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The Most Useful Time and Attendance System on the Market
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Welcome to the Smart Clock Customer Testimonials page!
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City of Garland
"We have used the smart clocks and Precious Time software at the City of Garland for over 5 years with outstanding success. We initially started using for the Animal Services department and that quickly grew to the Environmental waste department. Animal services was a small department of 12 employees all utilizing a single clock. The Environmental Waste department is approximately 100 employees. The next department come onboard with the time keeping system was Waster Water. Waste Water utilizes bio metric clock. The install for Waste Water was at two separate; locations in the city. Precious Time and the smart clocks are used to capture in and out times for each employee. Every two weeks, time is downloaded into a predetermined format used by the payroll system and interfaced. This process is fast and flawless. We are currently expanding the Bio-metric time clocks to the Parks swimming pools to capture time of all pool employees. This has always been a very tedious task to capture time on these employees. By utilizing the time clocks with Precious time we should save 3 – 4 hour per payroll."
Beauregard Parish School Board
"We (Beauregard Parish School Board) have been pleased with the Smart Clock product. I now have thirty three clocks throughout our employee network. I have twenty clocks set up with the Daisy Chain method and I have nine clocks set up through our network. Both work well, but the network capability is user friendly and has more administrator options. As we replace older clocks, we are updating to the Networkable Clocks. I also have four clocks as spares so that if a clock does fail, I can replace the clock and have that location up and running quickly. Then I contact Smart Clock and set up a repair. The software for the Smart Clocks is easy to use for the administrator and the on site key operators that poll the clock and manage the time of the local employees. This is a good system and we are pleased with the product and the support. "
- Al Ewing, Beauregard Parish School Board
Mayhew Signs
"It seems like only a few years since we started using the Smart Clock system to keep track of our employees time and attendance records. I see from the original manual I have on my bookshelf we havebeen using Smart Clock since version 1.1 back in 1999.
It has been a great work horse and time saver for our fast passed sign manufacturing and sign service company. Labor costs are a big factor to manage in the custom fabrication environment. Smart Clock has kept pace with the changes we have implemented over the years to track labor production costs and payroll expenses as a whole.
We can pull time throughout the day and get job costs related to current production within minutes of when a job is complete. This is great for our walk in vinyl production work. Customers can drop off an order and in most cases pick it up that day. Our pricing department has labor costs and materials used on the job just a click away. This keeps things rolling and customers happy.
On the bigger jobs that may be started this month and finished down the road labor input is critical in keeping the project under budget. Management can review these costs daily by job and know how they are shaping up as we move through the plan.
This new program is making things easier. Not only are the reports there but the data is much more friendlier as they can be exported in so many ways. This makes them easy to adapt to a vast array of internal and external formats which can be crunched, comingled, digitally archived, and shared. Some examples are PDF labor costs can be attached to Work Orders which shows management who did what when on the job and stored electronically for retrieval at any time in the future. Payroll activity can be reviewed by department managers before it is paid out. Sick Leave, Vacation Time, PTO, Holiday Pay, Attendance Reports, Pending Overtime Warning can be used to cut expenses and redirect labor, Tardy reports can be generated as well as break time, lunch time and early departures. Failure to clock out or in can be resolved daily. Most of the times within an hour of it occurring. This keeps employees on task and accountable for their time. When you remember that 15 minutes a day wasted by an employee is like giving them a week and a half of paid time off every year, it's important to have a tool that keeps you on top of the potential productive loss. Smart Clock has the tools to minimize lost production time.
I would highly recommend this product for its cost to benefit ratio. There are so many ways you can adapt it to meet your unique Time, Attendance and Labor Cost analysis that it's almost a no brainer."
- Vonl Mattson, Mayhew Signs, Inc
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text: On a night where they got no help from the offense and guy "men" in stripes seemed to have Husker red thongs on...the defense stepped it up in the 2nd half and kept us in the game until the middle of the 4th quarter. Granted, the Husker offense was very vanilla in the 2nd half, but the defense only allowed 2 first downs until the garbage TD drive. Virtually pitching a shutout in the 2nd half...only allowing 6 points to UNI in the 2nd half the prior week and 7 to the Longhorns the week before...this defense is getting better. Just need to start out better. And...please...someone...tell the offense to score some damn points!

subset: commoncrawl


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"The Caribbean community (Caricom) hopes that the change in administration under way in the United States forever relegates that policy to history," said Antigua and Barbuda Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer, whose country occupies the rotating head of Caricom.
In his speech opening the third Cuba-Caricom summit in this eastern Cuban city, Mr Spencer described the embargo first imposed by the United States in 1962 as a "surprising relic" that persists despite condemnations issued by the United Nations, the latest in October with 185 votes.
"This embargo remains in spite of overwhelming calls by almost all UN member states in favour of its elimination," the prime minister said.
The November election of Mr Obama, who takes office in January, raised hopes of an easing of the embargo and a warming of US-Cuba ties, with Mr Obama suggesting a willingness to meet Cuban leaders and to ease restrictions on the Communist-ruled island nation.
Raúl Castro, who formally assumed Cuba's presidency in February from his infirm older brother Fidel Castro, said in a recent interview with the American actor Sean Penn that he is ready to meet Mr Obama in a "neutral place".
Addressing the summit, Raúl Castro spoke of how the "genocidal impact of the blockade" as well as the effects the financial crisis and three recent hurricanes have left the island devastated.


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here for more information!
Health Resources Publishing
Managed Care Marketplace.com
Health Resources Online
For migraine
sufferers, a night out on the town isn't always something to look
forward to. In fact, the reverse is sometimes true.
— painful, pounding headaches that can also be accompanied by
nausea and sensitivity to light and sound — are three times more
common in women than men. An estimated 17 percent of American women say
they have experienced a migraine at some point in their lives,
according to the Sapphire Women's Health Group.
red wine, flickering lights, some strong scents, travel — these
would make for a dream date for most people. But for women who are
prone to migraines, they can spell disaster," said Dr. Donnica
Moore, founder and president of the Sapphire Women's Health Group
and a migraine sufferer.
suggests that wherever possible, migraine sufferers find substitutes
for these trigger-containing treats. In addition, women can help avoid
migraine attacks through other behavior interventions and medication.
For that special night out, Moore recommends:
Other simple steps to help prevent migraines come from Excedrin's Headache Resource Center, located at www.excedrin.com.
They are: keep a diary or notebook to write down when you have a
migraine attack, how long it lasts, its intensity, which triggers might
apply and what medication(s) you took for it; and keep in mind that
stress is high on the list of migraine triggers. Also, try using
meditation and biofeedback to reduce your chances of getting a migraine
and having a positive and assertive attitude always helps.
For more information on understanding and managing migraines, visit www.excedrin.com, or call (800) EXCEDRIN.
— Lyn Wagner —


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Hi all,
It has been six months since my sister gave birth to a cute little one. He is the first child after our generation. Though she is feeding him properly, he is so puny. Hence, she took him to the best pediatrician in our city of residence. The doctor advised to feed him with barley powder and barley water to develop a strong immune system.
I would like to know, the health benefits of barley before feeding that little one?
Waiting for your replies!


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Hyderabad, Jun 9 (UNI) Andhra Pradesh Major Industries Minister J Geeta Reddy today said the Andhra Pradesh State Finance Corporation (APSFC) had distributed Rs 663 crore worth loans to industrialists from the Rs 1,006 crore sanctioned.
Talking to newspersons here after reviewing the functioning of APSFC and the progress made under Tribal Sub Plan and Special Component Plan, Ms Reddy said out of the 90 industrial plots, 77 were allotted to entrepreneurs from SC community and 13 to entrepreneurs from ST community, during this year.
Stating that the APSFC had earned Rs 60 crore profit in the current financial year, she said a workshop of SC and ST entrepreneurs would be conducted in every district to encourage people from these communities to take up entrepreneurship.
The Minister said Chief Minister Y S Rajasekhara Reddy had directed the corporation to provide training to at least 5,000 budding entrepreneurs from SC community this year as part of the industrial promotion policy.


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Alewife Lessons
Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) invaded the Great Lakes in the early-mid 20th century, and massive die-offs of these fish have been a big smelly problem in Lake Michigan ever since. The Chicago Tribune even has Alewife Awards for the "rankest cultural flotsam and jetsam to hit our shores" which is why I ended up morbidly transfixed by pictures of Honey Boo Boo when I was searching for something small and bothersome. I was not long distracted by such glitter because I was on the trail of a report that notes, rather casually, that there used to be a commercial Alewife harvest in Lake Michigan, but it failed.
A fork in the future
There are essentially two main arguments about harvesting invasive species that we have encountered on invasivore.org, in popular media, and in the scientific community. The first is the popular perception is that harvesting invasive species may save the day, sending Asian Carp and feral pigs the way of the buffalo. The other argument is that if economic values become tightly linked to the invasive population, then the populations may be preserved to maximize those values.
These two futures are a fork in the road for harvesting invasive species, whether harvests add to conservation goals or backfires. For most species this fork hasn't been reached, but the path of the alewife has been chosen. Alewife of Lake Michigan may provide a glimpse into the future for the harvest of other invasive species.
Alewife and Salmon
The alewife of Lake Michigan didn't become such a runaway success in the diners and bistros of Chicago that Cubs and White Sox fans joined hands in solidarity for the protection and conservation of a beloved fish. Alewife wasn't like Grand Banks cod, which according to Mark Kurlansky, shaped the development of the modern world. At least to people. To the salmon of the Great Lakes, the introduction of Alewife saved the day. And in Lake Michigan, salmon is King. No seriously, I caught a 16-lbs Chinook out of there only a few months ago:
Alewife became the major prey of Lake Michigan salmon and the trophic foundation for a billion-dollar fishing industry. Alewife became an economically very valuable resource and preventing collapse of alewife populations to support Chinook harvests are now a major policy objective for Lake Michigan.
Alewife Harvests
The commercial alewife harvest in Lake Michigan wound down as catch quotas and other restrictions which were implemented to recover alewife stocks made the harvests unprofitable. When Alewife came to the fork in the road, the decisions of policy makers and managers were clear: the Alewife stay. Does this mean that they turned their back on conservation?
I think not. By the time the Alewife fishery closed, the lake ecosystem was not a choice between some natural native system and the hodgepodge of introduced non-native and invasive species we see today. The option of the native ecosystem was already long gone. Protecting alewife, invasive or otherwise, increases the value of the ecosystem services now available. Will this be true for all invasive harvests?
Prospects for harvesting other invasive species
We said at the outset that alewife might present a possible future for harvesting invasive species and speak to the potential of harvests as a management option. In this new era where natural resource managers are starting to seriously consider the benefits and risks of harvesting invasive species, alewife in Lake Michigan provide the first data point in the experiment. It doesn't prove the point one way or the other, though it does validate the real potential for concern, and makes the point that harvesting invasive species is not a silver bullet.
That doesn't mean alewife aren't tasty.


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By Joanna Chen
It's that time of year. The goats are here again. They're back with their shepherds, munching their way along the lower slopes below the forest that surrounds the village where I live. They have all the time in the world, wandering around from slope to slope leading down to the main road. They walk slowly along, dipping down to the low-growing bushes and the wild oregano, raising their necks to branches that crackle when bitten through.
These are the goats that belong to the Bedouin shepherds and they'll be here through the long summer that lies ahead. I look forward to sharing the forest near my house with them again. They remind me that there is a different pace of life. Continue reading


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Viewers learn early on that Bryan Cranston's character, Walter White, decides to take a huge risk to provide for his family's future after he is diagnosed with lung cancer. He is a chemistry genius turned high school teacher who seems like he has been put in a little box on the hillside made of ticky-tacky, doing what he was supposed to do... until the moment when breaking bad would allow him to leave his family financially sound.
Walter White teams up with a vulnerable and underachieving, ex-student, Jesse, who turns to him as a father figure and to earn some extra bucks for his own drug habit. Together they cook and sell the world's purest crystal meth, and their violent adventures roll out from there.
But I decided to break bad at school this year - only my breaking bad is a show called, Breaking Good. It stars a phenomenal cast of public school students, teachers, administrators, and a rocking school board. They are all learning about the attack on public education at different rates and each episode focuses on one of them. This season's students are bright, funny, fiesty, and full of vim and vigor. They are engaged in class, debate about current world issues, and are ready to take on the universe. But in the latest episode the students have a bad day. Cue background music by Daniel Powter:
Sometimes the system goes on the blink
And the whole thing turns out wrong
You might not make it back and you know
That you could be well oh that strong
And I'm not wrong
So where is the passion when you need it the most
Oh you and I
You kick up the leaves and the magic is lost...
We lost them because today on Breaking Good students were required to interrupt their usual programming—the lessons they were really into and excited about—for some fall tests to get ready for the spring tests to prepare for the state mandated tests. In each class, students who were just yesterday smiling, engaged, and excited about learning fought for their fifteen minutes of fame as the cameras moved in for close-ups. Some brows furrowed in concentration, pencil tips stood at attention on lined paper, eyes stared at the ceiling, the walls, and often angrily at me. Their expressions varied in this episode, from, "Please help." to, "I thought you were different. "
They asked questions and my character had to respond, "I cannot answer that question."
My character is a decent human being. She cares about her students. She prepares them for their tests, but in Breaking Good, the good guys always win. And win they will in next week's episode.
Next week on Breaking Good: With the first round of getting ready for the test to get ready for the test to be ready for the test, behind them, the students have had a weekend to rejuvenate, play video games, de-stress and charge their latte fueled batteries. The teachers will use their distraction skills to waste valuable test prep time, and instead focus on useless and non-tested topics such as foreign language, civics, history, creative writing, art, music, physical education, and other non-essentials. As the fantastic team of administrators walks the hallways, ipads in hand, the camera cuts close and one can see that our school is in good hands. Behind a peeling, weathered and well-worn "ACHIEVEMENT MATTERS" sticker on the principal's lapel, a new word is peeking out from behind. "THINK" it says.


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Turn its frown upside down: fill it with gifts
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The dream of receiving a perfect present will come true, when you will present your daughter this exclusively designed combo for the occasion of Daughter's Day. Including everything that every girl loves, this pack of happiness is all you need to present this Daughter's Day.
Your Gift Contains:
Since this product is shipped using the services of our courier partners, the date of delivery is an estimate. Your gift may be delivered a business day prior or a business day after the chosen date of delivery. A courier product is delivered separately from other hand delivered products. No deliveries are made on Sundays and National Holidays. Our courier partners do not call prior to delivering an order, so we recommend that you provide an address at which someone will be present to receive the package. The delivery cannot be redirected to any other address. All courier orders are carefully packed and shipped from our warehouse. Soon after the order has been dispatched, you will receive a tracking number that will help you trace your gift.
Always hand wash the cover, using a mild detergent. Never put it in a washing machine.You can also get it dry cleaned.It should be allowed to air dry outside.Iron inside out.This mug is made of ceramic and is breakable.It is microwave safe and dishwasher safe.Made for hot beverages.Clean it with a sponge. Do not scrub.Keep your stuffed friends looking (and smelling!) their best by always hand washing them, using a mild detergent. Never put them in a washing machine.You can also get them dry cleaned.They should be allowed to air dry outside.Do not fold the card.To prevent the card from getting dirty, always keep it in the envelope provided.


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We both had Friday off so we started our weekend on Thursday night. Taras met me in Boston for drinks with my coworkers then we walked over to the North End for dinner at Giacomo's (and, seriously, they're our favorite... we like them so much that we've hardly tried any of the other restaurants over there) and picked up some treats at Modern Pastry (we're still undecided if Mike's or Modern gets our vote for best cannoli).
The rest of the weekend was a good mix of checking things off the to-do list and exploring more of Portsmouth and Greenland, getting familiar with new-to-us beach spots and discovering back country roads. We wrapped up the weekend with a lovely Easter lunch with our parents.
I hope you all had a wonderful Easter weekend!
PS - you can keep up with our weekend shenanigans in real time on Instagram.


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Business Development (Sales) Intern
Recrosoft Technologies Pvt. Ltd.Bangalore
Internship DescriptionThe selected intern(s) will work on following during the internship: 1. Identifying business opportunities and meet with prospective customers to set up demo sessions for our product. 2. Evaluating information harvested through surveys and workshops, task analysis, and business process description. 3. Being able to effectively communicate with external clients and internal teams. 4. We will be targeting restaurants, retailers, theatres, travel agencies, spas, and other touch points, negotiate offers for our subscribers. 5. Maintain relationships with clients by providing support, information, and guidance and help them in customer acquisition, engagement and retention. 6. Experience canvassing and cold-calling into various types of local businesses, with evidence of consistent and current success.
About Company
At Recrosoft we develop Mobility Solutions for various applications at various platforms, we help you adapt to change – and generate business value – no matter what size your business. Recrosoft partners with its clients with the aim to transform their business challenges into growth opportunities.


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DRB Image Gallery
Visit Publisher Site
DRB Image Gallery Hosting Promo
DRBImageGallery is an easy-to-use image gallery script with customizable search capabilities. It allows you to categorize your images with user-defined attributes and keywords. Visitors to your site can search your image gallery using these criteria via a simple search form. Thumbnail image files are generated automatically. You can upload your images directly through the web browser, or use an FTP client to upload your images into the images folder, and script will import them. The pages are XHTML syntax compliant, and compatible with both IE and Firefox. The application includes a web-based administration interface.Visit publisher site: DRB Image Gallery
Listing Details
- Version:
- 1.2.7
- Filed in:
Scripts / PHP / Scripts & Programs / Image Galleries
- Submitted on:
- Last Updated:
- Jan 30, 2012
- Publisher:
- Don B Other listings by this publisher
License & Pricing Information
- License Type:
- Freeware
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- The credit link at the bottom of each page cannot be altered or removed.
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Not yet reviewed by any member.... You can be the FIRST one to write a review for DRB Image Gallery


text:
Z-Man Games Running Special Promo For Silvion Promo Cards
By Polar_Bear
In Board Games
May 4th, 2016
0 Comments
1131 Views
Everyone loves a good deal. And just about as many people love getting extra promo cards for their games. Well, Z-Man games is bundling the two together to give you a special deal on Sylvion promo cards just for signing up for their newsletter.
As I mentioned, all you have to do is sign up for the Z-Man Games' Newsletter and you'll be sent a special code that will give you 50% off Sylvion promo cards in the Z-man Games webshop.


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Seahawks free safety Earl Thomas spent the first Sunday he had to miss an NFL game watching the NBA and spending time with his family.
Seahawks free safety Earl Thomas hadn't missed a game since his days at West Orange-Stark (Texas) High School before he was forced to sit out the trip last Sunday to Tampa Bay.
And at first, Thomas wasn't sure what he was going to do with himself.
"It was definitely hard," said Thomas, who had started 106 straight regular-season games since being drafted by the Seahawks in 2010 (and 118 including the post-season) before suffering a hamstring injury against the Eagles on Nov. 20 that caused him to miss the game against Tampa Bay.
Thomas' solution? Take his wife, daughter and brother to Portland to take in a couple of TrailBlazers' games, including one against "my favorite team, the Rockets."
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Thomas said watching NBA games "kept my competitive spirit going" during what he called "a tough time. Very emotional." (Though he got some solace in Houston beating Portland 130-114 last Sunday).
"Just trying to find a way to keep my mind positive," Thomas said.
As for the Seahawks' game, Thomas came up with a unique solution for dealing with that, as well, deciding to head to a Buffalo Wild Wings during his Portland trip, watching the game with his wife, daughter and brother, wearing and a hoodie and glasses to stay as inconspicuous as he could.
Thomas said he tried to keep his emotions in check but that proved almost as hard as not playing.
"I was into it," he said. "You can't be silent. You can't hide when you are openly passionate about something like this. People knew who I was but they kind of let me be. But it was definitely hard watching it."
What helped, he said, was approaching it as though it will be the only game he will miss. Thomas was a full participant in practice Wednesday and spoke briefly before heading out to practice Thursday.
"I knew I was trying to make it back for this week," he said. "So it helps to be back out there. Was just definitely just weird for me to see the team out there without me. I know it's not all about me, but I'm a part of the team, so it was definitely weird to see that."
Thomas said he hadn't missed a game since high school, having also started all 27 games he played at Texas before declaring early for the NFL Draft. "Against Orangefield," he said. "Had like a thigh bruise."
That Thomas was a full participant on practice Wednesday would point to him playing Sunday.
But Thomas said he wasn't ready yet to declare himself back.
"I couldn't really go (last week),' he said. "I'm just still battling right now. So I don't really like talking about it. I know what's ahead of me, hopefully. We'll see."


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Phone:+1 716-324-5971
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Yesterday my boyfriend and I went apple picking and quickly picked 2 bushels of apples.. Now I am in desperate need for some great apple recipes. I've googled some ideas but thought what better place to find new ideas than on Craftster!
What are your favourite apple recipes?
Has anyone ever froze apples prior to cooking/baking them?
Any ideas will be greatly appreciated!
Kate aka Drowning in Apples!


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Dana Goodman
Jump to
Dana Goodman appeared in a number of comedic films, always bringing a spark of joy and laughter to whatever role she takes on. Goodman's early acting career mostly consisted of roles in various films, such as "The Tao of Steve" (2000) and the Ice Cube crime drama "Barbershop" (2002). She also appeared in the TV movie "Windy City Heat" (Comedy Central, 2003-04). She worked in series television while getting her start in acting, including a part on "Punk'd" (MTV, 2003-2012). She then appeared in the Rob Schneider comedy sequel "Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo" (2005), the Adam Sandler smash hit comedic adventure "Bedtime Stories" (2008) and the comedy "The House Bunny" (2008) with Anna Faris. She also appeared in the Adam Sandler smash hit action-packed comedy "You Don't Mess With the Zohan" (2008). In the 2010s, she then appeared in the comedy "Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star" (2011) with Nick Swardson, the Adam Sandler hit comedy "Just Go With It" (2011) and "That's My Boy" (2012) with Adam Sandler. She held additional roles in television including a part on "Nick Swardson's Pretend Time" (Comedy Central, 2010-12). Most recently, Goodman worked on "Faking It" (MTV, 2013-).


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THE reserved reaction in the BAR garage to Jenson Button's sixth place finish in the Australian Grand Prix yesterday was testament to the ambitions of a team pushing hard to break into Formula One's top three.
Button's three points and a ninth place for Takuma Sato were seen as a "solid" start to the new season by team principal David Richards, the Welshman insisting it represented nothing more than a platform for future successes.
They have McLaren, Williams and Renault in their sights and Richards predicted a competitive season ahead for Button.
"As the Japanese reporters said to me, 'This is a different team this year. A year ago you would all be patting yourselves on the back and cheerful and happy having got three points in the first race of the year,'" said Richards.
"Over the winter we felt we were on a similar pace to Williams. I think today indicates that is the case.
"It is a great result from Jenson's point of view. Jenson has come on leaps and bounds and I think you are going to see Jenson highly competitive for the whole season now.
"It is a good combination, the two of them, and I think you will see Taku come on during the season. It is a very solid base, very solid indeed."
Button had a first podium finish in his sights only for a fuel glitch to cost him one place and then Juan Pablo Montoya's aggressive overtaking another.
That remains BAR's most immediate goal and Button is confident that with a week of testing and more suitable conditions in Kuala Lumpur, it may well come at the Malaysian Grand Prix in a fortnight.
"I am reasonably happy. It is a big change from last season. Now we are a little bit unhappy with being slower than the Williams, whereas last year we were way off," said Button.


text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|30 déc. 2003
|Date de dépôt
|3 aoűt 2001
|Date de priorité
|5 déc. 1996
|État de paiement des frais
|Numéro de publication
|Nathaniel R. Quick
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Nathaniel R. Quick
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (42), Citations hors brevets (5), Référencé par (49), Classifications (47), Événements juridiques (9)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/088,044 filed Jun. 1, 1998 U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,576. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/088,044 filed Jun. 1, 1998 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/759,235 filed Dec. 5, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,607. All subject matter set forth in application Ser. No. 09/088,044 filed Jun. 1, 1998 and application Ser. No. 08/759,235 filed Dec. 5, 1996 is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application as if fully set forth herein.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to semiconductor electronic devices and circuits such as integral electronic circuitry and more particularly to an improved apparatus and method for creating wide-bandgap semiconductor electronic devices and circuits with laser radiation.
2. Background of the Invention
Certain ceramics, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum nitride (AlN), are known to exhibit electrical properties ranging from insulating to semiconducting to conducting, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,741 issued Sep. 8, 1992, entitled "Converting Ceramic Materials to Electrical Conductors and Semiconductors" issued to Nathaniel R. Quick, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,841 issued Feb. 21, 1995, entitled "Laser Processed Coatings on Electronic Circuit Substrates" issued to Nathaniel R. Quick. The wide-bandgap semiconductor phases of these ceramics and other wide-bandgap semiconductors including diamond, are used to create devices such as conductive tabs, interconnects, vias, wiring patterns, resistors, capacitors, semiconductor devices and the like electronic components by laser synthesis on the surfaces and within the body of such wide-bandgap semiconductor to thereby eliminate photolithography processes which require numerous steps and generate undesirable chemical pollutants when processing such traditional electronic devices, components and circuitry.
As is well known alumina (Al2O3) dominates the dielectric market as an integrating substrate or device carrier in electronics packaging. BN, AlN, SiC and diamond are also of interest, due to their Thermal Coefficient of Expansion (TCE) and for their dielectric constant and higher thermal conductivity than that of Al2O3. SiC, AlN, BN, GaN and diamond also exhibit a wide-band gap and chemical resistance; they exhibit semiconducting to insulating properties. These properties are of substantial interest for new high temperature, approaching 1000° C. and aggressive environment applications, particularly where high integrated circuit packing densities are required. In the prior art, metallization methods, including dry-film imaging and screen printing have been used for the production of conductive patterns on alumina, however, metal compatibility with the newer high thermal conductivity ceramic materials such as AlN and SiC, have not completely solved. Copper and silver paste exhibits a TCE mismatch aggravated by high temperatures as well as being subject to oxidation that increases their resistivity. In particular, bonding of copper to AlN has proved to be nontrivial alumina or stoichiometric aluminum oxynitride it (AlON) coatings must be developed on the AlN surface through passivation processes. These passivation processes have poor reproducibility. Thus, the direct laser synthesis of conductors in AlN, SiC and diamond substrates appears to provide solutions to this long standing prior art problem with regard to metallization and for more simple processing techniques for creating devices and circuitry that are compatible with selected ceramic substrates, while satisfying the need for higher temperature, aggressive environment, and higher density integrated circuit packaging applications.
The present invention is defined by the appended claims with specific embodiments being shown in the attached drawings. For the purpose of summarizing the invention, the invention relates to the use of selected wide-bandgap semiconductors including the doping of the wide-bandgap semiconductor. The invention includes the use of laser synthesis processing techniques applied to selected areas of the wide-bandgap body for creating electronic component devices. The electronic component devices may be individual component or an interconnected circuit arrangement on the surface of or within a substrate body of wide-bandgap material.
In a more specific example of the invention, the present invention includes the use of laser synthesis processing techniques applied to selected areas of the wide-bandgap semiconductor materials, chemical doping of the wide-bandgap semiconductor materials, and use of laser synthesis processing techniques applied to selected areas of the wide-bandgap semiconductor body for creating electronic component devices individually and in an interconnected circuit arrangement on the surface of and/or within a substrate body of the wide-bandgap semiconductor material, such as for examples AlN, BN, GaN, SiC and diamond, whether the wide-bandgap semiconductor is thin film or bulk material. The invention uniquely utilizes the properties of the doped wide-bandgap semiconductor in combination with selected laser synthesis techniques to create a variety of electronic devices and components, such as capacitors; resistors; diodes; transistors; logic and digital devices; electrical conductors, connection tabs, conductive holes or vias through substrates; and various types of sensors. More specifically, by selectively chemical doping designated surface areas and layers of the wide-bandgap semiconductor substrate body or film with chemical elements, a wide-bandgap semiconductor is produced that may be readily converted in designated areas thereof by laser synthesis, using one of several laser devices, to create discrete electronic devices and electronic circuit arrangements. The creation of these various electronic devices and circuits takes place incrementally, such as making a (p-n)-type carrier semiconducting device by laser synthesizing two adjacent areas, one for the (p) and the other for the (n) portion. The required electrical conductive tab connections are laser synthesized on either side of the p-n junction, to thereby form a p-n junction diode. The formation of a simple (p-n-p) or (n-p-n) arrangement is accomplished by an added step in the above diode process by adding an additional (p) or (n) laser synthesized component, with the appropriate electrical conductor connections as noted above with respect to the diode example. Such elemental electronic devices are readily produced by simple laser synthesis without the traditional multiple step processing and attendant pollution and environmental contamination problems of the prior art processes.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the more pertinent and important features of the present invention in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood so that the present contribution to the art can be more fully appreciated. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifing or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows an arrangement for practicing certain aspects of the invention, illustrating several electrical or electronic elements on a substrate that have been produced thereon by laser synthesis processing;
FIGS. 2-5 depict several arrangements of electronic components and elements produced on various substrates in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, illustrating how readily such elements may be disposed with respect to each other, to thereby create the devices in accordance with the present inventive teachings;
FIG. 6 depicts a p-n junction device produced in a substrate body or film with appropriate electrical conductive leads, such device may be used as a diode;
FIG. 7 depicts an n-p-n transistor device produced in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 depicts an n-channel transistor that is produced in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, illustrating the versatility and uniqueness of the invention; and
FIG. 9 depicts an air-tight chamber and laser arrangement utilized to perform certain processing steps in accordance with the invention, for producing chemical doping of entire selected wide-bandgap semiconductor substrate bodies or films and or selected areas thereof; and for selective dielectric and/or conductive coatings.
Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the several Figures of the drawings.
The present invention focuses on the processes and materials utilized to produce circuit components such as electronic elements, components, devices and circuit interconnection insitu on monolithic wide-bandgap semiconductor compound substrate or body or of a film thereof, deposited on a support substrate. These circuit components are formed by direct conversion of selected areas of the substrate or film by laser synthesis, producing conductor, semiconductor and insulative areas insitu thereon.
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, the apparatus and method of the present invention produces unique devices and circuitry utilizing fewer and simpler steps than required in the prior art and to eliminate many of the prior art contamination and environmental problems associated therewith.
Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1, an arrangement for practicing the present invention, including a laser system 10 consisting of a laser device 12 and a laser beam focusing lens 14. A focused laser beam 16 is shown impinging upon a monolithic substrate 18 of a crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor compound material having a rectangular configuration. The top surface of substrate 18 is designated by reference 20, and has an area 22 depicted thereon that has been converted to a semiconductor material by laser beam 16 with a small circular hole or via 24 intersecting therewith that extends through substrate 18 from semiconductor 22 by laser drilling and conversion, to a surface 25 on the reverse side of substrate 18 where it terminates in a conductive connection. The terminal ends and inner exposed surface of via 24 has been converted to an electroconductor material by laser beam 16 as it drills through substrate 18 between surface 22 and 25. On the reverse side of substrate 18 on surface 25 there is depicted an area on surface 25 that has been converted to an conductor pad 26 that is formed by laser beam 16, which is connected to conductor via 24, where it terminates at surface 25. A conductor pad 26 has been formed on surface 25 by rotating substrate 18 so that surface 25 is exposed to direct laser beam 16 interaction for direct conversion of pad 26 to a conductor material in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Continuing with the description of FIG. 1, there is shown a conductor strip 30 connected to an edge of semiconductor area 22 on surface 20 and extending therefrom to the edge of substrate 18 and thence along a substrate surface 32 and thence along surface 25, terminating thereon with an electroconductor tab 28. Both conductors 30 and tab 28 have been produced by direct laser beam 16 conversion.
Referring now to FIGS. 2-4, there is shown a plurality of substrates that have had certain sections thereof converted directly into elements and components of electronic devices by laser beam synthesis in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Shown in FIG. 2, is a monolithic substrate 41 of crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor compound material that is responsive to conversion by laser beam 16 exposure. More specifically, substrate 41 and a main body thereof may be a crystalline or polycrystalline widebandgap semiconductor compound material from the group including Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) for examples, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,741, dated Sep. 8, 1992, issued to applicant, the foregoing materials are known to be convertible directly by laser beam inscription, from insulative to semiconductive to resistive and to conductive materials. However, applicant knows of no prior art that has utilized such technology to produce devices such as, sensors, diodes, transistors and circuitry containing such devices insitu on selected monolithic wide-bandgap semiconductor substrates as taught by the present invention. As can readily be appreciated the present invention provides simpler processes, with fewer processing steps, fewer pieces of processing equipment and a reduction, if not the elimination, of environmental pollutants and contaminants heretofore associated with the prior art to produce such devices, as diodes, transistors, sensors and the like, as examples.
Referring again to FIG. 2, substrate body 40 is depicted as an insulative crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor compound material, such as AlN, SiC and BN, as examples. A resistor section 42 is formed on substrate body 40, having a resistive value in the range of 10−2 to 10−6 ohm-cm, a pair of electrical conductors 44 and 46 are formed on substrate 40, disposed on opposite sides of and connected to resistor section 42, to thereby produce a resistor insitu on substrate body 40. Another electrical conductor 48 is formed on the reverse side 50 of substrate body 40. As shown a portion of substrate body 40, designated 52 and delineated by a broken line 52, is disposed between electrical conductors 46 and 48, to form a capacitor.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor compound substrate 56, of SiC, chemically doped with aluminum (Al) forming a p-type carrier (electron holes) semiconductor material. By laser beam synthesis, conductor 58 is formed on a surface 60 of substrate 56, and an n-type carrier (electrons) semiconductor 62 is formed at a surface 64 of substrate 56 by laser beam chemical doping with phosphorus (P), and an conductor 66 is formed on a reverse side 64 of substrate 56 and is electrically connected to n-type carrier 62.
The foregoing formed device is capable of operating as a diode in an external circuit by 20 connecting conductors 58 and 66 to external leads 68 and 70, respectively, or as an insitu diode when connected to other components which may be formed on substrate 56 and connected to terminals 58 and 66.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a device 76, that may operate as various types of semiconductor devices depending on the electroresistive properties of a wide-bandgap semiconductor compound substrate body 78. There are reverse surfaces 80 and 82 on substrate body 78, that have conductors 84 and 86 formed on surfaces 80 and 82, respectively, to which external conductor terminals 88 and 90, respectively are provided for external connections.
It should be noted that devices of the type shown in FIG. 4, operate primarily on the principal of change in resistivity (ohm-cm) of the laser beam synthesized wide-bandgap semiconductor, and therefore, are uniquely adaptable to hostile environmental operations, such as with automobile and aircraft engines that a made of wide-bandgap semiconductor components. As examples, the temperature, physical changes or distortion and the presence of chemicals occurring in or near an engine, can be monitored at selected sections of the engines by depositing a film of crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor compound, directly onto the engine body at selected sections and subsequently laser beam synthesizing such films to produce a thermoresistive, piezoresistive or chemoresistive device from the deposited films. Alternately, the surface of wide-bandgap semiconductor engine components may be made of AlN, SiC or BN can be directly converted to these types of sensors. Also there are situations where the engine may have a component part made of wide-bandgap semiconductor, and it may be desirable to monitor such component and therefore, the component of the present invention may be disposed thereon and used to monitor such components. Such devices would consist of resistive areas disposed between a pair of laser synthesized conductor tabs, where the tabs are used for external connections. It has been experimentally determined that crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor compounds, such as (AlN), (SiC) and diamond, may be deposited upon wide-bandgap semiconductor materials of which automotive and aircraft engines are made, by means of known vapor or thermal spray deposition techniques, without debonding therebetween when operating at elevated temperatures of such engines. Thus, such selectively disposed devices can be used for remote monitoring of the changes in the engines readily and simply on a real time basis, when compared with the prior art techniques.
The device depicted in FIG. 5, illustrates one of several arrangements for elements for a transistor type device. There is shown a crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor substrate 90 of p-type carrier material designated 92 that has a n-type carrier section laser beam synthesized on reverse sides of the substrate designated 94 and 96. Over of these n-type carriers are conductors 98 and 100, respectively formed by laser synthesis on each layer of n-type carrier sections 94 and 96. On a surface of substrate section 92 there is formed by laser synthesis a conductor 102. Conductors 98 and 100 each have terminal conductors 104 and 106, respectively connected thereto for external connections. The device just described may be utilized as a traditional transistor connected to external circuits or as an insitu device on a monolithic substrate as part of a circuit thereon.
In FIG. 6, there is shown an alternate arrangement for a diode, similar to that shown in FIG. 3, where a substrate body 57 is a crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor material that is responsive to laser conversion and it has had p-type carrier and n-type carrier adjacent sections formed thereon by laser synthesis. This arrangement is the traditional configuration for junction diodes known in the prior art, and may be part of an external circuit or as a device of an insitu circuit that may be formed on a monolithic substrate in accordance with of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a (p-n-p)-type transistor having a configuration different from the (n-p-n)-type transistor shown in FIG. 5. As shown, there is depicted a n-type substrate 150 with two p-type carrier sections 152 and 154 separated from one another, each p-type sections has a conductor 162 and 164 connected, respectively thereto and an conductor 160 disposed on a reverse surface of substrate 150. A conductor 162 is connected to conductor 156 that function as a drain terminal of the device, while a conductor 164 is connected to conductor 158 that function as a source terminal of the device. A conductor 166 is attached to conductor 160 that is also connected to conductor 164 the source terminal. The resultant device is characterized as a traditional (p-n-p)-type transistor.
FIG. 8 shows a device similar to the device shown in FIG. 7 with the addition of a dielectric layer 165 formed on the surface of substrate 150 and disposed between p-type carriers 152 and 158. Deposited on top of dielectric layer 165 is a conductor layer 167 to which a conductive lead 169 is attached for external connections as a gate terminal for the device. The resulting device is characterized as a n-type carrier channel transistor.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown a processing arrangement including laser 12, focusing lens 14 and laser focused beam 16, such as that shown in FIG.1 and it operates in a similar manner. Also shown is a chamber 170, including an airtight laser beam transmission window 172 disposed for transmitting beam 16 therethrough into the chamber. Chamber 170 has an inlet and valve combination 174 and outlet and valve combination 176 connected to the side wall of the chamber, for injecting and removing gases into and therefrom, respectively. The chamber is dispose on a support member 178 forming an airtight seal therewith. Also shown in FIG. 9, there is a substrate 180 upon which a dielectric layer 165 is formed and a conductive layer 167 is deposited on top of dielectric layer 165. Substrate 180 is a material such as substrate 150 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The arrangement shown in FIG. 9, is used to convert or add to the surface of substrates placed therein. As shown, dielectric layer 165 and conductor 167 are of the type shown in FIG. 8 so as to complete the formation of an n-type carrier channel transistor.
To accomplish the unique results derived from the teachings of the present invention, it is necessary to consider some of the detail processing steps and procedures thereof. In various sections of the disclosure and claims the phrases "laser synthesis" and "laser synthesized" have been used to broadly mean or define, the use of a selected laser beam impinging (inscribing or writing or drilling) onto or into the body of a crystalline or polycrystalline substrate or body to thereby cause rapid thermal heating for melting and the rapid cooling for solidification in selected exposed areas, causing chemical and physical changes to occur to the substrate areas exposed to the laser beam. Such exposure to the laser beam may be accompanied by the use of gases, such as air, oxygen or other gas/vapor mixtures, that may be a co-operant in the process for causing such changes. Use of these phrases is consistent with the teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,145,741 and 5,391,841, noted herein and both issued to applicant.
Continuing with the disclosure of the present invention, attention is directed to the various laser devices used to perform laser synthesis as envisioned herein. The Table I entitled "Typical Laser Types", set forth below, list three (3) laser types that have been found satisfactory for practicing the present invention. A second Table II entitled "Laser Processing Parameters", shown below discloses eight (8) parameters for each of the three (3), sample laser types, namely, Nd:YAG frequency double 2{overscore (ω)} Nd:YAG and Excimer lasers, that are useful for laser synthesis processes. These lasers are capable of laser synthesis and/or conversion of insulating and semiconducting crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductors and to material combinations necessary to fabricate and produce the various electronic devices and circuits taught by the invention.
The parameters shown have been diligently arrived at after extensive test and evaluation, and have been selectively used to produce the various devices and circuits in accordance with the teachings of the present invention and claims.
Typical Laser Types
Untreated Resistivity
Converted Resistivity
Laser Types
5.1 × 10−3
Wavelength: 1064 nm
1.2 × 10−3
Wavelength: 248 nm
Frequency Double
1.9 × 10−3
Wavelength: 532 nm
where i=insulator greater than 106
s=semiconductor 10−2 to 106
c=conductor less than 10−2
Laser Processing Parameters
Beam Diameter
Energy density
Pulse Duration
energy (J)
1064 nm
248 nm
532 nm
Peak Pulse
Scan Velocity
Intensity (W/cm)
1.8 × 108
1.2 × 109
1064 nm
KrF Excimer
7.3 × 107
1.4 × 109
248 nm
3.4 × 109
1.67 × 109
532 nm
3.35 × 109
8.35 × 107
1.67 × 108
MATERIALS (No
(No Oxygen Present)
Oxygen Present)
Aluminum Nitride
Silicon Carbide
Boron Nitride(s)
Boron Carbide(i)
Aluminum Boride
Silicon Nitride(i)
Silicon Carbide(s)
Titanium nitride(c)
Titanium Silicide(s)
Titanium Aliminide(c)
Titanium Carbide
Aluminum Nitride(s)
Aluminum Carbide
Nickel Aluminide(c)
Nickel Carbide
Nickel Silicide
Tungsten Nitride
The wide-bandgap semiconductor materials taught by the present invention may be of a crystalline or polycrystalline structure and are representive of several hundred possible types from which to choose. For example, Silicon Carbide, in the Beta-SiC (Zineblende structure) or 6H—SiC (6 bilayers along the hexagonal crystal direction) are only two of many types of material structures SiC can have as a convertible wide-bandgap semiconductor. Similarly, many structural types exist for laser convertibility, including SiC, AlN, BN, GaN and diamond that have been the focus of the disclosure and teaching in accordance with the present invention. However, it is understood that these wide-bandgap semiconductors, may be considered preferred among others which may be selected. As can be appreciated by those skilled in this art, the practice of the present invention is strongly influenced by a working knowledge of material science and the unique properties of crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor materials known in the field of such science. Consequently, teachings herein are directed toward known factors derived from extensive experimental and proven results within such science.
Continuing, the selected wide-bandgap semiconductors, as examples, namely, SiC, AlN and diamond have been used to readily change their initial electrical: properties by "chemical doping" as by means of laser synthesis or conversion. For example, doping of Beta-SiC wide-bandgap semiconductor material with phosphorous generates n-type carrier (electrons), and with aluminum generates p-type carrier (holes) semiconductive materials. Shown herein below is Table III entitled "Dopants and Materials Generated by Laser Synthesis". As shown in Table III, materials such as, SiC and AlN as examples, may be laser synthesized with dopants, as examples, shown to produce the resultant materials. As shown, the dopants may be in the form of gases, and the chemical doping therefrom may be accomplished by the use of a system arrangement illustrated in FIG. 9 thereof. The process for doping within chamber 70 of FIG. 9, occurs by laser beam 16 irradiating the selected areas of a substrate body by inscribing or writing thereon, while simultaneously causing a gas therein to chemically disassociate and diffuse into the laser exposed areas of the substrate body to thereby cause chemical, electrical and physical changes in the properties of the substrate body where the laser has selectively scribed.
The dopants and resultant materials shown in Table III are illustrative of many combinations that could be selected within the scope of the teachings of the present invention.
From the foregoing discussions of Tables I-III, it can readily be appreciated that devices and circuits of the type taught and claimed herein can be produced by the appropriate selection of crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor material; selection of an appropriate type of laser; operating the laser with appropriate parameters; and using appropriate dopants.
Until now, the disclosure primarily has discussed the formation of the devices and circuits on substrates bodies, suggesting that the substrates are in a non-film structure. However, it is understood that the substrates envisioned by the invention includes film structures of appropriate thickness to accommodate the formation of the devices and circuits in accordance with the teachings hereof. More particularly, the substrates 44, 56, 75, 90 and 150 depicted in the various figures may be substrate films.
Various crystalline or polycrystalline wide-bandgap semiconductor materials having properties substantially identical as those of substrates 44, 56, 76, 90 and 150, and others may be readily formed on a support or carrier substrate through the use of a laser synthesis and chamber depicted in FIG. 9, for example, by means of known vapor deposition techniques.
Once a layer of film has been formed on a support substrate it may be processed in a similar manner as the substrates depicted in FIGS. 1-8, in accordance with the teachings of the invention to produce devices and integrated circuits. Successive film layers may be formed and processed to produce a multi-layer structure, that represents a unique feature for using films, to create a three dimensional structure. Conductive interconnections between selected layers, devices and circuits may be made by use of conductive vias such a via 24 depicted in and discussed in connection with FIG. 1.
The foregoing disclosure and teachings of the present invention readily and adequately demonstrate that direct laser synthesis and chemical process doping of selected wide-bandgap semiconductor substrate and film materials, can be utilized to create and produce electronic devices and circuits uniquely within the body of such wide-bandgap semiconductor materials and in which the Thermal Coefficient of Expansion (TCE) between the devices and circuits are compatible with the substrate of films owing to their inherent relationship as part of the starting material and noting that nothing during the processing of the system has changed their inherent compatibility with respect to TCE between the substrate and the circuits and devices formed thereon In addition to the enhanced TCE properties, the present invention provides electron devices and circuit arrangements within the selected wide-bandgap semiconductor materials that have better dielectric constant and higher thermal conductivity properties than those of Al2O3. which is traditionally used as support substrates for electronic devices and circuits of the type addressed by the present invention.
It is to be understood that the above described embodiments and teachings of the present invention are only illustrative of the principles applicable. Various other arrangements and processing modifications may be envisioned or refined, by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, other wide-bandgap semiconductor materials of hexagonal crystalline structure with certain nitride or carbide compounds, for examples, may be adapted to have similar or equivalent processing properties as disclosed herein, and it is inferred that like electrical semiconductive, conductive and insulative properties may be attainable within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Consequently, it is understood that the present invention is limited only by the spirit and scope of the disclosure and appended claims.
The present disclosure includes that contained in the appended claims as well as that of the foregoing description. Although this invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|13 nov. 2007
|Cree, Inc.
|Low basal plane dislocation bulk grown SiC wafers
|26 juil. 2005
|2 sept. 2008
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Laser assisted nano deposition
|7 avr. 2005
|9 sept. 2008
|Cree, Inc.
|Three inch silicon carbide wafer with low warp, bow, and TTV
|6 févr. 2006
|25 aoűt 2009
|Cree, Inc.
|Silicon carbide layer on diamond substrate for supporting group III nitride heterostructure device
|25 juin 2007
|20 oct. 2009
|University Of Central Florida
|Method of drawing a ceramic
|17 févr. 2006
|3 nov. 2009
|Cree, Inc.
|Heterojunction transistors including energy barriers
|18 févr. 2005
|17 nov. 2009
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Apparatus and method for transformation of substrate
|26 juil. 2006
|4 mai 2010
|Cree, Inc.
|Methods of fabricating transistors including dielectrically-supported gate electrodes
|20 avr. 2006
|12 oct. 2010
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Apparatus and method for increasing thermal conductivity of a substrate
|17 juil. 2009
|4 janv. 2011
|Cree, Inc.
|Silicon carbide on diamond substrates and related devices and methods
|6 oct. 2009
|1 mars 2011
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Apparatus and method for transformation of substrate
|26 janv. 2006
|31 mai 2011
|University Of Central Florida
|Optical device and method of making
|19 mai 2009
|14 juin 2011
|Cree, Inc.
|Transistors including supported gate electrodes
|16 mars 2010
|1 nov. 2011
|Cree, Inc.
|Methods of fabricating transistors including dielectrically-supported gate electrodes and related devices
|12 sept. 2007
|29 nov. 2011
|Partial Assignment University of Central Florida
|Solid state energy conversion device
|9 juil. 2007
|20 déc. 2011
|University Of Central Florida
|Embedded semiconductor component
|29 aoűt 2008
|12 mars 2013
|University Of Central Florida
|Laser assisted nano deposition
|23 nov. 2010
|20 aoűt 2013
|Cree, Inc.
|Wafer precursor prepared for group III nitride epitaxial growth on a composite substrate having diamond and silicon carbide layers, and semiconductor laser formed thereon
|7 déc. 2010
|31 déc. 2013
|Partial Assignment to University of Central Florida
|Laser formation of graphene
|25 avr. 2006
|31 déc. 2013
|Partial Assignment to University of Central Florida
|Apparatus and method of forming high crystalline quality layer
|10 févr. 2012
|18 mars 2014
|University Of Central Florida
|Solid state gas dissociating device, solid state sensor, and solid state transformer
|14 juil. 2011
|13 mai 2014
|University Of Central Florida
|Solid state energy photovoltaic device
|14 juil. 2011
|8 juil. 2014
|University Of Central Florida
|Process of making a solid state energy conversion device
|1 déc. 2009
|9 sept. 2014
|University Of Central Florida
|Energy conversion device
|3 mai 2011
|16 déc. 2014
|University Of Central Florida
|Optical device and method of making
|25 sept. 2009
|19 mai 2015
|Cree, Inc.
|Heterojunction transistors having barrier layer bandgaps greater than channel layer bandgaps and related methods
|25 sept. 2013
|16 juin 2015
|Ut-Battelle, Llc
|Processing of insulators and semiconductors
|27 mai 2011
|23 juin 2015
|University Of Central Florida
|Optical device and method of making
|23 juil. 2013
|22 sept. 2015
|Cree, Inc.
|Wide bandgap device having a buffer layer disposed over a diamond substrate
|8 déc. 2014
|21 mars 2017
|AppliCote Associates, LLC
|Ultra-high pressure doping of materials
|18 nov. 2015
|11 avr. 2017
|AppliCote Associates LLC
|Thermal doping of materials
|22 janv. 2004
|28 juil. 2005
|Cree, Inc.
|Silicon Carbide on Diamond Substrates and Related Devices and Methods
|1 nov. 2005
|6 avr. 2006
|University Of Central Florida
|Method of drawing a composite wire
|8 juin 2005
|13 avr. 2006
|Adrian Powell
|Low basal plane dislocation bulk grown SiC wafers
|6 févr. 2006
|29 juin 2006
|Saxler Adam W
|Silicon carbide on diamond substrates and related devices and methods
|7 avr. 2005
|12 oct. 2006
|Adrian Powell
|Three inch silicon carbide wafer with low warp, bow, and TTV
|9 juil. 2007
|24 janv. 2008
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Embedded semiconductor component
|29 aoűt 2008
|21 mai 2009
|University Of Central Florida
|Laser assisted nano deposition
|17 juil. 2009
|5 nov. 2009
|Cree, Inc.
|Silicon Carbide on Diamond Substrates and Related Devices and Methods
|6 oct. 2009
|4 févr. 2010
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Apparatus and method for transformation of substrate
|8 oct. 2010
|10 févr. 2011
|Quick Nathaniel R
|Apparatus and method for increasing thermal conductivity of a substrate
|1 déc. 2009
|10 mars 2011
|University of Central Florida, State University of the State of Florida
|Energy conversion device
|23 nov. 2010
|17 mars 2011
|Cree, Inc.
|Silicon carbide on diamond substrates and related devices and methods
|3 mai 2011
|1 sept. 2011
|University Of Central Florida
|Optical device and method of making
|14 juil. 2011
|10 nov. 2011
|State Of Florida
|Solid state energy photovoltaic device
|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|11 juil. 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|14 déc. 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|14 déc. 2007
|Surcharge for late payment
|18 aoűt 2008
Owner name: ROBERT F. FRIJOUF, FLORIDA
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Owner name: FRIJOUF, ROBERT F., FLORIDA
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text:
Create the bathroom of your dreams with a Whitehaus Collection Handmade Freestanding Copper Bath Tub. This exquisite freestanding Copper bathtub features a traditional design creating a bathroom masterpiece focal point. Its spacious interior will allow you to relax and unwind in this luxurious tub. The Bathhaus copper tub collection offers the perfect integration of elegance and durability. Every tub is handmade and crafted with pure copper to ensure the highest quality possible. This, combined with a beautiful hammered finish and copper's natural ability to regenerate its protective patina, makes for the perfect timeless piece. This freestanding tub will create an instant focal point in your bathroom, and it has a spacious interior that allows for full body immersion and ultimate luxury.
- Hand made from 97.5% pure copper to ensure the highest quality possible
- 16 gauge thickness insures a high quality product
- Completely customizable drain and/or overflow location, we recommend having your plumber install drain and/or overflow, for any questions contact Whitehaus Collection
- Copper is naturally bacteria resistant
- Hammered Bronze finish is extremely durable and easy to clean
- Simple to maintain and easy to clean because of their stain resistant properties
- Freestanding tub design turns your bath into a luxurious spa retreat


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West Los Angeles College dance classes
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about West Los Angeles College dance classes, and registering for discussion sections and departmental seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. You may be surprised that you can enroll for a full-time course load, without having to attend any 8am classes at all. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and West Los Angeles College Choreography information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for West Los Angeles College.
Not all people working as actors in film, television, or theater are professionally trained. For example, Bob Hoskins didn't have any formal training before taking up acting. Universities may offer drama programs derived from the system of Constantine Stanislavski, which was popularized in America by Lee Strasberg and Stella Adler. Regardless of a school's approach, students should study human emotions, character interpretation, voice and dance.
While most modern theatre companies rehearse only one new piece of theatre at a time, and then perform that piece for a set run, retire the piece, repertory companies often rehearse multiple shows at once. Repertory theatre involves a group of accomplished actors, and relies more on the reputation of the group, rather than on an individual star performer. Further, actors who have worked together in several productions can respond to each other's nonverbal cues without relying as much on external direction or adherence to theatrical conventions. Beyond consideration for West Los Angeles College dance classes, you may think about Henrico County required courses for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Student Success Coach
College of DuPage
Coordinate outreach efforts with Admissions and Marketing to identify and recruit students into the S-Stem program.
7 days ago Student Services Technician
Maricopa County Community College District
Knowledge of the philosophy and principles of a Learning College. Working within a learning college environment, this position serves as first contact for..
4 days ago Enrollment Coordinator
FLEX College Prep
Familiarity with the college admissions process. Since that time, FLEX has expanded to include a multitude of other services, including academic and college..
1 day ago Program Coordinator, WLP
Emerson College
Assist with communications between Admissions, transmitting recommendations for admission and merit award recipients.
3 days ago Academic Program Manager
Towson University
Prior experience in college or university Admissions and/or Academic Program Advising preferred. Participate in high school college fairs.
6 days ago


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Offshore Sailing School News, Specials and Events
What's Happening at Offshore Sailing School
Offshore Sailing School new venture is called Colgate Offshore Sailing Adventures™ – with lots of cruises and special courses for our graduates, friends and sailors who can't get enough sailing under their boat shoes! Check back soon for more information and in the meantime, check out our special flotilla cruises schedule.
What Do Sailors Do When They are Not Sailing?
They go sailing, of course. And that's exactly what Steve and Doris Colgate did last August when they arranged a family flotilla cruise in the British Virgin Islands for nieces and nephews and their kids. Check out the photo at the top of this page! Steve and Doris are right smack in the middle of the group.
Sign up for our Newsletter
Our bi-monthly newsletter is full of interesting stories, creative specials, sailing deals, upcoming flotilla cruises, contests, and other opportunities to keep you sailing and boating. If you haven't already, sign up now up for the Offshore Sailing School E-Newsletter. Beth Oliver, Offshore Sailing School Director of Marketing, gathers information to keep you informed, shares sailing news, develops contests, and posts photographs and experiences that come from you. Got an idea? Send it to Beth at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Join an Offshore Sailing School Flotilla
Make your next vacation a sailing adventure in the best boating destinations in the world. Our first Offshore Cruising Club journey was in the British Virgin Islands in 1972. Since then Offshore graduates have shared the fun on flotilla cruises in Tahiti and Tonga in the South Pacific, the Greek Islands, Turkey, Croatia, Amalfi Coast of Italy, Sardinia, the French Riviera, the San Juan Islands, Coast of Maine, Apostle Islands of Lake Superior, the Bay Islands of Canada, Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Windward and Leeward Islands of the Caribbean, Belize, and Florida Gulf Coast. Don't wait to sign up, snooze – you lose on some of the best sailing getaways you'll find! Learn more here . . .
Offshore Sailing School Specials
One of our most important special activities is our Tweens and Teens Learn Free program where 7-17 year olds learn to sail with their parents, a super bonding experience. Occasionally, you can take advantage of a couples and friends 2-4-1 sailing deal. Check the Specials section often to see what's coming up.


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The Danger of Exhausted Employees
JENNIFER DEAL: One important and often unacknowledged challenge CEOs are facing is fatigue. Not just their own fatigue, the fatigue of their staff.
Employees at all levels are tired. They work long hours, and never feel as if they can get away from work, which makes them even more tired. The smartphones that were supposed to provide better work-life balance allow us to get away from the office more, but simultaneously allow more work to flow to us through an endlessly open fire hose.
Employees at all levels are working so many hours they just get tired. These long hours started before the recession, got worse during the recession when people had to take on too many responsibilities as a result of the downsizings, and haven't improved since. While some people think this is just an individual issue and people just have to deal with the fatigue and work harder, that is shortsighted because it doesn't take into account the impact of fatigued employees on the organization.
When people get tired they make mistakes, and mistakes increase the risk the organization faces. How much risk is your organization exposed to because your employees–your IT staff who keep your intranet and websites from getting hacked, your client-facing staff who calm angry clients, your executives making strategic decisions about where to invest for the future–are so tired that it affects their decision making? Recently I heard a story about a product delivered to a client that was wrong–really, really wrong. When the issue was pointed out to the staff member who was responsible for it, the staff member was so tired he couldn't even figure out what was wrong with it (the client had to tell him).
Physical fatigue from working too many hours is compounded by fatigue resulting from never having a break from work to recharge. Most people I speak with say the first thing they do when they wake up and the last thing they do before they go to bed is to check–and respond to–emails on their smartphones. It isn't just the early morning and late night work, it's also the weekend and holiday work. Because someone from work can always reach them through email, text, phone, they never feel off the clock. The mental program labeled "work" is constantly running in the background, regardless of what they're doing or where they are. This inability to escape work and recharge leads to increased fatigue.
At this point many people have been tired for so long that many may have started to believe this is just the way the work is, and don't necessarily think working under these conditions makes them less productive or increases risk for the organization. But just because it is common doesn't mean it is good for the organization for CEOs to allow this state of affairs to continue. How many mistakes are made because of fatigue? How much business is lost because a staff member was exhausted? How many people have difficulty making healthy choices (physical, social, and emotional) because they are just plain tired, which result in health care expenses for the organization?
There are real business consequences to fatigue that many people don't talk about, but which CEOs need to start addressing.
Jennifer Deal is a senior research scientist at the Center for Creative Leadership and an affiliated research scientist at the Center for Effective Organizations at the University of Southern California.
Read the latest Leadership Report.


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Raise money for financial security.
For Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.
For Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.
Make poor kids to smile, make them feel joy on this new year
"Во внутреннем мире человека доброта - это солнце" В. Гюго. Как точны слова этого замечательного писателя!
We don't need to see graphic images to sign petitions
Extremely spontaneous half-marathon to raise funds for Acumen's incredible work around the world.
This Initiative is #SaveTheGirlChild (https://twitter.com/search?q=%23SaveTheGirlChild) from various Daily problems like
This campaign is important to me because I am trying to get people involved back in humanity. I see the need to help.
Its devastatingly sad to hear about the bomb attack at Hazrat Zainab(a.s) Shrine in Syria...Salam Mohsin-e-Islam,
A small effort to spread devotion on Indian Saint Shirdi Sai Baba and other social cause - StarSai.com is a temple of
An ambitious project to establish a human colony on Mars has attracted applications from tens of thousands of would-be


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NepKar :W.I.P.: by littlelilylunaWatch
©2012-2017 littlelilyluna
I absolutely love this ship!! I also love the way you drew it. Your style is fabulous, and this piece is really cute. I also love the angle you drew them, and their expressions! wonderful job, I wish I could draw like you! ^^
They didn't draw it, but they colored it...
The coloring is lovely though. The lineart link is in the description, silly!
too cute ; v ;
d'aww, this is so cute!
it's my biggest ship ever
it's my biggest ship ever
Thanks a lot!
I agree with you they are a cute couple, but my favorite is GamTav O 3 O!
I agree with you they are a cute couple, but my favorite is GamTav O 3 O!
god this is so effin adorable!!!
Aww, that's so cute...


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AMDM. 4 th 6 weeks Review. Functions. You plan on working out over spring break and your workout consists of walking to the gym which burns 200 calories and then riding a stationary bike. Each minute on the bike burns 50 calories. Make a table modeling this story. Functions.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
4th 6 weeks Review
LINEAR!!!! Snap.
Notice that the differences are the same!!!
What does this tell us????
The same difference is also called a constant rate of change.
This terminology is AKA ?
Y=50x+ 200
This is the explicit
linear function for this
Notice the differences
Are not the same so it
Cannot be linear!!!
A is the initial amount. B is the ratio.
Where P0=15
198 m diameter.
Total height of 208 m.
15.55 meters per minutes.
Find height at 8/19/35 minutes.
What is the sinusoidal equation?
What is the period?
What is the amplitude?


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Detail of an automatic gear shifter in a new, modern car. Modern car interior with close-up of automatic transmission and cockpit background
I've never been there, but all of the videos I've seen from Vietnam suggest that two-wheelers are the ride of choice there. With limited budgets to keep old bikes and scooters running, many riders and bike mechanics become pretty handy at fabricating new bits. This guy obviously knows his way around a workshop, as he has created his own Batpod like the one in The Dark Knight Rises movie. I can't help but be envious of guys who can make something like this out of a pile of steel and some assorted parts!
Vermont farmer crushes seven police cars with a tractor
Yes, you read that right. A 34-year-old man from Newport, Vt., drove a massive tractor over top of seven police vehicles yesterday afternoon. The Burlington Free Press reports that the farmer was upset about being arrested the week before. At that time, he was charged with possession of marijuana and resisting arrest. No word yet as to what the charges will be this time. The incident wiped out more than half of the Orleans County Sheriff's Department's 11-car fleet. Thankfully there was nobody in any of the vehicles at the time.
Production of new Mazda6 begins
Over the past weeks, Mazda has been dropping teaser videos of the all new Mazda6 sedan, which is due to be unveiled at the Moscow Auto Show next month. I mentioned a couple of weeks ago that I was hoping that a wagon was going to return to the line-up. Well, production of the new car began in Hofu, Japan yesterday and the first car off the line was indeed a wagon and it looks drop-dead sexy. Here's to hoping that the five-door version actually ends up in Canadian showrooms!
Lady gets knocked over by Grand Am crew at Indy
One of the biggest draws for fans who buy the most expensive race tickets is the ability to go on the VIP pit walkthrough. Sometimes, these passes even allow fan access to Pit Lane during pre-race activities. At the recent Grand Am race at Indianapolis, that was indeed the case. Some people just don't understand the dangers involved in racing, while others just think they are above the rules. Youtube user f1fanindy, who shot the video says:
They warned loud and clear, "Get out of the way" We all moved back … what's so funny is that it seemed like, "Oh, I'm special I don't have to listen to what I've been told."
In what appears to be a pit stop driver change practice, driver Scott Pruett is hustling to get in to the Chip Ganassi -owned, BMW-powered Daytona Prototype when he pushed the lady out of the way. Scott is a great guy and I'm sure he meant no harm, but some people just have to learn the hard way.


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Reuters Staff
1 Min Read
April 30 (Reuters) - Misr Oils And Soap Co Sae
* Nine-month net profit EGP 3.4 million versus EGP 165,000 year ago
* Nine-month sales EGP 616.1 million versus EGP 352.3 million year ago Source:(bit.ly/2pKvvn8) Further company coverage:
All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays.
© 2017 Reuters. All Rights Reserved.


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They present five of their favorite headphones and earbuds to replace the standard cheapy earbud set that ships in the box. Prices for these suggestions range from a reasonable $60 (for the Yamaha RH5MA mid-size headphones) to a rather expensive $329 for Shure i4c earbuds. The Shure earbuds come with three different kinds of earpads, which after squeezing adapt to custom fit your ear canal. Frequent travelers and commuters may want to consider the noise-cancelling Sony MDR-NC11 at $150.
Sci Fi Tech (yes, the people from the Sci Fi channel) has a nice article up about better ways to listen to your iPod.


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Israel News
Middle East
American Politics
Edition française
Green Israel
IDF soldier stands guard near Beit Hamachpela_370.
(photo credit:Marc Israel Sellem/The Jerusalem Post)
Border police in Hebron on Wednesday killed a 17-yearold Palestinian who was
seen to pull out a gun and threaten one of the officers at a checkpoint located
near the Cave of the Patriarchs.Later, a police sapper determined that
the gun was a toy pistol made of metal. Judea and Samaria Police have opened an
By Gil Stern Stern HOFFMAN
By Gil Stern Stern HOFFMAN
Sponsored Content
By YONAH JEREMY BOB
By HERB KEINON
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