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Cold resistance appears altered with aging. Among existing hypotheses, the impaired capacity in response to cold could be related to an altered regulation of plasma IGF-1 concentration. The combined effects of age and cold exposure were studied in a short-living primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), which adjusts its energy balance using a daily torpor phase, to avoid high energy cost of normothermia maintenance. Changes in body mass, core temperature, locomotor activity, and caloric intake were monitored under 9-day exposures to 25°C and 12°C in captive animals in winter conditions. Short-term (after 2 days) and long-term (after 9 days) cold-induced changes in IGF-1 levels were also evaluated. In thermoneutral conditions (25°C), general characteristics of the daily rhythm of core temperature were preserved with age. At 12°C, age-related changes were mainly characterized by a deeper hypothermia and an increased frequency of torpor phases, associated with a loss of body mass. A short-term cold-induced decrease in plasma IGF-1 levels was observed. IGF-1 levels returned to basal values after 9 days of cold exposure. No significant effect of age could be evidenced on IGF-1 response. However, IGF-1 levels of cold-exposed aged animals were negatively correlated with the frequency of daily torpor. Responses exhibited by aged mouse lemurs exposed to cold revealed difficulties in the maintenance of normothermia and energy balance and might involve modulations of IGF-1 levels.
- autonomic thermoregulation
- cold exposure
- insulin-like growth factor
- aging
- Microcebus murinus
although some studies have concluded that a conservation of thermoregulatory capacities occurs during aging in normothermic conditions (25, 27), appropriate coping to a cold environment appears altered with age (16). Experimental data are available on core temperature (Tc) response to cold exposure in aged animals, but the mechanisms involved in this impaired cold resistance remain to be fully elucidated. In response to cold, homeothermic organisms, including mammals, enhance body heat production and conservation to maintain daily variations in Tc in a normothermic range. In rodents (47), the first responses to cold exposure are mostly behavioral. Autonomic thermoregulatory responses are secondarily involved and require the intervention of two processes: shivering and humoral thermogenesis. Shivering thermogenesis is the main autonomic response to cold in big mammals. Humoral thermogenesis can be divided into nonshivering thermogenesis [NST; (24)] and hormonal thermogenesis. NST corresponds to mitochondrial heat production by enhancement of cellular metabolism in brown adipose tissue [BAT; (43)]. This process plays a major function in small mammals (24, 43). A role of IGF-1, a growth factor enhancing cellular proliferation and maturation, has been proposed to act in cold-induced BAT increase in the rat (12, 51). Indeed, in these studies, IGF-1 levels decreased in the plasma but increased markedly in BAT after several days of cold exposure. It was thus suggested that the cold-induced plasma IGF-1 decrease could be induced by the massive recruitment of growth factors in BAT for a more efficient response to cold. Moreover, small mammals, which have low capacities of energy storage, exhibit a daily hypothermic phase, particularly strong when exposed to low ambient temperature (Ta). Heterotherms use daily hypothermia as an alternative strategy against the high costs of normothermia maintenance by minimizing energy costs of heat production (18, 22, 28). Daily hypothermia is associated with a low basal metabolism, a rapid drop in Tc, and a slow re-establishment to normothermic values, which takes several hours. In the case of drastic environmental conditions (food rarefaction or cold Tas), the daily hypothermic phase becomes deeper, and the Tc can reach values under 33°C. This deep hypothermic state is defined as daily torpor (20). Arousal from hypothermia or torpor mainly involves the activation of NST. Therefore, we postulated that IGF-1 might be important for small mammals that have to increase their Tc after this hypothermic episode.
An impaired ability to efficiently thermoregulate during cold exposure has been established in aged humans and laboratory animals (for a review, see Ref. 16), but experimental data on this matter are not always consistent. For example, in aged rats (26), mean body temperature levels do not differ significantly between young and aged rats, but age-related differences can be observed in regard to changes in amplitude of the daily body temperature rhythm. In fact, mean body temperature levels show significant decrease in senescent rats only. More recently, studies have demonstrated that aging induces subtle but robust changes in thermoregulation (10, 48). To date, the reasons why some aged individuals become more fragile toward cold exposure are not entirely clear. In aged rats, exposure to cold also induces a blunted NST response (15). A relationship between IGF-1 and the observed age-related alteration of NST response to cold may occur, since the IGF-1 axis is deficient during aging (for a review, see Ref. 45). To understand the mechanisms and adaptive strategies implied in age-related impairments in thermal resistance, we investigated, in a small nocturnal Malagasy primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, Primates), whether Tc rhythm and blood IGF-1 modulations in response to cold exposure were similar between adult and aged individuals.
The mouse lemur is exposed, in its natural habitat, to strong seasonal variations of Ta and food availability, particularly in winter when Ta values are the lowest, and thermal amplitude between night and day is very high (40). To resist cold Tas, the mouse lemur developed different behavioral (gregarism, nesting in buffered holes) and autonomic (daily torpor) responses. These advanced thermoregulatory processes are mainly characterized by the modulation of hypothermia, which is daily exhibited in normothermic conditions. In captive animals, modulation of the hypothermic phase varies according to photoperiod and Ta (4, 6, 35, 42), food availability (42), and social factors (41). In this primate, the expression of a very robust daily rhythm of Tc involves the use of NST by activation of BAT (19). In this species, age-related physiological changes have been well studied. With aging, declines in sex hormones (3), melatonin (2), and DHEA-S levels (31, 33) are observed. Moreover, age-related deficits in behavioral thermoregulation were recently demonstrated in this species (5). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that normothermia maintenance could be deteriorated with aging in the mouse lemur. Age-related effects on autonomic cold-resistance capacities were investigated by the follow-up of daily Tc rhythm, body mass, caloric intake, and plasma IGF-1 levels in adult and aged mouse lemurs exposed to cold.
Animals and housing conditions.
All the gray mouse lemurs studied were males, born in the laboratory breeding colony of Brunoy (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France, license approval no. A91.114.1) and were pathogen free. General conditions of captivity were maintained constant: Ta between 24°C and 26°C and a relative humidity of 55%. Food (including fresh fruits and a milky mixture) and water were available ad libitum. In captivity, seasonal variations of physiological functions can be entrained by alternating 6-mo periods of summer-like long photoperiod (14 h of light/day) and winter-like short photoperiod (10 h of light/day) under artificial light (fluorescent tubes during the day and dim red light during the night). In the present study, male mouse lemurs were studied during the short-day season, when animals have to cope with strong ambient conditions. During the short-day season, mouse lemurs spontaneously enter in sexual rest and exhibit a significant gain in body mass. General conditions of captivity were applied, and animals were maintained in social groups before and after testing. In the breeding colony of the Brunoy Laboratory, analysis of survival from 254 male mouse lemurs allowed us to determine the mean life span (means ± SE: 6.0 ± 0.2 yr), the mean life span of the 10% of the most long-lived animals (10.0 ± 0.2 years), and the observed maximal survival duration (12.0 years). Among age-associated pathologies, the incidence of cataracts was studied in the mouse lemur colony. Cataracts were very rare in adults but were diagnosed in more than 50% of animals over 7 years of age (7). In the present study, adults (n = 6; mean age ± SE: 2.3 ± 0.3 yr, range: 1.2–3.0) and aged mouse lemurs (n = 6; mean age ± SE: 7.1 ± 0.2 yr, range: 6.5–7.8) were used. All experiments were carried out in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive (86/609/EEC). All efforts were made to minimize nociception. Individual life span of aged animals used in this study was monitored to evaluate whether those animals were or were not in a senescent stage of their life at the time of the experiments. Aged animals lived on average 1.3 ± 0.2 yr after the end of the study.
Core temperature and locomotor activity recording.
Animals were maintained in climate chambers (Sanyo incubator MIR-253), in which air was filtered and light was provided by cool fluorescent lamps. Mouse lemurs were acclimated to the experimental device for 10 days at Ta = 25°C. They were then studied for 9 days at the reference Ta of 25°C and then exposed to a cold environment (9 days at 12°C). Tc was measured using a telemetric device; a 2.5-g transmitter (TA10TA-F20; Data Science, Minneapolis, MN) was implanted under general anesthesia (valium, 2 mg/100g im; ketamine imalgem, 10 mg/100 g ip) in the visceral cavity of the animals. Calibrations for each transmitter were provided by the manufacturer. Experiments were performed after at least 2 wk of recovery. Mouse lemurs were isolated in individual cages provided with branches and a wooden nest. A receiving plate (RPC-1, Data Science) located in the cage permitted us to register the data given by the transmitter. The Tc (in °C) was recorded every 5 min, and the locomotor activity (LA; in arbitrary units, au) was continuously recorded by two antennas located in the receptor plate and detecting vertical and horizontal movements (x-y coordinate system). Data were computed by a software (Dataquest Lab Pro ver. 3.0; Data Science). Daily profiles were smoothed by a 10-min moving average. The following parameters were analyzed on these smoothed profiles: mean Tc during the active nocturnal phase (Tcnight), mean Tc during the resting diurnal phase (Tcday), the minimal Tc value (Tcmin), time of occurrence of Tcmin (Hmin), and time of occurrence of the beginning of Tc decrease (Hdecr). The last two parameters were expressed in minutes relative to lights on. Times of occurrence preceding lights on (phase advances) were expressed by positive values. Inversely, phase delays were expressed by negative values. Tcmin, Hdecr, and Hmin were representative parameters of the daily hypothermic phase. The frequency of torpor (Ftorp) over the 9 days of exposure to a given Ta was determined for each animal at each Ta, according to the fact that hypothermia was considered as torpor when Tc dropped below 33°C (20). Finally, LA values were summed during the nocturnal active phase (LAnight) and the diurnal resting phase (LAday). All telemetric parameters were first averaged for each thermal exposure and then analyzed as a day-by-day time course over each thermal exposure.
Body mass, caloric intake.
Before the experiment, body mass (BM) of adult (means ± SE: 103.5 ± 7.3 g) and aged mouse lemurs (means ± SE: 97.2 ± 7.7 g) did not differ significantly [one-way ANOVA, F1, 10 = 0.36, nonsignificant (NS)]. BM was measured every 2 days throughout the experiment. Animals were routinely fed ad libitum on a diet, including fresh banana (393 kJ/100 g) and a home-made milky mixture containing baby cereals, eggs, and milk (435 kJ/100 g). Daily caloric intake (CI) was calculated by subtracting the remaining food to the food mass given. CI was expressed in kilojoules (49) according to the Diem table (11) and normalized to the BM of the animal (g/day·100 g BM). The evaporation-related loss was taken into account in the calculation of CI at each Ta. The body mass gain (BMG) was also followed and calculated as a mean ratio (in g/day) during the whole exposure.
Plasma IGF-1 levels.
To assess IGF-1 levels in response to thermal stress, blood was taken from all animals at the reference Ta of 25°C and then 2 days (short-term response) and 9 days (long-term response) after the beginning of cold exposure. About 100 μl of blood was drawn from the saphenous vein into heparinized capillaries without anesthesia. After centrifugation, plasma was immediately collected and preserved at −20°C until the radioimmunoassay, which was performed in reference to the manufacturer's instructions (Immunotech IGF-I IRMA; Bechman Coulter, Paris, France). Intra- and between-series variation rates were lower than 7%, and minimal detectable values were 2 ng/ml. One IGF-1 value corresponding to an aged mouse lemur missed for the second day of cold exposure because of a technical failure during sample treatment. As Tc rhythms could be disturbed by animal handling, the telemetric data, corresponding to the 4 h after the blood samples, were removed. IGF-1 plasma levels were related to the body mass of the animal studied in accordance to the fact that IGF-1, relative to its growth factor properties, can interact with body composition, and particularly with body fat (13, 29).
Statistical analysis.
Results are given as means ± SE. All data, except Ftorp, were normally distributed, according to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Linear mixed effect (LME) models were performed by using the "nlme" function (36) in software R Version 2.6.0 (37). Tests of effects resulted from comparisons of more complex models with the most parsimonious model (i.e., the model including significant effects only). Then, mean energy values (BM, BMG, and CI) and IGF-1 levels were analyzed with models including the additive effects of age (two levels, young vs. old) and Ta (two levels, 12°C and 25°C), and their interaction. Second, temporal variations of the telemetric parameters (Tbnight, Tbday, Tbmin, Hdecr, Hmin, LAnight, and LAday) during exposures to temperature treatments were analyzed. The unconstrained effect of time (9 days), plus two-term and three-term interactions, were added to the effects of age and Ta in the LME models. To account for repeated measures on the same randomly chosen animals, individual identities (12 levels) were declared as a random effect in LME models. In addition, because the same individuals were used to test for the effect of the two temperature treatments, the additive effect of temperature was also included in the random term. As Ftorp, which was not normally distributed, was a probability and followed a binomial distribution, we log-transformed and analyzed it with linear mixed model (nlme function under "R"), testing coupling effects of age and Ta exposures.
Finally, Spearman correlations were also performed to test the presence of correlations between IGF-1 blood levels and frequency of torpor occurrence.
Coupling effects of cold exposure, age, and duration of treatments on Tc and LA rhythm parameters.
Mean values of Tc and LA rhythm parameters measured for both Ta and both age groups are represented in Table 1. At each thermal exposure (25°C or 12°C), adult and aged animals exhibited very robust mean daily rhythms of Tc (Fig. 1), with high values during the nocturnal active phase and lower values during the diurnal resting phase. All Tc parameters (Tcnight, Tcday, and Tcmin) were significantly affected by the triple interaction age, Ta, and duration of Ta exposure (Table 2). Tc levels at 25°C were similar between the two experimented ages but strongly differed after exposure to 12°C. Aged animals exhibited lower values of nocturnal and diurnal Tc than adult ones at 12°C (Table 1), revealing differences in the strength of an effect of Ta between adult and aged animals. Indeed, effects of Ta on Tc levels were major in aged animals, whereas they were minor in adult animals, as attested in Fig. 1. Aged animals were also characterized by a higher interindividual variability. For example, at Ta = 12°C, individual average Tcmin values ranged from 24.3°C to 33.9°C in aged mouse lemurs, whereas they ranged only from 34.0°C to 35.5°C in adult ones. At Ta = 25°C, Tc values did not vary during the whole duration of experiment, whatever the age group. Considering the fact that Tcmin variations were the most representative parameter of hypothermia modulation, they were represented day to day in Fig. 2. At Ta = 12°C, Tcmin of adult animals did not vary significantly during the whole cold exposure, and the levels were similar to those exhibited at 25°C. In aged animals, Tcmin immediately decreased to an average value of 28.8 ± 2.1°C on the first day of cold exposure. Thereafter, Tcmin values slowly decreased from day 2 (Tcmin = 32.1 ± 1.1°C) to day 6 (Tcmin = 24.5 ± 3.1°C) and increased from day 6 to 7, to reach an average value of 33.2 ± 1.1°C. Finally, aged animals restored reference levels of Tcmin from day 7 to the end of the cold exposure. The same observations could be made for Tcday and Tcnight, but with a smaller amplitude of variation.
Concerning the temporal organization of daily hypothermia, no significant effect of age or duration of Ta exposure could be evidenced on Hdecr (Table 2). Nevertheless, a slight effect of Ta was observed with a decrease between 25°C and 12°C in adult animals (62 ± 6 min vs. 48 ± 5 min) and in aged animals (86 ± 4 min vs. 55 ± 6 min). By contrast, a strong effect of Ta was observed on Hmin (Fig. 3 and Table 2). On average, Tcmin occurred later at 12°C than at 25°C. No effect of duration was directly evidenced on the two temporal parameters. However, as shown on Fig. 3, inter-individual variability increased under cold exposure compared with 25°C, in both age categories.
Mean amounts of LAnight did not differ significantly, either between adult and aged animals, or between 25°C and 12°C (Table 2). Nevertheless, a significant effect of duration of Ta exposure was observed for LAnight, characterized by a progressive decrease of 33% between day 1 and day 7, followed by a slow increase to initial values from the 7th day under cold exposure. Finally, LAday was strongly affected by the change in temperature. Indeed, aged animals exhibited higher levels of LAday at each thermal exposure. Independently of age, mouse lemurs were less active after exposure to 12°C than to 25°C. Moreover, the levels of LAday remained relatively constant in adult animals during both thermal exposures, whereas aged animals exhibited a strong 73% increase on the second day at 12°C, levels restored to reference levels at day 3.
Effects of age and Ta on mean parameters of torpor frequency, energy balance, and IGF-1 levels.
Logit-transformed torpor frequencies differed significantly, according to coupling effects of age and Ta [χ(1)2 = 7.58, P = 0.006]. Aged animals exhibited a largely higher frequency of torpor than adult animals at 12°C (67 ± 13% vs. 11 ± 4%), whereas this difference was slight at 25°C (11 ± 7% vs. 3 ± 3%). This result confirmed the higher susceptibility of aged animals toward cold exposure. In fact, a small increase in Ftorp was observed in adult animals after cold exposure, while a 9-time increase was observed in aged animals (Table 1).
During the 9 days of exposure to 25°C and 12°C, CI was affected neither by age [χ(1)2 = 1.11, P = 0.29], nor by Ta [χ(1)2 = 0.98, P = 0.32], and animals ate an average amount of 132 ± 18 kJ/day·100 g BM (Fig. 4). However, even if animals did not change their feeding behavior under conditions of age or Ta, BMG varied according to age [χ(1)2 = 7.57, P = 0.01] and Ta [χ(1)2 = 7.16, P = 0.01]. BMG was always lower in aged animals compared with adults, and a decrease between 25°C and 12°C was observed in both age groups, leading to a negative energy balance in aged animals exposed to cold (−0.7 ± 0.4 g/day).
IGF-1 values differed between the three sampled time points with a short-term decrease 2 days after cold exposure compared with basal values at 25°C (Table 3). Then, basal IGF-1 levels were restored after 9 days of exposure to cold. Even if no effect of age were observed, an increase of the intraindividual variability was evidenced in aged animals at 12°C. Indeed, SE was higher in aged than in adult animals exposed to cold and could be 3-fold higher in aged animals in comparison to SE measured in adult ones. IGF-1 levels and Ftorp were not correlated in both age groups at Ta = 25°C (adults: rs = 0.655, NS; aged: rs = −0.370, NS) and at the beginning of cold exposure (adults: rs = 0.794, NS; aged: rs = −0.410, NS). By contrast, after 9 days at Ta = 12°C, although no correlation was evidenced in adult animals (rs = 0.412; NS), IGF-1 blood levels were negatively correlated with the frequency of torpors in aged animals (rs = −0.870, P < 0.05). High frequency of torpor was associated with low plasma levels of IGF-1.
In thermoneutral conditions, adult mouse lemurs exhibited robust daily rhythms of Tc, particularly characterized by hypothermia during the first half of the light period (34). Mouse lemurs, active during the night, nested in anticipation of lights on, for the whole duration of the day. Tc decreased more than 2 h before the onset of light and Tcmin was reached within the next 2 h following lights on. Tc progressively increased during the second part of the day. The decrease in Tc during hypothermia cannot be considered as a passive failure of normothermia maintenance but more as an active and regulated response, as already described in rodents (38, 46). Thus, Tc was maintained in adult animals upon a specific minimal value, determined by the hypothalamus, through a homeostatic process (14). Adult mouse lemurs exhibited a significant increase in body mass, corresponding to the classical gain observed in animals during their short day period (20).
Under cold exposure, adult animals maintained normothermia and their use of torpor, described as a strong hypothermic phase during which Tc drops below 33°C (20), was rare. The increase in caloric intake observed in pigs after cold exposure (39), in compensation for the increase in energy expenditure necessary for maintaining normothermia, was not observed in adult mouse lemurs. Cold exposure induced a decrease in body mass gain. Tc began to decrease later at 12°C in adult mouse lemurs compared with 25°C. Even if the amount of nocturnal locomotor activity was not higher in adult animals at 12°C compared with 25°C, we suspect that the total energy expenditure increased during cold exposure. Indeed, a previous study described an increase of basal metabolic rate after a cold exposure in adult animals maintained in an experimental device adapted for oxygen consumption (4). Compensatory strategies, such as an effective nonshivering thermogenesis or endocrine efficient modulations, may be developed in adult animals to avoid hypothermia. In rats, modulations of blood IGF-1 levels by cold exposure are reported in some (12) but not all studies (15). In the present study, blood IGF-1 levels were significantly modulated in adult mouse lemurs during cold exposure. A slight short-term decrease of plasma IGF-1 levels was induced after 2 days of cold exposure and was followed by a re-establishment to basal values after 9 days of cold exposure, suggesting a physiological acclimation to cold. In rats, an increase in IGF-1 synthesis in BAT has been also described after the beginning of cold exposure (12). Thus, the IGF-1 could act at two levels for cold resistance: the blood IGF-1 would be used in BAT for tissue enlargement before the increase of IGF-1 synthesis in BAT and other peripheral tissues. This two-step reaction could be sufficient to prevent hypothermia in mouse lemurs during the 9 days of cold exposure. However, the increase in IGF-1 synthesis in BAT remains to be demonstrated in the mouse lemur, by assessing BAT metabolism during cold exposure. The modulations of blood IGF-1 levels as a short-term response to cold exposure may confirm a role for this endocrine parameter in thermal resistance, particularly in the occurrence and the organization of the hypothermic phase, which was markedly affected by cold. Circulating IGF-1 levels could be efficient at the beginning of cold exposure to maintain normothermia and could be reinforced by another cellular pathway to maintain the resistance and permit acclimatization. For instance, Tcmin was only briefly modified by cold exposure, suggesting a rapid efficiency of Tc modulation for prevention of hypothermia.
Concerning the effects of aging on thermoregulation, some studies (50) evidenced age-related alterations in Tc rhythms while others did not (27). In fact, the difference between aging and senescence needs to be taken into account, since major changes in Tc rhythms observed in aged animals under thermo-neutrality (25°C) seem to appear with the first signs of senescence, as demonstrated in rats (26). Although age-related deficits in thermoregulation were not consistently demonstrated in both humans and nonhumans in the past, recent studies corroborate the fact that some subtle age-associated changes in thermoregulatory responses can be seen, even under a mild cooling condition (10) and can be influenced by external factors such as the photoperiod (5). Compared with the first published survival data of mouse lemurs from the Brunoy colony (30), the actual database has permitted us to obtain more precise survival data from a greater number of animals. These data corroborate the previously published data. On the basis of survival data, the experimental aged animals belong to an age category composed of more than 30% of living individuals. In rats, clear thermoregulatory alterations appeared only at the start of senescence (26), when animals began to lose weight. It is unlikely to be the case in the present study, as no difference in body mass could be found between adult and aged mouse lemurs and as aged animals survived more than 1 yr after the end of the experiments. In thermoneutral conditions, no Tc rhythm disturbance was observed with age in mouse lemurs. Some previous studies in laboratory animals (23) described an age-associated decline in the amplitude of Tc rhythm. In the present study, the Tc rhythm amplitude did not seem to be disturbed, although the occurrence of minimal value of Tc was delayed in aged compared with adult animals. Moreover, locomotor activity was not affected by age. This is in agreement with the data of Cayetanot et al. (9) and Aujard et al. (1), showing that only animals exposed to long daylength exhibited age-related disturbances of the locomotor activity rhythm, whereas animals exposed to short photoperiod did not. This can be related to the high seasonality of physiological and behavioral functions of this species. Indeed, animals acclimated to winter are in a resting state, leading to low metabolic rate and body mass gain (21) and consequently to the decrease of activity levels. Animals acclimated to summer increase their metabolic rate, lose body mass (21), and enhance their locomotor activity to prepare the reproductive season. Even if no evidence of age-associated thermoregulatory deterioration could be seen in the present study, age-related thermal resistance deficiencies were demonstrated in a previous study using a paradigm of behavioral thermoregulation (5). In that experiment, aged animals in short photoperiod spontaneously selected higher Tas than adult animals, to compensate eventual age-related increase in heat loss, as also described in rodents (8, 16, 17). Behavioral difference could be interpreted as a subtle change, as already related above.
When exposed to low Tas, alterations in cold resistance did occur in humans (44, 52). In the present study, marked age-associated changes in thermoregulatory responses were also observed under cold exposure. The main differences between adult and aged mouse lemurs at 12°C were revealed around the hypothermic phase. The depth of hypothermia and the frequency of torpors were significantly higher in aged animals compared with adult ones. This is likely to result in differences in energy management, and particularly during Tc increase, as also suggested by the increase of basal metabolism described in adult mouse lemurs during the Tc increase following torpor episodes (19). Blood IGF-1 levels varied in aged mouse lemurs after cold exposure, in accordance with modulations observed in adult animals. This suggests an efficient mobilization of IGF-1 by thermogenic tissues in aged animals. However, a higher interindividual variability was observed in the aged group in response to cold. Moreover, animals with the lowest IGF-1 levels after 9 days at 12°C exhibited the highest frequencies of torpor. Taken together, these data suggest that some aged animals efficiently responded to cold, while others did not, and that IGF-1 might be involved in this process. Such hypotheses could be verified in the future on a higher number of experimented mouse lemurs and could eventually provide evidence of the existence of a healthy aged population and a frail one. In addition, because most biomarkers of aging validated in this species sometimes begin to decline at relatively early ages (32), future experiments on middle-aged animals may bring new information about the time course of the appearance of such age-associated changes. This could also permit us to observe correlations between Tc parameter disturbances and the appearance of endocrine failures. Moreover, the time necessary for some aged animals to recruit all autonomic effectors to efficiently respond to cold could be longer than the one necessary for adult animals. In accordance with this hypothesis, Tc parameters in aged animals decreased mostly during the first days of cold exposure and were apparently restored after 7 days of cold exposure.
Adult and aged animals seemed to develop different energy strategies to resist cold exposure. Adult animals succeeded in maintaining normothermia without losing body mass. In contrast, aged animals developed torpor strategy to avoid the high costs of normothermia maintenance. The depth of hypothermic phases in aged animals might be a critical factor for energy management, particularly during Tc increase after the occurrence of the minimal Tc value. Indeed, in aged animals exposed to cold, the thermoregulatory "compromise," leading to torpor, could not prevent body mass loss. This suggests that an energetic cost could not be avoided, although the energy economy induced by the torpor phases seems necessary for survival. Even if no direct effect of age could be evidenced on IGF-1 response, the increase of interindividual variability in plasma IGF-1 levels with aging during the whole cold exposure likely attests to the existence of an impaired endocrine response in deficient aged animals.
Perspectives and Significance
Responses exhibited by aged mouse lemurs exposed to cold revealed difficulties in the maintenance of normothermia and energy balance, which might be partially related to IGF-1 modulation failures. The understanding of age-related impairment in cold response is not totally elucidated in both humans and non-human mammals, but the present data open interesting ways to explore this phenomenon in further experiments. The follow-up of nonshivering thermogenesis constitute the main challenge to test the existence of an age-related impairment in IGF-1 modulations within brown adipose tissue. The endocrine regulation of energy balance, such as gut hormones levels, could also be monitored to evidence (or not) an age-related impairment in energy mobilization during cold resistance, as suggested by the negative energy balance observed in aged animals. Gender- or season-dependent responses may also be evidenced since sexual endocrine parameters might also be involved.
This work was carried out with the financial support of the Institut de la Longévité et du Vieillissement, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), The French National Research Agency under the Programme National de Recherche en Alimentation et Nutrition Humaine, project ANR-06-PNRA-010-01.
We thank anonymous referees for helpful comments.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2008 the American Physiological Society


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At 16-22, the Brooklyn Nets couldn't afford a loss to a 15-25 opponent, especially when that soul-searching team happens to be the New York Knicks, their cross-town rivals.
So once Nets coach Jason Kidd found out point guard Deron Williams would be available for the matchup after missing the previous five games with an ankle injury, he would obviously be inserted right back into the starting lineup, right?
Not if Williams had something to say about it.
A minutes limit for Williams was certainly expected, but the former All-Star took things a step further and asked Kidd if he could come off the bench during one of MLK Day's earlier NBA games. And it turned out to be a brilliant decision by both parties, as the Nets easily took care of the Knicks, 103-80.
"That was my idea," said Williams after contributing 13 points, three rebounds and three assists in a little under 30 minutes of action.
"Just because we've been playing so well with that lineup, why shake things up?. It doesn't matter if I come off the bench or start. Whatever. The way Joe [Johnson]'s been playing in first quarters and first halves, I don't want to disrupt that."
Williams had plenty of spring to his step after recently receiving platelet-rich plasma treatment on his ankles a few weeks back, however, he still desired to come off the bench for the first time since his rookie season of 2005-06 because his team's recent success without him. How often do players with nearly $100 million contracts choose to be so selfless?
About as often as you see a bicyclist beat a car in a race. And for that, Williams deserves to be commended.
Someone who deserves just as much praise is Kidd. He would've received the utmost blame for utilizing such a high-salary player in a reserve role if they lost, but that was the very last thing on his mind behind wondering which tie he isn't going to wear on the sideline for the next game.
It took an enormous deal of humility and guts by both Williams and Kidd, respectively, to make the decisions they did. That definitely must be acknowledged.
Mike B. Ruiz is a Brooklyn Nets writer for RantSports.com. Follow him on Twitter @mikebruiz and "Like" him on Facebook.

subset: commoncrawl


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OCBA meeting minutes, October 9, 2014 7:00 pm
1. The meeting was called to order by Cynthia Speed; Chris Apple is out of town.
2. Refreshments tonight are provided by Bailey's Bee Supply.
3. Last week OCBA participated in "Farm to Table" with fourth graders from two school..
4. NC State Fair committee has worked hard and you will be viewing that hard work soon! Don Hopkins still has slots open for volunteers to work at the Education Booth next to the bee booths. Slots are for 4 or more hours and you get in the fair for free.
5. Lucy, manager of the Pollinator Garden at the Visitor's Center in Hillsborough, announced that there will be a workday Saturday from 9 to 11 am to divide and move some plants in that garden. Let her know if you'd like to help.
6. Bee School will run for 10 weeks beginning in January, and the Intro to Beekeeping will be November 8 from 9 to noon. Registration is at 8:30. It is here at the church. Fliers for that course will be posted on line so that you can print and pass on to interested folks.
7. Also posted to the listserv. will be information about Pollinator Partnership Project.
8. David Bailey offers 10% off goods at Bailey's Bee in exchange for a "selfie" with Bee (Beatrice) who will be hanging out at the State Fair booth this year.
Adolphus Leonard, State Bee Inspector in the eastern district, presented "Fall and Winter Management". Beekeepers should be asking these key questions:
• Do you have a healthy queen going into the fall? Look for a healthy brood pattern and stores of food. There should be enough honey and pollen to get your colony through the winter.
• Do you have diseases in the hives? Check for varroa (July is the target month for sugar shakes), American Foul Brood, and small hive beetles.
• Do the bees have a good population? If weak, combine weak hives before the cold weather.
• Did you remove the queen excluder? If not, the queen may not be able to move up to food during the winter.
• Did you put on the entrance reducer? Also make sure to allow top ventilation.
Following the presentation, members enjoyed fellowship and refreshments. Then the meeting was adjourned.
Respectfully submitted,
'Lizabeth B. Collins


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Me too.. mines in transit I can't wait to see what KatJones has in store for me =D We both opted for surprises so we each have no idea what we're getting... I'm on the edge of my seat!
My booty is here at last
KatJones did a great job! I love it! Thanks for making my first swap a success =D WOO HOO!
Here's Z kitty checking it out- I think he likes it! Well he is an agent of death so he should approve right
Here's a close up of a cool little pill box that had the earrings as a surprise inside of it.
I think the earrings are made out of little milagros- a sacred heart and a praying person I think- I can't wait to wear these tomorrow =D I also got an awesome little pin cushion made from the same fabric as the purse I got- see action shot below I've been thinking about trying to make a pin cushion- now I don't have to - hee hee. Kat also included a section of the local paper with day of the Dead goodness in it's pages- I was too excited to post pictures up so I haven't had a chance to read it yet- I'll let you all know what goodies I learn from it!
Now for the action shots- they seem all the rage these days =D
Thanks KatJones I love what you made for me =D Not only is it fun but it's educational as well


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Address29 Chemin de Benauge
B&B Description
The commanderie which has 500ans, consists of 5 rooms(chambers) of which a family continuation(suite). Every room(chamber) has its own of its own bathroom or shower-room with Italian-style shower and Show more descriptionof its privative toilets. Every medal recipients with refinements, them were referenced in the guide Michelin 2009 for their quality. Indeed, they are classified three Keys to clévacances what amounts to 3 stars. You will thus find a comfort, a decoration for which I hope delicate. The warmed swimming pool is opened dices the April to offer one more the summer with a water to 28 °, terraces and sunbathings will allow you to rest in the peace, and to admire in the evening the setting sun. So that our hosts always relax more we have to install a jacuzzy 5places, we install you there we even to guarantee you your intimacy, and the romanticism, no division with the other hosts, we prefer to share the time, but to make of this moment a moment to 2,Which belongs to you, 5 positions lengthened, bubbles, one essential oil that you will choose as you two, with the beloved one!!! Unless you are between friends but there it is the other thing ...... we proceed in the same way for the sauna, we wanted to create a mini good space to be for our hosts rest, relax, and take advantage of this time to do good!
Prices:Prices may vary depending on the season. Please check with the owner.
|Daily Price
|Weekly Price
|Room (2 pers.)
|70 -
|Room (3 pers.)
|120 -


text: After some pancakes and maple syrup, the bottom of the bottle of syrup had sugared. So, we just warmed it a bit then poured it into the little glass jar. Put it on the stove top and let it heat so it turned back into syrup rather than sugar. Yummy! Stoves come in handy for many things. btw, in picture 1 you can see (barely because it is so bright) our sliding glass door and the wood rack just outside the door. That proves handy when the stove needs filling.


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Technical updates from Abu Dhabi
F1 teams used the practice sessions of the last GP of 2016 which took place in Abu Dhabi as test sessions as they have been doing for the last weeks. 360-degree cameras, brake ducts, blown axles, the aerodynamic influence of the 'halo' head protections system were all on the agenda as teams approached the last on-track opportunities of the season.
Ferrari tested a new brake cooling system at the rear of the car. The new brake ducts have a slim, tight intake. According to the technical regulation, the ducts which point forwards cannot exceed the front edge of the rear tyres. Ferrari's new solution reaches completely the limit.
McLaren-Honda continued its experiments around the front brake ducts which it started in Brazil two weeks ago. It brought a new version of the open front axle. It was originally pioneered by Red Bull. The blown axle is an aerodynamic trick. Air is led through the brake duct which exits at the outer section of the axle. It works in harmony with the front wing. This "cooperation" aims to move turbulences generated by the rotating front wheels away from the car. It raises the drag, but it helps the rear of the vehicle. However, next year's wider tyres will produce even more drag which can mean blown front axle won't appear anymore or maximum on a couple of tracks.
A small part reminiscent of a tennis ball made appearance on a few cars. It wasn't an aerodynamic development, it was a new device which should improve the quality of the broadcast in the future. The device which is a product of the Fly360 company is a 360-degree camera. This unique device is able to produce spectacle on-boards shots and it is especially interesting at race starts or during close battles. It has already conquered other motorsport series. F1 now seems to make up for its deficit in that technological area and a special applicaton for smart phones is also being developed for the device to maximize its potential.
A couple of teams trialled the head-protection system, the "halo"again in Abu Dhabi. Although it won't be introduced in 2017, teams are collecting data about the influence of the system on the cooling of the cars. Previous trials concentrated mainly on how the new device influences the visibility of the drivers. During the final race weekend of the year, teams started the evaluate the aerodynamic impact of system. Ferrari ran with Vettel for a couple of race-speed laps which was the first trial of such kind after Nico Rosberg's full-speed run in Belgium back in August. The system is placed in a critical area in aerodynamic means as it crosses the section where air flows up into the upper air intake. Toro Rosso mounted a few pressure sensors around that area to check the distraction.


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Sepp Blatter writes to 209 FIFA member associations
Zurich: Sepp Blatter has written to FIFA's 209 member associations protesting his innocence and criticising FIFA's ethics committee for being "tendentious and dangerous" ahead of disciplinary hearings later this week.
Sepp Blatter. Pic/AFP
Blatter, who is currently provisionally suspended, has written to the associations saying: "I am bewildered by the insinuations and allegations brought against me by the investigatory chamber of ethics committee.
These proceedings remind me of the Inquisition. I will continue to fight for my rights and at the end of this week I will present my case before the adjudicatory chamber with great conviction and a strong belief in justice."


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The Secret Language of Color eBook
With various creative ways to use the cards—including simply asking a question and picking an image that appeals to you, focusing a color on an area of the body that needs that color's particular healing attention, and color visualization—along with the aid of the color descriptions anyone can interpret and create useful practices of wellness. Each color's unique vibrations are there to explore, from silvers ability to strengthen your persistence, plum helping you to overcome challenges, burgundy to awaken passion, and emerald to create a calm, mind, body, and spirit, this vibrant and powerful ebook by Inna Segal is a tool anyone can use daily to receive inspired and intuitive messages of guidance and to restore their body to its natural state of balance and harmony.
- Atria Books/Beyond Words |
- 84 pages |
- October 2011


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Discussion in 'Books, Music and Television' started by Dusty, Jul 25, 2009.
Wintley Phipps .... Amazing Grace.
Just Play the Black notes ..... This is so cool
We are connected by God's Amazing grace. Hallelujah
I absolutely loved it. Amazing Grace is one of my favorite songs. I always liked the way Mahalia Jackson sung this song; but after hearing the history and listening to how it may have been sung on the slave ships, I cried praising God listening to this.
Dusty, thank you so much for posting this.
God bless you sister,
Your so welcome and it blessed me when I heard it as well. This gentleman has an amazing voice. He used to sing for the Billy Graham crusades .
Have you ever seen the movie " Amazing Grace" ? It is very moving will bring you to tears.
No, I have no seen that movie. One to start looking for.
Thanks again


text: Explore great oil museums and bike the sixty-five plus miles of paved trails in "the valley that changed the world." Featured museums include Drake Well Museum/Park outside Titusville, Venango Museum of Art, Science & Industry in Oil City, DeBence Antique Music World in Franklin and the Pumping Jack Museum and Historical Association in Emlenton. Genealogical researchers will find the reference libraries of the Venango County Historical Society in Franklin, the Heritage Room inside the Oil City Public Library and the library at Drake Well Museum especially helpful.


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Next >
The book of the prophet Jeremiah, chapter 1, Vulgate and King James Version
1 Verba Ieremiae filii Helciae de sacerdotibus, qui fuerunt in Anathoth in terra Beniamin.
2 Quod factum est verbum Domini ad eum in diebus Iosiae filii Amon regis Iudae, in tertio decimo anno regni eius.
3 Et factum est in diebus Ioachim filii Iosiae regis Iudae, usque ad consummationem undecimi anni Sedeciae filii Iosiae regis Iudae, usque ad transmigrationem Ierusalem in mense quinto.
4 Et factum est verbum Domini ad me dicens:
5 "Priusquam te formarem in utero, novi te et, antequam exires de vulva, sanctificavi te et prophetam gentibus dedi te".
6 Et dixi: "Heu, Domine Deus! Ecce nescio loqui, quia puer ego sum".
7 Et dixit Dominus ad me: "Noli dicere: "Puer sum", quoniam, ad quoscumque mittam te, ibis et universa, quaecumque mandavero tibi, loqueris.
8 Ne timeas a facie eorum, quia tecum ego sum, ut eruam te", dicit Dominus.
9 Et misit Dominus manum suam et tetigit os meum; et dixit Dominus ad me: "Ecce dedi verba mea in ore tuo;
10 ecce constitui te hodie super gentes et super regna, ut evellas et destruas et disperdas et dissipes et aedifices et plantes".
11 Et factum est verbum Domini ad me dicens: "Quid tu vides, Ieremia?". Et dixi: "Virgam amygdali vigilantis ego video".
12 Et dixit Dominus ad me: "Bene vidisti, quia vigilo ego super verbo meo, ut faciam illud".
13 Et factum est verbum Domini secundo ad me dicens: "Quid tu vides?". Et dixi: "Ollam succensam ego video; et facies eius a facie aquilonis".
14 Et dixit Dominus ad me: "Ab aquilone pandetur malum super omnes habitatores terrae;
15 quia ecce ego convocabo omnia regna aquilonis, ait Dominus, et venient et ponent unusquisque solium suum in introitu portarum Ierusalem et contra omnes muros eius in circuitu et contra universas urbes Iudae;
16 et loquar iudicia mea cum eis super omnem malitiam eorum, qui dereliquerunt me et incensum obtulerunt diis alienis et adoraverunt opus manuum suarum.
17 Tu ergo accinge lumbos tuos et surge et loquere ad eos omnia, quae ego praecipio tibi; ne timeas a facie eorum, alioquin timere te faciam vultum eorum.
18 Ego quippe dedi te hodie in civitatem munitam et in columnam ferream et in murum aereum contra omnem terram regibus Iudae, principibus eius et sacerdotibus et populo terrae;
19 et bellabunt adversum te et non praevalebunt, quia tecum ego sum, ait Dominus, ut eripiam te".
King James Version
1 The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests that were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin:
2 To whom the word of the LORD came in the days of Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, in the thirteenth year of his reign.
3 It came also in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, unto the end of the eleventh year of Zedekiah the son of Josiah king of Judah, unto the carrying away of Jerusalem captive in the fifth month.
4 Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,
5 Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations.
6 Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, I cannot speak: for I am a child.
7 ¶ But the LORD said unto me, Say not, I am a child: for thou shalt go to all that I shall send thee, and whatsoever I command thee thou shalt speak.
8 Be not afraid of their faces: for I am with thee to deliver thee, saith the LORD.
9 Then the LORD put forth his hand, and touched my mouth. And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth.
10 See, I have this day set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, to build, and to plant.
11 ¶ Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Jeremiah, what seest thou? And I said, I see a rod of an almond tree.
12 Then said the LORD unto me, Thou hast well seen: for I will hasten my word to perform it.
13 And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying, What seest thou? And I said, I see a seething pot; and the face thereof is toward the north.
14 Then the LORD said unto me, Out of the north an evil shall break forth upon all the inhabitants of the land.
15 For, lo, I will call all the families of the kingdoms of the north, saith the LORD; and they shall come, and they shall set every one his throne at the entering of the gates of Jerusalem, and against all the walls thereof round about, and against all the cities of Judah.
16 And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their wickedness, who have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands.
17 ¶ Thou therefore gird up thy loins, and arise, and speak unto them all that I command thee: be not dismayed at their faces, lest I confound thee before them.
18 For, behold, I have made thee this day a defenced city, and an iron pillar, and brasen walls against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests thereof, and against the people of the land.
19 And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not prevail against thee; for I am with thee, saith the LORD, to deliver thee.


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L'ecole de la Maison
L'ecole de la Maison is a cooking school where you can feed your passion and enhance your basic culinary skills. Courses are faithful to traditional recipes, yet geared toward you and your kitchen. Our chef instructors are welcoming and helpful. L'ecole de la Maison offers one-day courses, 4-5 hours in length.
Our address
- Address:
- 101 Osthoff Avenue, Elkhart Lake, WI 53020
- Telephone:
- 888-330-5664
- Web:
- www.cookingschoolatosthoff.com


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John Scott Stephens, 36, of Temple died Monday of injuries he sustained when a pickup hit him May 15 in Plainview.
The 1997 Ford pickup was driven by Justin Cantwell, the 17-year-old son of Hale County Commissioner Benny Cantwell.
Capt. Michael Carroll of the Plainview police said no citations were issued.
"It wasn't the driver's fault," Carroll said. "The guy walked out in front of him."
The accident occurred at the intersection of U.S. 70 and the east service road of Interstate 27. Cantwell was not injured.
Stephens, a truck driver, was staying at a motel near the intersection.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Kevin Durant scored 39 points and the Oklahoma City Thunder held off the Sacramento Kings for a 116-113 victory Sunday night after blowing a 19-point second-quarter lead.
Jeff Green and Nick Collison each scored 15 points and Nenad Krstic had 14 for Oklahoma City, which pulled out the win despite missing four of five free throws in the finals seconds. The Thunder have a two-game winning streak for just the third time this season.
Beno Udrich scored 29 points, and John Salmons and Kevin Martin each had 23 for the Kings.
The second of two 3-pointers by Salmons brought the Kings within two at 115-113 with 36.9 seconds left.
Collison missed two free throws with 12.9 seconds remaining, but Francisco Garcia missed a 3-pointer at the other end. Green grabbed the rebound and made one of two free throws with 3.3 seconds left. The clock went down to three-tenths of a second remaining after the ball was knocked loose following the miss.
Martin then called a timeout that the Kings didn't have, turning the ball back over to the Thunder and sealing the victory.
The Kings made 15 of their 21 field-goal tries during the third quarter to get back into it, then scored the first five points of the fourth to take their first lead since an 11-10 advantage early in the first half. It was back and forth the rest of the way.
Udrich brought the Kings back in the third quarter, making all six of his field goals and scoring 15 points as Sacramento cut a 13-point halftime deficit to two. Durant almost single-handedly kept the Kings at bay, scoring 14 of Oklahoma City's final 16 points in the period.
Durant had scored 10 in the first quarter on 5-of-5 shooting. The Thunder shot 62.5 percent and, whether on fast breaks or in the halfcourt, consistently got the ball to the basket and outscored the Kings 26-10 in the paint.
Garcia came off the bench for Sacramento and scored eight straight points in the second quarter to keep Oklahoma City from breaking away. The Thunder led by as many as 19 twice, but Garcia's fadeaway from the right base line at the halftime buzzer capped an 8-2 run that made it a 13-point spread.
Sacramento scored on its first two possessions of the second half to quickly cut the deficit to 59-50, prompting Thunder coach Scott Brooks to call a timeout, but it did little to slow the Kings' pace.
Notes:@ Durant has scored 30 or more in five of the past six games. ... Kings G Bobby Jackson missed the game due to the birth of his daughter Saturday.


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EqualX For Mac Publisher's description
from Mihai Niculescu
Easily write and preview LaTeX equations
EqualX is a free software that allows you to easily write equations in LaTeX and preview them in real-time.
Building from source: Unarchive, open a Terminal window, go to the EqualX directory in the src folder and from there run the following command:
Then double click the generated Xcode project and choose Build from the Build menu in Xcode. This will build EqualX in the "/build/Debug" folder inside the source directory.
System Requirements:В· Qt 4 or later
В· Xcode
Program Release Status: Minor Update
Program Install Support: Install and Uninstall


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Texas Monthly small run
Something to get the ball rolling. A little while back I was doing a regular page for the Texas Monthly magazine. It was a kind of currents events page. It started with TJ Tucker as art director. Then quite quickly I was working with Rachel Wyatt. The last few were done with Andi Beierman. Most were done with Rachel Wyatt, and she was very easy to work with. I usually got an email near the end of the month that outlined the subject. The subject or themes were were varied. Which allowed me to move around some with the feel of each piece. I also was encouraged to try and vary my technique for each. The page was titled "The Filter: Events". Sadly it became ground down somewhat over the last few assignments due to heavier direction. My experience lasted about a year and half. The experience I enjoyed over all.


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Winter Photography in Iceland
1 Winter in Iceland
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|Sunset in Breiðamerkurjökull 0.5sec, f/13, ISO 100
Canon 5D Mark II, Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8L II, Lee GND and ND filters, Heliopan CPL.
No matter where you live, the allure of travel to a locale quite different from your own is hard to resist for any landscape photographer. And chances are, there are few places anywhere in the world as different from where you're sitting right now than Iceland. Put simply, it's a photographer's dream destination. The landscape is incredible, with pitch-black volcanic terrain, immense glaciers and towering volcanoes. And to top it off, airfare can be very reasonable and in-land travel is easy to arrange. With all this going for it, Iceland has long been on my list of places to photograph. And not long ago, I had the opportunity to explore this incredible terrain and create some memorable images.
In this four page article I'll share with you my experience of shooting with fellow photographers in Iceland, introduce you to some remarkable areas of the country to photograph and provide some behind the scenes info for two of my favorite images from the trip.
Planning ahead: season and location
|The northern lights (Aurora Borealis) over Jökulsárlón lagoon 30sec, f/2.8, ISO3200
Canon 5D Mark II, Samyang 14mm F2.8 IF ED MC Aspherical.
The green columns shining above the snowy landscape is a spectacle seen only when it's cold.
As with any destination, the first question my colleagues and I had to consider was which season to travel. Iceland in winter offers a completely different photographic experience than in the summer. The green, lush scenery of the warmer months is replaced by a white, cold ice-desert. Temperatures drop to a bone-chilling sub-zero degrees Fahrenheit, winds howl and conditions are tough. But for us, this was all part of the adventure and a small price to pay for the most unique shooting experience we could imagine.
That's because no other season allows you to walk on frozen lagoons right up to a huge glacier. Only during the winter season of late September through March is it safe to venture into ice caves. It's never dark enough to witness the northern lights in the summer. And from autumn through spring sunrises and sunsets are relatively short, and the light is relatively harsh during the rest of the day. It's also certainly worth mentioning that winter airfare to Iceland can be as much as 50% lower than other times of the year! Given all of this, we knew that we were headed into an icy escapade.
|Dormant volcano of Öræfajökull 10sec, f/16, ISO100
Canon 5D Mark II, Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8L II, Lee GND and ND filters, Heliopan CPL.
The next big task was deciding which region of Iceland to visit. With only a two-week itinerary planned, we would need to concentrate on a specific area of the country to maximize the time spent shooting, versus traveling. After much research, which included consulting Icelandic photographers and friends who had visited the country, as well as looking at hundreds of published images, we concluded that southern Iceland was our best bet.
In the South you'll find glaciers, lagoons, waterfalls and beaches - all readily accessible by car. Crucially though, since Iceland is located so far north, the winter sun both rises and sets to the south, providing some very unique photographic opportunities. As a bonus, the sun maintains a low angle throughout the day, providing soft side-lighting that is great for landscape photography.
Click here to continue reading our Winter in Iceland article...
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I was really skeptical using a company I had never heard of before but we were on a very tight budget for the wedding. The pictures were very important to us so we wanted to make sure we got every penny worth and www.wedgo.net did exactly that! We chose photographer for the big day and he was AMAZING! He was prompt, professional, and SO easy to work with. Other than their great personalities, the pictures we received were more beautiful than we could've imagined. It was difficult finding one that we didn't love! We are thrilled that we used Wedgo and will recommend them to everyone!
Looking to Tour Iceland in the near future. It seems like a country dense with different scenic landscapes. Unique waterfalls and panoramic mountains. I can almost smell the sulfur! Geysers and northern lights. From what I've seen from the map it looks like quite a bit of driving.
From photos I've seen there doesn't seem to be many tourist and bystanders in the picture frames. I wonder if this is the product of post processing or if the countryside is a truly desolate place.
Here is my experience from the workshop i was part during the last week of january 2013. I decided to post a review because i wish i had read it before spending a lot of money...of course i would have chosen a different workshop if i read some reviews (Note to self: never spend anymore a lot of money if there is no reviews about it)
- if you are an avid and serious landscape photographer, that wants to shoot with the best light (twilight, sunrise and sunset ) this tour is definitely NOT for you. You will be very disappointed and frustrated like I was. You are never on location for sunrise, and very few times for sunset, it seems erez prefer to sleep or rest than take pictures during the best light of the day...
- erez during this workshop has been selfish and unprofessional, and with some of us he was very rude, disrespectful and confrontational.
-in the field while shooting, Erez and his friend were always the first to pick the best spot and stay there way too long, while everybody else had to settle for other point of view which were not the best. If you expect a workshop where you are the most important part and the leader is going to do whatever it takes to give you a great experience, FORGET IT. He is there to take picture more than you are, and he s going to take them no matter what.
-Erez has been very willing to give advices about winter equipment, what to buy, and he gave us also links to where we could buy specific winter gears he was recommending
The gear he recommended was definitely top notch, especially the Viking boots, which I strongly recommend to anyone that wants to go take pictures in iceland.
Since you can stand for long periods in freezing water without getting wet or feeling cold.
Allowing to be in the best spots for framing the landscapes.
-Quick response: I sent him about 10 emails with different questions and he always answered within 24 hours
- erez and Skarpi definitely show you wonderful locations for landscapes. Some are very well known like the waterfalls or jokulsarlon, and vik, but some other are not famous and I would not have been able to find them myself, like the super jeep tour we had.
Conclusions: I wish there were reviews of this workshop, so I would have understood that this was not the type of workshop I was looking for, and that I would have never get along with erez. This is the main reason I'm writing one, I want to help other people like me that really want to seek the best light, to understand what they are getting, and, moreover, people that expect to be treated with respect that there is a big chance they won't be.
If you are very passionate about photography, i can definitely recommend the experience of a good photo tour / workshop (as long as you find the right one), since (at least for me) it is very refreshing and inspirational to know people from all over the world that share the same passion as you do.
Regarding Iceland tour, i would wholeheartedly recommend Skarphedinn Thrainsson (Skarpi), he organizes tours in iceland. He is a great photographer, a very nice and respectful person and he is from iceland, and knows all the best places, how to move around. My next trip to iceland i will definitely do it with him.
If you would like to know specifically more in details regarding episodes happened in the tour, just send me a private message and i will gladly share with you my experience.
Any time over the year in Iceland is great for photography, it is actualy a heaven on eart for any landscape photographer. I had the pleasure of spending 10 day on this extraordinary place and one of my images of Aurora Borealis which is already published in Nationa Geographic magazine October issue page 14(readers choice) - my smallest contribution and way to say BIG thank you to this amazing place and people - Iceland!!!!
Keep shooting!!!!
I was lucky enough to be able to go on this trip last month, was an incredible experience. Even though the weather was cloudy most of the time, the seas were very stormy, which made for some lovely shots. Iceland is a very photogenic place, but to get captures like Erez posted here takes much time and patience, to get the lovely skies. Thanks to all of you that attended this trip, truly a wonderful bunch of guys, it was a pleasure spending time with all of you.
Fantastic shots. Winter in Iceland (as well as the summers) have a lot to offer for photographers. I was recently given a new photo book with images from Iceland. It's called "Two in one" and the photographer is Sverrir Björnsson. He has taken pictures of the same motive during two seasons. Quite interesting with fantastic pics. You can check his photos of Iceland here: http://twoinone.is/
This winter we have exceptional great conditions for Northern lights so I expect there will be a great amount of stunning photos to be published by many.
Top left and centre images are out of this world!
I just wanted to add to the multitude of compliments and say your work is wonderful. I love Iceland, I have been there 3 times, I am going back again this January. I will say that it's all about luck and timing, we had some horrible weather on my last trip. While the ground images were amazing, the aurora borealis never materialized, which was disappointing. I also write about my trips but more for entertainment than for instruction.
I should add that anyone going should make sure to stop for a hot dog at the various road side gas stations. I don't know why they are so good but I look forward to having one every time I go!
Amazing landscape, great story and great shots. If this country was not already on my wish list, it would be now. Thank you!
I was in Iceland in March and really enjoyed the stunning landscape and took lots of photos. You can see a few of them at http://www.flickr.com/photos/lbdphotos/sets/72157629763478352/
We aimed for realism in the photos (except the aurora shots which are processed a lot for us). So even a keen amateur can get great photos there.
Erez's are amazing and show how beautiful Iceland is.
Beautiful, simply beautiful...
Thanks for posting that brilliant set of images, its one of the best posts I've seen on DP review and it definitely makes me want to go there (although I won't be standing around in any icy streams! Your post processing is exemplary and very natural looking to me.
Thank you so much for this excellent article and sharing your incredible images! I intended to visit Iceland this summer, but could not make it. You have convinced me that photographically winter is the way to go. Maybe see you in January?
Excellent article and images. I went to Iceland last February and agree with many of the author's conclusions. It is a truly beautiful, authentic, country with an otherworldly landscape. I captured a different perspective of Iceland - see my gallery at www.georgepappas.net/iceland.
Remember to bring a large plastic bag to cover your camera backpack for condensation protection when you go indoors. Keep your backpack or other weight on the hook of your tripod - the wind comes out of nowhere and can be very forceful. My 5DII took a spill on the beach and the lagoon with my 90mm TSE - it still worked the rest of the trip but needed a visit to Canon repair when I returned. I will definitely go again...and again..
Simply beautiful. I think I found a new vacation destination! Now if I can just convince my spouse. He seems to think northern Michigan is cold enough!
Actually Iceland can't have coldest temperatures.
Oceanic climate with location in the middle of Gulf stream prevents that and keeps usual temperatures mild especially in coastal area.
In fact when looking Wikipedia's climate charts for Marquette you have colder winter temperatures there.
Reykjavik's above freezing point average high temperatures for mid winter would be plain disappointing for my Finnish taste.
Hi all
An Icelandic expat here that used to be a mountain rescue
volunteer - I liked these pictures very much.
I have to agree with Erez Marom, you better go with an
experienced guide when going in some of the rougher parts
of Iceland - especially during winter time.
They will know of visually interesting places, know the terrain,
and will also keep an eye on the weather forecast :-)
There are a few Icelandic guides that specialize in photo safari,
one I know personally is Odd Stefan, see on www.lightoniceland.com
This is awesome! If I had the money and the time, I'd join this workshop in a heartbeat.
Superb pictures !!! I have gone to Iceland 5 times up to now and this country continue to attract me more and more. Sylain
Obviously, I need to stop giving away my phtoosafari guiding for fun, and start to charge. :P
Great article, even had some beautiful HDR photos!
Superb photography and article!
But Gunnlaugur makes me wonder what the other side of iceland looks like...
Thanks Erez and dpreview!
Iceland looks simply stunning for hiking and photography. Pity it's about as far as you can physically go from Tasmania :)
Lovely images. The low sun rays enhance the scenes immeasurably. Will try to get there one day. :)
me like! dpreview please moar! :)
LOL, I spent three weeks in Iceland this past Winter but unfortunately for me, it was apparently an historically cold and snowy season. Too bloody cold and Wintery to get out at night unless you're a real hardcore fanatic. Oh well, I may go back in the future sometime in late Spring/Summer (have family there!), oh well, I got a couple of hours of sunlight :D. The pictures in this article look great though.
My son and I went to Iceland two summers in a row for two weeks at a time before my wife and daughter joined us for a third 2 week trip. There are no Starbucks, no McDonalds, limited wifi, no crowds, no traffic, rental cars cóst a fortune, driving through a sandstorm without "Ash" insurance cost me $3000. It's really boring, nothing to see, better to save your money and take a cruise to the Carribean...
No Starbucks?
Oh dear, they might actually make decent coffee then...
Well, I have only been there 15 or 16 times. Will be there again in 2 weeks time and just booked for Feb 2013 too (inspired by the article). It is always different. One of the most fantastic places on earth (and I have visited Antarctica 2x). And yes you can drink black water (Starbucks) in Iceland but I prefer real coffee or pure Icelandic glacier water, and yes there are Burger Kings and Taco Bell's and McDonalds ventures but I prefer fresh no-carb Icelandic salmon, and yes driving around has a cost but not that dramatic, and yes there are sand storms but only stupid people drive through them!!!
Now you've done it! If they run out of rental cars it will be your fault.
Tell me now what you would do when you are on the ring road one hour from the nearest town and all of a sudden you are in the middle of a sand storm? How do you protect the car? Stupid people don't pay for the insurance :-)
Well there might be a couple of things to see...
For coffee, they have some of the best barista in the world. I am a coffee addict and its a real paradise. Sylvain
Iceland has absolutely legendary local foods and drinks... I enjoyed every bite :)
Great reading. Iceland is amazing.
But personally vertical framing for landscapes just doesn't look effective.
Thanks for a nice article; incredible shots, and thanks again for the specs, they are very useful for learning
I agree with Gunnlaugur.
Gunnlaugur, thank you for the feedback and honest opinion, I respect that very much. But as a hobby photographer it is likewise part of the thrill, sometimes if not most of the time it takes hardship to capture the image, we capture the 1/125th second of the happy time and hike back for 3 hours :-) hoping when we study the image we have one keeper for the trouble we have had. I didnt think the poster denied the harshness of the landscape, but he wanted to share the amazing experience... thanks for setting the expectation :-) i just asked my wife if I can go to Iceland... she gave me a blank reply :-) ... well better that than an immediate DENIED , as photographer we need to be optimist...
nothing against the photographer... and I guess this is the trap most people fall into... Iceland still life/the pristine country in the north... (and if that's your cup of tea, you'll get it..)
anyway, if you come to Iceland.. the reality is that you have to be prepared for wind and rain... cold and darkness... as well as blinding light
Iceland is a place you need bright lenses that are able to capture light...
during the summer (4 months) you have too much light,,, during the winter the land is dark, dismal and cold - a very rocky and hard outpost of Earth...
so, please... not sugarcoating....
granted... the sky, the clouds and the untouched land - nature not conquered - makes Iceland what it is...
I visited Iceland in the last2 weeks of July this year. It rained fairly steadily every day and heavy grey clouds were omnipresent. Our trip to Jokalsarlon was disappointing due to high winds, heavy rain and dense low clouds. Visibility was about 75 yards. Our campsite in Skaftafell NP was completely water logged. This was the height of summer! Despite the weather, I did manage some nice shots at Landmanalaugar and Thorsmork. As Gannlaugur says, be prepared for the weather.
I live in Iceland, I'm an Icelander... may I go against the grain, i.e. be a bit critical
and comment on my country... as a native
these pictures are not Iceland... they are over-processed ... the Barbie-Ken version of Iceland /photography... if you like...
very good technically.... but they don't portrait Iceland as Iceland is...
what I'm trying to say is this, the pictures are excellent, but Iceland is something else...
a windy place,,, light, dark... and very moody,
these pristine and excellent photos capture a dream.. 1% of Iceland,, the 2 week tourist selection of best photos...
Undoubtedly true, but I don't think it was the author's intent to create a documentary. He tried, and I believe succeeded, in creating beautiful images, gleaned from a harsh environment, that are unusual to those of us from lower latitudes. (and from what you say, may be unusual for Icelanders too!).
Not many readers are likely to think he just stepped out of his hotel and snapped these shots. The fact that they required significant planning, effort, and talent just add to their uniqueness. I appreciate that he included some details, technical and otherwise, to help us learn.
Overprocessed? Again, he said he was creating art. Also, until cameras can capture a scene as we see it, or imagine we would like to see it in our mind's eye, some processing will be necessary.
I also think that you are a bit harsh on this. He wasn't chasing the "real" iceland but obviously a somewhat romantic postcard view of it. And that's ok. And to me the pictures don't look overprocessed. They have all the natural light from longtime exposures. A bit saturated ok, more contrast maybe, but that's not what I call overprocessed.
Maybe it's a cliche view of iceland, a photo-calendar one. But in that, it's really good.
The truth is that almost ALL landscape photos are rarely true representations of what one actually sees in the day. One of the reasons landscape photographers love to shoot at sunrise or sunset is that the colors of the skies help brighten up an otherwise dull and plain looking scene. (Of course, the soft even lighting also helps overcome the limited dynamic range of the capturing medium.)
"these pictures are not Iceland... they are over-processed ... the Barbie-Ken version of Iceland /photography... if you like..."
I don't agree with Gunnlaugur on this point. The pictures are the representation of the photographer, what he sees and interprets. Iceland can be many different things to different people and there is definitely no single representation of Iceland that is more correct than any other. The key to a successful visit is to bring a positive attitude and make the most out of your stay, rain or shine, sandstorm, midnight sun, or a case of Aurora Borealis.
Hi guys,
thank you all so much for your kind words and for your interest in winter photography in Iceland.
I'd like to ask you to consider joining my January 2013 Iceland winter photo workshop, where you'll be able to experience and shoot all of these fantastic winter landscapes under my dedicated guidance:
The 8-day workshop will be co-guided by renowned Icelandic Mountaineer and photographer Skarphedinn Thrainsson, and includes, other than an unbelievable winter experience, first class hotels and dining, a super-jeep tour into the frozen highlands, post-processing lessons, and much, much more.
Aurora predictions are through the roof for 2013, so we'll be going at just the right time.
Please contact me with any questions you might have about the workshop or about photography in Iceland. I hope to see you come January!
Allow me to express, along with heartfelt congratulations, my totally green envy for the opportunity to take these images! Iceland truly seems a Photographer's place-to-be. Well done.
Some 30 years ago, the Color Photo magazine advertised a 2-week round trip on board the postal / supply ship which visited the scientific stations in the North, starting out of Trondheim, I think. It seems they always had several spare cabins to offer to the avid photographers, and I so much wanted to do this trip, but never had a chance. The scenery was hypnotically beautiful... Very much like the one presented here.
Thanks - and Good Light!
Great images!
I've been to iceland several times, including the winter time. I actually think February is a better time as you get a bit more daylight. Also it's not as cold as you may think it is and it might surprise you. The temperature near the coast stay just around freezing point. The wind could be a killer, but I never felt cold like you would in Chicago and other areas in US.
GREAT shots. Nice break from all of the gear-head discussions (DXO results, Canon-Nikon-Sony arguements, how Canon has lost it) on various forums.
I would love to travel to Iceland on day. It does indeed look like a landscape photogaphers paradise.
Hi Jsis,
it's very much the opposite. I myself wrote the tech-specs under each image since I always get asked for them by readers. Yet I'm the first to claim technique is much more important than equipment - just check out my other articles if you're not convinced... :)
BTW, the 5D2 wasn't even mine...
TIME Magazine has named the Sony a7R III one of its top 10 gadgets of 2017. It was the only camera that made the illustrious list this year, receiving high praise from TIME, who dubbed it "one of the best mirrorless cameras ever made."
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text:
Traveling Luck for Herefordshire Shoal, PF99, China
Where is Herefordshire Shoal?What's around Herefordshire Shoal?
Wikipedia near Herefordshire Shoal
Where to stay near Herefordshire Shoal
The timezone in Herefordshire Shoal is Asia/Makassar
Sunrise at 06:07 and Sunset at 17:49. It's Dark
Latitude. 8.5833°, Longitude. 117.0000°
Satellite map around Herefordshire Shoal
Loading map of Herefordshire Shoal and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Herefordshire Shoal, in PF99, China
- shoal(s);
- a surface-navigation hazard composed of unconsolidated material.
- Herefordshire Shoal (0km)
- North Regent Shoal (18.9km)
- South Regent Shoal (20.1km)
- Murex Shoal (24km)
- reef(s);
- a surface-navigation hazard composed of consolidated material.
- Herefordshire Shoal (2.8km)
- Kamonga Shoal (32.7km)
- Breaker Reef (34.5km)
Wikipedia entries close to
Herefordshire Shoal
- Bataraza, Palawan city city o
- Balabac Island isle
- Brooke's Point, Palawan city city o
- Japanese cruiser Atago military
- Balabac Strait strait


text:
They won't wear helmets or pads, and there will be no college coaches in attendance, but this weekend will include one of the most important events in the recruitment of eight local high school football players.
South Jersey Elite, a team based in Egg Harbor Township, will be among 23 teams competing in a New Level Badger Sport 7-on-7 National Championship Series qualifier tournament today and Sunday in Birmingham, Ala.
The 13-player team, comprised of three sophomores and 10 juniors, includes eight from the Cape-Atlantic League: Holy Spirit juniors Nigel Jones and Matt Rubino and sophomore Ethan Gambale; Oakcrest juniors Brandon Bell and Mark Clements; Atlantic City sophomore Jarren McBryde; St. Augustine Prep junior John Barillo; and St. Joseph junior Darryl Smith.
All of them are being recruited by NCAA schools, ranging from high-majors (Jones has offers from Rutgers, Temple and Western Michigan) to Division III schools.
While NCAA rules prohibit college coaches from attending the event, it is covered extensively by the "Big Three" recruiting websites - Scout.com, Rivals.com and ESPN. College coaches across the country are known to use those services.
"I'm just looking to get some college recognition, get a scholarship, hopefully, and just get my name around," said Barillo, a 17-year-old running back and linebacker from Ventnor. "I get to showcase all my abilities. There's going to be a lot of talent."
The top three teams in Birmingham will qualify for the national championships in Dallas on July 2-3.
The games are one-hand touch rather than tackle, on a 45-yard field. There are no linemen, and rather than a pass rush, there is a four-second limit on passing plays before they are blown dead.
"It's like street ball," said Jones, an 18-year-old running back and cornerback from Pleasantville. "Like when you're kids. You just play and throw the ball around."
Still, it is considered by many to offer an accurate representation of players' skills.
One of the team's four coaches, former NFL player John Stone, said college and pro teams use 7-on-7 drills frequently in practice.
"It's a fairly accurate look at catching ability, speed, arm strength, coverability," said Stone, 31, a Mainland Regional graduate who now works at Oceanside Wellness and Sport in EHT, which sponsors the team.
Barillo, who has been contacted by several schools including Miami and Pittsburgh, said he has heard of players getting scholarship offers on the spot after 7-on-7 tournaments.
"You can tell a football player by the plays they make, especially a (skill-position) player," Jones said. "If a skill player does something good, you can tell, with pads or without pads."
Another of the coaches, former Holy Spirit player Uriah McClain, noted that the pass-heavy style is a unique opportunity for wide receivers and defensive backs.
"A lot of times (those) kids don't have a chance to get featured," said McClain, 30, who until recently was the coach at Moorestown and previously was an assistant at Spirit. "The Cape-Atlantic League is a heavy running league."
While it might seem challenging to have a team full of individuals each trying to get noticed, Stone said that's not necessarily a bad thing because football is a game of individual battles, every one of which contributes to a play working.
"It's just like an NFL player in a contract year," Stone said. "The better they do, obviously, the better the team's going to do."
The street-ball analogy may accurately describe the style of play, but there's no mistaking how seriously the players are taking it. They've had six practices and trained hard.
"The whole theme of this has been a business trip," McClain said.
The trip is costing each player $250, with some help from Oceanside, whose president is Stephen Rubino, father of Matt Rubino.
That investment will seem like nothing if it helps garner college scholarships.
"Anything that you can do to expose yourself to college coaches is a good thing," McClain said. "College coaches are notoriously busy, and they rely on these (recruiting) services. We're just trying to get our kids noticed."
Note: The tournament was scheduled to be held in Tuscaloosa but was moved due to the deadly tornadoes that tore through that city and much of Alabama this week.
Contact Jason Mazda:


text:
Interdisciplinary Curriculum: Challenges to Implementation
This collection of essays examines the reputed merits of the interdisciplinary curriculum movement that has gained widespread popularity in recent years. Going beyond the platitudes, they explore the complex texture of what actually happens in the classroom when theory meets reality. The contributors provide accounts of how curriculum reform plays out in practice. The questions they address are consequential, the documentation they present about the interdisciplinary movement across different systems, subjects and settings, is thorough. Some of the topics addressed are: how teachers with diverse backgrounds come together to plan curricula; what happens to school culture when an interdisciplinary effort is spearheaded by adminstrators; and what transpires when new curricula are put into practice either at the local school level or across major urban districts.
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text: Habla Computing makes feasible the implementation of business processes using high-level languages, tailored to fit the specifics needs of your processes. We thus aim at maximizing the alignment between your functional experts and process programmers. But we also want programmers to love these languages. In order to reconcile these apparently conflicting goals, we exploit two major assets of the current computing landscape: functional programming techniques and the Scala language. Our expertise in these technologies can help you achieve unprecedent levels of agility in your business process implementation efforts, as well as stay tuned with the latest trends towards efficient, scalable and evolvable software infrastructures.


text:
Original paper
Dental-macrowear and diet of Tigara foragers from Point Hope, northern Alaska
Górka, Katarzyna; Romero, Alejandro; Pérez-Pérez, Alejandro
Anthropologischer Anzeiger Volume 73 No. 3 (2016), p. 257 - 264
published: Sep 1, 2016
Open Access (paper can be downloaded for free)
Ethnographic studies indicate that Eskimo foragers are characterized by well-defined sexual division of labor and extensive use of anterior teeth as a tool, resulting in higher degrees of wear. However, little is known about the intra- population variation in molar-macrowear rates and dietary implications. Here, percentages of dentin exposure (PDE) were recorded on first mandibular molars among Tigara foragers from Point Hope (Alaska) and attempt to correlate age and sex variation in wear patterns. We found that no overall sex-related differences in PDE exist and suggest that molars did not take a part in para-masticatory or cultural practices. Strong correlation with increasing age was found as expected but males wore their teeth at higher rates than females related to masticatory demands during growth. Our findings suggest that individual variation in molar-macrowear must be attributed to biomechanics of chewing and cultural behavior rather than sexual variation in food acquisition.
eskimo • chewing • diet • dental-wear


text:
Monday, June 10th, 2013 at
3:04 pm , filed under
Box Office by
The Low-Budget flick starring Ethan Hawke takes #1 position, as 'The Internship' debuted at #4 spot. "The Purge," from the same producer as the "Paranormal Activity" series and "Insidious," was made for just $3 million, it shockingly steals top honor from reigning box office champion "Fast and Furious 6″.
But it managed to debut at #1 with $36.4 million, beating even some of the highest industry expectations. Unfavorable among critics, the horror-thriller film from director James DeMonaco opens to a stunning earning estimated.
The "Fast and Furious 6″ is forced to sit at No. 2 place in its third week, trailing behind the low-budget horror film with an estimated $19.8 million. As for "Now You See Me", the magicians-turned-thieves movie starring Jesse Eisenberg and Isla Fisher snatches another $19.5 million approx. in its second run.
The Blue Sky Studios' "Epic" rounds up the top five place with an estimated $12.1 million for its third week. Check out the Top Ten Movies at US Box Office for June 07 – 09/2013:
Tags: Epic, Ethan Hawke The Purge, Fast and Furious 6, iron man 3, Now You See Me, The Hangover Part III, The Internship, The Purge, The Purge Tops US Box Office, Top Ten Movies at US Box Office, US Box Office