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0 items ·
Check out
is back-ordered. We will ship it separately in 10 to 15 days.
Convenient cards let you create instant language arts learning centers! Each card features an illustration to aid students in understanding the task. Spanish translation on backs. Sets include 48 hole-punched cards (3-1/2 x 5-1/2"), directions and two storage rings. Tasks are designed for independent use and require only basic supplies, such as shaving cream or colored pencils. Activities require students to draw on prior knowledge, develop questioning and critical thinking skills, and extend learning after reading fiction and nonfiction texts.
Copyright © 2017 Capital Books and Wellness. Ecommerce Software by Shopify.


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Indoor House Plants That Are Dangerous for Cats to Eat
Hundreds of plants exist that are toxic to cats, but many of these are not typically kept as houseplants. Those that are have varying degrees of toxicity, and may or may not do serious harm to your cat if she nibbles on them. To be as safe as possible, avoid bringing potentially harmful plants into your home. If you suspect that your cat has nibbled on a potentially toxic plant, take the cat and the plant to the veterinarian immediately. Also take her if she is showing signs of poisoning even if you aren't sure that she's eaten a harmful plant.
Aloe Vera
Aloe vera is a common houseplant that is kept for its soothing, healing properties the juice has for small kitchen burns or sunburn. While the relatively hard, sharp leaves are not particularly inviting to cats, if your cat takes a bite he can become very ill. Symptoms include discolored urine, diarrhea, tremors, vomiting, anorexia and depression.
American Holly
American holly, also known as winterberry, English holly, Oregon holly, European holly and inkberry, goes by the scientific name Ilex opaca. While not highly toxic, both the leaves and the bright red berries can make your cat sick if she ingests them. Symptoms include diarrhea, depression and vomiting.
Begonia Plants
Begonias typically have attractive leaves and flowers that come in many different colors. With thousands of different varieties of this plant, begonias find their way into many homes. A cat that ingests any part of this plant can experience vomiting, excessive drooling, extreme irritation of lips, tongue and mouth and burning and trouble swallowing. The tubers are the most toxic part of this plant.
True Lilies
True members of the lily family, such as day, tiger, Asiatic, Japanese show and Easter lilies, are all very toxic to cats. These types of lilies can cause kidney failure, and a cat that eats any part of one needs immediate aggressive treatment if he is to survive. Other types of lilies, including cala and peace lilies, cause milder symptoms such as mouth and throat irritation that shows up as drooling.
Flowering Azaleas
Azaleas may be planted outdoors or kept as house plants, but either way they are highly poisonous to cats. Eating the leaves will result in extreme drooling, diarrhea and vomiting, and if the cat doesn't get treatment she can go into a coma and potentially die.
Dieffenbachia Greenery
Dieffenbachia plants are a popular type of greenery kept in many homes, but they should be kept away from pets. A cat that ingests this plant will end up drooling from severe mouth irritation, experience vomiting and nausea and have difficulty swallowing.
Other Problem Houseplants
Many other kinds of houseplants can cause your cat to become ill, with symptoms that may include drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, difficulty walking and depression. Such plants include lily of the valley, sago palm, amaryllis, autumn crocus, chrysanthemum, English ivy, cyclamen, pothos, Spanish thyme, tulips, castor beans, asparagus fern, bleeding heart, Christmas rose, clematis, elephant ear, evergreen ferns, philodendron, schefflera, rubber plant and tomato plants.

subset: commoncrawl


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From this list I've picked a few selections from one journalist's half century of life experience.
Promptness shows respect.
The most valuable thing to have is a good reputation, and it's neither hard nor expensive to acquire one: Be fair. Be honest. Be trustworthy. Be generous. Respect others.
The Golden Rule is the greatest moral truth. If you don't believe in it, at least try to fake it.
Keeping perspective is the greatest key to happiness. From a distance, even a bumpy road looks smooth.
It's not "political correctness" that dictates that we try not to insult others' beliefs and identities. It's common decency.
It may not feel like it, but it's good luck when you have people at home and at work who aren't afraid to tell you when you're wrong.
Don't waste your breath proclaiming what's really important to you. How you spend your time says it all.
Keeping an open mind is as big a challenge as you get older as keeping a consistent waistline.
Fear of failure is a ticket to mediocrity. If you're not failing from time to time, you're not pushing yourself. And if you're not pushing yourself, you're coasting.
Anyone who judges you by the kind of car you drive or shoes you wear isn't someone worth impressing.
Grudges are poison. The only antidote is to let them go.
If you're in a conversation and you're not asking questions, then it's not a conversation, it's a monologue.
In everyday life, most "talent" is simply hard work in disguise.
The 10-minute jump start is the best way to get going on a big task you've been avoiding. Set a timer and begin, promising yourself that you'll quit after 10 minutes and do something else. The momentum will carry you forward.
Goals that you keep to yourself are just castles on the beach. If you're determined to achieve something, tell people about it and ask them to help you stick with it.
All the stuff you have lying around that you'll never want, need, wear or look at again? It just makes it harder to find what you do want, need or intend to wear. File it, donate it or throw it out.
Exercise does not take time. Exercise creates time.
Almost no one stretches, flosses or gives compliments often enough.
When you mess up, 'fess up. It's the fastest way, if there is one, to forgiveness.
Be truthful or be quiet. Lies are hard to keep track of.
Your education isn't complete until you've learned to take a hint.
Whatever your passion, pursue it as though your days were numbered. Because they are.
Readers love lists. You got to the bottom of this one, didn't you?
What do you think? Please add your own set of three life lessons to the comments below.
If you like this, would you mind "re-tweeting" it on Twitter? (Stupid word, I know, but pretty helpful for me. Thanks!) Just click the logo:


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Italy introduces non dom tax
Italy has introduced a new territorial system of taxation for 'newly resident' individuals, with the aim of attracting high net worth individuals (HNWIs), including sportspeople and celebrities, who could be interested in relocating
6 Jan 2017
The new measure is contained in the Finance Bill for 2017, approved by the Italian Parliament on 7 December 2016. In its assessment of the move, law firm Withers said: 'This timing, which coincides with the changes to the UK's "res-non-dom" regime, suggests that Italy might be seeking to woo HNWIs looking for a new home following Brexit or deterred by the tightening of rules in the UK.'
The new regime is available to anyone (regardless of their nationality or domicile) who has been non-tax resident in Italy at any time during the nine years preceding a relocation to Italy, including Italian returnees. The rules identify individuals as tax resident if they are a registered Italian citizen or reside in Italy for more than half the year (183 days).
The rules require that Italian-source income and gains are taxable in the usual way; but allow foreign income and gains to be sheltered from Italian tax, provided the taxpayer pays an annual charge of €100,000. Capital gains realized on the sale of qualified participations (i.e, participations exceeding 20% of the voting rights or 25% of the capital or profit rights) during the first five years will not be covered by the substitute tax.
The new regime may also be extended to family members, at a cost of €25,000 per member.
To apply for the regime taxpayers have to file a specific ruling to the Italian tax authorities, and it will be possible to choose the country or the countries where the foreign income has been produced subjected to the substitute tax regime.
The countries and the related income produced there not included in the ruling request will be subjected to the regular Italian tax rules, allowing the taxpayer to benefit from credit for taxes levied abroad (conversely this benefit is denied for the income subjected to the substitute tax regime).
Once the Italian tax authorities issue a favourable ruling all foreign incomes will be admitted to the substitute tax regime for a 15 years period.
In addition, those opting for the substitute tax regime will be exempted from gift and inheritance tax related to assets owned and held abroad, and will benefit from simplifications when asking for entry visas to Italy.
In its commentary on the regime, Withers points out that the exemption from succession taxes is 'good news for potential candidates, as there are persistent rumours that Italy might overhaul its current gift and succession tax regime in the near future (currently, gift and succession taxes are levied at very low rates of 4%-8% with exemptions for certain business assets).'
The election for the regime must be exercised by the deadline for the submission of the tax return related to the fiscal year from which the qualifying individuals intend to adhere to the special regime (for example, by September 30, 2018 for fiscal year 2017).
However, since the election is subject to an advance approval by the Italian tax authorities, individuals who are interested in adhering to the regime must file a request for an advance ruling at least four months before the deadline to opt for the regime (the tax authorities have 120 days to respond to a request).


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Welcome to my 30 Days of Christmas Reviews Holiday Feature!
Beginning November 26th and continuing through December 31st, I will be posting 30 Christmas Reviews. Shop by Christmas 30 and find great new reads for Christmas.
I'd also like to add your Christmas Spirit to mine. So, link up any Christmas review that you create and join in on the fun! Add Your Reviews!
Hott Synopsis
|| |
Celia can't believe that Damien just doesn't get it!
What is he thinking?
She's been pining for him for months.
Could he be put off by her son?
Is it because her husband was his best friend?
It couldn't be because he has to work for a living while her son is to be an earl. He couldn't possibly be so petty, could he?
Hott Review
STEAMY! My oh my. It had a god plot and could have developed into a much longer story… But this was fun.
|Karen Erickson
** Many of the books I review are Advance Review Copies. These books are loaned to me for my review. I am in no way compensated for my time nor am I asked to give anything but my honest review. If you have further questions, please, review my FTC Disclaimer on my homepage.
© Hott Books | Google+
5 Responses to "Day 5 Review: Her Christmas Pleasure"
Ok a couple of questions – How long is it?
and – too much steam? Like is there graphic sex?
I saw this one but passed it up.
IT wasn't very long maybe ~100 pages/
Yes it was QUITE graphic — That's usually what I reserve my WHOAs for.
I think that if the plot had been more developed and the intimacies less graphic I'd have loved this. Her writing was wonderful – normally I'd not have finished a book this steamy but her writing drew me in.
Looks fun! I want to steal her dress.
OHHHKAAAY! I think I'll skip this one! 😉


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In this program students learn to determine if an if an inverse variation exists for the data in each table. Instructor: Cryshel Whitehead (The transcript of this program is available for download at the link below.)
© 2017 PBS & WGBH Educational Foundation. All rights reserved.
You must be logged in to use this featureLog In Enter Code Need an account?


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May 22 (Reuters) - The following corporate finance-related stories were reported by media:
* Alstom will not give suitor Siemens any more information about its power business than it has already disclosed to rival bidder General Electric, which has made a $17 billion approach to the French company, a person close to the French camp said on Wednesday.
* U.S. regulators are investigating Charles Schwab Corp and Bank of America Corp's Merrill Lynch brokerage over whether they are doing enough to learn about their clients' identities, sources said, the latest sign a crackdown on money laundering is expanding.
* Reynolds American Inc is in active discussions to buy Lorillard Inc in a complicated, three-way transaction that could see British American Tobacco Plc take a major role to back a potential merger, according to people familiar with the matter.
* Unilever is in advanced talks to sell its Ragu pasta sauce business to Japanese condiments maker Mizkan Group for more than $2 billion, according to people familiar with the matter.
* Hungarian low-cost airline Wizz Air is set to unveil plans for a London initial public offering on Thursday, a source familiar with the matter said, reviving stock market listing plans for Central and Eastern Europe's largest budget airline.
* Canadian pension fund PSP Investment is making a surprise comeback in the race to buy broadcasting masts group TDF's French unit, opening a new episode in a protracted selloff saga, said three sources familiar with the matter.
* The former chief executive of Deutsche Telekom is in talks to take a job as a senior adviser with U.S. buyout group General Atlantic, a person familiar with the negotiations told Reuters on Wednesday.
* IMC Financial Markets has agreed to acquire Goldman Sachs Group Inc's rights to operate as a designated market maker in more than 600 NYSE-listed stocks, the Wall Street Journal reported on Wednesday.
* Bank of America Corp is dismantling an electronic market-making unit it set up last year to serve its Merrill Lynch wealth-management unit's clients, two people with knowledge of the matter told Bloomberg.
* Activist investor Starboard Value LP, which did not want Darden Restaurants Inc to sell the Red Lobster seafood chain, is launching a fight to take over the Darden board, the Wall Street Journal reported, citing people familiar with the matter.
* Lloyds Banking Group is joining a class-action lawsuit against government-owned Royal Bank of Scotland, seeking 420 million pounds ($709 million) over the bank's handling of its 12-billion-pound rights issue, the Herald Scotland newspaper reported.
* British clothing chain Fat Face IPO-FFFL.L is expected to abort its planned listing following disappointing stock market debuts by rivals, Sky News reported late Wednesday.
* Blackstone Group LP and TPG Capital Management LP are expected to make a combined offer for Kensington, one of Britain's biggest specialist mortgage lenders, Sky News reported on Wednesday.
For the deals of the day click on
For the Morning News Call-EMEA newsletter click on (Compiled by Esha Vaish in Bangalore)


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Hampton Inn & Suites El Paso/East
Select your stay dates to check availability
Hampton Inn & Suites El Paso/East
About the hotel
Property Location
Centrally located in El Paso, Hampton Inn & Suites El Paso/East is convenient to Ysleta Mission and Speaking Rock Entertainment Center. This hotel is within the vicinity of Tigua Indian Cultural Center and Del Sol Medical Center.
Make yourself at home in one of the 101 guestrooms featuring refrigerators and microwaves. 42-inch flat-screen televisions with satellite programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Private bathrooms have designer toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary weekday newspapers, and you can also request cribs/infant beds.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Take advantage of recreation opportunities including an outdoor pool and a 24-hour fitness center.
Grab a bite from a grocery/convenience store serving guests of Hampton Inn & Suites El Paso/East.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, dry cleaning/laundry services, and a 24-hour front desk. Planning an event in El Paso? This hotel has facilities measuring 1050 square feet (95 square meters), including a meeting room. Free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Total number of rooms - 101
- Elevator/lift
- Conference space size (meters) - 95
- Outdoor pool
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Conference space size (feet) - 1050
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Grocery/convenience store
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free WiFi
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Laundry facilities
- 24-hour business center
- Luggage storage
- One meeting room
- Free breakfast
Room Facilities
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Free weekday newspaper
- Flat-panel TV
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Satellite TV service
- Iron/ironing board
- Designer toiletries
- Private bathroom
- Free WiFi


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Jon Delmar
Listed by Bhhs Verani Belmont
Wonderful Buttrick Village end unit.best location in the neighborhood! Features living rm w/ 10ft. ceilings & bonus windows, open concept kitchen/living area, 3/4 main bath with laundry closet, master bath with large walk-in closet and spacious full bath, and C/A. The 4-seas. sun room with cathedral ceiling offers a view of the peaceful wooded setting. The second bedroom is open to the sun room making a perfect guest suite. Unique second exit from sun room leads to private deck and side yard. Huge walk-out basement w/ plenty of windows for daylight and ready to finish for added living space. Newer carpet and fresh paint throughout. This is condo one of the few 2-unit buildings and is situated in a private and desirable location within the community. Buttrick Village is ideally located near shopping, medical facilities, Post Office, theater and restaurants. Agent related to seller.
Date Showings Begin:
Delayed Showing: Unknown


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30200 Stephenson Highway, Madison Heights, MI 48071Request info Add to list
To view building contacts please sign in with your Pro account or create a pro account.
Clint C.
Company: requires Pro account
Email: requires Pro account
Phone: requires Pro account
- Available Spaces
|Space Type
|Industrial Space
|For sale: Contact for Pricing
|93,218 sqft
|View Details
|Available Space
|Industrial Space
|For lease: $0.29/sqft
|34,388 sqft
Building Details:
• Year Built: 1959
30200 Stephenson Highway is an industrial property for lease in Madison Heights, MI. The property currently has 2 industrial spaces for lease and is marketed by Signature Associates, a Cushman & Wakefield Alliance Member.
Property has main road frontage and is close to highways. Has new roof, new windows and fresh paint. 5 ton crane, 2 OH doors (one with lift), 20 foot ceilings.
Request Property Information
Please describe your commercial real estate requirements. We'll create a list of matching properties that meet your criteria.
- Kelly Higgs, agent and Rofo Pro


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services Guests looking for accommodation in Leventochóri are welcome to book three nicely furnished rooms at Apartments Genari Leventochori. For those arriving by car parking is available nearby. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Apartments Genari Leventochori (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Depeding on the selected room, date and price, you may be asked to provide credit card guarantee or to pay by credit card in advance.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time of check-in is 14:00, the latest time of check-out is 12:00. You will be able to speak with the personnel in Greek and English languages.
Apartments Genari Leventochori rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Pet friendly, Garden
Bathrobe, Hairdryer, Fridge, Tea/coffee-maker


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Hello Associates,
*Subject:** Business Analyst with SAP and AXS-One -- Jersey City, NJ -- Local Candidates Only* *Title: Business Analyst with SAP and AXS-One experience* *Location: Jersey City, NJ* *Length: 6+ Months*** $25 MAX *KEY EXPERIENCE:* Many of the resumes have been people with *SAP implementation and/or administration experience. Although there are certainly interfaces with SAP, implementation and admin is not part of the requirements. * Our needs are focused more on the financial reconciliation of General Ledger accounts and Accounts receivable. We are looking for a person that can provide production support when premium and commissions are not finding their way to the financial applications *(AXS-One primarily and SAP).* The person should understand how the accounting should occur to the different accounts and communicate the issues directly to our Comptroller. In fact we are considering having our Comptroller or an associate participate in the interview process. The requirements are also for a Business Analysts that can document upstream and downstream business processes to provide support in discovery of new projects and help with building Use case and Test cases. Many of the resumes' seem to meet this condition. The successful candidate will have financial and systems experience. Develops and prepares computer systems requirements and develops procedures to process data. Analyzes financial and functional problems and determines techniques and requirements most feasible for processing the data. Prepares definition of financial and functional problems and makes recommendations for software to deliver solutions. Candidate will interact directly with business management. Analyzes and reports financial information to management. Excellent written and verbal communication skills are a must. Develops analytical reports or other products. Degree in Accounting Principles and Practices preferred. • Experience in *AXS-One Computron or SAP.* • Experience in Microsoft Office products a must, specifically Excel and/or Access • Experience in development of project documentation, testing materials and execution, training materials, requirements gathering including downstream and upstream interface requirements and adhering to a project management methodology is a must. • Knowledge of documenting business processes and use cases a plus. • Knowledge of preparing and executing test cases a plus. Daily activities may include: • Analysis and response to production support tickets regarding *AXS-One and SAP.* • Analysis and response to production support tickets regarding transaction financial flow into the backend financial systems. • Create financial reconciliation report for production and distribute to management.. • Participate in Quality Assurance and User Acceptance testing. • Document business processes and use cases as part of project discovery Thanks & Regards, Fazal Mahmood I Technical Recruiter Kolansoft, INC (: 201-484-0340 Fax 7:201-656-6696 *: fa...@kolansoftinc.com Yahoo IMJ: fazal_kolansoft Website: http://www.kolansoft.net *************************************************************************************************************************************** If you are not interested in receiving our e-mails then please reply with a "REMOVE" in the subject line and mention all the e-mail addresses to be removed with any e-mail addresses, which might be diverting the e-mails to you. I am sorry for the inconvenience caused to you. *************************************************************************************************************************************** --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "zilliontechnologies" group. To post to this group, send email to email@example.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to zilliontechnologies+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/zilliontechnologies?hl=en -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---


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Locals riding the Edmonton Ski Club Early Season Park. Featuring: Conner Felix, Matt Engele, Layne Treeter, Nathan Roy, Keaton Chalifoux, John Graff and Spencer Rennie.
Peter Garrett
Email this author | All posts by Peter Garrett
this should have been rejected.
I know fuck all about cameras but I know you should have turned off optical stabilisation.
that was harsh – it should be half the length. But yeah sort the camera shit. Was it supposed to look like it wasnt de-interlaced or something like that?
Learn how to film with a fisheye please
Fok this


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I've got a feature request for you.
I have three custom fields on my list, "2009 attendee", "2010 attendee", "2011 attendee".
I'd like to be able to build a segment that includes anyone who has a value in any one of these fields. That means something like:
2009 attendee is provided OR 2010 attendee is provided OR 2011 attendee is provided.
I can't seem to do that with OR conditions only AND.
So instead I need to have three segments, one for each of the custom fields. It works but is a little clunky.
Hi VFHwebdev, we love your feature requests :) Ah, we've had a few requests for an OR operator - it continues to be a timely one. Yes, for now you will have to use multiple segments, but I'll certainly add your vote for this and keep you posted. Thanks again for piping up :D
Just goes to show how much I use (and love) Campaign Monitor. It's a great product.
I support VFHwebdev's request to improve the segment builder. As I sign up clients, I am often offering to help them set up their segments for them so they can witness the value straight away when they start using the product. However, when there are many segments to create, it's quite time consuming. I added some suggestions in the post for 2012 improvements (http://www.campaignmonitor.com/forums/viewtopic.php?id=6557).
Thanks BraceRosso - I agree that segments do require a fair amount of improvement and would be keen to see us give them more thought in the coming months. I'll absolutely give this a nudge on your behalf and keep you posted if we work on segments in a future release.
Adding my vote for this.
From Australia to Zimbabwe, and everywhere in between, companies count on Campaign Monitor for email campaigns that boost the bottom line.Get started for free


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An 18-month-old boy suffered serious injuries Saturday when he was backed over by a car at a residence in the 700 block of New York, Lawrence police reported.
Sgt. James Haller said late Saturday that the child was taken to Lawrence Memorial Hospital, then was taken by ambulance to the Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kan.
He said the child was in the driveway of a residence when the accident occurred. The boy's injuries, he said, were not life-threatening.
Further details were unavailable late Saturday.
Copyright 2017 The Lawrence Journal-World. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. We strive to uphold our values for every story published.


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Looking for that perfect gift for your child's classmates? They'll love these End of School Year Gift Bubble Gift Tags!
Lincoln's last day of school is Friday. I will no longer have a Kindergartner, but a First Grader! I can hardly believe it! I'm a complete mix of emotions. A bit sad that my baby is growing up much more quickly than I'd like. But I am so, so very proud. Lincoln amazes me more and more each day with the person he is becoming. Wise beyond his years, and such a gentle soul. He is such a special boy, and he's my son. I am so blessed.
Of course being the sweet boy that he is, he wanted to give his friends a special gift on their last day of school! I thought something related to summer and outside would be fun. Also, something that all kids love — BUBBLES!!! I mean, let's be real. Who doesn't love bubbles?!
To make the gift tags, you will need the following:
— Bubbles
— Cardstock
— Bakers Twine (or any ribbon or string)
— Hole Punch
Simply download and print your 'Bubble Gift Tags." Have your child print his or her name on each tag. Punch a hole on top, and attach to the bubbles! Easy peasy, and super cute!!
You can print your own Bubble Gift Tags by clicking here to download.
Are you planning an end-of-the school-year gift for your child's classmates?
Looking for more school printables? Check out these "Thank You Teacher" printables!!


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Product Description for the IK Multimedia iRig MIC Cast
Introducing iRig MIC Cast, the ultra-compact portable voice recording microphone designed specifically for recording podcasts, interviews, lectures, voice memos, speeches and more.
iRig MIC Cast provides a pocket-sized voice recording solution with crystal-clear audio quality. It features a tight unidirectional pickup pattern that minimizes background noise making it ideal for single-source audio recording. Includes an adjustable desktop stand for convenient iPhone/iPod touch positioning during recording.
This makes iRig MIC Cast also great for business applications like recording meeting and enhancing the audio and voice quality of conference calls.
From 6/01 - 6/30 - Free Mic Room for iOS and Mac/PC ($120 value)
- Incredibly flat frequency response with zero tonal coloration
- Features a stereo mini-jack headphone output which enables real-time monitoring of what is being recorded using headphones or speakers.
- Offers a mini-switch that provides two different sensitivity settings to record close-up or distant sources.
- Includes an adjustable desktop stand for convenient iPhone/iPod touch positioning during recording.
- Has a bumper-friendly mini-jack connector that fits the majority of iPhone/iPod touch cases.
- Has an ultra-compact profile that can be carried anywhere with ease.
- Like other IK Multimedia microphones, it includes 2 free apps: iRig Recorder, an easy-to-use voice recording/editing app, and VocaLive, a multi-effects processing app for singers.
- Works with all regular phone calls and any Voice-Over-IP app.
- Is compatible with iPhone/iPod touch/iPad.
|IK Multimedia
|Dimensions (WxHxD)


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HSE – Gov Laminated Safety Glass Discussion on Wiki
Health and Safety Executive / Local Authorities Enforcement Liaison Committee (HELA)
Local Authority Circular
- Subject: Glass Safety
- Open Government Status: Open
- LAC Number: 34/1
- Keywords: Laminated Glass
- Revised: August 2000
- Review date: August 2005
To: Directors of Environmental Health/ Chief Environmental Health Officers of London, Metropolitan, District and Unitary Authorities and Chief Executives of County Councils.
For the attention of: Environmental Services / Trading Standards / Fire Authorities / Other
This circular gives advice to local authority enforcement officers
1 This circular alerts enforcement officers to the risk from the traditional methods of cutting laminated glass, using methylated spirits, and advises on more suitable methods.
2 Laminated glass is difficult to cut because of the plastic interlayer(s). The usual practice has been to cut both sides of a glass sheet precisely, pour methylated spirits into the crack and then to ignite. Whilst heating up the inter layer in this way allows the glass to be pulled apart easily, several people have been burned in recent years. Moreover, its is HSE's opinion that burning "meths" in this way constitutes a breach of the Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972, Regulation 15(1).
3 Several safer methods are available:
a) Special purpose laminated cutting tables. Both sides of the laminated glass are cut automatically, and simultaneously, and after moving the glass, a heater bar melts the inter layer. The glass is then parted manually. These devices cost between £10,000 and £60,000 (1990 prices) depending on whether extra tables are required, whether the plant is automated or not and the degree of flexibility.
b) Vertically-inclined saw frames, costing around £2,000 (1990 price). A small circular saw descends in the near-vertical frame, water-cooled, and cuts large sheets of glass in 15-20 minutes. This is a relatively new machine on the market, and is especially suited to thicker laminates with 2 plastic inter layers. On older models, modifications may be required to prevent water reaching the electrical components. c) A simple blowlamp or hot air blower. With a gentle flame, played carefully on the surface of the cut glass sheets, the inter layer can be melted without damaging the glass edges.
4 Although HSE has accepted the use of methylated spirits in the past, it is now considered reasonably practicable to use one of the alternative techniques
Information Here is sourced from a website that is no longer up and I wanted to fix the dead links and give access to the content. Contents were gathered from past records at the wayback machine web archive.. I put them here to keep the content alive.


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6 Reasons Why You Need to Plant Perennials…Like Now
If you've ever debated about whether perennial plants are right for your landscape, author Ben Falk is here to help. And, as a recent winner of an American Horticultural Society 2014 Book Award, you can be sure to trust his expert advice.
Falk's award winning book, The Resilient Farm and Homestead, offers readers the lessons he's learned about perennials on his Whole Systems Research Farm and explains the six reasons why gardeners and farmers should not overlook these permanent producers. One advantage, according to Falk, is their resilience to climate change. Perennial plants are able to both avoid and bounce back from climate stress like drought and flood. Want to know more? Read Falk's entire list of perennial plant benefits in the excerpt below.
For more guidance on growing perennials, take a behind-the-scenes look at how Paradise Lot authors, Eric Toensmeier and Jonathan Bates, transformed a desolate urban backyard into a permaculture paradise and go on a virtual tour of their garden to learn about four perennial vegetables that thrive in the shade.


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Dead body 'left on ambulance station floor' for an HOUR as paramedics wanted to go home
A DEAD body was left on an ambulance station floor for more than a hour after paramedics allegedly wanted to finish their shift on time and go home.
A whistle-blower claimed 32-year-old James Harrison should have been taken to a hospital mortuary but he was instead left on the ground next to some bins.
The insider said the body was left until the next team of paramedics arrived for the following shift and blasted the incident as "totally wrong".
The source said: "Standard practice would be for paramedics to transport the body to the mortuary.
"But on the day the body was left on the station floor next to the bins for more than an hour, which raises serious issues of dignity and decency.
"I have never experienced anything like this in my career, it was totally wrong."
It is claimed a 999 crew from Downham Market had responded to a call to collect Mr Harrison's body from outside Littleport fire station.
But the paramedics allegedly left his body at Ely Ambulance Station as they did not want to travel to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge.
It is claimed they were about to finish a night shift and wanted to leave on time.
An investigation has now been launched into the alleged incident by East of England Ambulance Service chiefs.
I have never experienced anything like this in my career, it was totally wrong
They said they would also be contacting Mr Harrison's family to keep them up to date with the progress of the probe.
The whistle-blower added: "When the day crew came in, about an hour later, they found the body there.
"I understand there have been statements taken but they [the ambulance service] haven't done anything about it yet."
Mr Harrison's body was found in the early hours of September 24 and a post mortem examination ruled there was no evidence of foul play.
Further tests are set to be carried out in a bid to establish how Mr Harrison died.
An inquest into his death has been opened and adjourned until January 14 by William Morris, senior coroner for North and East Cambridgeshire.
An East of England Ambulance Service spokesman said: "An incident last month involving the transportation of a deceased patient is under investigation and as such we cannot comment any further."


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September 15, 2010 10-722, PA 12311 SBA Disaster Loans Available in Maryland following Secretary of Agriculture Disaster Declaration
ATLANTA - The U.S. Small Business Administration announces today that federal economic injury disaster loans are available to small businesses, small agricultural cooperatives and most private non-profit organizations of all sizes in Allegany, Garrett and Washington counties in Maryland as a result of drought and excessive heat that began on April 1, 2010.
"These counties are eligible because they are contiguous to one or more primary counties in West Virginia. The Small Business Administration recognizes that disasters do not usually stop at county or state lines. For that reason, counties adjacent to primary counties named in the declaration are included," according to Frank Skaggs, director of SBA's Field Operations Center East.
"When the Secretary of Agriculture issues a disaster declaration to help farmers recover from damages and losses to crops, the Small Business Administration issues a declaration to assist eligible entities affected by the same disaster," Skaggs added.
Under this declaration, the SBA's Economic Injury Disaster Loan program is available to eligible farm-related and nonfarm-related entities that suffered financial losses as a direct result of this disaster.
Agricultural producers, farmers and ranchers are not eligible to apply to SBA, but nurseries are eligible to apply for economic injury disaster loans for losses caused by drought conditions.
The loan amount can be up to $2 million with a 3 percent interest rate for non-profit organizations, 4 percent for small businesses and terms up to 30 years. These working capital loans may be used to pay fixed debts, payroll, accounts payable, and other bills that could have been paid had the disaster not occurred. These loans are not intended to replace lost sales or profits. Eligibility for the program is based on the size of the applicant, type of activity and its financial resources. Loan amounts and terms are set by the SBA and are based on each applicant's financial condition.
Disaster loan information and application forms may be obtained by calling the SBA's Customer Service Center at 800-659-2955 (800-877-8339 for the hearing-impaired) Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. EDT or send an e-mail to email@example.com. Loan applications can be downloaded from the SBA's Web site at www.sba.gov/services/disasterassistance.Completed applications should be mailed to: U.S. Small Business Administration, Processing and Disbursement Center, 14925 Kingsport Road, Fort Worth, TX 76155.
Those affected by the disaster may apply for disaster loans from SBA's secure Web site at https://disasterloan.sba.gov/ela/.
Completed loan applications must be returned to SBA no later than May 31, 2011.


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ThemeForest OXY Multi-Purpose Responsive WooCommerce Theme 8470054
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 8, 2010
|Filing date
|May 30, 2006
|Priority date
|Apr 12, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi, Thomas Sun
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (4), Classifications (21), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/791,753 entitled "PILOT MODULATION ERROR RATE," filed on Apr. 12, 2006. The entirety of the above-referenced application is incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/361,085 entitled "EVALUATION OF TRANSMITTER PERFORMANCE," filed on Feb. 22, 2006 and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/361,088 entitled "MODULATION TYPE DETERMINATION FOR EVALUATION OF TRANSMITTER PERFORMANCE," filed on Feb. 22, 2006.
I. Field
The following description relates generally to wireless communications, and, amongst other things, to evaluation of transmitter performance.
II. Background
Wireless networking systems have become a prevalent means by which a majority of people worldwide has come to communicate. Wireless communication devices have become smaller and more powerful in order to meet consumer needs and to improve portability and convenience. Consumers have become dependent upon wireless communication devices such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the like, demanding reliable service and expanded areas of coverage.
A typical wireless communication network (e.g., employing frequency, time, and code division techniques) includes one or more base stations that provide a coverage area and one or more mobile (e.g., wireless) user devices that can transmit and receive data within the coverage area. A typical base station can simultaneously transmit multiple data streams for broadcast, multicast, and/or unicast services, wherein a data stream is a stream of data that can be of independent reception interest to a user device. A user device within the coverage area of that base station can be interested in receiving one, more than one or all the data streams carried by the composite stream. Likewise, a user device can transmit data to the base station or another user device.
Forward Link Only (FLO) technology has been developed by an industry group of wireless communication service providers to utilize the latest advances in system design to achieve the highest-quality performance. FLO technology is intended for a mobile multimedia environment and is suited for use with mobile user devices. FLO technology is designed to achieve high quality reception, both for real-time content streaming and other data services. FLO technology can provide robust mobile performance and high capacity without compromising power consumption. In addition, the technology reduces the network cost of delivering multimedia content by decreasing the number of base station transmitters that are needed to be deployed. Furthermore, FLO technology based multimedia multicasting is complimentary to the wireless operators' cellular network data and voice services, delivering content to the same mobile devices.
Base station transmitter performance is vital to the overall performance of a wireless system. Errors or noise in a signal generated by a transmitter can lead to loss or corruption of data between transmitter and receiver. In particular, in a wireless system utilizing FLO technology, which can utilize fewer transmitters, the performance of each transmitter is critical.
The following presents a simplified summary of one or more embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of such embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all embodiments nor delineate the scope of any or all embodiments. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
In accordance with one or more embodiments and corresponding disclosure thereof, various aspects are described in connection with monitoring transmitter performance in a wireless communication environment. A metric or metrics associated with one or more pilot symbols can be generated and used to evaluate performance. To generate pilot metrics, a signal analyzer can be used to sample the output of a transmitter and the sampled signal can be propagated to a processor. The processor can generate frequency domain channel estimates for subcarriers. Average channel estimates for the subcarriers can be used with the known pilot symbols to determine noise or error for each subcarrier, which can be used to generate the noise variance for each of the pilot symbols. A pilot modulation error metric can be generated based upon the average channel estimates and noise variance.
In an aspect, a method includes generating an average frequency domain channel estimate for each subcarrier over a unit of data of a transmitter signal, determining pilot symbol noise for each of the subcarriers associated with a pilot symbol based upon the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the subcarriers. The method then includes determining average noise variance for the pilot symbol based at least in part upon the pilot symbol noise for each of the subcarriers associated with the pilot symbol. The method includes generating a pilot modulation error ratio indicative of transmitter performance based at least in part upon the average noise variance for the pilot symbol and the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the subcarriers.
In another aspect, an apparatus includes a processor that generates a pilot modulation error ratio for a pilot symbol and a memory, coupled to the processor that stores information related to the pilot symbol. The processor generates an average frequency domain channel estimates for each of a plurality of subcarriers of a superframe of an RF signal and determines the noise variance for each pilot symbol within the superframe based at least in part upon the average frequency domain channel estimates. The pilot modulation error ratio for the pilot symbol is based at least in part upon the noise variance for the pilot symbol.
In yet another aspect, an apparatus includes means for generating an average frequency domain channel estimate for each of a plurality of subcarriers over a unit of data of a transmitter signal. The apparatus also includes means for determining pilot symbol noise for each of the subcarriers associated with a pilot symbol based upon the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the plurality of subcarriers and means for determining average noise variance for the pilot symbol based at least in part upon the pilot symbol noise for each of the subcarriers associated with the pilot symbol. In addition, the apparatus includes means for generating a pilot modulation error ratio indicative of transmitter performance based at least in part upon the average noise variance for the pilot symbol and the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the subcarriers.
In another aspect, a computer-readable medium includes a computer program that includes instructions for generating an average frequency domain channel estimate for each of a plurality of subcarriers for a unit of data of a transmitter signal and for determining pilot symbol noise for each of the subcarriers associated with a pilot symbol based upon the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the plurality of subcarriers. In addition, the computer program includes instructions for determining average noise variance for the pilot symbol based at least in part upon the pilot symbol noise for each of the subcarriers associated with the pilot symbol and generating a pilot modulation error ratio indicative of transmitter performance based at least in part upon the average noise variance for the pilot symbol and the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the plurality of subcarriers.
In yet another aspect, a processor executes instructions that include generating an average frequency domain channel estimate for each of a plurality of subcarriers over a unit of data of a transmitter signal and determining pilot symbol noise for each of the plurality of subcarriers associated with a pilot symbol based upon the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the plurality of subcarriers. The processor can also execute instructions for determining average noise variance for the pilot symbol based at least in part upon the pilot symbol noise for each of the plurality of subcarriers associated with the pilot symbol and generating a pilot modulation error ratio indicative of transmitter performance based at least in part upon the average noise variance for the pilot symbol and the average frequency domain channel estimate for each of the plurality of subcarriers.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more embodiments comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the one or more embodiments. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various embodiments may be employed and the described embodiments are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
Various embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may be evident, however, that such embodiment(s) may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing one or more embodiments.
As used in this application, the terms "component," "system," and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a communications device and the device can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Also, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal).
Furthermore, various embodiments are described herein in connection with a user device. A user device can also be called a system, a subscriber unit, subscriber station, mobile station, mobile device, remote station, access point, base station, remote terminal, access terminal, user terminal, terminal, user agent, or user equipment (UE). A user device can be a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a PDA, a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or other processing device connected to a wireless modem.
Moreover, various aspects or features described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques. The term "article of manufacture" as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computer readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips . . . ), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive . . . ).
The FLO wireless system has been designed to broadcast real time audio and video signals, as well as non-real time services. The FLO transmission is carried out utilizing tall, high power transmitters to ensure wide coverage in a given geographical area. It is common to deploy multiple transmitters in markets to ensure that the FLO signal reaches a significant portion of the population in a given market.
Typically, FLO technology utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Frequency division based techniques, such as OFDM, generally separate the frequency spectrum into distinct channels by splitting the frequency spectrum into uniform chunks of bandwidth. For example, the frequency spectrum or band allocated for wireless cellular telephone communication can be split into 30 channels, each of which can carry a voice conversation or, for digital service, digital data. Each channel can be assigned to only one user device or terminal at a time. OFDM effectively partitions the overall system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal frequency channels. An OFDM system may use time and/or frequency division multiplexing to achieve orthogonality among multiple data transmissions for multiple terminals. For example, different terminals may be allocated different channels, and the data transmission for each terminal may be sent on the channel(s) allocated to this terminal. By using disjoint or non-overlapping channels for different terminals, interference among multiple terminals may be avoided or reduced, and improved performance may be achieved.
Base station transmitter performance is vital to the overall performance of a wireless system, particularly a wireless system utilizing FLO technology. Therefore, a system and/or method for testing and evaluating transmitters should be accurate and cost-effective. Transmitters can be tested at the factory or before installation to qualify the transmitters for installation. In addition, transmitters can be tested or monitored after installation to ensure continued transmitter performance. The system and methods described herein can be used to evaluate transmitter performance in wireless environments including, but not limited to, a wireless environment broadcasting FLO, digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), DVB-H, DVB-T, DVB-S or DVB-S2 signals.
Referring now to
Processor component 106 can provide various types of user interfaces for display component 116. Processor component 106 can provide a graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface and the like. For example, a GUI can be rendered that provides a user with a region to view transmitter information. The region can comprise known text and/or graphic regions comprising dialogue boxes, static controls, drop-down-menus, list boxes, pop-up menus, as edit controls, combo boxes, radio buttons, check boxes, push buttons, and graphic boxes. In addition, utilities to facilitate the presentation such as vertical and/or horizontal scroll bars for navigation and toolbar buttons to determine whether a region will be viewable can be employed.
In an example, a command line interface can be employed. For example, the command line interface can prompt (e.g., by a text message on a display and an audio tone) the user for information by providing a text message or alert the user that the transmitter performance is outside of predetermined bounds. It is to be appreciated that the command line interface can be employed in connection with a GUI and/or application program interface (API). In addition, the command line interface can be employed in connection with hardware (e.g., video cards) and/or displays (e.g., black and white, and EGA) with limited graphic support, and/or low bandwidth communication channels.
In addition, the evaluation system 100 can generate an alert to notify users when transmitter performance is outside of a predetermined acceptable range. The alert can be audio, visual or any other form intended to notify a user of performance. Evaluation system 100 can include a predetermined set of values indicating the boundaries of the acceptable range. Alternatively, users may dynamically determine the boundaries. In addition, the evaluation system 100 can generate an alert based upon a change in transmitter performance.
To evaluate transmitter performance, the RF signal data produced by exciter 312 can be monitored prior to transmission to isolate transmitter errors. Possible sources of transmitter error or noise include up-sampling, digital to analog conversion and RF conversion. The signal data can be sampled at the output of the exciter and at the output of the channel filter, such that the RF signal can be sampled either before or after power amplification and filtering. If the signal is sampled after amplification, the signal should also be corrected for power amplification nonlinearity.
Referring now to
Proceeding to
Typically, each super frame consists of 200 OFDM symbols per MHz of allocated bandwidth (1200 symbols for 6 MHz), and each symbol can contain 7 interlaces of active subcarriers. For example, each symbol can include 4096 subcarriers, with 4000 subcarriers available for data. Each interlace of active subcarriers is uniformly distributed in frequency, so that it achieves the full frequency diversity within the available bandwidth. These interlaces are assigned to logical channels that vary in terms of duration and number of actual interlaces used. This provides flexibility in the time diversity achieved by any given data source. Lower data rate channels can be assigned fewer interlaces to improve time diversity, while higher data rate channels utilize more interlaces to minimize the radio's on-time and reduce power consumption.
The acquisition time for both low and high data rate channels is generally the same. Thus, frequency and time diversity can be maintained without compromising acquisition time. Most often, FLO logical channels are used to carry real-time (live streaming) content at variable rates to obtain statistical multiplexing gains possible with variable rate codecs (Compressor and Decompressor in one). Each logical channel can have different coding rates and modulation to support various reliability and quality of service requirements for different applications. The FLO multiplexing scheme enables device receivers to demodulate the content of the single logical channel it is interested in to minimize power consumption. Mobile devices can demodulate multiple logical channels concurrently to enable video and associated audio to be sent on different channels.
Referring now to
The transmitter evaluation system can generate one or more metrics to evaluate the performance of the transmitter. Metrics generated by processor include, but are not limited to, modulation error ratio (MER), pilot modulation error ratio, group delay or channel frequency response. In particular, MER measures the cumulative impact of flaws within the transmitter. MER for a subcarrier is equivalent to signal to noise ratio (SNR) for a subcarrier. MER can be generated using the following equation:
Here, I is the in phase value of the measured constellation point, Q is the quadrature value of the measured constellation point and N is the number of subcarriers. ΔI is the difference between the in phase values of the transmitted and measured signals and ΔQ is the difference between the quadrature values of the transmitted and measured signals.
A separate pilot MER metric can be determined for each of the four pilot symbols. A pilot MER for each of the pilot symbols can provide a single figure of merit for each pilot symbol. Computation or generation of a pilot MER is discussed in detail with respect to
Referring to
Referring now to
Y k =H k �P k +N k
Here, Hk, is the channel of a subcarrier, k. A known modulation symbol, Pk, can be transmitted on the subcarrier k. Complex additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with a zero mean and a variance of σ2 can be represented by Nk.
The possible modulation types for the subcarriers for data OFDM symbols can include, but are not limited to, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), layered QPSK with an energy ratio of 6.25 (ER6.25), 16 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) and layered QPSK with energy ratio of 4.0 (ER4). Subcarriers of pilot symbols are generally of QPSK modulation type. When analyzed based upon the constellation point of view, the layered QPSK modulation type with energy ratio 4.0 is identical to that of 16 QAM. Constellation point of view, as used herein, refers to utilization of constellation diagrams to represent digital modulation schemes in the complex plane. Modulation symbols can be represented as constellation points on a constellation diagram.
An initial frequency domain channel estimate for a subcarrier can be determined at 704. An initial channel estimate for each subcarrier can be obtained by dividing the signal, Yk, for subcarrier k, by a known symbol, Pk for subcarrier k. Selected symbols can be transmitted, such that the symbols are known for the purpose of performance evaluation. For example, during testing prior to installation, a particular pattern of symbols can be transmitted such that the symbol for each subcarrier is predictable and therefore known. Determination of modulation symbols when the transmitted modulation symbols are unknown is discussed in detail below. The initial frequency domain channel estimate for each subcarrier, k, of every OFDM symbol, l, within a superframe, can be represented as follows:
Here, Zk,l is an initial channel estimate for subcarrier k and OFDM symbol l.
An average channel estimate for each subcarrier can be determined at 706. The channel estimate Zk,l of a subcarrier can be refined by averaging over the entire superframe, such that:
Here, k is the OFDM symbol index and L is the number of the OFDM symbols in the superframe (e.g., 1188 symbols). Since the variance of the average channel estimate is smaller than the variance of the initial channel estimate, the variance of the average channel estimate can be used to approximate the channel gain of the subcarrier during metric generation.
At 708, one or more metrics for evaluating the transmitter performance are generated. For example, the MER for data symbols for a subcarrier k can be generated. Assuming that the transmitted OFDM data symbols are known, noise variance can be estimated by the following:
Here, Xk,m represents the transmitted symbol for subcarrier k. It can be shown that the in-phase and quadrature components of the noise, Wk, is approximately:
if random variable Bk is the estimated noise variance, such that:
The MER for a subcarrier can be determined based upon the average channel estimate for the subcarrier, the symbol transmitted on the subcarrier and the signal received for the subcarrier. A MER can be calculated based upon the following exemplary equation:
Here, Ĥk is the average channel estimate for subcarrier k, Pk is the symbol transmitted on the subcarrier, Yk is the received signal and Nk is the AWGN. In addition, MER can be calculated by averaging over all of the subcarriers.
In addition to MERs generated using OFDM data symbols, one or more pilot modulation error ratios or pilot MERs can be generated. A pilot MER is specific to one of the specific pilot symbols (e.g., TDM1, WIC, LIC and TDM2). Pilot MERs are distinct from OFDM data symbol MERs due to the difference between pilot symbols and data symbols. In addition, pilot symbols are identical over all superframes. Accordingly, the pilot symbols are known regardless of what data symbols are transmitted.
Referring now to
W k,l =Y k,l −Ĥ k �X k,l
Here, Wk,j is the noise or error for a subcarrier k, and l represents one of the four pilot symbols (e.g., TDM1, WIC, LIC and TDM2), such that l∈{0,1,2,3}. As discussed above, Yk,l is the received signal for subcarrier k and pilot symbol l, Ĥk is the average channel estimate for subcarrier k over the superframe and Xk,l represents the transmitted modulation symbol for subcarrier k of pilot symbol l. For the pilot symbols, the symbols are known. Consequently, the noise or error can be calculated.
At 804, noise can be determined for all inactive subcarriers of the pilot symbol. For inactive subcarriers, the noise can be determined using the following exemplary equation:
Here, because the subcarriers are not utilized for the pilot symbol, the received signal is just noise.
At 806, After the noise or error has been computed for each of the subcarriers of the pilot symbols, the average noise variance across all of the subcarriers can be generated for the pilot symbol using the following exemplary equation:
Here, Nl is the number of active subcarriers for OFDM symbol l. For example, for TDM1 Nl can be 124, for TDM2 Nl can be 2000 and for WIC and LIC Nl can be 500. The noise variance is summed for all subcarriers of the pilot symbol. The sum of the noise variance is divided by the number of subcarriers (e.g., 4,000) and a scaling factor Nl/L, where L is a constant. The scaling factor can be used to ensure that the pilot MER is comparable in scale to MERs generated using OFDM data symbols. Significantly fewer subcarriers are active for pilot symbols as compared to OFDM data symbols. The signal power for OFDM pilot symbols the same or similar to that of OFDM data symbols. To generate equivalent signal power with significantly fewer active subcarriers, the scale of active subcarriers for pilot symbols is much higher than that of data symbols. The scaling factor used to determine noise variance for the pilot symbol can be based upon the number of active subcarriers of the pilot symbol, ensuring that the noise variance is comparable to that of OFDM data symbols.
After calculation of noise variance, at 808 the pilot MER for one or more pilot symbols can be calculated. The following exemplary equation can be used to calculate MER for any of the pilot symbols, l:
Here again, Ĥk is the average channel estimate for subcarrier k, Xk,l is the known modulation symbol for subcarrier k of pilot symbol l and Bl is the noise variance for the pilot symbol l. Pilot MER can generated for each of the four pilot symbols (e.g., TDM1, WIC, LIC and TDM2).
Referring now to
At 910, the channel estimates are averaged over the superframe to increase accuracy. The average channel estimate can be determined using the coarse channel estimates, the channel estimates based upon the modulation symbols or both sets of channel estimates. One or more metrics for evaluating the transmitter based at least in part upon the channel estimates can be generated at 912. For example, the MER for each subcarrier can be determined based upon the channel estimates and the modulation symbol, as described in detail above. Additionally, a pilot MER for each pilot symbol can be generated.
Referring now to
In addition, since there is (2, 6) pattern staggering of pilot symbols for the OFDM symbols of a super frame, both the 500 pilots of the current OFDM symbol and the 500 pilots of the previous OFDM symbol can be used to obtain the frequency domain channel estimation. In such cases, the channel estimates of the pilot subcarriers are generated using the pilot symbols and the channel estimates of the rest of the subcarriers are obtained by linear interpolation or extrapolation.
Referring now to
Typically, the modulation type remains consistent during a half interlace. A half-interlace is used herein as an example of a subset of subcarriers that has a consistent modulation type. However, in the systems and methods discussed herein, subsets of subcarriers having a consistent modulation type are not limited to a half-interlace. In general the modulation type does not change within an interlace due to constraints in the FLO protocol. An interlace, as used herein is a set of subcarriers (e.g., 500 subcarriers). Consequently, a half-interlace is one half of an interlace (e.g., 250 subcarriers). However, for rate-⅔ layered modulation, the modulation type can be switched to QPSK within an interlace when operating in base-layer only mode. Even under these conditions the modulation type within each half-interlace remains constant. Therefore, the modulation type for each half-interlace can be determined using majority voting. To determine the modulation type for a half-interlace or any other subset of subcarriers having a consistent modulation type, the modulation symbol, and consequently the modulation type, can be determined for each subcarrier within the subset. A majority vote based on the modulation type corresponding to each subcarrier can be used to determine the modulation type for the subset. For example, for a half-interlace including 250 subcarriers, the modulation type for 198 of the subcarriers could be consistent with the QPSK modulation type and the modulation symbols for the remaining 52 subcarriers could be consistent with the 16 QAM modulation type. Since the majority of the subcarriers are detected as QPSK, QPSK would be selected as the modulation type for the half-interlace. The 52 subcarriers that were associated with the 16 QAM modulation type can be reevaluated and reassigned to QPSK modulation symbols based upon their location in the constellation diagram. Comparing the subcarrier modulation symbol to the modulation type for the half-interlace and reevaluating subcarrier modulation symbols as needed increases the accuracy of modulation symbol selection.
Referring now to
Referring now to
The closest modulation symbol constellation point for a modulation type can be determined by calculating the distance between the received signal constellation point and possible modulation symbol constellation points and selecting the modulation symbol constellation point corresponding to the minimum distance. Alternatively, the closest modulation symbol constellation points can be determined using regions. The closest modulation symbol constellation point for a particular modulation type can be determined by partitioning the constellation diagram into regions corresponding to the modulation symbols of the modulation type. Regions are defined such that every point in each region has the property that the distance of such a point to the constellation point of the region is less than or equal to the distance between such point to the constellation point of any other region. The modulation symbol corresponding to the region in which the received signal constellation point is located is selected as the closest modulation symbol constellation point for that particular modulation type.
At 1404, if the distance was not calculated above, the distance between the signal constellation point and each of the closest modulation symbol points is determined for each subcarrier in the subset of subcarriers. Whether the distance was calculated previously or at 1404, a distance value for each modulation type will be associated with each subcarrier. For example, if there are three possible modulation types, each subcarrier in the subset will have three distance values associated with it. Each of the distance values corresponds to one of the three possible modulation types. The distance value can be calculated as the minimum distance square between the closest modulation symbol constellation point for a modulation type and the signal constellation point.
At 1406, a metric is generated for each modulation type over the subset. The metric for a modulation type can be generated by summing the distance square values for each subcarrier in the subset for that modulation type. Alternatively, the metric for a modulation type can be generated by averaging the distance values for each subcarrier in the subset for that modulation type. At 1408, the modulation type can be selected based upon the generated metrics. For example, if the metric is generated by summing the distance square values for each subcarrier in the subset for a modulation type, the selected modulation type should correspond to the metric with the smallest value. Once the modulation type for the subset has been selected, modulation symbols corresponding to the closest modulation symbol points for the selected modulation type can be used as the modulation symbol for the subcarrier at 1410.
The transmitter evaluation systems and methods described herein should also include phase correction, intended to reduce or eliminate error or distortions caused by time frequency offsets. If phase correction is not performed, the channel estimate average can be inaccurate and consequently, the evaluation metrics may be incorrect. Typically, phase correction can be performed prior to the averaging of the channel estimates to correct for phase ramp due to frequency offsets.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Here Rn is the complex amplitude of the nth subcarrier and N is the total number of subcarriers. The frequency of the initial subcarrier is represented by ω0, ωs represents the subcarrier spacing and Δω is the frequency offset. A constant frequency offset will result in a linear phase change with time. A frequency offset that varies linearly with time will result in a parabolic phase change over time. Either a constant or linearly changing frequency offset results in a predictable phase change which can be corrected prior to averaging, as shown in
A linear phase change can be corrected using a first order phase correction algorithm by calculating the slope of phase change. For example, the phase change can be calculated as follows:
Here, Δφk+1=φk+1−φk is the phase change of the channel estimation between two adjacent OFDM symbols, φ0 is the phase of the initial channel estimation, L is the number of OFDM symbols and TOFDM is period.
A parabolic phase change can be corrected using a second order phase correction with a LS algorithm to determine the parameters, a, b and c, of the parabolic function. The estimated phase can be written as follows:
φest =a�t 2 +b�t+c
Here, t is time. The estimated phase can be used to correct the estimated channels prior to averaging.
However, the frequency offset is not necessarily constant or linearly varying. Consequently, the phase change is not necessarily linear or parabolic and predictable. One possible solution for correcting for a variable frequency offset includes separating the time duration into segments and then estimating the phase change for each segment. As a result, the estimated noise variance Bk in the MERk equation described with respect to
Here, N is the number of segments.
The noise term for each channel of each OFDM symbol derived from the received signal can be decomposed into two orthogonal dimensions: amplitude dimension and phase dimension. The noise term in the amplitude dimension can be considered additive white Gaussian noise. The noise term in the phase direction can be considered the sum of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the distortion that comes from the frequency offset. The distortion caused by the frequency offset should be eliminated. However, the component of AWGN in the phase dimension should be maintained.
As shown in the methodology 1600 illustrated in
In one extreme case, if the variance of the noise in the amplitude dimension is equal to that of the variance of the noise in the phase dimension, the maximum number of segments is equal to the number of OFDM symbols being processed. Consequently, the noise in the phase dimension will be eliminated as well as the distortion due to frequency offset. As a result, the true value of MER, which includes the noise in the phase dimension, will be equal to the value of the generated MER minus a constant (e.g., 3.01 dB).
It will be appreciated that, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein, inferences can be made regarding transmission formats, frequencies, etc. As used herein, the term to "infer" or "inference" refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources.
According to an example, one or more methods presented above can include making inferences regarding the number of segments to utilize for phase correction. Inferences can also be made regarding the type and number of metrics to generate to evaluate the transmitter. In addition, inferences can be made regarding the data and format to display to a user.
Modulator 1718 can multiplex a signal for transmission by transmitter 1720 through transmit antenna 1708 to user devices 1704. FLO channel component 1722 can append information to a signal related to an updated data stream for a given transmission stream for communication with user device 1704, which can be transmitted to user device 1704 to provide an indication that a new optimum channel has been identified and acknowledged.
Base station 1702 can also include a transmitter monitor 1724. Transmitter monitor 1724 can sample transmitter output and/or transmitter antenna output and evaluate the performance of transmitter 1720. Transmitter monitor 1724 can be coupled to processor 1714. Alternatively, transmitter monitor 1724 can include a separate processor for processing transmitter output. In addition, transmitter monitor 1724 may be independent of base station 1702.
Base station 1702 can additionally comprise memory 1716 that is operatively coupled to processor 1714 and that can store information related to constellation regions, modulation symbols and/or any other suitable information related to performing the various actions and functions set forth herein. It will be appreciated that the data store (e.g., memories) components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memory 1716 of the subject systems and methods is intended to comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory.
Referring now to
TMTR 1820 receives and converts the stream of symbols into one or more analog signals and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts) the analog signals to generate a downlink signal suitable for transmission over the wireless channel. The downlink signal is then transmitted through an antenna 1825 to the user devices. At user device 1830, an antenna 1835 receives the downlink signal and provides a received signal to a receiver unit (RCVR) 1840. Receiver unit 1840 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and frequency downconverts) the received signal and digitizes the conditioned signal to obtain samples. A symbol demodulator 1845 demodulates and provides received pilot symbols to a processor 1850 for channel estimation. Symbol demodulator 1845 further receives a frequency response estimate for the downlink from processor 1850, performs data demodulation on the received data symbols to obtain data symbol estimates (which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols), and provides the data symbol estimates to an RX data processor 1855, which demodulates (i.e., symbol demaps), deinterleaves, and decodes the data symbol estimates to recover the transmitted traffic data. The processing by symbol demodulator 1845 and RX data processor 1855 is complementary to the processing by symbol modulator 1815 and TX data processor 1810, respectively, at access point 1805.
On the uplink, a TX data processor 1860 processes traffic data and provides data symbols. A symbol modulator 1865 receives and multiplexes the data symbols with pilot symbols, performs modulation, and provides a stream of symbols. A transmitter unit 1870 then receives and processes the stream of symbols to generate an uplink signal, which is transmitted by the antenna 1835 to the access point 1805.
At access point 1805, the uplink signal from user device 1830 is received by the antenna 1825 and processed by a receiver unit 1875 to obtain samples. A symbol demodulator 1880 then processes the samples and provides received pilot symbols and data symbol estimates for the uplink. An RX data processor 1885 processes the data symbol estimates to recover the traffic data transmitted by user device 1830. A processor 1890 performs channel estimation for each active user device transmitting on the uplink. Multiple user devices may transmit pilot concurrently on the uplink on their respective assigned sets of pilot subcarriers, where the pilot subcarrier sets may be interlaced.
Processors 1890 and 1850 direct (e.g., control, coordinate, manage, etc.) operation at access point 1805 and user device 1830, respectively. Respective processors 1890 and 1850 can be associated with memory units (not shown) that store program codes and data. Processors 1890 and 1850 can utilize any of the methodologies described herein. Respective Processors 1890 and 1850 can also perform computations to derive frequency and impulse response estimates for the uplink and downlink, respectively.
For a software implementation, the techniques described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art.
Referring now to
What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
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Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
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Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KRISHNAMOORTHI, RAGHURAMAN;SUN, THOMAS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060815 TO 20060816;REEL/FRAME:018233/0201
|Nov 26, 2013
|Fee payment
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text:
About the Book
A collection of photographs of the unique landscape and wildlife while traveling around the island of Madagascar.
Features & Details
- Category Travel
Large Format Landscape, 13×11 in, 33×28 cm
188 Pages
- Publish Date Sep 17, 2013
- Language English
- Tags Tsingy de Bemaraha, Nosy Be, Madagascar, travel, Antananarivo, Andasibe, Anja, Ranomafana, Isalo, Baobab, Indri, Lemur, Gecko, Chameleon, Leaf-Tailed
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