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Those adventurous enough to drive the additional 200 miles from the south rim of The Grand Canyon, located in Northern Arizona, to the North Rim of the same Grand Canyon, are gifted with a trip back in time.
Located just ten miles as-the-crow-flies from the south rim's Grand Canyon National Park new Mather Point visitor center, the Northern side of the Grand Canyon takes us to what we would've experienced on the south rim if we were able to 100 years ago. Yes, we will still travel there in our modern cars and SUV's cooled by air conditioning, although once you arrive at the 8,000-foot elevation of Jacob Lake, you will no longer need the AC and may want to consider opening the window and partaking in some cool fresh air. We will drive through giant ponderosa, aspen groves, a vast burn reminiscent of an unmanaged forest fire, finally reaching the meadows and the buffalo herd frequently found there in.
Only one Ranger hut guarding the entrance, worked by Rangers that still walk up to the car window, instead of impersonally working a booth, happily take their time with you, knowing there will never be more than a few cars waiting.
There is enough parking for the vehicles that arrive, a few cabins located on the edge of the rim, plus a few more and a camping area located back in the pines. The majestic Main Lodge, grandiose in its design and view of the canyon whose edge it perches upon provides shelter and food to those seeking it. Outside of the lodge is where it is at! The reason for the season! The View into the Grand Canyon and across to the South Rim of the canyon. Most days, we can see the volcanic peaks of Humpries located just north of Flagstaff, AZ.
Most are content with the rural energy the developed area of the North Rim village provides; others need to level-up the adventure. These people jump into a 4×4 and travel out to the outer reaches of the park, there, at spots like Point Sublime and Timp point we generally have the view all to ourselves. The best sunset I've ever experienced was at Point Sublime! Shh, don't tell, just go and experience it.
The trails that go down below the rim of the Grand Canyon are another level of adventure. The trails descending from the North Rim are less maintained and less traveled, even the main artery, the North Kaibab Trail sees significantly less travel than its southern counterpart.
Although the North Rim sees a fraction of the visitors that the South Rim does, it is still a good idea to plan ahead. Both campsites and cabins are limited.
To plan your North Rim adventure, start here: https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/north-rim.htm
If you desire to disperse camp in the Kaibab National Forest outside of the park, here is a link with some valuable information: http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/kaibab/recreation/camping-cabins/recarea/?recid=11697&actid=34
Oh, I almost forgot, there is next to no cell phone reception on the north rim or in the northern Kaibab N.F. Just go with it, embrace the journey back in time and do what they did, look at the views, and smell the clean air. And if you are a parent, watch the awe in your children, it will appear, maybe not until day three, when they are used to looking up instead of into a device. It is worth it!
Enjoy the adventure!


text: Video News: United Kingdom Dual blasts kill at least 19 in Pakistan Charred vehicles with windows blown out are all that remains after a roadside bombing in Pakistan. The blast in the city of Quetta killed at least 10 people and wounded 35 others. (SOUNDBITE) (Urdu) SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE, MOHAMMAD JAFFER, SAYING: "It seems to be from an IED. We will investigate further and let you know. As you can see, this is a crowded area with a lot of traffic and people in the street. The blast took place on a roadside." A separate attack in Peshawar killed at least nine when a suicide bomber blew himself up in front of a police vehicle. Emergency responders brought the victims to a local hospital. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks. The blasts happened as the government tries to engage Pakistani Taliban militants in talks to reach a ceasefire and end years of violence. © DailyMotion - Friday, March 14, 2014

subset: commoncrawl


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DESCRIPTION: Lifestyle, Native, Sentiments
..RELEASED: 8/2/09, VERSION: 1.0 -- RATING: 4 Stars..
"iMotivation is a quick and easy way to get motivated again. If you're feeling down about something that's just happened, just launch iMotivation and read the quotes to get inspired again. Shake your iPod Touch or iPhone to get a new quote."
--OS and Age Rating: This app requires OS 3.0 or later. Rated 4+.
--Tip: iMotivation will definitely cheer your day.
--Languages: English
--Developer: Dot29
--More Cool, Fun, Tech-Savvy Stuff!--
--SMS Acronyms: LTR - Long Term Relationship
--Tech Jargon: distance learning - The method of obtaining training without being physically present during the class. Instead, you view the class on a computer screen or by satellite broadcast. For example, an engineer may use distance learning by computer to solve (by teleconference) a malfunction on a Pacific oil rig. Online courses, mostly in high schools, have proliferated despite debate about their effectiveness compared with F2F instruction. The number of times students enrolled in distance learning courses connected with public schools (using Internet, two-way video or other technologies) rose from about 317,000 in 2002-03 to more than 506,000 in 2004-05, the National Center for Education Statistics reported in June.


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Partner level: Solution partner
Established in 2004, SmartOSC is a premium, full service e-commerce agency for leading brands and e-tailers. The company offers a complete solution including a customizable technological platform, innovative interface design, and international e-marketing. SmartOSC acts as a partner to help brands succeed and achieve their goal.
Offices in: Hanoi


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services The Inn At Honey Run Millersburg is offering 39 comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Millersburg. Billiard opportunities will also be available nearby to help you spend your leisure time actively. For meetings and nice evening chats the local bar will provide an ideal location. The exact list of services available at The Inn At Honey Run Millersburg (including those for an extra fee) and the exact list of equipment in a room can be found on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 16:00, the latest time to check out of your room is 11:00. The personnel is at your service in English.
The Inn At Honey Run Millersburg rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Garden, Bar, Elevator
Bathrobe, Hairdryer, Tea/coffee-maker


text:
MyEssayWriting.com - Essay Writing Services.
Strategies for Teaching Differently
Evidence shows that lecturing for a full class period or using worksheets as a time filler just won't do it. Here is the help you need to create a meaningful classroom environment that stimulates, rather than discourages, active learning and participation. Teach your students how to accumulate real knowledge, develop principles, and build skills — not just memorize facts.
This practical, step-by-step teaching approach is based on the latest research on learning and multiple intelligences. Ensure that what you teach isn't going in one ear and out the other, but is committed to students' long-term memory. Change to interactive thinking activities — and increase your students' success.
Here are the keys to transforming your classroom from teacher focused to student focused. Change your mission from students getting the lesson to students learning how to learn. Move your emphasis from filling the time to showing students how to construct knowledge.
Find out how to
Cross fingers this is my first pdf! I have many similar books which I can scan and upload in the future. What rests is to find the necessary software to OCR them, as well!


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1300 flights canceled in Dallas/Fort Worth
Snow and Ice Storm slow down Dallas Airport and delay flights
Disaster Relief In The Philippines
TACLOBAN, Philippines (AP) - More than $270 million in foreign aid has been donated to help the...
< Chinese Writer Wins Nobel Prize
Oct 11, 2012 06:30
Category: General News
Category: General News
Biden/Ryan Debate Tonight
DANVILLE, Ky. (AP) — Vice President Joe Biden has a specific mission for tonight's debate with Republican Paul Ryan. It's to try to blunt the momentum gained by Mitt Romney after his first debate with President Barack Obama. Tonight's debate is the only one between the vice presidential candidates.


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Resource Desk Representative/Adoption Counselor
Resource Desk Volunteers are responsible for greeting members of the public as they enter the Shelter, providing information about the Shelter and its programs, accepting donations and giving tours to the public.
Adoption Counselors do everything that Resource Desk Volunteers do, but in addition work with potential adopters to match them with adoptable animals, take calls from the public about available animals, interview potential adopters and assist with applications. Both positions help with copying, paperwork, filing and other administrative tasks as needed.
Shifts are available during the Shelter's open hours. Resource Desk Volunteers and Adoption Counselors must be 18 years old or older and able to commit to at least one 2 hour shift per week.
To become a Resource Desk Representative or Adoption Counselor, click here to fill out and submit the volunteer application online. Due to the holidays, new volunteer applicants will be contacted after January 1, 2017 to get started with training. If you don't hear anything before then, don't worry!


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 19, 1999
|Filing date
|Mar 7, 1997
|Priority date
|May 31, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James J. Childress
|Original Assignee
|The Boeing Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (52), Classifications (59), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/658,927 filed May 31, 1996.
The present invention relates to a method for bonding or otherwise connecting two or more composite elements with bonds having Z-pin reinforcement and to products made using the method.
The use of composites in primary structure in aerospace applications is limited today because of the relatively high cost. A significant contribution to the total cost is the assembly cost where the precured composite elements are assembled, drilled, and fastened. The necessary design for mechanical fastening complicates the structure, especially in thin sections, because of the need for access to both sides of the bond line.
While composites might be adhesively bonded, cocured, or welded, these connecting processes generally produce bonds that rely upon the resin matrix for strength. The bond line lacks any reinforcing material to help with load transfer. These bonds generally have modest strength, and are susceptible to disbonding with shock impact or other "out of plane" forces affecting the assembly. Such forces often arise in environments prone to vibration. The present invention is a method to introduce Z-pin reinforcement along the bond line especially in fastenerless composite assemblies.
1. Composite Manufacturing
Fiber-reinforced organic resin matrix composites have a high strength-to-weight ratio (specific strength) or a high stiffness-to-weight ratio (specific stiffness) and desirable fatigue characteristics that make them attractive as replacements for metal in aerospace applications where weight, strength, or fatigue is critical. Thermoplastic or thermoset organic resin composites, would be more economical with improved manufacturing processes that reduced touch labor and forming time.
Prepregs combine continuous, woven, or chopped reinforcing fibers with an uncured matrix resin, and usually comprise fiber sheets with a thin film of the matrix. Sheets of prepreg generally are placed (laid-up) by hand or with fiber placement machines directly upon a tool or die having a forming surface contoured to the desired shape of the completed part or are laid-up in a flat sheet which is then draped and formed over the tool or die to the contour of the tool. Then the resin in the prepreg lay up is consolidated (i.e. pressed to remove any air, gas, or vapor) and cured (i.e., chemically converted to its final form usually through chain-extension or fused into a single piece) in a vacuum bag process in an autoclave (i.e., a pressure oven) to complete the part.
The tools or dies for composite processing typically are formed to close dimensional tolerances. They are massive, must be heated along with the workpiece, and must be cooled prior to removing the completed part. The delay caused to heat and to cool the mass of the tools adds substantially to the overall time necessary to fabricate each part. These delays are especially significant when the manufacturing run is low rate where the dies need to be changed frequently, often after producing only a few parts of each kind. An autoclave has similar limitations; it is a batch operation.
In hot press forming, the prepreg is laid-up to create a preform, which is bagged (if necessary) and placed between matched metal tools that include forming surfaces to define the internal, external, or both mold lines of the completed part. The tools and composite preform are placed within a press and then the tools, press, and preform are heated.
The tooling in autoclave or hot press fabrication is a significant heat sink that consumes substantial energy. Furthermore, the tooling takes significant time to heat the composite material to its consolidation temperature and, after curing the composite, to cool to a temperature at which it is safe to remove the finished composite part.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,717 a flat composite prepreg panel was sandwiched between two metal sheets made from a superplastically formable alloy and was formed against a die having a surface precisely contoured to the final shape of the part.
Attempts have been made to reduce composite fabrication times by actively cooling the tools after forming the composite part. These attempts have shortened the time necessary to produce a composite part, but actively cooled tools are expensive and the cycle time for heating and cooling remains so fabrication costs remain high.
Boeing described a process for organic matrix forming and consolidation using induction heating in U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,227. There, prepregs were laid up in a flat sheet and were sandwiched between aluminum susceptor facesheets. The facesheets were susceptible to heating by induction and formed a retort to enclose the prepreg preform. To ensure an inert atmosphere around the composite during curing and to permit withdrawing volatiles and outgassing from around the composite during the consolidation, the facesheets are sealed around their periphery. Such welding unduly increased the preparation time and the cost for part fabrication. It also ruined the facesheets (i.e., prohibited their reuse which added a significant cost penalty to each part fabricated with this approach). So, Boeing described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,472 a technique that readily and reliably sealed the retort without the need for welding and permits reuse of the facesheets in certain circumstances. This "bag-and-seal" technique applies to both resin composite and metal processing.
2. Processing in an Induction Press
Boeing dies or tooling for induction processing are ceramic because a ceramic is not susceptible to induction heating and, preferably, is a thermal insulator (i.e., a relatively poor conductor of heat). Ceramic tooling is strengthened and reinforced internally with fiberglass rods or other appropriate reinforcements and externally with metal or other durable strongbacks to permit it to withstand the temperatures and pressures necessary to form, to consolidate, or otherwise to process the composite materials or metals. Ceramic tools cost less to fabricate than metal tools of comparable size and have less thermal mass than metal tooling because they are unaffected by the induction field. Because the ceramic tooling is not susceptible to induction heating, it is possible to embed induction heating elements in the ceramic tooling and to heat the composite or metal retort without significantly heating the tools. Thus, induction heating can reduce the time required and energy consumed to fabricate a part.
While graphite or boron fibers can be heated directly by induction, most organic matrix composites require a susceptor in or adjacent to the composite material preform to achieve the necessary heating for consolidation or forming. The susceptor is heated inductively and transfers its heat principally through conduction to the preform or workpiece that usually is sealed within the susceptor retort. Enclosed in the metal retort, the workpiece does not experience the oscillating magnetic field which instead is absorbed in the retort sheets. Heating is by conduction from the retort to the workpiece.
Induction focuses heating on the retort (and workpiece) and eliminates wasteful, inefficient heat sinks. Because the ceramic tools in the Boeing induction heating workcell do not heat to as high a temperature as the metal tooling of conventional, prior art presses, problems caused by different coefficients of thermal expansion between the tools and the workpiece are reduced. Furthermore, Boeing's induction heating press is energy efficient because significantly higher percentages of input energy go to heating the workpiece than occurs with conventional presses. The reduced thermal mass and ability to focus the heating energy permits us to change the operating temperature rapidly which improves the products we produce. Finally, the shop environment is not heated as significantly from the radiation of the large thermal mass of a conventional press, and is a safer and more pleasant environment for the press operators.
In induction heating for consolidating or forming organic matrix composite materials, Boeing generally places a thermoplastic organic matrix composite preform of PEEK or ULTEM, for example, within the retort. These thermoplastics have a low concentration of residual volatile solvents and are easy to use. The susceptor facesheets of the retort are inductively heated to heat the preform. They apply consolidation and forming pressure to consolidate and, if applicable, to form the preform at its curing temperature. The sealed susceptor sheets form a pressure zone that functions like a conventional vacuum bag processes for resin consolidation. The retort is placed in an induction heating press on the forming surfaces of dies having the desired shape of the molded composite part. After the retort and preform are inductively heated to the desired elevated temperature, differential pressure (while maintaining the vacuum in the pressure zone around the preform) across the retort which functions as a diaphragm in the press forms the preform against the die into the desired shape of the completed composite panel.
The retort often includes three susceptor sheets sealed around their periphery to define two pressure zones. The first pressure zone surrounds the composite panel/preform or metal workpiece and is evacuated and maintained under vacuum. The second pressure zone is pressurized (i.e., flooded with gas) at the appropriate time to help form the composite panel or workpiece. The shared wall of the three layer sandwich that defines the two pressure zones acts as the diaphragm in this situation.
Boeing can perform a wide range of manufacturing operations in its induction heating press. These operations have optimum operating temperatures ranging from about 350� F. (175� C.) to at least about 1850� F. (1010� C.). For each operation, the temperature is held relatively constant for several minutes to several hours. Controlling the input power fed to the induction coil provides temperature control, but a better and simpler way capitalizes on the Curie temperature. By judicious selection of the metal or alloy in the retort's susceptor facesheets, we can avoid excessive heating irrespective of the input power. With improved control and improved temperature uniformity in the workpiece, we produce better products. The method capitalizes on the Curie temperature phenomenon to control the absolute temperature of the workpiece and to obtain substantial thermal uniformity in the workpiece by matching the Curie temperature of the susceptor to the desired temperature of the induction heating operation being performed. This temperature control method is explained in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,849.
3. Thermoplastic Welding
Three major joining technologies exist for aerospace composite structure: mechanical fastening; adhesive bonding; and welding. Both mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding are costly, time consuming assembly steps that introduce excess cost even if the parts that are assembled are fabricated from components produced by an emerging, cost efficient process. Mechanical fastening requires expensive hole locating, drilling, shimming, and fastener installation, while adhesive bonding often requires complicated surface pretreatments.
In contrast, thermoplastic welding, which eliminates fasteners, features the ability to join thermoplastic composite components at high speeds with minimum touch labor and little, if any, pretreatments. In our experience, the welding interlayer (compromising the susceptor and surrounding thermoplastic resin either coating the susceptor or sandwiching it) also can simultaneously take the place of shims required in mechanical fastening. As such, composite welding holds promise to be an affordable joining process. For "welding" a combination of thermoplastic and thermoset composite parts together, the resin that the susceptor melts functions as a hot melt adhesive. If fully realized, thermoplastic-thermoset bonding will further reduce the cost of composite assembly.
There is a large stake in developing a successful welding process. Its advantages versus traditional composite joining methods are:
reduced parts count versus fasteners
minimal surface preparation, in most cases a simple solvent wipe to remove surface contaminants
indefinite shelf life at room temperature
short process cycle time, typically measured in minutes
enhanced joint performance, especially hot/wet and fatigue
permits rapid field repair of composites or other structures.
There is little or no loss of bond strength after prolonged exposure to environmental influences.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,450 describes a method to spot weld graphite fiber reinforced PEEK composites using a pair of electrodes After roughening the surfaces of the prefabricated PEEK composites in the region of the bond, Burke placed a PEEK adhesive ply along the bond line, applied a pressure of about 50-100 psi through the electrodes, and heated the embedded graphite fibers by applying a voltage in the range of 20-40 volts at 30-40 amps for approximately 5-10 seconds with the electrodes. Access to both sides of the assembly is required in this process which limits its application.
Prior art disclosing thermoplastic welding with induction heating is illustrated by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,966,402 and 4,120,712. In these patents, conventional metallic susceptors are used and have a regular pattern of openings of traditional manufacture. Achieving a uniform, controllable temperature in the bond line, which is crucial to preparing a thermoplastic weld of adequate integrity to permit use of welding in aerospace primary structure, is difficult with conventional susceptors.
Thermoplastic welding is a process for forming a fusion bond between two faying thermoplastic faces of two parts. A fusion bond is created when the thermoplastic on the surface of the two thermoplastic composite parts is heated to the melting or softening point and the two surfaces are brought into contact, so that the molten thermoplastic mixes, and the surfaces are held in contact while the thermoplastic cools below the softening temperature.
Simple as thermoplastic welding sounds, it is difficult to perform reliably and repeatably in a real factory on full-scale parts to build a large structure such as an airplane wing box. One difficulty is heating to the bond line properly without overheating the entire structure. It is difficult to achieve intimate contact of the faying surfaces of the two parts at the bond line during heating and cooling despite the normal imperfections in the flatness of composite parts, thermal expansion of the thermoplastic during heating to the softening or melting temperature, flow of the thermoplastic out of the bond line under pressure (i.e., squeeze out), and then contraction of the thermoplastic in the bond line during cooling.
The exponential decay of the strength of magnetic fields dictates that, in induction welding processes, the susceptible structure closest to the induction coil will be the hottest, since it experiences the strongest field. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain adequate heating at the bond line between two graphite or carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites relying on the susceptibility of the fibers alone as the source of heating in the assembly. For the inner plies to be hot enough to melt the resin, the outer plies closer to the induction coil and in the stronger magnetic field are too hot. The matrix resin in the entire piece of composite melts. The overheating results in porosity in the product, delamination, and, in some cases, destruction or denaturing of the resin. To avoid overheating of the outer plies and to insure adequate heating of the inner plies, we use a susceptor of significantly higher conductivity than the fibers to peak the heating selectively at the bond line. An electromagnetic induction coil heats a susceptor to melt and cure a thermoplastic resin (also sometimes referred to as an adhesive) to bond the elements of the assembly together.
The current density in the susceptor may be higher at the edges of the susceptor than in the center because of the nonlinearity of the coil, such as occurs when using a cup core induction coil like that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,037. Overheating the edges of the assembly can result in underheating the center, either condition leading to inferior welds because of non-uniform curing. It is necessary to have an open or mesh pattern in the susceptor embedded at the bond line to allow the resin to create the fusion bond between the composite elements of the assembly when the resin heats and melts.
a. Moving Coil Welding Processes
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,511, Boeing described a tailored susceptor for approaching the desired temperature uniformity. This susceptor, designed for use with the cup coil of U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,037, relied upon carefully controlling the geometry of openings in the susceptor (both their orientation and their spacing) to distribute the heat evenly. The susceptor used a regular array of anisotropic, diamond shaped openings with a ratio of the length (L) to the width (W) greater than 1 to provide a superior weld by producing a more uniform temperature than obtainable using a susceptor having a similar array, but one where the L/W ratio was one. By changing the length to width ratio (the aspect ratio) of the diamond-shaped openings in the susceptor, they achieved a large difference in the longitudinal and transverse conductivity in the susceptor, and, thereby, tailored the current density within the susceptor. A tailored susceptor having openings with a length (L) to width (W) ratio of 2:1 has a longitudinal conductivity about four times the transverse conductivity. In addition to tailoring the shape of the openings to tailor the susceptor, we altered the current density in regions near the edges by increasing the foil density (i.e., the absolute amount of metal). Increasing the foil density along the edge of the susceptor increased the conductivity along the edge and reduced the current density and the edge heating. Increased foil density was achieved by folding the susceptor to form edge strips of double thickness or by compressing openings near the edge of an otherwise uniform susceptor. These susceptors were difficult to reproduce reliably. Also, their use forced careful placement and alignment to achieve the desired effect.
The tailored susceptor was designed to use with the cup coil of U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,037, where the magnetic field is strongest near the edges because the central pole creates a null at the center. Therefore, the tailored susceptor was designed to counter the higher field at the edges by accommodating the induced current near the edges. The high longitudinal conductivity encouraged induced currents to flow longitudinally.
Boeing's selvaged susceptor (FIGS. 13 & 14) for thermoplastic welding which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,496 controls the current density pattern during eddy current heating by an induction coil to provide substantially uniform heating to a composite assembly and to insure the strength and integrity of the weld in the completed part. This susceptor is particularly desirable for welding ribs between prior welded spars using an asymmetric induction coil (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,220, which I incorporate by reference). It provides a controllable area of intense, uniform heating, a trailing region with essentially no heating, and a leading region with minor preheating.
Boeing achieved better performance (i.e., more uniform heating) in rib welding by using a selvaged susceptor having edge strips without openings. The resulting susceptor, then, has a center portion with a regular pattern of opening and solid foil edges, which are referred to as selvage edge strips. Embedded in a thermoplastic resin to make a susceptor/resin tape, the susceptor is easy to handle and to use in performing the composite pieces prior to welding. Also, with a selvaged susceptor, the impedance of the central portion should be anisotropic with a lower transverse impedance than the longitudinal impedance. Here, the L/W ratio of diamond shaped openings should be less than or equal to one. With the selvaged susceptor in the region immediately under the asymmetric induction work coil, current flows across the susceptor to the edges where the current density is lowest and the conductivity, highest.
Generally, the selvaged susceptor is somewhat wider than normal so that the selvage edge strips are not in the bond line. Boeing sometimes removes the selvage edge strips after forming the weld, leaving only a perforated susceptor foil in the weld. This foil has a relatively high open area fraction.
Significant effort has been expended in developing inductor and susceptor systems to optimize the heating of the bond line. A difficulty in producing large scale aerospace-quality structures in a production environment is the aspect of the process dealing with the control of the surface contact of the faying surfaces of the two parts to be welded together. This problem involves the timing, intensity, and schedule of heat application so the material at the faying surfaces is brought to and maintained within the proper temperature range for the requisite amount of time for an adequate bond to form. Intimate contact is maintained while the melted or softened material hardens in its bonded condition.
Large scale parts such as wing spars and ribs, and the wing skins that are bonded to the spars and ribs, are typically on the order of 20-30 feet long at present, and potentially can be as much as 100 feet in length when the process is perfected for commercial transport aircraft. Parts of this magnitude are difficult to produce with perfect flatness. Instead, the typical part will have various combinations of surface deviations from perfect flatness, including large scale waviness in the direction of the major length dimension, twist about the longitudinal axis, dishing or sagging of "I" beam flanges, and small scale surface defects such as asperities and depressions. These irregularities interfere with full surface area contact between the faying surfaces of the two parts and actually result in surface contact only at a few "high points" across the intended bond line. Applying pressure to the parts to force the faying surfaces into contact achieves additional surface contact, but full intimate contact is difficult or impossible to achieve in this way. Applying heat to the interface by electrically heating the susceptor in connection with pressure on the parts tends to flatten the irregularities further. Still, the time needed to achieve full intimate contact with the use of heat and pressure is excessive, can result in deformation of the top part, and tends to raise the overall temperature of the "I" beam flanges to the softening point. When softened, they begin to yield or sag under the application of the pressure needed to achieve a good bond.
Boeing's multipass thermoplastic welding process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,684 (which I also incorporate by reference) enables a moving coil welding process to produce continuous or nearly continuous fusion bonds over the full area of the bond line. The result is high strength welds that we produce reliably, repeatably, and with consistent quality. This multipass welding process produces improved low cost, high strength composite assemblies of large scale parts fusion bonded together with consistent quality. It uses a schedule of heat application that maintains the overall temperature of the structure within the limit in which it retains its high strength. Therefore, it does not require internal tooling to support the structure against sagging which otherwise could occur when the bond line is heated above the high strength temperature limit. The process also produces nearly complete bond line area fusion on standard production composite material parts having the usual surface imperfections and deviations from perfect flatness. The multipass welding process eliminates fasteners and the expense of drilling holes, inspecting the holes and the fasteners, inspecting the fasteners after installation, sealing between the parts and around the fastener and the holes; reduces mismatch of materials; and eliminates arcing from the fasteners.
In the multipass process, an induction heating work coil is passed multiple times over a bond line while applying pressure in the region of the coil to the components to be welded, and maintaining the pressure until the resin hardens. The resin at the bond line is heated to the softening or melting temperature with each pass of the induction work coil. Pressure is exerted to flow the softened/melted resin in the bond line and to reduce the thickness of the bond line. The pressure improves the intimacy of the faying surface contact with each pass to improve continuity of the bond. The total time at the softened or melted condition of the thermoplastic in the faying surfaces is sufficient to attain deep interdiffusion of the polymer chains in the materials of the two faying surfaces throughout the entire length and area of the bond line. The process produces a bond line of improved strength and integrity in the completed part. The total time of the faying surfaces at the melting temperature is divided into separate time segments which allows time for the heat in the interface to dissipate without raising the temperature of the entire structure to the degree at which it loses its strength and begins to sag. The desired shape and size of the final assembly is maintained.
A structural susceptor allows us to include fiber reinforcement within the weld resin to alleviate residual tensile strain otherwise present in an unreinforced weld. The susceptor includes alternating layers of thin film thermoplastic resin sheets and fiber reinforcement (usually woven fiberglass fiber) sandwiching the conventional metal susceptor that is embedded in the resin. While the number of total plies in this structural susceptor is usually not critical, we prefer to use at least two plies of fiber reinforcement on each side of the susceptor. This structural susceptor is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,191, which I incorporate by reference.
The structural susceptor permits gap filling between the welded composite laminates which tailors the thickness (number of plies) in the structural susceptor to fill the gaps, thereby eliminating costly profilometry of the faying surfaces and the inherent associated problem of resin depletion at the faying surfaces caused by machining the surfaces to have complementary contours. Standard manufacturing tolerances produce gaps as large as 0.120 inch, which are too wide to create a quality weld using the conventional susceptors.
It is easy to tailor the thickness of the structural susceptor to match the measured gap by scoring through the appropriate number of plies of resin and fiber reinforcement and peeling them off. In doing so, a resin rich layer will be on both faying surfaces and this layer should insure better performance from the weld.
b. Fixed Coil Induction Welding
Thermoplastic welding using Boeing's induction heating workcell differs from the moving coil processes because of the coil design and resulting magnetic field. The fixed coil workcell promises welding at faster cycle times than the moving coil processes because it can heat multiple susceptors simultaneously. The fixed coil can reduce operations to minutes where the moving coil takes hours. The keys to the process, however, are achieving controllable temperatures at the bond line in a reliable and reproducible process that assure quality welds of high bond strength. The fixed coil induces currents to flow in the susceptor differently from the moving coils and covers a larger area. Nevertheless, proper processing parameters permit welding with a fixed coil induction heating workcell using a susceptor at the bond line.
Another advantage with the fixed coil process is that welding can occur using the same tooling and processing equipment that we use to consolidate the skin, thereby greatly reducing tooling costs. Finally, the fixed coil heats the entire bond line at one time to eliminate the need for shims that are currently used with the moving coil. We can control the temperature and protect against overheating by using "smart" susceptors as a retort or as the bond line susceptor material or both.
The need for a susceptor in the bond line poses many obstacles to the preparation of quality parts. The metal which is used because of its high susceptibility differs markedly in physical properties from the resin or fiber reinforcement so dealing with it becomes a significant issue. The reinforced susceptor of U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,309 (which I also incorporate by reference) overcomes problems with conventional susceptors by including the delicate metal foils (0.10-0.20 inch wide�0.005-0.010 inch thick; preferably 0.10-0.007 inch) in tandem with the warp fibers of the woven reinforcement fabric. The foil is always on the remote side of the fabric because it is between the warp thread and the weave threads. This arrangement holds the foils in place longitudinally in the fabric in electrical isolation from each other yet substantially covering the entire width of the weld surface while still having adequate space for the flow and fusion of the thermoplastic resin. Furthermore, in the bond line, the resin can contact, wet, and bond with the reinforcing fiber rather than being presented with the resinphilic metal of the conventional systems. There will be a resin-fiber interface with only short runs of a resin-metal interface. The short runs are the length of the diameter of two weave fibers plus the spatial gap between the weave fibers, which is quite small. Thus, the metal is shielded within the fabric and a better bond results. In this woven arrangement to foil can assume readily the contour of the reinforcement. Finally, the arrangement permits efficient heat transfer from the foil to the resin in the spatial region where the bond will focus.
I improve the strength and durability of adhesive bonds or thermoplastic welds connecting composite structure by adding Z-pin mechanical reinforcement to the bond line.
4. Z-Pin Reinforcement
First, some general discussion about the benefits of Z-pins in composite assemblies.
Composite sandwich structures having resin matrix skins or facesheets adhered to a honeycomb or foam core are used in aerospace, automotive, and marine applications for primary and secondary structure. The facesheets typically are reinforced organic matrix resin composites, made from fiberglass, carbon, ceramic, or graphite fibers reinforcing a thermosetting or thermoplastic matrix resin. The facesheets carry the applied loads, and the core transfers the load from one face sheet to the other or absorbs a portion of the applied load. In either case, it is important that all layers of the structure remain rigidly connected to one another. Noise suppression sandwich structure or sandwich structures for other applications are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,861, which I also incorporate by reference.
Keeping the facesheets adhered to the foam is problematic. For simplicity, I refer to a foam core sandwich structure as an example. The most common source of delamination stems from a relatively weak adhesive bond that forms between the facesheets and the foam core. That is, pulloff strength of the facesheets in shear is low. Efforts to strengthen the bond have generally focused on improving the adhesive, but those efforts have had limited success.
Delamination can arise from differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the different material layers. As a result, as temperatures oscillate, the facesheet or foam may expand or contract more quickly than its adjoining layer. In addition to causing layer separation, CTE differences can significantly distort the shape of a structure, making it difficult to maintain overall dimensional stability. Conventional sandwich structure optimizes the thickness of a structure to meet the weight and/or space limitations of its proposed application. Sandwich structures are desirable because they are usually lighter than solid metal or composite counterparts, but they may be undesirable if they must be larger or thicker to achieve the same structural performance. Providing pass-throughs (i.e., holes), which is relatively easy in a solid metal structure by simply cutting holes in the desired locations, is more difficult in a composite sandwich structure because holes may significantly reduce the load carrying capability of the overall structure.
Foster-Miller has been active in basic Z-pin research. U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,776 describes a technique for placing Z-pins in composite laminates involves heating and softening the laminates with ultrasonic energy with a pin insertion tool which penetrates the laminate, moving fibers in the laminate aside. The pins are inserted either when the insertion tool is withdrawn or through a barrel in the tool prior to its being withdrawn. Cooling yields a pin-reinforced composite. U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,461 describes a structure for localized reinforcement of composite structure including a body of thermally decomposable material that has substantially opposed surfaces, a plurality of Z-pin reinforcing elements captured in the body and arranged generally perpendicular to one body surface. A pressure plate (i.e., a caul plate) on the other opposed body surface drives the Z-pins into the composite structure at the same time the body is heated under pressure and decomposes. I incorporate U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,808,461 and 5,186,776 by reference.
A need exists for a method to form a sandwich structure that (1) resists distortion and separation between layers, in particular, separation of the facesheets from the core; (2) maintains high structural integrity; (3) resists crack propagation; and (4) easily accommodates the removal of portions of core, as required by specific applications. The method should allow the structure to be easily manufactured and formed into a variety of shapes. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/582,297 (which I incorporate by reference), I described such a method of forming a pin-reinforced foam core sandwich structure. Facesheets of uncured fiber-reinforced resin (i.e., prepreg or B-stage thermoset) are placed on opposite sides of a foam core. The core has at least one compressible sublayer and contains a plurality of Z-pins spanning the foam between the facesheets. Z-pins are driven into the facesheets during autoclave curing of the face sheet resin when a compressible sublayer is crushed and the back pressure applied through the caul plate or other suitable means drives the Z-pins into one or both of the facesheets to form a pin-reinforced foam core sandwich structure. By removing some of the foam core by dissolving, eroding, melting, drilling, or the like to leave a gap between the facesheets, I produce my corresponding column core structure.
The foam core generally is itself a sandwich that includes a high density foam sublayer, and at least one low density, compressible or crushable foam sublayer. The preferred arrangement includes a first and second low density foam sublayer sandwiching the high density sublayer. The Z-pins are placed throughout the foam core in a regular array normal to the surface or slightly off-normal at an areal density of about 0.375 to 1.50% or higher, as appropriate, extending from the outer surface of the first low density foam sublayer through to the outer surface of the second low density foam sublayer. Expressed another way with respect to the arrangement of the pins, I typically use 200 pin/in2 or more. Preferably, the foam sublayers are polyimide or polystyrene, the Z-pins are stainless steel or graphite, and the facesheets are fiber-reinforced, partially cured or precured thermosetting or thermoplastic resin composites.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,016 Hoopingarner et al., describe a honeycomb core composite sandwich panel having a surrounding border element (i.e., a "closeout") made of rigid foam board. The two planar faces of the rigid foam board are embossed or scored with a pattern of indentations usually in the form of interlinked equilateral triangles. The scoring is sufficiently deep and numerous to provide escape paths for volatiles generated inside the panel during curing and bonding of the resin in the facesheets to the honeycomb core and peripheral foam. The scoring prevents the development of excessive pressure between the facesheets in the honeycomb core that otherwise would interfere with the bonding. I incorporate this application by reference.
Rorabaugh and Falcone discovered two ways to increase the pulloff strength in foam core sandwich structure. First, they form resin fillets around the fiber/resin interfaces at the contact faces of the foam core by dimpling the foam to create a fillet pocket prior to resin flow during curing. Second, they arrange the pins in an ordered fashion such as a tetrahedral configuration or a hat section configuration. In tetrahedral or hat section configurations, the pins not only provide a tie between the two skins but they also provide miniature structural support suited better for load transfer than normal or random off-normal (interlaced) or less ordered pin configurations. With ordering of the pins, they produce anisotropic properties. More details concerning their Z-pin improvements are available in their U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,165 entitled "Highly Ordered Z-Pin Structures," which I incorporate by reference.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,540 entitled "Joining Composites Using Z-pinned Precured Strips," Pannell describes bond line reinforcement achieved by using precured strips to carry the Z-pins. Pannell positions his strips between two detail parts and joins the three piece assembly with bonding, cocuring, or welding. I incorporate this Pannell application by reference.
I have discovered how to add Z-pins to thermoplastic welds or to adhesive bonds in induction heating bonding processes to improve the bond or weld pulloff strength.
The present invention introduces Z-pin mechanical reinforcement to the bond line of two or more composite elements by prefabricating cured composite elements that include protruding Z-pins (or stubble) along the element face that will contact the bond line. The stubble is formed by including peel plies on this face during pin insertion using, for example, the process described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/582,297, entitled "Pin-Reinforced Sandwich Structure." When connecting the element to other composite structure, I remove the peel plys to expose the stubble. Then, I assemble the several elements in the completed assembly to define the bond line.
The stubble is typically about 1/16 inch high. So, if the element which the stubble contacts is a precured element, I use uncured resin padups or adhesive to fill the gaps. If the contacting element is uncured or partially cured, I generally do not use the padup. The padup might actually be a thermoplastic welding susceptor.
Following assembly, I complete the bonding, cocuring, or welding using conventional techniques. If the stubble is backed by a foam core sandwich structure of the type I described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/582,297, during the connecting operation, I might compress or decompose a low density sublayer in the foam to drive the Z-pins deeper into the contacted element along the bond line.
Assemblies having Z-pin mechanical reinforcement are better able to withstand impact shock without peel failure.
FIG. 1 is a schematic isometric showing the method for forming a composite with Z-pin reinforcement stubble along a bond line.
FIG. 2 is a schematic isometric showing layup of a stubbled I-beam spar in contact with an uncured skin panel.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of the spar/panel assembly of FIG. 2 illustrating the reinforced bond line.
FIG. 4 is another schematic isometric illustrating layup of a stubbled spar to a cured skin with an intermediate padup layer along the bond line.
FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the bond line of an assembly made in accordance with FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is another schematic isometric illustrating layup of another stubbled spar to a cured skin.
FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the bond line of an assembly made in accordance with FIG. 6, showing the sandwich structure on the skin permitting deeper penetration of the Z-pin reinforcement into the spar.
FIGS. 8-10 illustrate the process for making a stubbled composite.
FIG. 11 is a chart showing the improvement in compression after impact strength for Z-pin reinforced structure.
FIG. 12 is another chart showing the improvement in T-stiffener pull-off strength resulting from Z-pin reinforcement.
FIG. 13 is a schematic showing a padup strip that incorporates a susceptor.
FIG. 14 is a detail showing the mesh of the susceptor of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view of Avila's pin insertion tool.
FIG. 16 is a schematic isometric of a cure tool insert used in the insertion tool of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a schematic isometric of a pin interfacing and registering with a hole in the cure tool insert of FIG. 16.
Z-pin bonding produces stronger bonds between composite detail parts than are achievable with adhesive bonds or fusion (i.e., welded) bonds. Z-pin bonding adds Z-direction reinforcement to the otherwise unreinforced joint in the organic matrix resin. The Z-pins mechanically reinforce the bond, especially in environments prone to vibration. I can use Z-pins at the joints between detail parts in adhesive bonding, cocuring, or welding processes to join two or more precured parts or a combination of precured and uncured detail parts.
In my Z-pin bonding process, I prepare a precured composite that has Z-pins (or "stubble") protruding from the detail along the intended bond line. To insert the pins in their intended location, I use an insertion process like one of those described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/618,650 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,222, or 08/582,297 or any other suitable insertion process. My basic approach is shown in FIG. 8-10. I can also use Avila's pin insertion tool (FIG. 15). Before describing the pin insertion process in detail, I will first describe how I use the Z-pinned detail parts to prepare bonded assemblies.
Throughout this discussion, I use "composite" to mean a fiber reinforced organic resin matrix material. The fibers should be of suitable strength to make aerospace structural parts, such as graphite, fiberglass, or carbon fibers. The organic resin can be a thermosetting resin, such as epoxy or bismaleimide, or a thermoplastic, such as ULTEM or KIIIB polyimide. Z-pinning is compatible with all fiber and resin systems.
The function and properties of the Z-pins are described in my copending application Ser. No. 08/618,650, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,222, and Ser. No. 08/582,297 which I incorporate by reference. In Z-pin bonding, the resins should be compatible with the intended joint. The Z-pins might be the same material as the reinforcing fibers in the composite detail parts or can be different, as the situation dictates.
Now turning to FIG. 1, the Z-pin bonding process uses a composite detail part 10 having a region 12 of Z-pin stubble along the intended bond line for connecting part 10 with other detail parts. Each Z-pin generally protrudes about 1/16 inch above the surface of part 10 (like the Indian "bed of nails") for ultimate insertion into the facing parts at the joint, but the height can change with the intended application. To protect the stubble during manufacture and inventory prior to laying up the assembly for bonding, I cover the stubble with Teflon peel plies 14 and the residue of the pin-carrier foam 16 which I use to hold the pins prior to their insertion into the detail part 10.
In some applications, especially with a decomposable foam, it may be unnecessary to use a peel ply 14. The peel ply 14 functions to protect the Z-pin stubble during storage while leaving a clean surface in the stubble region when peeled away during the lay up process, and can be any suitable material.
The pins in the stubble 12 may be normal to the surface of part 10 or interlaced or highly ordered, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,222 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/628,879. That is, the pins can assume any desired arrangement. The density of pins is also variable to suit the application. Differences in the orientation of pins, their length, their strength, their density, etc. can change in different regions of the bond line. That is, the areal density of pins might be 1.0% on the left side of the part in FIG. 1 while being 1.5% on the right side. Alternately, the pin density might be higher around fasteners or might be higher near the edges of the bond line as opposed to along the centerline. Also, of course, the orientation may change at different regions along the bond line and orientations might even be mixed together, if desired.
By "orientation," I mean normal, interlaced, highly ordered, or the like as defined in Boeing's copending Z-pinning applications. For clarity in the drawings in the present application, I simply illustrate the "normal" orientation.
The pin-carrying foam 16 is described in greater detail in my copending applications and prior art patents that I earlier incorporated by reference.
The composite detail part 10 can be a laminate of plies of fiber reinforced organic resin matrix material, or might be a sandwich panel with a foam, honeycomb or other core, or might even be column core. Basically, part 10 can be any material that has a resin interface for bonding to another detail part. I reinforce the joint between the resin and the other part at their interface.
The height to which the stubble of pins extends can vary widely to suit the intended application. Of course, the strength, shape, size, and orientation of the pins effect their effectiveness when the protrusion height gets large.
As shown in FIG. 2, the detail part 10a might be fabricated as an I-beam spar rather than as a panel. In fact, the detail part can assume any shape so long as the shape is susceptible of Z-pin insertion to create the reinforcing stubble along the bond line.
FIG. 2 illustrates placing the spar detail part 10a on an uncured panel 18 with the stubble 12 at the interface. FIG. 3 illustrates a typical cross-section of the spar-panel assembly. While the stubble 12 is shown on the spar in FIG. 2, the Z-pins could be on either the spar, the panel or both detail parts.
As shown in FIG. 3, when the assembly of the spar 10a and panel 18 are bonded, the Z-pins in the stubble 12 penetrate into the uncured panel 18. In the circumstance where the panel 18a is precured, as shown in FIG. 4 and 5, I introduce a bond padup strip 20, typically of the same materials as the detail parts being joined. The padup strip 20 is uncured during assembly and functions to bond the precured, thermoset detail parts when the bonding process is complete. The padup strip can be an uncured thermosetting resin prepreg (in which cases bonding is a cocuring process) or might be any suitable adhesive bonding material. The padup strip might be a resin encased susceptor of the type shown in FIGS. 13 & 14 and as Boeing uses in its thermoplastic welding operations. In this case, the detail parts would generally be precured.
As best shown in FIG. 5, the spar detail part 10a includes a stubble surface so that the padup strip 20 ends up having pins extending upwardly from the panel 18a as well as downwardly from the spar flange 10a. Shawn Pannell describes in his application "Joining Composites Using Z-Pinned Precured Strips," Ser. No. 08/660,060, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,540, that the pins might be carried in the padup strip with stubble on both faces with longer, integral pins if the detail parts are thermoplastic Rather I insert the pins into the spar and panel prior to their curing.
FIG. 6 and 7 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention with reference to the bonding of a wing skin to a spar. FIG. 6 shows an exploded view of the wing skin 100, padup strip 20, and spar 200 while FIG. 7 shows a typical cross-section taken along the bond line. While FIG. 6 & 7 illustrate a wing skin-spar joint, the process is applicable to any joint. This embodiment describes bonding using a sandwich core structure for the wing skin to produce the stubble region and subsequent bonding of the skin to the spar with an uncured padup strip in a cocure, adhesive bonding, or welding operation.
As best shown in FIG. 7, the skin 100 comprises a sandwich core structure of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/582,297 having outer facesheets 105 & 110, crushable foam layers 115 and 120, and a central foam core 125 with Z-pins 130 extending through all five layers. Stubble on the interface surface is achieved by crushing layers 115 and 120 more than the combined thickness of facesheets 105 and 110 during the autoclave cycle when the pins are inserted into the facesheets. Of course, after curing, the central foam 115, 120 and 125 might be dissolved to make a column core skin structure.
The facesheets 105 & 110 are positioned adjacent the foam core 115, 120 and 125. I usually use a layer of adhesive to attach adjoining layers. I form the pin-reinforced foam core using known methods (e.g., stitching or needling) or purchase it from companies such as Foster-Miller, Inc., in Waltham, Mass. I can score the foam core according to the Hoopingarner method to provide channels for venting of volatiles during curing.
The core generally is a closed cell foam that includes three sublayers: a high density central sublayer 125 and first and second low density, crushable foam sublayers 115 and 120 located on each side of the high density foam sublayer. While three layers are shown, the foam core may be composed of any number of sublayers depending on the particular application. For example, the foam core may be a single low density sublayer; or, it may be a stack of alternating low density and high density sublayers. The foam core should be crushable during autoclave curing to permit the pins to extend into the facesheets. Low density polyimide (e.g., Rohacel™) or low density polystyrene (e.g., Styrofoam™) foams are the presently preferred low density sublayer materials, since they are easy to form and do not require extremely high temperatures or pressures to crush during autoclave curing. The low density sublayer may decompose at the autoclave temperatures.
If a high density sublayer 125 is included, it usually should be made of a material that will not crush during autoclave curing. Obviously, the precise temperatures and pressures to be used during autoclave curing will affect the selection of the material used to form the high density sublayer. Further considerations to be taken into account when selecting an appropriate high density sublayer material include whether the high density sublayer is to be removed after autoclave processing and the preferred method for removing it. Typically it is high density polystyrene or polyimide foam. It might be (i) syntactic foam having internal reinforcing spheres, (ii) a fiber-reinforced resin prepreg or composite, (iii) a fiberform or microform ceramic such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,376,598; 5,441,682; and 5,041,321 or in copending U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 08/209,847 or 08/460,788, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,846, (iv) a metal foil, (v) a metal foil resin laminate of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,123 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,272 entitled "Titanium-Polymer Hybrid Laminates," or (vi) a foam filled honeycomb core. The central sublayer 125 might also be a honeycomb core with the cells arranged normal to the plane of the facesheets. As Hoopingarner suggests, the core might be a combination of these alternatives, like a central honeycomb core bordered by a foam closeout frame. If the high density sublayer is a prepreg or a composite, the product itself is a laminated composite. In such case, generally the resin in the facesheets would be the same as the resin in the high density sublayer.
The Z-pins 130 (here and in all the embodiments) may be any suitably rigid material, e.g., stainless steel, titanium, copper, graphite, epoxy, composite, glass, carbon, etc. The Young's modules of elasticity for the Z-pins is generally greater than 107. Additionally, the Z-pins may be barbed, where appropriate, to increase their holding strength in the facesheets.
In the case of thermosets, the facesheets are preferably formed of a partially cured (B-stage) fiber-reinforced composite material. If composites are used as facesheets, the effect that the autoclave cure cycle will have on the facesheets needs to be considered to determine and, then, to follow the optimal temperature/pressure autoclave cure regime.
Suitable reinforcing fibers include glass, graphite, arimide, ceramic, and the like. Suitable resins include epoxy, bismaleimide, polyimide, phenolic, or the like. (Virtually any thermoplastic or thermoset resin will suffice.)
Various procedures are available for laying up the composite facesheets. Since such procedures are generally known to those skilled in the arts they are not described here. Although thick, metal sheets do not work well as facesheets, I can use metal foil or metal foil/resin laminated composites. The metal foil in such cases might be welded to metallic Z-pins in the fashion described in my copending U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,975 entitled "Composite I Metal Structural Joint with Welded Z-Pins."
The stubbled skin is bonded to a stubbled spar with a padup strip in the process previously described.
FIG. 8-10 illustrate a preferred process for inserting the Z-pins into a detail part to leave a stubble interface. The detail part 500 (here a laminated panel having several layers of prepreg) is mounted on a work surface or layup mandrel 550 with appropriate release films between the part and tool. Another release film 600 caps the detail part 500 and separates the part 500 from a Z-pin preform 650 (i.e., a foam loaded with Z-pins 130 in a predetermined orientation). A rigid caul plate or backing tool 700 completes the assembly. All the layers are then wrapped in a conventional vacuum bag film 750 which is sealed to permit drawing a suction within the closed volume surrounding the assembly.
As shown in FIG. 9, in an autoclave under elevated temperature and pressure, the foam in the Z-pin preform 650 crushes and the Z-pins 130 are driven into the uncured detail part 500. After completing the cure cycle, the detail part 500 is cured and has the Z-pins 130 anchored within it. The crushed foam 650 and release ply 600 protect the stubble until assembly of the detail parts is desired. Thus, the process of FIG. 8-10 yields a cured detail part having a stubble field. Other processes can be used to achieve the same result, including ultrasonic insertion into precured thermoplastic laminates as described in the prior art or Boeing's other, copending Z-pin applications.
As shown in FIG. 11, including Z-pin reinforcement in the joint improves compression after impact strength of the assembly. Boeing tests show about a 50% increase when using an areal density of 0.5% of 0.006 inch diameter pins in AS4-3501-6 test specimens following a 20 ft-lb impact. The joint nominally has the same compression and tensile strength prior to impact, but the inclusion of pins increase the compression ultimate strength when the assembly is subjected to low speed impact energy. In fact, the strain remains essentially constant over the range of impacts less than the impact needed to observe surface damage.
The following examples further illustrate my Z-pin experiments.
I made 3/16 inch quasi-isotropic composite test specimens from AS4/3501-6 having 0.5% areal density, 16 mil diameter T300/3501-6 Z-pins with sufficient surface peel plys to yield 0.800 inch stubble. As a control, on one-half of the specimens, I did not insert Z-pins. I assembled two of the stubbled parts around an AS4/3501-6 uncured scrim padup about 0.090 inch thick with the stubble from each part overlapping. I bonded the assembled parts using the conventional bonding cycle. Then, I cut the resulting bonded assembly into 1�10 inch coupons, thereby having some pin-reinforced, bond coupons lacking pin reinforcement.
I tested the specimens in the G1c Mode 1 fatigue test cycle with pull tabs glued to the faces pulled in a standard G1c test fixture. I included a crack starter initiating peel in the bond area. I correlated the data with the standard load v. head extension (in-lbs/in). The results are summarized in Table 1:
TABLE 1______________________________________Specimen Load Comments______________________________________Pinned: 1 5.4 2 4.8 3 2.86 *Failed in the laminate above the bond line Unpinned: 4 2.75 5 3.64 6 3.49______________________________________
Ignoring specimen 3, the Z-pin reinforcement at this relatively low density improved the bond with this Mode 1 fatigue measure by about a 45% increase in the peel strength. Upon analysis of the pinned specimens, I discovered that some pins were bent, which I believe lowered the reinforcing value (reduced the load I measured). I also believe that I could prepare even better bonds (i.e., joints) using higher pressure during the bonding cycle.
I prepared additional specimens using AS4/3501-6 prepreg with 2% by area 0.020 diameter titanium Z-pins inserted into a spar cap. This spar was then cured at 350 degrees F. with Z-pin stubble left exposed on the spar cap. The Z-pin stubble was 0.20 inches long. This cured spar was then placed on an uncured skin laminate 0.30 inches thick, with the Z-pin stubble placed against the uncured skin. The spar, associated spar tooling, and skin were then vacuum bagged and autoclave cured at 350 degrees F., using a 100 psi autoclave pressure. The vacuum and autoclave pressure drove the spar down onto the uncured skin and inserted the Z-pin stubble into the skin. The cured final part was then trimmed for pull testing.
Pull testing results showed the Z-Bonded parts had an 83 percent greater load carrying capability than the control parts. My results are summarized in FIG. 12.
In a thermoplastic welding process, the padup strip 20 might include a susceptor for integrating with an oscillating magnetic field to generate eddy currents sufficient to melt and cure the bond line resins and to form a weld. Of course, I can use any other arrangement to get the appropriate heating at the bond line when completing the weld. If welding, I prefer to use pins in the detail parts that penetrate further into the parts than the region which softens during the formation of a fusion bond between the details. In this way, the pins stay firmly anchored in their desired orientation. A suitable padup strip is illustrated in FIG. 13. I can heat the bond line with induction or resistance heating produced in susceptor. Any of Boeing's susceptors might be used. Energy can be introduced for heating to the susceptor by induction, resistance, a combination of both, or any other suitable means.
As shown in FIG. 13, the susceptor 1300 comprises a metal mesh 1305 encased in a resin 1310. The susceptor of FIG. 13 includes selvage edge strips 1315. The mesh 1305 includes a repeating pattern of diamond shaped openings of length (L) and width (W) separated by fine-line elements.
FIGS. 15-17 illustrate Avila's pin insertion tool that I can use to form detail parts having pin stubble. Avila's tool 1500 incudes a housing 1505 holding a sliding piston 1510 which is reciprocal between a loading position for receiving a pin-carrying foam 1550 in a cavity 1515 and an insertion position where the piston moves upwardly to crush the foam and to insert the pins 1545. Seals 1520 permit the piston 1510 to slide along the walls of housing 1505 when pneumatic pressure is applied through inlet 1525 to chamber 1530 behind the piston. Motion of the piston 1510 toward removable cure tool 1535 is arrested with stop 1540 which also serves to control the depth of insertion of pins 1545 in the pin-carry foam 1550 into the detail part 1555. The stop 1540 contacts replaceable stop 1560 that seats in the fixed support frame of the cure tool 1535 that is rigidly attached to the housing 1505 as the fixed wall defining cavity 1515. The replaceable stop allows adjustment of the depth of penetration of the pins into the detail part 1555. The cure tool 1535 fits rigidly in a matching receiving surface in the frame and does not move when piston 1510 moves upwardly. Yet, cure tool 1535 is replaceable to permit controlled insertion of different Z-pin orientations or different insertion depths into the detail part 1555. During pin insertion through movement of the piston 1510, the detail part 1555 is held rigidly on the surface of the cure tool 1535 so that the Z-pins 1545 are positioned correctly.
All parts of the pin insertion tool 1500 are designed to withstand the temperatures and pressures associated with autoclave curing of the resin composite detail parts. Any necessary release films can be used between the pin-carrying foam 1550 or the detail part 1555 and the working parts of Avila's insertion tool.
As the piston 1510 moves upwardly to compress the pin-carrying foam 1550 against the cure tool 1535, the Z-pins 1545 in the foam register with an associated hole 1605 (FIGS. 16 or 17 ) in the cure tool 1535. To assure registration between the pin 1545 and hole 1605, each hole has a funnel nozzle 1705 to guide the pin into the hole and into its proper orientation in the detail part.
The cure tool has the arrangement of holes that corresponds with the desired Z-pin orientation in the detail part. The tool helps placing the pins accurately. Because the foam decomposes at the autoclave curing temperature, without Avila's tool, the pins lose their lateral support and can move or buckle to disturb the desired pin orientation, especially when the stubble field in the detail part covers a large area. For further assurance of proper pin placement, the contact face of piston 1510 might be knurled to keep the pins from sliding.
Avila's tool might include a shearing ram on the contact surface between the cure tool and the detail part or at the interface between the cure tool and the pin-carrying foam for cutting the pins after their insertion. In the alternative where the ram is at the cure tool-foam interface, the width of the cure tool becomes a reliable gauge for setting the height of the stubble, since this much of the pins will protrude when the detail part is removed from the tool.
Avila's pin insertion tool is especially beneficial when making relatively large production runs of detail parts. The tool reduces part-to-part variation by inserting the Z-pins accurately and repeatedly where they are designed to be. Avila's tool is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,594 entitled "Tooling for Inserting Z-Pins," which I incorporated by reference.
While I have described preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily recognize alterations, variations, and modifications which might be made without departing from the inventive concept. Therefore, interpret the claims liberally with the support of the full range of equivalents known to those of ordinary skill based upon this description. The examples illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit it. Accordingly, define the invention with the claims and limit the claims only as necessary in view of the pertinent prior art.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 8, 1982
|Dec 18, 1984
|Technische Hogeschool Delft
|Laminate of metal sheet material and threads bonded thereto, as well as processes for the manufacture thereof
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|Nov 14, 1995
|Foster-Miller, Inc.
|Translaminar reinforcement system for Z-direction reinforcement of a fiber matrix structure
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|Aug 27, 1996
|Brooker; David A.
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|Reinforced joint for composite structures and method of joining composite parts
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|Method of inserting z-axis reinforcing fibers into a composite laminate
|Nov 19, 2001
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|Method of clinching the top and bottom ends of Z-axis fibers into the respective top and bottom surfaces of a composite laminate
|Oct 9, 2001
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|Feb 24, 2005
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|Dec 7, 2010
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|Aug 23, 2011
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|Dec 27, 2011
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|Dec 29, 2005
|May 1, 2012
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|Sep 25, 2012
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|Nov 27, 2003
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|Aug 5, 2002
|Feb 5, 2004
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|Mar 18, 2004
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
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|Jun 8, 2004
|Nov 25, 2004
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|Feb 3, 2005
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|Feb 24, 2005
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|Structural assemblies using integrally molded, and welded mechanically locking z-pins
|Feb 11, 2004
|Jun 2, 2005
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|Laser ablation resistant copper foil
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|Aug 24, 2006
|The Boeing Company
|Reinforced rampdown for composite structural member and method for same
|Sep 11, 2006
|Feb 8, 2007
|Johnson David W
|Method of Inserting Z-Axis Reinforcing Fibers into a Composite Laminate
|Dec 27, 2007
|Jun 12, 2008
|The Boeing Company
|Reinforced Rampdown For Composite Structural Member And Method For Same
|Dec 29, 2005
|Jul 3, 2008
|Lm Glasfiber A/S
|Fibre-Reinforced Joint
|Aug 31, 2005
|Mar 12, 2009
|Obermeyer Henry K
|High Strength Joining System for Fiber Reinforced Composites
|Jun 16, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Ebert Composites Corporation
|Method of Inserting Z-Axis Reinforcing Fibers into a Composite Laminate
|Dec 7, 2010
|May 5, 2011
|Ebert Composites Corporation
|Composite Laminate Structure
|Nov 11, 2013
|Mar 6, 2014
|Airbus Operations Gmbh
|Connecting device, assembly and method for manufacturing an assembly
|Jun 10, 2010
|May 30, 2012
|Method of producing advanced composite components
|Jun 10, 2010
|Oct 29, 2014
|Dec 30, 2014
|May 13, 2015
|Aluminum alloy guide rail and welding method thereof
|Dec 30, 2014
|Mar 1, 2017
|Dec 19, 2013
|Jun 25, 2015
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|Trennfolie sowie Verfahren
|Dec 19, 2013
|Nov 3, 2016
|Airbus Operations Gmbh
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|Feb 23, 2000
|Aug 29, 2001
|British Aerospace Public Limited Company
|Reinforced joint
|Sep 22, 2006
|Jun 13, 2007
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|Aug 30, 2001
|Bae Systems Plc
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|Jun 19, 2002
|Apr 17, 2003
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|Dec 16, 2010
|Quickstep Technologies Pty Ltd
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|Dec 16, 2010
|Jun 23, 2011
|European Aeronautic Defence And Space Company Eads France
|Energy absorption structural element made of composite material
|U.S. Classification
|428/223, 156/92
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 18, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 19, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 19, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
As the rest of his team headed to the locker room following the Heat loss to the Wizards, LeBron James went in the opposite direction towards the Wizards bench to embrace Robert Griffin III, who was sitting courtside.
James had some kind words for the Redskins rookie prior to tonight's game at Verizon Center.
"He's an unbelievable talent, and he's a great quarterback," he said, via USA Today. "He doesn't play like a rookie at all. They've got a great one."
RGIII mentioned in a courtside interview that he'd like to see James become a Redskins fan. It's worth mentioning that multiple fans tweeted that chants of "RGIII!" rained down on Verizon as the Wizards were headed for their second win of the season. It's like D.C. fans have their very own King Midas.
Here's video of the hug, and a weirdly aggressive handshake.


text:
GaGa is easy to learn and fun for all ages! An extremely fasted paced game, players can hardly wait for their next turn back in the pit! A great way to get kids exercising while they have a blast! Check out the link below or call to learn more about GaGa pits! APS_ GaGaPit_5_Bleedread more
Lee Recreation is celebrating it's 22nd year of providing Wisconsin with the best in playgrounds, site furnishings, and more.


text:
This little sweetie is now ready for a home of her own. Holly is a young, white lurcher, just over a year old, who is being cared for by one of our fosterers. She was very timid at first, but is gradually coming out of her shell, and learning to trust people again.
Holly loves to play with the male lurcher in her foster home, and will definitely need the company of another dog. We are unable to see how she is with cats, but due to her boisterous play we feel she would not be suitable for a cat home. She travels well for short distances, but as she is still quite young Holly does become a bit naughty and likes to chew. She will need toys and chews (and shoes!) to keep her occupied.
As Holly can be nervous with new people or surroundings she will need to be walked either with a harness or very secure collar, a home with previous lurcher experience would be ideal for this little one. Holly loves to be on the beach, and would enjoy running and playing in an enclosed area. She is a very gentle girl who just wants to love and be loved.
If you would like to offer Holly her forever home. then please get in touch by completing our online homing questionnaire.


text:
The name of this beer commemorates the fact that this is being written on the 60th anniversary of D-Day.
Are you an advanced homebrewer seeking stable mash temperatures? Are you willing to accept the runaround? Then we've got the machines for you. The basics of brewing with a RIMS or HERMS.
How can one little cone bring so much happiness? Professional brewers give their thoughts on hops and hoppy beers in our brewers' roundtable. Pull up a seat and join the discussion.
Homebrew India Pale Ale and Imperial India Pale Ale Clone Recipes
Clone recipes to recreate your favorite commercial hoppy brews, including: Dogfish Head's 90-minute IPA, AleSmith IPA, Three Floyd's Dreadnaught, Hop Rod Rye, Racer 5 IPA, Russian River's Pliny the Elder, Rogue Imperial IPA, Lagunitas IPA, Acme IPA, Elissa IPA, Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale, Bell's Two Hearted Ale and Stone Brewing's Ruination IPA.
Your brewing calculator says your beer will be 45.27 IBUs....but will it? How will you know? What you need to know to make sense of bitterness calculations and hit your target bitterness consistently.
Making mead, a homebrew club from the Big Easy and a homebrewer from the "big freezy."
Kiss those (fortified) grits goodbye, an unknown acronym and a low-carb question.


text:
- Site Template
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ThemeForest 360Ўгcomplete Responsive Wordpress Theme 3722191
ThemeForest 360Ўгcomplete Responsive Wordpress Theme 3722191
WordPress Theme \ Creative
Showcase \ Responsive \ Portfolio \ Simple \ Slideshow \ Wordpress \ White
WordPress Theme - 360Ўгcomplete Responsive Wordpress Theme 3722191 by TommusRhodus @ ThemeForest
WordPress Theme \ Creative
Last Update: 10 January 13; Columns: 2; Compatible Browsers: IE7, IE8, IE9, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome; Software Version: WordPress 3.5; Documentation: Well Documented; High Resolution: No; Layout: Responsive; ThemeForest Files Included: Layered PSD, HTML Files, CSS Files, JS Files, PHP Files; Widget Ready: Yes.
360complete is a responsive HTML5 template with grid system layout. Mobile Touch optimized.
AWESOME file – great work! Love ppandp's design style and the quality and attention to detail in your code is fantastic. Thanks for a great file!
charlie4282, 360Complete Theme
I just rated it 5 stars for the great support (and of course its an awesome theme!)
Zalmyk, 360Complete Theme
A+++ for support!!! This is by far the best purchase I have made on TF! Keep up the excellent work! Easy 5 Stars!
Adamevans4, 360Complete Theme
Great! Thank you for the quick support. As adamevans4 said: A+++
8mt, 360complete Theme
I'm just happy, thank you! Have given a 5 star because this theme and your support is SO worth it!
M1chaela, 360Complete Theme
Built in & for Wordpress 3.5
360Complete was built in, & for, Wordpress 3.5. All of the Wordpress 3.5 features are supported with no errors, so you'll be ready to go with your brand new Wordpress 3.5 installation with no problems!
360Complete uses the Wordpress Customizer to handle all of your theme-options, no more bloated theme-options panels, just simple & beautiful theme-options using the fast & secure Wordpress Customizer.
Includes 1-click colour changes , a Responsive on/off switch, built in Google Analytics Management & much more.
Everything you need included
There's loads included in the download file;
- Demo Data .xml file for fast theme-setup
- 360Complete Wordpress Theme
- 360Complete HTML theme
- Homepage .PSD included with main theme features & elements
- FREE Auto-Updates straight from the WP dashboard whenever the theme is updated
- .po files included for full localization support
Custom Widgets
360Complete comes with custom Twitter , Flickr & Social Icons widgets for ease of use & with beautiful styling.
Features List
- Lovely, well-setup Admin area with post-format support & Custom Metaboxes. View a preview video here
- Valid HTML5 / CSS3 pages
- Fully responsive
- Cross browser compatible – tested in IE 7 ,8,9; Firefox; Safari; Chrome and Opera.
- Homepage with unique animation or responsive slider
- 30 Shortcodes
- Built in Shortcode Generator
- About Us
- Our Team, Page & Post-Type
- Services, Page & Post-Type
- Columns
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- Price Tables
- Side Navigation
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- Blog and Single Blog Post
- Portfolio (mixed, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-Column) and Single Work Page
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- Flex Slider and Layer Slider
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- Accordion and Tabs
- Google Maps Background Hide/Show
- Smooth Scroll to Ancors
- Working Ajax Contact Form with Validation and working PHP Mailer Script
- Custom print css stylesheet
- .psd file included
- Extensive documentation
- Auto-Updates Straight to your WP Dashboard
January 7th 2013, v1.0.4
- Changed description on a few meta-boxes for more concise information
- Added twitter to the 360complete social icons widget
January 5th 2013, v1.0.3
- Updated Mobile Styling for Tabs Shortcode – If you're using more than 3 tabs, or have long titles, use the accordion code instead for better mobile compatibility
- User Request, Added Services Post-Type
- User Request, Added Services Page Template
- User Request, Services can now be shown on any page using the [services] shortcode. Services still show by default on the Services Page Template
January 4th 2013, v1.0.2
- Added styling to support the Zilla-Social Widget
- User Request, Logo's in the Client Carousel can now have links applied to them
- User Request, Team members can now be shown on any page using the [team_members] shortcode. Team Members still show by default on the Team Page Template
January 3rd 2013, v1.0.1
- Fixed a bug that was stopping the Phone Number field of the Address widget from saving.
- Added Modernizr touch detection for better Tablet & iPad navigation.
- Added a Built-in 1 Click Shortcode Generator
- A few CSS Tweaks
- Updated Documentation
January 2013, v1.0.0 initial release
Documentation / Support
The item documentation is extensive and the source code is properly commented and formatted, so you shouldn't have any problem working with this item.
If you need support, please send me an email through my profile, I'll be happy to help Please include the website URL and detailed information about your problem.I usually respond to support requests within 24 hours on weekdays, depending on the number of requests in queue.
360Complete was originally designed & HTML by ppandp
Special thanks to talented designer grafixeye from Deviantart for the permission to allow his Dreamy World series images in theme's demo.
The logos used are Vector Logo Templates by Logo Open Stock.
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text:
I lost her. No. I threw her away. She was my best friend. I was never supposed to fall in love with her. I was careless. She was heartbroken. I thought I was doing fine. But here she is, years later, forced to work with me, reminding me why I fell in love with her in the first place. And this time I'm going to do everything in my power to never let her go.
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Even more captivating then print!
- tiffany.the.bibliophile
A must read for fans of second chance romance!!
Absolutely! I love the narrators and I thought they did a fantastic job with this story.
Grand gestures!!!
I thought Misty was fabulous at conveying the spitfire that was Mia and Vikas was perfect as Jensen. Those Jensen Talks chapters were highly anticipated as the story progressed.
Yes - most definitely. It took me a few days because of work and life but I put aside the book I was reading so I could focus solely on this book.
If I were to give a star for every time that Jensen made me swoon, this would be a 10+ star book. Watching these two try again was equal parts entertaining & charming. I am smitten with this couple and I am sad my time with them has ended.
Mia was a frustrating character. Her hesitation to move forward, though not unfounded, was maddening especially when compared to the effort Jensen put forth to restore her faith in him. The history of her journey sans Jensen was definitely heartbreaking to recount and it was good to see her find some closure to that low point in her life.
Jensen most definitely owns my heart. I adored him and his column. Jensen Talks was a unique way to learn more about the man who owned Mia's heart. He was adorable as a father and put forth a valiant effort at winning back the love of his life. I lost count of the numerous heavy sighs and flutters he gave me throughout the book.
Paper Hearts is definitely a contender for a top read of 2016. Interestingly enough, Kaleidoscope Hearts was one of my top reads of 2015. For all the love I have for Oliver and Estelle, I think Mia and Jensen may have moved ahead of them in my all-time favorite couples list - and that is courtesy of the uber talented Claire Contreras. I'm looking forward to Vic's story in Elastic Hearts, which is already queued up on my Audible app.
- Patricia at A Literary Perusal


text:
Dale Rumberger
Last quote by Dale Rumberger
I don't like having to go back and extol the virtues of the prison, because there are not a lot of virtues to a prison. But at the same time, boy, does that place have some positive energy to it.feedback
May 18 2017
We found 1 article in which Dale Rumberger said something. The most recent Dale Rumberger's quote is: "This is becoming a destination area. More people are wanting to be here.". In addition, all sources we refer have quoted Dale Rumberger 2 times. On this page, you will find all of Dale Rumberger's quotes organized by date and topic.
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text:
Photographed by Annie Gallagher/Black Box studio
"Jimmy Choo is a name synonymous with luxury and glamour. The brand's infamous shoe collection, favored by Hollywood's leading ladies for years, has made a huge impact on the female consumer in the U.S. and abroad. As the brand continues to grow even stronger with new product category introductions, we feel the launch of Jimmy Choo eyewear is perfectly timed to take advantage of the brand's growing importance and awareness in the U.S. luxury market," says Dick Russo, Sàfilo USA executive vice president. "The collection will have a modern edge with a vintage feel, which is reflective of the eyewear trends going forward."
Merchandising materials include a one-place highlighter, three- and 10-place displays, counter mat, mirror and logo plaque.
$$$$$. For additional information, contact Sàfilo USA, (800) 631-1188; www.safilousa.com
Jimmy Choo was launched in 1996 when the accessories editor at Vogue UK, Tamara Mellon, approached Jimmy Choo, a couture shoe maker based in the East End of London recognized for his excellent craftsmanship. Mellon partnered with Choo to start the Jimmy Choo ready-to-wear company, opening the first stand-alone boutique in London together with a strong wholesale business. Today Jimmy Choo enjoys the visibility of a major luxury brand with more than 60 stores in many of the world's top locations.