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Albom (Mitchel David "Mitch" Albom) writes in the introduction to this book[1] that the idea for it began with the request by Albert L. Lewis, his childhood rabbi, to write and deliver the eulogy when the time came for the rabbi's funeral. Albom agreed, contingent on an agreement that he could begin a series of interviews and conversations, in order to get to know Lewis as a man, not just as a rabbi.
Albom writes that his conversations with Lewis -- whom he refers to as the Reb, an affectionate term drawn from the Yiddish word for rabbi -- eventually led to an increased interest on Albom's part in the power and meaning of faith in a larger sense. In his hometown of Detroit, he forged a link with Pastor Henry Covington, an African-American Protestant minister at the I Am My Brother's Keeper Church. Covington, a past drug-addict, dealer, and ex-convict, was ministering to the needs of his down-and-out parishioners, in an urban church serving a largely homeless congregation, in a church so poor that the roof leaked when it rained.
The book alternates between his conversations with Lewis, and excerpts from some of his sermons; and Life of Henry, the title of the sections describing his conversations with Covington, and stories about him.
From his relationships with these two very different men of faith, Albom writes about the difference faith can make in the world. As Albom writes:[2]
This is a story about believing in something and the two very different men who taught me how. It took a long time to write. It took me to churches and synagogues, to the suburbs and the city, to the "us" versus "them" that divides faith around the world. And finally, it took me home, to a sanctuary filled with people, to a casket made of pine, to a pulpit that was empty." In the beginning, there was a question. It became a last request. "Will you do my eulogy?" And, as is often the case with faith, I thought I was being asked a favor, when in fact I was being given one."
Albom has told interviewers that he believes that the reason Lewis originally asked him to deliver the eulogy may actually have been a way to draw him back to the roots of his own faith, and "back to God a little bit."[3]
Sermon by the Reb
Albom included a number of Lewis's many stories, which were used as mini-sermons for his congregation, in the book. One example is this story, delivered in 1981:[4]
A soldier's little girl, whose father was being moved to a distant post, was sitting at the airport among her family's meager belongings. The girl was sleepy. She leaned against the packs and duffel bags. A lady came by, stopped, and patted her on the head. "Poor child," she said. "You haven't got a home." The child looked up in surprise. "But we do have a home," she said. "We just don't have a house to put it in."
The Eulogy
The book, both about individuals with faith and faith itself,[5] concludes with the eulogy that Albom delivered at Lewis's funeral, on February 12, 2008.[6] It included the words:
I didn't want to eulogize you. I was afraid. I felt a congregant could never eulogize his leader. But I realize now that thousands of congregants will eulogize you today, in their car rides home, over the dinner table. A eulogy is no more than a summation of memories, and we will never forget you, because we cannot forget you, because we will miss you every day. To imagine a world without you in it is to imagine a world with a little less God in it, and yet , because God is not a diminishing resource, I cannot believe that.
In addition to the eulogy, the book describes the fact that funeral attendees were surprised to hear a seven-minute taped message from Lewis, which he specifically prepared to be played at the funeral. In it, he delivers his final teaching to his congregation, touching on questions about God and immortality; expressing his gratitude to friends and family for the privilege of knowing them; and ending with the words, Shalom Haverim -- Goodbye, Friends.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Condemned by the courts and the Fitzgerald Inquiry, former state police commissioner Terence Lewis decides it's time to tell his side of the story to Courier-Mail writer Matthew Condon.
IN THE winter of 1986, as a young police reporter on The Sunday Mail newspaper in Brisbane, I received a tantalising tip-off from a source in the Traffic Branch. The new police drink-driving offensive involving so-called "booze buses" and breath testing, the source said, was not only failing but department heads were falsifying statistics. The initiative was nowhere near as successful as it was being made out to be.
In addition, the results of a Queensland Police Union questionnaire that had yet to be publicly released revealed that the majority of members wanted the powers to conduct "random" breath testing, or the ability to pull over a suspected drunk driver at any time. The source was quoted as saying "we have got to do something (about the road toll and drink-driving) that the government hasn't got the guts to do".
It was a good story. I needed to contact the police commissioner, Sir Terence Murray Lewis, for a comment. I wanted to avoid Lewis's protective buffer of media advisers, in particular police media chief Ian Hatcher, so I decided to ambush the commissioner with my questions about the breath-testing brouhaha at a public function.
On Tuesday, August 12, 1986, he was opening three new squash courts at the police college in Chelmer, in Brisbane's west. That would be my moment.
I remember waiting for the formal ceremony to conclude in a shaded undercroft area at the college. Before long Lewis, in full regalia - the cap, the epaulettes - came striding in my direction, his minders and other senior officers in tow.
I approached Lewis and identified myself. For a moment he appeared a little shocked that someone, let alone a member of the press, had infiltrated his cordon. I remember his facial expression as nervous and confused. He declined to comment and, with a faint smile, walked off.
It was the first time I'd ever met Lewis, although I did have his home telephone number in my reporter's contact book.
The subsequent story was published on page one on Sunday, August 17, 1986. The headline read: "Give Us 'Open Go', Say B-test Police".
The following Tuesday, according to his commissioner's diary, Lewis met with his Police Minister, Bill Gunn, to discuss "Police Union survey on RBT and Bureau of Stat's figures ... " That week I received a telephone call from Traffic Superintendent Cal Farrah. He was not pleased with the leaked page one story. "I thought we were friends," he said on the telephone, despite the fact that we'd never met.
The following week, I awoke in my small rented house in the western suburb of Taringa to find all four tyres of my car had been let down overnight. During the next fortnight, I was repeatedly pulled over by police for vehicle defects that didn't exist. Farrah, who would later admit to corruption at the Fitzgerald inquiry, continued to call me at the office to the point that I had to ignore the phone. The police intimidation, though minor, played a small part in my decision to leave Queensland just months later and try my luck in Sydney.
Almost a quarter of a century on, I would find myself back in Brisbane, knocking on the flyscreen door of a modest house in the city's north to meet Terry Lewis for the second time. Through a mutual acquaintance, the famously hermit-like Lewis arranged to see me to discuss a potential book project. He was thinking of finally breaking his long-held silence and writing a memoir. He had the memories, but he needed someone else to put them into book form.
Lewis claimed he wanted to tell "the truth about what really happened" in his life, from his childhood in Ipswich and his service as a police officer to his tenure as commissioner from late 1976 to 1987. He also wanted to outline the "travesty" of his subsequent corruption trial and his time as a prisoner.
I initially hesitated at the prospect. I would never agree to ghost-write a memoir. And while I might be interested in getting Lewis's side of this epic story - that of Queensland corruption going back decades - and then putting together a narrative that hopefully revealed the birth of that corruption and what allowed it to flourish, culminating in the Fitzgerald inquiry, experience told me it would be a monumental job and consume years of my life.
Out of curiosity, I agreed to meet him. That morning - February 1, 2010 - Lewis, the nervous man from the undercroft shadows of all those years ago, came to the flyscreen and invited me inside. Now in his early eighties, he had in my time away from the city been stood down, then sacked, as police commissioner in the turmoil of the Fitzgerald inquiry, been charged, tried and found guilty of official corruption, served almost seven years in jail and was stripped of his knighthood, his social status, his house and his police pension.
At the time I had keenly followed this extraordinary drama from Sydney, and would have liked to have been there when the corrupt system known as The Joke imploded, its players scattering and ducking for cover. I wish I'd been in The Courier-Mail newsroom in Bowen Hills when journalist Phil Dickie was preparing his series of stories on corruption. And I would have loved to have been in town when the ABC's Chris Masters and his Four Corners crew were filming that extraordinary 1987 episode, "The Moonlight State". But I'd missed all that. Now I was back and set to sit down with the old ex-commissioner.
I have never kept a diary, but on meeting Lewis, himself a fanatical diarist, I decided to scribble some notes. Why? Why keep a diary on the diarist?
It was Lewis's obsession with notating every small or large incident in his life that contributed to his downfall at both the inquiry and at his trial.
He still keeps a detailed diary to this day.
Perhaps I instinctively knew he would be taking notes on me (which he did) if I went ahead with the book project and that my own fresh observations would act as a counterbalance or foil if required. Of that first meeting I wrote in my diary: "(Lewis) wearing grey polo shirt with dark trim on the collar; tracksuit pants and grey polyester socks. Neat and impeccable. Freshly shaved. He has aged well. Still clearly recognisable from his days as commissioner more than 20 years before. Hair still parted the same way. He is 82. Has a firm handshake.
"The house is clean but cluttered with all sorts of nick-nacks. It is over-decorated in ways that people do when they don't know when to stop illustrating or prettifying their lives. There are bottles of mustard and barbecue sauce still on the dining room table.
"Lewis appears nervous. Perhaps not nervous but shy. It is precisely the feeling I had about him as a young reporter in Brisbane when I approached him for a quote on a story after he had performed at some official function. He is wary, almost jumpy."
During our initial hour together he spoke of appeals against his conviction - he still believed he could be exonerated - and a lack of money to mount any sort of legal challenge. He talked about sorting out his wife Hazel's clothes after her death in late 2009.
As I noted in my Lewis diary, he was sharp and had an ability to expertly self-edit as he spoke.
"His dialogue is largely emotionless, except when it comes to the 'miscarriage of justice' against him. A couple of times he slips out of character and there is an anger there, a temper beyond the facade. Then he pulls it back in. It is the working-class scrapper peering out from behind the knight."
As I left that day, Lewis saw me to the front gate. He had let out of a back room his dog Prince, a nine-year-old black and white terrier with a gunmetal-grey muzzle. He said the dog used to kiss Hazel goodnight in the last years of her life.
I got in my car and drove off. Looking back, I saw Lewis standing there behind the bars of the gate, his hand raised in farewell. Would I see him again? It would have been so easy to put down our meeting for the second time, albeit years apart, as an interesting future dinner party anecdote, and just get on with my life. But Lewis's was such an incredible story; the opportunity to speak with him face to face would most probably never come again.
Three weeks later we were sitting opposite each other in Lewis's lounge room, a tape recorder on the coffee table, discussing his childhood in Ipswich.
The Fitzgerald Inquiry into police corruption, triggered by the work of Dickie and Masters, commenced its public hearings in July 1987. The commission's terms of reference, twice expanded, reached back only to January 1, 1977 (although Fitzgerald was given carte blanche to explore "any other matter or thing" in the public interest). Lewis had been commissioner for just over a month by that date.
Yet Tony Fitzgerald, QC, clearly had an interest in the pre-history of corruption in Queensland. Barrister Andrew Philp and others, working for the commission, were instructed to interview police officers, politicians and public servants who were pivotal figures during the 1950s and '60s.
In Fitzgerald's final report, 16 pages are devoted to events that occurred prior to 1977.
We learn of former corrupt commissioner Frank Bischof and the so-called Rat Pack of officers favoured by Bischof and said to be his bagmen - Terry Lewis, Tony Murphy and Glendon Patrick Hallahan. We meet Licensing Branch officer Jack Herbert, organiser of The Joke that consolidated in the 1960s. There is honest commissioner Ray Whitrod in 1970 and his futile attempts to modernise and clean up the Queensland police force - an anti-Whitrod faction fired up before he was even officially sworn in.
In Phil Dickie's book, The Road to Fitzgerald and Beyond, just 48 pages of that 337-page volume cover the same period. This prehistory was exactly the territory I wanted to explore in depth with Lewis. What was Bischof really like and was he as corrupt as the rumours suggested?
Precisely when did the Rat Pack come together for the first time? What really happened on the night Lewis and Hallahan disarmed "crazed gunman" Gunther Bahnemann at a house near Wynnum in 1959, leading to their being awarded the George Medal for Bravery, the force's highest honour?
Why were Brisbane's well-known brothels suddenly shut down by police and padlocked in that same year, sending the city's prostitutes onto the streets and into the hotel bars and saloons from which they plied their trade, ultimately leading to the National Hotel Inquiry in 1963-64? Why was that inquiry - headed by Justice Harry Gibbs - an ultimate whitewash and a victory for corrupt police?
Who was prostitute Shirley Brifman and what was her relationship with the Rat Pack? And how and why did she die of a drug overdose in 1972 just weeks before appearing as chief witness at a perjury trial involving detective Tony Murphy?
What of a cast of other prostitutes who died of "drug overdoses" after making allegations against police?
How was Whitrod's commissionership destroyed? How, against unfathomable odds, did Lewis go from being an inspector in Charleville to Queensland police commissioner in late 1976?
What I wanted to know, in essence, was how the culture of corruption began, how it was perpetuated and who was responsible.
By the time I sat down to interview Lewis, Hallahan was dead. Herbert was dead. So, too, many prominent police of the era - Charlie Corner, Norm Gulbransen, Don "Buck" Buchanan, Arthur Pitts, Merv "Hoppy" Hopgood, Basil "the Hound" Hicks, Alec Jeppesen, Jim Slade, Norm Bauer, Bischof and Whitrod.
Murphy was alive on the Gold Coast but suffering poor health. Lewis, in effect, was one of the last men standing.
Once, Lewis had dined with royalty. He knew the state and many of the nation's leading political figures. He met with celebrities. The boy who left school aged 12, this son of a railway storeman, had come a long, long way. Now in old age, he lived in a small granny flat underneath one of his children's homes with Prince the dog. He maintained profound bitterness towards Fitzgerald, many former politicians, some police, lawyers and the media.
As I recorded in an early entry in my Lewis diary, he was as vehement about his innocence as he had ever been: "They didn't want to give me parole. They told me I had refused to address my offending behaviour. I said - what do you mean?
I've always done what you've asked me. I've always said I'm not guilty. There's no way in the world I'd say I was guilty. I'll stay here until I die, I said."
Throughout this odyssey, Lewis assured me that "if I tell a word of a lie then you can tell me to get stuffed".
I went ahead and did what I had to do as a writer. I needed to measure Lewis's assertions against other witnesses or documentary evidence.
I fanned out my queries and began interviewing as many living cast members of this drama as I could find. In the end, hundreds of people - former police, premiers, federal narcotics agents, lawyers, the children of suicide victims and whistleblowers and politicians, club bouncers, barmen, restaurateurs, nightclub singers, even a convicted murderer - offered their recollections about the era on and off the record.
An invaluable documentary resource was Lewis himself. After our second formal interview, during which the old copper couldn't help himself, Lewis asked me a set of questions, including: what is your religion, your politics, your background, your wife's name? - and took his own notes - he showed me into the double garage behind his granny flat.
There were no cars in there, just cardboard boxes full of documents and stacked to the roof.
They quite literally spanned his entire career.
Would these be of any use? Lewis asked. He offered the complete set of his police diaries beginning in the late 1940s.
Why had he kept all of this paperwork? For his memoir? For an appeal against his conviction, and if successful, a claim for compensation? As mementos for his children and grandchildren? The boxes contained diaries, notes, conference papers, letters, confidential police reports, criminal case files, Christmas cards, photographs, personal ephemera, annual reports and items pertaining to almost every major event in his career. That suburban garage held millions of words, many of them written by the compulsive Lewis himself.
But beyond this wall of paperwork and rusting paperclips, would we be able to get to the honest heart of this story, this great drama of crime and corruption that changed Queensland history?
After all this time, would Terence Murray Lewis tell me the truth?
We would ultimately meet about once every few weeks for almost three years, and in Lewis's crowded study adjoining his narrow bedroom under that house in north Brisbane, we would travel back in time. As he said to me after just a few meetings: "It gets very lonely talking to yourself." My visits followed a familiar pattern. I would arrive about 9am and we would engage in the usual welcome banter, then take a seat in the study, the walls lined with numerous family photographs and pictures of Lewis as commissioner. He would proceed to interview me first, taking his questions from a pre-prepared list he'd written on a pad.
The questions ranged from the politics of the day, newspaper and magazine articles he'd clipped and saved, to the progress of our interviews, who I'd contacted for quotes for the book, and the people he'd spoken to since we last met. (Through his network of contacts, he often knew who I'd talked to before I informed him myself.) Or the questions would be personal: "Does your wife work, or is she at home all the time?" He was polite, pleasant and often good-humoured about a life he would describe in one of his diaries as "this whole macabre tragedy".
When I first asked him about his relationships with Tony Murphy and Glen Hallahan, he said flatly: "Maybe later." He hinted there was "a single figure" behind "all the corruption" but wanted to wait and see if over time I drew the same conclusion.
Over such a long period speaking with Lewis and studying the transcripts of those interviews, a pattern began to appear. With contentious issues such as the real reason for the shutting of the brothels in 1959 - a pivotal event - Lewis's responses would became slightly indistinct, like he had moved to the shadowed edges of the firelight.
With non-contentious questions he was crystal clear, his recall phenomenal. Often, with difficult subject matter, he would give an answer he had heard "second hand", removing himself as an eye witness or participant. He was adamant that he did not wish to deal in scuttlebutt and unsubstantiated allegations.
He would, in the end, give his opinions on his friends Murphy and Hallahan and whether they were corrupt. It would take Murphy's death in December 2010 to unlock those judgements.
Lewis would tell me of people in his life he would like to have "shot" dead. He would mourn his wife. He would bemoan what happened to the Queensland police force, thanks to the Fitzgerald inquiry and his sacking. He would come up with reams of off-the-record gossip, often sexual, about the police and politicians who wronged him.
As I continued to interview many people outside of Lewis's ambit, I would bring back information or allegations to that meeting room and seek his reaction. He was always given the right of reply, no matter how uncomfortable the subject matter.
I repeatedly told Lewis that as a major figure in this drama, right or wrong, he could finally set the record straight - if, indeed, there was anything left to straighten out. That he could do this for history: for his family; for trusted friends; for the many thousands of people impacted by the actions of former premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, and he as commissioner of police for 11 years; for the state of Queensland.
This was our story, I told him, one that still reverberated more than 25 years after the Fitzgerald inquiry. I reiterated that this would probably be the last chance to tell the world what he knew. He replied, sometimes testily, that he had nothing of substance to offer off the record.
I felt two powerful things over time: that I was in a unique position, as a storyteller, to try to get to the heart of this drama before even more people passed away and their memories were lost (several did die during the period of our interviews); and that I had a personal obligation as a Queenslander to tell this tale as best I could.
I will never forget speaking with a former police officer in his late eighties who shared his recollections on the condition of strict anonymity.
He begged me never to reveal his identity because he still feared, a half century after certain things he'd witnessed, that he would be killed by corrupt police.
I knew, then, how powerful and alive this story still was. Many aspects of it surprised me, but others shocked and angered me. The corrupt machinations of certain police and their entanglement with the justice system, the government and indeed the media, was mindboggling.
That young police reporter on The Sunday Mail knew next to nothing.
Was Lewis corrupt? A jury of his peers found him so. Still, there are those who continue to believe he wasn't, and that he was set up by the notoriously corrupt Jack Herbert. If Lewis is innocent as he claims, it amounts to a shocking miscarriage of justice. If he's not, it would, psychologically, be an astonishing feat of self-delusion bordering on tragic.
What is interesting is that the matter is still up for debate; that it's still a sensitive nerve end.
Three Crooked Kings, the first of two volumes, begins with Lewis's induction as a police officer in January 1949, and finishes with his informal discussion with Bjelke-Petersen on the airfield at Cunnamulla in western Queensland just months before Lewis was vaulted into the commissioner's chair. (The sequel - All Fall Down - will extend from 1976 to the present day.)
The book is an attempt to logically set down that pre-history of police and political corruption, and to shed light on how that corruption intersected with life in Queensland, and particularly Brisbane city, through the 1950s, '60s and '70s. You couldn't have made up the extraordinary cast of characters I came across during the writing of the story.
At the centre of it all, of course, is Terry Lewis, pensioner, of north Brisbane.
At one point I asked him straight out: did you ever, at any moment in your long career, take a single penny of corrupt monies? He replied swiftly and with a single word. "No."
* Three Crooked Kings by Matthew Condon (UQP, $29.95) is available now. Its sequel, All Fall Down, will be published in October.
Originally published as Terry Lewis: Last Man Standing


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My friend Chuck made me draw Wolverine, so I did it and made him a mountain and an animal rights activist. One claw at the ready to slay those who would trespass upon his mammalian brotherhood. I guess it fixed or broke something in me cause now I can't stop drawing Wolverine.
Friday, March 14, 2008
Blogging Logan. Blogan.
2 comments:
- Brian said...
If you're gonna be a mountain, might as well be an animal rights activist.
- March 14, 2008 at 2:16 PM
- Jen from Jen Reviews Movies said...
Sweet site.
- December 17, 2008 at 5:23 AM
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This is Mischa Alexandrov's Nikolaus Alxeandrov's sons story he is a eighteen year old competitive dancer who sprains his ankle and starts really living life. Who will he fall in love with. There is the small and very flamboyant Avery Flores or will he fall for the strong and silent type he finds in Avery's brother Adrian Flores. This is their crazy story.
This story is a follow up story to Unique Love.
- agedifferance
- bxb
- dancer
- friendstolovers
- hea
- love
- mxb
- mxm
wandab63 Jun 05, 2016
ugh parents like his mom burn me up she shouldn't have a biggot around her son anyways
Moonbeatx Jun 28, 2016
Dayum he just dayum that burn was nuclear like dayum 😂😂😂
Majestic_artistry Jul 23, 2016
(⊙ω⊙) I knew this was going to happen but when I read I still freaked and was upset. Like calm down woman you read the description, just chill XD
Techno626 Jun 15, 2016
Alright the mom needs to get rid of that boyfriend.... but I'm glad he's OF age and stay with his father in a positive environment...
19oranges Feb 18, 2016
At least it's a sprain and not a break- a break could ruin your entire career
LadyDrak1075 Oct 12, 2015
Holy guac....Way to go get a gay bashing lover and loose her son who is gay but never told her because he knew she'd bash him too....poor Mish


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HOUMA -- Millions of dollars for some of Houma-Thibodaux's high-priority road projects, including La. 1, I-49 and a new Prospect Street Bridge, is included in a highway bill now headed for final congressional approval.
A House-Senate Conference Committee reached an agreement Thursday on the final version of a national highway bill that includes multiple projects in Houma-Thibodaux, Louisiana's two senators said.
"As a member of the conference committee, I fought to keep these projects included in the final version of the bill," Sen. David Vitter, R-La., said in a news release. "Federal funding for highway and transportation projects is crucial for Houma and Thibodaux, for Louisiana and for the highway system across the country."
"The passage of the highway-bill conference report is great news for the state of Louisiana," said Mary Landrieu, D-La. "The increase in funding will allow us to further much-needed highway projects currently being worked on in every corner of our state. Major projects throughout Louisiana, such as I-49 and the Leeville Bridge for La. 1, will now know that they have the funding they need to continue."
Landrieu credited U.S. Rep. Charlie Melancon, D-Napoleonville, for working with the Louisiana delegation to get the local projects included in the bill.
The final version of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users includes nearly $53 million for local transportation projects.
The largest chunk of that money, about $45 million, will go toward completing the first phase of La. 1 upgrades.
"It's an extraordinary infusion of federal funds into a state project," Vitter said.
Five million of those dollars will be used to upgrade and maintain the Leeville Bridge from Port Fourchon to Golden Meadow.
The role played by Port Fourchon and the rest of south Louisiana in the production and national distribution of oil and natural gas was a key reason for the push for federal backing.
"I spent a lot of time making arguments directly related to the national energy situation," Vitter said.
Part of the bill includes a measure to call La. 1 the "Billy Tauzin Energy Corridor" after former Congressman Billy Tauzin, R-Chackbay, who retired last year and took a job as a lobbyist for the pharmaceutical industry. Vitter said the idea has been tossed around for some time, and it is a tribute for the Tauzin's role in making the upgrades to the highway possible.
"This is only happening because of the work he put in," Vitter said.
A second large project that will have both local and statewide effects is the nearly $260 million dedicated to the expansion of Interstate 49.
The bulk of the money is for the Shreveport to Arkansas stretch of the highway, while $59 million is for the southern strip between Lafayette and New Orleans. The upgrade, long sought by area business interests and politicians would upgrade U.S. 90 to interstate standard, shortening the trip between Houma and New Orleans and beyond.
The money is not enough to complete the interstate portions in Louisiana, estimated to cost $2.3 billion.
Here is a rundown of other local projects in the bill.
-- $4 million is targeted for the proposed north-south corridor from Houma-Thibodaux to I-10. A route for the proposed highway has not been chosen. The goal is to create a hurricane-evacuation route from Houma-Thibodaux across the Mississippi River to I-10.
-- Nearly $2.5 million is included in the highway bill for the replacement of the Prospect Street Bridge. State transportation officials said earlier this year that construction of the new bridge, an effort to ease one of Houma's traffic sore spots, is expected to begin in 2007.
-- $1.44 million to expand the South Central Planning and Development Commission's Intelligent Transportation System program in Houma. The program is designed to ease traffic problems through the use of devices such as traffic sensors.
Vitter said that highway bill is expected to pass both the U.S Senate and the House.
Over the past six years, Louisiana has received an average of $445 million in federal highway money, Landrieu said in a news release. In the conference report, Louisiana's share will rise by $135 million for a total of $580 million -- a 30 percent increase.
However, federal statistics show Louisiana will receive about 90 cents for every dollar it sends to the federal government in gasoline taxes that pay most of the highway bills.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Highway bill includes money for local road projects
HOUMA -- Millions of dollars for some of Houma-Thibodaux's high-priority road projects, including La. 1, I-49 and a new Prospect Street Bridge, is included in a highway bill now headed for final congressional approval.


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UPPCL Technician Syllabus
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) has announced syllabus pdf for Technician Exam applied posts. Eligibleapplicants are now at right site to obtain Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited Exam Syllabus. Qualified candidates have to see the UPPCL Technician Exam Syllabus in the event that they required to rating good marks in examination. This is best information for all of contenders who're actually for this examination. Examination syllabus very obligatory for all applied job grabbers because exam syllabus delivers all of you better method for preparation of exam. We are also giving the latest details regarding Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited Technician Syllabus for upcoming exams so that applicants may simply crack this Exam with merit marks.
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited conducts the written exam for selection of eligible and responsible candidates for the Post of Technician. Candidates who want to start their preparation they may check the UPPCL Technician Exam Syllabus via this page to start their preparation and to perform good in the exam.
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited Syllabus for Technician is given below by the popular web site which is Olpx. We are giving all the required information connected to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited Technician Syllabus. Other useful info are also available on this web page as a link of PDF file of syllabus and other navigation links to navigate you for right content related to beat the exam to be a Officer.
Short Details UPPCL Technician Syllabus
Name of the Organization – Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL)
Page Include Information about – UPPCL Technician Syllabus
Date of Exam – Declare soon
Status of Syllabus – Available
UPPCL Technician Exam Syllabus Overview
- General Hindi
- Reasoning
- General Knowledge
Syllabus for Objective Type Questions:
General Knowledge: Questions in this area will be aimed, at testing the aspirants' general awareness of the environment around him and, its application to society. Questions will also be designed to test knowledge of current events and of such matters of everyday observations and experience in their scientific aspect as may be expected of any educated person. The test will also include questions relating to India and its neighboring countries, especially pertaining to History, Culture, Geography, Economic scene, general policy, scientific research etc. These questions will be such that they do not require a special study of any discipline.
Reasoning Ability: It would include questions of both verbal and non-verbal type. This component may include questions on analogies, similarities and differences, spatial visualization, spatial orientation, problem solving, analysis, judgement, decision making, visual memory, discrimination, observation, relationship concepts, arithmetical reasoning, verbal and figural classification, arithmetic number series, non-verbal series, coding and decoding, statement conclusion, syllogistic reasoning, etc.
General Hindi:
- अलंकार
- रस
- समास
- पर्यायवाची
- विलोम
- तत्सम एवं तद्भव
- संधियां
- वाक्याशों के लिये एक शब्द निर्माण
- लोकोक्तियां एवं मुहावरे
- वाक्य संशोधन- लिंग, वचन, कारक, काल, वर्तनी, त्रुटि से संबंधित
- अनेकार्थी शब्द।
Tips of Career Management Read Online – Read Now
Method to practice For Exams – Read Now
Tips of English Improvement – Online – Read Now
Reminder: For more related information all visitors of the page need to visit the Official Syllabus link: Official Link.
Reminder: For more related information all visitors of the page need to visit the Official Syllabus link: Official Link.
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text: A number of enthusiastic motorists seized upon the opportunity to unite all shades of Irish political and public opinion and secure the race for Ireland. The race, it was decided, would form the central element in a fortnight of motoring contests held throughout the length and breath of Ireland. What followed next can best be described by the modern phrase, 'media frenzy', as preparations got underway for the biggest sporting event ever to take place in Ireland up to that time.


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text:
Sooooo College…
Soooo College….
This article is directed towards underclassman who are looking to get a head start on preparing for college as well as seniors who are in full blown college panic mode. Please read which section applies to you.
For Proactive Underclassmen:
Let's face it – high school is weird. One second you're trying to find your classes on the first day as a freshman, and the next you're sitting in front of a college application and panicking about the fact that your future is right around the corner. As people who have already blown through the first three years of their time here at FHS and have found themselves at the panic stage, we'd like to share with you a few pieces of advice we wished we'd listened to at the start of all this. Enjoy!
Get involved. When colleges decide who to accept, they're not just looking for the perfect student academically. They also want someone who's well-rounded, passionate and willing to get involved in their community. So how do you show them that when the time comes to fill out your application? Get involved! Extracurriculars are not only a great way to meet new people and try new things, they also are a great way to show colleges what you're passionate about right when they read your application. So go ahead, go to that informational meeting for a club that sparked your interest. You'll thank yourself later.
Don't give up! There will come a time in your high school career when you find yourself in a class that you don't think you can pass. You'll be tempted to drop it for an easy A, thinking that it will look better on your transcript. Don't. Or at least, don't do so unless you really need to. When it comes to your transcript (that's the thing that lists all the classes you've taken and the semester grades you got), colleges don't just look for straight A's. They also look at the classes you've taken and how much you've challenged yourself, as well as whether or not you gave up when things got too difficult. So a B in AP US History might mean more to a college than an A in regular US History, and taking German 4 with a lower grade will say more about your perseverance as a student than if you dropped it to spare your GPA. Most colleges want students who will not only be able to handle their classes, but will also have the determination necessary to handle something. Developing that perseverance now will definitely pay off later.
For Panicking Seniors
We strongly advise attending the Senior Post High School Seminars guidance is providing for Seniors during October. The schedule for the seminars can be found here. Otherwise here is some basic information you should know.
Factors in picking a school: Do you find yourself with no idea as to where you want to go college or what you want to do? That's okay, the key is that you can still control your situation at this point. If you pick the right colleges to apply to and keep your options open later on you won't be regretting not taking opportunities while you still could have.
When picking which schools to apply to keep these things in mind (SAMS).
Size: Do you want a large 50,000+ Public School or a 3,000 students and under Private School? Determining the size of the college you want is essentially the first step to narrowing down your many choices.
Academics: This is where you will need to have at least a slight idea of what you want to major in, although this is not necessary at this point. Basically if you know you might want to major in business, don't go to a liberal arts school. If you have no clue what you want to do perhaps consider a bigger school that has strong programs in many academic areas so it will be easier to switch majors if needed.
Money: If a school's price point is unrealistic for you consider why you are thinking about the school. Only apply to schools you could realistically go to. Research the types of scholarships and aid that are available at the schools you are looking at first before you fall in love with a school you can't afford.
Setting: Do you want a school in a big city or in the middle of nowhere? Do you want the school to have a sports oriented feel or a more academic feel? Determining what type of atmosphere you want to live in is a major factor in picking a school.
Deciding When To Apply:This is also key to keeping your opportunities open. For some schools there are advantages to applying early. While many UW schools don't have early admission deadlines like some private and other public schools do there is still a priority deadline for optimal housing and financial aid. Just because there might be an application deadline in March for the school you're interested in doesn't mean you should wait until then. Please research what admission deadlines are right for you before it's too late.
Essays: Many colleges require the Common Application Essay and/or supplemental essays. Here are some essay tips.
- Start Early– College essays require introspection and lots of revision. Leave yourself time so that you can wait a week to let drafts "sit" before you revise them. So GO NOW and write a draft, just start writing anything to start getting ideas down.
- Get the right type of feedback- Pick a well rounded panel to revise your essay. Some good examples include: your English teacher (for grammar), your best friend (to see if the essay sounds like "you"), your parents (they've been through this before and are crucial in the application process), and your sibling(s) if applicable (for that honest brutal feedback).
- Read Examples– If you find yourself stuck on what to write read some example essays to see what directions you could take. A great site for college essay examples is www.teenink.com
- Pick the right prompt/pick the right topic- If your school has different essay options think carefully about which prompt will allow you to reveal the most about yourself. If you pick a prompt and find yourself staring at it for hours on end with nothing coming to mind perhaps consider switching prompts.
- Don't be afraid to completely trash essays- If you hate an essay you wrote throw it out. Don't view this as wasted time either, it may take you 3 or 4 different essays to get the perfect version.
Scholarships: Many scholarships have deadlines in December or late November. Being proactive now can help you from missing out on scholarships you could have easily received if you had known about them. A good place to start is the FHS Scholarship Hotsheet.
Helpful websites:
College Confidential: http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/
Niche: https://niche.com/
Students Review: http://www.studentsreview.com/
These websites are very helpful because they are from real students and parents. Often university websites only tell you what they want you to hear. You can get a feel for the whole atmosphere of a college by reading information from these sites.
Best of Luck!


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Dean Ryan lashes out, believing Worcester are on the wrong end of decisions
Worcester boss Dean Ryan launched a furious verbal assault on the Aviva Premiership refereeing system after Warriors fell to a narrow 16-14 defeat at Sixways.
Ryan was hugely disappointed after Worcester had let slip a 14-3 lead as Bath rallied, then survived a frenetic and dramatic finish to squeeze home.
Ryan said; "I'm astounded that we weren't awarded a penalty try right at the end as everyone saw Ross Batty deliberately knock on in front of the posts to stop a GJ Van Velze try."
"We had the dominant scrum throughout and yet we never picked up a single penalty."
"We can take the normal rub of the green but we are always on the wrong end of the refereeing decisions and we need to be 10 points better than the opposition every week if we have any chance of winning."
Ryan also threatened to reveal private Premiership refereeing documentation, which at present is not in the public domain.
He claimed: "The data in reports, which is prepared by the referees themselves, show us to be the worst refereed group in the Premiership.
"Two years ago, when we were relegated, we were at the bottom of the table and Newcastle at the top.
"This season we are again at the bottom and the table shows that more refereeing errors are made against us than any other side.
"I have raised this issue continuously with the Premiership Rugby referees department over the past two years to no avail and I now feel these reports should be made public."
Worcester had established the 14-3 lead with tries from Cooper Vuna and Donncha O'Callaghan, both converted by Tom Heathcote.
However, Bath rallied. With a large penalty count against them, Worcester surrendered their lead as Tom Homer kicked three penalties and converted Jonathan Evans' try to secure Bath a morale-boosting win.
Bath boss Mike Ford appreciated his side were fortunate winners.
"It was real drama in the last 90 seconds and we needed a bit of luck. We could have easily lost the game."
"I thought we showed some great character in the second half and our captain, Stuart Hooper, was magnificent at half-time in rallying the troops."
"We've got key world class players missing and there are no easy games in the Premiership but if we had lost in that last five minutes it would have been difficult to pick up the players for next week."
Warriors lock O'Callaghan said; "You have to be ruthless to win Premiership games. We were much more physical than last week but losing hurts as we know we are thereabouts.
Premiership Rugby were unavailable for immediate comment on the issues raised by Ryan when contacted by Press Association Sport on Saturday evening.


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[grey-bak] /ˈgreɪˌbæk/
any of various marine and aquatic animals that are dark above and light-colored or white below, as the , the alewife, certain whitefish, and certain sandpipers.
Informal. a Confederate soldier.
Tagged: g
Read Also:
- Graybar land
jargon The place you go while you're staring at a computer that's processing something very slowly (while you watch the grey bar creep across the screen). "I was in graybar land for hours, waiting for that CAD rendering". (1997-04-17)
- Gray bar motel
noun phrase Jail; prison: These days, the Gray Bar Motel is a synonym for "the bucket," which means jail [1990s+ Los Angeles police; said to have been the name of the Lincoln Heights police station; a place displaying gray prison bars; earlier terms like Graybar Hotel and Graystone College are found by the 1930s]
- Graybeard
[grey-beerd] /ˈgreɪˌbɪərd/ noun 1. Sometimes Disparaging. a man whose beard is gray; old man; sage. 2. . noun A very senior pilot (1970s+ Airline)
- Gray-birch
noun 1. a small, bushy birch, Betula populifolia, of stony or sandy areas of the eastern U.S., having grayish-white bark and triangular leaves.


text:
Ladies and gentlemen, we now have probably the most interesting ménage à trois in politics.
It's no secret that for some reason, Donald Trump is a frontrunner in the U.S. presidential race. No matter how big of an imbecile he becomes in front of Americans' eyes with his out-of-this-world policies – one that includes a strange immigration approach, less protection for the environment, and his propensity to bring back fossil fuels as a main energy source – things that would make any sane man cringe, majority of the voting population seem to be keen on voting for him still once the race to become President of the United States officially kicks off this fall.
What's interesting is the fact that Trump seems to be attracting vile foreign dictators as well. After Russian leader Vladimir Putin has publicly made it clear that he is for Donald Trump, another one of the world's most diabolical monsters has followed suit with North Korea's Supreme Leader Kim Jong-Un expressing his approval of America's blonde-haired political neanderthal.
According to a report from the Korean Business News Daily, the ruler of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is supporting Donald Trump after watching the Democrat debate on TV. From an alleged statement coming from the DPRK government, it says that "the Supreme Leader closely weighed and measured the talents all of the U.S. candidates and gave them all careful consideration. Supreme Leader has considered all of the choices and has named Donald Trump the official candidate of the DPRK."
This was after Russian ruler Vladimir Putin has said that Trump is "a very lively man, talented without doubt," whom he can definitely "get along with" following Trump praising Putin's accomplishments and leadership while saying that he "would get along with Putin."
And if you're wondering why Trump is getting so much love from these two guys, you should know that both Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-Un don't really see Trump as their equal. Like some Americans, they see Trump as an easy mark, a fool that can be easily dealt with, one who thinks he's smart enough to run a country but at the end of the day – be soft enough to fold once the Russians or these North Koreans come over.
The fact that Trump is willing to pull American troops in Western Europe, South Korea, and Japan once elected should make both Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-Un giddy, even for just a little bit. Both of these guys will play the part of Trump's best friends for now but once an opportunity opens up, not a single one of Trump's celebrity apprentices would be able to save America.
What do you think of Donald Trump getting support from Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-Un? Let us know in the comments below and share this news.
This article (Donald Trump: Backed By Vladimir Putin And Now, Kim Jong-Un) is free and open source. You have permission to republish this article under a Creative Commons license with attribution to the author and TrueActivist.com.


text:
Original paper
Die Schachblume (Fritillaria meleagris L.) in Nordwest-Europa, insbesondere in den Niederlanden: Ökologie, Verbreitung, pflanzensoziologische Lage
Horsthuis, M. A. P.; Corporaal, A.; Schaminée, J. H. J.; Westhoff, V.
Phytocoenologia Band 24 Heft 1-4 (1994), p. 627 - 647
48 references
published: Apr 8, 1994
DOI: 10.1127/phyto/24/1994/627
ArtNo. ESP024002400030, Price: 29.00 €
Fritillaria meleagris, an attractive species, is largely restricted to seasonally-flooded, rather nutrient-rich alluvial soils. Here, it occurs in meadows, woodlands, and communities dominated by tall forbs. The life cycle of the species comprises six phases. After germination (in February/March), a sterile phase of about four to five years finally results in a so-called candlestick form. The subsequent fertile phase may last another 25 years. The annual cycle of the species can be divided into seven phases with two active periods in spring and autumn. Winter Hooding of the habitat not only constitutes an important mechanism for seed dispersal, but also results in low soil temperatures in early spring, preventing a fast development of non-bulbous competitive species. Fritillaria meleagris is a European lowland species, with a nowadays widespread but scattered distribution. The two major areas include the northwest and the southeast of the continent. In the northern part of its area, the richest stands are found in the river valleys of the Loire, the Elbe and the Overijssel Vecht. Syntaxonomically, distinction must be made between grasslands and other formations. In the Netherlands, all grasslands with Fritillaria meleagris belong to the Fritillario-Alopecuretum pratensis, that can be assigned to the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris (class Molinio- Arrhenatheretea). Within this association, three subassociations can be distinguished, viz. cynosuretosum, typicum, and calthetosum. The subassociation cynosuretosum shows affinity to the Cynosurion cristati. The subassociation calthetosum can be seen as a transition towards Calthion palustris. The communities dominated by tall forbs belong to the Filipendulion, the woodland communities to the Alno-Padion. On an international level, Fritillaria meleagris can be regarded as a character-species of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, provided that for each individual area the species is indicating syntaxa of lower syntaxonomical ranks within this class.
Fritillaria meleagris (Liliaceae) • ecology • chorology • phytosociology


text:
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Valkyrie Publications is located in Valley City, North Dakota, a beautiful town known for its winding river, lovely old bridges, and green encircling hills. You can contact us by mail, phone, or email.
Mailing Address: Valkyrie Publications, 3408 120th Ave. SE, Valley City, ND 58072
Phone: (701) 845-2382 (If no answer, please email us your phone number and we will call you back.)
Email: Click here to send an email – we would love to hear from you!
Ordering: We accept checks and money orders, and accept all major credit cards through PayPal. Please add $1.70 U.S. postage to your order of virtually any size from Valkyrie Publications. We send most of our music by First Class mail; if the actual postage is more, we pay the difference! Packages too heavy for First Class (which would be at least 25 pieces of sheet music) can be sent by by Media Mail for $2.63 or Priority Mail for $6.95. Please email for overseas postage or click here if you are in Canada.
All of our music is available as regular, printed sheet music. Some of it is also available as .pdf files.
Insurance ($2.10) is optional but recommended for orders over $20. We pay the additional insurance for orders over $50.
If you don't receive your music within a week after mailing a check or money order, please send us an email. You can bookmark this page to make it more convenient. Loss in the mail is unusual, but it happens, and we want all our customers to be happy!
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text:
Children and AIDS
September 21, 2001
The HIV pandemic has eroded many of the hard earned gains made in reducing infant and child mortality, say researchers.
- The United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) recently reported that child mortality is expected to double by 2010 in regions with high rates of infection.
- Globally, the number of orphans from AIDS will increase from the current 13.2 million to 44 million by 2010.2
- Already, one child in 10 is an orphan in some countries.
Efforts to prevent transmission of the virus from mother to child are inadequate in many poor countries, say researchers. Last year, 600 000 children were newly infected with HIV, over 90 percent in sub-Saharan Africa. Almost all acquired the virus by vertical transmission, from mother to child.
Source: Haroon Saloojee and Avy Violari, "HIV infection in children," British Medical Journal, September 22, 2001.
Browse more articles on International Issues


text:
To market, to market....
Weekend's weather was great. Decided to visit the Borough's Market to get some groceries. Apparently, many others got the same idea as well. It was really packed when we surfaced from London Bridge Tube station. Having secured our valuables (one of our friend got pick pocketed at the Market some time back), we threw ourselves into the crowd.
That's the thing with Borough's Market, you can go there time and time again, but you'll bound to find something new every visit. After a while, I caught myself whipping out my trusty Nokia snapping pictures discreetly... heard a comment by an American Chinese about not knowing why people go around taking pictures of vegetables in a market.. after that, I just went on clicking at anything and everything that my eyes laid on and here're some of them.
With the advent of globalisation and stuff, it's kind of difficult getting gifts if you're returning home for a visit. However, getting them some local made jams can be a good bet. The next time you're there, do check out this jam store (I think there's only one), the lady has got all the different flavours that you can think of. Tasting is perfectly welcomed and at 3 quid per jar, I would think that it's well worth it.


text:
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2010 Main Street Electrical Parade Deja Vu?
Discussion in 'Disneyland Resort' started by Pam Hates Penguins, Apr 7, 2017.
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text:
It is not a flamethrower...It is a gun with flame bullet
Haha, ik that from CoD4 =D.
Lol very nice thnx for adding vid.
Maybe make flames when you shoot until it reaches the other player.
You know what im trying to say? Would be great.
Max range like 10/15 meters
Hope you can do that .
Thnx 4 this btw Keep on going
I helped you out?
Press the button
can u gimme only the flame codes?
dude awsome weapon can't wait till test it out
if there any way to use the fire from the backs of a harrier instead of a fire ball? so its projected as a stream of fire?
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Social marginalisation and other challenges facing HIV-positive pregnant women in Ukraine may put them at increased risk of relinquishing their infants to the state. We described rates of infant abandonment (exclusive non-parental care to most recent follow up, censored at two years of age) and investigated associated factors using logistic regression models, in 4759 mother-infant pairs enrolled across six Ukrainian sites in the European Collaborative Study from 2000 to May 2009. Median maternal age was 26.0 years, 81.8% were married or cohabiting and 60.6% were nulliparous at enrolment. An injecting drug use (IDU) history was reported by 18.4%, 80.2% took antiretroviral therapy (ART) antenatally and most deliveries were vaginal. A small but significant proportion of infants had been cared for exclusively in institutions by their second birthday (2.1% overall), decreasing from 3.8% (15/393) in 2000-02 to 1.6% (49/3136) in 2006-09 (p<0.01), concurrent with prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) scale-up. A further 1% of infants spent some time in non-parental care. Antenatal ART was associated with an 88% reduced abandonment risk (AOR 0.12), versus receipt of single dose nevirapine only, and this was reflected in HIV infection prevalence in the two groups (17.1% of abandoned infants versus 6.6% in parental care). Mothers without a cohabiting partner or husband were more likely to abandon (AOR 4.08), as were active IDUs (AOR 3.27) and those with ≥1 previous children (AOR 1.89 for second-born, AOR 2.56 for subsequent births). Women delivering by elective caesarean section were less likely to abandon (AOR 0.37 versus vaginal), as were those leaving full time education later (AOR 0.61 for 17-18 years versus ≤16 years, AOR 0.23 for ≥19 years versus ≤16 years). Interventions to extend family planning and IDU harm reduction services along with non-stigmatising antenatal care to marginalised women are needed, and may reduce abandonment.
At the end of 2007, prevalence of HIV among the adult population of Ukraine was estimated at 1.63%, the highest adult (15-49 years) HIV prevalence in Europe. The initial driver of the epidemic in Ukraine was injecting drug use (IDU), but heterosexual transmission is becoming more important, with increasing exposure of people outside most at risk populations and increasing prevalence among women (Thorne C. et al, 2009; WHO et al., 2008). Forty-five percent of those living with HIV in Ukraine are women, mostly of child-bearing age, and prevalence among pregnant women is rising from 0.45% in 2005 to 0.52% in 2007 (Kruglov Y V et al, 2008).
Prior to the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, cohorts in Western Europe reported that 19% of children born to HIV-infected women were in non-parental care by 12 months of age and around 40% at 60 months (European Collaborative Study & Thorne C. et al, 1998; Blanche S. et al, 1996). Since the advent of combination ART (cART), these children are less likely to need alternative care due to parental illness or death, but may be disproportionately vulnerable to adverse social conditions and more likely to be relinquished to the state (Khaldeeva N et al, 2003).
The socioeconomic upheaval and worsening public health in the Commonwealth of Independent States following the collapse of the Soviet Union (Little R.E., 1998) has impacted on child welfare; Russia and Ukraine have among the highest numbers of children aged under 3 years in institutional care in Europe (Browne K. et al, 2006). Infant abandonment is described as a social consequence of the HIV epidemic in these countries (Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, 2005), but the epidemic's impact is set against high overall levels of abandonment; in Ukraine around 1% of children were placed in state care in 2005, with various estimates of 65-103,000 children living in state-run residential institutions in recent years (Thorne C. and Newell M.L., 2005; UNICEF, 2009b). Reliance on state institutional child care and the problems posed to normal child development (UNICEF, 2009a; Transatlantic Partners Against Aids, 2004; Maclean K., 2003; UNICEF, 2005) are not unique to countries in transition in the WHO European region (Browne K. et al, 2006), and information is lacking on the rates of and circumstances surrounding infant abandonment specific to HIV-infected women in Ukraine.
Implementation of the national prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme (Thorne C. et al, 2009; Malyuta R. et al, 2006; Thorne C. and Newell M.L., 2005) and the scaling-up of HIV treatment and care services may be postulated to reduce risk of infant abandonment, for example through provision of opportunities to reduce MTCT risk and HIV disease progression, and through reducing stigma and discrimination. However, the potential impact of these programmes on infant abandonment has not been investigated to date, and the design and implementation of interventions requires a more thorough understanding of the problem. Our objectives were to quantify institutional care of infants born to HIV-1-infected women in Ukraine and describe associated factors, using data from an ongoing birth cohort study.
The European Collaborative Study (ECS) is an ongoing birth cohort study, in which HIV-1 infected pregnant women are enrolled and their infants prospectively followed according to a standard protocol. The ECS was established in 1985 in Western Europe to estimate the rate of and risk factors for MTCT (European Collaborative Study, 1988). Centres from Ukraine joined in 2000: sites in Odessa, Mykolaiv and Simferopol started enrolling at the start of 2000 and those in Kiev, Donetsk and Mariupol in September 2006 (European Collaborative Study, 2006). In this study we used all data available from start of enrolment in Ukraine in 2000 to May 2009. Data are collected anonymously on standard questionnaires, using study serial numbers (linked anonymous data). Information collected includes maternal sociodemographic and clinical information, delivery and infant characteristics. Information on infant's social care setting (i.e. with mother, father or other relative, fostered, adopted, or cared for in hospital or an institution) directly following birth is collected and updated at regular follow-up thereafter.
In order to identify infants receiving institutional care as a permanent substitute for parental care, we used follow-up data censored at 24 months to categorise infants as ever or never in parental care. This was a conservative measure, distinguishing infants with even minimal parental involvement and mixed care settings (for example home and an orphanage) from those with no parental involvement. The small number (n=15) of infants in stable alternative family settings (i.e. fostered, adopted or cared for by another relative) were included in the 'ever with parents' group. The 'never in parental care' group, referred to as 'abandoned' throughout, includes infants voluntarily abandoned by their parents and those subject to child protection intervention.
Assumptions were made on the longer term care setting of infants not in parental care at baseline and lacking follow-up information at the time of the analysis, due to recent enrolment in the cohort (n=181) (Figure 1). Infants staying in hospital beyond the 3-5 days after birth normally seen in Ukraine but with no documented reason were presumed to need medical care if birthweight <2500g, and/or gestational age <34 weeks, and/or reported perinatal problems (including neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)), and/or infant death (n=21). There was no significant difference in prevalence of maternal IDU history between this and other hospitalised groups. Infants with no documented reason for hospitalisation and no indication of medical needs were excluded from the analyses (n=15), as their longer-term care setting was unclear.
Gestational age was categorised as term (37 completed weeks or more), preterm (34-36 weeks) and severely preterm (<34 weeks). Birthweight was categorised as normal (≥2500g) and low birthweight (<2500g). Time of maternal HIV diagnosis was categorised as before pregnancy, during the first or second trimester, or later (third trimester or at delivery).
Univariable comparisons were assessed with the χ2 test for categorical variables. Logistic regression was used to obtain unadjusted odd ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in analyses identifying factors associated with infants never being in parental care. The model was built using a forward stepwise approach, with each factor tested for significant contribution to the fit using likelihood ratio test, at a significance level of p≤0.05.
The logistic regression analyses were limited to 4759 mother-infant pairs with complete data available on the following characteristics: maternal characteristics: age, marital status, IDU, time of HIV diagnosis, antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis, mode of delivery, previous live births, previous terminations, sexual partner of IDU, receipt of single dose nevirapine (sdNVP); infant characteristics: gender, gestational age, year of birth, birthweight, NAS, receipt of sdNVP, congenital abnormalities, social care setting at birth.
Those missing data on age at leaving full time education (n=2301) were categorised within the variable 'educational status', to allow analyses adjusted for educational status to be conducted. Year of infant birth was adjusted for a priori in the multivariate analysis, due to potential confounding (infants born in later years less likely to have been 'ever in parental care', as they have had shorter follow-up).
The standard of care for antiretroviral prophylaxis for PMTCT underwent an important change in 2005, when antenatal prophylaxis in addition to or instead of sdNVP became the standard of care. From 2005, sdNVP was usually used alone only in women missing opportunities for antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis (Thorne C. et al, 2009), and so reflected a different level of access to and receipt of antenatal care compared to pre-2005. In order to investigate the effect of prophylaxis on infant abandonment, a sub-analysis was carried out using only mother-infant pairs enrolled in 2005-09 (n=3646).
Statistical analyses were performed with STATA/IC v 10.0 for Windows (StataCorp, College Station, Texas.
Of the 4759 infants enrolled by May 2009, 98 (2.1%) had never been in parental care, with a further 47 (1%) spending some time in non-parental care, mostly in an institution. The majority never in parental care after follow-up (54/98) were in an institution or in hospital with a social admission at baseline (Figure 1). Baseline demographic and medical characteristics are given in Table 1. Most mothers were young, married or cohabiting and primiparous; a fifth had an IDU history and a third were sexual partners of IDUs. Antenatal ART coverage was around 80%, and most infants were vaginally delivered.
The proportion of infants abandoned in their first two years decreased from 3.8% (15/393) in 2000-02 to 2.8% (34/1230) in 2003-05 and 1.6% (49/3136) in 2006-09 (χtrend2=12.9, p<0.01). Over the same time periods, there was a decrease in the proportion of mothers reporting an IDU history from 29.8% (117/393) to 24.2% (298/1230) and 14.6% (459/3136) (χ2trend=89.6, p<0.01), with a concomitant decrease in proportion of infants with NAS, from 7.1% (n=28/393) to 3.9% (48/1230) and 1.4% (43/3136) (χ2 trend=60.5, p<0.01).
In unadjusted logistic regression analyses, gender and presence of congenital abnormalities in the infant were not significantly associated with risk of abandonment (p=0.292 and p=0.085 respectively). Maternal history of pregnancy termination and age were similarly non-significant factors, (p=0.123 and p=0.066 respectively). Factors significantly associated with infant abandonment in univariable analyses are presented in Table 2 and included marital status, maternal education, mode of delivery and birth order. Receipt of antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis showed a strong univariable association with reduced risk of abandonment, and infants whose mothers had been diagnosed with HIV earlier (in the first and second trimesters) were also less likely to be abandoned.
Infants of active IDUs (indicated by presence of NAS) were at an almost 11-fold increased risk of abandonment. Separate univariable analyses showed smaller but significantly increased abandonment risk among mothers reporting an IDU history (OR 4.46, 95%CI 2.98-6.67, p≤0.001 versus no history) and among those with an IDU sexual partner (OR1.56 95%CI 1.04-2.34, p=0.031 versus no IDU sexual partner). Preterm birth and low birthweight were both associated with increased risk of abandonment, and with non-receipt of antenatal ART (χ2=162.51, p=<0.01 and χ2=154.94, p=<0.01 respectively) and presence of NAS (χ2=25.94, p=<0.01 and χ2=15.79, p=<0.01 respectively). Among women reporting an IDU history, 15.2% of births were preterm (≤36 weeks gestation) compared with 7.3% of births among women without an IDU history. Over a fifth (n=29) of women who continued to inject drugs in the third trimester abandoned their infants, compared to 2% (n=9) of those who reported last using drugs pre-conception.
In the multivariable logistic regression model, marital status, maternal education, receipt of antiretroviral prophylaxis, parity, gestational age of infant and NAS remained significantly associated with risk of infant abandonment (Table 2). Maternal IDU history was no longer significantly associated in adjusted analyses, the association with abandonment accounted for by active or recent drug use. Maternal receipt of antenatal prophylaxis was associated with an 88% reduction in abandonment and remained the strongest predictor. A four-fold higher infant abandonment rate was seen among single women versus those married or cohabiting and among women with minimal education versus those educated beyond 18 years. Severely preterm infants were over three times more likely to be abandoned than term infants, and a similarly increased risk was seen among infants with NAS. Infants born into larger families (third-born or subsequently) were 2.5 times more likely to be abandoned than firstborns, with second-borns at intermediate abandonment risk.
In a sub-analysis including 3646 mother-child pairs enrolled since 2005, univariable analysis showed a substantially lower abandonment risk among women receiving antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis compared to sdNVP only (OR 0.04, 95%CI 0.02-0.08 p<0.01). This association remained after adjusting for marital status, maternal education, receipt of antenatal prophylaxis, mode of delivery, parity, gestational age, NAS and year of birth (AOR 0.10, 95%CI 0.05-0.20, p<0.01 for abandonment by women receiving antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis versus those receiving sdNVP only). No significant difference in abandonment was found between women receiving sdNVP only and no antiretroviral prophylaxis, in both univariable and multivariable models (p=0.199 and p=0.521 respectively). Similar overall associations between independent variables and risk of infant abandonment were seen in 2005-09 as in the whole dataset 2000-09.
HIV status was reported for 3166 (66.5%) children, the remainder having indeterminate status at most recent follow-up. Of the abandoned infants with HIV status reported, 12/70 (17.1%) were HIV-infected versus 205/3096 (6.6%) of infants in parental care. In univariable analysis, abandonment was almost three-fold higher in infants with confirmed HIV diagnosis (OR 2.92, 95%CI 1.54-5.52 p<0.01), than in uninfected infants. Of the 98 abandoned infants, 9/98 (9.2%) died compared with 89/4656 (1.9%) of the infants in parental care (median ages at death 127 and 62 days respectively). Post-mortem reports of the nine abandoned infants who died attributed deaths to infection in all but one case, where information was not available.
None of the infants lived to 18 months to receive antibody test confirmation of infection status. One infant was provisionally uninfected on the basis of two negative PCR tests, five had indeterminate infection status, two infants had presumptive infection on the basis of one positive PCR test and infective cause of death, and one infant had confirmed HIV infection, high viral load and multiple infections.
Infant abandonment affected a small but significant proportion of infants in the first two years of life born to HIV-infected women in Ukraine in this cohort, decreasing over the 10 year study period. Overall, 2.1% of infants lacked parental care entirely and a further 1% experienced a mixture of parental and other care settings by their second birthday. The factor most strongly associated with reduced risk of infant abandonment was mother's receipt of antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis. In our sub-analysis of infants born since 2005, abandonment risk was equally elevated in women who had received sdNVP only and those receiving no antiretroviral prophylaxis, both scenarios indicating lack of antenatal care. Mothers who were married or cohabiting and who had higher levels of educational attainment were also substantially less likely to abandon. Preterm infants, those with NAS and infants with older siblings were at increased risk of abandonment.
The decline in infant abandonment over time was concurrent with PMTCT scale up in Ukraine; these years saw substantially increased coverage with antiretroviral prophylaxis and concomitant declines in MTCT rates (from 15.2% in 2001 to 7% in 2006) (Thorne C. et al, 2009). The reduced risk of infant abandonment among women receiving antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis compared to sdNVP only (because of late presentation and diagnosis in labour), supports previous findings associating maternal receipt of prophylaxis with reduced risk of infant non-parental care (Mayaux M.J. et al, 2003; Khaldeeva N et al, 2003). Greater understanding of the effectiveness of PMTCT interventions and of cART in HIV treatment may improve women's aspirations for their own and their infant's health, thus reducing abandonment (Thorne C. and Newell M.L., 2005) (Zabina H. et al, 2009). Previous studies have shown that a diagnosis of HIV earlier rather than later in pregnancy, affording an adjustment period and opportunity to receive PMTCT counselling and interventions, is associated with decreased risk of infant abandonment (Hillis S. et al, 2007), but there was no association in our adjusted analyses. Late diagnosis may not be an independent risk factor for abandonment per se, but indicate other problems underlying non-receipt of antenatal care. Training of healthcare professionals during PMTCT scale-up is likely to have reduced stigmatising and discriminatory attitudes towards HIV-infected pregnant women, recognised as a factor potentially contributing to abandonment earlier in the epidemic (Zabina H. et al, 2009; UNAIDS, 2008). 'Baby-Friendly' initiatives in maternity wards, introduced in Ukraine in 2000, have been associated with decreases in infant abandonment in the general population (Sherstyuk E. and Grover D. (UNICEF), 2006), also seen in Russia (Lvoff N. et al, 2000), and may have contributed to the declining rate of abandonment seen in our study.
The significant associations found between abandonment and parity, maternal education and marital status indicate the importance of financial and social resources in caring for a newborn. Women without a partner were at a four-fold increased risk of abandonment, affirming previous findings of the importance of support from the baby's father (Shapoval A., 2008), and possibly extended family. Poverty and insecure or inadequate housing increase susceptibility to infant abandonment regardless of HIV infection status, and are likely more common among marginalised HIV-infected individuals; 82% of children in Ukraine staying with HIV-infected parent(s) remain in poverty (Zabina H. et al, 2009; Shapoval A., 2008). A social support payment has been introduced in Ukraine for women with newborns and may help to alleviate abandonment due to poverty, contributing to the decline in abandonment seen here since the subsidy was introduced, but could also encourage completion of unwanted pregnancies which would otherwise have been terminated (Thorne C. and Newell M.L., 2005).
Russian studies have found infant abandonment to be substantially more common among HIV-infected women whose pregnancies were unintended (Zabina H. et al, 2009; Hillis S. et al, 2007; Akatova N. et al, 2009). We did not have data available on whether the pregnancies in our study were planned, but two-fifths of the women had a history of pregnancy termination while a quarter of women in a nested post-natal cohort within the ECS reported not planning their most recent pregnancy (Jenny Saxton et al, 2009).
Abandonment was three times more likely in infants with NAS here, supporting previous findings from Ukraine, Russia, France, Western Europe and USA linking maternal IDU with increased infant abandonment, with rates of up to 30% in this group (Malyuta R. et al, 2006; Blanche S. et al, 1996; European Collaborative Study & Thorne C. et al, 1998; National Abandoned Infants Assistance Resource Center, 2005; Mok J.Y.Q. et al., 1996; Khaldeeva N et al, 2003). Our conservative measure of abandonment may have underestimated the true association between abandonment and maternal IDU, as infants born to IDUs are more likely to have medical problems after birth, and infants hospitalised for medical care but without follow-up were assumed not to be abandoned (Figure 1). Putative links between IDU and voluntary infant abandonment include poorer access to or use of family planning services with more unintended pregnancies (Malyuta R. et al, 2006), lifestyles non-conducive to parenting (Zabina H. et al, 2009) and acute withdrawal symptoms in the mother during and immediately after delivery, precipitating abandonment in search of drugs. Opioid substitution therapy (OST) improves neonatal outcomes when used in pregnancy, and could help prevent abandonment postnatally by controlling withdrawal symptoms and reducing drug-seeking behaviours such as commercial sex work (Minozzi S. et al, 2008). However, accessibility to OST in Ukraine is poor; buprenorphine and methadone OST became available in 2007 and 2008, only 1956 of an estimated 400,000 IDUs were enrolled in a programme by the end of 2008 (Aizberg O & Eurasian Harm Reduction Network, 2008). Childbearing women encounter specific barriers to engagement with drug treatment including an unwillingness to be seen as an unfit parent, lack of child care facilities for their existing children (EMCDDA, 2000) and objection of a partner (Open Society Institute, 2009). Effective harm reduction programmes would therefore need to be carefully tailored to the needs of pregnant HIV-infected IDUs.
Infants abandoned in this study were significantly more likely to be infected with HIV than their contemporaries in parental care, more of whom had benefited from PMTCT interventions, consistent with previous evidence (Transatlantic Partners Against Aids, 2004). HIV DNA PCR testing facilities for early diagnosis of HIV in vertically-exposed infants were introduced in Ukraine in 2006, but coverage remains patchy (Thorne C. et al, 2009), leaving some settings reliant on antibody testing at 18 months. In the vast majority of cases infant HIV diagnosis would have occurred after abandonment, suggesting that women more likely to transmit HIV (e.g. due to no or limited access to PMTCT interventions) were also more likely to abandon. The abandoned infants were also more frequently preterm and low birthweight, possibly due to higher prevalence of in utero exposure to drugs (Mok J.Y.Q. et al., 1996) and related maternal behaviours such as poor diet.
HIV-exposed and abandoned infants in Russia and Ukraine are vulnerable to stigmatised care, in institutional rather than family settings (Thorne C. and Newell M.L., 2005; Transatlantic Partners Against Aids, 2004). Infant abandonment and state provision of institutional care predate Ukraine's HIV epidemic, and institutions also formed a significant part of state care provision to infants abandoned by HIV-infected women in Western Europe in 1980-90s (Blanche S. et al, 1996; European Collaborative Study & Thorne C. et al, 1998). Institutional care of infants remains common throughout Europe (Browne K. et al, 2006) but its detrimental effect on all aspects of normal child development (Maclean K., 2003) provides the basis for child care and welfare system reform and impetus to move to family-based care settings.
Our study was limited by its observational nature, with potential for unmeasured confounding. A further limitation was our inability to distinguish between women voluntarily relinquishing infants and those subject to child protection interventions. Our cohort covers around 30% of HIV-infected pregnant women in Ukraine, making the data and conclusions broadly generalisable to such women countrywide. The assumptions leading to our definition of abandonment were conservative (Figure 1), and the prevalence reported here should be interpreted as a minimum.
To conclude, a decline in infant abandonment over the last ten years was seen in this cohort, concurrent with PMTCT scale-up, suggesting the importance of PMTCT programmes in reducing infant abandonment rates. However the challenge of ensuring coverage of hard-to-reach populations, such as IDUs and other marginalised groups, with PMTCT services remains, together with the need to provide adequate harm reduction, HIV treatment and care, family planning and pregnancy termination services, reflecting the complex factors behind infant abandonment. Further research on longitudinal patterns of social care in children without a stable home setting and in older children of HIV-infected mothers is needed.
The Ukraine European Collaborative Study Group consists of the following members who have contributed to this study: S Mahdavi, Prof ML Newell (UCL Institute of Child Health, UK), Y. Khomout (Perinatal Prevention of AIDS Initiative, Odessa, Ukraine), Dr S Posokhova (Regional Hospital, Odessa, Ukraine), Dr T Kaleeva, Dr. Y. Barishnikova, Dr. S. Servetsky (Odessa Regional Centre for HIV/AIDS, Ukraine), Dr A. Stelmah, Dr. G. Kiseleva, Dr E. Dotsenko, Dr O. A. Zalata (Crimean Republic Centre for HIV/AIDS, Ukraine), Dr. S. Solokha, Dr M. P. Grazhdanov (Donetsk Regional Centre for HIV/AIDS, Ukraine), Dr. N. Bashkatova (Marioupol AIDS Center, Ukraine), Dr. I.Raus, Dr O. V. Yurchenko (Kiev City Centre for HIV/AIDS, Ukraine), Dr. Z. Ruban, Dr.O. Gloushenko (Mikolaiv Regional Centre for HIV/AIDS, Ukraine). Dr. N. Primak (Kriviy Rig City Center for HIV/AIDS, Ukraine)
The ECS is a coordination action of the European Commission (PENTA/ECS 018865). Claire Thorne is supported by a Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellowship. Heather Bailey is supported by an MRC Doctoral Training Account PhD Studentship. Some of this work was undertaken at GOSH/UCL Institute of Child Health which received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. The Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics also benefits from funding support from the Medical Research Council in its capacity as the MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Check engine light came on in April, had oxygen sensor replaced after receiving scan from Troubleshooting : PO171, then had fuel pump replaced after diagnostic from Chevy Dealer said need new fuel pump because of low pressure. The Probable cause from the first scan said 1) If bank one and two codes set together suspect 2) fuel pressure or MAF sensor 3) Oxygen sensor defective 4) Ignition misfire-repair 5) Fuel injector problem The CEL went out for a brief time after receiving car back from auto repair person, but as soon as I was down the hwy a half mile it came back on. Please help me with next step. Thanks!
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German Chancellor Angela Merkel hit back Tuesday at those calling on Europe to introduce new economic stimulus packages to boost demand and spend its way out of the crisis.
"This is the wrong idea," Merkel told a business conference in Berlin, adding that one cannot solve a debt crisis by taking on more debt.
She also insisted that the current crisis in the eurozone was not related to the common currency, but rather to the huge debt piles accumulated by euro area members.
"We don't have a euro crisis, but a debt crisis," said Merkel.
She urged Germans to realise that "Germany is profiting from the euro."
And she reiterated that Greece needed to show the financial markets that it was "on the right path."
Merkel faces a much-anticipated vote on boosting the EU's rescue fund that could well touch off another political crisis in Germany.
While the legislation is certain to pass -- the opposition has vowed to vote in favour -- Merkel faces the humiliation of having to rely on them amid a threatened backbench rebellion.
She said it was "of the utmost importance" that the legislation pass.