nga, Thailand
Railay and the surrounding coast of the Krabi province (located in the South of Thailand) is a tropical paradise characterised by towering rugged limestone cliffs, turquoise water and powder white sand. From this area it's also easy to take a trip to nearby Phang Nga to see the iconic 'James Bond Rock'. Railay is a beautiful secluded beach – accessible only by boat – which attracts a mixture of in-the-know backpackers, well-heeled tourists and enthusiastic rock climbers. Surrounded by dense vegetation and mountains, the area is also perfect for trekking. The beach is unique because it's completely cut off from the daily grind and visitors kick back and often stay a lot longer than originally planned.
10. Ko Phi Phi Island
Ko Phi Phi Island, Thailand
This rocky island rises vertically from the azure waters of the ocean. The vertical slopes are covered with dense tropical vegetation. The sand on the beaches is with colour of ivory, in the transparent and calm waters live different kinds of corals and colorful small fishes. Around the splandid beaches lazily grove coconut palms. The tiny but idyllic west coast island of Koh Phi Phi is seen by many as the ultimate island paradise. Even though it has now fully recovered from the devastating 2009 tsunami, the island has suffered from rapid tourist growth especially since the release of the "The Beach" (starring Leo Dicaprio). Having said that it still manages to retain a relaxed vibe which seems to keep the backpackers and vacationers happy. Island highlights include climbing a steep viewpoint to watch the sunset and hiring a long tail boat to snorkel the beautiful surrounding waters.
11. Hin Daeng
Diving enthusiasts shouldn't miss Hin Daeng in Andaman Sea. Literally meaning the Red Rock, this area is often thought to be one of the top diving spots in Thailand – if not the world. Hin Daeng features large underwater pinnacles, incredible carpets of anemone and colourful coral. It's also teeming with wildlife including large shoals of fish, round batfish, manta ray, barracuda and the odd whale shark or two.
12. Phuket Island
|Luxury hotel at Phuket Island, Thailand
Phuket is a tourist destination number one in Thailand and it is the country's business card to the world. The beaches are amazingly beautiful, the ocean water in the ocean is transparent like in a swimming pool. In the heart of Phuket Island there is a fantastic tropical forest that is protected by the law. This is the Khao Phra Thaeo National Park. Here for the visitors of the island are regularly organized safaris with elephants in the jungle. While there's plenty to see on Phuket, several smaller surrounding islands, each offering unique sights of their own, are easily accessible within an hour or two by boat. Leaving Phuket over the bridge, heading north, is Phang Nga province where you will find Khao Lak and Khao Sok national park and the stunning marine national park that forms the magnificent Phang Nga Bay. Spectacular limestone scenery rising from the sea, mangroves, sea caves with crystalline interiors and hundreds of tiny islands make up Phang Nga Bay, one of southern Thailand's most fascinating and scenic areas.
13. Sai Yok Noi waterfall
Located in Kanchanaburi province, the waterfalls is surrounded by rock formations around it and attracts a huge number of tourists. The noise of the flowing water in combination with the dense tropical vegetation make the place to look like a scene of a fairy tale. For the area around the waterfall is allegedly the most beautiful in Thailand.


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Read more about the people who volunteer with us and what motivates them
Jacqui Page – Norfolk Group Leader
In July 2007 my world fell apart. My son and best friend were taken from me by a depressive illness that all consumed him for eight months.
I held Simon in my arms as a healthy baby boy and again on this awful day in a place that no mother should find her child.
It was devastating. Future hopes destroyed and a loss that was physical and emotional agony, it's an unnatural process to outlive your children.
The night before Simon died we had tried to get him admitted to hospital for his own safety. Sadly this failed.
We had both taken six months out from work and when he felt ready to go back to work, I felt confident to go back myself.
The sense of injustice and sheer waste of a young vibrant life, was a situation that I found very difficult to cope with and address, as final. The end of my son's life!!
I had no control over his decision and acceptance was many years away.
Despite losing my husband to Suicide twenty years ago we had built a family life around holidays and Christmas, although they were tough. Yet we had fun too, supporting each other and looking towards a happy future.
Simon and his sister graduated from University and those days were happy for us all. Them as students working hard and having fun and myself as their proud mother.
At the time of Simon's death, I was working for a Health Trust that provided me with Specialist Trauma Counselling, Jan Summerfield pulled me through a living nightmare. Emotional carnage that threw my life into turmoil. Somehow with her support and that of local vicar gave me the strength to survive.
Survivor is an exact term for coping with suicide.It has its own demons. Judgemental attitude, stigma and isolation. Non understanding of an illness that destroys life and continues to do so.!!
I miss the hello mother, how are you phone calls every day. Even now seven years later!! The London trips. Being met by my son at the station, when I got down there, the huge hug!!
Breakfast in Covent Garden… picnics in the park and long catch up chats were all part of being a mother, to a son that I adored.
I relocated to Norfolk in 2010 needing to leave pain and devastation that had all but destroyed my life.
As a child Norfolk had brought me a lot of happiness and peace. I had great times sailing on the broads, playing on the beach,and playing tennis with my mum.
I would like to thank Reverend Les Rees from Staffordshire. As he put me in touch with Bishop Lindsay and Father Pascal at Walsingham Shrine. Your compassion and humanity has helped more than you will ever know!!
Starting the SOBS group was something that I had planned back in Staffordshire. I had been in touch with SOBS for some years working on the helpline and receiving support myself.
John Peters was a great advisor….losing a son to suicide himself. Rest in peace John. You will be sadly missed by SOBS.
The Launch night was a success. Attended by survivors all with their own tragic story of personal loss. Sadly repeating itself over and over again.!!!
Many thanks to Norman Lamb Minister for Care and Norfolk Police Suicide Negotiator, who came to a later meeting.Kindly spending time to listen to the survivors and their honest accounts of the day, when they lost family and their lives were changed forever.
The next plan is to raise money for Norfolk SOBS group. I am running a half marathon with a work colleague all proceeds go to SOBS Norfolk.
A Charity Concert is also on the wish list in my son's memory in the grounds of a Castle in Staffordshire next door to the church where my son is buried. The proceeds will go to Norfolk SOBS…. who knows a Centre for those brave survivors who get up every day and continue to live after a suicide…it's no easy task!!
Thank you for spending the time to read this volunteer page.
Lynn Orridge – Melton Mowbray Group Leader
Suicide barged permanently into my family's life on Tuesday 8th February 2011.
I was bereaved by suicide and in my head, I knew immediately the heartache to come, whilst my heart struggled to comprehend the loss of my eldest child and only daughter.
I was powerless, had no choice and no control – probably the main reason I volunteered to set up and run a support group for Survivors of Bereavement by Suicide in my hometown. To take some control, it's my choice, and in time I hope to lessen the power of the shadow hanging over the rest of our lives. Whilst I'd lost loved ones previously, nothing remotely came close to the emotional turmoil and devastation of losing Nicola by her own hand.
Also, the nearest group to us at the time was over an hour away and I felt I would be able to draw on my experience of running support groups for the charity I worked for at the time of our daughter's death. Also, unfortunately, there was a cluster of suicides and attempted suicides, many young, in our area in the months and years after Nic's death, something that bothers me due to the media coverage of Nic's death.
When setting up the group I had two main concerns, fundraising and was I strong enough? I had developed a habit of bursting into tears at any time.
Fundraising; early on I decided to only raise just enough to cover venue hire, refreshments and the cost of a dedicated mobile. Ultimately both my husband and I were happy to cover the costs for a while but we didn't need to, family & friends were very generous and two car boots later we had enough funds to run for a year. Then once the group was up and running we benefited from wonderful donations. After attending my first volunteer's conference in November 2013, we will ensure that we support the running costs of head office as much as we can, as we would be lost without their helpline, resources, advice and encouragement.
Was I strong enough? I don't need to be strong on my own, we all support each other, a lot of people are on Facebook and we have regular contact between meetings, as our grief ebbs and flows facing anniversaries, birthdays and the festive season. We are there for each other; we explore the complicated emotions that we barely understand in a safe and non-judgemental atmosphere. And tears, yes I cry for my daughter and I most likely always will, I'm comfortable with that.
Rest in peace Nicola Ann Orridge, you are loved and missed every single day. Something special has come from such a waste.
Joy and Phil Heal – Uttoxeter Group Leaders
We were very fortunate that when we lost our son to suicide in May 2011, someone noted details of Survivors of Bereavement by Suicide in their condolence card. This meant that we attended meetings at Ilkeston quite soon following our loss.
My husband Phil decided very quickly, that we should open a group local to where we live, as soon as possible. We waited the 2 years recommended and held our first meeting in June 2013.
The first issue was to think of a third member to join our group. Our sister in law with her P.A. background seemed perfect, but in the end, she found the prospect too upsetting which we obviously appreciated as she loved Jonathan very much. Luckily Jonathan's best friend Jane stepped into the breach and is an invaluable asset to the team.
We started to look for premises a good 6 months before we planned to open. It was very difficult to find suitable premises that met the recommendations of the charity, at an affordable price, that would be available on the same day each month and within the insurance cover agreement. Fortunately, we did eventually find our premises with disablement access, large car park, private access to our meeting room, toilets and kitchen area.
The next challenge was to advertise our existence. A lady who lost her husband to suicide got in touch with Survivors of Bereavement by Suicide headquarters offering help to support us. She works for the Local Authority and managed to get our group details put on the GP Agenda. This has meant that every GP in Staffordshire has been given our details. To date we have had two GP referrals from different parts of Staffordshire. She also managed to get me an invitation to join the Stoke on Trent Prevention of Suicide Strategy Working Group, were I can influence the agenda from the Survivors points of view.
Prior to our first meeting we drove around Stoke on Trent dropping posters and leaflets off at Health Centres, GP Surgeries and asking retailers to display posters in their shop windows. We contacted several local free papers and they all published articles free of charge. We contacted the main local Newspapers who also published articles on our group free of charge. I was invited to talk on BBC Radio Stoke before and after the first meeting which was very nerve racking.
Jane set up a Facebook page and email address for our Uttoxeter group – we have been contacted by several survivors via these medias. At the meetings we have two very dear friends who provide us all with tea and coffee, biscuits and homemade cakes free of charge. They come to every meeting and make drinks as Survivors arrive at 7pm and make another drink around 8pm.
This means we don't actually break the meeting and the Survivors always seem ready for another drink. It works for us. I personally worried a lot about actually facilitating our meetings. I have attended a few different meetings and each had its own way of doing things.
I still worry about people not turning up, I spend a lot of time speaking to newly bereaved on the phone. Some come to meeting, some are not ready or are not interested or are able to attend. I write to anyone I hear about being bereaved by suicide (provided I can find out their contact details) and enclose SOBS details.
We fundraise not only for funds but to keep our group in the local media.
Running a group is not easy, it is time consuming and as an emotional cost to yourself. However, the rewards of reaching other Survivors, some who are in a desperate state, to bring some comfort to fellow survivors and to meet and listen to some truly amazing and inspirational survivors means that we receive more than we give. To be there for someone else is our way of paying back the help and support we received and continued to receive from Eric and Geoff at the Ilkeston Group.
Did we appreciate just what we were taking on? Probably Not. Would we do it again? Definitely.
Good luck if you are thinking of setting up a group. Head Office will hold your hand and support you all the way. If you want to talk to me then don't hesitate to contact me.


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HOUSTON (Reuters) - Royal Dutch Shell said an oil sheen near two of its offshore Gulf of Mexico oil and natural gas platforms was dissipating Thursday, and it was "very confident" its installations were not to blame.
The Hague-based company said the "orphan spill," estimated to be about six barrels of oil, was breaking up. Shell said it would continue to monitor the sea floor with a pair of underwater robots.


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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
Here's my first graduation cake using b/c & royal frostings w/ strawberry perserves inside. Man, was this one heavy cake to carry.
Very nicely done. :D
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


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Bundesliga Round-up
By Patrick Goss
Last Updated: 01/01/70 1:00am
Stuttgart cut the gap at the top of the Bundesliga with a 5-2 win.Stuttgart cut the gap at the top of the Bundesliga, taking advantage of Bayern Munich's 2-2 draw with Nurnberg, with a 5-2 win against Vfl Bochum.
The Swabians cut the gap at the top to three points with the victory, which came courtesy of a brace from Kevin Kuranyi, strikes from Aleksandr Hleb and Silvio Meissner and an own goal from Raymond Kalla.
Goncalves Edu and Marcel Matritz bagged consolation strikes for Bochum.
Bayern had come from behind to put themselves in the lead against Nurnberg, with Roy Makaay cancelling out Markus Schroth's opener and Ze Roberto giving the Munich giants the lead.
However, a goal from Ivica Banovic 16 minutes from time earned the hosts a 2-2 draw.
Reigning champions Werder Bremen looked superb, as they hammered Freiburg 6-0.
Angelos Charistaes scored a hat-trick to add to a Miroslav Klose brace, with Johan Micoud also on target.
Bizarrely, there was second 6-0 result in Die Bundesliga - with Hertha Berlin thrashing Borussia Monchengladbach.
Yildiray Basturk scored twice, with Giuseppe Reina, Nando Rafael, Alexander Madlung and Marcelinho also getting on the scoresheet.
Franca's last ditch goal gave Beyer Leverkusen a 2-1 victory over Wolfsburg.
Diego Kimowicz had given The Wolves the lead in the fourth minute, only for Andrej Voronin to level before Brazilian Franca sealed a late victory.
Arminia Bielefeld drew 1-1 with Hansa Rostock. Patrick Owomoyela celebrated his call up to the German squad with the equaliser after Antonio di Salvo had opened the scoring.
Finally, Hannover picked up a 2-0 win over Hamburg on their travels.
Steve Cherundolo and Daniel Stendel were the scorers for Hannover.
Click below for match summaries:
Arminia Bielefeld 1-1 Hansa Rostock
Bayer Leverkusen 2-1 Wolfsburg
Nurnberg 2-2 Bayern Munich
Freiburg 0-6 Werder Bremen
Hamburg 0-2 Hannover
Hertha Berlin 6-0 Borussia Monchengladbach
Stuttgart 5-2 VFL Bochum
Click here for an updated Bundesliga table.


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Federal laws prohibiting use of marijuana continue to be in tension with the laws of some states legalizing use of marijuana for medical and/or recreational use. The Colorado Supreme Court recently weighed in on one of the employment-related issues stemming from that tension.
On June 15, the Colorado Supreme Court issued an important decision in Brandon Coats v. Dish Network, LLC, clarifying the scope of off-duty conduct that earns protection from termination under the state's lawful activities statute. Like similar statutes in other states, this Colorado statute bars employers from discharging employees for "engaging in any lawful activity off the premises of the employer during non-working hours." In the Coats case, the Court unanimously held that Dish Network was not in violation of the Colorado lawful activities statute when it terminated employee Brandon Coats for his off-duty and off-premises use of medical marijuana. Though Colorado legalized medical marijuana usage under its Medical Marijuana Amendment, the Court found medical marijuana usage is not a "lawful activity" for purposes of the Colorado lawful activities statute because it still is illegal under federal law.
Coats is a quadriplegic who has been confined to a wheelchair since he was a teenager. He began working for the defendant employer, Dish Network, as a customer service representative back in 2007. Due to painful muscle spasms caused by his quadriplegia, Coats registered with the state and obtained a license to use medical marijuana starting in 2009. At the same time, however, Dish Network had a zero-tolerance drug policy. After Coats tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol ("THC"), a primary component of marijuana, during a random workplace drug test in May 2010, Dish Network fired him for violating its zero-tolerance drug policy.
Following his termination, Coats brought suit against Dish Network, alleging that he was wrongfully terminated in violation of the lawful activities statute. Because Coats had registered and obtained a license for medical marijuana under the Medical Marijuana Amendment, he argued that his out-of-work marijuana usage was a lawful activity and his discharge was in direct violation of the lawful activities statute.
The trial court dismissed his claim without addressing marijuana's treatment under federal law. A divided appellate court affirmed the decision, holding that because marijuana use is prohibited under the federal Controlled Substances Act, it cannot be a lawful activity despite the state constitutional amendment permitting it as a matter of state law. In reviewing the decision, the Colorado Supreme Court agreed with the appellate court's interpretation of the term "lawful," noting that "in its general, unrestricted sense" it includes activities that comply with both state and federal law. While Coats argued that the state statute intended to protect activities that were "lawful under Colorado state law," the Supreme Court rejected that argument, stating that it declined "to engraft a state law limitation onto the term."
Though this decision is limited to Colorado's lawful activities statute, similar employment-related issues can arise in a number of different contexts. Currently, twenty-three states and the District of Columbia have laws allowing for the use of medical marijuana, while four states and the District of Columbia passed initiatives allowing recreational use of marijuana. At the same time, however, use of marijuana remains illegal under the federal Controlled Substances Act. The intersection of these state and federal laws can create a host of employment-related issues for employers. As theCoats case highlights, employers who are seeking to discipline employees for use of marijuana that is permitted by state law should be aware of the various laws that apply – and in particular, the scope of any applicable laws protecting lawful off-duty conduct in the state. And while the Coats decision did not address the issue, employers also should be cognizant of protections that may be afforded by statutes requiring accommodations for individuals with disabilities.
A court is likely to hold that use of medical marijuana cannot be a reasonable accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), given the federal law prohibition on all marijuana use, but the result could potentially be different under state disability laws. For example, in 2008, a California Supreme Court case, Ross v. RagingWire Telecommunications, Inc, addressed the intersection of the state's Compassionate Use Act and its Fair Employment and Housing Act ("FEHA") with an employer's pre-employment drug policy. Despite the plaintiff's status as a qualified individual with a disability under FEHA, the court upheld his termination for marijuana use as non-discriminatory because "[t]he FEHA does not require employers to accommodate the use of illegal drugs." Even though California's Compassionate Use Act did not address marijuana use in the context of employment law and only addressed exceptions to criminal penalties, the court went further in its analysis, noting that "[n]o state law could completely legalize marijuana for medical purposes because the drug remains illegal under federal law." Though California's medical marijuana law does not provide for an exception to employer drug policies, other state laws may identify these types of carve-outs.
Given all of the various laws that can come into play with medical marijuana usage, employers confronting these sorts of issues should consider evaluating the laws of the states in which they operate, to ensure that their policies and practices are in compliance with the various legal requirements.


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EskieMama & Dragon Lady Reads Sunday Spotlight: Angel M.B. Chadwick
Welcome to EskieMama & Dragon Lady Reads
Sunday Spotlight!
Today we are spotlighting
Author Angel M. B. Chadwick!
Angel M.B. Chadwick is currently writing the sequel to the "Weeping Well" series. She's also writing a twelve book cozy mysteries series, numerous plays, novels, short stories, among her other literary works, business ideas and inventions all while raising her nine year old son.
Q & A with Angel M. B. Chadwick!
Can you tell us a little bit about yourself?
Hi, my name's Angel Chadwick. I'm a mom to a nine year old son who is autistic/nonverbal and making steady progress daily, a bit of a blogger, reader, reviewer, inventor, playwright, indie author of all genres mainly mixed genres. I went to three colleges majored in Journalism, English, Psychology, Literature, and Liberal arts, Philosophy. I wrote my first play when I was in the eleventh grade. I have a newly released novel titled "Weeping Well" which is the first book in the series.
What do you do when you are not writing?
I spend time with my nine year old son.
Do you write full-time or part-time?
I write full time.
When did you first start writing and when did you finish your first book?
I started writing when I was 13, which was a short story I wrote for a English assignment. I wrote the first book, a poetry book, over a course of twenty years, I had it published in September 2014
What got you interested in writing?
When I wrote my first short story at 13 years old and my English teacher gave me an A+ and rave reviews and encouraged me to continue writing because she saw my writing potential
How would you describe your style of writing to someone that has never read your work?
It would be hard to put into words here because my writing style isn't always the same and is very intricately layered and multifaceted, very unique. I guess the best way I can describe is it is like a quagmire that is full of variety and very well organized and it's very skilled. So I guess I could say it's a sophisticated skill rather than a style that's like Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.
Which usually comes first for you, the character(s) story or the idea for the novel?
Both at the same time, including the title.
What books/authors have influenced your writing?
Edgar Allan Poe, Bret Harte, Tennessee Williams, Lucy Maud Montgomery, William Shakespeare, Sylvia Plath, William Faulkner, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, to name a few, pretty much a lot of the authors of literature.
Do you have any projects in the works? If so, can you share a little of your current work with us?
Yes, I always have something in the works. I have a three more books to write for my "Weeping Well" series, a twelve book cozy mysteries series for teen to young adult, seven plays, a several other literary works.
Is there some place special you like to be when you write?
No, I don't have a particular place that I like to write, but usually it's the living room.
Other than writing, what do you have a passion for?
I have a passion for raising my son and making his life the happiest and most secure I can. Also I mentor other aspiring indie authors giving them as much advice I can since I've been on both sides of the spectrum of trad and indie publishing starting when I was 15 years old.
Angel Chadwicks Books
Fear is like a looking glass....
A nonfiction work; a memoir about certain aspects of the author's life, family and community written by the author in the form of literary poetry.
Author's Social Links:


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If Kyle hasnt earned his high school diploma, NOBODY HAS
Shonna Riggs - Dec 21, 2006
It seems like something so simple, after all its only a piece of paper with an emblem on it and a name of a graduate, but it represents something precious to a young man battling cancer in St. Charles Parish; its his wish - perhaps his dying wish - to receive his high school diploma.
Kyle Bergeron is a graduating senior, although he'll probably never wear a cap and gown, attend his senior class field trip, or walk across the stage with his twin brother, Logan on graduation day. He's been battling leukemia, for 18 months. Its been hard. And now, with doctors giving Kyle a short life expectancy, his family wonders if his wish for a diploma will be granted.
Read More Stories at HeraldGuide.com!
|heraldguide.com is a supplement to St. Charles Herald Guide.
Copyright © 2001 - 2017 St. Charles Herald Guide, Inc. All rights reserved.
Please contact our WebMaster if you experience problems with the website.


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- Search CSN:
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Jun 07, 2013 - 2:07 pm
Hi everyone.......I have a question that like so many I seem to get conflicting answers on, and it may be just that everyones personal situation is different. I am 54yrs old, and 2yrs post treatment for anal cancer and 1yr post treatment for breast cancer. I feel great! My mom died of ovarian cancer and so I had genetic testing for mutated BRAC gene since there is a relation between breast and ovarian cancer,....... I do not carry it.
My question is in regards to how often do other women in my age group have a pap test after pelvic radiation? It seems our chances for cervical cancer may be increased due to treatment. I already have some concerns about my higher risk for ovarian cancer. I have an appointment coming up later this month so will ask my doctor, but just wondering on others and pap tests.
Thanks.........Wisconsin is in the high 60's today!!!! Heat wave this weekend!!!!! Lol
Jun 07, 2013 - 2:45 pm
It used to be recommended that women have a pap annually. However, that has changed (like so many other guidelines) and they are recommended now every 3 years (I believe), providing pap comes back normal. HOWEVER, I do not think that this recommendation applies to women who have a history of abnormal paps or any type of cancer that is considered HPV-mediated. I continue to get a yearly pap, just as I have for the past 40 years. My insurance covers one annually at full cost, they are virtually painless, and only a once-a-year inconvenience, so I say we have nothing to lose by getting one each year. That's just my own personal opinion. The link below will take you to an article published last year that addresses issues concerning frequency of pap smears and age groups.
Jun 07, 2013 - 3:20 pm
I was told every 3yrs by one doctor, but my onc will order one if I want sooner I'm sure. (Hes so good that way) In May it had been 1yr since my last one, and though a little uncomfortable since radiation it was most definately not that bad. I think I will make an appointment for one yearly also.
Thanks again
Jun 07, 2013 - 4:02 pm
You're welcome! One thing I'd like to add. I have heard, but have no direct knowledge, that it can be common for paps to come back abnormal in women who have had pelvic radiation. Like I said, this is just what I've heard from other posters on different websites. It might be a good idea to ask your doctor about this. I hope yours will come back negative!
Jun 07, 2013 - 4:42 pm
You are right about abnormal pap after radiation... My first one was abnormal.... 6 months later, normal. I had a hysterectomy years ago and have been told I really don't need to have them now. IDK! I think I'll keep it up fort awhile same as Martha!
Jun 07, 2013 - 7:19 pm
Funny you should bring this up, i have an appointment for pap nextmweek. Since my bad scans, we are on the hunt for cancer cells. I am nervous about whether they will actually be able to get in there. Whenever I have an anascope there is bleeding for days due to the weakened skin.
We shall see.
Jun 07, 2013 - 9:59 pm
The first time I had a pap after radiation treatment was a little over a year ago (and was about one year post treatment. My gyn had to use a pediatric speculum, about the size of my little finger! I have been using my dilator almost daily and am pretty sure it will go much better this time along those lines. I think bleeding after is pretty normal.
That brings something else to my mind.......I still (2yrs post) have some very light bleeding almost undetectable, just a tinge, but daily. It is normal with a colostomy as I have to have some mucus discharge and so wear a pad 24/7. Sometimes the "tinge" is mixed with that, but I can tell that sometimes it seems to come from the vaginal area. Sorry if this is too disturbing to anyone. I was told a year ago that that was normal, but wondering if anyone else has such bleeding.......again VERY light.
Jun 07, 2013 - 11:00 pm
I am almost 5 years post-treatment and have been very diligent with dilator use. I have occasions when I bleed. I think it's within the realm of normal.
Jun 07, 2013 - 11:39 pm
I am not looking forward to this at all, or any of the next 2 weeks. Thanks for mentioning the pediatric speculum.
Jun 08, 2013 - 12:34 pm
My ob-gyn told me she was using a pediatric speculum when she did an exam in November. And silly me, I had never thought about speculums being different sizes. I was so relieved that she was able to use it without too much discomfort. At that point I was only 1 month post-tx and she was following up not just on the cancer treatment but the surgery she performed in August on my Bartholin's glands. I'm back to seeing my primary care doc (an angel!) and asked her to use the small speculum in April when she did the pap and it was not painful at all. I was so happy. I see my surgeon on Monday for an exam - hoo boy I am not looking forward to that. He said he'd do the DRE in the office and if I could tolerate that he'd do the anoscopy then too but if it was too painful for me he'll schedule me for an exam under anesthesia. I'd rather just get it over with in the office and not think about it again for 6 months. Crossing my fingers.
I'll continue thinking of you in the next two weeks, hoping for the best.
Jun 07, 2013 - 8:17 pm
My oncologists and ob-gyn are recommending that I get a pap every 6 months. I'm just 7 months post-treatment and I don't know how long they'll want to do that. I had one in April and it was normal and also negative for HPV. I just looked at my test results and it says "HPV, High Risk" --not detected. I don't think I've ever been told anything beyond the normal/abnormal reading before so I think this is the first time I was tested for HPV. I'm a little vague about this now but it was explained to me that they wanted to do the paps more frequently because of the "field effect". I just did some reading to see if I could come up with a way of explaining that to myself and anyone who is reading this but I really can't. I hope that someone else can step in here and help. Now I know I've got another question for my next appt. in a couple of weeks with my med onc. I'll have to write down his answer when I ask about the frequency of paps and what "field effect" actually means in the context of HPV and anal cancer.
Jun 08, 2013 - 12:23 am
I was told to get them annually as long as they come back normal. I had my first one 5 months after I finished treatment. Doctors told me that it was important to stay on top of it because of the risk of cervical cancer related to HPV, although I never tested positive for HPV. And the tumor I had tested negative for HPV. I gave up trying to figure it all out.....
Jun 08, 2013 - 10:56 am
hey liz and all, i was told by gyno at MDA every 3 years for pap but i begged her to do them annually due to radiation.... so she has done annual, so far...all normal... no HPV....But i am going on 4 years post... so we will see if i can keep getting her to do them on me....... sephie
Jun 10, 2013 - 2:24 am
I think they may have been a little cautious with me since I had lymph node involvement and was Stage 111a. I have my annual pap/check up done locally and not at MDA.
Jun 10, 2013 - 2:22 pm
yes, you might be correct ... i had no lymph node involvement..i was too afraid to have my check ups done here in my hometown due to the fact that the proctologist had mis diagnosed my bubble sore on my anus for about 1 year....i do not have much faith in docs here but will probably change to a gyno here after the 5 year point....i did find a girl gyno here who seems more on the ball with radiated tissues in the vagina and etc..... thx i go back in July for osteopotosis and skin checks... also seeing endocrinologist cause my TSH was too high..... thx sephie
Jun 17, 2013 - 12:28 am
I was under the impression (MDAnderson MD discussion) that once you have HPV, you have it for lie in your cells....the issue is whether your immune system kills off the cancer-causing HPV 16-18, etc., which it usally does, given our SCCA is rare. Also, I was told at MDA that pap smears may detect cervical or abnormal cells only if you by chance hit that spot, just like in a biopsy. You can miss abnormal cells which are adjacent and never know it. .....
Jun 17, 2013 - 12:21 pm
That's scary. I have had abnormal apps in the past, that would turn normal in a few months. Maybe because they biopsied a different area? Now that worries me.
Jun 17, 2013 - 2:21 pm
Yikes Phoebe! Same here!
Jun 20, 2013 - 4:27 pm
maybe they mnissed the spot or maybe your immune system killed the abnormal cells; I stopped doing paps for that reason, and a pap would not have picked up my anal cancer since it was not growing in the cervix!! Routine smears are not know for being reliable.....but then maybe the smear will detect something, so if it doesn't hurt you (like a CAT scan) or cost you an arm and a leg, why not do it justin case?
Jun 20, 2013 - 10:26 pm
Women with anal cancer are at increased risk for cervical cancer because of the HPV infection. So my doctors have recommended a pap smear every 6 months and I'm perfectly willing to go along with that recommendation. As NY in TX said it doesn't pose potential risk as scans may and it's quick and usually painless. My insurance will pay for more than one in my case as long as it's ordered as part of my cancer follow-up care.
I had to try various search strategies before I could find an article that a non-medical person like me could understand but I did find this quote from a 2009 article in the San Francisco Examiner that helped me understand the phrase "field effect" -- "STDs like gonorrhea or herpes are generally limited to one area of the genital tract; however, HPV produces what is known as a field effect, in layman's terms this means it gets everywhere. When a woman or man is infected with HPV all of the skin of the lower genital tract is potentially at risk. Some HPV strains are benign and only cause warts, while others can lead to cancer."
Jun 25, 2013 - 1:12 am
CHECK OUT http://www.1-800-oncologist.com/print/2885
When a Pap Smear Just Isn't Enough
HPV test may help diagnose abnormal Pap smear as cervical cancer
(dailyRx News) If Pap smear results come back as abnormal, don't panic. An HPV test might help shed a little light on what exactly "abnormal" means for some tests.
A recent study looked at the effectiveness of lab testing for cervical cancer from Pap smear samples.
The results of the study showed that a DNA test for human papillomavirus (HPV) may help detect one of two potentially cancerous cells in the cervix.
"Ask a MD about a HPV test and a Pap smear."
Marc Arbyn, MD, from the Unit of Cancer Epidemiology at the Scientific Institute of Public Health in Brussels, Belgium, led an investigation into two different types of tests that screen for cervical cancer.
For this study, 39 previous studies that included 13,196 women were selected to compare test results of cervical cancer screening tests.
All of the women in the study were given Pap smears to test for precancerous cervical cells or lesions.
The studies looked at the accuracy of two different types of lab techniques used to test Pap smear samples: the Hybrid Capture 2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test (HPV test) and cytology.
HPV is a risk factor for cervical cancer, and testing for the virus with the HPV test could point to whether a woman could really be at risk for cervical cancer.
Cytology is done by a trained lab technician who looks through a microscope at the cells taken from the Pap smear for anything out of the ordinary.
Two types of cervical cell abnormalities are atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL).
Typically, after a woman gets a Pap smear, the results are sent to a lab for cytology. If the cytology results are abnormal, another Pap smear is done, which gets sent to the lab for another cytology.
This process can continue for multiple tests and is called "repeat cytology." Abnormal test results do not necessarily mean pre-cancer. More expensive and invasive tests are available to help determine whether cervical cells are precancerous. These tests include colposcopy and biopsy.
The results of the study showed that the HPV test was 91 percent accurate at finding moderately serious lesions and 95 percent accurate at finding very serious lesions in patients with ASCUS cells.
But the HPV test was only 71 percent accurate at finding moderately serious lesions and 57 percent accurate at finding very serious lesions in patients with LSIL cells.
The authors recommended that women with ASCUS-type lesions have an HPV test, while women with LSIL-type lesions might need repeat cytology, or colposcopy and biopsy, if those are accessible.
This study was published in March in The Cochrane Library.
The Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Review Group, the European Commission, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the Belgian Foundation Against Cancer and other public and private institution, agency and foundation funding was used for external support of this project. No conflicts of interest were declared.
Reviewed by:
Review Date:
March 25, 2013
The Cochrane Library, "Human papillomavirus testing versus repeat cytology for triage of minor cytological cervical lesions" FDA, "Digene Hybrid Capture 2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test" 1-800-Oncologist
Last Updated:
March 28, 2013


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Number of times they referred to President Bush by name: 1
Center for American Progress (Washington)
Brontosaurus was restored as a genus, and cannibalism was reported in tyrannosaurine dinosaurs.


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
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Rooms, services Buc Lounge Versailles is pleased to host travellers looking to spend a few pleasant days in France. The hotel is offering 24 nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in Versailles. You may taste delicious, fresh meals in the restaurant of the hotel every day. The bar can be an ideal place for a meeting or a pleasant evening talk. The hotel is offering wireless Internet connection (WiFi) without charging extra fees, so you may go online anytime with your laptop during your stay. The exact equipment and the exact list of available services of Buc Lounge Versailles can be read on the information sheet below.
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Alison King
On this page:
Who is Alison King?
Alison King is an English actress. She has had major television roles as Lynda Block in the Sky One television series Dream Team, and since 2006 as Carla Connor in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street. She won Best Actress at the 2012 British Soap Awards.
- also known as Кинг, Элисон
- born on (42 years ago) in Leicester, child of Alex King and June King
- nationality: England
- profession: Actor
- read more about Alison King (actress)
Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Alison King
Click on a title to look inside that book (if available):
A Dictionary of Literary Pseudonyms in the English Language (2015)
by T.J. Carty
Alison King (The Dreamer Lost in ...
The Encyclopedia of Embroidery Techniques (2003)
by Pauline Brown
A Alison King Hillside, Amulree 36 x 30 inches The emotional atmosphere of this landscape has been captured by using a variety of different fabrics, including hand-dyed felts, and paper; some extend onto the mount. Machine embroidery ...
Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology (2010)
by Caroline S. Clauss-Ehlers
Lynn and Douglas Fuchs, Rachel Hertz-Lazarowitz, Joseph Jenkins, David and Roger Johnson, Alison King, Angela O'Donnell, Rollanda O'Connor, Anne- marie Palincsar, Shlomo Sharan, Robert Slavin, Noreen Webb, and Barbara White.
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Alison King
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Go to the wordplay of Alison King for some fun with words!


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All quotes tagged News
(4628 quotes found)
"But we are at war, and we here at THE DAILY SHOW will do our best to keep you informed of any late-breaking...humor we can find. Of course, our show is obviously at a disadvantage compared to the many news sources that we're competing with… at a disadvantage in several respects. For one thing, we are fake. They are not. So in terms of credibility we are, well, oddly enough, actually about even. We're about even."
"A news sense is really a sense of what is important, what is vital, what has color and life - what people are interested in. That's journalism."
"What interested me was not news, but appraisal. What I sought was to grasp the flavor of a man, his texture, his impact, what he stood for, what he believed in, what made him what he was and what color he gave to the fabric of his time."
"Broadcasters are storytellers, newspapers are fact-gatherers and organizers of information and news magazines are kind of a hybrid of both."
"To a philosopher all news, as it is called, is gossip, and they who edit it and read it are old women over their tea"
"For you are goddesses, inside on everything, know everything. But we mortals hear only the news, and know nothing at all."
"How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of those who bring good news, who proclaim peace, who bring good tidings"


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EAPN expresses its sympathy with victims of horrific violence
EAPN and its members are horrified by the recent attacks in Paris and the day before in Beirut against innocent civilians. These are horrible tragedies in a world where too many needless tragedies bring the most awful pain to people and diminish our humanity. EAPN expresses its sympathy and condolences to all those who, from…
Semester Alliance holds Stakeholder Meeting with invited Guests
On 27 November 2015, the EU Alliance for a democratic, social and sustainable European Semester (EU Semester Alliance) will hold a stakeholder meeting in dialogue with key representatives from the European Commission and the Council of Ministers who are engaged in the Semester process: Michele Calandrino, Policy Officer from Directorate D, Policy Coordination 1: Europe 2020, European Semester and Economic Governance, in DG Secretariat General and Muriel Rabau, SPC member for Belgium and Vice Chair of the SPC Bureau. The purpose of the meeting is to establish a regular dialogue between the EU institutions and representatives of the 16 member organizations of the Alliance (see below) with key officials on the occasion of the launch of the Annual Growth Survey 2016.
EAPN participates in High-Level Reflecting Group – Socializing the European Semester
13/11/2015 – Sian Jones, EAPN Policy Coordinator, was invited to participate in a small Reflecting Group composed of experts from EU institutions and stakeholders alike, to provide essential feedback for the completion of the final report due beginning of December 2015 on 'Further Socializing the European Semester: Moving forward for the social Triple A'. The report provides the 'state of play' of how social and employment issues are being considered in the semester process – including important new developments in the 2015 cycle.
EAPN participates in EESC/ESC conference: Common Social values, principles and social governance
04/11/2015 – EAPN participated in this important conference organized jointly by EESC and the ESC of Luxembourg on "Common social values and principles & social governance". The aim was to promote dialogue with decision-makers and stakeholders on key new inputs aiming to influence the Commission's upcoming proposals for the EU's Social Pillar or "Social Triple A' as proposed by President Juncker.
EAPN participates in the EP intergroup event for World Eradication of Poverty day
23/10/2015 – The Intergroup organized a special meeting to celebrate the world day, linked to the Global Day to eradicate poverty, to which EAPN participated. The key speaker was Mario Monti, followed by a panel debate, including the intergroup chair, Caritas Secretary General and ATD activists with direct experience of poverty. The session closed with the traditional Ceremony at the stone in the Parliament forecourt.


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Signaling pathways that govern embryonic stem cell (ESCs) differentiation are not well characterized. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that modulates other signaling pathways in part by activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Because of its importance in endothelial cell (EC) growth in the adult, we hypothesized that NO may play a critical role in EC development. Accordingly, we assessed the role of NO in ESC differentiation into ECs. Murine ESCs differentiated in the presence of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME) for up to 11 days were not significantly different from vehicle-treated cells in EC markers. However, by 14 days, l-NAME-treated cells manifested modest reduction in EC markers CD144, FLK1, and endothelial NOS. ESC-derived ECs generated in the presence of l-NAME exhibited reduced tube-like formation in Matrigel. To understand the discrepancy between early and late effects of l-NAME, we assessed the NOS machinery and observed low mRNA expression of NOS and sGC subunits in ESCs, compared to differentiating cells after 14 days. In response to NO donors or activation of NOS or sGC, cellular cGMP levels were undetectable in undifferentiated ESCs, at low levels on day 7, and robustly increased in day 14 cells. Production of cGMP upon NOS activation at day 14 was inhibited by l-NAME, confirming endogenous NO dependence. Our data suggest that NOS elements are present in ESCs but inactive until later stages of differentiation, during which period NOS inhibition reduces expression of EC markers and impairs angiogenic function.
Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have therapeutic potential for regenerative medicine because they have unlimited self-renewal capacity and can give rise to lineages comprising all 3 germ layers [1,2]. As a result, ESCs are regarded as a potential unlimited source of therapeutic cells to replace diseased tissues. With respect to cardiovascular diseases, ESCs have been successfully differentiated into cardiovascular lineages such as endothelial cells (ECs), cardiomyocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells, and have been shown to have functional benefit in preclinical models of myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease [3–6].
However, the signaling pathways that regulate ESC differentiation are not well characterized. Among the various important signaling molecules is nitric oxide (NO), a short-lived free radical that is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) upon oxidation of l-arginine [7]. The biological effects of NO are in part mediated by its activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Subsequently, cGMP modulates the activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, phosphodiesterases, and ion channels [8]. In this way, NO regulates diverse cellular processes in the cardiovascular, central nervous system, and immune system of the adult mammal. Several reports also suggest a role for NO signaling in cardiac differentiation [9–12]. Furthermore, defects in bicuspid aortic valves and atrial and ventricular septa are common in endothelial NOS (eNOS)-deficient neonates [13,14]. However, little is known regarding the role of NO in ESC differentiation to ECs. In the adult mammal, we and others have shown that NO is a potent mitogen and survival factor for ECs, as well as an angiogenic agent [15–17]. Because of the important role NO plays in maintaining EC growth in adults, we hypothesized that it may also play a critical role in endothelial development.
Here, we report the differential expression of NO-signaling components during endothelial differentiation and the effect of NOS inhibition on endothelial differentiation.
Murine ESCs (D3; ATCC, Manassas, VA) were routinely cultured on mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) in growth media containing leukemia inhibitory factor as described [18]. For differentiation studies, ESCs were dissociated by trypsin and then pre-plated onto gelatin-coated dishes for 60 min in growth media at 37°C to deplete residual MEFs. Next, 106 ESCs were transferred to ultra-low nonadhesive dishes to initiate embryoid body (EB) formation in an endothelial differentiation media that consisted of α-minimum Eagle's media, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 0.05 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) [12]. After 4 days of suspension culture, the EBs were reattached onto 0.2% gelatin-coated dishes and cultured in differentiation media. Where specified, cells were treated with differentiation media supplemented by NOS inhibitor NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 10−5 M or 10−4 M; Sigma) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as vehicle control. The media was changed daily, and at indicated time points, samples were assayed for gene expression, protein expression, Matrigel tube-like formation assay, or cGMP activity.
Samples were lysed in Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and total RNA was isolated using the RNEasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Using the Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen), first strand cDNA was synthesized according to the manufacturer's instruction. Primers for Taqman qPCR assays consisted of FLK1, CD144 (VE-cadherin), von Willebrand factor (VWF), eNOS, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) subunits α2, sGCα3 (formerly named sGCα1), sGCβ2, sGCβ3 (formerly named sGCβ1), dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) 1, and DDAH2 (all from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The 18S primers were obtained from Shetzline et al. [19]. qPCRs were performed on a 7300 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) for 40 cycles. The data were assessed by the ΔΔCt method [20], normalized to 18S housekeeping gene, and then expressed as relative fold changes (n = 3).
At indicated time points, samples were lysed in RIPA buffer (Pierce, Rockford, IL) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors and quantified for total protein quantity by the bicinchoninic (acid) BCA protein assay (Pierce). Equally loaded protein samples were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and then transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The membranes were blocked in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) before incubating with the following antibodies: FLK1 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), eNOS (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA), or α-tubulin (Cell Signaling Technology). Horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were applied, and the proteins were visualized by an ECL Detection Kit (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ). Quantification of protein quantities were carried out by normalizing to α-tubulin and are expressed in relative fold change (n = 3).
Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and immunofluorescently stained, as described previously [21], for the antibodies sGCα3 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), sGCβ3 (Sigma), eNOS, or CD144 (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA). Total nuclei were stained by Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) dye before imaging on a fluorescent microscope (Nikon, Burlingame, CA), and images were captured with a SPOT RT color camera (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI).
To investigate the contribution of endogenous or exogenous NO release at various time points of differentiation, cells were incubated for 30 min with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing calcium ionophore A23187 (2 × 10−5 M; Sigma), BAY-41-2272 (BAY41, 10−5 M; EMD Chemicals, Gibbstown, NJ), (±)-S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 10−4 M, EMD Chemicals), or DMSO vehicle control. In addition, to assess the effect of l-NAME treatment on cGMP activity, after 14 days of differentiation in the presence or absence of l-NAME (10−5 M), cells were incubated with DMEM containing one of the following treatments: (1) A23187 (2 × 10−5 M), (2) BAY41 (10−5 M), (3) SNAP (10−4 M), (4) BAY41+SNAP, (5) BAY41+A23187, or (6) DMSO vehicle control (Basal). All media were further supplemented with the cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX, 10−3 M; Sigma). After 30 min, the cells were lysed in 0.1 N HCl and assayed for cGMP activity as described by the manufacturer (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). For each sample, cGMP activity was normalized to the abundance of total protein, as assessed by BCA protein quantification assay (n = 3).
After 3 weeks of differentiation in l-NAME (10−4 M or 10−5 M), ESC-derived endothelial cells (ESC-ECs) were purified by FACS. Cells were dissociated using dissociation buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), blocked in 10% normal mouse serum, and then incubated with anti-CD144 antibody (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA), followed by allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated secondary antibody. As a negative control, immunoglobulin G isotype was used in replacement of primary antibody. The cells were purified using FACS Vantage (BD Biosciences). To perform the Matrigel tube-like formation assay, purified ESC-ECs derived from l-NAME treatment were seeded on growth factor-reduced Matrigel at a density of 1 × 105 cells/well in differentiation media without l-NAME. After 24 h, the cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde (4%). Phase-contrast images were taken under 10× objectives, and the number of branch points was quantified by NIH ImageJ software version 1.41o (n = 4) [22].
All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student's t-test for comparison of 2 groups or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Holm's adjustment for multiple comparisons. Repeated measurements of samples over time were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with Holm's adjustment. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05.
To investigate the role of l-NAME on endothelial differentiation of ESCs, we treated differentiating ESCs with l-NAME, for 14 days and carried out qPCR of endothelial genes. After 14 days of differentiation in the presence of l-NAME, the mature endothelial marker CD144 was significantly inhibited by 34% in the presence of l-NAME (10−5 M), when compared to the control group (P < 0.01) (Fig. 1A). l-NAME (10−5 M or 10−4 M) treatment also significantly down-regulated eNOS expression by 50% or 52%, respectively (P < 0.01) (Fig. 1B). Similarly, the endothelial progenitor marker, FLK1, was significantly down-regulated by 34% or 33%, respectively, after treatment with l-NAME (10−5 M or 10−4 M) for 14 days (P < 0.01) (Fig. 1C). These observations at the mRNA level were further substantiated by immunoblots after 14 days of differentiation, demonstrating a significant inhibition of eNOS and FLK1 at the protein level with l-NAME (10−4 M; Fig. 1D–1F).
To further explore the inhibitory effects of l-NAME on endothelial differentiation, we questioned whether chronic treatment of l-NAME could impair endothelial function in the ESC-ECs. After 3 weeks of culture in the presence of l-NAME (10−5 M or 10−4 M) or DMSO vehicle control, the ESC-ECs were purified by the positive expression of CD144. As shown in Figure 2B, the percentage of CD144+ cells in the group treated with l-NAME (10−5 M) was ~20%, and not significantly different from the percentage of cells in other treatment groups (data not shown). After purification based on positive expression of CD144, the cells were further characterized by immunofluorescence staining of CD144 and eNOS to confirm their endothelial phenotype (Fig. 2C and 2D). We noted that cells previously exposed to l-NAME had alterations in function, even after l-NAME withdrawal. Although the percentages of CD144-expressing cells were similar for all groups (20%), the cells treated for 21 days with l-NAME(10−5 M dose only) appeared to have impairment in function, with reduced capacity (by 25%) to form tube-like structures in Matrigel, even in the absence of l-NAME (Fig. 3, P < 0.05). This result demonstrated that chronic treatment of l-NAME during endothelial differentiation of ESCs could impair an important endothelial function.
To explore the mechanism of by which l-NAME affected late but not early expression of EC markers, we surveyed NO-signaling components during the course of endothelial differentiation for up to 2 weeks. Using qPCR, we examined the mRNA expression of sGC subunits (α2, α3, β2, and β3) as well as DDAH1 and DDAH2. The mRNA abundance was normalized to 18S housekeeping gene and expressed as fold changes relative to the undifferentiated ESC group. As shown in Figure 4A–4D, mRNA transcripts could be detected in ESCs for all sGC subunits, although the relative abundance of sGCα3 was particularly low. During the course of differentiation, the mRNA levels increased significantly for each subunit, namely a 100-fold increase in sGCα3 and a 10-fold increase for sGC subunits α2, β2, and β3. The gene expression pattern was similar for DDAH1 and DDAH2, showing a significant increase with differentiation time (Fig. 4E and 4F, P < 0.05). The time course of gene expression was further supported by immunofluorescence staining showing that the increased intensity of sGCα3 and sGCβ3 expression as ESCs differentiated through day 14 (Fig. 5A and 5B). The increased expression of sGCα3 and sGCβ3 was associated in part by the emergence of ESC-ECs, as CD144-expressing cells co-localized with sGCα3 and sGCβ3 at day 14 of differentiation. However, sGCα3 and sGCβ3 were also expressed in other cell types besides ESC-ECs, which is consistent with literature indicating that sGCs are expressed in numerous mammalian tissues [23]. These results indicated that NO-signaling components are present in ESCs, but are up-regulated during the course of ESC differentiation. The up-regulation of NO-signaling components with differentiation time is consistent with the observed effect of l-NAME on EC markers at later stages of differentiation.
To determine whether the differential gene expression of NO-signaling components reflected the ability of the cells to produce cGMP in response to NO stimulation, we stimulated ESCs or differentiating cells (7 or 14 days) with A23187, BAY41, SNAP, or DMSO vehicle control. The calcium ionophore A23187 increases intracellular calcium levels to increase NOS activity, and thereby increases endogenous NO activation of sGC. SNAP is an exogenous NO donor and mimics endogenous NO. In contrast, BAY41 activates sGC in an NO-independent manner and can potentiate the effect of NO to increase cGMP levels [8]. As shown in Figure 6A–6D, ESCs did not produce detectable cGMP after the addition of any of these agents. Basal levels of cGMP were detectable by 7 days, and by day 14 had increased to 4.4 ± 0.1 pmol/mg protein (Fig. 6A). A response to A23187 was also observed at day 7 and was greater at day 14 (8.7 ± 1.3 pmol/mg protein (P < 0.05, Fig. 6B). Similarly, SNAP and BAY41 were potent stimulators of sGC, with a greater response observed after 14 days of differentiation (362.8 ± 19.31 pmol/mg and 205.0 ± 15.5 pmol/mg, respectively, P < 0.05, Fig. 6C and 6D). Together, these data indicate that even though components of the NOS pathway are detectable, ESCs are not capable of generating cGMP via this pathway. Furthermore, as ESCs differentiate, the elements of the NOS pathway are up-regulated, and increasing levels of basal and stimulated cGMP are observed in response to endogenous NO or exogenous stimulation of sGC.
We further assessed whether chronic l-NAME treatment could differentially regulate cGMP levels at late stages of differentiation. To do so, we differentiated ESCs for 14 days in the presence of l-NAME (10−5 M) or vehicle control and measured cGMP levels after stimulating with A23187 (to stimulate endogenous NO synthesis) or the exogenous activators of sGC, SNAP, or BAY41. Chronic l-NAME treatment significantly reduced the levels of cGMP production after A23187 stimulation by 58% ± 14%, confirming that A23187 increased cGMP by activating endogenous NOS (P < 0.05, Fig. 6E). l-NAME also blunted the increase in cGMP induced by BAY41, which is consistent with the effect of endogenous NO to potentiate the effect of BAY41. The potentiation of the effect of BAY41 by A23187 was also inhibited by l-NAME (by 33% ± 6%, P < 0.05), which is consistent with the effect of A23187 to increase NO synthesis. The effect of SNAP to increase cGMP levels (either alone or in the presence of BAY41) was not affected by l-NAME, consistent with the fact that SNAP is an exogenous NO donor and not dependent upon NOS activity. These observations confirm that by day 14, elements of the NOS pathway are active, and can generate cGMP in response to endogenous or exogenous NO.
The salient findings of this study are that (1) ESCs possess key elements of the NO-signaling machinery, but this pathway is functionally inactive in ESCs; (2) with differentiation, there is an increase in the expression of endothelial surface markers, eNOS, and subunits of sGC, in association with increasing activity of the NO-signaling machinery as assessed by cGMP production; and (3) chronic inhibition of NOS has no effect early in differentiation, but by 14 days of differentiation modestly inhibits the expression of endothelial surface markers CD144, FLK1, and eNOS, as well as the formation of endothelial tubes.
The NOS pathway is ubiquitous in the adult mammal, with endothelial, neuronal, and inducible NOS isoforms playing critical roles in every organ system, in particular cardiovascular homeostasis, thrombosis, neurotransmission, and immunity [24]. With respect to vascular reactivity and structure, NO plays a dominant role as a vasodilation factor that also potently inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation, leukocyte infiltration, and platelet adherence and aggregation [25]. Furthermore, NO is a powerful agonist of EC proliferation and migration. There is also a reciprocal reinforcing relationship between NO and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as VEGF stimulates NO synthesis, and NO increases VEGF expression [16]. Inhibition of NOS substantially reduces growth factor-induced angiogenesis, whereas enhancing endogenous NO synthesis promotes angiogenesis [17,26]. In particular, l-NAME blocks VEGF-induced cGMP production in human umbilical venous ECs when cultured in collagen gels [27]. Whereas l-NAME is not metabolized by cells, asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous NOS inhibitor that is degraded by DDAH. Plasma ADMA is elevated in vascular diseases and associated disorders, due in part to impairment in DDAH activity [28–30].
In view of the importance of NO in mammalian physiology and particularly its role in adult angiogenesis, it is somewhat surprising that embryonic lethality is not observed with homozygous eNOS deficiency. Even animals deficient for all 3 NOS isoforms may survive to adulthood (although hypertensive, infertile, and with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) [31]. Our results provide a partial explanation for this phenomenon. We observe that early in differentiation, although the key elements of the NOS pathway are present, they are functionally inactive. Accordingly, other signaling systems for endothelial growth must be primary early in development. In the adult mammal, other signaling molecules such as prostacyclin, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, carbon monoxide, hydrogen peroxide, adrenomedullin, or C-type natriuretic peptide provide for redundancy, and become more evident when NOS is inhibited. It is possible that one or more of these signaling molecules play an important role in vascular development.
Previous studies have surveyed the differential expression of NO-signaling components during cardiac differentiation of ESCs. When murine embryoid bodies are incubated with the NOS antagonist N-monomethyl-L-arginine (l-NMMA) or l-nitroarginine, the number of EB-derived cardiomyocytes is not affected, but fibrillogenesis in the cardiomyocytes is reduced [32]. This effect is mimicked by ODQ (an antagonist of soluble guanylate cyclase). These observations are consistent with those of Krumenacker et al. who showed an increase in expression of sGCα1 and sGCβ1 expression during cardiac differentiation of murine ESCs [11]. Mujoo et al. also demonstrated an increase of sGC subunits during the course of differentiation of human ESCs for 14 days, but the authors reported a progressive decrease in sGCβ2 mRNA from day 0 to day 14 [10]. These observed differences may be attributed to differences in the ESC species and strains, as well as varying induction media formulations. In a recent study of human and mouse ESCs, NO donors and sGC activators could increase the mRNA expression of cardiac-specific genes myosin light chain and Nkx2.5, whereas NOS inhibitors decreased their mRNA expression [9].
A limitation of the current study is the inherent heterogeneity of the population of differentiating cells, which includes ESC-ECs. Nevertheless, this mixed population can respond to pharmacological agents and provide useful biochemical and signaling cues to better understand the role of NO in ESC differentiation.
In summary, we have demonstrated that NO-signaling elements are present in ESCs, although the NOS pathway is functionally inactive until later in differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of NOS has no observed effect early in differentiation on endothelial gene expression and surface markers, but later in differentiation causes a modest reduction of these genes and markers, as well as a modest impairment of endothelial tube-like formation. Our studies indicate that later in differentiation NO plays a role in endothelial development and function, but other signaling pathways must play a greater role early in development.
This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (RO1 HL-75774, R01 CA098303, R21 HL085743, 1K12 HL087746), the California Tobacco Related Disease Research Program of the University of California (1514RT-0169), the American Heart Association (0970036N) and the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (RS1-00183), and the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute. N.F.H. was supported by a fellowship from the American Heart Association.
No competing financial interests exist.
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Today's News
Dennis Miller's opening night as commentator on ABC's Monday Night Football garnered mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. USA Today's Rudy Martzke praised the comic, saying that he "helped bring back the fun to Monday Night Football." Added Adam Buckman of the New York Post: "Miller showed a demonstratable command of the game and its lingo." But The Hollywood Reporter's Barry Garron noted that "Those who waited for gaffes didn't have to wait long." At one point, Miller believing his mike had been shut off gave his fellow commentators Al Michaels and Dan Fouts a heads-up that he had a good Ronnie Lott joke coming up. "And when Miller finally got to deliver the line," Garron said, "a comparison to the Lot of the Bible, it was flatter than an onside kick." However, New York Daily News critic Bob Raissman said the former Saturday Night Live cast member brought "some refreshing innocence in a world of know-it-alls." Richard Sandomir of The New York Times believes that, in the future, Miller should stick to what he knows best making jokes. "When he offers mundane football analysis," he said, "it sounds extraordinarily out of place." Oh, and if anyone cares, the Patriots beat the 49ers 20-0 in the preseason game.