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Shiraz Rooms
- 2adults
Garden Route & Winelands, South Africa
Available to book until 31 Dec 2017
Valid for stays from 5 Oct 2016 to 31 Dec 2017
Minimum stay 3 nights
Maximum stay 3 nights
Select your dates from the calendars below the room images to check availability and prices. To book by phone, call us on 1 800 464 2040 and mention the offer name.
Please note that this offer is subject to availability and black-out dates may apply. The hotel may withdraw this offer at any time and without notice.
Cancellations made more than 30 days before arrival will not be charged. Cancellations made within 30 days of arrival will be charged in full. Reservations must be cancelled in writing, mail, fax or email.
Available to book until 9 Dec 2017
Valid for stays from 25 May 2017 to 9 Dec 2017
Minimum stay 4 nights
Offer prices from
per night (ex tax)


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August 14, 2006
If you're young, there's good news: You don't need as much money to be considered well off as you did a few years ago. A 20-something is in the top 25 percent with a net worth of only $30,000. That's down from $37,800 only three years earlier, says columnist Scott Burns.
The other side of that coin is that the wealth gap between young and older Americans is growing, according the latest update of the Wealth Scoreboard.
Here's how the Scoreboard works:
- Households in the United States are divided by age groups and then by the net worth required to be in the top 1 percent, top 5 percent, top 10 percent and top 25 percent of all households in those age groups.
- A median figure is also provided so you can tell whether you are in the top or bottom half of your age group.
- If you are 50 to 59 years old, you'll need a net worth of at least $188,000 to be in the top half of households that age.
- You'll need three times that, $570,000, to be in the top 25 percent; and you'll need a whopping $9.6 million to be in the top 1 percent.
VIP Forum, a Washington-based group that researches wealth and wealth management practices, does the number crunching to create the Scoreboard. The basic data come from a Federal Reserve survey done every three years, the Survey of Consumer Finances.
The last survey was in 2004. The first article on the results was published early this year. The Scoreboard is assembled from the survey data tapes.
Source: Scott Burns, "Are you wealthy? It's all relative," Dallas Morning News, August 13, 2006.
Browse more articles on Economic Issues

subset: commoncrawl


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by Carne Griffiths
Outra descoberta maravilhosa pela Honestly WTF, não podia deixar de partilhar aqui !
Ilustrações feitas em aquarela, chá, brandy e whisky em papel, feitos pelo artista Carne Griffiths.
Another wonderful discovery by Honestly WTF, could not help to share!
Works in Ink, tea, brandy and whisky on paper by artist Carne Griffiths.
"Alcohol has a curious effect on ink, taking the colour deep into the paper very quickly – it behaves very differently to water and gives permanence to some inks" explains Carne.
Check out his Etsy page!


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Grayling Regional Chamber of Commerce
Grayling, Michigan
January 3rd – March 25th, 2017 "Cold is Cool": Fourth and Fifth Graders Ski Free! Cross Country Ski Headquarters has partnered with Michigan Snowsports Industries Association (MSIA) to give Michigan kids an opportunity to get out, have fun and get healthy this winter. This statewide program provides every 4th and 5th grader the opportunity to […]Find out more »
Come to Grayling Middle School on Saturday, March 18, 2017 from 10am-2pm to register your child for the 2017 Little League season. Sign up on Saturday, March 18th and Save $5. By registering on this day, it also helps us determine how many players we will have at each age group. This gives us a heads […]Find out more »
March 18th, 2017 – Saturday, Noon to 3:00pm Spring Ski Fest: Hawaiian Barbeque! Wear your Hawaiian shirt and feast on some of the best Hawaiian Barbeque this side of the Pacific! Grill chef "Hawaiian Ryan" will be barbecuing locally raised pork hocks, along with island style veggies and of course fresh pineapple. Celebrate all that […]Find out more »
March 18th, 2017 – Saturday, 4:00pm Free Cross Country Ski Lesson Learn how to cross country ski at our Saturday free ski lesson! This beginner lesson teaches the basics of cross country skiing, including classic diagonal stride and/or skate skiing, hill climbing and descending, and turning. We even teach you how to get up after […]Find out more »
CelticFest with Sharon Shannon & The High Kings MAR 18, 2017 FROM 7:00 PM TO 9:00 PM KIRTLAND CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS The High Kings showcase incredible versatility and skills as multi-instrumentalists, playing 13 instruments between them bringing a rousing acoustic flavor to brand new songs as well as old favorites. Formerly of The […]Find out more »


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Seagulls rule over Royals
By Peter O`Rourke
Last Updated: 01/01/70 1:00am
Goals from Paul Brooker (pictured) and substitute Paul Kitson were enough to give Steve Coppell's side all three points, but they were made to sweat for the win after substitute Jamie Cureton pulled one back late on.
Brighton took the lead with almost their first attack of the game on 17 minutes with Brooker finishing from close-range after some quick thinking from Bobby Zamora set-up the chance with a quickly taken free kick after Reading goalkeeper Marcus Hahnemann was penalised for lifting a backpass.
Reading laid siege to the visitors goal and Nicky Forster and Glen Little twice missed great chances to draw Reading level before half time.
The Royals dominated the second half and had appeals for a penalty turned down after 55 minutes when Danny Cullip appeared to pull Adrian Williams back in the box.
The home side continued to push forward in their droves and Cureton came close twice within the space of a minute midway through the second half.
Brighton doubled their advanatge 14 minutes from time with Kitson heading Richard Carpenter's cross under Hahnemann and into the net with his first touch.
Cureton gave the hosts some hope with a fine strike from the edge of the box six minutes from time, but it was too little too late.
The result gives Brighton daylight at the wrong end of the table with three points separating them and third from bottom Stoke, while Reading remain in fourth spot.
Click on fixture for full match summary:
Reading 1-2 Brighton
Click here for Division One table


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The LDS Scouting Handbook places an increased responsibility on Church leaders, both stake and ward, to train LDS Scout leaders in the Scouting program. This means that stake and ward leaders need to know the Scouting program and must be trained themselves.
In January 2010, the Young Men General Presidency wrote,
"We must find ways to help each adult who works with Young Men to have a desire to become fully trained. If we are going to be able to provide a dynamic Aaronic Priesthood activity program that develops them spiritually, creates strong brotherhood, provides wide opportunity for service to others, and reaches out to all young men, we must be better prepared to use the tools of Scouting through proper understanding. That understanding only comes through effective training and proper implementation."
The Boy Scouts of America offers basic training (New Leader Essentials and the appropriate leader-specific courses) for each Scouting position, as well as other courses such as Wood Badge, to help leaders learn Scouting methods and skills. Taking training should help the leaders properly understand the program so that it meets the intended results of both the BSA and the Church. Scout leaders may enroll in these courses to supplement training from local priesthood leaders.
In the February 2007 LDS Relationships Newsletter, President Dahlquist of the Young Men General Presidency emphasized the importance of Wood Badge training:


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Conceived and designed the experiments: FMB BG. Performed the experiments: BG. Analyzed the data: BG FMB VB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FMB. Wrote the paper: BG FMB VB.
Kainate receptor (KAR) subunits are believed to be involved in abnormal GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus (HIPP) in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder. Postmortem studies have shown changes in the expression of the GluR5/6 subunits of KARs in the stratum oriens (SO) of sectors CA2/3, where the basolateral amygdala (BLA) sends a robust projection. Previous work using a rat model of SZ demonstrated that BLA activation leads to electrophysiological changes in fast-spiking interneurons in SO of CA2/3. The present study explores KAR modulation of interneurons in CA2/3 in response to BLA activation. Intrinsic firing properties of these interneurons through KAR-mediated activity were measured with patch-clamp recordings from rats that received 15 days of picrotoxin infusion into the BLA. Chronic BLA activation induced changes in the firing properties of CA2/3 interneurons associated with modifications in the function of KARs. Specifically, the responsiveness of these interneurons to activation of KARs was diminished in picrotoxin-treated rats, while the after-hyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude was increased. In addition, we tested blockers of KAR subunits which have been shown to have altered gene expression in SO sector CA2/3 of SZ subjects. The GluR5 antagonist UBP296 further decreased AP frequency and increased AHP amplitude in picrotoxin-treated rats. Application of the GluR6/7 antagonist NS102 suggested that activation of GluR6/7 KARs may be required to maintain the high firing rates in SO interneurons in the presence of KA. Moreover, the GluR6/7 KAR-mediated signaling may be suppressed in PICRO-treated rats. Our findings indicate that glutamatergic activity from the BLA may modulate the firing properties of CA2/3 interneurons through GluR5 and GluR6/7 KARs. These receptors are expressed in GABAergic interneurons and play a key role in the synchronization of gamma oscillations. Modulation of interneuronal activity through KARs in response to amygdala activation may lead to abnormal oscillatory rhythms reported in SZ subjects.
Emotionally stimulated learning and memory in the hippocampus (HIPP) is mediated by glutamatergic afferents from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) [1]. During the generation and retrieval of emotional memories, HIPP activity is synchronized with that of the BLA [2]. Deficits of episodic and associative memory in schizophrenia (SZ) are associated with HIPP dysfunction [3], [4], [5] and may be related to tonic hyperactivation of this brain region [6], [7], [8]. This abnormal output from the HIPP may derive from a loss of GABAergic interneurons [9], [10] and their regulation by the glutamatergic system [11], [12], [13], resulting in a failure of inhibitory activity [14], [15]. When the non-competitive GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (PICRO) is infused into the BLA, a preponderance of abnormalities related to GABA cells has been observed in sectors CA2 and CA3, but not CA1, particularly in the stratum oriens (SO), where fibers from the BLA send a dense projection [16]. By infusing the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin (PICRO) into the BLA, it has been possible to induce changes in GABA cells that are remarkably similar to those seen in postmortem studies [16]. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of the BLA is associated with a decrease in spontaneous and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded from pyramidal neurons in CA2/3, while changes of this type were not detected in CA1 [17]. Fast-spiking (FS) interneurons showed a dramatic increase in spike frequency in rats receiving PICRO in the BLA [18]. In the same animals, we also observed an increase in currents mediated by hyperpolarization-activated cationic channels (Ih). These channels are known to be involved in the regulation of the excitability of neurons, confirming previous microarray-based gene expression profiling studies showing increased expression of the hyperpolarization-activated Ih (HCN3 and 4) channels in SZs [19], [20]. Gene profiling work has also shown altered expression of KARs in SO sector CA2/3 of SZ subjects [21]. To explore whether KARs mediate the influence of BLA fibers on FS interneurons in SO of CA2/3, we used the rodent model of neural circuitry abnormalities in SZ to examine the cellular mechanisms through which KARs, alone and in combination with hyperpolarization-activated (Ih) channels, may influence the firing rates and other electrical properties of HIPP GABA cells.
Stereotaxic surgery and electrophysiological experiments were performed in HIPP slice preparations. All procedures were approved by the Mclean Hospital IACUC Committee (protocol 10–11/2–20) and conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of the Laboratory Animals.
Male P30 Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized (100 mg/kg ketamine; 40 mg/kg xylazine), and mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus. At postnatal day 30 (P30), a microinfusion system (Alzet mini-osmotic pump [MOP], Model 1002; Cupertino, California) was implanted subcutaneously over the dorsum of the cervical area to chronically deliver PICRO at a concentration of 300 µmol/L in SAL (saline) or in SAL alone (control subjects) was delivered through a microcannula with a diameter of 70–100 µm into the BLA at the following coordinates; B −2.3, L 4.7, V 7.4. Fifteen days later (P45), animals were sacrificed for electrophysiological experiments following continuous infusion of PICRO or SAL. This microinfusion system has been shown to allow more precise targeting of substructures and to minimize trauma at the injection site [22]. The infusion rate of the MOP was reduced from its factory rate of 0.25 µL/hour to 0.125 µL\hour by coating 50% of the pump surface area with paraffin, which resulted in a total volume of 45 µL being infused over a period of 15 days. Immediately after decapitation using a guillotine, the HIPP was removed and placed in a solution containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and cut into 250–300 µm slices using a vibratome to perform electrophysiological experiments.
The intrinsic firing properties of fast spiking (FS) interneurons in SO of CA2/3 were measured in a whole-cell configuration under current–clamp conditions. Slices (300–350 µm) were continuously superfused with ACSF; no PICRO was present in the bath solution, except in a subset of experiments in which the GABAA antagonist, PICRO was included in the ACSF to test the possible involvement of synaptically-mediated GABA currents on the observed changes in spike frequency.
The ACSF contained (in mmol/L): 119 sodium chloride (NaCl), 2.5 potassium chloride (KCl),2.5 calcium chloride (CaCl2), 1.0 magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), 1.25 sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), 26 sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 10 glucose, bubbled with 95% oxygen (O2) and 5% carbon dioxide (CO2). Recordings were performed under visual guidance (DIC/infrared optics) with an EPC-9 amplifier and Pulse v8.78 software (Heka Elektronik, Lambrecht/Pfalz, Germany). The patch electrodes (3–5 MΩ resistance) contained (in mmol/L): 120 KCl, 5 NaCl, 2 MgCl2, 0.1 ethyleneglycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 10 N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine- N′ -2-ethane sulfonic acid (HEPES), 4 Mg-adenosine triphosphate (Mg-ATP), 0.3 Na-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) (adjusted to pH 7.2 with potassium hydroxide). All recordings were obtained from cells with somata located within the SO of CA2/3, where anterograde tracing work has previously demonstrated that BLA projections terminate [23]. Interneurons located at the interface between stratum pyramidale (SP) and SO could be distinguished from pyramidal cells on the basis of their morphological appearance. The morphology of the interneurons was analyzed as previously described (see [18]). The resting membrane potential (RMP) was estimated in the absence of injected current, and the input resistance (I/R) was derived from voltage responses to current injection (500 ms; ±100 pA). The analysis of action potentials (APs) included the amplitude, duration (measured at half-amplitude), and half-duration of after-hyperpolarization (AHP) and was performed on first AP discharges elicited by stepwise-increased constant depolarizing current injections at a resting membrane potential. Repetitive firing behavior was assessed during long depolarization current pulses (500 ms) of increasing intensity (50–500 pA) and evaluated by measuring the number of spikes as a function of the amplitude of injected current. The AP discharge frequency was measured at −70 mV between the first two spikes (initial) and at the end of firing (steady state) during a depolarizing current injection (500 ms) at all injected currents tested. Instantaneous firing frequency (IFF), defined as a number of spikes in each 50 ms time interval throughout the depolarizing current step, was calculated from trains of action potentials elicited by single current injections during the first 500 ms of a 1 s current pulse. An agonist of KARs, kainic acid (KA) (200 nM), was applied through the external perfusing solution to observe its effects on slices from picrotoxin treated (PICRO) rats or saline-injected control rats (SAL). To investigate the possible modulatory role of GluR5 and GluR6/7 receptors, the GluR5 antagonist UBP209 (10 µM) or GluR6/7 antagonist NS102 (10 µM) were applied in the experiments on slices from PICRO or SAL injected animals. ZD7288 (10 µM) was applied to block Ih channels. In a separate set of experiments, tertiapin-Q (200 nM) was applied to block G protein-coupled inward-rectifier K+ channels (GIRK). All values reported represent the means ± SEM for the number of cells (n) analyzed, with a=number of animals used. Two-tailed Student t test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures were used for statistical comparisons.
As shown previously, PICRO infusion into the BLA increases action potential (AP) frequency in fast-spiking interneurons in SO of CA2/3 area of the hippocampus compared to saline (SAL) controls, accompanied by a decrease of the AP duration and RMP [18]. In the current experiments, we used standard whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques with the same methods as described in our previous work [18] to examine if changes in electrophysiological properties of interneurons in SO of sector CA2/3 in PICRO infused rats are associated with modifications of KAR-mediated signaling. This was tested by adding kainic acid (KA) to the external solution alone or together with selective blockers of the specific KAR subunits, GluR5 and GluR6/7, which have been shown previously to have altered gene expression in SO sector CA2/3 in SZ subjects [21]. First, we perfused HIPP slices from either PICRO or SAL rats (see Materials and Methods for details) with KA in a concentration which does not induce epilepsy (200 nM). In the presence of KA, the AP frequency of FS interneurons in SO of CA2/3 in PICRO rats was significantly lower compared to slices from SAL control rats (ANOVA: p=0.0001, n=10, a=6 for SAL and n=13, a=8 for PICRO rats, Figure 1D), while the magnitude of AHP (mV) was larger in PICRO rats: 6.2±0.7, n=10, a=6 for SAL and 9.5±1.1, n=13, a=8 for PICRO rats; p=0.027, (Figure 1C). The input resistance (I/R) of SO interneurons in the CA2/3 hippocampal area in the presence of KA was also higher in slices from PICRO rats (p<0.001) (Table 1). We did not observe an effect of KA on the differences in other intrinsic membrane properties, such as AP duration and RMP (n=10, a=6 for SAL and n=13, a=8 for PICRO rats). (Figure 1A and 1B) between PICRO and SAL rats. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the RMP of interneurons in slices from SAL treated rats after KA application (p=0.018, Figure 1B). Figure 1F is a plot of instantaneous firing frequency (IFF) versus time for PICRO treated rats before and after KA application during the first 500 ms of a 1 s current pulse. IFF shows a strong AP frequency adaptation in the presence of KA in slices from PICRO-treated rats (ANOVA: p=0.0001, n=13, a=8, before KA application and n=13, a=8, after KA application, Figure 1F). These results indicate that the responsiveness of SO interneurons to activation of the KAR signaling pathways might be modulated by the chronic increases of activity in excitatory inputs coming from the BLA to SO of CA2/3 of the HIPP. The observed decreases in the spiking output of SO interneurons in the presence of KA in PICRO rats may, in part, be explained by the increased AHP's between the spikes in the course of firing, resulting in spike frequency accommodation [24], [25], [26], [27].
To examine whether GluR5 and/or GluR6/7 KAR subunits are involved in the observed decrease of AP frequency in the presence of KA in SO of CA2/3 of PICRO treated rats, the same experimental conditions described above were employed and HIPP slices were perfused with specific GluR5 and/or GluR6/7 receptor antagonists. In particular, UBP296 (10 µM) was used as a specific GluR5 blocker and NS102 (10 µM) as a combined blocker for the GluR6/7 subunits [28], [29], [30]. Application of UBP296 did not alter AP duration and RMP in SAL versus PICRO compared to the previous estimates obtained without KA application (n=10, a=6, before UBP296 and n=5, a=3 after UBP296 application for SAL versus n=13, a=8, before UBP296 and n=8, a=5 after UBP296 application for PICRO rats, Figure 2A, 2B). The application of UBP296, however, led to a significant decrease in AP frequency compared to the PICRO+KA group shown in Fig. 1D (Figure 2D; ANOVA: p=0.0003, n=13, a=8 for PICRO+KA in Figure 1D versus PICRO+KA+UBP296 group, n=8, a=5 in Figure 2D) and increase of AHP (9.5±1.1, n=13, a=8 for PICRO+KA group in Fig. 1 and 13.63±1.3, n=8, a=5 for PICRO+KA+UBP296 group; p=0.028, Figure 2C). We did not observe differences in the AP firing rates between SAL and PICRO rats in the presence of KA when the antagonist of GluR6/7 subunit-containing KARs NS102 was added to the external solution (Figure 3D, ANOVA: p=0.95, n=5, a=3, for SAL and n=5, a=3 for PICRO). The AP duration, RMP and AHP in PICRO-treated rats were also unchanged in the presence of KA and NS102 (Figure 3A–E), while the AHP magnitude was significantly increased in slices from SAL treated rats under the same experimental conditions (p<0.01, Figure 3C). The firing rate of SO interneurons in SAL rats in the presence of KA and NS102 was significantly lower than in slices from SAL rats in the presence of KA only (Figure 3F, ANOVA: p=0.0001, n=10, a=6, before NS102 and n=5, a=3 after NS102 application), indicating that KA was increasing the firing output of recorded interneurons through activation of GluR6/7 KARs. Together, the latter observation and the lack of differences in the firing rates between SAL and PICRO rats in the presence of KA and NS102 suggest that activation of GluR6/7 KARs is required to maintain a higher firing rate of SO interneurons in the presence of KA, and that this GluR6/7 KAR-mediated signaling may be diminished in PICRO-treated rats. Thus, apparently, BLA activation may modulate the activity of HIPP FS interneurons through the GluR5, and/or GluR6/7 subunit-containing KARs, resulting in dysfunction in the spike activity, possibly reflecting abnormal interneuronal activity in SZ.
To assess whether the GABA system may be directly involved in modulation of AP frequency in the presence of KA in SO of CA2/3 of PICRO treated rats, GABAB (CGP55845, 10 µM) and GABAA (picrotoxin, 50 µM) antagonists were added to the external ACSF. A significant increase of AP frequency was observed in slices from PICRO rats in the presence of KA and GABARs antagonists compared to recordings obtained with KA alone, thus partially rescuing the decreased AP frequency in the presence KA (ANOVA: p=0.05, n=13, a=8 before GABARs antagonists and n=7, a=4 after GABARs antagonists application, Figures 4A and 4B). This effect was accompanied by a significant decrease in AHP (9.5±0.7 mV before GABA blockers were applied and 7.2±0.5 in the presence of GABA blockers; n=7, a=4, p=0.002, Figure 4C). There were no changes in any of the other electrophysiological properties. However ANOVA of AP frequency comparing recordings from PICRO rats (with no KA in the bath) and groups with GABARs antagonists in the presence of KA did not show any significant difference (ANOVA: p=0.114, n=13, a=8 before GABARs antagonists and n=7, a=4 after GABARs antagonists application).
Studies indicating that Ih channels are involved in resetting interneuron firing properties, as well as rhythmic activity regulated through KARs [20], [31], [32] led us to hypothesize that the regulation of AP spike frequency in SO of CA2/3 interneurons from PICRO-treated rats may involve both KARs and GABA receptors, and their functional contributions could be modulated by Ih channels. In a previous study using this model, an increase of Ih amplitude was detected in CA2/3 interneurons from PICRO-treated animals [18]. To test this hypothesis, we added the specific Ih blocker, ZD7288 (10 µM) to the extracellular solution containing KA (and the GABA blockers, CGP55845 to block GABAB and picrotoxin to block GABAA receptors). Under these conditions, ZD7288 reversed the increase of AP frequency induced by CGP55845 and picrotoxin in the presence of KA, resulting in a significant decrease of AP spike frequency (ANOVA: p=0.02, n=6, a=3, Figure 5A and 5B) and increased AP duration (2.1±0.11 ms, n=12 before ZD7288 and 3.1±0.2, n=6 after ZD7288; p=0.0004, Figure 5C). ZD7288 did not affect other electrophysiological properties examined such as AHP amplitude and I/R (see also Table 1). Ih and GIRK channels play complex roles in regulating the amplitude of AHP currents in HIPP neurons [33], [34]. In addition, gene expression profiling work has shown increased expression of the KCNJ3 gene (G protein dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channel; GIRK) in SO CA2/3 of SZ subjects [19].
To determine whether any of the observed electrophysiological changes in interneurons, such as AHP and AP duration and frequency, may also be related to modulation by GIRK channels, we applied tertiapin-Q (200 nM), a blocker of inward-rectifier potassium channels (including GIRK), to the bath in the presence of the GABAR antagonists. Tertiapin-Q application had no significant effect on AP spike frequency (Figure 5A, 5B) or other electrophysiological properties examined. ANOVA analysis showed that interneurons from PICRO injected rats in the presence of KA+GABA blockers+ZD7288 had significantly higher AP frequency compared to interneurons from PICRO injected rats with application of KA only (ANOVA: p=0.02, n=19, a=11). These results demonstrate the involvement of Ih and GABA in observed effects of PICRO treatment possibly mediating the influence of BLA fibers on GABA cells in SO of CA2/3. These results provide insight into the gene expression profiling data from postmortem work [19], indicating that Ih channels may regulate abnormal firing properties of the GABA neurons in SO CA2/3 in SZs in response to increased incoming activity to this sector from the basolateral amygdala.
The results reported here suggest that the activation of amygdalar projections to the SO of CA2/3 is mediated, at least in part, by KARs and unique changes in the electrical properties of FS interneurons. These results are consistent with the idea that KARs are expressed by GABAergic interneurons [35] and may play a significant role in mediating the influence of the BLA on HIPP activity in SZ and BD [21]. KARs can reset interneuron firing through small depolarizing currents that produce profound changes in neuronal excitability [31]. The decreased ability of KA to maintain the AP spike frequency in PICRO-treated rats, the effects of the GluR5 as well as GluR6/7 antagonists, point to the cellular and molecular complexity of this mechanism. The reduction of excitability and increased accommodation is likely due in part to the observed change in AHP (see fig. 1). Evidence for involvement of AHP in action potential frequency adaptation includes studies of the rat hippocampus, where blockade of the AHP conductance led to reduction in adaptation [36], and similar effects in other studies [24], [25], [27]. KARs play an important role in glutamatergic transmission, one that can be remarkably cell-type specific [37], [38]. Interneurons mainly express two distinct KAR subtypes: one that predominantly contains the GluR5 subunit and another that contains both the GluR6 and 7 subunits [39], [40], [41]. A key function of the GluR5 subunit in interneurons is the control of GABA release and the resultant regulation of tonic inhibition in pyramidal cells with which they are inter-connected [40]. During development, the GluR5 subunit plays an important role in promoting activity dependent maturation of HIPP circuitry by inhibiting glutamate release; as this circuitry reaches maturity, the inhibition of glutamate release is drastically reduced [40], [42]. BLA activation of FS neurons in the SO of CA3/2 of PICRO-infused rats is associated with a marked increase in firing rate and a prolonged activation of FS neurons [18], suggesting that this fiber system may directly stimulate these inhibitory interneurons (Fig. 6 left).
It is reasonable to assume that KARs are stimulated by the addition of KA to the medium in a hippocampal slice preparation. In rats receiving PICRO infusions in the BLA, however, the firing rate of FS neurons shows a paradoxical decrease in the responsiveness to KA application. This effect is associated with a simultaneous increase in the amplitude of AHPs recorded from the same cells. Under these experimental conditions, the associated decrease of spike frequency in FS cells could be partially related to an increase of accommodation due to the observed change of AHP, but possibly also to an activation of a slow subthreshold conductance, one that could either lower the excitability of FS cells or diminish their AP propagation [43]. As shown in Figure 6, an alternative mechanism that could help to explain a reduction of AP spike frequency in FS cells of PICRO-infused rats invokes the presence of a second population of GABA cells, one that is disinhibitory in nature and involved in mediating the effect of KAR activity by amygdala fibers. A GABA-to-GABA mechanism has been suggested in schizophrenia by postmortem studies showing a decrease of interneurons in sectors CA2 [9], particularly those containing parvalbumin [44], [45]; a compensatory upregulation of GABAA receptor binding activity was also detected on interneurons in CA2/3, but not pyramidal cells [46]. These results have suggested that GABA-to-GABA disinhibitory activity may play an important role in the modulation of microcircuitry in SO of sectors CA2/3. If a mechanism of this type is diminished in SZ, it could contribute to disturbances of rhythmic activity generated at this site by GABA cell networks. In the PICRO infused rats described in this report, the increase of AHP amplitude recorded in FS cells in the presence of kainic acid (Fig. 6 right) suggests that BLA fibers may stimulate disinhibitory neurons via GluR5 or 6/7-containing KARs [40], [43] and, in this way, inhibit the firing of inhibitory FS neurons. A mechanism of this type could be involved in SZ and BD, particularly since the expression of the GluR5 subunit is significantly reduced at this locus in both disorders [19].
BLA fibers release glutamate and probably stimulate KARs located on the dendrites of both inhibitory and disinhibitory neurons (Figure 6). The disinhibitory cell probably releases GABA onto the inhibitory FS cell via a classic synaptic mechanism, as the addition of antagonists of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors prevent the increase in the amplitude of AHPs recorded in these cells in PICRO-infused rats [18]. Blocking the excitation of a disinhibitory cell might be expected to reduce its influence on a post-synaptic FS neuron and result in an either an increase or perhaps no change in its AP firing rate. In PICRO-infused rats, however, blockade of the GluR5 subunit by UBP296 further decreases AP firing rate in FS cells, and also increase the amplitude of AHPs. This response may be pointing in part to a presynaptic inhibitory mechanism that also influences GABA release via GluR5-containing KARs [47], [48], [49]. In the PICRO-infused rats, blockade of such a mechanism could also induce changes in AHPs in the FS cells, which in turn may result in the observed reduced excitability and increase of accommodation. However, the observed decrease of the firing rate in the presence of NS102 in slices from SAL rats with KA in the external medium suggests that the PICRO treatment-induced suppression of sensitivity of SO interneurons to KA may also be mediated by GluR6/7 subunit-containing KARs through a complex mechanism which requires further study. The observed results that interneurons from PICRO injected rats in the presence of KA+GABA blockers+ZD7288 had significantly higher AP frequency compared to application of KA only also suggest the involvement of Ih and GABA in the KA effects mediating the influence of BLA fibers on GABA cells in SO of CA2/3. It is possible however that the increased AP frequency may be related to a number of mechanisms that can potentially include accommodation, as suggested above, or depolarization block [50]. Future experiments will focus on identifying the mechanism behind this observed increase in AP frequency.
The HIPP is composed of diverse subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons [51] and it is likely that a complex interplay of inhibitory and disinhibitory neurons contributes to the coordination of rhythmicity within local circuits of the trisynaptic pathway [52]. In psychotic disorders, increased activation of the BLA may alter the firing of inhibitory interneurons in the SO of CA2/3, possibly through a combination of pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms mediated by GluR5 and 6/7-containing KARs expressed by disinhibitory neurons.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Funding: This work was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (MH42261 and MH77175) and the William P. and Henry B. Test Endowment. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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problem with export ccm from starccm+
Hi all,
I had exported a volume mesh from starccm+ (v3.02) using file > export > files of type: ccm, the ccm file ist large, so i thought it must contain all the volume mesh. then i read the ccm file using rccm into proam (V4.02) but could only see the surface mesh (shell) by putting the whole into small parts of csets, can any expert tell me why this happens and how to get the real volume mesh?
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 08:43.


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Irina Dvorovenko
Last quote by Irina Dvorovenko
I came very plain in a T-shirt, and they felt my sensitive side and vulnerability and also the struggle with what I'm going through as a mother – as a normal person. I'm not all the time chic and glamorous. I also can be sad and have real problems.feedback
Apr 26 2017
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Apr 26 2017
It was incredible to live the full life of the character.feedback
Apr 26 2017
It's my childhood. When perestroika happened, the stores were completely empty. They were literally bending the metal cages to grab the raw chicken. We never had gyms – the workout was eight or 10 hours a day to run all over the area to find the food in any possible store. Women never smiled. You unzip, unzip, unzip? You have, like, a dead body in it.feedback
Apr 26 2017
I've been talking all my life onstage inside my head. Even for nonstory ballets, I would talk inside. And now I have a crazy urge for people to be able to see me closely. Not just my movements, but to look in my eyes.feedback
Apr 26 2017
Through my career, I never felt important.feedback
Apr 26 2017
The only colors people were wearing were brown, black and dark gray. My parents were different because they were traveling to the West to perform, and they were buying fancy clothes. I was embarrassed to wear them because none of my childhood friends had any.feedback
Apr 26 2017
It was a little glimpse of something like, Kid, you're doing well. Little things sometimes make such a huge difference, right? It gave me so much encouragement and strength.feedback
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Endocrine disruptors are streaming through our industrialized way of life and are accumulating in the environment creating change that maybe we don't need.
I think amphibians were among the first class of animals that were devastated by the changes in environment and they led the way in the mass extinction that is taking place today. Maybe the life spent in water, where the chemical pollution of the industrial revolution accumulates accounts for the early impact.
So, do we need to worry about what the frog's eye tells the frog's brain? Do frogs have a right to exist on a small blue planet?
Hat tip to Nicholas Kristoff and the NYT.


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Ready to Start Living Your Dreams?Someday Is Now is a global movement and community that inspires, supports and enables those ready to pursue their dreams. Join TODAY to receive free downloads and resources and start living the life you've always dreamed of. Let's Go
Stories to inspire you
The Someday Is Now Team travels around the USA to interview inspirational people and learn about their dreams and aspirations.


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We are all sending or receiving packages during the holidays, but some of the presents never make it to the destination. Your BBB® warns that, unfortunately, stealing holiday packages has become a winter sport for some people: they would follow the delivery truck around town and steal the packages seconds after been dropped off. Outrageous, right? If you don't want your holiday packages to end up under someone else's tree this year, here's what you can do:
1. Have your holiday packages delivered at work
If your workplace allows it, go ahead and set it up! Make sure to let your supervisor know first and you are ready to go. This way, you can inspect the items when they reach their destination and you are 100% sure that they won't get lost.
2. Pick them up at your local post office
It requires a little effort because you have to make time to stop by your post office. You may even have to cut your lunch breaks short, but in the end, it's all worth it! If your schedule allows it, we recommend that you have all your packages delivered to your post office, not just the holiday ones. This way, you will avoid mail theft all year round!
3. Post a warning sign
Tell people to step away from your porch when you are not at home! If you are making your own sign, try not to make it too playful or colorful or it may not be taken seriously. Be firm, make the sign visible and use exclamation marks!
4. Install a home security system
This may cost you a pretty penny, but you can use it all the time, not just around Christmas. In case your packages get stolen, at least you will know who took them! This will help the police find the thieves and maybe even find your stolen goods.
5. Redirect your package to a friend's house
If you live close to your parents or grandparents, you can have your holiday packages delivered to their house. This won't cost you a thing and it will give you an excuse (if you needed one!) to visit your family more often.
6. Leave delivery instructions
If you know when your holiday packages will arrive, you can leave delivery instructions like: "please place my package in my backyard, under the big red bucket". Pretty much any instructions that could help make your package less visible from the main road will do!
Have a safe and happy winter and don't forget to call your local BBB if you have a question or need help!
For more information you can trust, visit bbb.org/Evansville or call (812) 473-0202!


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Spend some remarkable days in Poland and enjoy the hospitality of Meet Poznan Hotel Poznan! Guests looking for accommodation in Poznań are welcome to book 31 nicely furnished rooms at the hotel. Parking is availably nearby for those arriving by car. Car rental service and organized city tours are also available to help you discover all key highlights of the area. The bar is an ideal location for a personal meeting and a relaxing evening talk. The hotel is offering wireless Internet connection (WiFi) without charging extra fees, so you may go online anytime with your laptop during your stay. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Meet Poznan Hotel Poznan (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
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Organized sightseeing nearby, Car rental nearby
Bar, Elevator
Hairdryer, Desk in the room


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Robert Michael Burton
- 23 years old
- Date of birth: Apr 23, 1973
- Place of birth:
Traford, Alabama, United States
- Date of passing: Mar 16, 1997
- Place of passing:
Warrior, Alabama, United States
|Let the memory of Robert be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Robert Burton, 23, born on April 23, 1973 and passed away on March 16, 1997. We will remember him forever.
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"My precious son, Missing you today an always! I Love You!"
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To be clear, "JB RULES THE WORLD" is referring to Justin Bieber but not Jonas Brothers. #justtobeclear
#BieberFact Justin can do 50 questions of algebra in 10 minutes! #proud


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Phone: (919) 549-8411
The International Society of Automation (www.isa.org) is a nonprofit professional association that sets the standard for those who apply engineering and technology to improve the management, safety, and cybersecurity of modern automation and control systems used across industry and critical infrastructure. Founded in 1945, ISA develops widely used global standards; certifies industry professionals; provides education and training; publishes books and technical articles; hosts conferences and exhibits; and provides networking and career development programs for its 40,000 members and 400,000 customers around the world.
ISA owns Automation.com, a leading online publisher of automation-related content, and is the founding sponsor of The Automation Federation (www.automationfederation.org), an association of non-profit organizations serving as "The Voice of Automation." Through a wholly owned subsidiary, ISA bridges the gap between standards and their implementation with the ISA Security Compliance Institute (www.isasecure.org) and the ISA Wireless Compliance Institute (www.isa100wci.org).
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ISA's products and services are organized by technical topic – a selection of technologies, trends, and areas of focus that are relevant to your on-the-job performance:
"The need for enterprise control" (November/December 2012 InTech) was very well written. I'm a 28-year-old engineer from Brazil, in the middle of my Ph.D. course in control systems. My study is about optimal tuning of PID parameters. I am part of the team of developers of BR-tuning - a PID tuning software in use at PETROBRAS, the main oil company in Brazil - with a great interest in business and management, and I want to start an M.B.A. as soon as possible. This piece was very motivational for me. Knowing that control theory is useful in enterprise control makes me want to learn more.
Thiago Antonio Melo Euzébio
Finally! As an electrical engineer and business school graduate, I truly appreciate [Peter Martin's] perspective and insight ("The need for enterprise control," November / December 2012 InTech). I have been considering those concepts and theories for years, and this is the first article that really resonated with me.
Travis DeBenedetto
As a former principal publications engineer for Compressor Controls Corporation, I find it interesting that Rick McLin ("A guide to effectively executing compressor control retrofits," November/December 2012 InTech) states, "If the compressor installation is more than ten years old, the control system involved is likely based on outdated anti-surge techniques that may not be as efficient as those in common use today," and then describes only techniques that have been around for at least 25 years. Newer research has shown the polytropic head vs. volumetric flow algorithm is not generally invariant to changes in the molecular weight and compressibility of the compressed gas. In most cases, characterizing the surge limit as a function of the compression ratio, flow measurement, and rotational speed will give a better result while requiring fewer process measurements. These algorithms work for centrifugal and axial compressors air compressors but are not applicable to positive-displacement (i.e., screw and reciprocating) machines.
Regarding "A guide to effectively executing compressor control retrofits" by Rick McLin (November / December 2012 InTech): [This is] a nicely written article. Is it applicable to air as well as gas compressors?
Rick McLin, Turbomachinery Controls business manager replied:
The techniques described in the article apply to air machines as well as process gas machines (after all, air is just another type of gas). The section on inlet guide vanes (IGV) is particularly applicable since the majority of IGVs are installed on air compressors.


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Marion Brigantia
Tuesday 1st August – morning
Presentation: (with Katinka Soetens): HER-STORY of the WORLD
Thursday 3rd August – afternoon
Workshop: Tending Brighde's Sacred Fires
Brighde-Brigantia, the Great Celtic Goddess, has many titles and names. She is the Goddess of Healing and Inspiration and the Goddess of Fire! She is the Sun Goddess, Shining One, the Exhalted One, who brings Her blessings through her Sacred Flames of Inspiration, Empowerment, Creation and Transformation.
Her Bright Light lies dormant in all of us, sometimes smothered by life, waiting to be lit again. Working with Brighde-Brigantia is all about remembering, igniting and tending these inner flames!
Come and experience the deeply healing power of Her Sacred Fires within and without. Come and reclaim your Shine!
Marion writes: "I am a Priestess of Brighde and Priestess of Avalon and a mother, daughter, sister and lover! In 2009 I moved from The Netherlands to Glastonbury, where I now live with my partner and work as full time priestess.
I reclaim, celebrate and serve Goddess as a Priestess every day of my life. It is my pleasure to be in service to Goddess as well to the people who come and seek to connect with Her.
As Her Priestess I hold many strands of work, like this year for the first time being the co-organisor of this wonderful Goddess Conference together with Katinka Soetens.
One of my other big passions is working with Brighde-Brigantia. I am the tutor of The Priest/ess of Brighde training, as well as the Dutch Priestess of Brigid Training, the International Brighde online correspondence course as well as Brighde and other Goddess workshops in the UK and abroad.
Actually I love every aspect of by Priestess work, whether it is the Sacred Tours and Walks on the Land, Ceremonies, Workshops, Oracle Readings, Shamanic Drumming, Healing and Soul Work.
It is through my love and devotion for and service to Goddess, that I wish to bring Her love and light, wisdom, healing, abundance, beauty and joy into the world and into people's lives.
Please contact me if you are interested in learning more about Goddess, Brighid, Avalon, Priestess work and Women's empowerment or if you want to book me for a workshop, presentation or tour." www.marionbrigantia.com


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10 Top Best Alternatives to Fiverr
Why a Fiverr Alternative?
- Fiverr is a large scale website, finding easy cheaper deals is sometimes difficult for some categories
- There are some things banned on Fiverr that you can find elsewhere
- Some people might have been banned and looking for top best alternatives to Fiverr
- Since there are a lot of people already, it might be easy to get lost in the crowd, and no one finds your gig
- You need less restrictions selling your stuff
- Putting up your gig or looking for a gig elsewhere doesn't hurt
- You want an alternate option
- Sometimes a gig might not seem worth 5$ on Fiverr, since there are already many many deals available
- Some just don't like Fiverr
Top 10 Websites similar and alternative to Fiverr
SEOClerks is similar to Fiverr. You can create a service and market it. It allows you to choose the price for your services, starting at $1. This is probably the best alternative to fiverr for SEO and social marketing gigs. The best thing is that if you need a service worth less than 5$, (eg. adding 5 pages to StumbleUpon) you do not need to pay 5$ for it. Also there is much traffic on this website and the sellers are genuine, like fiverr you can apply for a refund.
A good amount of traffic, gig ratings are very similar to fiverr, seller levels are similar to fiverr. You can go lower than 5$. Good for banner gigs, adult backlinks, less restrictive than fiverr, designing gigs similar to Fiver are 4$ and are just as effective. You may ask for a refund, but it might not be as effective.
Powered by Amazon. Extremely low paying jobs, extremely micro jobs, the jobs here can pay as little as 0.01$ and some are just listed 0$, some even pay 100$ most of the jobs are extremely small, just a small copy paste, translation, survey, and time is allotted for each job. Since its amazon powered, and jobs pay too little, reliability isn't an issue.
More expensive, but more complete jobs, under 20$ is the lower slab of gigs, and some gigs similar to fiverr are priced high, some are as high as 500$, but some amazing gigs, for a more complete solution, try it out. Most gigs are designing and SEO, no Fun or Bizzare.
It is a very popular alternative to fiverr, but the traffic is extremely low. The reason that this is not the best alternative to fiverr is that you have to wait a longer time before people start buying your gig, and the not so good ones never get a buyer here. You can find a lot of gigs but there are a lot less buyers than sellers. The traffic has decreased considerably.
Good gigs, upcoming website, good products have buyers. Some gigs here has a lot of traffic, the higher cost gigs here are actually bought.
All gigs are multiples of 4$. Some good gigs exist here, a badge shows your level. I recommend it for buying gigs instead of selling, there are a lot of good sellers and just a few buyers.
Easy for new gigs to be seen. Only a few good gigs ever get traffic. Less reliable than others due to low traffic.
Just like fiverr, lower traffic, and each job is at least 10$.


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This topic contains 3 replies, has 2 voices, and was last updated by Anonymous 7 years, 8 months ago.
- AuthorPosts
- March 18, 2010 at 4:31 pm #55490
Ok, it's safe to assume the interest rates are going to rise significantly over the next year/s. But what is the maximum they are likely to go to before they start dropping? Currently looking into a variable rate loan, and I'm not over-enthusiastic about the possibilities…
- March 18, 2010 at 6:26 pm #97550
If I knew the answer to your question I could make an awful lot of money.
Sure they are going to start rising, probably this year, but I can't see them starting to fall for several years. It's too far in the future to make any sensible predictions.
The question you should start with is 'what's the highest rate you can handle?'. Next question, 'how likely is that?'
- March 18, 2010 at 7:46 pm #97551
Thanks Mark – my thinking too. However seeing how the interest rates just shot down in a matter of a year and a half makes me wonder how likely it is that they shoot up at the same rate…
- March 19, 2010 at 8:57 am #97560
I doubt it. The economy is still in a big mess, so they won't raise rates fast. I think we are more likely to have 5%+ inflation before high interest rates.
- AuthorPosts
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Contact Us
General Information:
Concurrent Manufacturing Solutions LLC offers manufacturing solutions as a valued partner to OEM Manufacturers of electronic assemblies. Concurrent provides a range of production design and contract manufacturing services including cable harnesses, printed circuit boards, backplanes, metal enclosures and complete box build services, all at competitive prices with world class quality, delivery and service. Concurrent has its business headquarters in Hialeah, FL and operates facilities at locations in Florida, Missouri, Texas and Matamoros, Mexico.
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Stock Graphic >> Texture - Vintage diamond pattern in lucite 161033 by Cindy Garber Iverson @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 123.54 MB; Tileable: Yes; DPI: 600 DPI; Dimensions: 13 x 13 in.
I built this surface texture from 600 dpi scans of a vintage tissue box made of lucite capturing all the nuances of the original "ballet slipper pink" surface with the delicacy of the faceting beautifully visible in the unaltered highlights and shadows.
This is a great texture for use in retro-inspired work.
You get.
- one 189.70 TIFF format file
- large-format
- 600 dpi
- physical dimensions are 13+ inches x 13+ inches
If you need this surface texture in .JPG, .PNG or .PSD format, please message me, and I can make it available to you for the same price.
Keywords: pink, vintage, 50s, feminine, french, pattern, texture, diamond, harlequin, 1950s, mid-century, fifties, 40s, 1940s, forties, repeat, retro, atomic, lucite, quilt.


text: Hot For GOLD or higher VIP users FirePower v5.1 for XE8 Our exciting FirePower suite of components allow you to develop applications for Win32, Win64, Mac (OSX32), Android, and iOS devices (32 and 64 bit) and simulators using Embarcadero's RAD Studio. Similar in capabilities to our award winning InfoPower VCL library, our FMX components integrate seamlessly with your existing data and are truly data-aware components. Rapidly build powerful business applicationsThe FirePower component suite includes the critical and necessary user interface components for building professional desktop and mobile applications using RAD Studio. In particular those who are building business applications will directly benefit as the controls display your data quickly and in a natural way. Central to our component suite design are two powerful and flexible grid controls. Our FirePower grid components are designed to be expressive, flexible, and powerful for the programmer, and incredibly fast, efficient, and intuitive for the end-user. No compromise when moving to the mobile space FirePower is built from the ground up so that your efficiency, look and feel, and power are not compromised when moving your applications to the mobile space. They are designed to perform excellent on desktops, but they also perform exceptionally well in the mobile world, taking great advantage of the mobile interface to give end-users a pleasing experience. FirePower 6.0 adds significant performance enhancements to the TwwLayoutGrid and supports partial row display and improved integration with in-memory connections. Suite of versatile user-interface componentsAlso in FirePower is the TwwRecordViewPanel component giving you a flexible layout component specifically to edit a record. The component dynamically creates an editable panel based on your dataset's field properties. It removes the tedious job of building custom record editing forms, and lets you focus on which fields you want edited and in what order. There are also an array of edit and input controls included with FirePower that will significantly enhance your application, as well as components to assist your end-users in filtering and searching for data. There is so much more in FirePower, so download the overview to take a closer look. There are also 30 day trials you can download. See the links at the top. 100% Native Delphi Code FirePower is written completely in Delphi code, and requires no additional deployment as its libraries can be compiled directly into your application. FirePower 6.0 also now also includes the runtime source. Download Link(s)File(s) size: 55.9 MB


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Giovanni's Island Trailer (2014)
22 February 2014 Animated, Drama, History 102 mins
In the aftermath of the most devastating conflict mankind had ever experienced, the tiny island of Shikotan became part of the Sakhalin Oblast... and on the unhealed border in this remote corner of the world, friendship among children from two different countries timidly blossomed, striving to overcome language barriers and the waves of history. Inspired by true events.
Watch the official Giovanni's Island 2014 trailer in HD below or find more Giovanni's Island videos on Vidimovie.


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The Prague Castle
Prague Travel Blog› entry 3 of 4 › view all entries
After another huge breakfast we take the metro to the
We ride the green metro line until Malostranska and exit the station at
The climb towards the back entrance of the castle is a lot milder, and gives excellent views of the city. Once we have passed the entrance, we can see that what is called the castle, is not just one building, it's more a fortification that consists of several buildings, palaces, churches and entire streets and squares. (This is a useful website that shows all the different buildings and sights: http://old.hrad.cz/castle/plan_uk.html.)
Within this fortification, that dates back to the year 870, the Kings of
The first thing we want to see is the 'Golden Lane', but a man at the beginning of the small street tells us we need a ticket, and sends us to what appears to be some sort of a snack bar. Here we see a sign pointing out that there are two sorts of tickets, a 'normal' ticket with entrance to a few sights, or a more extensive ticket that gives entrance to everything within the Castle. We decide to take no risk and go for the extensive ticket.
Now we can enter the
Today, most houses have tiny souvenir shops inside, except for one of the first houses. Here stairs with a huge suit of armour lead to a next level where there is display of medieval weapons and a remarkable collection of ancient helmets.
At the end of the
Our next stop is
The inside of the church is quite dark and sober, but very beautiful and atmospheric. We don't understand much of the function of the chapel dedicated to St. Ludmila, which is underneath the altar, but that doesn't matter much.
We also visit the convent, which is very simple, but huge. It has an enormous exposition of old Bohemian art, and although this isn't exactly our taste, some paintings make us stop and stare.
When we feel we've seen enough art, we walk towards the St.
We instantly have the idea that we've made a misjudgement on the popularity of the Cathedral and that we should come back early tomorrow morning, so we don't have to waste an hour waiting in line. We decide to have lunch in a little bistro that has fabulous sandwiches (it's on the left of the cathedral!), and after we've had a bit of a rest and flipped through our guide book, we proceed to the
On the other side of the hall we find a glass cabinet that holds the Bohemian crown jewels, but this is a bit of a let-down compared to the British crown jewels in the
When we leave the
We quickly run in, as if hundreds of other interested people can show up within a second a cause us to wait for at least an hour.
St. Vitus's Cathedral is the largest and most important church in
In front of the high alter is the royal mausoleum, below which, in the crypt, there is the royal tomb.
The beautiful St. Wenceslas's Chapel is the centre of the Cathedral. The architecture of the entire church emphasizes this chapel with the tomb of the most important patron saint. The walls have precious stones and wall paintings and scenes from the life of St. Wenceslas complete the decorations.
We leave the Prague Castle through the front court yards and entrance feeling as if we have just spend almost the entire day in the Middle Ages. The entire


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AkzoNobel and Itaconix agree to co-produce bio-based polymers
AkzoNobel has signed a cooperation agreement with speciality chemicals company Itaconix for production of polymers from renewable ingredients.
The deal is in line with AkzoNobel's commitment to fostering innovation.
Under the agreed terms, Itaconix will provide a proprietary polymerisation technology to convert itaconic acid, obtained from sugars through fermentation, into polymers.
AkzoNobel will take responsibility for the development and commercialisation of the bio-based polymers.
AkzoNobel Specialty Chemicals business RD&I director Peter Nieuwenhuizen said: "This innovation enables the production of polymers from renewable ingredients, which fits closely with our Planet Possible sustainability agenda of doing more with less.
"These bio-based polymers offer unique properties in applications essential to our everyday lives, ranging from water quality to cleaning and hygiene."
Itaconix is a US subsidiary of Revolymer, which has partnered with AkzoNobel on a marine coatings project.
Revolymer CEO Kevin Matthews said: "AkzoNobel has worldwide capabilities to utilise our itaconic acid polymers in many application areas. We believe this agreement is an important step for the further development of bio-based chemistry on a large-scale."
Earlier this month, AkzoNobel launched a chemicals startup challenge, called Imagine Chemistry, to find new opportunities for innovation and sustainable growth.
In addition, AkzoNobel recently completed the expansion of its production facility in Los Reyes, Mexico.
The new facility will produce Laurox brand organic peroxides, essential ingredients that are used in production of plastics and rubber products.
Image: AkzoNobel announces new partnership to produce polymers from renewable ingredients. Photo: courtesy of Akzo Nobel NV.


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A New York public high school student has hit the Ivy League jackpot.
Seventeen-year-old Kwasi Enin of Long Island has been accepted to all eight of the nation's most selective institutions – Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania and Yale.
There's an excellent chance Kwasi would have gotten into one or more of the top schools. The William Floyd High School student scored a 2250 out of 2400 on the SAT, which places him in the 99th percentile of students taking the exam, according to Newsday. He's also a shot-putter, a good singer, and violist for his school's orchestra, according to news reports.
But Kwasi, who says he may study medicine, is leaning toward the Ivy League school close to home.
"I think my preference is Yale," he said. "It seems to embody all the things I want in a college – the family, the wonderful education, the amazing diversity," he said.
Still, showing his smarts, he plans to wait to look at all the financial aid packages the prestigious schools are offering him.


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Chernobyl 25 years on: Children were worst affected
TWENTY-FIVE years ago, the world experienced its worst-ever environmental disaster, with the explosion of a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant.
As events were held across Europe to mark the anniversary yesterday, a Ukrainian nuclear scientist visiting Dublin warned that the risk from the unstable site remained high.
When the accident happened, it was a full week before the Soviet Union confirmed the catastrophe. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev admitted at a ceremony yesterday that the delay was wrong.
The radioactive material that was released polluted 80,000 square miles of land across Europe. Radioactive rain spread as far as the northwest of this country.
But it was the images of children who had been physically disfigured by tumours and other cancers that had the greatest impact here.
With the founding of Adi Roche's Chernobyl Children International (CCI) and other organisations, the Irish, more than any other nation, opened their hearts, homes and pockets.
Since April 1986, we have donated €90m in aid, while 21,000 children have travelled to Ireland for rest and recuperation over the summer holidays. Such breaks improve their quality of life and lengthen their life expectancy.
While the early efforts saw convoys of trucks laden with goods and medicines wind their way to the affected areas, the focus has changed over the years.
Ms Roche said that in the course of the next five years, CCI plans to build 20 'homes of hope' in Ukraine. These will provide an alternative to institutionalised care for affected children, who are often placed in orphanages because their parents can't cope.
Fifty cardiac missions, with paediatric surgeons trained to cope with 'Chernobyl heart' (multiple holes in the heart) will travel to Ukraine to save the lives of children.
CCI has also set itself the ambitious target of raising €15m over the next five years.
Ms Roche and Professor Alexei Nesterenko met Foreign Affairs Minister Eamon Gilmore yesterday and spoke of the risk from the unstable sarcophagus/shelter built to encase the reactor. The structure is crumbling, with an estimated five more years of effective life.
A 16-year fundraising effort by the Ukrainian authorities has raised less than half the $2.2bn needed to replace it.
The new sarcophagus will be 35 stories high and will be the greatest engineering feat of modern times.
Speaking after yesterday's meeting, Mr Gilmore said that he had agreed to act as an advocate at European level to work towards the development of a safer nuclear industry.
"The Chernobyl issue is back on the agenda as a result of what happened in Japan," he said.
Mr Gilmore added that while nuclear energy was at risk from natural disaster, accidents and terrorist attacks, there were also risks associated with dismantling nuclear plants.
Irish Independent


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Living in a northern climate is brutal on your skin. From November to April you feel like you're part snake, part dog with fleas – dry and itchy. When I was younger a little lotion was all I needed to get through the winter but now that I'm 40 my skin care regime is much more complicated.
Five winters ago I noticed a red circle between my eyebrows. I was a lifeguard as a kid and growing up in the 80s, I didn't use sunscreen as much as I should have and therefore this little red circle sent a wave of panic through my body. It wasn't skin cancer. It was eczema or dermatitis. I got some topical steroid cream prescribed and a few weeks later it was gone.
The next winter the circle was back and it brought some buddies with it. This time the steroid cream didn't work. It lessened the redness and soothed the itchiness but the eczema patches remained. By the following winter the problem was bad enough that people began asking about it. It was really embarrassing. Back to the dermatologist to learn there really isn't much a person can do to combat eczema. For extreme cases there are extreme measures but my situation was more vanity than emergency. She gave me a list of suggestions and another prescription for steroid cream.
Last winter the problem was the worst it had ever been. The patches covered most of my eyebrows, hairline and cheeks. It was at an eye-exam that I found out why it had gone so far. My optometrist asked about it and it turned out she also battles with the same problem. She asked if I was using topical steroid cream. I said yes. She asked if I was using it sparingly. I paused. Then she confessed that like me, when the cream wasn't working, she just used more even though as a medical professional, she knew that wasn't a good idea. Turns out if you use too much it creates swelling instead of reducing it. She said to be patient and follow the dermatologist's suggestions.
This winter I religiously followed this facial skin care regime and I have no visible patches of eczema on my face. It is still dry and itchy but it isn't red and flaky.
Don't Rub or Scratch
This is the most important step to follow. As I was told, Eczema is the itch that rashes. Controlling the impulse to relieve the itch is no small feat but it is imperative. If you scratch or rub, it will flare up and once it does, that rash really doesn't want to go away. Taking an antihistamine can help if the itching is driving you crazy.
Use Gentle Soap
This was a tough one for me because, quite frankly, I'm lazy. I don't have much hair so I wanted to use body soap from head to toe. Turns out this is not a great idea for people with sensitive skin. Now I use gentle soap for people with sensitive skin. No particular brand name works better than any other.
Vaseline at Night – Facial Lotion in the Day
You can use Vaseline or any petroleum jelly in the day but I find it feels gross and looks ridiculous. At night I use Vaseline to seal in moisture. In the day I use facial lotion. If I know I'm going to be outside I'll use the SPF stuff but otherwise I don't because I don't like the SPF odour.
Use Topical Steroids As Directed
Topical steroids only do their job when you use them properly. I learned this the hard way. When my dry skin is extremely itchy or gets that hard-shell feeling that eczema does before it is about to break out, I use topical steroids. I only use the medicine as directed for a couple of days until the eczema is at a point where I can manage it without steroids. I've only had to do this twice this winter. I use steroid cream in the morning because it is lighter and doesn't feel greasy. It does have an unpleasant odour but the benefit outweighs the inconvenience. At night I use steroid ointment which is really just medicated petroleum jelly.


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|Smart Library on Globalization
Smart Library on Globalization
Smart Library on Globalization > Smart Library on Law and Globalization > The Global Spread of Law > Overview: Aspects of Diffusing Law Globally
Eight Reasons Why the UN Human Rights Committee Is Ineffective
Author Geoffrey Robertson says that the United Nations Human Rights Committee has failed its purpose. He identifies eight reasons for this failure.
Related Links:
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Patterns of Rape in Darfur
Obstacles to Justice for Rape Victims in Darfur
Sudanese Government Takes Few Steps to Stop Sexual Violence in Darfur
UN Makes Recommendations for How to Stop Rape in Darfur
In 1976, the UN passed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This covenant, which had been in the drafting phase for nearly thirty years, was meant to present, in treaty form, the ideals encapsulated in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
To this end, the UN Human Rights Committee came into being. The purpose of the Committee was two-fold:
However, according to author Geoffrey Robertson, the Committee has been a failure. Outside of a few cases, the Committee's influence has been negligible. Robertson identifies eight reasons for the Human Rights Committee's failure, and suggests ways that those failures may be overcome.
Evidence of Ineffectiveness
Is the Human Rights Committee really a failure? Yes, says Robertson. He provides the following evidence.
The Committee was established, in part, to serve as a forum in which individuals could file complaints against states for human rights abuses. However,
States that are not party to the convention are under no obligation to report to the Committee. However, even member states do not appear to take the Committee very seriously. In order to be required to allow individuals to communicate with the Committee, a state has to ratify the Optional Protocol. States such as the U.S., China and even Britain have not ratified the Optional Protocol. Additionally, even member states often ignore the Committee.
Perhaps one of the most potent symbols of the Committee's failure involves Libya. Libya submitted its report to the Committee in 1995. The report was dishonest to the point of absurdity. Muammar Gaddafi, Libya's leader since 1969, had just given the order for expatriate dissidents to be assassinated, and was thwarting justice over the Lockerbie bombing.
How did the Committee respond?
It took three years for the Committee to issue its verdict. It complimented Libya on its treatment of women and expressed polite concern over the murder and torture of oppositionists. Not surprisingly, Libya ignored the Committee's comments.
Then, in a move that Robertson says completely discredited the Committee, Libya was elected to the chair of the Committee in 2003.
Eight Reasons for Failure
Why has the Human Rights Committee failed its mission? What could help the Committee become effective? Robertson offers eight insights.
1. Government Mouthpiece
The eighteen "experts" that make up the Committee are more often government mouthpieces than independent experts. Some of the Committee members are actually in government service as ambassadors or cabinet ministers. This biases the Committee toward defending state actions rather than censuring them.
Until the Committee is made up of truly independent experts, there is little hope of serious state accountability.
2. Meets Infrequently
The Committee meets three times a year for only three weeks each. Robertson says that expecting the Committee to be able to do a year's worth of work in nine weeks is ludicrous.
If the Committee is to become effective, it will need to have sufficient time to carry out its commitment to monitoring and problem-solving.
3. No Hearings or Adversarial Proceedings
The Human Rights Committee holds no hearings. There are no live witnesses nor cross-examination. There is no provision for oral argument nor adversarial proceedings. All work is done on paper and, outside the input from some NGOs, based on state self report.
If the Committee has any hope of actually monitoring state behavior, it will have to have ways to gather information and hear perspectives outside state reports.
4. Depends on UN Secretariat
The Committee is a UN "organ," not a quasi-judicial body—much less a court. It depends totally on the UN Secretariat for structure, budget and status. The UN's penchant to avoid member criticism is reflected in the work of the Committee.
The Committee must be able to criticize states—in more than polite "comments." To do this, it needs to be independent of UN apron strings.
5. Not Focused on Individual Rights
The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights focuses on state duties toward individuals and not individual rights against states. It has no power as a court to protect individual rights. It cannot compel or even pressure states to abide by their Covenant duties.
The Committee needs some way of protecting individual rights rather than simply encouraging states to do their duty. There also needs to be some way of putting pressure on states to live up to the Covenant's standard of human rights.
6. No Independent Fact-Finding Capacity
The Human Rights Committee does not have any independent fact-finding capacity. This is a crippling weakness since it prevents the Committee from effectively monitoring state activities.
Even though the Committee has access to the Human Rights Commission's fact-finding reports, these are inadequate. The Committee must have the ability to gain information necessary in order to carry out its mandate effectively.
7. Work Is Unreported
What does the Committee do? What are its findings? The vast majority of human rights victims will never know. Committee proceedings are carried out behind closed doors, and its files are kept confidential. When Committee reports are published, Robertson says that they are rarely worth reading as they lack detailed reasoning.
It is difficult to see how the Committee can be very effective without broader public exposure.
8. No Enforcement Power
The Human Rights Committee cannot enforce its views. Assuming that member states even file reports, they can easily ignore Committee views. In fact, rather than increase a state's support of human rights, an individual's appeal to the Committee may even have a perverse effect. Robertson says that death row inmates are sometimes targeted for execution precisely because they have filed a complaint with the Committee.
Without any mechanism to enforce Committee views, states will have little incentive to take the Committee's views seriously.
The Problem Is Endemic to UN Bodies
Robertson says that it is not fair to single out the Human Rights Committee as unique with respect to the challenges it faces. In fact, the problems are endemic to the UN system. Because the UN is made up of member states, it will often go out of its way to avoid criticizing its members. Though the UN Security Council will occasionally level sanctions against a member state, the balance of history demonstrates that UN organs are more likely to turn a blind eye to human rights abuses.
Data and Methods:
Data Sources:
Information was drawn from the author's experience conducting missions for Amnesty International and analysis of historical and legal research.
Funding Sources:
Not provided.
Robertson, Geoffrey. 2006. Crimes Against Humanity. New York: The New Press. Ch. 1, pp. 1-40.
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St. Mary Child Development Center was designed to provide a safe, loving and creative environment for your child. Our curriculum is designed under the High Scope theory that integrates the concepts, skills and philosophies that involve creative thinking. An Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) will be conducted by a qualified team to determine the appropriateness of additional services.
An Ages and Stages assessment will be conducted at the beginning of the school year. The Brigance will be used throughout the school year to assess each child's progress. Lesson plans will be based around each child's needs and interests to promote developmental progress. A family report will be provided during conferences at least three times each school year.
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"Wish I found it sooner…"
Loved the Piep bag. Was introduced to it by a friend when my baby was a few months old and becoming too old to be swaddled but not comforted enough with a normal sleeping bag. He slept so well in it from day 1, as he could move his arms around enough to feel 'free' but couldn't startle himself awake. We have now moved onto the next mini stage and it is working just as brilliantly.
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|Reviews for Love and the Rani
| bollywoodscum chapter 6 . 9/6/2015
Yeah. But How is The Rani copping off with magic space alien and overrated panjandrum Doctor Who going to help her SMASH INTERGALACTIC PATRIARCHY?
| TheIncantation chapter 1 . 10/20/2013
I think maybe you should try to write the Rani and the Master as an M rated, but keep it so they are loving. I liked this, but I'm really sad she died.
| ZarazzzaStar chapter 5 . 2/1/2013
Why on Earth you should do this? ( Why you killed the Rani? (( I loved the story much, you should write something new about them with happy emding. An M-rated one haha
| damsel-in-stress chapter 3 . 12/9/2009
This is certainly a very interesting and unique idea for a story! I wouldn't say it's unbelievable and I really enjoyed reading it.
Your dialogue is fabulous and you have some lovely one-liners:
"Tough luck, old chap." said the Brigadier. "As they say, plenty of fish in the sea."
"But I'm not a fish, am I?" sighed the Doctor.
Poor fellow. Bizarrely, I actually wanted the Rani to stay with him. And usually I'm hardly a fan of hers so well done converting me in so few chapters.. :P
I adored the fact you included the whole Unit crew! I was grinning stupidly and bouncing up and down with glee when they appeared.
"Well, at least there's only one of you this time." Teehee! They made my day!
Can I look forward to more of this story? It's definitely captured my imagination as it is.
~Damsel :)
| acer-sigma chapter 3 . 12/7/2009
LOL! This is a pretty interesting story. Love the scene with the Brig stumbling onto the Doctor and Rani making out.
Definitely figures that if any Time Lords survive that it would be the Renegades.
| Primsong chapter 2 . 12/6/2009
Yay! Brig! Benton! Jo! *is happy* Love the 'typical' alien interruption of their reunion, not sure I could get the Doctor taking so much time to say hi to everyone without noticing something as obvious as the Rani and her ship in the room - if he wasn't ignoring her on purpose he was certainly less observant than he normally is. Liked the "I killed you..." point as well as the fact that she really can't be trusted and he shouldn't be surprised when she does something nasty.
Hope we get more of the UNIT family in here, what a treat.
| Primsong chapter 1 . 12/6/2009
Interesting - I'm not a 'romance' reader, but this worked well (even if it did stretch things a bit for me)... Hm! I can see where the loneliness could bring about an old-home-week feeling for former antagonists. Nice details (the incubator, for instance) - curious where you're going with it.


text:
New Ornament of a Red Fox, (501 747)
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- Source: eBay UK
New Ornament of a Red Fox, (501 747)
This is a New, Ornament of a Red Fox.See the pictures supplied to view this very cute looking red fox. Approx size of this FOX is 21cm tall, 21cm wide and 13cm deep. This FOX is made from resin and is hand coloured in its tradition colourings. Please also look at my listings of other ornaments listed in BOBS BULK BUYS, especially the new range of countryside animals This FOX will make a perfect gift for somebody especially if they love foxes. Please watch our range of New products, as we list more new lines, especially in Gift Ranges for men and women. We are constantly adding to our range of products please bookmark our shop and add to your list of favorites. We hope that BOBS BULK BUYS will have what you are looking for now and in the future, and we hope you enjoy your shopping experience with us at BOBS BULK BUYS, and view our growing range of NEW products which we are listing daily. We do prefer payment by paypal if you can pay this way it is the quickest and safest way to purchase on line, we dispatch your item usually within 24 hours of payment being received. If you need to send payment by cheque or postal order please send it to Robert Lynes, NTC, 82 NORTHGATE STREET, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, NR30 1BN. We dispatch ... read more


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Bond Solon Training
Bond Solon is a legal training consultancy for non lawyers. We work across the public sector training personnel to effectively work within a legal framework and to best practice standards.
Running in excess of 2,000 courses a year, 90% of the courses are delivered on an in house basis for organisations across the UK.
Courses are designed and tailored to meet the exact needs of a diverse range of clients and professions from central government, local government, health and the emergency services. The training is competency based and designed to the meet occupational or performance standards of the delegates attending.
Contact:Â Piers Lawson