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University of Burdwan BA B.Sc B.Com Part 1 2 3 Result 2017 –
Burdwan University is now all set to declare the results of Under Graduation Annual Exam 2016-17 on the official website. The University conducts the B.A, B.Sc & B.Com Annual Exams in the month of April/ May 2017. The release date of the result will be updated soon in our web portal. All the candidates who are searching for results need to wait for some period of time and read this complete page for latest updates of results.
Details of Burdwan Univ UG Annual Result 2017
The University of Burdwan is a public university which is located in Bardhaman, West Bengal. University was established by the WB government as a teaching and affiliating university on 15th of June 1960 with six graduate and thirty undergraduate colleges in five districts. The Burdwan University offers B.A, B.Sc, B.Com, B.ED, B.P.Ed, LLB, BA.LLB, BBA, BCA, B.Tech, Diploma, Ph.D., M.Phil, M.A, M.Sc, M.Com, M.Ed, MBA, MCA, LLM, M.P.Ed & other courses. The University of Burdwan offers Undergraduate Degrees in Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Music, with programs in Law and Medical. Students may choose to study in Undergraduate courses spread across 205 colleges. Burdwan University students who have attended for the 1st year 2nd year and final year BA B.Sc B.Com need to wait for some more time for results. For more updates visit the official page of Burdwan University.
Brief Details of Univ of Burdwan Degree Result 2017
|University Name
|The Univerity of Burdwan
|Name of the Examination
|UG Annual Examinations
|For the Courses
|B.A, B.Sc & B.Com
|Burdwan Univ UG Exam Dates
|April/ May 2017
|Article Category
|Bundwan Univ UG Result 2017
|Official Website Address
Steps to Download Burdwan Univ UG Part I II III Result 2017
The candidates who are searching for updates of the results need to wait for some more period of time and every year university upload results in the month of June. This year also planned to release in the same month. The applicants need to download results from the official page by following steps mentioned below.
- Step 1: Log on to the official website first.
- Step 2: Then click on the Student's Corner tab on the home page.
- Step 3: Select the Undergraduate Results tab.
- Step 4: Then Open the link related to course, year & others.
- Step 5: Result pdf will be opened on the screen.
- Step 6: Download, take a print out & search for your roll number on the result pdf.
Burdwan University UG Exams 2017 Revaluation
The candidates can apply for revaluation & candidates make sure to wait for some more for the fee, results in details. For details of supplementary exams and the results applicants visit official page on regular bases and even in this page, we upload latest updates.
Related Search Links –
- Burdwan Univ BA Part 1/ 2/ 3 Exam Result 2017
- B.Sc Part I/ II/ III Exam Result 2017 Burdwan Univ
- Burdwan Univ B.Com 1st/ 2nd/ 3rd Year Result 2017
Click Here to Download Burdwan Univ Under Graduate Result 2017


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Vukelich - Quittschreiber engagement
Jessica Vukelich and Timothy Quittschreiber wish to announce their enegagement. Jessica is the daughter of Jimmie & DeAnn Anderson of Frazee, and the late Daniel Vukelich.
Timothy is the son of Dennis and Charlene Quittschreiber of Frazee.
Jessica is a 2006 graduate of Frazee High School and graduated from MSCTC-Wadena in 2007 with a degree in Early Childhood and Paraprofessional. She is employed with Mahube Community Council as an Assistant Teacher.
Timothy is a 2005 graduate of Frazee High School and graduated from MSCTC-Wadena with a diploma in Construction Electricity. He is employed by B&M Electric of Detroit Lakes.
A June 7, 2008 wedding is planned at Sacred Heart Catholic Church with a reception and dance to follow at the Frazee Event Center.

subset: commoncrawl


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Amy - this is one of my favorite murals. Baby Bedroom Home Art Decor Cute Huge Tree With Falling Leaves And Birds Wall Sticker Vinyl Nursery Room Decorative Mural
31 ideas for a rustic nursery Rustic Gender Neutral Wall Vinyl For Nursery Room Decoration
The Perfect Braided Crib Bumper from Juju & Jake / nursery decor via Pink Little Notebook This is cool because regular bumper pads can come untied and be a hazard not to mention how cute it is.
Chicco Next 2 Me Bedside Crib - Silver. Idea for future baby


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The U.S. has switched its intransigence toward Iran from enrichment capacity to sanctions.
Posts Tagged: sanctions
A thousand poles are blooming as new international blocs like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS Development Bank emerge to challenge Western economic and military hegemony.
The recent round of sanctions aimed at Moscow could backfire on Washington by accelerating a move away from the dollar as the world's reserve currency.
Events appear to be moving toward a political solution to the East-West standoff over Ukraine. But as Clausewitz once noted: "Against stupidity, no amount of planning will prevail."
Will Russia retaliate for sanctions over Crimea by cutting off the sale of enriched uranium to the U.S.?
For 60 years, Koreans on both sides of the DMZ have awaited a peace treaty. Instead they've gotten an arms race and political repression.
The U.S., hooked on Russian enriched uranium, is in no position to impose long-term sanctions on Russia.
Sanctioning Russia may actually reduce its incentive to change course in Crimea.
Both U.S. members of Congress calling for new Iran sanctions and hard-liners in Iran assault President Rouhani from each side.
With or without nuclear weapons, Iran and its allies are the chief impediments to Israeli hegemony in the Middle East.


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- 51 years old
- Date of birth: Jun 14, 1954
- Place of birth:
CAMARILLO, California, United States
- Date of passing: Aug 1, 2005
- Place of passing:
CAMARILLO, California, United States
|Let the memory of RONNIE be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, RONNIE NAVARRO, 51, born on June 14, 1954 and passed away on August 1, 2005. We will remember him forever.
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Twist & Shout Presents
Wes Luna
Serious Moonlight, Lizzie Huffman, Skyless
7 S. Broadway
Denver, CO, 80209
Doors 8:00 PM / Show 9:00 PM
This event is 18 and over
Wes Luna
Wes Luna.. Mega music fanatic, solo guitarist.
Serious Moonlight
alan andrews, william threlked, donny rosentrator, pinto, adam halferty
Lizzie Huffman
"Huffman's southern-fried folk-pop is perhaps a bit counterintuitive to her West Coast roots, and so well contrived you'd expect to find her kicking up her boots in Nashville. The first moment the record player needle spun over Huffman's voice, I was honestly blown away. She soulfully and magnetically vocalizes woebegone tales of passion, nerves and infatuation that are plaintive yet conversely empowering. Huffman's Etta James-esque delivery is laid down amongst a mix of folksy instrumentation like a pair of misfit lovers, but the genre-bending seems genuine and even contemporary." -Radio Free Chicago
Skyless is Caleb Arrants from Denver. Electro spacestep influenced by the hip-hop scene and artists such as Bassnectar, This Will Destroy You, Datsik and Pretty Lights.
Skyless has shared the stage with acts such as Archnemesis, EOTO, Tipper, Zilla, Octopus Nebula, Michal Menert, Jantsen, Heyoka, Janover, Vibesquad, Gramatik, Fresh2Death, S.P.E.C.T.R.E and many others.
"SKYLESS' SOUNDCLOUD":http://soundcloud.com/skylesscolorado
Off Sale
Upcoming Events
Fri, November 24
Hi-Dive's 5th and 14th Anniversary Party
Sat, November 25
45s Against 45
Wed, November 29
Quinn DeVeaux
Fri, December 1
Guilty Pleasures
Sat, December 2
Rocky Mountain Low 2


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Each of the agencies within the inVentiv Health PR Group delivers integrated communications counsel and expert insight from a variety of strategic perspectives. Here, we share some of those perspectives, recent trends and market & audience analyses. For more of our perspectives, please visit our blog.
In more than 15 hours of interviews, executives at managed care organizations covering more than 59 million lives talked about issues that are top of mind for mental health patients, including medication access and psychiatric care. They understand the requirements to manage mental health conditions "at parity" with other physical health conditions. But their determination to solve problems goes beyond parity. This report documents payers' views on where obstacles to effective mental health coverage lie, and how to overcome them.
As a source of human suffering, a barrier to workplace productivity, a burden on families and a driver of medical costs, mental illness amounts to an unparalleled public health crisis. Fortunately, there's an abundance of smart thinking on how to improve the lives of people who struggle with major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other serious conditions.
In this report, inVentiv Health has synthesized some of this analysis, with particular attention to the recommendations, strategies and aspirations of patient advocacy groups. We have also collected insights from pharmaceutical companies, payers and other key stakeholders. Amidst great uncertainty in the healthcare environments of the US and Europe, inVentiv Health hopes to shine a light on unique challenges posed by mental health disorders and some possible solutions.
We're always on the lookout for trends. Trends show us the shifting customer expectations. They reveal data and clues about changing habits and preferences. They uncover brands that are making unique connections and getting to white spaces first. This sixth installment of our sister agency, GSW's trend report series is a product of global collaboration. Over 100 trendspotters from around the world worked to curate the clues, examples, stories and big ideas that are shaping communications, healthcare, digital experience, and consumer expectations for 2017.
Open communications can promote stronger, more resilient collaboration among pharma companies and patient advocacy groups. In a challenging market environment, these alliances are crucial to the continued delivery of life-changing medicines.
New research from GSW, inVentiv Health PR Group and PALIO indicates that millennial physicians are redefining the patient-physician relationship. Four out of five millennial physicians (81%) believe that their millennial patients require a different relationship with their doctors than older patients. And 66% of those Generation Y docs are changing their approach according to the age of the patient they're seeing. This report outlines how millennial doctors prefer a collaborative approach to nearly all aspects of their practice, and provides advice on how pharma brands can engage more effectively with this key physician audience.
At a rapid pace, biopharmaceutical companies and patient advocacy groups are banding together to hasten development of new drugs for rare diseases. These relationships are bringing new value to both sides but raising challenges as well – patient groups are seeking earlier engagement, greater access, and companies continue to push for progress.
The latest report from inVentiv Health Public Relations Group – based on several months of extensive research and in-depth interviews - takes a deeper look at the dynamics currently reshaping collaboration in rare disease and how future roles will be defined.
The final in a series of four reports, GSW's 2016 Communications Trends report is fueled by clues, examples, stories and big ideas collected by more than 70 trend watchers from around the world. Other reports include 2016 Digital Trends, Health Trends and Consumer Trends released earlier this year.
What's inside? In 2016, the possibilities for marketers are huge – and, the expectations are even greater. It seems that every brand is talking about one big idea: leveraging data and analytics to deliver more, more relevant content to consumers and professionals both across their screens and in real life.
The third in a series of four reports, GSW's 2016 Consumer Trends report is fueled by clues, examples, stories and big ideas collected by more than 70 trend watchers from around the world. Other reports include 2016 Digital Trends and Health Trends as well as a report on Communications predictions, expected in early 2016.
What's inside? 2016 will be the year that visual communication takes over, printed books make a comeback, and the year that iconic food brands struggle to keep up with consumer demands.
The second in a series of four reports, GSW's 2016 Health Trends report is fueled by clues, examples, stories and big ideas collected by more than 70 trend watchers from around the world. Other reports include 2016 Digital Trends, released in October, as well as reports on Consumer and Marketing predictions, expected in early 2016.
What's inside? 2016 will be the year an old debate reignites and simple digital tools fuel an incredible new era of clinical study. The patient journey will be rerouted and the tug of war at the point of care will get much more intense. Caregiving will approach a cliff, healthcare teams will get bigger, and patients will come to the exam room with new expectations. The science of motivation will face a crossroads and you'll probably lose you Fitbit.
Understanding how people's expectations are changing allows companies to capture new market opportunities, take smart risks and spur innovation. Data points, great stories, quotes and pictures combine and connect to reveal trends that can help you create meaningful experiences for your consumers. In this 2016 Digital Trends Report, presented by inVentiv Health PR Group and GSW, 70 trend spotters from around the world have collaborated to identify eight trends that show how digital experiences are creating new expectations. Download the report to learn why 2016 is the year that we'll start living in the digital moment, and what that means for healthcare marketers.
If you work in healthcare PR, you have likely worked on a local program at some point. It's a key ingredient of many successful PR campaigns and has helped raise awareness of a myriad of diseases and available treatment options on a local level.
Over the years, the approach to local PR programs has changed to address a quickly evolving media landscape. Local newspapers have significantly cut their staff, while others folded completely; local TV affiliates have started relying heavily on newsfeeds and national or regional data; and bloggers have become a staple when it comes to reaching patients on a local/regional level, making successful local programs quite challenging to pull off.
From the playbook to the players, the face of activism has changed significantly due to social media. Industry leaders joined Gideon Fidelzeid in New York City for this inVentiv Health PR Group-hosted roundtable to discuss how outreach is evolving in an era where single individuals can wield reputation-changing power.
As patients and caregivers are confronted with a dramatically changing healthcare landscape, American patient advocacy organizations are evolving the work they do for these communities and would like to see their relationships with pharmaceutical companies also change to keep pace.
This report from inVentiv Health Public Relations Group is based on more than two months of interviews with nearly four dozen patient advocacy organizations representing patients with a variety of diseases and conditions, including cancer, mental health and rare diseases. It highlights areas in which the patient advocates would like to see change in their relationships with pharmaceutical partners, as they work together to ensure that new medications arriving on the market meet the needs of people with devastating diseases.
A supplement to "The New Partnership Paradigm: What Patient Advocates Seek from Pharmaceutical Partners" (download above), this summary highlights how pharma companies and advocacy groups serving cancer patients can build stronger, more authentic alliances. In candid interviews, patient organizations explain what needs to be done.
What do millennial adults want from healthcare? Research from GSW, Allidura and Harris Poll reveals their changing expectations – and the brands already meeting them.
Millennials want health and wellness brands to mirror the millennial mindset and fit into their complex, stressful lives. The brands earning their loyalty have evolved their marketing and design to make new kinds of connections with this influential generation. In this new report, Allidura and GSW outline 'Seven Millennial Maxims' for healthcare and the recognized health and wellness brands that are doing it right.
As The Affordable Care Act continues to sign on Hispanic enrollees, the size of the Hispanic market and its purchasing power of more than a trillion dollars cannot be ignored. Though the Hispanic market has been long underserved, Healthcare companies and organizations have the opportunity — and the responsibility — to address this growing demographic.
Companies need to do more than translate as there's no one-size-fits-all approach to the diverse Hispanic community. This white paper by SALUTEAM takes a closer look at the Hispanic health market and how companies can forge stronger connections with fast-growing multicultural markets.
A new level of modern day activism is occurring online in which any person, or network of people, with a smartphone or screen can quickly, cheaply and effortlessly confront a brand. Activists are engaging in sophisticated multiplatform campaigns, catching companies ill-prepared for the scale and speed of response needed. In this white paper, we outline road-tested methods of engagement that companies can apply to prevent and neutralize social media activism if it hits your feed.
A recent study by Allidura Consumer, GSW and Harris Poll finds that adult millennials highly value happiness, but there appears to be a big tension between their aspirations for happiness – 97% say it's important – and the well-documented way millennials are currently living: more stressed, anxious and depressed than any other living generation. It means these health-conscious consumers require a new approach from brands, and their preferences and opinions are shaping the way we envision modern healthcare and well-being.
The "Millennial Mindset: The Worried Well" report reveals Generation Y's quest to redefine the meaning of happiness and health and dives into the increasingly anxious mindset of millennials, who:
Pharmaceutical Executive
March 1, 2017
February 24, 2017
Medical Marketing & Media
October 20, 2016
O'Dwyer's PR, Page 38
October 2016
Pharmaceutical Compliance Monitor
August 12, 2016
Medical Marketing & Media
June 2, 2016
O'Dwyer's PR
May 11, 2016
Quoted in PRWeek
April 22, 2016
O'Dwyer's PR
April 12, 2016
Pharmaceutical Executive
March 3, 2016
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 16
March 1, 2016
O'Dwyer's Online
January 5, 2016
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 35
November 1, 2015
October 23, 2015
Pharmaceutical Executive
October 2, 2015
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 18
October 1, 2015
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 50
August 1, 2015
PM360 Online
June 25, 2015
RARECast, GlobalGenes.org
June 14, 2015
PM360 Online
June 13, 2015
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 10
June 1, 2015
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 10
May 2, 2015
PM360 Online
April 10, 2015
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 10
April 1, 2015
O'Dwyer's Magazine
March 1, 2015
Pharma Market Europe, Page 42-43
January 13, 2015
PM360 Online
November 18, 2014
September 4, 2014
PMLive, Page 28-29
July 15, 2014
Institute for Public Relations
July 15, 2014
May 29, 2014
PR Council
May 21, 2014
PRWeek Online
March 7, 2014
O'Dwyer's Magazine, Page 14
March 1, 2014


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If relationships can be compared to complex machines, then love is the best lubricant that can run the machine harmoniously!
Also Read: Do You Know Why Men Flirt?
All of us are different. We tend to grow up in different circumstances and cultures. So, when two people come together due to attraction and start a relationship or marry each other, the rest of the story depends upon how much they love each other.
Without true love, relationships tend to crash once the physical attraction wanes. But when there is something else which is more powerful than physical attraction, then relationships are bound to last longer than expectations.
Also Read: How Long Should Men Last In Bed?
That is why love is the best feeling. Now, let us look at how love solves every problem in relationships.
When There Is Love...
Your arguments will be settled amicably. You tend to forgive your partner's rage and will still love her immensely.
You Will Understand...
You will understand your partner's point of view. You will wisely take decisions giving more importance to your partner's happiness putting aside yours as love is the only joy you will enjoy.
You Will Be More Compassionate
When there is compassion, there will be growth and harmony. Your partner's mistakes will be easily forgiven when love is present in your relationship.
You Will Support Your Partner
You might need to sacrifice your career for your partner or your partner might need to sacrifice his or her career. It is possible only if you love each other.
You Don't Need Lubricants...
This is a more of a physical issue. Many reports suggest that more than 30% of the women in this world fail to reach orgasms as their men seldom turn them on before making love. But when there is love, the turning on process gets effortless and you will never require lubricants to smoothly do the job.
Your Children Respect You...
Kids never respect fighting parents. But when you love each other, your kids will proudly tell the world that they grew up with the right set of values.
The Society Respects You...
Quarreling couple will soon lose respect in social circles. But loving couples will always be respected and loved by everyone around.


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LuXure Tage
Bis zu 200€ gratis!Ich kaufe es!
Crazy about boys are you? If you answered yes, then Oftly Goldwin has the perfect movie for your desires! Like the title states, this movie is all about guys that are crazy for some cock and ass! The very first scene of the movie features two guys in a red van. These guys are obeying all the traffic laws, as they undress each other and give each other a fucking and sucking of a lifetime!
Um einen Kommentar zu schreiben, müssen Sie angemeldet und eingeloggt seinMitglieder


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im trying to make just my comment box scrollable but i keep getting the ones that make my friends list scrollabe too.. and i just want the comment box? im not really sure how to read the HTML and edit it to do so tho help?

  thats the code that makes both scrollable ^ thanx


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Jane Hisseys Old Bear Royal Doulton Models
Sold for:
Start Free Trial
or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay UK
Jane Hisseys Old Bear Royal Doulton Models"Time for a cuddle, hug me tight" Great condition - brand new with tags. Boxed, Boxes are in great condition. Im in a position to offer despatch via UPS next day delivery with tracking number. I will supply you with a tracking number. UPS will attempt 3 times after the failure of the 3rd attempt the parcel will be returned to me where you will have to pay for postage again. If the item is despatched on a Friday you wont receive the parcel till Monday. I cant offer you a time the parcel will arrive. Postage will only be charged on one auction you win. All items will be packed together and shipped together. Please view my other items for more Old Bear and other items.


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We are one state, one group. Every paid MNYR member is a member of the whole state organization and can attend and participate in any MNYR or local event across the state. However, to make sure there are plenty of events near you in your community, we also offer a number of local clubs that operate underneath the state board.
No local club in your area? You're still a member of the state organization at large, and can go to any events you like. Interested in starting a new group in your area and have four friends? Contact our state board to find out how to start a local club.
Active Minnesota Young Republican Chapters:
Twin Cities Young Republicans
Jeremy Hansen
612-499-8944 firstname.lastname@example.com
West Metro Young Republicans
Anja Kroll
612-860-3545 - email@example.com
South Metro Young Republicans
Zavier Bicott
952-270-7277 - firstname.lastname@example.com
Central Minnesota Young Republicans
Aaron Henning
320-241-1275 - email@example.com


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Austin, TX (PressExposure) July 14, 2008 -- Recorders.com, the leading supplier of digital dictation equipment in the United States, proudly offers the newest line of digital voice recorders from Olympus, the DS-5000 (DS-5000iD and AS-5000). This flexible new system offers a host of upgrades that allow on-the-go professionals to significantly increase their productivity and streamline their work-flow.
Voice Productivity Has Arrived Users familiar with digital voice recording technology will swiftly come to appreciate the seamless versatility of the DS-5000. It sports a robust list of interactive features, e.g, a slide switch mechanism, USB connector, SD/SDHC and microSD memory cards, and rechargeable battery. Yet, it remains easy to use.
Its innovative technology meets the needs of busy professionals that want an easy to use single hand operation unit that allows for file editing, quick access to information and information security. The DS-5000 is ideal for medial and legal professions, which require portability, privacy and security. The Olympus DS-5000ID is equipped with an extra layer of security, a special Biometric Fingerprint Lock Function, to help keep data stored on the digital device safe and secure.
According to a Recorders.com spokesman, âThe Olympus DS-5000 is one of the most exciting new professional dictation systems we offer. It was created with the needs of on-the-go professionals in mind. It addresses three distinct concerns seasoned professionals, and those who are new to this technology, may have: confidentiality; ease of use; and work-flow fluidity.â
Features of the DS-5000 digital voice recording system that promotes confidentiality and work-flow fluidity, include:
⢠To promote confidentiality and security, the Olympus DS-5000 allows users to encrypt files and password protect them as well.
⢠As for work-flow fluidity, the software allows users to archive, edit and further process recordings. Thereâs also hands-free use capability, and files can be uploaded and downloaded quickly. There is an optional SC1 Barcode Scanner Module for the DS-5000. Users who have a barcode scanner can simply plug it into the audio deviceâs SD card slot.
The Quality of Digital Voice Productivity The hallmark of digital voice productivity is the ability to make recorded sound easier to hear. The Olympus DS-5000 utilizes the DSS-Pro Digital Speech Standard with an innovative QP mode. With a sampling rate of 16kHz and a compression rate of 28.0kbps, it has excellent sound quality.
Ease of Use is Key New and experienced users will appreciate how easy this digital voice recorder is to operate. For example, users can program the functions they utilize most often onto three buttons for quick and effortless accessibility. Users can also record verbal comments in dictation. When transcribed later, the author can easily access thoughts and directives that were pertinent to the moment.
LCD Tri-Lingual Support English, French and Spanish can be displayed on the LCD.
Accessories Shipped with the DS-5000 The Olympus DS-5000 from Recorder.com ships with a DSS Player Pro R5 Dictation Module CD-ROM, 512MB microSD Card, USB cradle, USB cable, carrying case, rechargeable battery pack, AC adapter, instruction manual and Olympus warranty card.
Pricing and Availability The Olympus DS-5000 Professional Dictation System line retails at between $499-$500. Available: Now at Recorders.com.
Links to Olympus Products at Recorders.com: 1) Olympus DS-5000ID (DS5000ID) Digital Voice Recorder http://www.recorders.com/Olympus-DS-5000iD-DS5000iD-Digital-Recorder-pr-16304-c-251.html
2) Olympus DS-5000 (DS5000) Digital Voice Recorder http://www.recorders.com/Olympus-DS-5000-DS5000-Digital-Voice-Recorder-pr-16302-c-258.html
3) Olympus AS-5000 Transcription Kit http://www.recorders.com/product.php?item=AS5000&productid=16305
About Recorders.com Recorders.com is the leading supplier of digital dictation equipment in the United States. We ship most orders the same day keep inventory at 7 warehouse locations across the United States to ensure quick shipments and offer full replacement warranties on all equipment.
As web retailer, our site reflects the latest equipment, the clearest and most up-to-date graphics and the most complete product explanations youâll find on digital dictation equipment on the Internet. Our digital recorders are HIPPA compliant and equipped with the latest security features, which are ideal for medical and healthcare professionals. With Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology, you can order safely, securely and quickly with us.
Why Buy From Recorders.com http://www.recorders.com/wy_by.php
Press release written and distributed by http://www.BestOnlineResults.com, Internet Marketing Firm.
Related Link: [http://www.1888pressrelease.com/recorders-com-announces-the-release-of-new-olympus-digital-r-pr-m31ggg620.html]


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love harry potter Christmas snow winter cute edits best the golden trio december hogwarts the chosen one hpedit The Great Hall
I had so much fun making this! I cut the lettering out of homemade gingerbread cookie dough, baked and then decorated. My house smelled like cinnamon and ginger for days. I can& believe December .
❤ Make it A December to Remember! this is 2014 December.all to keep my happy thoughts and smiles.
Selina Lake: Prima Christmas Makes Window markers.
Mistletoe Baby Foil-Stamped Wall Art by Marabou Design
31 Things To Do Before December 31 - Some ideas would be fun to try someday.
Link to Free DL (Freepik) Christmas Trees Sketches
Yay, it's Christmastime — which, for some of us, means a bunch of new bullet journal opportunities!
There's a reason it's called the most wonderful time of the year! Sled rides, candy canes and sparkly ornaments are just a few that made our list! We hope you can spot many reasons illustrated in this (Diy Christmas Canvas)
Save this cute snowy village picture to help welcome the holidays + say "hello December!
Christmas love songs: listen to the Spotify playlist now! There is something for everyone on this Christmas love songs list. I hope you enjoy it! Merry Christmas, everyone !
the cinderella project: because every girl deserves a happily ever after: Happy December WOULD LOVE IT


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The Jolly Monk – NYC – Wednesdays
Free Weekly Trivia, Wednesdays at 8pm
Name: The Jolly Monk
Address: 701 9th Ave. NY, NY
Website: www.jollymonknyc.com
Bar Bio: Manhattans newest Belgian Beer Hall & Grille located in the heart of Hell's Kitchen. Amazing draft selection with fantastic pub fare
Trivia Night Specials: N/A
Host: Steve L.
Join NYC Trivia league every week for the best bar trivia in New York. Compete throughout the night testing your knowledge on 5 rounds of trivia on varying topics. Possible rounds have ranged from European history to cartoons that don't wear pants. It is time to prove the worth of that overpaid education and win some free drinks.


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
The insula is a brain structure implicated in disparate cognitive, affective, and regulatory functions, including interoceptive awareness, emotional responses, and empathic processes. While classically considered a limbic region, recent evidence from network analysis suggests a critical role for the insula, particularly the anterior division, in high-level cognitive control and attentional processes. The crucial insight and view we present here is of the anterior insula as an integral hub in mediating dynamic interactions between other large-scale brain networks involved in externally oriented attention and internally oriented or self-related cognition. The model we present postulates that the insula is sensitive to salient events, and that its core function is to mark such events for additional processing and initiate appropriate control signals. The anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex form a "salience network" that functions to segregate the most relevant among internal and extrapersonal stimuli in order to guide behavior. Within the framework of our network model, the disparate functions ascribed to the insula can be conceptualized by a few basic mechanisms: (1) bottom–up detection of salient events, (2) switching between other large-scale networks to facilitate access to attention and working memory resources when a salient event is detected, (3) interaction of the anterior and posterior insula to modulate autonomic reactivity to salient stimuli, and (4) strong functional coupling with the anterior cingulate cortex that facilitates rapid access to the motor system. In this manner, with the insula as its integral hub, the salience network assists target brain regions in the generation of appropriate behavioral responses to salient stimuli. We suggest that this framework provides a parsimonious account of insula function in neurotypical adults, and may provide novel insights into the neural basis of disorders of affective and social cognition.
The aim of our review was to describe a new framework for the study of human insula function. We argue for a network approach and present a model that synthesizes a wide range of cognitive and affective operations that have been ascribed to the insula in recent literature. We believe that such a perspective is needed because of the explosive range of brain imaging studies that have implicated the insula in multiple, often disparate, cognitive, and affective processes. Underlying the plethora of activation studies (Kurth et al. 2010) is, we believe, a simple and parsimonious model that can help to illuminate key aspects of insula function. Our model describes how the insula facilitates bottom–up access to the brain's attentional and working memory resources. The model postulates that the insula is specifically sensitive to salient environmental events, and that its core function is to mark such events in time and space for additional processing.
The insula is unique in that it is situated at the interface of the cognitive, homeostatic, and affective systems of the human brain, providing a link between stimulus-driven processing and brain regions involved in monitoring the internal milieu (Craig 2009). We suggest that in order to comprehend insula function it is important to not only understand cognitive and affective tasks which modulate activity in this region, but to also identify the functional circuits that are associated with it. As we seek to show, this approach can provide novel insights into the input–output relations of the insula and the functions it serves.
The organization of this review is as follows. We begin by defining and providing examples of what we mean by a "network perspective", then continue to briefly review the complex functions that the insula has been implicated in, with special emphasis on the anterior insula (AI), an area activated across multiple sensory and cognitive domains (Kurth et al. 2010). We next review functional and structural circuits associated with the insula, and then discuss why the AI can be considered the hub of a "salience network" (SN). We describe the core dynamical functions of this network and show how the AI functions as an "integral hub", whose main role is to mediate information flow across other brain networks involved in attentional processing and cognition. We conclude by briefly discussing how our model can be used to better understand psychopathology in disorders such as autism, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
A network approach to brain function provides a principled approach to predicting core functions and deficits associated with specific brain systems. It is becoming increasingly apparent that cognitive neuroscience needs to go beyond the mapping of complex cognitive and psychological constructs onto individual brain areas. Nowhere is this more apparent than the study of insular cortex function. In this article, we take a systems neuroscience view that considers cognitive function to arise from the interactions of brain areas in large-scale distributed networks (Bressler 1995; Dosenbach et al. 2008; Goldman-Rakic 1995; McIntosh 2000; Mesulam 1998). The network paradigm is becoming increasingly useful for understanding the neural underpinnings of cognition (Fuster 2006). Furthermore, a consensus is now emerging that the key to understanding the functions of any specific brain region lies in understanding how its connectivity differs from the pattern of connections of other functionally related brain areas (Passingham et al. 2002).
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are the two most widely used methods for studying structural and functional brain connectivity, respectively, in vivo. Postmortem methods of studying structural brain connectivity have yielded some knowledge; however, human brain samples required for such studies are often difficult to obtain. Furthermore, postmortem studies are labor intensive, and investigators can often only study two or three brain regions at a time (Mesulam 2005). On the other hand, neuroimaging methods for demarcating brain networks in vivo are not unambiguous and have thus far lacked adequate spatial resolution to clearly demarcate the connectivity of the human insula. Resting state MRI assesses inter-regional functional connectivity based on physiological coupling that changes on a moment-by-moment basis, rather than anatomical connectivity. Examination of such physiological connectivity offers an alternate approach for studying intrinsic connectivity of the human brain. This approach has led to important new insights about insula connectivity, as we discuss below.
To date, functional brain imaging has primarily focused on localization of function, revealing activation in specific brain regions during performance of particular cognitive tasks. More recently, however, interest has shifted toward developing a deeper understanding of intrinsic brain architecture that influences cognitive and affective information processing (Fox and Raichle 2007; Greicius et al. 2003). This research suggests that the human brain is intrinsically organized into distinct functional networks that support complex mental processes. Brain imaging studies have found that cognitively demanding tasks consistently decrease activation in the same set of brain regions. Raichle et al. (2001) argue that these regions constitute a default mode of brain function. By seeding the PCC during a resting-state fMRI scan and demonstrating functional connectivity with other default mode network (DMN) regions, we showed that these regions constitute a tonically coupled network (Greicius et al. 2003). Resting-state fMRI connectivity analyses detect functional connectivity during several minutes of task-free fMRI scanning. Analysis of restingstate functional connectivity, using both model-based and model-free approaches, has proved to be a useful technique for investigating functionally coupled networks in the human brain (Fig. 1). While the method relies on analysis of low-frequency signals in fMRI data, electrophysiological studies point to a neuronal basis for these signals (He et al. 2008; Nir et al. 2008).
Recent work in systems neuroscience has characterized several major brain networks that are identifiable in both the resting (Damoiseaux et al. 2006; Seeley et al. 2007) and the active brain (Toro et al. 2008). The two most prominent networks could be identified easily by looking at the profile of activation and deactivation typically observed during cognitive tasks. They are the central executive network (CEN), whose key nodes include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the default mode network (DMN), which includes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). During the performance of cognitively demanding tasks, the CEN typically shows increases in activation, whereas the DMN shows decreases in activation (Greicius et al. 2003; Greicius and Menon 2004; Raichle et al. 2001) (Fig. 1).
Importantly, these regions are typically activated and deactivated together, suggesting that they serve different cognitive operations. CEN nodes that show strong intrinsic functional coupling also show strong coactivation during cognitively challenging tasks. In particular, the CEN is critical for active maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory, and for judgment and decision-making in the context of goal directed behavior (Koechlin and Summerfield 2007; Miller and Cohen 2001; Muller and Knight 2006; Petrides 2005). The DMN includes the medial temporal lobes (MTL) and the angular gyrus, in addition to the PCC and the VMPFC. The PCC is activated during tasks that involve autobiographical memory and self-referential processes (Buckner and Carroll 2007); the VMPFC is associated with social cognitive processes related to self and others (Amodio and Frith 2006); the MTL is engaged in episodic and autobiographical memory (Cabeza et al. 2004), and the angular gyrus is implicated in semantic processing (Binder et al. 2009). The precise functions collectively subserved by the DMN are still largely unknown, but the individual brain regions comprising it are hypothesized to be involved in integration of autobiographical, self-monitoring, and related social cognitive functions (Spreng et al. 2009). Regardless of the specific functions subserved by each region of the DMN, it is noteworthy that dynamic suppression of this network during cognitively demanding tasks is associated with accurate behavioral performance (Kelly et al. 2008; Polli et al. 2005; Weissman et al. 2006). Over the past few years, a wide range of studies have taken advantage of this notion of the PCC and the VMPFC as core nodes of a coherent network to constrain the interpretation of activations and deactivation during cognition.
In summary, analysis of resting-state fMRI has allowed us to discover the organization and connectivity of several major brain networks that cannot be easily captured by other existing techniques. Conceptualizing the brain as comprised of multiple, distinct, and interacting networks provides a systematic framework for understanding fundamental aspects of human brain function.
The insula is a functionally heterogeneous brain region that participates in visceral sensory and somatic sensory processes, autonomic regulation of the gastrointestinal tract and heart, as well as a functioning as a motor association area (Augustine 1996). This early viewpoint has given rise to a much more complex and multifaceted view of insular cortex function, as reviewed extensively in this special issue. Most of the early work on insula function was based on animal models; yet, it is worth noting that the majority of the human insula likely has no equivalent in the rat or monkey (Craig 2009).
Much of the recent critical thinking of insula function in humans has focused on its key role in the experience of emotion derived from information about bodily states. Critchley et al. (2001) found that patients with pure autonomic failure (an idiopathic disorder in which peripheral denervation disrupts autonomic responses) show reduced activation in the right insula during performance of "stressor" tasks (e.g. mental arithmetic) compared to controls. These patients also exhibited subtle impairments in emotional responses, and identified with statements such as "I have lost my ability to feel emotional". These data are in line with the idea that signals from the autonomic nervous system shape emotional experience (Damasio 1996), and that the insula is a key brain region involved in this process. Critchley and colleagues have also reported that activity in the right AI predicts participants' accuracy in a task requiring detection of one's own heartbeat, and that gray matter volume in the AI correlates with interoceptive accuracy and subjective ratings of visceral awareness. Additionally, emotional experience correlated with interoceptive accuracy in the participants studied (Critchley et al. 2004). This study thus provides evidence for the claim that there are strong links between the right AI, perception of one's own bodily state, and the experience of emotion. Intriguingly, smokers with brain damage involving the insula found it easier to quit smoking than smokers with brain damage involving other areas, demonstrating a role for the insula in the representation of conscious bodily urges (Naqvi et al. 2007). A recent PET study of blinking corroborates this finding, identifying the insula as a region involved in the control and suppression of natural urges (Lerner et al. 2009).
Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that the right AI is active during a wide variety of tasks involving the subjective awareness of both positive and negative feelings, including studies of anger, disgust, judgments of trustworthiness, and sexual arousal (see Craig 2002 for review). The AI has also been shown to be implicated in high-level social cognitive processes such as deception. It was recently demonstrated that the breach of a promise can be predicted by brain activity patterns including activations in the AI, ACC, and inferior frontal gyrus, implicating the AI and associated circuits in the representation of malevolent intentions before dishonest or deceitful acts are actually committed (Baumgartner et al. 2009). The AI is also implicated in empathy, or the "capacity to understand emotions of others by sharing their affective states" (Singer 2006). A study by Singer and colleagues showed that while the posterior insula was activated when subjects received painful stimulation, AI and ACC was activated both during pain perception and when the subject witnessed a loved one receiving painful stimulation. Activation in the AI was positively correlated with participants' scores on an empathy scale. The results of this experiment led the authors to conclude that AI activation reflects emotional experience that may constitute the neural basis of empathy (Singer et al. 2004). A more recent study shows a role for the AI and ACC in complex social emotions including admiration for virtue, admiration for skill, compassion for social or psychological pain, and compassion for physical pain (Immordino-Yang et al. 2009). The insula has also been implicated in emotional judgment. A recent study shows that activity in bilateral AI underlies emotional interference resolution in working memory (Levens and Phelps 2010). Another group reported that insular activity during decision-making related to gambling predicted the extent of risky decisions. The authors suggest that the posterior insula plays a role in activating representations of homeostatic states associated with the experience of risk, which exerts an influence on subsequent decisions (Xue et al. 2010). Singer and colleagues have recently proposed an integrative model of the role of the AI in feelings, empathy, and uncertainty and risk in decision-making. According to this model, the insular cortex is purported to integrate external sensory and internal physiological signals with computations about their uncertainty. This integration is expressed as a dominant feeling state that modulates social and motivational behavior in conjunction with bodily homeostasis (Singer et al. 2009).
While these studies suggest an important role for the insula in social, affective, and higher-order mental processes guiding behavior, a more parsimonious account of its core functions is suggested by paradigms that have used far more simple stimuli and experimental manipulations. Specifically, we note that across visual, tactile, and auditory modalities, the insula responds strongly to deviant stimuli embedded in a stream of continuous stimuli (Crottaz-Herbette and Menon 2006; Downar et al. 2001; Linden et al. 1999). Furthermore, once unfamiliar deviants replace familiar deviants, the latter engages the AI to a greater extent in each one of these modalities (Downar et al. 2000, 2002). Studies such as these suggest that the insula plays a major role in detection of novel salient stimuli across multiple modalities. In our view, this represents a useful starting for point for synthesizing the wide range of complex functions that have been ascribed to the insula.
For reasons discussed in the previous section, we take the perspective that the contributions of the insula are best understood in the context of its extrinsic inputs and outputs, and knowledge of its connectivity is crucial for understanding the functions that the insula can perform. On the one hand, the extant literature suggests that the functions of the posterior insula can be segregated from those of the AI, and that the posterior insula plays a greater role in regulating physiological reactivity and homeostatic states. On the other hand, given the expansion that the human AI has undergone, animal models have proven less useful in identifying core functions of the human AI (Craig 2009). To address this question, we suggest that it is important to take a closer look at what is known regarding the structural and functional connectivity of the human insular cortex. From this perspective, we suggest that the disparate functions ascribed to the insula can be conceptualized by a few basic mechanisms: (1) bottom–up saliency detection, (2) switching between other large-scale networks to facilitate access to attention and working memory when a salient event occurs, (3) interaction of the anterior and posterior insula to modulate physiological reactivity to salient stimuli, and (4) access to the motor system via strongly coupling with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
Knowledge of structural connectivity between the insula and other brain regions can inform theories of its functional role and help to gain insight into the configuration of associated networks. At present, however, the anatomical connections of the human insula are poorly understood. Our understanding of structural connections of the insula has primarily been obtained from careful tracer studies in animals. Located deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain, the insular cortex has been considered to be paralimbic (Mesulam and Mufson 1982) or "limbic integration cortex" (Augustine 1996). This characterization is largely based on the patterns of anatomical connectivity of this region, which has efferent projections to the amygdala, lateral orbital cortex, olfactory cortex, ACC, and superior temporal sulcus (STS), and receives input from orbito-frontal, olfactory cortex, ACC, and STS (Mesulam and Mufson 1982; Mufson and Mesulam 1982). After this early pioneering work in the monkey, additional crucial insights into insula-related circuitry came from Bud Craig and colleagues working in cat and monkey models. Specifically, their research has identified ascending pathways from the spinal cord, which target the insula and ACC, a "homeostatic afferent pathway" (Craig 2002, 2003). This pathway carries information about the physiological status of tissues in the body, and originates from lamina I neurons in the spinal cord that give rise to the lateral spinothalamic tract. This tract first synapses in the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus. These thalamic nuclei project topographically to the mid/posterior dorsal insula, which in turn projects to AI. Descending pathways from the dorsal posterior insula have been described which terminate in the brainstem parabrachial nuclei, constituting a mechanism for cortical control of brainstem homeostatic systems (Craig 2002).
Inferring structural connectivity of the human insula from these studies is not straightforward because this region has undergone significant expansion in humans (Craig 2009). Furthermore, anatomical parcellation of this region is not straightforward, and is further complicated by findings, suggesting that morphometry of the human insula is much more complex than in non-human primates (Afif and Mertens 2010), and the recent recognition that even the gross morphology of the human insula is highly variable across individuals (Naidich et al. 2004). Insights into insula function in humans have been gained from lesion studies (see Ibañez et al. 2010, this special issue); however, this classic neuropsychological approach may not provide the most accurate view of a region which has functions that emerge as properties of the network in which it participates, as we argue is the case for the insula.
In humans, to our knowledge, there have been no postmortem tracer studies of insula connectivity. DTI studies of white matter microstructure and pathways are now beginning to provide new information about the structural connectivity of the human insula. A recent study used K-means clustering for connectivity-based segmentation of the insula using DTI. They found that the proportion of voxels that can be attributed to a cluster is relatively low in the insula, suggesting a high level of heterogeneity in this cortical region compared to the supplementary motor area (Nanetti et al. 2009). Anatomically, the insula is characterized by a transitional cytoarchitecture (Mesulam and Mufson 1982; Mufson and Mesulam 1982) which makes parcellation of the human insula considerably more difficult, although cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the human posterior insula have recently been documented using ten postmortem brains (Kurth et al. 2010).
Progress in non-invasive mapping of white matter pathways around the insular cortex using DTI has been limited due to the problem of resolving crossing fibers; however, rapid progress is being made in this area using better data acquisition techniques and improved analytic methods for fiber tracking (Wedeen et al. 2008). For example, white matter pathways between the insula and the posterior parietal cortex (Uddin et al. 2010) and the ACC have recently been demonstrated (van den Heuvel et al. 2009). Beyond this, the structural connectivity of the human insular cortex remains largely unknown.
The complex, and as yet only partially characterized, pattern of structural connectivity of the human insula reviewed above and in other articles in this special issue highlights the need for a more principled understanding of its functional links. In task-based functional imaging, it has been difficult to isolate insula responses because it is often co-activated with the ACC, the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and the posterior parietal cortex. To circumvent this problem, Dosenbach et al. (2007) used resting-state functional connectivity to show that these regions can be grouped into distinct 'fronto-parietal' and 'cingulo-opercular' components. Seeley et al. (2007) used region-of-interest (ROI) and independent component analyses (ICA) of resting-state fMRI data to demonstrate the existence of an independent brain network comprised of the AI, dorsal ACC, along with subcortical structures including the amygdala, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, and thalamus. This network is distinct from the two other well-characterized large-scale brain networks previously discussed [the central executive network (CEN) and the default mode network (DMN)] (Fig. 2). We refer to this AI- and ACC-based network as a "salience network" that functions to identify the most relevant among several internal and extrapersonal stimuli in order to guide behavior (Seeley et al. 2007). Converging evidence from a number of brain imaging studies across several task domains suggest that the AI and ACC nodes of the SN respond to the degree of subjective salience, whether cognitive, homeostatic, or emotional (Craig 2009; Craig 2002). As described in the following section, the identification of such a network is relevant for understanding the role of the AI in cognition and behavior.
Resting-state fMRI studies have also shed light on differences between functional circuits associated with the anterior and posterior insula. Taylor et al. (2009) examined functional connectivity of the left and right anterior, mid, and posterior insula. They found that the AI was functionally connected with the pregenual ACC, anterior mid-cingulate cortex, and posterior mid-cingulate cortex, while the mid/posterior insula was only connected with the posterior mid-cingulate cortex. This study suggests nuanced differences in connectivity between anterior and posterior insular regions, which may have important functional implications. Thus, while AI and ACC often co-activate in task-based studies, there may be subtle differences between functional subdivisions within each of these regions, which can provide insights into how this SN can participate in so many diverse functions.
Identification of the AI as an integral node in a strongly coupled brain network that is distinct from other major networks such as the CEN and the DMN facilitates a more principled understanding of the functions of the insula. Critically, the observation that the AI and the ACC are co-activated during a wide range of cognitive tasks provides a starting point for investigating its core functions. A crucial question is: How does the SN, identified by resting-state fMRI, modulate other core networks involved in cognitive information processing? One approach here is to examine how the salience network and its two major cortical nodes, the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex, influence other core networks that have a different intrinsic organization.
Sridharan and colleagues showed, across three independent datasets, that the right AI plays a critical and causal role in switching between two other major networks (the CEN and the DMN) known to demonstrate competitive interactions during cognitive information processing (Fox et al. 2005; Greicius et al. 2003). They used Granger causality analyses to examine the directionality of influence of the AI and ACC nodes of the SN on other brain regions. Granger causal analyses (GCA) enable the detection of causal interactions between brain regions by assessing the extent to which signal changes in one brain region can predict signal changes in another brain region (Goebel et al. 2003). Across stimulus modalities, the right AI plays a critical and causal role in activating the CEN and deactivating the DMN (Sridharan et al. 2008). This study also shows that the right AI is involved in switching between brain networks across task paradigms and stimulus modalities, and thus acts as a "causal outflow hub" coordinating two major large-scale networks. Latency analysis, including measures of the time to peak, further confirmed that right AI activity temporally precedes activity in the other nodes of the CEN and DMN (Fig. 3). This new understanding of the right AI as a critical node for initiating network switching provides key insight into the core functions of the AI (Fig. 4).
As Allman et al. 2010 describe in this special issue, the AI and ACC share a unique feature at the neuronal level. In the human brain, the AI and ACC contain a specialized class of neurons with distinctive anatomical and functional features: the von Economo neurons (VENs) (Nimchinsky et al. 1999). The VENs have large axons which facilitate rapid relay of AI and ACC signals to other cortical regions (Allman et al. 2005) since conduction speeds are proportional to axonal diameter. Note that the presence or absence of VENs in a particular brain region can only be determined by analysis of postmortem brain tissue; thus, one cannot ascertain from neuroimaging work alone the potential functional significance of this cell type. However, we speculate that VENs may constitute the neuronal basis of fast control signals generated by the AI and ACC. In summary, the AI and ACC, anchored within the SN, are uniquely positioned to initiate control signals that activate the CEN and deactivate the DMN.
Previous studies have suggested that the inferior frontal gyrus and ACC are involved in a variety of monitoring, decision-making, and cognitive control processes (Cole and Schneider 2007; Crottaz-Herbette and Menon 2006; Dosenbach et al. 2008; Eichele et al. 2008; Johnston et al. 2007; Posner and Rothbart 2007), but the AI has not been a particular focus of most of these studies. There are two notable exceptions. Dosenbach et al. (2007), who used functional connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI epochs, argue that the AI helps to generate control signals involved in "stable maintenance of task mode and strategy". We differ in suggesting that the AI is involved in transient detection of salient stimuli and initiating attentional control signals which are then sustained by the ACC and the ventrolateral and dorsolateral PFC. In contrast, Sridharan and colleagues used auditory and visual attention tasks to suggest that the AI generates a transient control signal in response to salient events.
Our model posits that the core function of the proposed SN and the AI, in particular, is to first identify stimuli from the vast and continuous stream of sensory stimuli that impact the senses. Once such a stimulus is detected, the AI facilitates task-related information processing by initiating appropriate transient control signals to engage brain areas mediating attentional, working memory, and higher order cognitive processes while disengaging the DMN via mechanisms that have been described in the previous section. Critically, these switching mechanisms help focus attention on external stimuli, as a result of which they take on added significance or saliency.
There are several processes fundamental to attention: automatic bottom–up filtering of stimuli, competitive selection, working memory, and top–down sensitivity control (Knudsen 2007). Filtering and amplification of specific stimuli can in principle occur at multiple levels in the hierarchy of ascending neural pathways that bring stimuli from the external world to the primary and secondary sensory cortex. At each level, filters enhance responses to stimuli that are infrequent in space or time or are of learned or instinctive biological importance. For example, neurons in the superior colliculus can amplify responses to specific visual stimuli based on stimulus-driven representations in local salience maps (Fecteau et al. 2004). The neural mechanisms for this can range from adaptation in individual neurons to center surround properties of local neural circuits. The large-scale network switching mechanisms we have described here can be thought of as the culmination of a hierarchy of saliency filters in which each successive stage helps to differentially amplify a stimulus sufficiently to engage the AI. The precise pathways and filters underlying the transformation of external stimuli and the manner in which the AI is activated remain to be investigated. Critically, our model suggests that once a stimulus activates the AI, it will have preferential access to the brain's attentional and working memory resources.
Although dynamical systems analysis of fMRI data can help capture aspects of causal interactions between distributed brain areas, a more complete characterization of bottom–up and top–down attentional control requires access to temporal dynamics on the 30–70-ms time scale. Analysis of combined EEG and fMRI data provides additional insights into how the SN plays an important role in attentional control (Crottaz-Herbette and Menon 2006). A schematic model of bottom–up and top–down interactions underlying attentional control suggested by the relative timing of responses in the AI and ACC versus other cortical regions based on our dynamic source imaging study and by lesion studies of the P3a complex (Soltani and Knight 2000) is shown in Fig. 5. The spatio-temporal dynamics underlying this process has four distinct stages. Stage 1 About 150 ms post-stimulus primary sensory areas detect a deviant stimulus as indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the evoked potential. Stage 2 This "bottom–up" MMN signal is transmitted to other brain regions, notably the AI and the ACC. Stage 3 About 200–300 ms post-stimulus, the AI and ACC generate a "top–down" control signal as indexed by the N2b/P3a component of the evoked potential. This signal is simultaneously transmitted to primary sensory areas, as well as other neocortical regions. Stage 4 About 300–400 ms post-stimulus, neocortical regions, notably the premotor cortex and temporo-parietal areas, respond to the attentional shift with a signal that is indexed by the time-average P3b-evoked potential. Stage 5 The ACC facilitates response selection and motor response via its links to the midcin-gulate cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and other motor areas (Rudebeck et al. 2008; Vogt 2009).
Within the framework of the network model described above, we suggest that the AI plays a more prominent role in detection of salient stimuli, whereas the ACC plays a more prominent role in modulating responses in the sensory, motor, and association cortices. A wide range of functional imaging studies and theoretical models have suggested that the ACC plays a prominent role in action selection (Rushworth 2008). Taken together, as part of a functionally coupled network, the AI and ACC help to integrate bottom–up attention switching with top–down control and biasing of sensory input. This dynamic process enables an organism to sift through many different incoming sensory stimuli and adjust gain for task-relevant stimuli, processes central to attention (Yantis 2008).
An examination of the differential pattern of input–output connectivity of the AI and the ACC provides further insights into the functions of the AI and SN. While the AI receives multimodal sensory input, the ACC and associated dorsomedial prefrontal cortex receive very little sensory input (Averbeck and Seo 2008). Conversely, while the ACC and associated dorsomedial prefrontal cortex send strong motor output, there is very little direct motor input to or output from the AI. Furthermore, the ACC and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex have direct connections to the spinal cord and sub-cortical oculomotor areas (Fries 1984) giving them direct control over action. With these differential anatomical pathways and von Economo neurons that facilitate rapid signaling between the AI and the ACC, the SN is well positioned to influence not only attention but also motor responses to salient sensory stimuli. In this manner, the AI plays both a direct and indirect role in attention, cognitive, and behavioral control. Critically, in the context of our model, this input–output pattern of input and output pattern suggests that the AI may generate the signals to trigger hierarchical control. Consistent with this view, among patients with frontal lobe damage, those with lesions in the AI were the most impaired in altering their behavior in accordance with the changing rules of an occulomotor-switching task (Hodgson et al. 2007). Our model further suggests that when the ACC is dysfunctional, the AI is well positioned to trigger alternate cognitive control signals via other lateral cortical regions such as the VLPFC and the DLPFC (Johnston et al. 2007). Thus, our model helps to clarify an important controversy regarding the primacy and uniqueness of control signals in the prefrontal cortex (Fellows and Farah 2005; Baird et al. 2006).
We have primarily focused on AI function as this region has received the most attention in the human functional neuroimaging literature. However, an important aspect of insula function pertains to integration of homeostatic signals from the body. As reviewed by Craig (2010) in this speical issue and earlier in "Structural connectivity of the insula", the anterior and posterior insula have differential connectivity and input–output relations. This anatomical pattern forms the basis for exploring how salience detection and awareness of physiological change are linked along the axis of the insula.
In order to gain access to the AI and associated SN, stimulus-related inputs may originate from sensory or association cortex. For example, in the visual domain, we have shown recently that insula can be accessed via a set of links along the dorsal visual pathway: primary visual cortex → posterior intraparietal sulcus → anterior intraparietal sulcus → AI (Uddin et al. 2010) (Fig. 6). Rather than representing secondary salience signals that primarily reflect body sensations via the medial orbitofrontal 'vis-ceromotor' network that helps control internal body states (Barrett and Bar 2009), however, our data suggest that the orsal visual system has direct anatomical projections into the AI. This pathway may help to generate signals reflecting saliency of visual stimuli in extrapersonal space. Alternatively, under specific conditions, and in particular stimulus modalities, inputs might reach the AI via the middle and posterior insula, a subdivision which is the preferential cortical target of the homeostatic afferent pathway. As previously discussed in "Structural connectivity of the insula", and extensively reviewed in this special issue, the posterior, mid, and anterior insular cortices have different patterns of connectivity with other brain regions. In the model proposed by Craig, the subjective awareness of salient events is represented more anteriorly, whereas more sensory attributes are thought to be represented posteriorly (Craig 2002). However, we currently do not have a good understanding of how the posterior and anterior subdivisions of the insula interact, and the differential timing of autonomic response with respect to salient event detection in the human insular cortex remains largely unknown. Additional anatomical and functional studies that examine the relationship between autonomic reactivity and salient event detection are needed in order to further address the question of sensory access into specific subdivisions of the human insular cortex.
This new understanding of the right AI as a critical node for initiating network switching provides key insight into the potential for profound deficits in cognitive functioning should AI integrity or connectivity be compromised. For example, AI hyperactivity has been implicated in anxiety disorders, suggesting that when the SN goes into overdrive, pathology subsequently results (Paulus and Stein 2006; Stein et al. 2007). Individuals scoring high on the trait neuroticism, defined as the tendency to experience negative emotional states, demonstrate greater right AI activation during decision-making, even when the outcome of the decision is certain (Feinstein et al. 2006). A recent study found that during times when patients with schizophrenia reported experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations, increased activation of the right insula was observed (Sommer et al. 2008). In the previous examples, hyperactivity of the AI may be the basis for pathologically enhanced salience detection. Increased anxiety or neuroticism, for example, may be the consequence of the AI misattributing emotional salience to mundane events.
Pathology can also result from compromised salience detection mechanisms, resulting from decreased AI activity. In a comprehensive meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of social processing in autism, Di Martino et al. (2009) demonstrated that across a of group of studies examining various aspects of social processing, one of the regions consistently showing significant hypoactivity in autism was the right anterior insula. It may be the case that reduced attention to social stimuli, a hallmark of ASD, is the result of ineffective salience processing in the AI. Taken together, these clinical findings suggest that an appropriate level of AI activity is necessary to provide an alert signal to initiate brain responses to salient stimuli, but this signal can be overactive, in the case of anxiety, or underactive, as may be the case in autism (Uddin and Menon 2009). Our model potentially provides a parsimonious account that may explain various clinical symptoms as a function of enhanced, reduced, or otherwise altered salience detection and subsequent attentional allocation.
In the model proposed here, the AI and ACC form the core of a SN that facilitates the detection of important environmental stimuli. Although salience filters likely exist at multiple levels of ascending pathways that bring sensory stimuli into the neocortex, what makes the SN special is that it triggers a cascade of cognitive control signals that have a major impact on how such a stimulus is subsequently processed.
Chronometric techniques and dynamical systems analysis suggest that the SN, and the AI in particular, plays a critical and causal role in switching between the frontoparietal CEN and the DMN across task paradigms and stimulus modalities. Our network model helps to synthesize disparate findings in the literature into a common framework and suggests a causal, and potentially critical, role for the AI in cognitive control. We propose that one fundamental mechanism underlying such control is a transient signal from the AI, which engages the brain's attentional, working memory and higher-order control processes while disengaging other systems that are not immediately task relevant.
The AI, which forms part of the SN, is distinct from the functional circuits of the mid-posterior insula. These two relatively segregated streams nevertheless interact, presumably along the axis of the insula, in order to integrate salient stimuli and events with visceral and autonomic information. Taken together, they help to generate a state of heightened physiological awareness of salient stimuli. In closing, we note that examination of potential disruptions to these processes may help us to better understand brain mechanisms underlying psychopathology in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and anxiety disorders.
We thank Dr. Bud Craig and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback and suggestions for improving the manuscript, and Dr. Miriam Rosenberg-Lee for useful comments on an early draft. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NS058899, HD047520, HD059205, HD057610 to VM), the National Science Foundation (BCS/DRL 0449927 to VM), and by a Mosbacher Postdoctoral Fellowship and Award Number K01MH092288 from the National Institute of Mental Health to LQU.
Vinod Menon, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 780 Welch Road, Room 201, Stanford, CA 94304, USA. Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA. Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Lucina Q. Uddin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 780 Welch Road, Room 201, Stanford, CA 94304, USA. Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Below is a short summary of available positions. Please contact the schools directly for more information:
King's Castle Montessori School are looking to employ a Montessori Directress, preferably full time, but would consider part time, to work in our fun and vibrant toddler room in Bournemouth.
As a passionate Montessorian you will inspire the children to fulfil their desires and dreams whilst working amongst a dedicated team of practitioners.
King's Castle Montessori School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people, and expects all staff and volunteers to share this commitment.
Vacancy for part time member of staff in the Children's House at BMC
We have a part time position available in our 'outstanding' Children's House. This could potentially lead to a full time position and would suit someone with a Montessori qualification or someone currently undertaking the course.
A Cover Montessori assistant is required from September 2017 at the Garden Montessori, St Mary's School, Shaftesbury. A love of being outdoors would be great as we are located on a stunning estate, with access to woodland and an inspiring outdoor area. A dose of creativity and humour would be an advantage.
We are a small friendly setting (registered for 16 children), open 5 days a week (8.30 to 3pm), term time only. We are committed to safeguarding children so a portable DBS would be an advantage.
Please call Virginia Sewell for further information on: 07971423299
Garden City Montessori is known for providing first-class education and offers placements for children aged 2 to 12 in Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK.
We are seeking a Lead Elementary Teacher who holds a Montessori qualification, offering a salary of £30,000 to £32,000 for a suitably experienced candidate.
We are also seeking a full-time Lead Toddler Director / Directress who holds a Montessori qualification, as well as a Level 3 Childcare and Education qualification, offering a salary of £18,000 to £20,800 depending on experience.
Starting late August 2017, we are looking for enthusiastic, hardworking and self-motivated individuals with excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
Applicants should have UK / EU residency or a valid UK Work Permit. We will consider sponsoring overseas candidates who meet our criteria for employment.
OPEN POSITIONS–3 MONTESSORI GUIDES FOR AN INFANT COMMUNITY (2 years), CHILDREN'S HOUSE (3-6) and PRIMARY (6-9) CLASSES, Valencia, Spain
Imagine Montessori School is looking to hire an Infant Community (2 years old), a Children's House (3 to 5 years old), and a Primary (6 to 11 years old) Guides to join-in in September.
The ideal candidate would have:
- Montessori certificates or strong willingness to be trained in Montessori education
- Studies in UK: Bachelor in Education, PGCE, Graduate Teacher Programme, or other Level 6 equivalent studies.
- +3 years' experience
- Native English speaker
- Be a EU-citizen or have a valid work-permit APPLY HERE: https://imaginemontessori.es/en/careers/
Montessori Compostela (Galicia, Spain) looks for Lead teacher and Assistants for 6-12 classroom (Elementary).
- Montessori qualifications, trained or ongoing
- Bachelor degree
- Teaching experience
- Native or fluent English speaker
- EU work permit preferable.
Starting August 2017.
English speaking guides and assistants with European work permit
Montessori Au Pair
We are looking for an au pair for our family here in the US, someone who is Montessori trained and interested in a cultural experience. It would be for one year starting in May 2017 with an option to extend. We are a Montessori family and I am trying to find someone who could help our child become independent, observe him, watch for his sensitive periods, etc.
Our son is 17 months old and he is extremely active and very curious. He loves going out, reading books, dancing to music, creating art, and going to the playground. He loves engaging in gross motor activity. We really want someone with the same child rearing philosophies as us to provide a positive learning environment for him.
We live in Boulder, CO a wonderful place for outdoor lovers with a fun downtown for those who would like the city life as well. We are right next to the mountains and are minutes away from both hiking and skiing in the winter. Boulder is a wonderful community with lots of Montessori and Au pair support as there is a Montessori training institute in town.
Nursery Key Worker required for immediate start.
Chrysalis Montessori Nursery - a high quality setting based in a lovely wooded environment in Hayeswood 1st School grounds, Cutlers Place, Colehill, Wimborne. We are registered to accept 25 children from 2 - 5 years with approximately 50 children on our register. Split into two rooms, a main arts and learning room with a quiet room, and a newly improved outside play area.
We are looking for a qualified and experienced NVQ3 practitioner. Montessori background would be an advantage although not essential as training can be given. DBS check required.
We open 39 weeks per year. Hours are 08:45 to 16:00. We need you to work 4.5 days per week (to 12:00 on a half day). The hourly rate will be in the region of £8.00/hr dependent on qualifications and experience.
You should be highly motivated with the ability to plan and lead activities for groups of children and also work individually with assigned key children. Appropriate knowledge of EYFS and safeguarding of children is essential.
You should have excellent people and communication skills with the confidence to address parents appropriately and help the Principal in driving the setting forward.
Please see our website for more details about the nursery on www.montessorinurseries.co.uk
Experienced Montessori Nanny required for a 1-year old girl in Moscow
The role:
· This is a long term role, based in Moscow.
· Working hours are: 8 hours a day, 5-6 days a week.
· Separate accommodation is provided.
The responsibilities include:
· Looking after the girl
· Teaching her English, games, songs
· Arranging various educational activities
The requirements are:
· Fluent English
· Experience in working with such young children
· Knowledge of Montessori teaching methods
· Long term availability
Hanna Barel Administrative Assistant
Tel: +44 7713 475287
Jingle Bell House – Job Vacancy
We are looking to recruit new people to our team and would love to hear from you if you are seeking a new position to either start your career in childcare or progress your existing career.
We are open Monday to Friday 08.00am to 06.00pm. Hours are flexible, full time or part time.
Your key tasks would include:
* To support the team in gaining an Outstanding Ofsted Inspection.
* To provide a safe and educational environment for the children.
* To be willing to learn and seek ongoing Professional Development or to have a sound knowledge of the EYFS, which is used as a basis for the children's learning.
* To be a key person to a selection of children. Carrying out observations and planning.
* Fulfil job description requirements to the expected high standard.
* Work as part of a team.
In return we offer:
* To be part of a team with high aspirations.
* Great career progression to expand your skills
* Clear goals
* Flexible work patterns
* Competitive Salary
* Regular supervisions
* Staff parking
* Continuous in house and external training opportunities to invest in your professional development
If you feel you are looking for a new challenge, or simply want to further your experience in a new environment, please send us your CV and a cover letter, for the attention of Emma Cross, to:
Imagine Montessori School, is looking to hire a Director of Primary (3-6) and Elementary (6-12) Education, to join immediately.
Main responsibilities are: leading academic coordinators and teachers, ensuring Montessori practice while meeting British curriculum, providing insight on pedagogic requirements for new location functional design.
• Montessori qualifications (Primary, Elementary)
• Bachelor in Education • +3 years' experience in Elementary level • Fluent English • Valid work permit
• Being part of an enthusiastic wonderful team
• Full time position with attractive salary based on experience
• Supportive and collaborative leadership that fosters professional and personal growth
Grantham Farm Montessori School on the Hampshire/Berkshire border is looking for a Montessori teacher. All levels of experience considered.
Dedication to the philosophy essential and a love of the outdoors an advantage as we are a rural school. Part time or full time depending on applicant's experience and needs.
Term time only.
Salary commensurate with experience and qualifications. This is a fabulous school and a great opportunity for any enthusiastic Montessorian.
www.granthamfarm.org or www.facebook.com/granthamfarmmontessori
Ashley Cross Montessori - Two Part time positions available
We are looking for people to join our small, caring and supportive teams, who have a sense of humour and a passion for working in Montessori and Early Years.


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|16 Aug 2011
and also i get problems need to be repaired in iolo system mechanics from hard drive repair section every week it appears even thought i i use the check disk in window to repair but new problem i think appears a week later
and i get a could not fine this item and so i have to press try again and it works but why does it show the first time
|My System Specs
|17 Aug 2011
Windows 7 Ultimate X64 SP1
Could you post a screenshot of the problem please? I'm finding it a bit difficult to grasp from your OP.
|My System Specs
|17 Aug 2011
here the folder is there and it does contain thing if i press try again it moves
reminder did tweak system so i wanna know could it be of a tweak i did and what one
|My System Specs
|17 Aug 2011
Windows 7 Home Premium SP1, 64-bit
The best thing you can do is uninstall System Mechanic and give up on tweaks. Not that you would do that.
|My System Specs
|17 Aug 2011
Win 7 Ultimate x64
|My System Specs
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Discount Brake & Auto Repair
ReScore Reviews™ (2)
99% Would Recommend
Latest Review over 1 year ago
Featured Business
Wiesner HyundaiSchedule Appointment
1645 Interstate 45 North #400
Conroe, TX 77305
0.8 miles away
11/24/2017 - "Friendly atmosphere"
"Work is always done on time"
Review for Discount Brake & Auto Repair
Tommy M. on 03/21/2013
Tommy said the employees are good people. This business does a fabulous job, which he appreciates.
Vehicle: GMC Pickup
Category: Service
Service Date: 03/12/2013
Review Created: 03/21/2013
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Kendall & Jaxson
Not too much is going on...we've been too busy! Kendall just got back from Texas, where she spent a week with her aunt, uncle & cousins. She had a blast but I think the trip was shorter than she would have liked. She's hoping to go back this summer.
I worked Job#2 twice this week. Yesterday I made the mistake of having a Starbucks Double Shot on my way to work. I was fine through work. The problem came when I tried to go to sleep. It just was not happening. Coupled with the fact that Kendall's dog Ori is a needy beast, I didn't get much sleep.
I had to send my little camera (the present I got from Don for Christmas) in to be repaired this week. I put it off too long. It had a spot on the image sensor that was driving me insane. It was there from the day I opened the box & I just blew it off. Good thing for warrantys!
Tomorrow we're heading out for a hike before the weather turns bad. I shall return with photos!


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Hilton Berlin
Select your stay dates to check availability at Hilton Berlin
Hilton Berlin
About the Hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Hilton Berlin, you'll be centrally located in Berlin, steps from German Cathedral and Gendarmenmarkt. This 5-star hotel is close to Checkpoint Charlie Museum and Brandenburg Gate.
Make yourself at home in one of the 601 air-conditioned rooms featuring MP3 docking stations and minibars. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed. Flat-screen televisions with satellite programming provide entertainment, while wireless Internet access (surcharge) keeps you connected. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Relax at the full-service spa, where you can enjoy body treatments and facials. You're sure to appreciate the recreational amenities, including a 24-hour health club, an indoor pool, and a spa tub. Additional features include complimentary wireless Internet access, babysitting/childcare (surcharge), and babysitting/childcare. Getting to nearby attractions is a breeze with the area shuttle (surcharge).
Grab a bite at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants, or stay in and take advantage of 24-hour room service. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. Buffet breakfasts are available daily for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, limo/town car service, and express check-in. Planning an event in Berlin? This hotel has facilities measuring 29063 square feet (2700 square meters), including conference space. Guests may use a train station pick-up service for a surcharge, and self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Express check-out
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Babysitting or childcare
- Self parking (surcharge)
- 24-hour health club
- Conference space size (meters) - 2700
- Number of floors - 8
- Express check-in
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Indoor pool
- ATM/banking
- Total number of rooms - 601
- Airport transportation
- Luggage storage
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Conference space
- Number of meeting rooms - 15
- Spa tub
- Conference space size (feet) - 29063
- Elevator/lift
- Steam room
- Bar/lounge
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Sauna
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Porter/bellhop
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- 24-hour front desk
- Spa services on site
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Free WiFi
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Fireplace in lobby
- Terrace
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Shopping on site
- Multilingual staff
- Library
- Full-service spa
- Business center
Room Facilities
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Slippers
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Premium bedding
- Room service (24 hours)
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Private bathroom
- Desk
- Hair dryer
- Pillow menu
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board
- Shower/tub combination
- Soundproofed rooms
- Climate control
- MP3 docking station
- Free toiletries
- Bathrobes
- Pillowtop mattress
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Daily housekeeping
- Pay movies
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Premium TV channels
- Flat-panel TV
- Free newspaper
- Minibar
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Satellite TV service
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- This property offers transfers from the airport and train station (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Up to 2 children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
- Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 32 per person (approximately)
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: EUR 25 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
- Self parking fee: EUR 23 per night (in/out privileges)
- Valet parking fee: EUR 26 per night
- Pet fee: EUR 40 per pet, per stay
- An early check-in fee will be charged
- A late check-out fee will be charged
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
- Facilities fee: EUR 13.50 per person, per day and includes use of:
- Sauna
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
GraphicRiver Writing Drawing and Painting Tools 6360596
Stock Vector \ Objects \ Man-made Objects
Pencil \ Vector \ Include \ Accessory \ Drawing \ WriteWriting \ Painting \ Please
Stock Vector - Writing Drawing and Painting Tools 6360596 by alisher9 @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Objects \ Man-made Objects
Writing Drawing and Painting Tools and Accessory Vector Set
Pack include.
EPS (eps8-10),
AI, (ai10),
JPEG files.
Rate this file please!
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD, JPG Image, Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
16 Globe Icons Set; 36 Heart Icons Set; 16 Round Tattoos Set; 16 Water Drop Icons Set; 36 Speech Bubble and Balloons Set; 16 Mountain Icons Set; 16 House Icons Set.
Keywords: art, artist, ballpoint pen, brush, chalk, craft, crayon, divider, draw, equipment, eraser, felt-tip pen, fountain pen, hobbies, ink pen, marker, mechanic pencil, paint, paintbrush, pastel, pen, pencil, pin, pulverize, ruler, sharpener, stationery, tool, vector, write.


text:
DEFRA revises recycling credits scheme
Changes to the recycling credits scheme designed to ensure that recycling programmes set up by waste collection authorities do not clash with the objectives of disposal authorities were issued for consultation by the Environment Department (DEFRA) in September.1 Authorities would also be required to consider payments to third parties, and a new reuse credit would be introduced.
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