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What Exactly Is DDOS?
A DDoS Attack or a Distributed Denial of Service is a huge attack targeting a specific server or a network of machines. This type of attack originated in the early 90s, when the severity was low.
In the late 90's or 2000's the first real distributed DDoS attack happened. During those days, Trinoo was the popular tool to execute such an attack. In the initial days of DDoS attacks, a series of computers were infected. These infected computers received commands from a central location which was also known as botnet C&C (Command and Control). But this system was easily traceable and the attacks could be prevented on time. So, the attackers devised a new way. Instead of attacking from a single host they used IRC (Internet Relay Chat). In this new variety, all the infected machines were connected via a port and host name using a botnet code. The attackers needed a single chat entry and their attack was seen by thousands of infected computers.
Widespread Fear of DDoS
DDoS attacks caused the first real stir when the search giants Yahoo were taken down. This attack
happened in early 2000's when the bandwidth required for such an attack would have been immense. But the fear of DDoS spread among Internet users when Spamhaus was taken down. CloudFlare (a leading content delivery network) analyzed and publicized the attacks vastly. CloudFlare informed the business owners how devastating a network attack such as DDoS could be. When people knew about the severity and vast reach of the attacks they were bound to be afraid.
How these Attacks Happen'?
DDoS causes Denial of Service for the users or end users of what is being attacked. There are some ways in which DDoS attacks can be brought about. Three most common processes are mentioned below:
- In this process the connections for the targetted user is saturated. It prevents all other users from connecting to the network. Such an attack can be brought about with the use of UDP Flood and UDP Reflection Flood.
- The second process sends more packets per second than the router or host machine can handle. When the host machine becomes incapable of processing the requests the users' requests cannot be met. Such an attack is generally brought about by Synflood.
- Overloading the application with excessive requests is the third process of DDoS attacks. The attackers create a situation where there are thousands of users sending requests at the same time. When there are so many requests to handle the application is bound to crash. This attack is very potent nowadays, as most websites run on their databases. The attack overloads the databases and web servers.
How to Protect Yourself'?
There are many services available in the market which helps businesses in ddos protection . These DdoS protection services can be installed with any hosting provider. They are easy to install and maintain.
DdoS mitigation services look to pacify the common causes of DDoS attacks such as TCP SYN Flood, UDP Flood, ICMP Flood, etc. These are reliable ways to protect your business from a loss of millions. Anti DDoS server installations can keep your information protected and provide reat uptime to a website. If you own a website, then these DDoS protection are perfect solutions for you.


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It is also my opinion that Bummer will take us over the cliff faster than will Bumney. So, therefore, I would prefer to see Bumney elected. It's only to buy us some more time. It may be hopeless; but if it is true that time heels all wounds, maybe time will be on the side of our republic. And so I'd like to buy her some more of it.
There may be some Libertarian voters out there who'd like to vote in such a manner that slows the progress of Statism somewhat more than less. However, they plan on voting for Gary Johnson because the thought of voting for the lesser of two evils is still evil. But in that statement is the recognition that one evil is worse than the other.
There are several states in which the presidential vote tally may be very close. Every vote not for Bumney increases the margin for Bummer, allowing him to win several of those states.
There are also several states where it is a foregone conclusion that Obama will capture their Electoral College votes. In such an instance, a vote for the largest of the 3rd party candidates is not a wasted vote against the worst of the main party candidates, but a vote registered in protest that the existing parties are both far too statist.
For those Libertarian voters living in swing states who think that slowing the evil is preferable to speeding it along, I have a proposal.
As a California voter, I'm really frustrated that my vote for Romney will not count. Romney cannot win here, thanks in large part to the ham-stringing of the California GOP by national party headquarters back in 2002 and continued ever since.
I will vote for Gary Johnson in California if you will vote for Mitt Romney in your state.
This is all on the honor system. It may not make a big difference, but sometimes what seems like a gargantuan task can be accomplished if a bunch of little guys can agree that the worst schemers in this world ought to run into annoying opposition every now and again.
If I am correct, and there are a lot of pissed off people out there, a lot of Libertarians and conservatives will be willing to take this pledge.
The way to notice if our effort made a difference is to note the vote tallies the day after the election.
- For Libertarians: if your total votes are increased, the Libertarian Party and all who are ticked off with the status quo will have left their mark.
- For Conservatives: we will see that Bummer is retired and will then have 4 years to whittle away or obstruct Bumney's Statist inclinations.
Red State Conservatives have no direct roll in this pledge. But you can encourage friends in Blue and Swing states to participate. Please see

subset: commoncrawl


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A reminder: According to French lore, or at least according to one of my French girl friends, every time you eat a fruit for the first time in a new calendar year you make a wish. I'm looking forward to cherries, peaches, nectarines, figs (we have a fig tree), plums. . .
Today is election day in France and when one lives in a small village like ours voting is as much a social event as a civic duty. Neighbors, friends, complete strangers stand in front of the town hall chatting and gossiping, ever careful not to mention the names of the candidates. Many bring their dogs who are, of course, permitted into the voting both.
Now that I've rambled and digressed — something I almost never do as you know. . . Here is what is on the calendar for the week ahead. It's sort of "iffy" for the moment as in there will be a daily post, but in what order and if some of my guests agree to participate this week instead of next week if you see what I mean.
1.) This bit is exciting though: Starting tomorrow I asked my Vivienne Files pal to begin a month-long feature on dressing for the mother-of-the-bride (and groom). The only brief I gave her was all the festivities are for "destination" weddings. And, you guessed it, all destinations are in France — from Paris to the countryside by way of Versailles and glorious Provence.
2.) Marsi I hope will have something special for us. She is the ultimate "value-added."
3.) My feeling is that you're getting bored with the scarf series. I had planned two more, but think this week's will be the final chapter.
4.) Another surprise guest post.
5.) News & Views, This & That
6.) A French Country Weekend
7.) And full-circle back where we are today.
Weather report: Sweater necessary, sun unpredictable and timid, no rain — yet.
I hope you're having a beautiful Sunday.
A demain mes trés, trés, trés cher amis.
Tish I look forward to the week ahead! Great post panned for us!
I have featured an Interview on my site with Tina from The Enchanted Home…
Art by Karena
The American was number 5, my American friend Donna.
Election Day as a social event! (Hadn't thought of that.)
Enjoying following the results as best I can, loin de la France, courtesy of the Internet (and paging through Architectural Digest, the French edition)…
Not getting bored with the series….just wondering what makes the difference. Sure, there are some obvious clues, but most of your photos show very stylish women wearing elegant clothes. Perhaps more commentary would be useful?
Nooooo, I love the scarf series. How they are tied, what they are worn with, and guessing the non-French wearer……
Please, please, please continue with the scarf series. Not all your followers leave comments…. For some of us subjected to living in the UK, it is the only soupçon of elegance and another better way of living!


text: Unlike most traditional European wines, Barbera is named for the grape rather than the place of origin. The most widely planted varietal in northern Italy's Piedmont region, the best Barberas are usually from the neighboring geographic districts of Asti and Alba. Grapes for this wine were sourced from the most southerly exposed, older vineyards nesting in clay and limestone soils. Aged a year in oak, the wine is brilliant and ruby-hued. Aromas of blackberry are followed by a mouthful of robust, vibrant dark-cherry and black-fruit flavors with undertones of licorice and chocolate. Supple texture and nice acid balance. An excellent accompaniment to roast fowl and game, grilled chops, hearty pasta dishes and osso bucco. Where to buy: Dorignac's and Langenstein's in Metairie. Where to drink it: Bacco. (Listings current at press time.)


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SnappyHexMesh for airfoil 2D case: High computational effort for low quality mesh
Good Evening,
using SnappyHexMesh for a 2D airfoil case, I encounter the following problem:
short description:
Snappy meshes in 3rd dimension and consumes high computational power, but after extrudeMesh, the mesh quality is low.
In blockMesh, the patches "left" and "right" are set "empty", which should tell snappy to not mesh in the 3rd dimension - however, this is happening along the stl surface.
The workaround to then generate a 2D mesh as described in the various threads here is to extrude one of the empty patches using extrudeMesh.
In theory, this works.
In practice, I have to generate a 20 million cells mesh with snappy to get 100000 cells after having used extrudeMesh.
Is something wrong in this workflow, or is there actually some kind of bug in snappy that causes computational inefficiency ?
Ubuntu 12.10, OF 2.2.0 (also encountered the same problem on a OF 1.6 machine)
Thank you very much for any help regarding this problem.
case file:
thank you very much for your quick answer.
Yes, I have seen and done that tutorial which is very helpful, however, I am simulating a multi element airfoil and using blockMesh for the slat and airfoil seems to be very complex and difficult.
I am not utilizing blockMesh in that tutorial, but snappyHexMesh. There is the "alternative meshing", which is blockMesh, but if you download the tutorial files, you get a sHM case.
When it comes to your problem, you say that you suffer from bad mesh quality after the extrude process. Can you give any examples (I have not run your case)? It might be easier to help you if you describe your problem in more details.
Sorry for the non-explicit wording. "Bad quality" in this case refers not to any checkMesh results or anything else related to the final mesh and its geometric properties.
What I meant is the general quality of the mesh in terms of cell quantity necessary for that test case.
It takes hours to create the 3D mesh with all the useless cells along the surface in the 3rd dimension, and finally I can only use 100000 out of 20 Mio. cells.
Changing the depth of the initial mesh did not significantly change the number of cells on the stl-surface.
i want to mesh a 2d airfoil but not span it
can any one help me?
1 Attachment(s)
the following is the my test case
2 Attachment(s)
Sadly i still have problems with tail zone and prism layers there. See it here.
Attachment 24323
Attachment 24324
hello ilya,
it is difficult to get rid of the collapsing layers at the trailing edge, actually, the only thing to make it less bad is to set a refinement box at the trailing edge with the same size as your layers are.
The layers are usually growing with an expansion ratio, and there is no way to set the in the refinement box, it is all linear there.
good luck
i don't ever think about it. Thanks!
trailing edge has the big feature angle so to solve this problem i think u need to increase limited feature angle
Airfoil mesh with only square blocks
2 Attachment(s)
Actually I am new to OpenFoam. I generate a mesh for the airfoil same as OpenFoam tutorial. But I want to have full face match cubic mesh instead of triangles. As you can see from the airfoil picture there are triangles in the grid which I want them to eliminate and have something like second picture (cubic mesh). Can someone guide me to how to get rid of triangles mesh? What feature in snappyhexmesh I should hide to have only square blocks.:confused:
Thank you so much for your answer. Would you please help me how can I produce multi level of refinement of quadrilateral mesh with blockMesh? Is there any tutorials for making multi level of refinement with blockMesh? I greatly appreciate your help. Thanks
Greetings to all!
@Srsh: I hope you don't mind, I'll quote a question you sent me via private message, with a question very similar to the posts above. In addition, I'll try to answer some of the questions above.
I've trimmed a bit the message, to get to the bulk of the question:
Actually, I'll start with your first post: there is a misconception of the mesh you're seeing in ParaView. Have a look at this FAQ entry: http://openfoamwiki.net/index.php/FA...is_in_ParaView - there you'll see how to see the real mesh and not the one you're seeing. Because the mesh you're seeing already has decomposed the more complex cells down to tetrahedral/prisms and in that FAQ is explained how to see the original cells.
Regarding blockMesh, check this page: http://openfoamwiki.net/index.php/BlockMesh
Regarding snappyHexMesh: http://openfoamwiki.net/index.php/SnappyHexMesh
Now, as for the questions in the private message: it's very tricky to do such a mesh with snappyHexMesh. This mesher is essentially what I call a chiseller: it will chisel the initial base+refined mesh onto the geometry, therefore it might end up having to deform some cells more than it might be acceptable.
I suggest you go ask Daniel Wei for a copy of the Enosh mesher: http://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/ope...generator.html - that mesher allegedly was specifically designed to assist in creating better meshes for airfoils.
Best regards,
Thank you so much for your kind response. That was really helpful. I was wondering how can I extract these meshes from OpenFoam. I am trying to export the mesh to the plot3D format but apparently OpenFoam doesn't have this option. I used writeMeshObj command to export mesh but it seems it doesn't help. Would you please let me know if there is any way to transfer grid to structural format like plot3D. Thank you again.
Best Regards,
Have you tried
Thank you for your concern. Actually one of my test cases was working on the airfoil. I choose airfoil to see if I could generate quad mesh with SHM. I have to generate grid for several geometries which are different from airfoil.
Hi Srsh,
There is a utility named plot3dToFoam, which does the opposite of what you're looking for. The source code is located at the path indicated by the following command:
echo $FOAM_UTILITIES/mesh/conversion/plot3dToFoam
Good luck! Best regards,
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 16:10.


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This baby astrology chart given below shows the birth details of a new born baby. The astrology chart shows the Zodiac Sign of the baby, Chinese year of birth, Birth Stone and the Sun Sign or Nakshatra.
Zodiac and Birth Details for Nov 20, 2017
Given below is the Janma Nakshatra and other astrology related information for the date Nov 20, 2017 [ Change ].
(Swaksha) Start Time : November 20 14:17 End Time : November 21 17:20
The Nakshatras can be classified into Andhandha, Madhyandha, Mandhandha and Sulochana Nakshatras regarding the theft, losses of valuables etc.
Moola is classified as Swaksha Nakshatra. Since the nakshatra is under Swaksha Nakshatra, the lost articles are difficult to trace and are difficult to get back also. They require greater efforts to get back their lost articles.
Change Date | Get Panchangam | View Birth Chart | Check Porutham | Direct link to result
Press Ctrl-C to copy the url:
Baby Zodiac Sign Finder - Find Birth Astrology of New Borns
Use the form below to choose the Date for which you need to find nakshatra and other astrology birth details. Please enter exact time and place of birth for accurate result.
» Know more about all 27 nakshatras - Nakshatra names, Nakshatra characteristics etc..


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Cross Media Sales Executive
- Recruiter
- Formula Won
- Location
- London (West)
- Salary
- £28k + Good Commission + Bens
- Posted
- 16 Mar 2017
- Closes
- 16 Apr 2017
- Ref
- Discipline
- Media
- Specialism
- Account Management, Sales & Business Development
- Business Type
- Media Owner
- Seniority
- Executive
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full-Time
We are looking for a Cross-Media Sales Executive with "Green Fingers" or a true love of Gardening and garden leisure . You will have the core objective to develop and grow revenue potential of new and existing advertisers through the effective management of an agency and client portfolio. The position covers every aspect of this portfolio and provides an opportunity to sell across a variety of revenue streams (creative solutions, digital, display, direct marketing).
Market knowledge
- To demonstrate a broad knowledge of the market and have a sound understanding of trends
- To comprehend, interpret and present sales data to maximise advertising potential
- To fully articulate the client's proposition and its relevance to advertisers
- To effectively utilise the Insight team according to need
Personal agency portfolio
- To pro-actively sell the Portfolio proposition in to agencies and clients at every opportunity
- To effectively manage all personal agency/client portfolio through a fully integrated strategy
- To have active relationships with all key contacts across portfolio including key press buying and planning agency team contacts
- To have knowledge of previous, current and future activity for each agency across all revenue streams
- To have specific, measurable performance improvement targets/goals for new, existing and lapsed advertisers as agreed with Group Ad Manager
- To effectively adapt selling technique according to market conditions
- To ensure that all competitor leads are chased and followed up at all times
- To attend a minimum of 5 external meetings per week
- To effectively negotiate the best rate possible for every piece of business maximising yield
- To effectively manage all deals to maximise revenue and share
- To help identify and create client led deal opportunities
- To effectively negotiate multiple title and website campaigns
- To create and present effective pitches showcasing the portfolios potential to maximum effect
- To confidently present on both a 1:1 basis or within a group
- To effectively utilise Insight in preparation for all meetings and in all presentations
- To ensure all titles and platforms are fully considered and where appropriate included in all pitches
Drive for Results
- Can be counted on to exceed goals and targets successfully; consistently pushing yourself and your team to achieve goals and plans. Proactive and self motivated. Hungry to prove yourself and be successful.
Intellectual Capacity
- Bright and intelligent; comfortably deals with concepts and complexity; sharp, capable and agile; keen to lean and develop; learns quickly and enjoys the challenge of new things; experiments for solutions.
Customer Focus
- Dedicated to meeting expectations; acts with the customer in mind; establishes good relationships; gains trust and respect.
Action Oriented
- Able to work in a fast paced, self directed, entrepreneurial environment; full of energy for challenges; seizes opportunities.
Technical Competencies:
- Display sales experience in a b2c magazine company a must
- Excellent sales, negotiation and presentation skills as well as keen attention to detail
- Strong new business skills and tenacious approach
- A strong team player with a proven track record in achieving and exceeding sales revenues
- Excellent knowledge and ability to apply all the latest applicable research and data within sales process
- Exceptional communication, administration and business skills
- Education preferably to degree level
- Experience in the gardening industry is a plus but no a pre-requisite overall having a passion for consumer publishing is a must


text:
STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 58,184 this week
Tim Mikulecky
Tim Mikulecky started water skiing at the age of 9 and by 12 was water skiing, performing and acting in live ski shows with his team "The Minnieska Whitewater Ski Team", located in Whitewater,WI. Tim finally turned pro and began skiing for Sea World at the age of 18. By 1995, water-ski shows started to evolve into stunt shows and this is when he ... See full bio »
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text:
Share the Circus
We believe that family activities are integral to a healthy community. Quality time spent with family and extended family helps weave together the strands of our separate lives. Our patrons often share stories of little girls waving their arms as they envision themselves as graceful dancers on horseback, and little boys who banter back and forth mimicking a clown's physical comedy. Unfortunately, there are children that do not have the opportunities to experience the magic of live performance, due to family circumstances. In recognition of this, Circus Flora established the Share the Circus program in 2003, by which 3,000 tickets are given every year, free of charge, to children and families from underserved communities.


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Hal Leonard Lennon & McCartney Pro Vocal Series Volume 14 (Book and CD)
Item is available as a recurring order
To automatically re-order this item before you run out, select the recurring order option during checkout.
Whether you're a karaoke singer or preparing for an audition, the Pro Vocal series is for you. The book contains the lyrics, melody, and chord symbols for eight hit songs. The CD contains demos for listening and separate backing tracks so you can sing along. The CD is playable on any CD, but it is also enhanced for PC and Mac computer users so you can adjust the recording to any pitch without changing the tempo! Perfect for home rehearsal, parties, auditions, corporate events, and gigs without a backup band. This volume includes 8 classic hits: Can't Buy Me Love • Come Together • A Hard Day's Night • Help! • I Want to Hold Your Hand • In My Life • When I'm Sixty-Four • Yesterday.
Things You Will Get:
- Book CD
|Pro Vocal


text:
Is Epsom or South Cheam safe places to live?
Is Epsom (near Wallace Field primary school) better or South Cheam (near Cuddington Croft primary school) better to live?
Asked on Mar 8 2010, Schools in Sutton | Report content
Answers (2)
Sort by: Oldest | Recent | Highest rated
I don't know this area personally but check this website out it will give you information on crime rates schooling and other usefull info to help buyers decide where to buy etc. Good luck
Web reference: www.upmystreet.co.ukAnswered on Mar 9 2010, Report content
Both very nice, very safe places to live. If I were to pick one South Cheam would be the one, a truly beautiful area.Answered on Mar 16 2010, Report content
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Forex Tools
There are lots of monetary markets where to take part in order making significantly much better returns than putting your cash in a CD …
Forex Trading: How To Read A Forex Quote The objective of any Forex trading system is to make money from foreign currency motions. This …
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For years I thought that the Wall Street Insiders were crooks. I thought they had to be cheating to consistently score returns of 90% …
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text:
Since you can't be with your kids at school, there are some simple things you can do at home to set them up to succeed.First, get involved. Ask your kids about their day. Find out what homework they have and set rules for them to complete it before they can watch TV or play video games. Then, check their work. Make sure they completed it that night. Don'tbe afraid to ask their teacher what is expected.Ask your kids how they are feeling. Let them know it's OK to let you know if they are having problems in certain subjects, or with their teacher and fellow students. If they are uncomfortable in their classrooms, you can speak with theschool to adjust their situation. Joining the PTA/PTO can give you a firsthand look into what's going on and you canmeet other parents in the same situation.Don't forget, providing your kids balanced meals at home gives them the energy they need to stay alert at school. It will go a long way in helping them perform all day long.
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Looking for car finance?
Get car finance tailored to your exact needs.
Looking for a new car?
See loads of cars at discounted prices.
Home insurance
Compare up to 65 brands in under 8 minutes
Between gifts, rings and the wedding dress, the value of a newlywed couple's belongings can soar overnight.
So if you're planning to get married, take a look at how best to protect your big day as well as making sure you're covered from the beginning of your married life.
Thanks to jewellery pedlars in the 1930s, some people believe that engagement rings need to cost one month's salary.
These days, the average cost of an engagement ring exceeds £2,000. That's a fair amount of bling you're walking around with.
Add to that the wedding ring and your left hand alone could be worth more than your car. That's why it's worth looking at getting them covered.
Any single item with a value of more than £1,000 should be listed on your contents insurance policy as a high-value item.
This means that your rings should be covered for theft and most damage. At least you won't have to shell out thousands of pounds to replace them if something happens.
Depending on how lavish you want the wedding to be, the perfect dress can cost into hundreds, if not thousands.
It might not seem obvious to insure specific clothes under your home insurance, a wedding dress should be an exception.
If you're planning on storing the dress in your home before the big day, then be sure to add it to your contents policy.
Both the dress and rings should be listed as "personal possessions" - this way they'll be covered outside the home as well as inside.
Doing this could also give you the benefit of them being covered on your honeymoon as well.
Although more couples these days want cash as a wedding gift rather than a present, you're still likely to walk away from the ceremony with more toasters than when you came in.
More stuff in the house means the value of your belongings has increased, which means you may need extra cover.
There's a chance that your home insurance policy may provide some additional cover for your wedding presents at no extra cost.
Have a chat with your insurer to see if your policy allows for some leeway when it comes to special occasions like this.
What usually happens is the value of items covered under the policy is temporarily increased for a few weeks either side of the event.
This gives you enough time to finish the wedding planning, get married and go on honeymoon without worrying about covering those extra gifts.
After this time period, you'll need to re-calculate the value of your belongings and either update your insurer or shop around for a cheaper insurance quote.
The great debate is whether or not you should take out an insurance policy on the wedding itself.
The rings, dress and presents may be covered, but what if your photographer decides not to show up?
What if someone leaves the cake out in the rain?
What if, for whatever reason, you have to cancel the wedding entirely?
Some companies offer specialise wedding insurance that is meant to cover these sorts of events. Before you go for it, think about if you really need it.
If you pay for the wedding services by credit card, anything between £100 and £30,000 is covered under Section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act.
This lets you claim money back from your credit-card provider if there are problems with the wedding that count as a breach of contract, such as the caterers not turning up or the venue being double-booked.
Find buildings and contents insurance for your home, quickly and easily with Confused.com
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Prenups could become commonplace if new proposals are adopted. But would signing one doom your marriage to failure before it's begun?
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Our handy flowchart will help you decide.
Something old, something new, someone stressful, someone blue.
Protect your big day and make sure you're covered from the beginning of your married life.
Organising a wedding can be surprisingly political. So we're here to help you navigate the maze of matrimonial etiquette.


text:
Record results for bed retailer Dreams as owner looks for buyer
Bed retailer Dreams has reported a record set of results as its private equity owner continues to search for a buyer for the firm.
The company, which is owned by Sun Capital Partners, saw sales rise 20% to £280 million and pre-tax profit grow 136% to £32 million last year.
Dreams linked the growth to investment into store refurbishments and its Oldbury factory, where it manufactures over 200,000 mattresses and over 160,000 beds annually.
The 181-store chain collapsed into administration in 2013 before being bought by Sun, which has embarked on a successful turnaround in the face of rising online competition.
Sun is working with bankers at Rothschild to hunt for a buyer for Dreams, with an asking price set at around £400 million.
It is understood several US private equity firms have expressed early interest in the brand, although a sale is not likely to be agreed until later this year.
Speaking alongside the results, chief executive Mike Logue said he is undeterred by a potential slowdown in consumer spending.
He said: " 2016 was a pivotal year for Dreams, building on the last three years of growth.
"Whilst potential future challenges to the UK consumer economy are well documented, we are confident that we will continue to successfully execute our strategy and that it will be another year of significant progress for Dreams."


text:
Published: September 1, 2011
Zach Adams, 17, of Berlin Center, is the 2011 Junior Fair King. Zach, a senior at Western Reserve High School, has been involved 4-H activities for 11 years. He is a member of the Mahoning County Outdoorsmen.
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text: Hi all: I use the following codes to call android system music player: Uri uri = Uri.parse(url); Intent intent = new Intent(); intent.setDataAndType(uri, "audio/*"); intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); startActivity(intent); It can play music. But if I press back key the music stops playing. How to call android system music player and play background? Thank you very much!


text:
great location, reasonable price, room and service was great. staff very helpfull and friendly. located walking distance from china town, market street and pier 39. highly recomended. good and effective valet parking. walgreems steps by.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Omni San Francisco Hotel provides luxury accommodations in the heart of downtown San Francisco - the jewel of California. This beautiful downtown hotel is located right on the cable car line and is only a short walk to Union Square, the San Francisco neighborhood that has become a mecca for high-end shopping and art galleries. Ideal for a romantic getaway, the Omni San Francisco Hotel offers modern amenities in a boutique ambiance due to its Florentine Renaissance architecture. Built as a bank in 1926, the lobby is adorned with Italian marble, rich fabrics and Austrian crystal chandeliers.This classic elegance makes the hotel the perfect location for a memorable wedding reception. Bob's Steak & Chop House has carved out a reputation as one of America's great steak houses. From great food to attentive and seasoned wait staff, Bob's Steak & Chop House offers an unmatched dining experience in the heart of San Francisco. Located just 20 minutes from San Francisco International Airport. ... more less
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Violence between people is a complex social phenomenon involving both social and individual psychological variables. Prevention of violence includes attention to risk factors for violence; but also the provision of interventions for those who have been violent to others. This article explores the evidence that failures of the mentalising process are a risk factor for acts of violence, especially in mental health service users; and describes the implementation of potential therapeutic programmes that seek to improve mentalising in individuals who pose a risk of serious violence to others.
There are good reasons for mental health services to be concerned about violence. In 2004, the World Health Organization described violence as a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and identified it as an international public health problem (Krug 2002). In the health context, violence excludes civil or international armed conflict, but refers to the health impact of violence between individuals and groups, in the home or on the street, both fatal and non-fatal. Violence not only causes physical damage and death, it is also a potent risk factor for future violence, in terms of repeat perpetration and sometimes raising the risk that victims will become perpetrators.
Regarding mental health service planning, exposure to and injury by violence causes mental distress and disability which can be long term. Such health effects have cost implications both directly, in terms of the treatment needs of victims and perpetrators, and indirectly, in terms of the associated costs of general medical service utilisation and of the criminal justice processes that respond to violence.
It is sometimes suggested that violence is not a medical problem but a universal and inevitable feature of human behaviour. However, the actuarial evidence is against this. In most Anglophone/European countries, violence is a comparatively rare form of criminal behaviour. In England and Wales, it constitutes only 20% of recorded crime, and rates of all forms of violence have been dropping over the past decade (Home Office 2009; Smith 2010). Homicide rates in England and Wales doubled between 1960 and 1980, but have been stable ever since, numbering about 600 annually (Taylor 1999). If we assume that 40 million people are physically able to commit a homicide, a subgroup of only 600–700 looks highly statistically deviant.
We suggest that the criminal justice data indicate that violence is a comparatively rare human behaviour, but the combination of its rarity and its disproportionately damaging effects requires explanation that can drive interventions.
Risk factors for violence
The World Health Organization (Butchart 2004) report into violence suggested that an ecological model which incorporates a variety of influences holds most explanatory power (Bronfenbrenner 1977; Fig. 1). In this model, individual psychological risk factors (including mental illness and personality disorder) are likely to be small but significant risk factors for violence, and will need attention from mental health services. Risk assessment and intervention to reduce the risk of violence are key quality indicators for most mental health services providers, and an essential part of the care programme approach (Maden 2007).
There are other reasons why psychological approaches to understanding and changing violence-prone states of mind are important. First, the evidence about the nature of violence suggests that at least half of it arises in the context of a relationship between two people (Smith 2010). This is particularly true for children and infants under 1 year: infants are most at risk of being victims of homicide, and perpetrators are parents or in parental roles in 80% of such cases.
Second, severity of inflicted violence is affected by the relationship between perpetrator and victim; this appears to be the case for both sexual violence and homicide. Over 50% of homicides in England and Wales last year arose in the context of a quarrel, revenge or dispute between people who were well known to each other (Smith 2010), indicating that the perpetrator had thoughts and feelings about the victim in their mind before the violence began (i.e. they had a representation of the victim or their relationship with them in mind). Attention to the relationship, and the feelings/thoughts associated with it, might be an important way to reduce the risk of violence.
Finally, it is now well established that certain types of disordered mental state – paranoid mental states, combined with disinhibition and impaired reality-testing – increase the risk of violence. Other risky psychological attitudes include lack of empathy, dehumanising people, and cruel and derogatory attitudes to the vulnerable. Psychological interventions that operate on how individuals 'see' others in their mind, and how they make judgements about reality and risk, could be helpful to the subgroup of psychiatric service users who present a risk to others.
A complexity for forensic mental services (especially secure residential settings) is that they must treat not only for mental health restoration, but also for risk reduction and violence prevention (Glorney 2010). It is not enough that patients feel better, they must also behave better (Adshead 2000). Therapeutic interventions, whether pharmacological, occupational or psychological, need to address the patient's capacity to cruelty and violence, as this will have been the reason they were admitted in the first place.
Thinking of others: the social mind, empathy and mentalisation
Anthropological study of human evolution and psychological development indicates that, like other primates, we are social animals who live in groups; and that our neocortex volume is related to the nature and extent of social relationships we need for survival (Dunbar 2003). This expanded neocortex is the substrate for our 'social' mind: the capacity to assess others as potential allies, mates, peers or predators. Unlike the other great apes and primates with whom we share so much genetic material, humans have extensive capacities for self-awareness and reflection on that awareness, and the capacity to imagine the state of mind of others.
This capacity to have mind-in-mind is also known as mentalisation – an individual's ability to recognise and imagine their own internal mental states and those of others (including beliefs, intentions, emotions and motivations) and, more importantly, understand and interpret one's own and others' actions as meaningful on the basis of these states (Allen 2008). Mentalisation includes a variety of meta-level operations of mind such as empathy, theory of mind, emotional recognition, metacognition and self-reflective function. It requires interpersonal abilities that are integral to a stable sense of self. It is not so much a capacity but a process which is going on in the mind at all times: it is about 'reading' other people's minds and also reflecting on one's own (known as self-reflective or reflective function; Fonagy 1997).
An important theoretical development has been the explicit link between early attachment relationships and the mentalising process in the mind of the child (Fonagy 2003a,b). Secure attachment in childhood is associated with the development of enhanced mentalisation processes, which in turn contribute to the homeostatic regulation of negative affect and arousal regulation (Schore 1996, 2001; Sarkar 2006). A person with limited or reduced mentalising processes will not be able to manage negative emotions such as normal anger, hatred and wishes to hurt. They are likely to become highly aroused very quickly and experience themselves as unable to think. Feelings of being overwhelmed with negative affects may lead to physical expressions of these affects, from shouting and damaging property, to self-harm and ultimately to harming others.
This escalating spectrum of acting out of negative affects may explain why it is unusual to find isolated acts of violence occurring de novo. Most people with histories of acts of violence have escalated from verbal abuse and property damage to self-harm or harm to others; and there is some evidence that those who self-harm have a small but real increased risk of acting violently, and vice versa. The concept of a spectrum of acting out behaviours (property → self → others) would also explain why national trends in suicide and homicide tend to be very similar (Gilligan 2011).
The mentalising process is essential to two other areas of mental function: self–other discrimination and self–other security. First, reflective function entails the capacity to distinguish one's own mind from that of another; it allows a thinker to see other minds as real, and makes and maintains the boundary between different internal worlds. People with poor reflective function (e.g. individuals with borderline personality disorder) find it difficult to distinguish between self-states and other states; instead, there is enmeshment between self and others which gives rise to severe anxiety (Bender 2007). Such blurring of self–other boundaries has been found to be associated with violence to others in the context of psychotic mental disorders (Link 1994).
Second, reflective function enables a person to attach to others safely; it is crucial to being prosocial. As suggested above, it is an aspect of the social mind that evolved out of our identity as group animals and our need to communicate over time and place. Without the ability to 'read' other minds accurately, other group members may be identified as either 'predator' or 'prey', or (worse) something that oscillates between. There will be no opportunity to make attachment bonds to peers which allow groups to form that enhance safety and social function; lack of reflective function may result in social exclusion, which itself results in increased mortality and early death (House 1988).
A measure of reflective function has been developed on the basis of attachment narratives. (Fonagy 1998). Individuals who have high levels of mentalising function are better able to process negative affects, so that they do not overwhelm the mind and stop thought. In contrast, those who have low mentalising function are overwhelmed by negative affects and unable to metabolise them effectively. The link between poor mentalising function and affect dysregulation has been made most clearly in relation to borderline personality disorder (Bateman 2006; Levy 2006). The characteristic 'affect storms' of borderline personality disorder are accompanied by cognitive distortions (often of parapsychotic intensity) and acts of violence (usually self-directed).
Violence as failure of mentalising: releasing the locks on violence
The psychological and psychiatric study of violence explores the contribution of the individual's internal psychological experience to risk. In this sense, an individual offender's psychological or psychiatric state is like the last number of a bicycle lock: acting as the final risk factor which, when combined with others, 'unlocks' the inhibitory mechanisms that prevent violence exploding from the internal to the external world (Blair 2003).
In this section we review the evidence that low levels of mentalising enhance the risk of violence. There are two principal ways to address this:
to look at levels of violence in people who may be expected to have poor reflective function owing to attachment insecurity; and
to measure reflective function in violent offenders.
Violence in people with insecure attachments who may be mentalising poorly
Understanding violence within a mentalising framework entails examining the association between early maladaptive attachment styles (Shonk 2001) and subsequent behavioural responses to negative interpersonal interactions (Bateman 2008a). The attachment paradigm might be useful for relational violence in particular (Pfäfflin 2004). The majority of victims of severe violence are related to the perpetrator by attachment relationships: partners, ex-partners, parents, friends or children (Smith 2010). Interestingly, a significant subgroup of forensic patients are admitted to secure care because of attacks on professional carers with whom they may have had a professional attachment (Adshead 1998).
Attachment systems are activated at times of distress, arousal and threat (Bowlby 1960) and violent behaviours are known to be more likely at such times. Individuals with insecure attachments are known to have poor affect regulation (Schore 2002), and acts of violence are usually described as being affectful or affectless (Meloy 2006). Crime scene indicators often suggest either explosions of extreme, disorganised and disproportionate affect, or highly controlled violence (Canter 2004). Such outbursts suggest a disastrous failure to mentalise negative affects such as shame, hatred, fear or anger in the context of interpersonal conflict and/or high negative expressed emotion (Gilligan 2002).
However, the evidence that insecure attachment alone is a highly influential risk factor for violence is limited. Insecure attachment is an expected finding in 40% of the community as a whole (van Ijzendoorn 2003) and is therefore too common to account causally for violence as a whole. Self-directed violence has been described in association with personality disorder, where insecurity of attachment is a feature of childhood history, especially borderline personality disorder where enmeshed attachment patterns are commonly found (Levy 2005). However, only a minority of people with personality disorder, even antisocial personality disorder, are violent to others (Duggan 2009). In a recent study of attachment in prisoners, insecure attachment was not associated with convictions for violence, although anxious attachment was associated with intimate partner violence (Hansen 2011).
Insecurity of attachment may only be a risk factor for violence in certain circumstances or under certain conditions. Disorganised attachment in childhood is associated with the development of more severe clinical psychiatric disorders (van Ijzendoorn 2003), although it has not yet been established that the severity of any psychiatric disorder is a risk factor for violence.
Maltreated children are at increased risk of developing conduct disorder, which in turn puts them at risk of antisocial behaviour in youth and early adulthood (Kim-Cohen 2006, 2009): disorganised attachment may be the mediator, although this is also not established.
Studies of violence trajectories in youth suggest that there is a subgroup of children who show callous and unempathic attitudes from an early age, and later display violent behaviour (Wootton 1997). However, it is still not clear whether the lack of the mentalising process is operative here or whether there is a relationship between disorganised attachment, poor mentalising and callous and unempathic attitudes.
Insecure attachment and failure of mentalising in violent populations
If failure of the mentalising process is relevant to violence commission, then we might expect to find evidence in violent offenders of either:
highly insecure attachment histories; or
low levels of reflective function.
There is now a considerable evidence base of studies that show higher levels of insecure attachment in violent offenders compared with community norms (see Pfäfflin 2004 for review; Bakermans-Kranenburg 2009). In the general population, insecurity of attachment is found in 40% of the population, but in forensic settings, this is closer to 60–70% (Frodi 2001; Adshead 2004; Levinson 2004; Bogaerts 2005).
This level of insecure attachment is unsurprising, given the excess levels of childhood adversity and trauma in forensic populations, both in prison and secure psychiatric settings. Offenders in prison or forensic secure care are more likely to have been separated from their parents, severely physically maltreated or neglected, and put into Social Services' care before age 15 years than their non-offending community counterparts. Abuse and neglect are typically reported in 30% of most general populations internationally (Kessler 2010), but rates of 60–70% are the norm in forensic settings (Coid 1992; Heads 1997; Weeks 1998).
Types of insecure attachment
A number of types of insecure attachment may be relevant to poor mentalising (Box 1). Among these, type CC is a highly disorganised adult attachment pattern in which both enmeshed (E) and dismissing (D) attachment styles are mixed together in a chaotic way (Hesse 2008). Type CC is commonly found in clinical populations (Bakermans-Kranenburg 2009). Individuals with CC attachment status may be intermittently in hostile, helpless, frightened or frightening states of mind (Lyons-Ruth 1999; Hesse 2000). In addition, individuals may have unresolved (U) attachment representations in relation to loss or trauma, which result in unpredictable and disturbing lapses of reasoning or thinking when reminded of the trauma. Unresolved traumatic affects (such as may be present in post-traumatic stress disorder) can cause brief and discrete failures of mentalisation (George 1985).
The most common forms of insecure attachment
Enmeshed or preoccupied (E)
Dismissing or avoidant (D)
Cannot classify (CC)
The patterns of insecure attachment found in forensic populations are different from those in other clinical populations. Most studies of attachment in clinical populations find high levels of E and/or CC attachment, whereas studies of attachment in offenders typically find high levels of D attachment (Adshead 2004: p. 152). This is a pattern of thinking about attachment relationships in which neediness and vulnerability are denied, disavowed or even derogated (Hesse 2008). Dismissing attachment organisation may be relevant to the commission of violent acts that entail derogatory attitudes to neediness, dependence and pain; in fact, it may be difficult to commit such acts without such derogatory attitudes.
The other types of insecure attachment are less common in forensic settings than in other clinical groups. This may be an artefact of measurement or may reflect that measurement of attachment is taking place in a setting where people are frightened and defensive, and reluctant to show vulnerability. We might hypothesise that the CC category would be more common in forensic psychiatric populations who are mentally unwell as well as violently antisocial, but this has not yet been shown to be the case.
Self-reflective function
If violence is related to poor mentalising capacity, then we should expect to find low levels of mentalising function in violent offenders as measured by self-reflective function. However, only one study has specifically looked at reflective function in violent offenders. Levinson & Fonagy (2004) measured reflective function in a sample of men imprisoned for a variety of offences and found that violent offenders had lower levels of reflective function than non-violent offenders. Bateman & Fonagy (2008b) have also found low levels of reflective function in individuals with self-directed violence and they argue that reductions in such behaviour are mediated by therapies that improve mentalisation and reflective function, such as mentalisation-based treatment (MBT) and transference-focused therapy (Levy 2006). However, the relationship between self-directed violence (in terms of self-harm) and other directed violence is not clear: Gilligan's work (2011) finds a link between completed suicide and homicide rates, not self-harming behaviours, that are the focus of most treatment interventions. In addition, the Levinson & Fonagy study has yet to be replicated.
Linking mentalisation failure and violence
The attachment and mentalisation model of mind would suggest that people with highly disorganised attachment systems may be at risk of failing to mentalise when their attachment histories are triggered. These difficulties are essentially a diminished view of the self in relation to others. Feelings of shame could activate this temporary state of mind. Shame has been associated with antisocial and violent behaviours and might have some explanatory value in relation to fragile self-concepts and humiliation (Gilligan 2002). Shame has been conceptualised in evolutionary terms as relating to threatened perceptions of the self in the social hierarchy (Gilbert 2005).
High v. low affect
The question of affect dysregulation and violence is complicated. Violent offenders may be divided into a high-affect, impulsive and hyperaroused group on the one hand, and a low-affect, hypoaroused and unemotional group on the other (Meloy 2006). The high-affect group resemble patients with borderline personality disorder who repeatedly harm themselves, leading Bateman & Fonagy (2009) to propose that a subgroup of people with antisocial personality disorder resemble people with borderline personality disorder, who can oscillate between reasonable reflective function and temporary losses of mentalising function with consequent fragmented self-experience and frightening affect storms. Such unstable oscillations of mental state are characteristic of disorganised attachment processes (van Ijzendoorn 2003), and in such a state it may be impossible to make coherent (and safe) judgements about other people's minds.
Conversely, the low-affect group seem to have little concern for anyone's feelings, including their own. Indeed, there is some evidence that some violent offenders are satisfied by seeing fear or distress in others, and experience a sense of mastery and control in the presence of others' distress. Meloy (2006) describes this group as predatory; and this group do seem to function socially as if they were hunters and other people were (literally) 'fair game'. Specifically, this group of violent offenders also appear to experience contempt and derogation for vulnerability, neediness and distress; even if this does reflect unconscious projection of vulnerability, it reflects a conscious wish to hurt and control. Such states of mind are often seen as characteristics of psychopathy: a specific form of personality disorder in which meanness and cruelty to vulnerable others is a key factor (Patrick 2009). It is possible to see a link between the dismissing derogating attachment style (which is found in only a small subgroup of the population) and the subgroup offviolent offenders who are specifically cruel and humiliating to people who are vulnerable and distressed, and who score highly on psychopathy measures (Frodi 2001).
Not only is some violence both predatory and highly controlled: some types of violence and cruelty to others suggest that the perpetrator's reflective function in terms of assessing the victim's intentions is particularly high. Reflective function may be high when empathy is low: studies of military atrocities suggest that there is no necessary connection between these two factors (Burleigh 1995; Browning 2001). It might be argued that in these men and women, the affective disturbance is unconscious but still present: what is consciously detectable is a disavowal of affect, characteristic of dismissing attachment systems (Bowlby 1960).
A further subgroup of individuals becomes aroused and affectful only when they see others' distress; this arousal may become sexualised. This subgroup may have something in common with people who self-harm who describe emptiness, numbness and affectlessness until they harm themselves.
Failure of empathy and reduced theory of mind
The link between mentalising and violence is also complex because some accounts of mentalising include psychological capacities such as empathy and the capacity to conceive of other minds (Choi-Kain 2008). Failure of empathy is a key feature of violent offending (Joliffe 2006), so prima facie this would indicate a failure of mentalising capacity. However, studies of empathy in offenders have mixed findings in terms of lack of empathy (Joliffe 2006): not all violent offenders demonstrate lack of empathy and some offenders may actually score highly on empathy.
There has been similar theoretical interest in whether violent offenders show reduced theory of mind capacity (as in autism); the hypothesis being that people with theory of mind deficits would not recognise or be disturbed by others' distress. The evidence here again is conflicting: some offenders do show theory of mind deficits but others do not. Even offenders who score highly on psychopathy measures (and who are therefore at increased risk of acting violently) do not necessarily show theory of mind deficits (Richell 2003; Dolan 2004).
The two types of violence (high-affect and low-affect) mirror the current discussions about two different neuronal systems underlying empathy and theory of mind. Blair (2005) distinguishes emotional empathy and cognitive empathy, with the latter being akin to theory of mind; and there is evidence that there are two different systems involving the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex that underpin empathic responses (Shamay-Tsoory 2009, 2010).
Another helpful contribution, drawing on social cognitive neuroscience, is Lieberman's (2007) distinction between internally and externally focused aspects of theory of mind. Internally focused processes are activated by mentalising aspects of the self and others' thoughts, feelings and experience – their 'interior world'. On the other hand, the external focus is on physical and visible features; the non-mentalising aspects of theory of mind. In reviewing the basis for a mentalisation-based approach for people with borderline personality disorder, Fonagy & Luyten (2009) refer to this group as having difficulty in tasks that require a direct focus on mental interiors, while being adept at understanding external characteristics. The same distinction may apply to people with affectful violence.
The failure-to-mentalise model of violence also needs to explain the contribution of psychosis to violence-prone mental states. Psychosis increases the risk of violence in a number of ways: by simple disinhibition, failure of good-quality judgement when reality is distorted, or rational response to perceived (but irrational) threat (Link 1994). Severe affective dysregulation may lead to psychotic states (and vice versa), and failures of metacognition are well documented in psychotic states (Dimaggio 2008). This function is distinct from mentalisation, and although it is tempting to assume that psychosis reduces mentalising function, this has not yet been demonstrated.
Improving mentalisation with violent individuals: a pilot project in a high secure hospital
The effectiveness of MBT in borderline personality disorder is of therapeutic significance to those treating violent states of mind, especially in terms of reduction of impulsive violence. The overall structure of MBT provides a space in which the objective is to think about how thoughts and feelings dictate actions and to identify where errors in this process occur that result in problematic reactions. In research trials, MBT techniques that aim to improve reflective function have been shown to decrease affect storms, improve abilities to self-reflect and reduce self-harming behaviours, improvements maintained over the longer term (Levy 2006; Bateman 2008a,b).
We set up a pilot MBT group to test its acceptability to patients and to see whether it is possible to replicate the technical format of MBT in long-stay residential secure care. We selected as potential group members men who had struggled with high levels of episodic violence throughout their lives, including within the hospital. We also selected men who had a variety of severe personality psychopathology: this is the norm in specialist and high secure settings (Blackburn 2003; Yang 2010) (Table 1). We made it clear to participants that this was a pilot and that its aim was to increase their capacity to manage negative affects and to improve reality-testing and perspective-taking in their day-to-day lives. We used a variety of interventions aimed at improving mentalising function (Allen 2008), including psychoeducational sessions and film clips as well as reflective sessions.
Nine patients were referred for the first group; one patient declined to participate during the assessment process and two dropped out of the group at a later stage. In terms of diagnoses, four had a primary diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, but comorbid personality dysfunction was also present in these men, although they did not meet full criteria for diagnosis. Similarly, the men with primary personality disorder diagnoses also had histories of psychosis. Such diagnostic comorbidity is typical of high secure hospital patients (Blackburn 2003).
Forty-eight group sessions were conducted between January 2008 and March 2009. There was full attendance at 31 of these meetings, with reasons for non-attendance including feeling unwell or competing appointments (e.g. visitors to the hospital).
Three trained facilitators were present at the sessions most weeks, but on occasion the group ran with two facilitators. The range of techniques within the MBT literature aimed at improving mentalising function (Allen 2008), including introductory psychoeducational sessions to prepare participants to get the most out of the group meetings and reflective individual sessions. We rated the adherence of the group therapists to the MBT model using guidance published by Bateman & Fonagy (2004).
Preliminary findings
The pilot project showed the importance of the group process for improving mentalising. Group membership and the group process makes multiple perspective-taking inevitable as a psychological exercise. Group activity does not stimulate the attachment system in the same way as one-to-one sessions, especially for those individuals who had suffered abuse by caregivers. Multiple mirroring is possible, which may be relevant to empathic function through imitation and the stimulation of mirror neurons (Gallese 2001, 2004). In the forensic context, group work also offered the possibility of belonging to something again and connecting to others – of being 'social'. Such a view fits with other accounts of the importance of group work with offenders (Marshall 2010).
Self-report and behavioural data-based measures were collated at 12 and 18 months (effectively mid- and post-group) and followed up at 6 months post-group. Three participants reported improvements in mindfulness, scoring in a non-clinical normative range of functioning post-group. However, no significant change was reported.
We noted more functional defence style (as measured on the Defense Style Questionnaire: Andrew 1993) in one participant, and clinically and reliably significant change across all scales of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64; Horowitz 2000) in another. Where any improvement in interpersonal problem-solving was endorsed, this was maintained at follow-up and beyond the group. The majority of the group graduates reported significant improvements overall in relation to interpersonal problems.
Interpersonal relationships are a risk factor for violent incidents taking place within the hospital so we looked for any changes in incident data in terms of behaviour within the hospital. There was a low base rate of within-hospital incidents for this pilot group, probably due to careful selection from the early stages of referral by the clinical teams. No incidents were reported for three of the six participants. However, one patient was involved in an incident in which he directed physical violence against a fellow patient. It was possible to discuss this incident in the group session and explore the process of mentalising and its relationship to the use of aggression – perhaps an example of the direct portability and use of the model within the forensic context.
Two men dropped out of the group, but the rest group completed the year-long programme. At the time of writing, all the men have moved to a pre- discharge care pathway, including those who had been most violent most often. We did not specifically measure reflective function, so we cannot say whether improved mentalising has contributed to improved function in the hospital. It may be that, for individuals who struggle with so much psychological disability, any intervention that takes thinking seriously and encourages self-reflection (not just learning) will produce behavioural results.
Implications and future directions
In summary, results are inconclusive and questions remain about the role of mentalisation failure as a risk factor for violence. It may be relevant for only a subgroup of violent offenders, i.e. those with high affectivity and impulsivity (e.g. borderline personality disorder). One may therefore imagine that a typical individual will be a man who has been socially isolated, misusing substances and antisocial from late childhood. Such a man will almost certainly struggle to manage negative affects and is likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality traits. If he is psychologically 'threatened' with a perceived loss, he will be overwhelmed with feeling and may fail to mentalise. This loss of mentalising capacity will act as the final 'number' in the internal locking system and violence can then erupt. Once the affect storm is over, the offender patient may feel and behave calmly, and may only be violent again when the particular combination of circumstances is activated.
For this group of violent offenders, there would seem to be sufficient evidence to be offering mentalisation-based interventions, ideally in the form of controlled treatment trials. However, there still remains the puzzle of how best to intervene with violent men and women who seem to have high levels of mentalising function. The terrible and tragic case of Anders Breivik, an apparently normal young man who killed 77 people in Norway, makes the point of how urgently we need to find ways of understanding and managing cruel and unusual states of mind.
Select the single best option for each question stem
Mentalising does not include:
organisation of information
theory of mind
self-reflective function
Mentalising function has been shown to be reduced in:
bipolar disorder
borderline personality disorder
conduct disorder.
In England and Wales, violence:
is a rare form of criminality
has been rising steadily year on year
is the same as aggression
is causally associated with antisocial personality disorder
is common in men.
Mentalisation failures:
are compatible with normal psychological function
are always found in violent offenders
cause attacks on self and others
are unrelated to psychotic disorders
are unrelated to mood disorders.
Mentalising function:
can be measured using self-reflective function measures
is improved only by mentalisation-based treatment (MBT)
cannot be changed
is a capacity made up of static factors
does not change over the life-cycle.
MCQ answers
Declaration of Interest: None.
- © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2013


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Dino Riders – Tyco Super Dough
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AURORA, Ill. (December 1, 2006) — Live Nation Motor Sports, producers of the Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP/Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series, and the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and AMA Pro Racing, announced today format changes for the 2006-'07 Amp'd Mobile Supercross events that will help facilitate the addition of a second live TV broadcast and will reduce the impact to the racing surface throughout the evening program.
Live Nation previously reported that the opening round of the Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series in Anaheim will be broadcast live on SPEED. The live broadcast at Anaheim joins the Las Vegas supercross finale as the other event scheduled for live broadcast on SPEED.
One of the changes that will help to sharpen the focus of the live broadcast while reducing wear on the racing surface and related track maintenance time, will be the adoption of the event format for the AMA Supercross class that has been used for several years at the Rockstar Energy Drink U.S. Open and in the AMA Supercross Lites class for more than a decade. The new format for the AMA Supercross class will continue to provide riders two opportunities to qualify for the main event through the heats and the last chance qualifier. The use of semi-final races, which traditionally ran with those riders who failed to qualify for the main event from their heats races, have been dropped from the format.
Another change to the program will provide those AMA Supercross class riders, who are ranked in the top 10 positions in current points that fail to qualify for an AMA Supercross main event, either through their heat races or the last chance qualifier, with a provisional start spot in the AMA Supercross main. Qualified riders in the top 10 places in current points will be eligible for provisional main event start spots twice during the 2006-'07 season.
A third change to the AMA Supercross class' race format is the use of timed qualifying practice to replace the qualifying races that ran in the afternoon at each event following the AMA Supercross and AMA Supercross Lites practice sessions. Every rider will have each lap of their practice sessions timed by the official AMA transponder scoring team, and those practice lap times will now be used to seed riders into the evening race program for both the AMA Supercross and AMA Supercross Lites classes.
According to Live Nation Motor Sports' senior director of Supercross Todd Jendro, "This change to use timed practice for qualifying riders and the use of the provisional start policy to replace the semi-final races will significantly reduce the impact on the race track during the program and will allow us to ensure spectators that the track will be in the best condition possible for the AMA Supercross and AMA Supercross Lites class main events. These changes will also tighten up the program a bit to make live AMA Supercross even more attractive as a live TV property. It's been nearly two decades since the AMA Supercross event format was revised, and were confident that the changes will help to enhance the quality of the Supercross experience for our fans".
For more information about the Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP/Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series, please log on to www.supercrossonline.com. For media requests, please contact Denny Hartwig at 630-566-6305 or e-mail at email@example.com.
About Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP"¢/Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series
Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP, produced and promoted by Live Nation is a 17-round global off-road motorcycle stadium racing circuit. Riders must compete in the international rounds to be eligible to win the world championship. In 2006-2007, the 17-event Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP will be comprised of two international events and 15 of the 16 events that are conducted in major cities throughout the United States aas a part of the Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series. Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series is a 16-event series solely conducted in the United States. The other Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series event held in Daytona Beach, Fla., is independently produced by the International Speedway Corporation and is not a part of the Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP. An Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series rider will be crowned as the national champion for the series of events conducted in the United States only.
The FIM, Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme, is the body that globally governs motorcycle sport at the world level. Among other matters, the FIM groups together 94 affiliated National Federations relating to the sport of motorcycle racing. AMA Pro Racing is the National Federation representative that sanctions motorcycle-racing events in the United States. Dorna Off Road S.L. is an internationally recognized sports management group established in 1988 with an emphasis on major international motor sports events. Dorna is headquartered in Madrid, Spain with branch offices in Barcelona, London and Tokyo. In addition to its involvement with Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP, Dorna manages the rights to MotoGP. For more information on Amp'd Mobile World Supercross GP/ Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series, log on to www.supercrossonline.com.
About Live Nation
Live Nation is the world's leading live entertainment company, annually connecting more than 67 million fans with their favorite performers at over 33,000 events. We are the largest producer of live concerts in the world, the second-largest venue management company and have a rapidly growing online presence. Live Nation creates superior experiences for artists and fans, regularly producing tours for the biggest superstars in the business, including The Rolling Stones, Madonna, U2 and Coldplay. Globally, we own, operate and/or have booking rights for more than 170 venues, including House of Blues-branded music venues and prestigious locations such as San Francisco's Fillmore Auditorium, Nikon at Jones Beach in New York and London's Apollo Theatre and Wembley Arena. Live Nation's websites collectively are the second most popular entertainment event websites in the United States, according to Nielsen//NetRatings. Headquartered in Los Angeles, California, Live Nation is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, trading under the symbol "LYV. For more information regarding concerts near you, Live Nation and its businesses, please visit our website at www.livenation.com.
About AMA Pro Racing
AMA Pro Racing is the leading sanctioning body for motorcycle sport in the United States. Its properties include the Amp'd Mobile AMA Supercross Series, the AMA Toyota Motocross Championship presented by FMF, the AMA Superbike Championship presented by Parts Unlimited, the AMA Ford Quality Checked Flat Track Championship and the AMA Supermoto Championship presented by Parts Unlimited. For more information about AMA Pro Racing, visit www.amaproracing.com. Accredited media outlets can also access AMA Pro Racing's online Press Room at www.amaproracing.com/pressroom.


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GraphicRiver Buffalo Biz 8120879
Category: Logo Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Buffalo Biz 8120879
Logo Template \ Animals
Identity \ Meat \ Eating \ Media \ Marketing \ Business \ Horns \ Industrial \ Brand
Logo Template - Buffalo Biz 8120879 by herulogo @ GraphicRiver
Logo Template \ Animals
Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS, AI Illustrator, CorelDRAW CDR; Layered: No; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS; Resolution: Resizable.
Logo template suitable for businesses and product names.
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Roar King ; Black Panther; Bull Financial v.02; Eagle Gear Flames; Skull Gas Mask; Basketball Badges; Skull Flames.
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Discussion in 'Sexy & Naked Women Pictures' started by flynfj40, Apr 17, 2011.
Yep, def a GREAT ass . . more?
we will take more pics tonite. she thinks her ass is too big
her ass
and again
sorry 4 the quality cell phone pics
I would fill that ass up! Keep up the good work!
Quality is just fine, I'd love to pound that ass
Nice white ass!
Separate names with a comma.


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Golf Tournaments at Binks Forest Golf Club
Here at Binks we host all types of events throughout the year and Golf Tournaments are a signature event for us. A course challenging enough for the avid golfer and welcoming to the novice player our championship facility will appeal to golfers of all levels. Let us customize your next outing with curbside assistance, Scoring, and a tournament tailored to meet the needs of your group weather you are hosting a Charitable Organization, a Corporate Event or just out to have fun, Think of Binks for your next Golf Outing.
Your Tournament includes:
- Greens Fees and Cart Fees
- Volunteer Carts (if available)
- Curbside Drop-Off
- Registration Table
- Driving Range for Practice
- Custom Score Cards
- Event Scoring
- Beverage Cart
- Your Selection of Breakfast, Lunch and/ or Dinner
- Placement of Proximity Marker and Contest Signs
- Replay Passes (Cart Fee Only) Per Player
- 20% off in our Pro-Shop for In-Stock Merchandise
- One Complimentary Foursome as a Tournament Prize
Season (October thru April) $45.00 per Player + Tax
Off Season (May thru September) $25.00 per Player + Tax
Bar/Bat Mitzvahs
Mazel Tov!
Designing Your Bar/Bat Mitzvah
There is no such thing as an "ordinary" Bar/Bat Mitzvah at Binks Forest Golf Club; everyone is special. Each event is unique, and, therefore, is detailed with infinite care. We believe that the time planning a Bar/Bat Mitzvah should be a time of joyous anticipation rather than anxiety and stress, so our first step is to assign your own personal Catering Director. With our expertise at your disposal, you can have complete confidence that every detail will be immaculate and that nothing will be overlooked. We can advise you on services and menus. We can help you carry through a specific theme, from appropriate music or entertainment to a specially designed decor. You can phone us as many times as necessary about the calligraphy on place cards or just send us a budget and leave all the details to us. Either way, we will be with you every step of the way and here on your special day to welcome you, your Family and guests to ensure that everything goes without a hitch.
The Shabbat Dinner
If the prospect of Shabbat Dinner is taking the edge off your appetite, nothing could be more suitable than an exquisitely presented plated or buffet dinner for your family and friends to share. At Binks Forest Golf Club, your Shabbat Dinner can be every bit as memorable as your Bar/Bat Mitzvah day. From sumptuous menus to spectacular venues, we guarantee an event with taste.
The Bar/Bat Mitzvah Luncheon
Binks Forest Golf Club is a delightfully charming setting for a Bar/Bat Mitzvah luncheon. Whether you prefer an intimate ballroom setting or our warm and inviting Eagles Nest Ballroom overlooking our Golf Course we can make your luncheon a fabulous success.
The Bar/Bat Dinner and Dance
For a Bar/Bat Mitzvah with true panache, nowhere compares to Binks Forest Golf Club Grand Forest Ballroom. Simply stated, this Ballroom lends itself to Fabulous and Fun Bar/Bat Mitzvahs.
Sunday Brunch
Let us do the work for you by allowing us to cater a Sunday Morning Breakfast or Brunch for your family and friends. For this kind of celebration, Binks Forest Golf Club excels.


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Endoscopic Myotomy of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter for Achalasia (POEM)
The recruitment status of this study is unknown. The completion date has passed and the status has not been verified in more than two years.
Verified April 2012 by Lee Swanstrom, The Oregon Clinic.
Recruitment status was: Recruiting
Recruitment status was: Recruiting
The Oregon Clinic
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First Posted: July 21, 2011
Last Update Posted: April 13, 2012
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Lee Swanstrom, The Oregon Clinic
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|September 2013
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|September 2012 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):


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No products
Prices are tax included
Please note: This is bespoke item with a delivery time of 8-10 weeks
Comfortably seating up to twelve people, this Brompton teak extending garden table combines the benefits of practicality and style. Expertly constructed in sustainable A-grade teak Tectona grandis, this teak extending garden table has been built to last and can remain outdoors all year round with minimal fuss, ensuring trouble-free pleasure for years to come.
Featuring butterfly extension leaves which can be stowed under the table when not in use, this teak double leaf extending garden table can be adjusted to either 120cm x 200cm or 120 x 300cm depending on the number of your guests. Additionally the 120cm table width, gives ample room for place settings together with serving dishes.
Offering a fine sanded "smooth to touch" finish, this teak double leaf extending garden table has been pre-drilled to permit the use of a parasol with a pole diameter of up to 5cm, additionally a flush fitting teak parasol plug is supplied for use when a parasol is not required.
This Brompton teak double leaf extending garden table will be delivered pre-assembled for your convenience.
Length: 200cm - 300cm
Height: 75cm
Width: 120cm
Manufactured in durable, sustainable grade-A teak, Tectona grandis.
All our teak furniture is audited and issued with a SVLK certificate certifying that the teak has been legally harvested and that the furniture can be sold and marketed in any EU country.
The EU Timber Regulations (EUTR) 995/2010 prohibit the placing of illegally harvested and produced timber and timber-based products onto the European Markets.


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All Revved Up Trailer (1998)
19 April 1998 90 mins
A lovely school teacher finds herself the victim of a scam artist - a garage owner who delights in ripping off his customers. Soon, she has two eager young men, her lizard-loving neighbour and his friend, on her side to help her exact revenge on the sleazy mechanic, who is the leader of a stolen car ring.
Watch the official All Revved Up 1998 trailer in HD below or find more All Revved Up videos on Vidimovie.


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BAYTOWN – The Cardinals couldn't keep up with Baytown Christian in the second half of Friday night's game on the road, losing. 48-14.
After a scoreless first quarter at Stallworth Stadium, High Island and Baytown Christian traded touchdowns to tie things up at 14. The Cardinals disappeared in the second half, and Baytown Christian ran away with the game.
High Island will head home to host Huntsville Alpha Omega at Cardinal's Nest Stadium on Friday.


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A 16 year old in Lawrence, Mass has been arrested and charged with murder.
Mathew Borges has been charged with the death of 16 year old Lee Manuel Victoria-Paulino. Essex District Attorney, Jonathan Blodgett said Borges was arrested Saturday afternoon. His home had been searched by police before the arrest.
Victoria-Paulino's body was found decapitated by a woman walking her dog by the Merrimack riverbank. Police recovered the head a short distance away. The boy had been missing for about two weeks and had last been seen at his grandmother's house in Lawrence on November 18th.
Paulino's grandmother, Ivelisse Corniel, praised her grandson as being an excellent child. Friends and family held a vigil on Friday night, in the aftermath of the tragedy.
Both boys attended Lawrence High School.
The Lawrence community was shaken said Mayor Dan Rivera and Police Chief James Fitzpatrick said an investigation is ongoing.
Rivera said during a news conference on Friday "There are people who want answers" and added "this is not a random act."
I believe there are many who want answers when someone is decapitated. This is a heinous way to murder a boy. No indication was given as to terrorism being involved but a beheading is never a normal killing, in my opinion. People want answers.
Borges will be charged as an adult for first degree murder and will be arraigned on Monday says Blodgett.


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Farmers in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra grow okra as border plantation to their cotton crops and have successfully managed to control the pest menace by using the traditional practise of burying the okra in the ground, says Prof Anil K Gupta. Gupta, who teaches at the IIM-Ahmedabad and the founder of the National Innovation Foundation … Continue reading
Category Archives: News
Grassroots Innovation: Minds On the Margin Are Not Marginal Minds
A moral dilemma gripped Professor Gupta when he was invited by the Bangladeshi government to help restructure their agricultural sector in 1985. He noticed how the marginalized farmers were being paid poorly for their otherwise unmatched knowledge. The gross injustice of this constant imbalance led Professor Gupta to found what would turn into a resounding … Continue reading


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Mount Baker Vapor French Toast
- Brand: Mount Baker Vapor
- Article number: E102
4,25 € 3,95 Incl. tax
- Add to wishlist
- Besteld voor 13.00, morgen in huis !
- Availability: In stock
Mount Baker Vapor French Toast
4,25 € 3,95 Incl. tax
This French Toast e-juice really packs in the flavor! With the delicious combination of sweet battered bread, rich cinnamon spice, and fresh maple syrup get ready to prepare your mouth for an explosion of flavor!
Mount Baker is a well-known producer of the eponymous Premium E-Liquids in the USA.
Therefore we are proud to offer the Flavor (flavors) of this E-Liquids so you can enjoy this delicious flavors, simply by adding 15% of these flavors at your favorite base in an inexpensive way. (If you like extra strong flavors, you can increase the percentage to 25%) In order to fully enjoy your homemade Premium Liquid, we recommend allowing it to rest approximately 1 week (steepen) for commissioning.
All flavors are FDA approved and based on PG.
Contents: 10 ML
Packaging: Pharma glass bottle with child-resistant closure
Dosage: 15%
Persoonlijk en deskundig advies
1000+ Aromas op voorraad
Gratis Verzendkosten vanaf € 50,-
De DIY Shop voor de Benelux !


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Tag Archives: National Novel Writing Month
Daily Divulge: Milestone!
Today is sort of a big-ish day. It's Day 50 of my last challenge cycle in prep for NaNo. (I'll write much more about this next week.) I've written 59, 310 words in the last 50 days (not all on … Continue reading
NaNo Day One: First Steps
NaNo officially started almost four hours ago. I was at work, and then winding down/procrastinating, so I'm just starting. I'm 56 words in and it hits me: I'm writing in first person. I'd never figured I'd be writing this in … Continue reading
The days are already going by too quickly. But I made a little progress, I think. I'm about ready to start scribbling the scenes onto recipe cards. Maybe tomorrow. Today started with Ever After, but I didn't write anything until … Continue reading
It's Coming…
NaNo is sixty days away. And because I am a true masochist, I'm going for it again. Even though I've been busy with…everything. This year's project is going to be my revamp of the Cinderella story. It's the only thing … Continue reading
Haven't Had This Problem in a While…
So I came across a call for submissions of short stories that had an interesting premise I could work with. I worked on research, characters, and plots yesterday, and today, I really got down to writing the actual story. And I'm … Continue reading
Dassyr is a Jerk
So it turns out that Dassyr is worse than my cat. He saw that I was sick, and he bolted. So I fell behind by about a week. Hooray. (Though I suppose my cat can't just run away. Too cold … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Creative writing, NaNo, NaNoWriMo, National Novel Writing Month, novel, Trickster, writing Leave a comment
Another Hour Done
My plan today is to do something like the word sprints participants do at write-ins. Turn on some music, set a timer, and focus on writing for a solid hour. And then I can reward myself with some goofing off … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Creative writing, Na NoWriMo, NaNo, National Novel Writing Month, novel, word sprint, writing Leave a comment


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Madeline Matar on "Mujab Ajeeb"
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Lebanese artist Madeline Matar filmed an episode for the entertainment show "Mujab Ajeeb" which is aired on the Lebanese Future Channel and presented by co-host Michael Qazi.
Madeline is currently staying in Egypt to record a number of songs for her new and upcoming album, which is expected to be launched in stores in the month of March.
According to the London daily Elaph, Madeline had also supervised the montage of her new filmed song "Wahishni Moot" (Miss You Like Crazy). The new filmed song is done in the Kuwaiti dialect and was written specifically for the Kuwaiti film "Al Donijwana" (Attractive). The new filmed song will be aired on television music channels around the same time the film is screened in movie theaters.


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Unlike digital nomads who can travel to places without worrying for leaves, payday traveler's days are of high value. Our first visit in Cagayan De Oro was fun but the 2nd was simply amazing. We not only covered CDO but the neighboring provinces of Camiguin and Bukidnon too. It was my first time to hop… Continue reading 10 Things To Do in Northern Mindanao for 3D3N
Category: Migo's Exec
9 Things To Do In Central Luzon
When I was young, I thought organized travel was laziness and expensive. But looking at it 3 years after, it's not actually THAT bad. It is still travel of course, sans the hassles of negotiations and other DIY must dos. The best part of it is that you only have to mind the pictures and… Continue reading 9 Things To Do In Central Luzon
Bicol Day5: Mayon Encounter
Ever since we arrived in Bicol Region, to see Mayon with all her naked glory was on everybody's list. Unfortunately, she was too shy on our 1st day. Thus the anticipation to see her up close grew even more. Everyone has been waiting for this day. Things You Shouldn't Miss To Do in Legazpi, Albay… Continue reading Bicol Day5: Mayon Encounter
Bicol Day3: More of Caramoan Islands
There are about 50 islands discovered out of more or less a hundred. Most of the discoveries were from the staffs of different "Survivor" reality franchise that had its home in the islands. Cotivas Island For this day, we covered 3 islands and a mountain. The day started in Bikal port. After a long boat… Continue reading Bicol Day3: More of Caramoan Islands
A Word A Week Photo Challenge – Action
I'm a reluctant photographer because I'm still confused whether I want to be the one in or behind a beautiful photograph. But ever since the boyfie had this signature craze pose in every places we went and mountains we climbed, I just had to get better. These jump shots were taken from our last trip… Continue reading A Word A Week Photo Challenge – Action
Advextreme: ATV to Mayon Lava
Unlike wake boarding, I wouldn't put the ATV adventure to my bucket list even it is just as awesome because I really wanna do it again. But before that I should learn how to use the breaks first. Haha! It was my first time and was scared to suck so I choose to be on the last. Unfortunately, the arrangement… Continue reading Advextreme: ATV to Mayon Lava
Bicol Day4: All Day Ride
Ferry schedule from Guijalo Port to Sabang Port start at 5 AM and every 2 hours until 11 AM. Since were quite battered the day before, we opt for the 3rd trip. Reached Sabang by 11 AM where our van to Naga City awaits. The 3rd league of the all day ride comes after lunch at… Continue reading Bicol Day4: All Day Ride
Bucketlist: Wakeboard
Actually it wasn't on the list but the experience was so awesome that it is bucketworthy. And being on the list means, I'll never do it again. It was good. Yes. Heart pumping. Yes. Awesome. Didn't I just mention it? But it is not something for me. Realized it when I couldn't do it again… Continue reading Bucketlist: Wakeboard
Camsur's Wakeboarding Facility
The 2 hour ride was quite tiresome but the view that welcomed us at CWC were enough to return our energy. While our reservations were settled, the views around the place keep us company. I especially like the 2 cute chairs in the receiving area. The rooms were unique and of different types. At lunch,… Continue reading Camsur's Wakeboarding Facility
Bicol Day1: Hello Legaspi City, Albay
Hello Mayon! Touchdown Legaspi Airport in a very sunny thursday morning! May this weather continue till the 5th day! Yay! After an estimated 2 hours of travel and Php 3500 for a van, our journey has finally begun at CWC. Wakeboarding!!! But before that here's Asta's( is my smartphone) first taste of capturing views... Till… Continue reading Bicol Day1: Hello Legaspi City, Albay