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The study aimed at determining the influence of a whole body vibration (WBV) on electrophysiological properties of spinal motoneurons. The WBV training was performed on adult male Wistar rats, 5 days a week, for 5 wk, and each daily session consisted of four 30-s runs of vibration at 50 Hz. Motoneuron properties were investigated intracellularly during experiments on deeply anesthetized animals. The experimental group subjected to the WBV consisted of seven rats, and the control group of nine rats. The WBV treatment induced no significant changes in the passive membrane properties of motoneurons. However, the WBV-evoked adaptations in excitability and firing properties were observed, and they were limited to fast-type motoneurons. A significant decrease in rheobase current and a decrease in the minimum and the maximum currents required to evoke steady-state firing in motoneurons were revealed. These changes resulted in a leftward shift of the frequency-current relationship, combined with an increase in slope of this curve. The functional relevance of the described adaptive changes is the ability of fast motoneurons of rats subjected to the WBV to produce series of action potentials at higher frequencies in a response to the same intensity of activation. Previous studies proved that WBV induces changes in the contractile parameters predominantly of fast motor units (MUs). The data obtained in our experiment shed a new light to possible explanation of these results, suggesting that neuronal factors also play a substantial role in MU adaptation.
- motoneuron
- membrane properties
- training
- whole body vibration
- rat
whole body vibration (WBV) is now widely applied as a form of physical training or as a rehabilitation method preventing muscle force decrease. It is generally accepted that WBV induces acute responses of the neuromuscular system, yet the actual effects on skeletal muscle contractile activity as well as mechanisms of influence on motoneurons and motor units (MUs) are vague. The most noticeable is an enhancement in muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity (Abercromby et al. 2007; Roelants et al. 2006), most likely elicited on a basis of the tonic vibration reflex (Romaiguère et al. 1993). There have been indirect observations that during the WBV exposition, high-threshold, fast fatigable MUs are more frequently activated (Pollock et al. 2012; Rittweger et al. 2000). The studies of Wakeling et al. (2002) and Wakeling and Liphardt (2006) support this thesis. The authors have reported high-frequency components within the spectral pattern of EMG recorded during pulsed and continuous WBV, which suggests that fast rather than slow MUs are actively involved in muscle tuning of the vertical oscillations. From the above reasons, the WBV training has been adapted to increase muscle strength and power as both acute (Cochrane et al. 2010; Cochrane and Stannard 2005; Cormie et al. 2006) and chronic (Bogaerts et al. 2007; Delecluse et al. 2003) treatment.
The recent studies on adaptations in MU contractile properties following a 5-wk WBV (Celichowski and Krutki 2012; Łochyński et al. 2009) have revealed that fast MUs are principally affected, and the changes are manifested by an increase in the maximum tetanic force of FF MUs, a shortening of a twitch contraction and a decrease in the twitch-to-tetanus ratio of FR units. Apart from intramuscular mechanisms responsible for these adaptations, changes in the electrophysiological properties of motoneurons should also be considered, as they influence the MU recruitment threshold and firing rates. However, so far there have been no studies investigating influence of the WBV on motoneurons.
It has been well documented in several reports that motoneurons are highly susceptible to altered levels of physical activity. Adaptations to an increased or a decreased functional motor demand can be observed as early as after 2–4 wk of an altered motor behavior (Cormery et al. 2000, 2005). Considerable changes in passive or active membrane properties, motoneuron excitability, or firing properties have been established in rat spinal motoneurons as effects of spontaneous running or a locomotor training (Beaumont and Gardiner 2002, 2003), in muscle unweighting (Cormery et al. 2005) or tetrodoxin-induced paralysis (Cormery et al. 2000).
The aim of our study was to determine whether a short-term (5-wk) WBV treatment has measurable effects on the electrophysiological properties of motoneurons. The method of intracellular recordings from hindlimb motoneurons was applied. We used the same experimental model (adult male Wistar rats) and the identical protocol of the WBV training on a vibratory platform as in the previous investigations on WBV effects on MU properties (Łochyński et al. 2009) to gain the possibility to compare results of both studies. Thus, these experiments tested the hypothesis that adaptations occur mainly in the fast-type motoneurons, and relate to the ability of MUs to generate higher force. Understanding the effects of the WBV on motoneuron properties will contribute to our knowledge on spinal mechanisms involved in effects of vibrations and may help substantiate WBV training protocols, which are widely used in sport and rehabilitation.
Animal housing.
The study was performed on 16 adult male Wistar rats (body mass 440–470 g), which were assigned to the experimental group of rats subjected to the WBV (n = 7), and the control group (C) (n = 9). Animals were housed in standard cages (2/each), in a room with humidity and temperature maintained constant, with the 12/12-h dark/light daily cycle, and had unrestricted access to food and water. All experimental procedures were approved by the Local Ethics Committee. The rats' maintenance and care followed the European Union guidelines and the Polish Law on the Protection of Animals.
The WBV training was performed on a vibration platform (Power Plate), producing sinusoidal vertical vibrations, 5 days a week for 5 wk. Rats were placed in a plastic container, attached to the platform by rigid belts, and were allowed to move freely inside the container during the procedures. WBV was superimposed onto the animal standard cage activity, provoking corrective postural reactions and body-supporting activities during which fast MUs were activated (Gorassini et al. 2000; Grimby 1984). The maximal vertical displacement of a platform was 2.5 mm, and the maximal acceleration of vibrations (measured by accelerometer ACL300, Biometrics) reached 4.79 g of the gravitational acceleration on earth. Four bouts of 30-s vibrations separated by 60-s rest intervals were applied in each daily session. Thirty-second exposures were used to minimize the possibility of high-threshold MU derecruitment, observed during prolonged muscle vibration (Bongiovanni et al. 1990). Four repetitions of the WBV were used to fit in principles of strength-training protocols, which recommend a small number of repetitions during a short period to provoke strength rather than endurance adaptations in a muscle (Ratamess et al. 2009). Vibration frequency was set to 50 Hz, since oscillations of hindlimb muscles during natural activity are estimated to be within a range between 30 and 50 Hz (Ettema and Huijing 1994).
All procedures were performed under pentobarbital anesthesia (initial dose 60 mg/kg ip). The depth of anesthesia was controlled by lack of withdrawal reflexes during preparation and the continuous ECG monitoring of the heart rate (300–360 bpm) during the recording session. Additional doses of anesthetics (10 mg/kg) were given when the heart rate rose, and experiments were not continued when the heart rate continuously decreased. Rats were artificially ventilated (Columbus Instruments; volume 4–5 ml, stroke rate 100–120/min), and expired CO2 level was measured (CAPSTAR-100, CWE) and maintained between 2 and 4% by adjusting tidal volume or ventilation rate. Pancuronium bromide (Pancuronium, Jelfa, Poland) was administered at regular intervals (the first dose of 0.4 mg/kg iv, supplementary doses of 0.2 mg/kg, applied every 30 min) to induce paralysis when recording from the motoneurons. At the end of each experiment, rats were euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital (180 mg/kg). The femoral vein was catheterized for drug administration. Tracheotomy was made and a tracheal tube was inserted for artificial ventilation. The sciatic nerve (Sci) and its branches to the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles (LGS) were dissected and placed on bipolar silver wire electrodes for stimulation. A laminectomy over L4–L5 segments was performed. Animals were fixed in a stereotaxic frame by clamps, the dura mater covering the spinal cord was incised, and small holes were made in the pia for insertion of glass micropipettes. Before the search for motoneurons, a pneumothorax was performed on the side of recordings by an incision between ribs (Th5–Th6). Small pools formed by skin over the exposed spinal cord and the sciatic nerve were filled with paraffin oil. The rat body temperature was kept within physiological limits (37 ± 1°C) by a thermostatically controlled heating system.
Stimulation and recording.
Glass micropipettes (tips broken to 1.5–2.0 μm in diameter, impedances of 5–15 MΩ) filled with 2 M potassium citrate solution were introduced into the gray matter of L4–L5 spinal cord segments, using a remotely controlled stepping micromanipulator (Källström, Sweden). Nerves were stimulated by electrical pulses (3 Hz, 0.1-ms duration, supramaximal amplitude up to 0.5 V) generated by a square pulse stimulator (GRASS Instruments, model S88). Antidromic action potentials from single motoneurons were recognized by a positive, all or nothing overshoot of the membrane potential and by a constant latency of an antidromic spike. All recordings were amplified (Axon Instruments, AxoClamp model 2B), passed via an analog-to-digital 10-bit converter at a sampling rate of 100 kHz, and stored on a PC for postexperimental analysis. Only stable recordings from motoneurons with the resting membrane potentials of at least −50 mV and the amplitudes of action potentials over 50 mV were taken into consideration (Gardiner 1993; Gardiner and Kernell 1990). After successful impalement of a motoneuron, antidromic action potentials were recorded in a bridge mode, and 10 spikes were averaged. From the obtained antidromic recordings, basic membrane properties were calculated: the resting membrane potential; the action potential amplitude; the action potential duration; the action potential rise time; the afterhyperpolarization amplitude; the AHP time-to-peak; and the AHP half-decay time (AHP-HDT). The latter parameter was used to separate fast from slow motoneurons: AHP-HDT was ≤20 ms for fast and >20 ms for slow motoneurons (Beaumont and Gardiner 2002, 2003; Gardiner 1993).
Measurement of cell input resistance was performed from an average of 40 short pulses (100 ms) of 1-nA hyperpolarizing current recorded in a DCC mode (4–8 kHz). Rheobase was determined as a minimum amplitude of a 50-ms square-wave current resulting in spikes 50% of the time. After measuring the basic properties, the steady-state firing (SSF) was evoked in a series of 500-ms square pulses of depolarizing current injections at amplitudes increasing or decreasing in steps of 0.1–5 nA in a DCC mode. Stimulations were separated by 5-s intervals. The minimum and maximum currents for the SSF were measured, and minimum and maximum SSF frequencies were calculated from the last three interspike intervals during the 500-ms square pulse (Fig. 1). For each motoneuron, the frequency-current (f-I) relationship was plotted, and the f-I slope was determined. Moreover, from the recordings with 500-ms current injections, the doublet threshold (DT) was determined as a minimum current to evoke the initial doublet of action potentials (with the first interspike interval <10 ms), and the relative ratio of DT to rheobase (DT/Rh) was calculated.
Statistical analysis.
For statistical comparison between WBV and control groups, Student's t-test was used for data with equal variance and normal distribution, whereas U-Mann Whitney test was used for data with unequal variance and unequal distribution. Significance levels were set at P < 0.01 or P < 0.05.
A total of 174 motoneurons with stable recordings were analyzed: 93 in the WBV group, and 81 in the control group. 53 cells were antidromically identified as MG, 37 as LGS, and 84 as Sci motoneurons. 69 motoneurons in the WBV group (23 MG, 11 LGS, 35 Sci) and 65 in the control group (20 MG, 16 LGS, 29 Sci) were classified as fast, whereas 24 motoneurons in the WBV group (7 MG, 4 LGS, 13 Sci) and 16 in the control group (3 MG, 6 LGS, 7 Sci) were classified as slow.
Five-hundred-millisecond current steps were applied in a subset of motoneurons (n = 106), so the SSF properties, doublet threshold, and f-I relationship could be determined in a proportion of the whole sample: from 48 and 33 fast motoneurons, as well as 16 and 9 slow motoneurons of the WBV and control groups, respectively.
Passive and threshold properties.
All the passive membrane properties of motoneurons remained unchanged after the 5-wk WBV treatment (Table 1). However, significantly lower mean values of the rheobase (P < 0.05) and the doublet threshold (P < 0.01) were observed in fast-type motoneurons of the WBV group compared with the untrained control (Table 1), indicating an increase in excitability of these cells. The relative threshold for doublet generation (measured as a ratio of current necessary to evoke doublet to the rheobase) exceeded 2 times rheobase, and there were no differences between motoneurons of the C and WBV groups. It should be mentioned here that doublets were observed frequently when intensity of current injection into motoneurons increased, but not in all the cases. In the WBV group, doublets could be determined in all 48 fast, and in 13 out of 16 slow-type motoneurons, while in the control group in 30 out of 33 fast, and 8 out of 9 slow-type cells.
Rhythmic firing properties.
Rhythmic firing responses were measured in a subset of motoneurons (Table 2). Examples of the steady-state firing for two motoneurons (fast and slow) from the WBV group are given in Fig. 1. The minimum and maximum frequencies during SSF were not different between control and WBV groups, neither for fast nor slow-type motoneurons (Fig. 2A). However, the 5-wk WBV treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the minimum SSF current (P < 0.05) and in the maximum SSF current (P < 0.01) in fast motoneurons (Table 2, Fig. 2B). No significant changes with respect to these parameters were found in slow motoneurons.
The above changes in rhythmic firing properties of fast motoneurons influenced f-I relationships, reflecting minimum and maximum SSF frequencies, minimum and maximum current thresholds for SSF, and f-I slopes. Figure 3 presents examples of such f-I relationships, illustrating differences between fast- and slow-type motoneurons as well as a tendency of adaptive changes observed in fast-type motoneurons following the WBV training. The f-I relationships for the whole sample of motoneurons is summarized in Fig. 4. The f-I relationship for fast-type motoneurons of the WBV group was shifted leftwards compared with the control group, which was evidenced by significantly lower currents necessary for both minimum and maximum SSF (Table 2). Moreover, an increased slope (from 2.85 Hz/nA to 4.51 Hz/nA, P < 0.01) of the f-I relationship was determined in the group of fast-type motoneurons following the WBV (Table 2). Again, no differences in f-I relationship were found between C and WBV groups of slow motoneurons, with only a minor tendency to a leftward shift of the f-I relationship.
Diverse effects of the WBV on fast and slow motoneurons.
The study indicates that a short-term, 5-wk WBV is capable to induce type-specific adaptations in electrophysiological properties of rat spinal motoneurons. Changes in excitability and firing characteristics concerned only fast motoneurons, whereas membrane properties of slow motoneurons remained unaltered. The diversity of WBV-evoked responses between two types of motoneurons might partly be justified by the training characteristics that favor fast motoneurons with respect to their relative daily time of activity. As mentioned earlier, MUs (and their corresponding motoneurons) are usually recruited in accordance to Henneman's size principle (Henneman et al. 1965); however, significantly lower recruitment thresholds of entire populations of MUs have been observed during the WBV (Romaiguère et al. 1993). Therefore, a majority of MUs are probably activated during the WBV, which may lead to more frequent activation of fast MUs (Rittweger 2010). An additional activity time (up to 2 min daily during WBV sessions) would have negligible influence on slow MUs, as their average daily time of contractile activity is ∼5.3–8.4 h in rat muscles (Hennig and Lømo 1985). In contrast, a daily activity time of two subtypes of rat fast MUs is 23–72 min for fast resistant and only 0.5–3 min for fast fatigable MUs, respectively (Hennig and Lømo 1985). Hence, the daily activity time can be increased during the 120-s WBV training maximally by 2.8–8.7% for fast resistant and even by 67–400% for fast fatigable MUs.
Another explanation of more frequent activation of fast motoneurons might be training kinematics, forcing the hindlimb muscles to act as spring-like elements to compensate the body dislocation induced by the vibration (Rittweger 2010). Analysis of the EMG spectral pattern has proven that mostly fast MUs (and fast motoneurons), capable to develop high levels of force in short time periods, are involved in the damping tasks (Wakeling et al. 2002; Wakeling and Liphardt 2006).
Moreover, a character of training might also benefit to activation of fast-type motoneurons, as during each WBV session on a vibratory platform the animals were forced to maintain balance on the moving bedding of the container (see materials and methods). Such balance maintenance requires strong activation of the cerebellum as well as the vestibulo- and rubrospinal tracts, which have stronger synaptic connections to fast than to slow motoneurons (Binder et al. 2002), which further favors their recruitment in stabilization tasks during the WBV (Gorassini et al. 2000).
Adaptations in threshold and rhythmic properties of motoneurons.
In this study, several threshold and rhythmic properties of fast-type motoneurons were altered by the WBV, without corresponding significant alterations of the passive membrane properties (Tables 1 and 2). This is somehow surprising, as the previous studies have indicated that alterations of the basic properties induce alterations in the threshold and rhythmic properties (Gardiner et al. 2006). An increase in the cell excitability (expressed principally by a reduction in the rheobase, the minimum current necessary to evoke SSF, and an increase in the slope of f-I relationship) is generally linked to an increase in a cell's input resistance and the AHP amplitude; however, this was not the case in our study (Tables 1 and 2). Therefore, other factors should be considered as responsible for the observed changes after 5 wk of the WBV.
One may speculate about a possible increase in activation of specific persistent inward currents (PICs), which are known to decrease rheobase of motoneurons (Lee and Heckman 2000). A decrease in rheobase current and an increase in the f-I slope reported after the spinal cord transection (Button et al. 2008) have also been connected with the increase in PIC currents. However, in our study we did not measure PIC activation, as the use of pentobarbital anesthesia abolishes PICs in motoneurons (Button et al. 2006; Hultborn 1999; Hultborn and Kiehn 1992). Therefore, we can only hypothesize about a role of PIC activation in the observed WBV-evoked changes in motoneuronal properties. For another explanation, one might consider mechanisms of presynaptic inhibition. It has been suggested that presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents is highly dependent on the type of muscle activation, as motor tasks involving high motor control result in the increase of presynaptic inhibition, contrary to its inhibition by more automated tasks (Tahayori and Koceja 2012). In our study, muscle activation during the WBV was more reflexive than controlled, and it is supposed that levels of Ia presynaptic inhibition became considerably downregulated. However, it is difficult to assess how alterations in presynaptic inhibition could have affected discharge properties of motoneurons using current clamp technique. One may conclude that the factors responsible for the change in excitability of fast motoneurons in this study must await explanation.
Functional considerations.
Lower values of rheobase current and a leftward shift of the f-I relationship observed for fast motoneurons after the 5-wk WBV program (Fig. 4) indicate their ability to become recruited earlier (and possibly more frequently) and to achieve the same or even higher firing rates at lower stimulus intensities compared with the control group. Thus, one might draw a conclusion that in the trained group, a weaker synaptic input was needed for a motoneuron activation. However, this leftward shift of the relationship was not followed by a decrease in the minimum or maximum SSF frequencies. Therefore, the motoneurons of WBV-treated animals maintained their ability to generate high frequency of discharges, necessary to evoke high levels of force, while the "cellular effort" needed to induce such activations was significantly lower.
The increased slope of the f-I relationship (Fig. 4) indicates higher susceptibility of fast motoneurons after the WBV to an increased or decreased intensity of a stimulus (i.e., more or less effective synaptic drive under natural conditions). Therefore, our study suggests that the WBV treatment can influence control of the force output of fast MUs. The instantaneous force developed by a MU during a tetanic contraction depends both on the interpulse interval in a motoneuronal discharge pattern and on the initial force level (Krutki et al. 2008). Modifications of a motoneuronal firing rate by small changes in intensity of depolarization current (i.e., strength of synaptic input) appear to be more effective in fast motoneurons after the WBV compared with control.
Whole body vibration has already become an attractive alternative treatment for the strength training regime. Various studies have shown that WBV may be beneficial for inducing strength gains (Delecluse et al. 2003), osteoporosis prevention (Belavý et al. 2009), poststroke conditioning (Van Nes et al. 2004), or prevention of muscle atrophy (Verschueren et al. 2004). However, there is still much debate about mechanisms involved in the observed adaptive changes in the neuromuscular system (Cochrane 2010). This is the first study to demonstrate directly that merely four bouts of 30-s WBV daily, performed for 5 wk, induce changes in electrophysiological properties of the spinal motoneurons, and therefore, is the first study to provide direct evidence on motoneuronal plasticity following the WBV. Our observations performed in rats cannot be easily verified in human subjects. They may, however, contribute to our understanding of neuronal adaptations to the WBV and serve as a source of likely explanations of the WBV-evoked adaptations in the neuromuscular system.
This study was funded by Polish National Science Center (NCN) Grant No. 2011/01/N/NZ4/04901.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
M.B. and P.K. conception and design of research; M.B., A.H., W.M., and P.K. performed experiments; M.B., A.H., and P.K. analyzed data; M.B., W.M., J.C., and P.K. interpreted results of experiments; M.B. prepared figures; M.B., J.C., and P.K. drafted manuscript; M.B., J.C., and P.K. edited and revised manuscript; M.B., J.C., and P.K. approved final version of manuscript.
This study constitutes part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Marcin Bączyk.
- Copyright © 2013 the American Physiological Society


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The time it takes lets me down gently.
With fistfuls of lanolin and pocket knives.
There's something to it, in the way
it moves me left to right then slightly left
before the next day's dawn uprooting data.
Rockstar goes down virtually and easier.
The neck stifles its coughs with greater expertise.
Somewhere along the line is the sum
of our increasingly varied parts.
But this is a nonentity. Or perhaps a phantom
passing gas to other phantoms and then
laughing all the way to the bank of flowers
some artist put here during the '90's.
A firestorm in tow. I'd go where you went
but just to watch you leave in replay,
because I lack what's called "balls."
Other issues now presiding.
The kids all process leeches.
-r. miller

subset: commoncrawl


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Buehl has written all-new chapters that focus on the instructional shifts taking place as the Common Core State Standards are implemented across the United States. These introductory chapters will help you
- Understand the research base for comprehension strategies in content classrooms
- Learn how to tap into students' background knowledge to enhance comprehension of complex texts and build new knowledge
- Show learners how to question a text
- Teach reading and thinking through a disciplinary lens
At the heart of this edition are more than 30 classroom strategies, with variations and Strategy Indexes that identify the instructional focus of each strategy, pinpoint the text frames in play as students read and learn, and correlate students' comprehension processes across the phases of strategy implementation. In addition, each strategy is cross-referenced with the Common Core's reading, writing, speaking/listening, and language standards.


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Six months after opening a bagel restaurant, Vic Glazer was told he was allergic to gluten.
Daunted but not defeated, the 27-year-old, formerly a Harvard pre-med student, found a gluten-free bagel mix and added it to the offerings at Vic's Bagel Bar in New York City.
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According to a new story on UsWeekly's August 11 issue, it seems Khloe Kardashian's seven-month old courtship with rapper French Montana is facing some bumps already.
Us Weekly reports that Khloe Kardashian is worried that her musician boyfriend French Montana parties too hard. A source told the publication - 'She's starting to wake up,' noting that the E! star can't keep up with the singer.
Also unimpressed is the 30-year-old beauty's 58-year-old mother Kris Jenner who 'thinks [Khloe]
needs to be single,' added an insider. The insider told the publication, '[Kris] worries that Khloe just got out of a marriage.' It was also claimed that Khloe had a fight with French at Jennifer Lopez's 45th birthday party in the Hamptons on July 24, but no details were given.
Khloe has not posted a photo of French since July 23 when she and French attended his charity baseball


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Gynecomastia Surgery
Sanitas is a hospital group in Spain with two major facilities in Madrid that accommodates all medical specialties.
upon request
The Ruber International Hospital is designed as a "whole hospital". thus achieving maximum efficiency in the organization and development of the various medical, welfare, educational and research activities.
All Chiron hospitals have units Plastic, Reconstructive and composed of specialized medical professionals recognized by the SECPRE (Spanish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery)
An ISO certified modern private hospital, which was opened in 2006, and is part of the Quirón Hospital Group. This tertiary care hospital 400 has certified physicians from all medical specialties capable of treating the most complicated medical cases.
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The largest private hospital in Madrid, with over one hundred physicians providing tertiary medical services in over thirty medical specialties. The hospital is equipped to deal with the most complex of conditions, including oncology, neurosurgery and cardiac surgery.
HM Hospitals is the leading Hospital Group in Madrid, covering all medical and surgical specialties, with 7 General Hospitals and 3 Comprehensive Centres specialised in Oncology (CIOCC), Cardiology (CIECC) and Neuroscience (CINAC). They also have one hospital in Galicia.
A modern (opened in 2007), general, private hospital located in Madrid, part of the NISA group of hospitals. The international patients department can assist patients with accomodation and trasportation, and can communicate in English as well as in Spanish.
This information is intended for general information only and should not be considered as medical advice on the part of Health-Tourism.com. Any decision on medical treatments, after-care or recovery should be done solely upon proper consultation and advice of a qualified physician.
What is Gynecomastia Surgery?
Gynecomastia Surgery, or Male Breast Reduction surgery, is carried out to restore the male breast to its normal shape and size. Gynecomastia is the medical term for abnormally enlarged breasts in men and it describes the growth of excess breast tissue. Gynecomastia may occur in puberty and disappear on its own or the condition can persist, resulting in the decision for surgery.
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There are two Gynecomastia Surgery procedures. Surgeons typically carry out one procedure or a combination of both:
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Hotel Manin
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Hotel Manin
About the hotel
Property Location
Located in Milan (Milan Centre), Hotel Manin is minutes from Museo del Cinema and Archi di Porta Nuova. This 4-star hotel is within close proximity of Contemporary Arts Pavillion and Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea.
Make yourself at home in one of the 118 individually decorated guestrooms, featuring minibars and LCD televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and bidets. Conveniences include safes and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Take advantage of recreation opportunities such as a fitness center or take in the view from a rooftop terrace and a garden. This hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and wedding services.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's restaurant, which serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner, or stay in and take advantage of room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, limo/town car service, and express check-in. Planning an event in Milan? This hotel has facilities measuring 1076 square feet (100 square meters), including meeting rooms. Guests may use a train station pick-up service for a surcharge, and self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Business center
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Porter/bellhop
- Total number of rooms - 118
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Meeting rooms 4
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Restaurant
- Television in lobby
- Express check-in
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Wedding services
- Multilingual staff
- Conference space size (feet) - 1076
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Laundry facilities
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Snack bar/deli
- Bar/lounge
- Number of floors - 7
- Concierge services
- Elevator/lift
- Luggage storage
- Garden
- Conference space size (meters) - 100
- Rooftop terrace
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Year Built 1950
- Express check-out
Room Facilities
- Free WiFi
- Bidet
- Satellite TV service
- Minibar
- Climate control
- Slippers
- Hair dryer
- Down comforter
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Premium bedding
- Soundproofed rooms
- In-room safe
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Desk
- Free toiletries
- Daily housekeeping
- Individually decorated
- Shower/tub combination
- Air conditioning
- Room service (limited hours)
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- This property offers transfers from the train station (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Children 3 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Self parking fee: EUR 30.00 per day
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 70 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 5 per person, per night, up to 14 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 18 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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I stick to the Modeling, Guided practice, Independent practice layout. First, I tell the students the name of the strategy and a 1 or 2 sentence definition of it. Next, I model how to use the strategy with a picture book & a think-aloud. I select places to stop & use the strategy in each book. The first few stopping points I model how to use the strategy with them. The next few, I let them try and I guide them. The last 1 or 2 stopping points I have the students write down how they would use the strategy (Independent practice). If we have time, I let them free read and practice the strategy more.
I realize that may have sounded confusing so here is my lesson for Checking for Understanding:
Intro: "Today, you are going to learn a new reading strategy called Check for Understanding. When you check for understanding you simply make sure you understand what you are reading as you read. After you read a few pages, stop and retell the story to yourself. If you can do that, keep reading. If you can't go back and reread. I think this is one of the most important but simple strategies you will learn. I'm going to read The Way Back Home by Oliver Jeffers and show you how I check for understanding while I read."
Modeling: I will read 2-3 pages and then stop and re-tell what I have just read. If I can retell the important parts, I keep reading. If I can't, I stop and re-read that section again.
Guided Practice: I will continue reading and stopping but instead of retelling the section myself, a student will.
Independent Practice: The last 2 stopping points, I have the students write down their simple retelling. We go over the first one together and I assess the second one.
Closure: I have the students share their final retelling and explain what checking for understanding is or how to do it.
The next day, I introduce the strategy card and sentence frames for that strategy. The students practice using the strategy independently & writing think-marks for that strategy. I don't have them write think-marks for checking for understanding so they would read and I would stop everyone a few times and have them check for understanding by writing their retelling - just so I know they are using the strategy.
This isn't the most creative way to introduce strategies but my students need structure and consistency so it works for me!


text:
Simply in VDM I try to get a tag called ISMP e.g. 01:34:21:15
but seems impossible: is there a way?
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According to this ^ ISMP is a different class of tag to the 'Text' tags VirtualDub adds. It belongs in the 'Additional Header Data' rather than the 'The INFO List Chunk'.
I'm still trying to figure out what that means.
ffmpeg can add metadata but can not generate mjpeg interlaced file.. so I'm force to virtualdub because with it I use the Morgan mjpeg codec v3 that can use interlace
For the tag I have found a version of virtualdubMod called "VirtualDubMod 22.214.171.124 Surround" in wich I have modify with Hex editor the virtualdubmod.exe so tag ICRD [date] = ISMP
Now virtualdubmod "see" timecode code as date, and I fill the filed "date" to add my timecode e.g. 01:34:21:15
Resultat .vcf script is:
VirtualDub.video.AddComment(0x0000000C,"","01:34:2 1:15");
VirtualDub.video.SetCompression(0x6a6d7674,0,10000 ,0);
VirtualDub.video.SetCompData(28,"TUpQRxgAAAAAAAAAA gAAAAgAAAACAAAAAQAAAA==");
and the NLE can recognize well timecode
So we're done? Or do we need to complete a batch file to automate it?
really at this moment, I have to build a batch that do this:
a input.mxf file have to load into VirtualDubMOD and virtualdub have to generate a .avi file with the timecode input.mxf
I have to extract timecode from input.mxf and inser it into the .vcf script but before of this I don't know well if I have to use avisynth (with the ffms2 plugin) to load files in virtualdubMOD or if exist another way, more simply, to open "directly" .mxf in virtualdubMOD
If I use the ffms2 in avisynth I get the "video track is unseekable" in larger .mxf files..
Maybe I can use the DirectShowSource("input.mxf") but is a procedure shaky... it's all too indirect..


text:
$('#countdown').timeTo(new Date(''));
Define your outdoor space with the clean design of a Real Flame Baltic Fire Column. Cast from a high performance, lightweight fiber-concrete with an outdoor safe finish. This fire column comes complete with lava rock filler, and a matching lid for when the burner is not in use. Also features a cleverly hidden, removable door to access the internally stored fuel tank. All Real Flame propane products carry a CSA certification and feature an electronic ignition. Collection available in Glacier Gray or Kodiak Brown finishes.


text:
TAMPA, Fla. -- Brett Favre could do without some of the incessant chatter spawned by his friendly rivalry with Warren Sapp.
Game of the Week
Packers at Bucs
''I know that the fans and TV cameras love to pick up on it and see it,'' the Green Bay quarterback said. ''I don't particularly like it, because usually that means I'm on the ground or something when he's talking to me.''
Sapp smiles at the thought.
''I love him,'' Tampa Bay's menacing, 294-pound All-Pro defensive tackle said. ''He helped put me on the map in this league.''
When Favre's unbeaten Packers (3-0) and Sapp's thus far underachieving Buccaneers (1-1) meet Sunday, one of the NFL's most anticipated personal matchups figures to be the center of attention again.
The intense rivalry was born of respect the players have developed for one another over the past four seasons. And while there have been a number of memorable exchanges, a 1997 playoff showdown stands out as the defining afternoon in their relationship.
''I don't think there was one play or one moment. It was more a game -- and that was the playoff game,'' Favre said, recalling the then-defending Super Bowl champion Packers' two-touchdown victory over a young Bucs team beginning to establish an identity under second-year coach Tony Dungy.
''We knew going into that game that this team, talking about Tampa, was going to emerge if not that game, then in the near future as a potential Super Bowl contender.''
Sapp, the cornerstone of Dungy's reclamation project, has played a huge role in Tampa Bay's transformation from perennial league doormat to a club with a realistic shot at winning it all.
And chasing Favre was a big part of the master plan.
''You have to understand something,'' Sapp said, his voice rising with excitement. ''When the head man, he comes in and he's building the team around you, and your goal is to catch the champion, and you play the champion twice a year, and the champion possesses the MVP on its team, you take it to heart. And I did. And that's why I've taken him down 11 times since that year (1996), although three of them don't count.''
Sapp sacked Favre three times, forced two Green Bay fumbles and recovered one in the 21-7 playoff loss to the Packers. He's sacked the three-time league MVP eight times during the regular season, more than any other quarterback in the league.
The image of him and Favre in one another's face, talking trash during their only postseason meeting, is unforgettable.
''It was one of those days where it was the only game on, and the world saw two people just going at it, and we're forever linked to that day. It ain't bad,'' Sapp said.
Favre, who's played golf with Sapp during the offseason and struck a friendship with the 1999 Defensive Player of the Year, agreed.
''I have a tremendous amount of respect for him. I know how great of a player he is. Every team in the league would love to have him,'' Favre said.
Green Bay has won seven straight regular-season games, including a 17-14 overtime victory that cost the Bucs last year's NFC Central title.
Tampa Bay, one of the preseason favorites to represent the NFC in the Super Bowl, squeaked past Dallas in its season opener before blowing a fourth-quarter lead in a 20-16 loss at Minnesota last week.
The Packers' resurgence is tied, in part, to the health of Favre, who was hampered by injuries much of the past two seasons. He is tied for the NFL lead with eight touchdown passes, while Ahman Green is the league's leading rusher with 326 yards.
Tampa Bay, which will play without injured running back Warrick Dunn (sprained right foot), has been limited to two touchdowns despite spending generously to upgrade the offense.
The addition of quarterback Brad Johnson has helped, but he has yet to throw his first TD pass as a Buccaneer. Six possessions inside the opponent's 20-yard line have produced two touchdowns and three field goals.
Some players said watching film of Green Bay's wins over Detroit, Washington and Carolina remind them of the team the rest of the NFL was chasing when the Packers won the Super Bowl five years ago.
''I'm a little hesitant to compare it to that team,'' Favre said. ''At first glance it seems we have the potential to be that good, but I would wait a little bit before we start comparing us to that team.''
This article published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Sunday, October 7, 2001.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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text:
Vol. I. NOVEMBER, 1938,
St. John's Branch Library, Machray and Salter
Things You Should Know About Your Library
That a "Book Adviser" is on duty in the Main Circulation Department every
afternoon from 2 to 4 p.m. If you wish any help in the selection of books or
the preparation of a reading: list, ask her. She will be glad to help you.
That the business man will find in the Reference Department trade directories
and gazetteers, the telephone directories of Canadian, British, American and
Australasian cities, and the Canadian and British Patent Office Records. For
prompt information telephone 86 531.
That parents who wish books to read to their children of pre-ischool age will
receive help and advice in the Boys' and Girls' Departments.
That teachers may borrow from the Boys' and Girls' Departments suitable
and interesting books to read to their classes.
Plays and Play Production for the Amateur
8 New one-act plays of 1936—ed. by W.
"I made up my mind that I would
choose plays that were original in their
themes and treatment, which gave the
artists and the producers a chance to
experiment and use their imaginations
. . . above all, plays which were 'differ-ent'.
This bo,ok is the result and it is
for those who read it, to say whether I
have succeeded or not. Personally, I
think I have." Preface.
8 New one-act plays of 1938.—Preface by
W. Armstrong.
"Amateur dramatic groups should find
these plays of interest." Winnipeg Free
Six competition one-act plays.—with an
introd. by Clifford Bax.
"I chance to* have seen four1 of the plays
in this volume well acted by amateurs."
. . . "When one-acters of such fine qual-ity
and such dramatic skill are being
written in various parts of England, we
are justified in thinking hopefully of
British drama." Introduction.
The Junior Theatre.—ed. by John Bourne.
"The Junior Theatre contains four one-act
plays, two mimes and one full-length
play. . . Mr. Bourne has written
a very intelligent prologue. He has
picked his plays according to his belief
that little actors are gettitng critical of
fairies, and that 12-year-olds positively
frown on them. . . . Adults will also ap-preciate
this collection". Winnipeg Free
Seven short plays for amateur societies.—
ed. by John Bourne.
"The collection, it is hoped, will be
found of value to that keen body of vil-lage
workers who have been too cur-sorily
and patronizingly treated in the
past. . . All of them, I suggest, are good
enough to be performed by the most
experienced town or city players". In-troduction.
Ladies only; 6 one-act plays with all wo-men
casts.—M. & S. Box.
"We have contrived to limit our char-acter's
to the female sex simply because
we had been told mournfully by pro-ducer
after producer of the lack of mat-erial
available for the all-women soci-ety,
and not out of any pronounced
feminist convictions."
New plays for Christmas.—compiled by
Anne Sanford.
"Fourteen plays about Christmas in
which an attempt has been made to
meet the needs of dramatic groups for
both religious and secular entertainments
either in church, club or assembly hall.
Plays of simple and inexpensive setting
and costuming." Foreword. All but
three require the payment of a royalty.
Book Rev. Digest.
One-Act plays for Women.-
Anne Sanford.
compiled by
"For the most part (the plays) are per-haps
stronger in amusing feminine
touches, than in sustained dramatic in-terest.
But they will be useful in wo-men's
clubs and similar groups." W. P.
Eaton in Books.
A Book of plays for schools and Com-munity
drama groups in Canada.—ed.
by H. Voaden.
"The editor's goal is to create in his
readers an enthusiasm for the theatre
of ideas and imagination and a dedica-tion
to what is best in the tradition of
the stage past and present." Foreword.
Ten plays for Little Theatres.—ed. by P.
"These ten pieces are for the most part
simply set and admirably adapted to
the Little Theatre aims and stages. Mr.
Wilde has an undoubted sense of the
theatre, a tried and sure technique and
he sets his talents on easily understand-able
and almost always interesting situ-ations."
Theatre Arts Monthly.
Contemporary one-act plays from nine
countries.—ed. by P. Wilde.
"The range and variety of theme and
style in these short plays make Mr.
Wilde's volume fairly representative of
the contemporary theatre in Europe and
America. The editor's introductions too
are informative and acute". Nation.
A Preface to make-up.—Robert C. Beattie,
illus. by George Waight.
This little book by local men well known
in amateur theatricals, is full of prac-tical
ideas on the subject. (Reference
The Play Book.—Jean Carter and Jesse
"The play book, an elementary book on
stage technique with nine plays of vari-ous
types." Book Rev. Digest.
"While intended primarily as a guide to
high school dramatic organizations
(this bo,ok) can be read with profit by
other groups because it is filled with
good advice in the form of suggestions
rather than the dictums of a Delphic
oracle. In addition to a comprehensive
bibliography it contains eight short
plays." Churchman.
Directing for the amateur stage.—Leslie
"Leslie Or limp's book on amateur direc-tion
is suited for any Little Theatre
worker. It will aid him in his own field,
as well as make him more conscious of
the problems that confront the most
important person in play production, the
director . . . the book is planned solely
for the amateur'—the problems of the
professional are completely different."
Theatre Arts Monthly.
Costuming a play.—Elizabeth B. Grimball
and Rhea Wells.
"In a half dozen chapters the authors
take up briefly the basic principles, of
costuming a play, discussing color and
its importance, giving advice on the
dyeing and decorating of textiles, on
lighting and its effects, on materials
and on costuming a pageant. Then fol-low
a dozen sections dealing with typi-cal
costumes of certain periods, Egyp-tian,
Assyrian, Greek, Roman, medieval,
early and late Renaissance, 17th cen-tury
and so on down to the civil war
period." New York Times.
Equipment for stage production.—Arthur
Edwin Krows.
"A practical settting forth, for the ama-teur,
of back-stage methods. One of
the American Theatre Manuals Series,
published in co-operation with the
Drama League of America". C. A.
Perry in "The work of the Little Thea-tres".
(Reference only).
The work of the Little Theatres.-
ence Arthur Perry.
- Clar-
"This study includes information about
three classes of amateur producing
groups, independent organizations, those
connected with high schools, and with
colleges, universities ,and n o r m a l
schools. . . A section is devoted to dram-atic
contests and a selected bibliography
for amateur workers in the drama is
added." Book Rev. Digest.
Available in the Reference Department
The Index to Plays, compiled by Ina
Ten Eyck Firkins, containing an author,
title and subject index of all plays from
1800 to 1935, by well-known dramatists
whether published in separate books, in
collections or in magazines.
The following magazines in the Refer-ence
Department contain especially good
criticism on the drama; Theatre Arts
Monthly, Forum, New Statesman and Na-tion,
Spectator, Time.
Many interesting and useful books on
costume are also- available in the Refer-ence
Selected List of Recent
M. indicates the book is in the Main Cir-culating
Library. C. in the Cornish
Branch Library. S. the St. John's Branch
Library. R. the Reference Department.
Unless otherwise indicated the books are
in all three Libraries.
Life of Christ.—Sir Hall Caine. M.C.
Popular psychological fallacies. — J. G.
Swampy Cree legends.—Charles (Clay.
Business opportunities for women.—Cath-arine
The problem of vocational guidance.—H.
Schneider. M.
Exploring the world of work; a guidebook
to occupations.—G. B. Bennett and G.
M. Sachs.
Utopias old and new.—H. Ross. M.S.
These foreigners.—W. B. Seabrook.
The Mayo clinic.—Lucy Wilder. M.C.
New York detective.—E. L. Van Wagner.
The schoolma'am.—Mrs. F. R. Donovan.
Private schools in Canada; a handbook of
boys' schools which are members of the
Canadian headmasters' association.—A.
G. A. Stephen, ed. R.
Dictionary of scientific terms, as used irt
the various sciences.—C. M. BeadnelL
Our amazing earth.—C. L. Fenton.
The air and its mysteries.-^C. M. Botley.
Primitive races of today.—J. W. Page. M.
The under water zoo; from the illustrated
journal of T. McClintock.—T. McClin-tock.
Through the overcast; the art of instru-ment
flying.—A. Jordanoff. M.
Winged highway.—W. S. Grooch. M.S.
We farm for a hobby and make it pay.—
H. Tetlow. M.C.
Herb-lore for housewives. — H. C. Ro-manne-
James. R.
Canadian home gardening the year 'round.
—A. B. Cutting. M.R.S.
Vegetable dyes.-~E. M. Mairet. R.
How to paint signs and show cards.—E.
C. Matthews. R.
Commercial art; advertising layout. — E.
C. Matthews. R.
Photography is fun; learning and seeing
by doing; an amateur's experiences. —
R. Doubleday. S.
Northland trails.—S. C. Ells.
The interpreter's house. — John Buchan.
Arms and the covenant. — W. L. S.
Churchill. M.C,
Men are so friendly.—Nancy Swift.
Canada today; a study of her national in-terests
and national policy. — F. R.
Scott. M.R.
Austria and after.—F. Borkenau. M,
One hundred years of headlines, 1837-
1937.—F. A/H. Maitland.
Search for tomorrow.—Rom Landau.
The golden book of the Dutch navigators.
—H. W. Van Loon.
We married an Englishman. — R. & H.
All roads led me to adventure.—J. Crad.
European summer.—Mrs. E. Sterne.
The Danube flows through fascism; nine
hundred miles in a fold-boat.—W. Van
Land of ice and fire.—H. W. Ahlmann.
Collective adventure; an informal account
of the communal settlements of Pales-tine.—
M. Pearlman. M.S.
Beating about the bush.—B. O'Brien.
Notes for a book about Mexico. — H. V.
Fever, famine and gold; the dramatic
story of the adventures and discoveries
of the Andes-Amazon expedition . . . in
the Llanganatis mountains. — E. E.
Arctic Eskimo.—C. E. Whittaker.
Robert Laird Borden; His Memoirs.
Toscanini and great music.—L. Gilman.
The horse and buggy doctor.—A. E. Hert-zler.
Sailor on horseback; the biography of
Jack London.—I. Stone.
The old century, and seven more years.—.
S. L. Sassoon.
The Paderewski memoirs.—I. J. Paderew-ski
and M. Lawton.
Without knowing Mr. Walkley; personal
memories.—Edith Olivier. M.C.
The Windsor tapestry; being a study of
the life, heritage and abdication of H.
R.H. The Duke of Windsor.—Compto-n
Marie-Antoinette and Axel De Fersen.—.
Marjorie Coryn. M.C.
J, B. Murphy; stormy petrel of surgery.
—L. Davis.
I am a spy.—"E 7"
The universal provider; a study of Wil-liam
Whiteley a,nd the rise of the Lon-don
department store.—R. S. Lambert.
Secret life of a secret agent. — H. W.
Lanier. M.C.
Isaac Newton, 1642-1727.—J. W. N. Sulli-van.
Moulders of national destinies. — F. H.
The big four; the story of Huntington,
Stanford, Hopkins, and Crocker and of
the building of the Central Pacific. —.
Oscar Lewis. M.
Composers in America.—C. P. Reis. R.
Three novels.—Sholem Asch.
Spella Ho.—H. E. Bates.
Trent intervenes.—E. C. Bentley.
The king was in his counting house.—J.
B. Cabell. M.C.
The crooked hinge.—J. D. Carr.
With flame of freedom.—Ethel M. Chap-man.
Prelude for war.—L. Charteris.
The moon is feminine.—Clemence Dane.
The black envelope, Mr. Pinkerton again!
—D. Frame.
Murder up my sleeve. — Erie Stanley
It makes a nice change. — J. E. Cloag.
The money's all right, and other stories.
—L. Halward. M.S.
A blunt instrument. — Georgette Heyer.
To you, Mr. Chips.—James Hilton.
Ill deeds done.—A. Hocking.
In hazard.—R. Hughes.
The prodigal parents.—Sinclair Lewis.
The best British short stories, 1938, and
the yearbook of the British, Irish and
Colonial short story.—E. O'Brien, ed.
A prairie grove.—D. C. Peattie.
A day of battle.—V. Sheean.
Little steel.—Upton Sinclair. M.S.
The baker's daughter.—D. E. Stevenson.
Unchartered seas.—D. Wheatley.
Issued with the compliments of Edward Anderson, K.C.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


text:
Pope Benedict XVI will keep title 'His Holiness' after resignation
Benedict can still be addressed as 'Your Holiness Benedict XVI' and will have the title of 'Roman Pontiff Emeritus', said spokesman Federico Lombardi.
Benedict can also still wear a white cassock normally reserved only for pontiffs and will continue using the shoes given to him by artisans in Mexico during a trip last year, Lombardi said.
The Vatican spokesman also said that a series of meetings of cardinals to settle on a date for the start of a conclave to elect Benedict's successor could start on March 4.
Lombardi said the Pope had already sorted between the official documents from his papacy that will remain in the Vatican and personal notes that he will take with him into retirement.


text:
Jacksonville's favorite outdoor concert series starts up again this May, as an entertaining lineup of artists takes the stage with the Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra for "Starry Nights at the Met," in collaboration with WJCT.
The series opens on May 11 with "Classical Mystery Tour - A Tribute to the Beatles." The festive opening night of "Starry Nights" is sponsored by Bank of America.
"Classical Mystery Tour" features four original members of the Broadway sensation "Beatlemania." The Los Angeles Times called the show "more than just an incredible simulation... the swelling strings and soaring French horn lines gave the live performance a high goose-bump quotient."
"'The Fab Four' musicians in "Classical Mystery Tour" look and sound exactly like the originals," explains the show's creator Jim Owen. "The orchestra score is exact, right down to every note and instrument that was on the original recording. Many of today's Beatle fans never had the opportunity to see a live Beatles show and Classical Mystery Tour offers that experience."
Guest conductor Martin Herman will lead this high-energy program, which includes classics such as "All You Need is Love," "Penny Lane," "A Hard Day's Night" and "Here Comes the Sun."
Gates open at 6 p.m., with the concert beginning at 8:15. Tickets available at 1-877-662-6731.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us


text:
Sponsor guidance appendix E: example DIT letter for sponsor applications
- From:
- UK Visas and Immigration
- Part of:
- Sponsorship: guidance for employers and educators and Immigration and borders
- Published:
- 1 October 2013
- Last updated:
- 6 April 2017, see all updates
Template of letter from Department for International Trade (DIT) to support applications by companies applying for a licence to sponsor workers.
Appendix E: DIT letter
PDF, 89KB, 1 page
This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format.
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email firstname.lastname@example.com. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
This document is for companies that want to apply for a licence to sponsor workers from outside the EEA. It is an appendix to the full policy guidance on sponsoring a worker.
Read Appendix A of the policy guidance for sponsors to check if your company needs a letter from Department for International Trade (DIT) to support your application.
Document information
Published: 1 October 2013
Updated: 6 April 2017
- Updated guidance.
- Updated guidance for use on or after 24 November.
- First published.


text:
Regardless of your age, time or finances you can make difference to a child in Foster Care. Every single act of kindness or donation has impact. There are countless ways for YOU to get involved
▪Drop off a much-needed item at one of our Safe Rooms, such as a package of diapers or a gift card for a foster parent.
▪Organize a drive through your church, work place or neighborhood to provide diapers, formula, and wipes to new mothers or to stock a Safe Room with supplies. Contact TAK to determine current needs.
▪Get involved with the Sunshine Club and help provide a special day to a child/children in need.
▪If you are short on time, make a monetary donation to TAK.
▪Become a certified volunteer who can volunteer to be with foster children in one of the Safe Rooms.
▪Motivate your church to offer space for a Safe Room.
▪Spread the word through your social media to friends, family and co-workers about the growing needs of children in foster care. Re-post Facebook messages or tweets by TAK!
churches and faith based groups
▪Faith leaders can have a significant impact on children in Foster Care by offering space and asking church members to provide and manage a Safe Room.
▪Join Care Portal and motivate your congregation to provide items that are needed by foster children and parents.
▪Offer to host a special event for foster children in your area, such as a Christmas party, providing snacks, drinks, gifts and activities at your church.
▪Take the lead for the Sunshine Club in providing a special day to a child/children in foster care.
▪Take up a special collection at a church service to donate to TAK.
▪Spread the word through your church communication tools and social media about the growing needs of children in foster care. Re-post Facebook messages or tweets by TAK!


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• I represents the imaginary unit .
• I can be entered as , ii or \[ImaginaryI]. • , jj and \[ImaginaryJ] can also be used. • I is output as . • See also: Im, Re.
Here are the InstantCalculators for the I function. Enter the parameters for your calculation and click Calculate to see the result.
This is the definition of I.
This is a famous result due to L. Euler.
The solution to this equation involves complex numbers.
This is the definition of .


text:
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streamlines the Kanban procurement process so efficiently that
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your administrative personnel are managing the extra volume of
transactions resulting from inventory reduction and increased
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text:
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Friendship Dance Clay Basket is a mixed media by Darlene Ryer which was uploaded on July 22nd, 2008.
This Clay Basket is made of two colors of High Fired Clay, Basket Reed (the core of rattan), and Raffia, (a palm leaf). The title of this pattern is... more
Friendship Dance Clay Basket
Darlene Ryer
Mixed Media - Basket Reed & Raffia
This Clay Basket is made of two colors of High Fired Clay, Basket Reed (the core of rattan), and Raffia, (a palm leaf). The title of this pattern is "Friendship Dance". This piece measures 4 1/8" tall by 5 3/4" wide. The stitch on the rim of the clay bottom is done in reed and raffia, with a skip stitch. The Lid is made from Reed & Raffia, and done in a figure 8 stitch, using 3 colors of raffia together to make the patterns. The men and women in the dance are holding hands all the way around the pattern. The mesa pattern is continual as well.
This piece is hand made, and is an original. I threw this pot on a wheel and fired it in the year 2000, and it is signed on the bottom. I wove the basket elements in 2008. If you are interested in this piece for purchase, or have any other questions, please feel free to contact me.
July 22nd, 2008
Viewed 210 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 10/20/2017 at 3:17 PM
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Comments (2)
Beautiful work. Congrats on your sale!
I am happy to anounce that this piece has recently sold and is no longer available for sale here on FAA. If interested in this type of work, feel free to contact me. Thank you.
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San José is the capital of the Republic of Costa Rica and the head of the province of the same name. Located in the Centre of the country, specifically on the Central Valley, San José is the most important of the Costa Rican territory political, economic and social Center, as well as the main knot for transport and telecommunications. Culturally can be considered almost in its entirety with European influence given to him by the Spanish from its discovery by Christopher Columbus immigration, influence also the Creoles imported from France and Belgium, where usually studied the privileged class of the country in the 19th century and early 20th century. This can be seen in the distribution of the city that grew around the Cathedral and later in the architecture of theatres, museums and houses of the inhabitants of the city centre. The city is named in honor of Joseph of Nazareth.
As well as the cantons Deans in the country, the central canton of San José was founded on 7 December of 1848. The population was around 1737-1738, and has been capital of Costa Rica on three occasions: in 1822, from 1823 to 1834 and from 1838 to the present day. It is a city with an interesting mix of history and modernity. The central area does not have much population, since it is a commercial area. It is the most important place as Costa Rican labor supply, which brings together during the day more than one million people. Despite some problems, like abandoned lots, buildings in disrepair, graffiti and dangerous areas, according to some studies in the field of all Latin America, San José is still one of the safest cities and less violent Latin American throughout the region. In the year 2006 was designated the Ibero-American Capital of culture.
National Theatre
The territory that today occupies San Jose is formed by a land fertile and plain with mild undulations, surrounded by mountains, is located between the rivers towers, Virilla, to the North, and Maria Aguilar, South.5 The city is located in the centre of the so-called Central Valley at an average altitude of 1,300 meters above sea level, without large altitude variations.
The city is crossed by several rivers, from East to West, the most important being the Río Virilla, which drains most of waters of the Central Valley and belongs to the basin of the Río Grande de Tárcoles, which flows into the Slope of the Pacific. Many of the waters of these rivers are used for hydroelectric development.
Although the city is located in a tropical area, altitude softens the effects of tropical climate. Temperatures are relatively benign, between 12 and 28 ° C, while in the summer months they are often hot because they easily reach the 31 ° C, the minimum can reach 10; ° C, and register Frost in areas of high altitude. The rainy season, as well as the rest of the country, going from May to November and rainfall accumulated over the year are around 2.000 mm.
Urban development
According to the census from 1815, San Jose had about 11,500 inhabitants. For the time of the separation of Costa Rica from Spain (1821) surpassed in population and resources to the city of Carthage, which had been the capital since the 16th century. This development was accelerated by the rise of coffee plantations in their surroundings in the decades of 1820 and 1830.
Throughout the 19th century manifested signs of urban planning, with the Spanish grid system and the Foundation of various temples, as la Merced in Central, El Carmen North, and much later, the Soledad to the East. In 1843 the then General Minister José María Castro Madriz, signed the decree that opened the University of St. Thomas, the first centre of higher education in the country and predecessor of the current University of Costa Rica.
With the Government of Juan Rafael Mora Porras, mid-19th century, the city took a new urban air, since the avenues widened and opted for a modern architecture in the city. Theatres, banks, hotels and Government buildings, were founded as well as the main, public lighting, tram services were established 6 and telegraph. On August 9 , 1884 was put into operation a hydroelectric power plant in the Aranjuez neighborhood, which could light up 25 lamps in the centre of San Jose; so it was the third city to be lit with electric power in the world and the first in Latin America, only surpassed by New York City and Paris.
At the beginning of the 20th century the josefino central town was very attractive to the trade, which grew excessively and began the emigration from the centre of the city toward the gentler surroundings. In the administration of Cleto González Víquez salubrious conditions and the paving of streets are improved.
San Jose has a completely urban population, by 2014 live in San Jose people of all ethnic groups and all their possible mixtures. Descendants of whites, mestizos, blacks, mulattoes, immigrants, Latin Americans, etc. The central San José canton currently has 288.054 inhabitants,7 and the female population represents 54% of the total. However, the San José metropolitan area extends beyond the limits of cantonal, forming the Greater Metropolitan Area, which includes San Jose, the conurbation of Alajuela (254.886 inhab.), Cartago (147.898 inhab.), Heredia (123.616 inhab.) and other cities in the province of San José, Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago. The entire population of the Greater Metropolitan Area makes up 60% of the net population of Costa Rica.
Costa Rica and mainly the city of San Jose, are going through a constant process of modernization and upgrade infrastructure, in addition to important programs of redevelopment in the city centre. West of San José is living an important boom vertical constructions, in areas such as: Rohrmoser, kettles and the surroundings of the La Sabana Metropolitan Park. At the end of 2011 started important constructions in these areas, including the Paseo Colón towers, two towers of 29 and 31 floors and 113 meters high.
In the center of the city is the building of the National Bank of Costa Rica, was the tallest habitable building in the country until 2011 (surpassed by the towers, Paseo Colón), with 82 meters and 22 floors, roof and the heliport, the building of the National Bank is one of the most emblematic of the city of San Jose.


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text:
August 20, 2014
News & Features
» Features
Page 2 of 3
"I was able to do things I never even dreamed of doing," Johnson says of his time in government. "I went ahead and got into a head-on, wide-open brawl with the timber industry and saved 1,200 miles of wild rivers. And on another occasion, I saved a couple of million of acres of land from being sold for logging. In each case, I just had to take on some special interests and slug it out."
Johnson says he made adversaries, but stood his ground. "They weren't happy when I was there. Several times, I was threatened. [Lobbyists] actually had the Legislature introduce a bill that would cancel my agency." He laughs now because it didn't pass. "In the end, the governor supported me."
These days, he's not so sure it would be possible to accomplish the same feat. "The system has been so corrupted by being able to buy elections that the special interests control the Legislature."
After graduating from college in Michigan in 1956, Johnson went fishing to ponder his options in what was then a red-hot economy. "The river smelled badly, it was so polluted. There was oil on top of the water," he says. "I sat there and I thought, 'If these people in this state don't care enough to look after the basis of life, then I don't want to live here.'" So he took off for the wild blue yonder.
"When I got out of college, I worked for a company that manufactured cellulose tubing for hot dogs and hams," he says, sitting behind the beautiful, huge one-tree slab of a desk a friend made for him in his office. "I was one of their hyper-experts. There were eight of us in the country. I was transferred all over all the time."
This was 50 years ago when meat was king of the dinner, breakfast and lunch tables. Johnson was often assigned to work near the Sierra Nevada mountain range, and the avid sportsman liked his life. "In the trunk, I'd always have a ski box, rifle, shotgun and hiking gear, and I'd go find some dude ranch. I lived well." But then came a long-term transfer to New York City.
"I was going to meet a friend, and I was holding a martini glass and I couldn't hold it steady," he says, shaking his hands for effect like Jell-O on horseback. "I was working 24/7 for weeks. I was so afraid I was going to fail, I was just killing myself. I was doing very well, but I thought, 'Ah, this makes no sense.' And then one of my bosses killed himself—committed suicide." Johnson continues without pause, "And I quit and left and wandered around the world a couple years alone."
He adds, "It was very important that I did that."
From there, he got a job working for the Fish and Game Department in Lake Tahoe. He soon quit, but when Johnson does something, he makes a statement. One day, after being given "so many screwy instructions that were politically loaded," he says, he resigned, hitchhiked to the Reno airport that morning and flew to Alaska. Once there, he says, "I had a job with the Fish and Game Department before nightfall."
While in Alaska, Johnson discovered something important about himself. "I decided not to be a fishery biologist, because I was too close to the thing I love," he says. "I didn't want to lose the joy of life." He was destined for a position higher in the food chain. "Without realizing it, I was more interested in public policy."
Johnson got his master's degree, then moved back to Michigan, where he grew up, to get a doctorate. "I saw a tacking on a bulletin board wall for a job in San Francisco, which is where I wanted to live, for the Nature Conservancy, which I had never heard of. So I walked into the phone booth, applied for the job, got it and never looked back," says Johnson. "I was the eighth employee." The Nature Conservancy now has a staff of over 3,800 in 30 countries, including all 50 U.S. states.
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text:
Written by Patti Brown
When Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer signed Senate File 1070 into law last Saturday she energized the national debate about illegal immigration. For more than two years that debate has effectively been dormant.
Arizona's new law, which will go into effect in July, requires law enforcement officials, state agencies and political subdivisions (counties, cities, school districts, community college districts, water districts and the like) to assist in the enforcement of existing federal immigration laws. The law requires that a person requesting any type of public benefit present proof of their citizenship or immigrant status.
The new law also establishes crimes related to illegal immigration, to the employment of people unauthorized to be in the United States, and to knowingly transporting illegal immigrants.
Marches and rallies billed as "immigrant workers' rights" events are planned across the country tomorrow –May Day, a traditional day of worker protest– in reaction to the Arizona law. Mayors and city councils in several states are jumping on a "boycott Arizona" bandwagon in response to the law which, on careful reading, simply mandates that federal immigration laws will be upheld in Arizona.
Critics on record include President Obama, who has called the law misguided, Karl Rove, who expressed concerns that the law may not be constitutional, and even former GOP presidential candidate Rep. Tom Tancredo (Colorado-R) who supports the law, but questions if it will result racial profiling. National and international media have been hyperventilating over the measure and even the Arizona Diamondbacks were the object of protest at Wrigley Field Thursday afternoon.
Scope of the illegal immigration problem
The problem of illegal immigration is complex. It is estimated that there are approximately 10.8 million people in the country illegally. Half of these arrived legally but have overstayed their visas. The other half are people who entered without authorization. An exact count of how many people are here illegally is impossible to know because of the nature of the problem: people who are here illegally do not show up on official census registers.
The number of those in the country without authorization is believed to have declined from a high of 12 million two years ago. This is due a variety of reasons. Fewer people are attempting to enter the U.S. illegally than two years ago, and a higher percentage of those who are trying to cross the border illegally are apprehended by the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol and subsequently deported.
In 2008, 800,000 people were arrested trying to cross the border, down from an estimated 1.2 million in 2006. For every person apprehended, as many as four escape being caught. More than 97 percent of apprehensions were made along the southwest border, with a quarter million occurring in the Tucson Sector. In just the Tucson Sector, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol's busiest region, an estimated 1 million people cross the border illegally placing an enormous strain on the communities in southern Arizona and throughout the state.
Economic modeling shows that many undocumented individuals have left the country in the past two years due to a series of intimidating immigration raids, such the December 12, 2006 raid in Marshalltown and the May 12, 2008 Postville raid. The US economy has also dried up many job opportunities for illegal aliens, the official U.S. terminology for persons who are in the U.S. without authorization.
Last year, more than $22 billion in American money was sent home to Mexico by foreign nationals working in the United States. Remittances are the second-largest source of income for Mexico next to oil exports. The average amount of a remittance sent home to Mexico is $324.27, with some 6 million money transfers from the U.S. to Mexican banks being made monthly. Effectively, people who have come into the country illegally end up off-loading American dollars to other countries through remittances.
The situation in Iowa
Arizona's problem is enormous. The state's population is 6.9 million, the number of illegal immigrants is estimated to be about 460,000 and they are facing a $3.5 billion budget deficit this year.
In comparison, Iowa's population is smaller, 3.3 million, and the estimated number of illegal immigrants two year ago was 55,000 to 80,000. Although Iowa's problem isn't as large as it is in one of the southern border states, illegal immigration in Iowa is, nevertheless, complex.
Of the 55,000 or more undocumented individuals in Iowa, an estimated 9,000 to 13,500 are children 18-years of age and under. In addition another 12,000 children have been born in the U.S. to illegal immigrants living in Iowa.
A decade ago Gov. Tom Vilsack feared that Iowa's population of 2.8 million was stagnant and that the state would need more low-skilled workers –some 310,000– to take jobs in meat packing plants and to work as nurses' aids in care centers. Vilsack's "Iowa 2010 Plan" strategically recruited workers from Mexico and Central America to come to Iowa, which was being referred to as "an immigration enterprise zone." The recruitment process was less concerned with the technicalities of legal immigration than growing the state's population with a serf labor class. As the immigrants began arriving and settling into many rural towns across the state, including Postville and Marshalltown, Iowa officials looked the other way on the question of legal residency.
Today, instead of having a low unemployment rate, Iowa struggles with an unemployment rate of 6.8 percent. In March, 114,600 Iowans were unemployed, up from 111,900 in February, and up from 91,300 a year ago.
On top of 10 percent across the board cuts made with an accounting Sawzall to the 2010 budget, the Iowa Legislature attempted to reorganize state government in order to save money. Despite the effort, Iowa is looking at a $1 billion spending gap for 2011 according to Iowa State Auditor David Vault. Hit especially hard are local school districts have, many of whom will have to increase property taxes as one step to make ends meet.
Many of those school districts have illegal immigrant students enrolled, or children born in the U.S. to parents in the country without authorization. The open enrollment per pupil cost of $5,546 per year for public K-12 schooling in Iowa, making the cost of educating undocumented children between $49,914,000 and $74,871,000 annually. In addition the cost of educating the estimated 12,000 children born in the U.S. to illegal immigrants is $66,552,000.
Since the 1982 U.S. Supreme Court case of Plyer v. Doe, school are not allowed to ask if a child has legal status, and are, therefore, prohibited from denying K-12 schooling to children who are residents in their school district. Perhaps this may change in Arizona with the new immigration law enforcement legislation, or perhaps it will be further defined by the Supreme Court for the states.
In addition to education, low-skilled illegal immigrants place many demands on community safety net resources for housing, food assistance and medical care. The national poverty rate for the children of illegal immigrants nearly twice as high as for children born to legal immigrants or U.S. citizens.
Immigration reform
The number of people who want to come to America is staggering. Considering that last year 13.6 million people applied for the 55,000 visas given annually by lottery, an increase of 4.5 million people the year before, the discussion about immigration reform must begin.
People who respect the rule of law must not be castigated as xenophobes because they want immigration to occur in a lawful manner.
Policy decisions must be made about how many immigrants with different skill set are needed on an annual basis. An equitable system needs to be put in place to provide visas to people from around the world who want to come to America, and the system must not favor those who have broken U.S. laws to jump ahead of people who have applied and are waiting in line.
Employers who knowingly hire illegal immigrants must face sanctions and fines for doing so.
Before any serious policy decisions can be made about the 10 million or more illegal immigrants who are already in the U.S., the federal government must provide the resources to secure the border and to prevent people from crossing it without authorization.
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Nina's Chicken Spinach Florentine
Cooked, deboned chicken
Cooked noodles (Cook in chicken broth)
Mixture of:
1 can cream of mushroom soup
1 cup mayonnaise
1 cup milk
½ cup parmesan cheese
2 pkgs. Defrosted and squeezed, chopped frozen spinach
½ cup sautéed onions
Layer noodles and chicken in baking dish. Pour remaining ingredients on top.
Top with 1 package Pepperidge Farm herb stuffing mix.
Bake at 350 degrees for 35-45 minutes.
Pairs Well With
Disney's Tinker Bell Secret of the Wings CookbookBy BakeSpace Fairies
6 Recipes450 Downloads


text:
"It's alright letting yourself go as long as you can let yourself back."
- Mick Jagger
"It's alright letting yourself go as long as you can let yourself back."
- Mick Jagger
If this had been another year, I would have been sitting in my sweats eating brownies from the pan and ice cream from the carton across from my oldest friend. But it wasn't, and so I was here doing that exact thing with Sebastian, who was pretending to be my oldest friend.
Life was weird.
And perhaps the strangest part of all of this was that it didn't feel… strange. Ever since Sebastian declared that we'd skip right to being friends, something had eased. I felt more relaxed, and he stopped throwing concerned glances in my direction. Those two might have been connected. Either way, I was doing okay. I had made a new friend, and I was doing okay.
"Did you know," Sebastian began, pointing his spoon at me before he scooped up another bit of brownie and ice cream, "that there's a word for a fear of palindromes?"
"There is?" I asked. He hummed. "Is it palindrophobia?"
Sebastian shook his head, swallowing his bite. "No, it's aibohphobia. Spelled a-i-b-o-h-p-h-o-b-i-a." He looked at me, paused for dramatic effect. "It's a palindrome."
I snickered. "You're kidding."
"Nope," he grinned. "Don't laugh, it's a serious thing."
"How is there even a fear of palindromes anyway?" I asked, taking another gooey spoonful of brownie. "Like, what, you're reading and you see the words, 'lion oil' and just, like, lose it?"
"Pretty much," Sebastian agreed. He leaned an elbow on the island counter and raised a brow. "What are you reading that has the words 'lion oil' in it?"
I rolled my eyes, taking myself by surprise. "It was an example."
"It's one example, but you could've picked something way more interesting like, 'Ron! Oh! Sex in a Toyota nixes honor!'" Sebastian grinned as I burst into laughter. He continued, relentless, "Or 'Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas!'"
Still laughing, I choked out, "And what are you reading that has those lines in it?"
"Steampunk Bible fan fiction," Sebastian replied without missing a beat.
This time, even he couldn't keep a straight face for long. He joined me in laughter, a proud twinkle in his eye. When I noticed that, I sobered some, cursing myself for being so carefree. My emotions were supposed to be locked tight inside me, and this boy who I'd known for less than a week already had me in tears? Happy tears, perhaps, but all tears were dangerous.
To cover my sudden shift, I blurted, "Okay, but how come 'palindrome' isn't a palindrome?"
"For the same reason that 'symmetry' isn't symmetrical," Sebastian answered.
"And what reason is that?"
Sebastian shrugged, setting his spoon on the ice cream carton's lid and leaning back. "Because linguists back then weren't clever enough."
I, too, put down my spoon. "But clearly doctors were cruel enough to make aibohphobia a palindrome."
"Maybe doctors are more clever than linguists," Sebastian suggested. I shrugged. Maybe.
The ice cream was melting around the edges, turning soft and shiny. I closed the lid and put the carton back in the freezer. The brownie pan was rapidly cooling, the center edge jagged from our spoons. "Did we really eat a half a pan?" I asked in surprise.
"Looks like it," Sebastian laughed. "Is that a problem?"
"Not a bit." If he hadn't been there, I would've eaten at least that much myself.
"Shit," Sebastian said, glancing at the time. "I have to go. My friend's picking me up in a half hour to force me to help party prep," he said as he stood. "Slave labor, that's what it is."
I tried to pretend otherwise, but my stomach sank a little bit. Laughing with Sebastian was the most relaxed I'd felt since getting high with Jake and the crew in college. Even so, it was probably best not to drag things out too long or else they might revert back to awkwardness. "Okay, no problem," I said as casually as I could.
I wasn't good at casual.
Sebastian paused at the doorway of the kitchen, me right behind him. "Give me your phone." I obeyed. As he tapped on it, he said, "After all, old friends have each other's numbers," he said with a half smile. Sebastian handed it back and looked up at me. "And they don't hesitate to text or call to hang out spur of the moment."
He was clearly waiting for a confirmation, so I agreed, "Right."
With a flash of a smile, he headed for the doorway. "See you later, Hana."
"Bye, Sebastian," I called from the hallway, a little tentative.
"Seb," I amended.
He smiled. I smiled. He left.
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text:
Highlands and Islands SNP MSP has lodged a motion in Parliament congratulating Balblair Distillery for winning Best Highland Single Malt Whisky at the 2010 World Whiskies Awards.
The Balblair 1975 vintage beat off 150 competitors to take the crown. Mr Gibson praised the skills and quality that are in the world's second oldest surviving (opened 1790) distillery which is situated on the shores of the Dornoch Firth next to the Easter Ross village of Edderton.
"Some of the best whiskies in the world come from the Highlands so to see Balblair crowned champions is a fantastic achievement. Great credit has to go to Distillery manager John MacDonald and his team, both past and present."
"An award of this calibre will help raise the profile of the whisky around the world and showcases the excellence in both drink and food that exists in Easter Ross and across the Highlands and Islands."
"Whisky production is important to the economy off remote and rural Scotland. I wish Balblair good luck in the future and am confident that the popularity of their malts will go from strength to strength."
Photo of Rob at Balblair Distillery
Copy of motion:
S3M-05912 Rob Gibson
(Highlands and Islands) (Scottish National Party): Balblair Distillery Wins Best Highland Malt— That the Parliament congratulates Balblair Distillery, Scotland's second oldest distillery, in being awarded Best Highland Single Malt Whisky at the 2010 World Whiskies Awards for its Balbair Vintage 1975; understands that this world-recognised distillery in Edderton near Tain releases just 3,000 bottles of the Balblair Vintage 1975 worldwide; praises everyone at Balblair, which is considered by many to have maintained the highest levels of quality since the distillery first opened in 1790; believes that Balblair represents the finest standard of iconic Scottish malt whisky to the world, and wishes all at Balblair the best of luck for the future.
Thursday, 18 March 2010
Gibson Congratulates Balblair Distillery for Best Highland Malt
1 comment:
- Paulo Sousa said...
I find at 240€ the Balblair Single Malte Vintage 1975 in Garrafeira online WIVINI.
- 22 April 2015 at 16:07
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