text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 10, 1987
|Filing date
|Mar 15, 1985
|Priority date
|Mar 15, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard W. Citta, Dennis M. Mutzabaugh, Gary J. Sgrignoli
|Original Assignee
|Zenith Electronics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (3), Classifications (6), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to application Ser. No. 712,949 entitled "Television Signal Data Transmission System", in the names of Richard W. Citta, Dennis Mutzabaugh and Gary Sgrignoli, filed of even date herewith and assigned to Zenith Electronics Corporation.
The present invention relates generally to television signal transmission and receiving systems and, more particularly, to a system wherein the horizontal synchronization components of a conventional NTSC television signal are suppressed providing a scrambled transmission format particularly useful in subscription or pay-television applications.
In subscription television systems programming signals are typically transmitted, either "over-the-air" or through a suitable cable network, in a scrambed form rendering the broadcast video information largely unviewable when received by a conventional television receiver. In order to unscramble the video display, each system subscriber is provided with a decoder operable for unscrambling the broadcast signals and for coupling the unscrambled signals to a conventional television receiver for viewing. Security is, of course, a prime consideration in the design of such systems. That is, the scrambling technique employed should be of a nature making the unauthorized decoding or unscrambling of the broadcasts difficult in order to deter the would-be pirate. At the same time, the scrambling technique must accommodate reliable decoding by authorized system subscribers.
One technique commonly used for scrambling the video display produced in response to a broadcast television signal is that of horizontal sync suppression. Suppression of the horizontal synchronization components of a broadcast television signal below most video levels will cause the deflection circuits of a normal television receiver to behave eratically such that a scrambled video image is produced on the display screen of the receiver. In addition, the ability of the television receiver to use the color reference burst associated with the horizontal synchronization signals is degraded thereby causing inaccurate color reproduction.
Exemplary prior art sync supression systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,467,353 to Citta et al; 3,184,537 to Court et al; 3,478,166 to Reiter et al; 3,530,232 to Reiter et al and 4,222,068 to Thompson. In these prior art systems, the horizontal synchronization components of a broadcast television signal are typically suppressed or reduced to gray level and an additional keying or control signal is normally transmitted together with the television signal for controlling reconstruction or regeneration of the proper horizontal sync levels at the receiver. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,537 an audio sub-carrier is amplitude modulated with a suitable syncinsertion control signal. In other cases, horizontal sync reconstruction at the receiver is effected by transmitting normal sync signals during the vertical interval of the television signal for enabling a timing circuit to lock to the horizontal components thereof. The timing circuit may then be used to accurately define the horizontal blanking intervals of the upcoming field to facilitate restoration of the horizontal synchronization signals in the composite baseband video signal. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,467,353, sync reconstruction is facilitated by altering the phase of all frequency components of the transmitted signal by an equal amount during its horizontal blanking intervals. The present invention is an improvement of this technique involving increased system security.
It is a basic object of the present invention to provide improved horizontal sync suppression system of the type especially useful in a subscription television system.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide a horizontal sync suppression system for scrambling a broadcast television signal in a manner so as to deter the unauthorized decoding of the scrambled broadcast.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a horizontal sync suppression system for scrambling a broadcast television signal which does not require the transmission of additional control signals nor the use of complex timing circuits to effect restoration of proper synchronization signals at a television receiver.
Features of the invention which are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, together with its objects and the advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a television signal transmitter according to the invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are waveform diagrams illustrating a standard NTSC RF television signal and the detected video envelope thereof;
FIGS. 3A-3B and 4A-4B are waveform diagrams illustrating the manner in which the NTSC signal of FIG. 2A is modified according to the invention and the corresponding control signals produced in response thereto;
FIGS. 5A-5B and 6A-6B illustrate the amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics of the SAW filters utilized in the transmitter and receiver of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a decoder operable in response to transmitted data of the type represented in FIGS. 3A and 4A; and
FIGS. 8 and 9 are block diagrams of alternate embodiments of the transmitter and decoder of the invention.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a headend television signal scrambler and data encoder 10 according to the present invention. It will be understood that the signals provided by scrambler and data encoder 10 are intended to be broadcast for transmission through a suitable medium such as a coaxial cable in a CATV system for reception by the system subscribers. Each system subscriber is provided with a decoder which may be authorized for unscrambling a particular broadcast television program in response to data signals received from headend unit 10. Thus, with relation to a particular television program, an authorized subscriber will be provided with an unscrambled video image for viewing while all unauthorized parties, whether system subscribers or not, will be provided with a television signal producing a scrambled video image which is largely unintelligible when displayed on a conventional television receiver viewing screen.
With more particular reference to FIG. 1, a conventional NTSC composite baseband video signal is coupled to an input terminal 12 of headend unit 10 with the associated audio baseband signal being applied to an input terminal 14. The audio baseband signal is coupled to an audio modulator 16 where it is used to frequency modulate a sound intermediate frequency (IF) carrier, typically 41.25 MHz, which is then applied to one input of a summing circuit 18. The composite baseband video signal is coupled to a video modulator 20 where it is used to amplitude modulate a video IF carrier spaced 4.5 MHz from the sound lF carrier, i.e., 45.75 MHz. The IF video signal developed at the output of modulator 20 is applied to the inputs of a pair of filters which, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, comprise surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters 22 and 24. The outputs of SAW filters 22 and 24 are selectively coupled by an RF switch 26 to a second input of summing circuit 18. As will be explained in further detail hereinafter, the frequency response characteristics of SAW filters 22 and 24 together with the operation of RF switch 26 provide for the implementation of the novel television signal scrambling and data encoding techniques of the invention.
More particularly, FIG. 2A illustrates a standard NTSC television signal of the type developed at the output of video modulator 20. The signal comprises an IF carrier 30, having a substantially fixed phase characteristic and a zero carrier level 32, amplitude modulated by a composite baseband video signal 34. Composite baseband video signal 34 comprises a plurality of horizontal trace lines 36 defining the video image, the horizontal trace lines being separated by a plurality of horizontal blanking pulses 38. Each horizontal blanking pulse includes a front porch 40 and a back porch 42, the latter typically including a 3.58 MHz reference color burst signal (not shown). Each horizontal blanking pulse, which defines a horizontal blanking interval, also includes a horizontal synchronization pulse 44 between front porch 40 and back porch 42. The horizontal synchronization pulses 44 are used to synchronize the horizontal deflection circuits of a television receiver for initiating horizontal retrace at the proper times, the viewing screen of the receiver being blanked during such retrace intervals by the horizontal blanking pulses 38.
According to NTSC standards, each horizontal blanking pulse 38 has a duration of about 12 microseconds with front porch 40 comprising about 1.3 microseconds, horizontal sync pulse 44 about 5.0 microseconds and back porch 42 about 5.7 microseconds. In addition, due to the arrangement of the escutcheon in relation to the viewing screen of the receiver, a non-viewable, overscan interval 46 of about 1.5 microseconds is normally established at the beginning and end of each horizontal trace line 36 immediately adjacent blanking pulse 38.
When received by a normal television receiver, the signal of FIG. 2A is detected to reproduce composite baseband video signal 34 as illustrated by the waveform of FIG. 2B. This detection process is typically effected by a diode-type envelope detector which will, as its name suggests, detect the envelope amplitude modulating the carrier signal 30 regardless of its phase. The polarity of the detected signal in relation to the zero carrier level 32 is determined by the polarity of the detecting diode in the receiver circuitry. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, detected composite baseband video signal 34 has a negative polarity with relation to the zero carrier level 32 with black level signals being more negative than white level signals.
FIGS. 3A and 4A illustrate how the television signal of FIG. 2A is modified by headend unit 10 to achieve the scrambling and data encoding effects of the invention. In particular, it will be observed that the signal is suppressed below most video levels and the phase characteristic of the carrier signal 30 is changed during an encoding interval centered about each horizontal blanking pulse 38, the encoding interval having a maximum duration T (see FIG. 2A) defined by the limits of the overscan intervals 46 on either side thereof.
Thus, in FIG. 3A, the signal is suppressed in amplitude and the phase of carrier 30 is changed during an encoding interval T1 slightly less than the width of horizontal blanking pulse 38 while in FIG. 4A, amplitude suppression and carrier phase change are effected during a wider encoding interval T2 extending about one microsecond into the respective overscan intervals 46 on either side of horizontal blanking pulse 38. The amplitude suppression and carrier phase alteration imposed on the television signal during the encoding intervals serves to effectively scramble the signal while the width modulation of the encoding intervals provides a facility for the in-band transmission of data.
Referring back to FIG. 1, the foregoing techniques are essentially implemented by SAW filters 22 and 24 in combination with the operation of RF switch 26. SAW filter 22, which may have a delay of about 700 nanoseconds, is designed to exhibit amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics as shown by the solid line curves 51 and 53 in FIG. 5A. As used herein, the phrase normalized phase versus frequency response means the phase versus frequency response of a particular filter relative to the phase versus frequency response of a true delay line of the same length; i.e., the difference between the phase versus frequency response characteristics of the filter and a true delay line of the same length. It will be noted that the amplitude response 51 varies from about -6 db at the picture IF of 45.75 MHz and gradually approaches nearly 0 db at the sound IF frequency of 41.25 MHz, with a small negative offset at the chroma IF frequency of 42.17 MHz. Similarly, the normalized phase response 53 varies from about -180 degrees at the picture IF and gradually approaches 0 degrees at the sound IF frequency with a small negative offset, preferably about 15 degrees, at the chroma IF frequency. SAW filter 24, which has a delay matched or equal to the delay of filter 22, is characterized by substantially flat amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency responses 55 and 57 at 0 db and 0 degrees respectively between the picture and sound IF frequencies as shown in FIG. 6A. Alternatively, the flat responses 55 and 57 could be offset to selected small, non-zero values.
RF switch 26 is operated in response to a pulse width modulator 50 which provides a horizontal rate output defining the width of each encoding interval. The system is operated with two different width encoding intervals T1 and T2 representing the complementary states of a respective data bit. Thus, the relatively wide encoding interval T2 shown in FIG. 4A may represent a logic "1" data bit while the narrower encoding interval T1 of FIG. 3A may represent a logic "0" data bit. Pulse width modulator 50, in response to horizontal and vertical rate timing signals supplied by a timing generator 52, couples a horizontal rate pulse width modulated signal defining the wider and narrower encoding intervals T1 and T2 to RF switch 26 in accordance with a data signal supplied by a data processor 54. That is, if a particular bit of the data signal supplied by data processor 54 is at a logic "1" level, a pulse defining the wider encoding interval T2 of FIG. 4A would be provided to RF switch 26 by modulator 50 whereas a pulse defining the narrower encoding interval T1 of FIG. 3A would be provided if the data bit was at a logic "0" level.
RF switch 26 is operative for coupling only the output of SAW filter 24 (FIG. 6A) to summing circuit 18 at all times except during an encoding interval T1 or T2 as defined by the output of pulse width modulator 50. During an encoding interval T1 or T2 only the output of SAW filter 22 (FIG. 5A) is coupled to the summing circuit. As a result, during each encoding interval T1 or T2 the IF signal coupled to summing circuit 18 by RF switch 26 is modified by the amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics of SAW filter 22 (FIG. 5A) to produce the scrambled and data encoded signals of FIGS. 3A and 4A. In particular, signal scrambling is effected by suppressing the amplitude and altering the phase of the IF signal in accordance with the amplitude and normalized phase response characteristics 51 and 53 during the encoding intervals and data transmission is effected by modulating the width of the encoding interval between the two values T1 and T2 in accordance with the data signal supplied by data processor 54.
Since, as noted in FIG. 5A, both the attenuation and phase change imposed on the IF signal by SAW filter 22 continuously vary between the picture IF carrier (-6 db and -180 degrees respectively) and the sound IF carrier (substantially zero db and 0 degrees), different frequency components of the signal will be subjected to varying degrees of attenuation and phase shift. For example, due to the 180 degree phase shift imposed on the signal at the picture IF carrier frequency, during the encoding interval the 3.58 MHz reference chroma burst will be detected by a conventional intercarrier receiver at nearly the opposite polarity in relation to an unencoded reference chroma burst. The use of this opposite polarity reference chroma burst to decode the color information in the video signal will result in the production of colors which are the nearly complements of the transmitted chroma information thereby further enhancing signal scrambling. Similarly, an intercarrier receiver will couple a 4.5 MHz intercarrier sound signal having the wrong polarity to the sound circuits of the receiver during the encoding intervals resulting in the production of a distorted audio signal.
As mentioned previously, the width of the encoding intervals defined by the output of pulse width modulator 50 are modulated between two values T1 and T2 in accordance with the data signal supplied to the modulator by data processor 54. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the encoding intervals are centered on the horizontal blanking pulses 38 and have a first width or duration T2 extending about 0.5 microseconds into the overscan intervals 46 on either side of the blanking pulse as shown by the phase reversal of carrier 30 at points 60 in FIG. 4A. It will be seen that this results in a pulse width of about 13 microseconds. The phase reversal points 60 of the encoding interval T2 thereby extend into the active video region of the television signal making them extremely difficult to detect with conventional means. The second width or duration T1 of the encoding interval is preferably defined by a pair of phase reversal points 62 respectively located in the front and back porches 40 and 42 of the horizontal blanking pulse as shown in FIG. 3A. In particular, the phase reversal points 62 are located about 0.5 microseconds from either edge of the horizontal blanking pulse 38 such that the width of the encoding interval T1 is about 11 microseconds. Thus, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the difference between the two widths T1 and T2 of the encoding intervals is about 2 microseconds although satisfactory operation has been achieved with differences as small as 1 microsecond. It has been found that centering the encoding interval with respect to the horizontal blanking pulse helps reduce audio buzz in the reproduced signal.
The scrambled and data encoded video IF signal (FIGS. 3A and 4A) produced at the output of RF switch 26 is combined in summing circuit 18 with the IF audio signal and applied to an RF converter 64. RF converter 64 converts the combined IF signal to a standard RF television frequency for transmission through the cable system. In this regard, it is to be understood that while the scrambling and data encoding techniques of the invention have been described in relation to IF signals, the scrambling and data encoding could just as easily have been performed in connection with the transmitted channel frequency at the output of converter 64. Thus, as used herein, the term RF frequency is considered to include both the IF frequency as well as the transmitted channel frequency.
FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a decoder adapted to unscramble and decode the data in the transmitted signal. The decoder comprises an RF converter 66 which receives the transmitted signal and converts it to the frequency of, for example, either channel 3 or 4. Assuming conversion to channel 3 frequency, the converted channel 3 signal is coupled through an amplifier 68, whose gain is controlled by a potentiometer 70, to the inputs of a SAW filter 72, a SAW filter 74 and a bandpass filter 76. The output of bandpass filter 76 is coupled through a limiter 78 to the input of a phase modulation detector 80 whose output controls an RF switch 82 for selectively coupling either the output of SAW filter 72 or the output of SAW filter 74 to an output line 84 for application to the subscriber's television receiver.
FIG. 5B illustrates the amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics 71 and 73 of SAW filter 72 at channel 3 frequencies. It will be seen that these response characteristics are the complements of the corresponding characteristics 51 and 53 of SAW filter 22 (FIG. 5A). Thus, the amplitude response 71 of filter 72 varies from +6 db at the channnel 3 picture carrier toward 0 db at the channel 3 sound carrier in a manner complementary to the amplitude response characteristic 51 of SAW filter 22. Similarly, the normalized phase response 73 of filter 72 varies from a +180 degrees at the channel 3 picture carrier toward zero degrees at the channel 3 sound carrier in a manner complementary to the phase response characteristic 53 of SAW filter 22. It will be understood that SAW filter 72 may include suitable gain circuitry to achieve the depicted amplitude response characteristic. The amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics 75 and 77 of SAW filter 74 are shown in FIG. 6B and will be seen to comprise flat responses at 0 db and 0 degrees respectively between the channel 3 picture and sound carriers. Also, both SAW filters 72 and 74 have average delays matched to each other.
In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the received signal can be unscrambled by the decoder by operating RF switch 82 for coupling the output of SAW filter 72 to output line 84 during each encoding interval T1 and T2 and otherwise coupling the output of SAW filter 74 to output line 84. Due to the complementary nature of the response characteristics of SAW filters 22 and 72, this will result in the restoration of the amplitude and phase of the received signal during the encoding intervals such that the output of RF switch 82 will correspond to the standard NTSC waveform illustrated in FIG. 2A.
As mentioned previously, the operation of RF switch 82 is controlled by phase modulation detector 80 which, in a preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a bi-phase stable phase modulation detector of the type taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,909. Bandpass filter 76, which also preferably comprises a SAW filter, has a relatively narrow response for coupling the channel 3 picture carrier to the input of limiter 78. Limiter 78 removes the amplitude modulation from the channel 3 picture carrier and applies the resulting amplitude limited signal to the input of phase modulation detector 80. Detection by phase modulation detector 80 is effected by a vector multiplication process whereby the applied carrier signal is multiplied with a fixed phase reference signal. As a result, the amplitude limited channel 3 picture carrier applied to detector 80 will produce a detected signal exhibiting a phase reversal during each encoding interval T1 or T2 as represented by the "super-white" level (i.e., a level above the zero carrier axis 32) pulses 90 and 92 in FIGS. 3B and 4B. Detected pulse 92 corresponds to the wider encoding interval T2 characterizing a received signal of the type shown in FIG. 4A while detected pulse 90 corresponds to the narrower encoding interval T1 characterizing a received signal of the type shown in FIG. 3A.
The detected signals illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 4B produced at the output of phase modulation detector 80 are applied for controlling the operation of RF switch 82. In particular, when the detected signal is characterized by a low level, the output of SAW filter 74 is switched to output 84. However, in response to a pulse 90 or 92, the output of SAW filter 72 is switched to output 84 for the duration of the pulse. As previously explained, this operation of RF switch 82 will effectively unscramble the received signal.
The detected signals developed at the output of phase modulation detector 80 are also applied to the input of a pulse width discriminator 86. Pulse width discriminator 86 is responsive to the width of pulses 90 and 92 for coupling complementary state logic signals to the input of a data decoder 88. For example, pulse width discriminator 86 may couple a logic "1" data bit to data decoder 88 in response to a relatiavely wide pulse 92 and a logic "0" data bit in response to a narrow pulse 90. Data decoder 88 decodes these data bits for controlling various aspects of the decoder. For example, the decoded data bits may represent a data message deauthorizing the decoder in which case an appropriate signal may be applied over a conductor 94 for disabling RF switch 82. Of course, numerous other aspects of the decoder could be controlled in a similar manner.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate alternate embodiments of the headend unit and decoder depicted in FIGS. 1 and 7 which provide for an increased level of signal scrambling. Referring to FIG. 8, it will be seen that the headend unit 10 has been modified by adding a third SAW filter 96 in parallel with SAW filters 22 and 24 and by coupling an output of data processor 54 to RF switch 26. SAW filter 96 has the amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics 91 and 93 shown in dotted-line in FIG. 5A. It will be seen that the amplitude response 91 is similar to that of SAW filter 22 except that it has been displaced downwardly with the attenuation at the IF picture carrier frequency being -10 db instead of -6 db. The normalized phase response 93, on the other hand, has been folded over the zero degree axis such that the 180 degree phase reversal at the IF picture carrier frequency is retained. RF switch 26 is responsive to a control signal from data processor 54 for causing the switch to select either the output of SAW filter 22 or the output of SAW filter 96 for coupling to summing circuit 18 during the encoding intervals T1 and T2. The scrambling effect produced by the selection of either filter 22 or 96 during the encoding intervals will be similar except that a greater amount of attenuation and the opposite polarity phase alteration will result when filter 96 is selected instead of filter 22.
It will be appreciated that the foregoing operation of headend unit 10 results in a dynamic system having multiple scrambling modes which can be established by selectively switching between SAW filters 22 and 96 during encoding intervals T1 and T2. For example, the output of SAW filter 22 may be coupled to summer 18 during encoding intervals T1 and T2 for a given period of time after which the output of SAW filter 96 is coupled to summer 18 during encoding intervals T1 and T2 for another given period of time, and so on. RF switch 26 couples the output of either SAW filter 22 or SAW filter 96 to summer 18 during encoding intervals T1 and T2 in accordance with a control signal from data processor 54. In addition, data processor 54 generates and couples an appropriate mode select data message to pulse width modulator 50 defining which of filters 22 or 96 has been selected. This mode select data message is converted by pulse width modulator 50 to a corresponding sequence of pulses 90 and 92 to effect the transmission of the data message to the system decoders by modulating the width of the encoding intervals as previously described. In this way, the decoders may be instructed as to whether the output of SAW filter 22 or the output of SAW filter 96 is being transmitted during the encoding intervals.
Referring to FIG. 9, it will be observed that the decoder has been modified by adding a third SAW filter 98 whose amplitude and normalized phase versus frequency response characteristics 81 and 83 are complementary to those of SAW filter 96 as illustrated in dotted-line in FIG. 5B. Data decoder 88, in response to a received mode select data message from headend unit 10, couples a control signal to RF switch 82 for selecting the output of the appropriate one of SAW filters 72 and 98 during the encoding intervals for application to output 84. That is, in the dynamic mode, data decoder 88 is responsive to received mode select data messages for causing the output of SAW filter 72 to be applied to conductor 84 whenever SAW filter 22 is being used at the headend and for causing the output of SAW filter 98 to be applied to conductor 84 whenever SAW filter 96 is being used at the headend.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 4, 1960
|May 18, 1965
|Paramount Pictures Corp
|Subscription-television system employing suppression of synchronizing signals
|Sep 9, 1963
|Nov 11, 1969
|Intern Telemeter Corp
|Cryptographic subscription television system with grey sync and dual mode augmenting signals
|Oct 21, 1965
|Sep 8, 1970
|Charger Electronic Systems Inc
|Coded video systems with signal phase inversion
|Jun 17, 1966
|Sep 22, 1970
|Intern Telemeter Corp
|Subscription television system
|Oct 20, 1972
|Dec 3, 1974
|Optical Systems Corp
|Video and audio encoding/decoding system employing suppressed carrier modulation
|Jul 26, 1973
|Sep 21, 1976
|Jerrold Electronics Corporation
|Video encription system
|Sep 27, 1976
|Feb 7, 1978
|Zenith Radio Corporation
|Automatic phase and frequency control system
|Apr 8, 1976
|Mar 28, 1978
|Twin County Trans-Video, Inc.
|High security subscription television system employing real time control of subscriber's program reception
|Nov 2, 1978
|Sep 9, 1980
|American Television And Communications Corporation
|Subscription television apparatus and methods
|Mar 25, 1982
|Aug 21, 1984
|Zenith Electronics Corporation
|Television signal scrambling system and method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 26, 1987
|Jan 31, 1989
|Zenith Electronics Corporation
|Sound masking in phase reversal TV scrambling system
|Feb 24, 1988
|Dec 5, 1989
|Zenith Electronics Corporation
|Television signal encoder with reduced transient switching effects
|Apr 9, 1996
|Jun 15, 1999
|Zenith Electronics Corporation
|Television scrambling system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 9, 1987
Owner name: ZENITH ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, 1000 MILWAUKEE AVE
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Effective date: 19870315
|Mar 4, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 22, 1992
Owner name: FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO, THE
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ZENITH ELECTRONICS CORPORATION A CORP. OF DELAWARE;REEL/FRAME:006187/0650
Effective date: 19920619
|Sep 2, 1992
Owner name: ZENITH ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO, THE (AS COLLATERAL AGENT).;REEL/FRAME:006243/0013
Effective date: 19920827
|Feb 21, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 26, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Article Contents
- 1 Diet scientifically how are advised to lose weight, scientists
- 2 What is the diet on DNA
- 3 Features
- 4 Who will pick
We are accustomed to loud discoveries that science does today.And we pay little attention even on a breakthrough that could radically change the life of every person.How did you react when you learned about the deciphering of the DNA molecule, in which scientists around the world walked a long road length in two decades?Most likely, more than calm.But precisely because of this discovery was followed by more and more new achievements, one of which was the diet on DNA.Responses about it is still difficult to find, even on the Internet.But experts say the company MyGenetics (Novosibirsk) believe that it will become a major trend in body weight correction in the coming years.
Diet scientifically how scientists are advised to lose weight
There are hundreds of diets that offer different ways to lose weight.The most popular of them - mono-diet, inwhich power is limited to a single product: kefir, buckwheat, chicken.Medicine and science are not rigidly support these techniques, since their compliance with the body loses a huge list of essential substances.Because of this diet is not only brings a welcome weight loss, but also to problems with the digestive tract work, vitamin deficiency, lack of other relevant elements.
are five ways a science-based diet.
- Greyzing - involves frequent snacking, literally every 2 hours. In this mode, a person does not have time to get hungry, and the absence of hunger reduces the amount eaten.Calorie daily diet is reduced by 15%, which in turn stimulates the excessive loss of weight.But some scientists are wary greyzingu.According to them, hunger is an important factor in human existence, and when this feeling is dulled, the gastrointestinal tract begins to work in new ways that can bring unexpected and unpleasant results.
- Low-calorie diet - achieved weight loss by reducing calories in food. from the diet completely removed pastries and sweets, fats are minimized.The large volume of it contains proteins: eggs, fish, poultry, vegetables and herbs.At protein low-calorie diet has a significant drawback: our body fat is still needed, as are our cells are being built, and they are involved in the synthesis of hormones.And the only protein foods, devoid of many useful carbohydrates and of fats, will become a serious burden for the body accustomed to the varied diet.
- Low fat diet - similar low-calorie, but there is more attention paid to the lack of fat. important supplier of polyunsaturated fatty acids are completely eliminated from the diet, causing the development of atherosclerosis and diseases of the cardiovascular system.
- plate model - at first glance, it's an excellent choice of healthy food. He suggests dividing plates into 4 parts, one of which should deal with boiled vegetables and greens, the other - pasta or cereal, a third - protein foods that are low in fat.The fourth part of the dishes is not in a plate, as in a glass, and all beverages include sugar and fat.The model plate is really able to help in losing weight, but not all.Moreover, some people, it may cause the development of unpleasant and dangerous diseases.The reason for that - the individual characteristics of each person, which we describe later.
- Diet for GI or glycemic index - based on the scientific fact that every product getting in our digestive system, causes an increase in blood sugar levels. higher glycemic index of the product, the more it causes a sharp increase in sugar.And the calorie is more, as the body begins to actively extract therefrom glucose, which ideally should be transformed into energy.However, if a person is not engaged in sports or fitness, or simply absorbs too many foods with a high GI, the energy does not have time to be spent completely.Excess glucose is transformed into fat which leads to weight gain.The complexity of dieting by GI is a need for accounting and calculation of indices of each product, which is not always convenient and possible.
What is the diet on DNA
Another modern science and reasonable way to lose weight is a diet on DNA.It belongs to the youngest methods, since it is based on the latest achievements of genetics.The basic principle it is a model of DNA, which is individual for each person.Science has confirmed the fact that 70% of our individual characteristics (not only external but also the habits, inclinations to certain products, character traits) depends on a unique set of genes transmitted to us by our parents.
study of the features of products affect the health of the person involved in a young and rapidly developing science - nutrigenetika.Today it is actively confirms its practical purpose.Any of us - individual.And each formed by a set of genes, similar to which no one else in the world.It is based on this principle, the DNA diet that has other features.
- not diet - and lifestyle. According to the results of DNA testing is determined by a set of products, we preferred to use a particular person, neutral and those that are prohibited for use because of the risk of weight gain and other factors.Thus, the person receives a "roadmap" for which he should move on throughout their lives, to save or to find harmony, maintain beauty.
- more efficient (by 2-3 times) compared with other types of diets. This fact is proved by scientists at Stanford University (USA) in the course of the study, in which 101 women participated.Each of them before the study DNA test was done.Women often been recommended diet based on their genetic code (malouglevodnaya, malozhirovaya or balanced).Another recommended normal diet, without taking into account the features of genes.After 12 months, it was recorded that the women who hold the DNA diet, lost 2-3 times more fat mass than other study participants.
- The ability to anticipate and prevent the development of diseases. determined human tendency to acquire Based on testing of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, celiac disease and many other serious diseases, which cause the body not suited to our products.Thus, this type of diet is not just a diet, but a healthy lifestyle, which allows to save power, restore health, to maintain longevity.
- individual solutions for each. DNA Diet individual.It will not be 100% match even close relatives and the more parents and children.The fact that the mixing of genes gives parents an entirely different gene in the child, that forms his individual tastes and characteristics.So do DNA testing to determine the preferred diet should be for everyone.The good news is that this procedure is necessary to pass only once, as in the course of the life of the genetic code of people does not change.
Who will pick
Selection of DNA diet today offer leading foreign scientific institutions, but research costs are high in the result to be expected for a long time, and with the shipment of samples can be difficult.Leading Russian Centre for DNA testing and conduct the compilation of individual diets is Novosibirsk Scientific Company MyGenetics .
Learn more about ordering the test and obtaining recommendations (by the way, not least in the form of a colorful magazine with details of all the features characteristic of the diet and lifestyle) you can on the company's website Mygenetics.ru.


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Category Archives: Out & About
BSPS Winter Champs – Arena UK
*Sigh* I feel like everything has been restored, in my world. I haven't been to a show for sooo long and I was having mega withdrawal. So yesterday I went up to Arena UK to watch all of the pretty … Continue reading
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Essex Farmers & Union Hunt – New Year's Day 2016, Maldon
We started the year off with quite a giggle this morning. Last year, we went and watched the Essex Farmers and Union Hunt parade through Maldon highstreet on New Year's Day. So this year we decided we'd do the same … Continue reading
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BSPS Area 16, at Trinity Park
I had a lovely day at BSPS Area 16 show, at Trinity Park at the weekend, when I tagged along with my very accommodating friends at Team Colosso, who regularly allow me to jump on their bandwagon and pat their plethora … Continue reading
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Essex Farmers and Union Hunt – New Year's Day, Maldon
Start as you mean to go on. This year, one of my goals is to photograph horses in a whole variety of situations. I want to explore different equestrian disciplines, traditions, breeds, types, colours… etc. My horsey world, both personal … Continue reading
Coloureds at RIHS 2014
orsey summers. It's that tight feeling in your skin, after spending a day in the sunshine. It's getting the grease from your horse's coat stuck in the ice-cream stickyness left on your fingers. It's the addictive smell of fly spray, … Continue reading
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Kellythorpe's Master Key (Marley) – Champion In-Hand Coloured at Royal Windsor, 2014
One of the highlights of our day at Windsor had to be seeing Kellythorpe's Master Key, or Marley, as he is known to his friends, take the In-Hand Coloured Champion title. This beautiful boy belongs to friends of mine and is … Continue reading
Posted in Out & About, Personal Stuff Tagged Equine Photographer Windsor Leave a comment
Royal Windsor Horse Show, 2014
Had an absolutely wonderful day in the sunshine, at Royal Windsor on Thursday. We just went to watch, with no ponies to groom or classes to rush around for, so I took my camera and got a little snap happy. … Continue reading
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The Party Starters Disco
Dorset's Ultimate wedding disco. Providing many years experience as a wedding DJ, which means The Party Starters know how to make sure your wedding reception runs smoothly. You get to meet the DJ before your big day to discuss your wedding needs.
The Party Starters offer a professional wedding service to make sure your wedding reception is remembered for all the right reasons. Top quality sound and light equipment which can be tailored to your needs. From a bold set up that lights up the room, to an elegant white DJ booth. The choice is yours, with you having the opportunity to discuss your ideas before your wedding day. All equipment is PAT tested and we have £10milion public liability insurance. Check out our website ~ www.partystartersdisco.co.uk or give us a call for more information on discos and/or karaoke in the Dorset and surrounding areas.
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35 Halves Cottages, Corfe Castle, Dorset, BH20 5EY
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rc2 had a bad bug that caused MMS to not work for users upgrading from rc1 and for new users. rc3 is out now to fix that.read more
A new release candidate has seen the light of day. Highlights of this release include weather plugin, vsync option added to opengl output plugin, random slideshow functionality in pictures, improved lyrics support and lots of bugs fixed. The release is still marked as unstable since there's a number of critical bugs open in the database but if you're adventurous give it a try.read more
Santa is early this year and brings you the first release candidate of the next major version of MMS. Highlights of the new release includes, improved search, opengl output with fancy transition animations, python support and plugins. You can here read a lengthy description of what is new.read more
Use external ncurses instead of bundled termcap library. Use external ffmpeg library if available. New font from the Red Hat liberation font package, 11 bugs fixed and some updated translations.read more
A new bugfix release for the stable version of MMS. This release contains 15 bugfixes and has no changes to config files so upgrading should be very easy.read more
Italien translation added and about 20 bugs fixed.read more
New default theme written from scratch. Better radio support and tons of bugfixes.read more


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7 Satisfying Fish Recipes
Fish lovers, rejoice! These recipes are as easy as they are (ahem) fin-tastic.
Healthy Fish and Shrimp Recipes on MyPlate
Real Simple has teamed up with the USDA's MyPlate, Let's Move!, and Partnership for a Healthier America to showcase tasty recipes that are low in calories, saturated fat, and sodium. Browse through our good-for-you seafood recipes here.
5 Recipes Fresh From the Farmers' Market
The most delicious dishes begin with the ripest ingredients.
6 Amazing Burgers
Six homemade burgers that take cookout fare to new, mouthwatering heights.


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Lt2 Shady Lane Rd, Trenton WI 53090 $175,000
Features of Lt2 Shady Lane Rd Trenton WI 53090
- Lots for Sale
- Status: Active
- Est. Acreage: 10.36
- School District: West Bend
- County: Washington
- Property Taxes: $1,718
- Property Tax Year: 2015
- Postal Municipality: West Bend
- Listing Company: Berkshire Hathaway Homeservices Metro Realty
Property Description for Lt2 Shady Lane Rd Trenton WI 53090
Lt2 Shady Lane Rd Trenton WI 53090 - Rolling ridges and mature trees will offer the privacy and serenity for your new ''estate'' or ''wildlife playground''. If you want to get away from it all yet remain only minutes from the city conveniences, this is a property you definitely need to check out.
Land Features
- Topography: Rolling/Hilly, Wooded
- Zoning: Residential - Single
- Waterfront/Access: N
|MLS Number
|New Status
|Previous Status
|Activity Date
|New List Price
|Previous List Price
|Sold Price
|Mar 27 2017 11:58AM
|Jan 7 2016 1:00PM
Estimated Monthly Payment
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Community Homes Near Lt2 Shady Lane Rd
Buyer understands that the information which is contained on Data pages is obtained from a number of different sources and which has not been independently verified or confirmed by the various real estate brokers and agents who have been and are involved in this transaction. If any particular measurement or data element is important or material to buyer, Buyer assumes all responsibility and liability to research, verify and confirm said data element and measurement. REALTOR *MLS* Equal Housing Opportunity


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FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more
An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Norfolk and Westfield, in Sussex; or it may have been a name for someone who lived to the west of an open field.
Westfield Early Origins
Bedfordshire (Old English: Bedanfordscir), located in Southeast-central England, formerly part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, where they held a family seat as Lords of the Manor. The Saxon influence of English history diminished after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The language of the courts was French for the next three centuries and the Norman ambience prevailed. But Saxon surnames survived and the family name was first referenced in the year 1276 when John Westfield held estates in that shire.
Westfield Spelling Variations
Westfield Spelling Variations
Spelling variations of this family name include: Westfield, Westerfill, Westerfeild, Westfield, Westfill, Westfill and many more.
Westfield Early History
Westfield Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Westfield research. Another 270 words (19 lines of text) covering the years 1376, 1455, 1487, and 1642 are included under the topic Early Westfield History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Westfield Early Notables (pre 1700)
Westfield Early Notables (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Westfield Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
Some of the first settlers of this family name were:
Westfield Settlers in United States in the 18th Century
Westfield Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century
Contemporary Notables of the name Westfield (post 1700)
Contemporary Notables of the name Westfield (post 1700)
Westfield Family Crest Products
Westfield Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Westfield Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Westfield Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 4 November 2015 at 11:10.
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(312) 274-0700
Elliott's Web Inc
20 years in business5120 Belmont Rd Ste D
Downers Grove, IL 60515-4333
Additional Phone Numbers
- (312) 342-6000
Additional Email Addresses
- email@example.com
Additional Website Addresses
Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 11/14/2000
Business Started: 08/18/1997
Business Started Locally: 08/18/1997
Business Incorporated: 07/12/2010 in IL
Type of EntityCorporation
Business Management
- Mr. James Elliott, President
Business Category
- Internet Marketing Services
- Managed Print Services
- NAICS: Marketing Consulting Services
- Advertising Agencies
- Audio-Visual Production Services
- Graphics Computer
- Multimedia Computer
- Graphic Designer
- SEO Services
- Web Design
- Web Hosting
- Social Media Marketing
Products & ServicesServices available from this company include web design, graphic design, website development, web hosting, Search Engine Optimization, internet marketing, e-commerce set-up and assistance, and technical support.
Service AreaWe service the following area(s): This company serves downtown Chicago and the greater Chicagoland area, including Joliet, Aurora, Schaumburg, Crystal Lake, Naperville, Downers Grove, Des Plaines, Prospect Heights, Arlington Heights, Palatine, Wheeling, Buffalo Grove, Elk Grove Village, Rolling Meadows, Franklin Park, Schiller Park, Skokie, Niles, Lincolnwood, Wilmette, Winnetka, Evanston, Park Ridge, Elmhurst, Villa Park, Lombard, St Charles, Geneva, Batavia, Dundee Township, Carpentersville, Bolingbrook, Romeoville, and Wheaton.
Alternate Business Names
- 38.com
- Elliottsweb.com
- Elliotts Web, Inc.
Elliottsweb Inc. is a web design and internet marketing company which provides web development and management services for commercial customers.
BBB Reason for Ratings
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
Advertising Review
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Government Actions
BBB reports on known significant government actions involving the business's marketplace conduct.
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BBB reports on a business's bankruptcy as long as the business remains in bankruptcy.
Mail Returned
BBB reports when mail sent to the business was returned by the Postal Service.


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About us
Sauska is a family-owned and operated winery with vineyards in both Tokaj and Villany. We use a blend of indigenous and international grape varieties, the power of gravity and only ambient yeasts to craft our wines. They run the gamut from sparkling to still; dry to sweet; white, red and rose.
Teamed up with a young, talented and passionate staff we truly enjoy our journey with the desire to make world-class wines, that are precise, elegant and uniquely Hungarian.


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Prices are FALLing in Cleveland
Categories: Chairs, Company News, Products, Specials and Promotions, Tabletop
Prices are falling in Cleveland. Get it? Falling? It's fall. Yea, we like puns on words. In all seriousness, our prices are dropping in Cleveland, Ohio, so if you're already one of our amazing customers, or you'd like to be, take advantage of this offer. Chameleon Chairs, the bone chine Lilly dishware and both wood and alloy non-specialty Chiavari Chairs are all reduced. Book your reservation now along with payment for any 2016 and 2017 events!


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One of America's foremost industrialists, Henry Ford revolutionized assembly-line modes of production for the automobile. He is the founder of the Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford said these words that I believe has great significance. He said "Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success". Success starts by working together and applying it will bring great results.
I must say that I love our country South Africa and I believe it is time that our faith in our country must be confident. Confident in the sense that we must take hands and partner to work together for our nation to succeed. If we can stand together and believe in our nation, we will certainly produce great results.
How many times a day do we personally hear our fellow South African people say negative things toward our nation. If we hear it a numerous amount of times or heard it a lot, we must take all those comments, write it down and throw it into a fi re. Forget what was written and be confident enough to speak and believe that of the positivity in our nation and for our nation ahead. Working together for a better South Africa will not empower us to dwell in the past because that will hinder us from not entering the future! The old has passed, behold the new has come just like each and every other country.
South Africa has its problems but also has its beautiful and victorious moments. We are victorious and we are blessed. Its time that we declare victory for our nation with confidence in our households, our workplaces, our churches and in our communities with our communities. The more we declare victory in confidence, the more we avoid from speaking against our nation.
We are a rainbow nation and we are destined for greatness, if you believe that today, then I encourage you to take a stand in confidence by taking hands and work together to succeed. Let us share what we believe our nation stands for and what we as South Africans are purposed for.
Let us impart the vision and mission to work together and together make South Africa a success. The beginning will not be forgotten but how we end off by completing our course in South Africa can still be achieved.


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Stock Graphic >> Illustration - Patchwork Christmas Clipart Vectors 1389 by PinkPueblo @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 21.14 MB; Requirements: Adobe CS1+; Vector: Yes.
Our Patchwork Christmas Clipart includes one Illustrator EPS(8) vector file file, 23 PNG files with transparent backgrounds and 23 JPG files with white backgrounds. The PNGs and JPGs are 300dpi and approximately 10 inches at their widest point.
Keywords: christmas, holiday, season, winter, tree, christmas tree, vector, clipart, santa, santa claus, hat, stocking, gift, present, ornament, decoration, wreath, candy, candy cane, holly.


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(800) 429-2069
1st Call Appliance
30 years in business590 Bedford St
Abington, MA 02351-1984
Additional Website Addresses
Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 12/01/2004
Business Started: 01/01/1987
Type of EntitySole Proprietorship
Business Management
- Mr. William Collins, President
Business Category
- Major Appliance Services
- Major Appliance Parts
- Small Appliance Dealers
- Small Appliance Parts
- Oven Repair
- Refrigerator Repair
- Small Appliance Services
- Dishwasher Repair
- Microwave Repairs
- Washer and Dryer Repair
Service AreaWe service the following area(s): Abington, MA, Accord, MA, Arlington Heights, MA, Arlington Hts, MA, Arlington, MA, Auburndale, MA, Avon, MA, Belmont, MA, Boston Clg, MA, Boston College, MA, Boston, MA, Braintree, MA, Brant Rock, MA, Bridgewater, MA, Brighton, MA, Brockton, MA, Brookline Village, MA, Brookline Vlg, MA, Brookline, MA, Bryantville, MA, Canton, MA, Carver, MA, Charlestown, MA, Chestnut Hill, MA, Cohasset, MA, Dedham, MA, Dorchester Center, MA, Dorchester, MA, Dorchestr Ctr, MA, Dover, MA, Duxbury, MA, E Arlington, MA, E Bridgewater, MA, E Bridgewtr, MA, E Wareham, MA, E Watertown, MA, East Arlington, MA, East Bridgewater, MA, East Mansfield, MA, East Taunton, MA, East Walpole, MA, East Wareham, MA, East Watertown, MA, East Weymouth, MA, Easton, MA, Elmwood, MA, Foxboro, MA, Foxborough, MA, Green Harbor, MA, Greenbush, MA, Grove Hall, MA, Halifax, MA, Hanover, MA, Hanson, MA, Hingham, MA, Holbrook, MA, Hull, MA, Humarock, MA, Hyde Park, MA, Jamaica Plain, MA, Kingston, MA, Lakeville, MA, Lexington, MA, Manomet, MA, Mansfield, MA, Marion, MA, Marshfield Hills, MA, Marshfield, MA, Marshfld Hls, MA, Mattapan, MA, Mattapoisett, MA, Medford, MA, Middleboro, MA, Milton Village, MA, Milton Vlg, MA, Milton, MA, Minot, MA, Monponsett, MA, N Marshfield, MA, N Pembroke, MA, N Scituate, MA, N Weymouth, MA, Needham Heights, MA, Needham Hgts, MA, Needham, MA, New Town, MA, Newton Center, MA, Newton Centre, MA, Newton Highlands, MA, Newton Hlds, MA, Newton L F, MA, Newton Lower Falls, MA, Newton U F, MA, Newton Upper Falls, MA, Newton, MA, Newtonville, MA, Nonantum, MA, North Carver, MA, North Easton, MA, North Marshfield, MA, North Pembroke, MA, North Quincy, MA, North Scituate, MA, North Waltham, MA, North Weymouth, MA, Norton, MA, Norwell, MA, Ocean Bluff, MA, Onset, MA, Pembroke, MA, Plymouth, MA, Plympton, MA, Quincy, MA, Randolph, MA, Raynham Center, MA, Raynham Ctr, MA, Raynham, MA, Readville, MA, Rochester, MA, Rockland, MA, Roslindale, MA, Roxbury, MA, S Weymouth, MA, Scituate, MA, Sharon, MA, Somerville, MA, South Boston, MA, South Carver, MA, South Easton, MA, South Walpole, MA, South Waltham, MA, South Weymouth, MA, Squantum, MA, Stonehill Col, MA, Stonehill College, MA, Stoughton, MA, Taunton, MA, Tufts Univ, MA, Tufts University, MA, Uphams Corner, MA, W Bridgewater, MA, W Somerville, MA, Waban, MA, Walpole, MA, Waltham, MA, Wareham, MA, Watertown, MA, Waverley, MA, Wellesley Hills, MA, Wellesley Hls, MA, Wellesley, MA, West Bridgewater, MA, West Medford, MA, West Newton, MA, West Roxbury, MA, West Somerville, MA, West Wareham, MA, Weston, MA, Westwood, MA, Weymouth, MA, White Horse Beach, MA, Wht Horse Bch, MA, Winter Hill, MA, Wollaston, MA
Number of Employees:4
Methods of Payment
- Cash
- Check
1st Call Appliance, Inc. repairs household appliances including washers, dryers, refrigerators, dishwashers, ovens/ranges, freezers, trash compactors and microwaves. Our factory trained technicians have been providing expert appliance repair services for over 30 years. Give us a call at the first sign of trouble and we will have your appliances back in working order in no time! Same day appointments are available for your convenience. Call our friendly staff now for more information!
BBB Reason for Ratings
Th: 8:00 AM-5:30 PM
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
Advertising Review
BBB promotes truth in advertising by contacting advertisers whose claims conflict with the BBB Code of Advertising. These claims come to our attention from our internal review of advertising, consumer complaints and competitor challenges. BBB asks advertisers to substantiate their claims, change ads to make offers more clear to consumers, and remove misleading or deceptive statements.
Government Actions
BBB reports on known significant government actions involving the business's marketplace conduct.
Out of Business
BBB reports on a company that is out of business for one year from the date the company closes its doors or ceases to do business.
Misuse of Better Business Bureau Name/Logo
BBB reports on unauthorized use of the Better Business Bureau's name and/or logo for as long as the business continues to use it in any advertising, or for one year after the business ceases any repeated unauthorized uses.
BBB reports on a business's bankruptcy as long as the business remains in bankruptcy.
Mail Returned
BBB reports when mail sent to the business was returned by the Postal Service.


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Click Here for a Risk Free 30-Day Trial of Core De Force
This is my first time ever doing something like this so I'm not quite sure how it will come out but hopefully I can touch a few other people with my story. I have been overweight for years and I've tried many times to lose it but I have never had the results like I did this time around.
My name is Brittany but my friends call me Britt. For pretty much as long as I can remember I have been overweight and I have never quite been happy with it. I have tried several systems like P90X and stuff like that but the workouts were so long and hard I never really got into them.
Just a few months ago, one of my friends lost about 25lbs. and it really inspired me to get in gear. I asked her how she did it and she said she was doing some sort of MMA (mixed martial arts) workout. I thought that was way over my head since I'm not into fighting or well-coordinated. That was until she explained what it was and that it was an at home program.
I went online and looked up Core de Force workout and found out what it was all about. After seeing how good the results were with my friend I knew it would be worth it. It's not very expensive at all, only about $60 which is like one or two months gym membership at any of my local gyms. I bought it because it has a 100% 30-day money back guarantee so really there was no risk.
Click Here to Visit the Official Website
The program advertises making good weight loss within just 30 days and so I figured I'd try it that long and if it didn't work for me I'd just send it back and I'd be out no money.
Well, needless to say I didn't send it back. In the first 30 days, I lost 21lbs! So, it wasn't quite as much as my friend but I was not complaining at all! The program comes with a really yummy and easy food guide so I was able to eat much healthier while I was doing the workout. I think that's been one of the hardest things about the other programs I've done is that the recipe book they all gave never was very good. I was still able to have flatbread pizza, turkey burgers and all sorts of yummy things.
The Core de Force program was nice because I didn't have to use any weights or anything but my own body which is always a bonus. I also found this Intro Video to be really helpful, I attached it at the bottom of this blog post.
The daily workouts were not too long to do where I didn't have enough time to do them like P90X where they were super long. I have truly enjoyed learning some MMA moves which was really cool as well as losing lots of weight while doing it. Overall, doing Core de Force for the last few months I have lost a total of 48lbs and still going! Now my focus is getting my body fat percentage down and increasing in muscle which I can do with Core De Force no problem!
I hope someone will read my story and know there is a fun and easy way to lose weight while still eating great food! The 30-Day Risk Free Trial is absolutely worth its weight in gold!
Click Here for Free Upgraded Shipping and Risk Free Trial


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Russian opposition parties are engaged in active negotiations about presenting a united candidate in the presidential elections in March 2008. Denis Bilunov, director of Garry Kasparov's United Civic Front, said his party is in consultations with the Union of Rightist Forces (SPS) and Vladimir Ryzhkov's Republican Party.
Former prime minister Mikhail Kasyanov's National-Democratic Union (RNDS) has been in coalition talks with SPS as well. Boris Nemtsov, one of SPS's leaders, has proposed a list of united candidates from the opposition: Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Ryzhkov, Mikhail Kasyanov, Grigory Yavlinsky, Vladimir Bukovsky, and himself.
http://www.sobkorr.ru/news/2/47557EF0A9E68.html .


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Puerto Rico - May, 2015
This trip was to celebrate DH's 60th birthday. We chose Puerto Rico for various reasons. 1.) Our passports expired in January and we didn't want to renew at this time. 2.) DH's has back and mobility issues and going through customs and immigration as well as walking through the airport on a time crunch to get to the next gate has been an issue. 3.) We are moving to the Panhandle of Florida at the end of the year, so we will be traveling more in the US via car for awhile. 3.) Have already been to the USVI's.
We can only fly American or United to the Caribbean and since I have had major issues with American and their horrid customer service, we again choose United, which was more expensive than if we had booked through AA. Go figure. The day of departure, it was raining heavily throughout West, Central and South Texas, so of course United canceled our flight from Midland to Houston. It was set to leave at 5am. After an hour on the phone with United, we were rebooked on a 9:30am flight to Houston. We lost our direct flight from Houston to PR and was re-routed through Atlanta. Instead of arriving in PR at 4pm, which was our original schedule, we arrived at 10pm. At least we got there and in one day.
During the process of United re-booking our flight, they re-booked our return on American and proceeded to spell my first name wrong, so when I tried to check-in on-line it wouldn't let me. We spent almost an hour with a representative in the San Juan airport before they finally straightened it out and issued us boarding passes. We had a direct flight to Dallas from PR, and it never fails that AA in Dallas has to be one of the biggest messes that ever existed. We had 3 gate changes and over an hour wait past our original boarding time before we were finally off. We were talking to a group sitting next to us they have been waiting over 2 hours past their original boarding time and was on their 5th gate change. I have never heard so many announcements for gate changes ever. Hopefully, when we move to Florida we can find some better options for flying besides American and United. We love Southwest, but Southwest out of Midland is very limited on their schedules.
San Juan Marriott Stellaris Resort and Casino - We choose the Condado area due to several reports of easy walking distance to restaurants and bars and a closer drive to Old San Juan. We tend stay at All Inclusive resorts when we go to the Caribbean/Mexico, but PR does not have any. We are more pool people than beach. I booked a pool view room and was given room 233. This room was on the second floor with a balcony overlooking the pool area and right down the way from the lobby and the elevators to get to the pool and beach. It couldn't have been a more perfect location. Walking was minimal to get to the lobby, pool and beach. The room was a typical standard hotel room, with king bed, desk, one chair, standard bath with tub/shower combo, closet with safe and iron, and a mini frig with coffee station.
There is a resort fee per day. We were charged an additional $184 at check - out. I have not seen resort fees any where else except recently in Las Vegas. Really, the additional fees for the lame services that they state they are for, which comes standard with any other hotel in destinations that do not charge this, is just insulting. Just add those fees to the overall cost of the room and be done with it.
Marriott Dining - Since we arrived at 10pm on the first night, we opted to get something to eat at the Marriott. The Red Coral lounge serves a limited menu until 11pm. We had 4 Coors Light, fish tacos and burger sliders. Total = $62.00. The food was really good. We found the hotel prices to be high compared to the outside restaurants. Our server introduced us to the local beer Medella, which we really liked. Beer at the hotel was $7 to $8. Mixed drinks/martinis $15 to $16. I took a picture of a couple of pages from their menu and posted on my photo site.
Marriott Room Service - We had early morning tours on 2 days, so opted for room service. Room service starts at 7am. It really needs to start around 6am for convenience. The first day we ordered the American Breakfast, which consisted of 2 eggs any style, toast, bacon, hash browns and juice for $22. We ordered one plate and shared it. It really was enough for 2 and we had coffee from the room's coffee bar. The second day, we ordered the egg white Frittata with a side of sausage and shared it also. $33. Service was quick and efficient.
Marriott Pool - We chose the Marriott over the La Concho located down the way due to the look of the pool area. We really enjoyed the pool. There is a waterslide and it's not just for kids. There was only a handful of kids when we were at the pool and the adults were enjoying the slide just as much as the kids. I went down it several times. The slide is open from 11am to 4pm. Their is staff at the entrance to the slide for safety. The pool has a swim up bar and food can be ordered also. I just signed the check and they charged it to our room. We had Mojitos and Pina Colodas for $12 each. There are umbrellas for the chairs at the beach, but not a the pool. There are several large palm trees at the pool, so at least some shade can be found. I don't like to sit in the full sun, so umbrellas at the pool would be nice also. The weather was a little cloudy/overcast most days, so that helped. They play music at the pool that is really, really loud. I don't mind music, but it was just too loud. I prefer to read poolside, but the music was just so loud I couldn't concentrate to read. We could also hear the music while in our room. That didn't bother me as much and with the TV on, it usually drowned it out. The music begin around 11am and shut down around 6pm. The beach area was nice, but the surf was strong. We went to the beach and took a few photos, but we didn't hang out there.
The Marriott has a live band most nights. One night we listened to the "Classics". The lead singer was channeling Elvis and did a very good job singing hits from the 50's and 60's. The weekend bands consisted of Salsa and Meringa music. We went to the casino once. We like Video Poker and they had a handful of Game King VP machines with Double, Double Bonus Poker. Compared to Las Vegas, their machines are beyond tight. We can usually play in Vegas on their VP machines and hit enough 3 and 4 of kinds to play for awhile. Not here. We spent about $100 in 15 minutes and it was gone.
Down the street from the Marriott is a CVS and a Walgreens. We went to the CVS and bought a 12 pack of Medella for $9.99 and a few snacks. I brought with me a soft side insulated cooler bag that holds 10 beers and we took it to the pool with no problem. I saw other people with similar bags/coolers and several with insulated cups.
We liked the Marriott and didn't have any issues with the hotel or the area. We found the service to be very good and the staff very polite and courteous. I wouldn't hesitate to recommend to anyone.
Additional Dining
Di Zucchero - Located directly across the street from the Marriott. We had the beef Carpaccio, spaghetti, lobster ravioli, and crème brulee. They had sangria 2 for 1, and we had 4. Total = $80. The food was good. The spaghetti and crème brulee was very good. The served fresh warm garlic French bread with a garlic vodka sauce, which was so good.
The Greenhouse - Located down the street from the Marriott. We had the chicken cacciatore, which was on special for $9.95, the rib eye steak with baked potato for $24.95, 2 beers, 1 soda and flan. Total = $55. The chicken cacciatore was really good. I'm not one for red sauce, but it was really tasty. I asked for sour cream or ranch dressing for the potato and was told they didn't have either.
Buns Burger Shop - Located directly across the street from the Marriott. We had a cheeseburger, foot long hot dog, Cajun fries, a vanilla milkshake and one beer. Total = $27. The food was really good.
Buenos Ayres - Located down the street from the Marriott. Turn left at Walgreens and it's located on the other side of Walgreens. We had the beef and shrimp kabobs with grilled onions and green peppers. The plates consisted of 2 of each. A salad of shredded lettuce, red onion and ranch dressing. It was all very good. It was also served with fresh garlic bread and a garlic/cilantro dipping sauce and a garlic/tomato salsa. Very tasty. We had crème brulee for dessert with fresh cream florets and it was awesome. 4 beers. Total = $58.
Cocina Abierta - Located behind the Buns restaurant. This was the worst food. We ordered the onion soup, which was terrible and the squash soup, which was barely above that. I had the Beef Wellington. The meat had a twang taste to it and the pastry was soggy. There was a small shredded lettuce and carrot salad on the plate with a horrible dressing and a dredge of some type of cream on the plate for the steak that was also horrible. Total yuck! DH ordered the pork ribs with mashed potatoes. It was better, but not by much. One soda and one water. Total = $49.
Madre Restaurant - Located in Old San Juan. We had the chicken soft tacos and the ceviche with 2 beers. The chicken in the tacos was dark meat, which I don't really care for. The ceviche was made with lime and orange juice. I prefer lime only. It was all OK, but I wouldn't go back. 2 beers. Total = $38.
La Casita Blanca (The White House) - During our City Tour, our driver took us to this restaurant. He told us if we didn't like the food here he would pay for our entire stay in Puerto Rico. When we sat down they brought us 2 cups of chicken soup, a basket of garlic French bread and a basket of fried something (not sure what it was), and 2 complimentary rum punch drinks. The menu was written on a white board in Spanish and our driver translated for us. We had the beef stew and flank steak served with rice/beans and fried plantains. For dessert, we had the best tasting flan I've ever had. 4 beers. Total = $35. The food was fabulously delicious. I couldn't believe the price was so little. I don't know if this price was typical or we got a special deal being with our driver, but I would recommend this restaurant to anyone.
La Muralla - During the El Yunge Rainforest's tour, our driver took us to La Muralla. Their was a girl cooking pork and chicken kabobs on a gas grill and then they had additional menu items to choose from. We got the chicken kabobs, which were really good. $3.00 a stick. We also got fried beef tacos, fried meat and plantain turnovers and 2 beers for $16.00. Medella Light was $2 a can. It was all very good.
Margaretville at the San Juan airport - Had a breakfast burrito a piece served with tater tots (considered hash browns). They were really good. Total = $30. (Ouch!) It was the only thing open that early that was directly by our gate, plus we always tend to eat at a Margaretville when we can find one.
Activities/Excursions - I booked all of our activities and excursions on-line before leaving. I had the hardest time finding a City and Rainforest tour that wasn't already sold out and this was 2 weeks out.
Eastwind Catamaran and Snorkel tour to Icacos island - I really wanted to take the Culebra tour instead since the snorkeling is better there, but after reading the description, it stated that it may not be appropriate for people with back issues, so we decided not to chance it. There were 49 people on the boat, which was a lot. We went to Icacos island first where we got off the boat to swim or lay on the beach. The water was very clear and calm. The beach had beautiful white sand. Then a second stop to a reef for snorkeling. The water there wasn't as clear and the reef/snorkeling was meh. The water was also a little choppy making it a challenge to snorkel. The crew served a very nice lunch of make your own sandwich with a variety of options, coleslaw, pasta salad, garbanzo bean salad, chips and fresh fruit. Also, a variety or juices and rum. Beer was $3. It was a very nice trip and we enjoyed it.
El Yunge Rainforest Tour - I booked this tour through Sunshine Tours on-line. When I received e-mail confirmation it stated to be serviced by Juan Amador of Amador Island Tours. I didn't think it was going to be a private tour, but that is how it ended up, which in hindsight was good. With DH's mobility issues we were able to go at our own place without hindering anyone else and was able to slowly get to see everything that the tour offered. Juan was fabulous and very helpful.
Old/New San Juan Tour - We also book this tour with the same company and again it was a private tour with Juan. The San Cristobal Fort was rather challenging. Lots of walking up hill and stairs. Juan was very patient with us. I think if their had been others on this tour, we would have missed a lot since we wouldn't have wanted to slow up anyone. It was a very nice tour. We saw a lot of that area of PR and Juan took us the White House Restaurant for lunch. I would definitely recommend.
Favors San Juan Food Tour - We done tours like this in other areas. This one really reminded us of the food tour we took in New Orleans. We found the architectural in San Juan to be very similar to New Orleans with the wrought iron balconies and street lanterns, but colorful painted buildings like in Aruba and Curaçao. We went to the following for food/drink tasting: Aromas Coffee House, Senor Paleta, Cafe El Punto, Spicy Caibbee herbs/spice shop, Rosa de Triana, Choco Bar and the Mezzanine. During one of the stops, we assisted in making mofongo. I'm not a fan of mofongo as I don't care much for plantains. But, the shredded chicken it was mixed with was very good. It was a very good tour to try a sample of various food/drinks in the area.
Spoon Tours - I also booked a bar tour with this company, but they canceled it due to lack of participants.
Weather - Once we got to PR, the weather was fabulous. Sunny, but a little overcast, so not too hot. It rained Saturday morning as we started our City Tour, but lasted about 30 minutes and it was gone.
Summary - We had a great time. I would like to go back again and check out the other areas of PR that we didn't get to see. I would also like to take one of the cruises out of San Juan to the Southern Caribbean Islands. It's on my future 'to-go' list. This time of May, the crowds were low and not a lot of children at the hotel. Though we found the food to be overall good, it was a little hit and miss. I still prefer the food in New Orleans and Cabo San Lucas overall. We also still prefer AI vacations as it's just less expensive. I spent twice what I would have for the same amount of time at an AI in Mexico, but sometimes we just have to pay the price to experience other destinations. I chose the Condado area due to reading that it had more restaurants/bars within walking distance of the hotels, but after seeing some of the Isla Verve area and the hotels/restaurants there, I don't think that statement is all that accurate. I think it really depends on the hotel. We saw the Intercontinental and the El San Juan hotels and there were several restaurants within walking distance to them. The beaches are also better in Isla Verde, so next time, I think I would go with it instead.
I took 330 photos including underwater snorkel photos at the reef and all we ate/drank. They can be found at:
Click "all" at the top to just go right down through all of them without having to click multiple pages.
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Puerto Rico Trip Report - May, 2015
Puerto Rico - May, 2015
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Great report, thanks for sharing. You did a lot and I am glad to hear you enjoyed your time in San Juan. I love San Juan because I really like the mix of history and culture in Old San Juan, the nightlife and casinos and the convenience of getting to a warm beach from freezing cold NY in the winter. It's a non-stop 3.5 hour flight from NY, so we take an 8am flight and are having lunch in the sun!
On our first trip to San Juan we stayed at La Concha because I also wanted to be in Condado. We had a wonderful time but the following year decided to stay in Isla Verde at El San Juan. Having been to both, I definitely prefer Isla Verde and mainly because of the beach. As you mentioned, there are plenty of restaurants in walking distance from the Intercontinental and El San Juan and Old San Juan is a 15 minute cab ride away.
We went to St. Martin this year, which I love (French, not Dutch), and I am not sure when we will get back to San Juan but we definitely will at some point. Once again, thanks for sharing!
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I love Puerto Rico. It has so much to offer.
Going to El Yunque (rain forest) with a guide makes a world of difference. The first time we went we were on our own and had no idea what we were seeing. The next time we went with a friend who lives in PR and he was a great guide.
We like staying in the Isla Verde area. We have also stayed in a friend's condo in the Luquillo Beach area and really loved that as it wasn't at all touristy. You need a car to stay there however.
We have cruised out of San Juan several times and the southern Caribbean is my favorite one.
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Glad you enjoyed it. I'll be headed there again this August for 4 nights at La Concha and 5 at El San Juan. Can't wait.
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Thanks for taking the time to write such a detailed report. We are doing the San Juan/Southern Caribbean cruise trip that you mentioned, and I'll try to return the favor on the trip report after we've returned in early August.
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Glad you enjoyed your trip. Our first trip to the Caribbean was to Puerto Rico and we fell in love with it. That was around 20 years ago. We stayed at the El Conquistador in Fajardo but we did lots of exploring too. Reading your report reminds me I want to return someday.
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I enjoyed your report. We have stayed in the Isla Verde area twice (just in a simple little inn across the street from the beach) on two stopovers en route to Culebra. If you get back again and can manage it, you really need to go to Culebra or Vieques- the planes are very small but the flight is mere minutes from SJ and so worth it!
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Hi there. I thoroughly enjoyed your report. I wanted to see if by any chance you remember how much your sunshine tour to the rain forest ended up being?
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Mon, 8 April 2013
Getting connected with other people and organizations in your area can help expand your donor base, committee, and prayer team. This podcast highlights the benefits of networking in your local community. Remember to maximize your time for ministry with kids by Building a Financially Healthy Culture.
This podcast includes: Pat Rhoades & Greg Lehman from the Field Development team as well as Mike Barsamian from Chino Valley Young Life. Listen in!
Direct download: P165_-_The_Importance_of_Networking_-_Talking_with_Staff_Mike_Barsamian.mp3
Category:podcasts -- posted at: 12:00am MST


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"Why are you doing this?!" I practically yell at him. But he doesn't give me any kind of reaction, just continues to sit at his desk, staring at me with an expressionless face.
"You know why I'm doing this Brooke. I want you. And I won't stop until I get what I want."
Sam Radcliffe doesn't do love, or girlfriends for that matter, it's just work work work...
But when he sets his eyes on Brooke, he's determined to have her.
Brooke Smith is trying to forget her past, and is trying to be the kind if girl that doesn't like to be the centre of attention, or 'in the spotlight' some would say. But one interview with Mr Radcliffe and she's a changed woman. But is it for the best?
- boss
- complicated
- desire
- hot
- office
- secretary
CheesyChimin Aug 29
I wish it only took me like 20 minutes to do my hair and makeup
1anon37 Jul 09, 2016
Great start! I'm smiling already lol I wouldn't be surprised if he's the boss.
PrettyDess4 Nov 28, 2016
Damn I aint know Suzie was tryna compete but please tell that basic bitch to stand in the sidelines for a outstanding woman
lovegubler Feb 01, 2016
I love how you have the poster of fifty shades of grey movie (Being sarcastic)
1anon37 Jul 09, 2016
Is this set in England (if so I'm guessing London)? As soon as I read hailing a taxi I pictured the New York taxi's. It'd be good to read a book set here as most tend to be set in America.


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
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Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services The guests of Benilva Durrës may stay in 43 nicely furnished, comfortable rooms in Durrës. The hotel is offering you freshly prepared fine local meals in its restaurant every day. For guests arriving by car parking possibility is available nearby. The fans of actively spent leisure time may take the table tennis, billiard, volleyball and boat rental opportunities nearby. The café and the bar are an ideal location for a personal meeting and a relaxing evening talk. You can also bring your laptop for the holiday, for there is wireless Internet connection (WiFi) available at the hotel. To learn more about the exact range of services of Benilva Durrës (including services for an extra fee) and the exact equipment of the rooms, please check the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be necessary for finalizing your reservation, depending on the exact room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 12:00, the latest check-out time from your room is 11:00. The personnel can communicate with you in the following languages: Albanian and English.
Benilva Durrës rooms Rooms
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Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Relaxation: Table-tennis, Billiard
Volleyball facility nearby, Boat rental nearby
Pet friendly, Garden, Bar, Cafe
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Mini-bar


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Home Miscellaneous Islamic Books Ilm o Hikmat Ke Moti By Saeed Jafri Free Download pdf Book
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My name is Tariq Iqbal. I belong to Sohdra, Tehseel Wazirabad. I am Electrical Associate Engineer and now a days working in NOMAC CO. in Yanbu Al Bahr, Saudi Arabia. Please visit my three websites.Urdu Pdf Books Library , Pakistani Novels and Quran & Science.


text:
There are a few things in life that suck big time: having to work when you're hungover, finding out you've been walking around with your skirt tucked into your knickers all day, smashing your phone screen and being on a tightass budget.
But I think we can all agree there's one thing worse than all of these combined and that, my friends, is winter.
So I say we all put ourselves on a nation-wide, money-saving challenge and get the hell out of here. Mexico? Greece? Croatia? I really don't care, but if you get there before me, get me a piña colada.
1. Don't spend any $5 notes… ever
An advanced version of putting your coins in a jar at the end of the day, the $5 note system will have you saving a lot of money in a short period of time. Provided you still use cash, that is.
The rules are simple. You must not, under any circumstances, use any $5 notes that come into your possession. Not to buy a coffee, not to pay for a train ticket home, not to help a nice old lady at the supermarket who doesn't have enough change.
2. Start your weekly allowance from the weekend
Like most people with zero discipline, I have to give myself a weekly allowance to spend like a five-year-old. Which is funny, because it's about the same amount as a five-year-old gets, too.
Anyway, when I was a money-saving rookie last year, I'd allocate my spending allowance on the Monday. I'd usually end up using it during the week on coffees, quick dinners after work and the occasional lunchtime shopping treat. By the time the weekend rolled around, I was flat broke.
Now I start my allowance on the Friday, so even if I spend the whole thing having a great time, it's only the weekdays I'm broke for. And let me tell you – it's much easier to be broke on weekdays.
3. Sell and swap your clothes
When you're deep in money-saving hell, cracks will start to show. You won't have bought anything new for a long time and will start hating everything you own. You'll want to go and buy a new pair of boots. Just one pair.
Let's be clear – this is so not allowed.
Instead, spend a broke, crafty day photographing your clothes and posting them on eBay or apps like Carousell. It's fun to see sales come through and while you're waiting for the money to clear, you can start window shopping and adding to cart.
Another good idea is to host a clothes swap night with your friends. Order in cheap dinner, BYO wine and rummage through each other's clothes on the floor. It's practically like you went on a shopping spree, but with wine.
4. Use PayPal to store your spending money
So you've made it rain with your new *online store* but your job is actually only half complete. You see, when we get random cash amounts dropped into our bank account, we go a little silly and spend it straight away.
To avoid this, only accept PayPal payments from your customers. This will now become your shopping fund where you can easily save up for things, track how much you have in the kitty and not spend it on 100 half-price chocolate bars because yes, "they're a good price."
5. Make friends with Happy Hour
Drinking and fun are usually two of the first things to go when we put ourselves on a budget. But there is a way around it: Happy Hour. One to three glorious hours of obscenely cheap drinks, so you can still have some social interaction and a light Friday night buzz, without the cost.
The rules: you're banned from expensive group dinners and wild nights out, but you can go to town at Happy Hour. Your budget is $10-20, depending on how much you earn, and your allowance for the week, which should buy you two to four drinks.
6. Hide money meant for your essentials
We're adults now, so we have important jobs and responsibilities, which don't stop just because we want to go on holiday. To make sure your bills get paid, you gotta get crafty and play mind games with yourself.
For example, I give myself a monthly petrol budget. After filling up, I store the second half of the money in the glovebox rather than my wallet, because I can't be trusted. When it's petrol time again, I don't have to dip into my spendings. Yay!
If I don't have to use the cash or forget it's there, it's usually a finders-keepers-losers-weepers type situation, and the money becomes mine, because I'm an adult, remember?
Need more ideas? Here are 6 ways to treat yourself when you're broke af.
Illustration by Twylamae.


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Our feet are always working. Well, almost all the time. So, it's natural for them to end up looking bad. In this case, home remedies for dark feet would surely help you.
We often forget to take care of our feet. Even though the feet may be the most hard-working part of us, they often get ignored in terms of care. We forget to scrub them when we shower as well. But, with a little bit of time and patience, your feet can look a lot better in no time at all.
We also ignore sun protection for our feet. This leads to the feet getting really tanned and showing cracks because of the sun damage. And if you wear slippers, it gets more worse.
Another thing that happens to our feet is that the cracked heels end up collecting dirt. This happens due to the negligence we show towards taking care of our feet.
So, in case all this has not happened yet, try out our home remedies for dark feet and prevent such a situation. And even if your feet are already really dark, these natural ways to get rid of dark feet will work wonders. Have a look at them now.
1. Lemon & Honey:
Lemon is the best natural bleaching agent and honey gently exfoliates the skin. Try this home remedy now to get rid of dark feet.
2. Baking Soda Paste:
How to get rid of dark feet at home? Scrub your feet with a paste made from baking soda and water. This would get rid of the top layer which is dark.
3. Lemon & Sugar:
Sugar is the best natural scrub there is. Mix it with lemon juice for a refreshing and lightening remedy. This is a home beauty tip for dark feet we can vouch for.
4. Turmeric & Milk:
Everyone has heard of the amazing skin-lightening properties of turmeric. Apply the paste on your feet as a mask and wash after 15 minutes to reveal brighter skin instantly.
5. Multani Mitti & Sugar:
Clay works really well in getting rid of the darkness. Add sugar to this to make the lightening effect a little more effective.
6. Baking Soda Soak:
You know when dirt and grime get stuck in the cracks of your heels, the only go to home remedy for feet would be a baking soda soak. Use a baking soda soak to easily scrub away the dirt and grime. All you need along with this is a foot brush.
7. Shampoo Soak:
Everyone owns a bottle of shampoo. Shampoo can be really good in getting rid of dark feet for good. Use a brush when you soak your feet to scrub away the dirt.
8. Yogurt:
Yogurt has good bacteria that help in lightening and brightening the skin without being harsh on the skin at all.
9. Papaya:
Mash a chunk of papaya and then apply it onto your feet. This is the best home remedy for dark feet when your feet are tanned. The enzymes in papaya help slowly get rid of the tan.
10. Tomato:
Tomato juice has vitamin C, which really helps in gently bleaching the skin. Rub tomato slices on your feet and let the juice sit for ten minutes, then wash it off
11. Potato:
Potatoes have minerals that help bleach the skin and get rid of darkness of the feet. Rub potato slices on the area, and let it stay on for 15 minutes. Later rinse and follow it up with a mild moisturiser.


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Breaking out of consignment-shop confinement, tonight's Holiday Fashion Swap aims to capitalize on recycled fashion's burgeoning popularity. This organized clothing-trade party invites all you frugal fashionistas to bring a bag of up-to-date, gently used and seasonally appropriate attire to exchange for a bag of new-to-you goods in a pop-up boutique environment.
Beginning at 5:30 p.m., swappers can drop off clothing to be traded, enjoy a beverage and try on potential apparel. It's also a good time to lay out a plan of attack. (The swap can get pretty competitive, as participants have plenty of time to eye choice goods before the trading begins.) At 7 p.m., a pre-swap fashion show will highlight trade-ready looks, while local designers, makeup artists and stylists like Megan Kaltenbach Designs, The Bodacious Beauty, Stella & Dot and EcoSalon showcase their stuff at pop-up shops.
"I love the idea of reducing your fashion footprint," says co-organizer Stacey Johnson. "We don't really talk about how silly it is always to buy new, new, new." But used doesn't mean tattered: Fashion interns working the clothing intake are only looking for current pieces with no visible signs of wear and tear.
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The awap takes place tonight at Cantina Laredo in Boulder, 1680 29th Street, and tomorrow at Cantina Laredo in the Streets at SouthGlenn, 6851 South Gaylord Street in Centennial. Tickets are $20 in advance at holidayfashionswap.eventbrite.com, or $25 at the door; space is limited, so advance purchase is recommended. A portion of each night's proceeds will go to non-profit mentoring pro-gram Smart-Girl Inc.
Thu., Nov. 8, 5:30-8:30 p.m., 2012