text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 1, 2011
|Filing date
|Feb 12, 2004
|Priority date
|Nov 5, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Brandon Shane Skidgel
|Original Assignee
|Benefits Technologies, L.L.C.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (11), Classifications (17), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority based on provisional patent application No. 60/517,488, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Remotely Sharing Information and Providing Remote Interactive Assistance Via a Communications Network," filed Nov. 5, 2003. Such application is fully incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a system and method for providing communications between users over a computer network and, more particularly, to a system and method for providing collaborative browsing (sometimes referred to as "co-browsing") of information and interactive communications on the world-wide web (WWW), such that, for example, an operator and customer may jointly browse World Wide Web content while communicating by telephone.
The sales volume of Internet businesses continues to increase, and now approaches $60 billion annually. Internet-based transactions offer many advantages for both buyer and seller. From the seller's perspective, the cost of a fixed storefront facility may be eliminated, along with the associated maintenance and manpower costs, while maintaining a store that is effectively open at all times. Using just-in-time inventory control techniques, sellers can significantly reduce the overhead associated with the sale of their products through the use of an Internet web site. Internet sales may also offer advantages in the avoidance of state excise taxes and restrictive state laws pertaining to in-state sales. Advantages to buyers include the ability to consummate transactions from any location where a computer and Internet connection is available, at any time of the day or night. The customer also benefits from the seller's reduced costs, since in order to compete with other Internet retailers the seller will likely be required to pass some of its cost reductions on to the consumer in the form of reduced prices.
One of the most significant drawbacks with Internet sales today is the limited manner in which customer interaction and support may be accomplished. A customer who has a question about a product not addressed in the materials posted to the seller's web site has few attractive alternatives. The customer may send an email to the web site operator, which then generally requires a significant wait of hours or even days in order for a reply to be received. Since the customer's web browser will in all likelihood no longer be pointed at the URL for the page where the customer's question was formulated, more time is wasted as the consumer again locates this particular web page in order to proceed with the order. Follow-up questions, which are often necessary, then require another significant wait. Confusion may result if a different customer service representative fields a follow-up question. Often the answer to the customer's question may be available somewhere on the seller's web site, had the customer only known where to look for the information. Other times there is information that can only be conveyed by an in-person customer service representative. This is particularly true with respect to customers who are not accustomed to navigation on the Internet or World Wide Web.
A common attempt to solve the problem of customer support for Internet-based sales is to supply the customer with a customer service telephone contact number. The customer who has a question about the seller's web site, or requires further information about a product, can then telephone a customer service operator and engage in a direct dialog. The customer service representative can then verbally explain the product, or answer the customer's question, in an immediate fashion similar to that of a sales person at a traditional storefront seller. The problem with this approach, however, is that the customer service representative has no means by which to directly present visual information to the customer. For example, a sales person at a storefront location faced with a question about the location of a product may simply walk the customer to the appropriate aisle and shelf where the product is displayed. If the customer has particular questions about a product's features, the salesperson can physically demonstrate the features and characteristics of the product to the customer at that time. By contrast, a customer service representative speaking by telephone to an Internet customer may direct the customer to a particular web page on the seller's Internet site, but doing so requires that the customer follow precisely the instructions of the customer service representative. These instructions may be tedious as they involve either careful directions about which links to follow or require the customer to type in a URL dictated over the phone. Verbal directions about which link to follow can often be ambiguous. A customer who mistakenly follows the wrong link may take some time to discover that a mistake was made, leading to frustration as the customer service representative's instructions do not match with what the customer is seeing on his or her computer screen. The customer service representative has no immediate means to detect this problem. The customer service representative communicating by telephone may find satisfying the customer's needs especially difficult when the customer's question pertains to use of the seller's Internet web site itself. Customers who do not regularly navigate Internet web pages may find following verbal instructions from a customer service representative just as difficult as navigation of the web site itself. Such persons may become so frustrated or intimidated by the experience that they decide to forego the transaction altogether.
This problem of guiding a customer through a web site by telephone instructions from a customer service representative is particularly challenging when the information required of the customer in order to complete a transaction is itself complex. For example, one service now provided over the Internet is employee insurance enrollment. A company may sign up to a program allowing its employees to enroll in various insurance programs offered through the company via an Internet connection. Those services are provided over the Internet in order to reduce the transaction costs associated with enrollment, and thereby help control the cost of insurance for the employees. Most employees participating in such a program will be able to enter all of the necessary information and respond to questions simply by reviewing the instructions available at the applicable web site, without requiring in-person assistance. Some employees, however, will require live assistance with the enrollment process, and call center operators are generally maintained on staff for this purpose. Given the relative complexity and quantity of information required for insurance enrollment purposes, and the various options and alternatives presented to the employee during the typical enrollment process, call center assistance may be particularly tedious. When there are various options and sub-options from which an employee may choose, it is difficult to guide the employee through the various selections when the operator is not physically viewing the same screen as the employee, and must provide directions by voice only. Errors made by the employee in entering information or navigating the site may not be immediately recognized, leading to greater confusion and frustration on the part of the employee as they are discovered later and the employee is required to backtrack or re-enter information. What is needed is a means by which the call center operator can see exactly what the employee sees on the screen; in essence, allowing the call center operator to virtually "look over the shoulder" of the employee as the information is entered. Even more desirable would be a means by which the operator could remotely enter information and navigate the web site on behalf of the employee, while allowing the employee to simultaneously view and verify all entries and choices as they are made by the operator.
A number of existing Internet services allow direct, instantaneous communication between remote users. For example, two or more users may access a designated web server providing a "text chat" service or a "voice over Internet Protocol" (VoIP) service to communicate with each other in near real time using text messages or relayed voice messages, respectively.
The existing art also includes a number of attempts to develop collaborative web browsing or "co-browsing" technology, which allows two or more users at locations remote from one another to jointly view information available on the World Wide Web. Such technology offers the promise of allowing something of the "over the shoulder" functionality desired for many applications, such as insurance enrollment customer support. Typically these co-browsing systems involve a direct, continuous link between the computers used for the co-browsing session, or at least a direct link between those computers and a third computer functioning as a server. Such systems further require specialized software to be installed at each computer in order to make the co-browsing features accessible.
An example of one such co-browsing system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,551 to Robert et al. This patent describes a call center system that allows a representative and a user to jointly browse World Wide Web content while simultaneously conducting a voice conversation. A co-browsing server forms a bi-directional connection with both the operator's computer and the user's computer, thereby allowing communication between the two with the server as the communications conduit. The server also downloads software in the form of a small executable application or "applet" to the user's computer, which enables the necessary co-browsing features. This type of software is sometimes referred to as a "surrogate" in certain commercial co-browsing products. Either the user or operator can manipulate their shared view, such as by clicking on a hypertext link; this change is communicated to the server, which then communicates the change to the other computer so that the shared view is updated.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2002/0029245 to Nahon et al. teaches a co-browsing system that utilizes a proxy server between the customer and agent clients and the Internet. The customer using this system initiates a co-browsing session by selecting a link on a web page, which then redirects the customer from the regular web server connection to a connection with the proxy server. The proxy server may add a footer to a requested web page prior to distribution, and this footer may contain information to redirect the client from the real URL for the web page to the URL of the web page maintained by the proxy server. The process for using this system begins with the customer accessing the web site, then clicking on a button for assistance. The button redirects information to the proxy server, which then in turn requests information from the web server, and appends a unique identifier before storing the web page back at the proxy server. Co-browsing is facilitated by a data collaboration server, and specialized co-browsing software for intercommunication is required at each participating computer.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0035603 to Lee et al. teaches a co-browsing system that utilizes cached web pages and a URL transformation process. The transformed URL allows the browser of each participant to be re-directed to a collaborative version of the applicable web page administered by a collaborative browsing server. The web page with transformed URL is sent to others participating in the same co-browsing session. This functionality requires the download of an applet in order to enable co-browsing; the applet performs the URL transformation process and also contains functionality for distributing various messages generated by the users during the co-browsing session.
Based on technology similar to that taught in the references cited above, a typical procedure for utilizing a co-browsing session to help a customer navigate a web site might proceed as follows. The first step would be for the customer to indicate that live assistance is required, typically by clicking on an appropriate button appearing on a web page found at the web site of interest. A new web page would be displayed, which would include a telephone number by which the customer could contact a customer service representative at the vendor's call center. Next the customer would in fact place a call to the customer service representative, and indicate the need for live assistance. The customer service representative would then launch the co-browsing software maintained on the customer service representative's computer. This software would automatically assign a unique number to this co-browsing session for purposes of identification. The customer service representative would then verbally direct the customer to enter this session number at the web page to which the customer was redirected upon clicking the button seeking live assistance; the web page would have a text entry section designated for this purpose. The customer would then click on a button on that page designated "start interactive assistance" or the like in order to proceed. An applet containing the co-browsing software functionality would be automatically downloaded from a vendor server to the customer. This applet, ideally installed as a "plug-in" application with the customer's web browser software, would then establish communication with the customer service representative's web browser or proxy using the shared session number. Once the link is thus established, any change to one browser window will be echoed in the other user's browser window due to a communication message sent between the customer service representative's computer and customer's computer. The customer service representative and customer thus may jointly share a browsing experience. Typically the co-browsing software and applet would include additional features tailored to the co-browsing experience, such as individual cursors for each user that allow them to point to separate items on a particular page while engaging in voice communications by telephone.
This type of co-browsing method suffers from several important disadvantages and limitations. One of the most important limitations is that an open connection must be maintained between the operator's computer and customer's computer during the co-browsing section. Maintenance of such a connection may be difficult or even impossible due to the security features present on many modern firewalls and proxy servers associated with the user's computer or computer network. Intended to protect users and computer networks from external attack by viruses, worms, or hackers, these systems will often block attempts to initiate the sort of open connection required for this type of co-browsing because of the security risk such open connections entail. In order to overcome these problems, the applet downloaded to a user may need to be customized for each particular type of firewall hardware and software configuration. Given the myriad possibilities for firewall configurations, the required applet must be enormously complex or must be customized by a skilled programmer for each user who will participate in a co-browsing session. In extreme cases, it may even be necessary to set up special servers at the user's location in order to navigate through extremely tight security protocols maintained by firewalls at the user's location. Such custom configuration work is not practical in an environment where the user is any potential customer located anywhere in the world. The alternative would be to disable the user's firewall or other protection schemes, which would leave the user open to outside attack while the co-browsing session proceeds. Given the enormous potential for lost data and productivity resulting from a successful network attack, few companies would risk disabling or weakening their firewalls in order to allow a co-browsing session to proceed.
A related limitation of such systems, also stemming from the requirement for a constantly open connection, is the inherent unreliability of Internet connections made across non-dedicated telephone and cable wires. Where a constant open connection is required, a single interruption may cause the loss of data, errors in data transmission, or the failure of the synchronization aspects of the co-browsing experience. In such situations, the operator may be required to initiate a completely new session, issue a new session number to the user, and the user will then be required to start the co-browsing session again from scratch. This may mean that the user must re-enter significant amounts of data or renegotiate numerous choices on the applicable web pages. Such interruptions are costly to the vendor and frustrating to the customer who is required to start over in the process that may well have been significantly completed. Although leased land line connections are available that provide a direct, dedicated connection to reduce the likelihood of these problems, few companies could afford to maintain such a connection for the purpose of enabling a co-browsing session; thus requiring the use of a dedicated connection line would make co-browsing impractical for the vast majority of applications to which it may be applied.
Another disadvantage of these co-browsing techniques is that the steps necessary to initiate a co-browsing session are relatively complex, and require numerous active steps on the part of the customer in order for the co-browsing session to begin. The very customers who require assistance are often those persons with the least experience navigating the World Wide Web, and concomitantly those persons who are least likely to be able to successfully complete a complex initiation procedure. Those persons who are initially confused by basic elements of on-line transactions, such as standard browser commands and navigation by hyperlinks, will likely be unable to complete their portion of the co-browsing initiation procedure in order to receive the assistance they need.
Yet another disadvantage of these co-browsing techniques is that the applets or other form of software that must be downloaded or otherwise installed at the user's computer to provide the necessary co-browsing functionality may not be compatible with all web sites. Many web pages already include their own java applets, for example, which may or may not be compatible with the code associated with the co-browsing features. Thus this type of co-browsing technology is not usable with all web sites. Further, these applets or surrogates may be quite large, in some cases exceeding 600 kilobytes, which means that they may take a significant period of time to download onto a computer that is accessing the Internet over a standard dial-up modem connection. This delay may discourage persons from using the co-browsing feature, or may cause them to forego a transaction altogether. Additionally, large organizations routinely set security permissions for personal computers within their networks to prevent users from downloading files that could potentially be dangerous to the user's computer or the organization's network; such security permissions may well block any attempt to download the sort of applet or surrogate required for these co-browsing packages.
One possible solution to the problems associated with maintaining a continuously open connection is the use of polling. Instead of keeping an open connection, the subject web page as it appears on the user's screen would include code to periodically poll the web server responsible for generating each instance of that page to determine if any updates are necessary. Polling could thus in theory eliminate the need for a constantly open connection. Polling is not a practical solution using the pre-existing technologies, however, because it would severely restrict the number of persons who could simultaneously view a given web page; in other words, the solution would not be scalable. As numerous persons accessed the web page, each instance of the web page at each user's computer would be bombarding the web server looking for updates. This would create an immense load upon the web server and degrade system performance. In extreme cases, the result would be similar in effect to a "denial of service" type hacker attack, making access to the web server impossible and rendering the web site inaccessible.
Thus it would be desirable to find a scalable co-browsing system and method that is easily initiated by a customer, does not require an open connection between the participants in the co-browsing session, and does not require the download of specialized software to the customers using such a system. Such a system and method are achieved, and the limitations of the references described above are overcome, by the present invention as described below.
The present invention is directed to a system and method to facilitate co-browsing that utilizes two or more separate but related web sites in conjunction with polling techniques to provide a simple, scalable co-browsing solution. This is accomplished by the creation of a web service designed to relay web browser change events between two or more web browsers operating in a vendor and customer relationship. The information sharing process makes use of event handlers loaded in each web page. The event handler on the transmitting web page (vendor) collects browser change events and passes those events and values to the web service. Likewise, the customer web page polls the web service and updates itself based on the events relayed to the customer web page from the vendor web page via the web service. Because both the vendor and the customer page are exchanging information via the web service using normal Internet ports and not directly with each other, this information sharing technique can operate through any firewall or proxy that is capable of providing normal Internet access to system users.
According to the present invention, a customer accessing a vendor's web site and desiring live assistance may simply click on a button or link labeled "request help" or the like. The customer is then presented with a web page that provides a telephone contact number for a customer service representative and an "access" number for co-browsing. When the customer calls the given telephone number, the customer service representative requests the access number listed on the customer's web page. The customer service representative enters this access number into the software running on his or her computer, and the co-browsing session is automatically established. The customer is not required to enter any information at the web page in order to initiate the co-browsing session. Furthermore, the customer is not required to download any proprietary software; the entire co-browsing session may be navigated by the customer through the use of a standard Internet browser.
The ease of use of the present invention from the customer point of view is made possible by the employment of two separate vendor web sites in conjunction with polling functionality. One web site of the present invention is the vendor's "standard" web site, to which customers are initially sent in order to engage in Internet-based transactions with the vendor. Once the customer clicks on the button requesting assistance, however, the customer is transferred to a URL associated with the vendor's separate co-browsing web site. This transferal is transparent to the user since the web sites are generally identical in appearance. Each web page on the standard web site has an analog on the co-browsing site, but this site is not advertised, hyperlinked from public sites, or otherwise made available for general use. The difference between each page of the co-browsing web site and the corresponding page on the standard site is that the co-browsing web pages include proprietary code (such as java scripts) that periodically poll the co-browsing web server for updates. In this manner, polling may be used to update the web site for synchronization of co-browsing sessions, thus avoiding the necessity of a continuously open connection. But the invention is highly scalable because relatively few of the customers on-line at any particular time will be participating in a co-browsing session. Because only the co-browsing web server, using its separate co-browser web pages, is receiving the polling requests, there is no concern about every instance of the web page for a particular web site creating a massive burden of polling requests upon the web server. As soon as a customer ends his or her co-browsing session, the polling stops and the customer may proceed as usual once returned to the standard web site. This aspect of the present invention limits polling on the system and makes the system scalable to reasonable size without the necessity of massive web server capabilities to handle the influx of polling requests.
The co-browsing web server maintains an accurate view of the co-browsed web page at all times through updates from co-browsing software resident on the customer service representative's computer. Polling requests from the operator's co-browsing software and the java-enabled web page instance being viewed by the customer trigger response updates from the web server if the co-browsed web page has changed since the last polling request. In this manner the shared web page is constantly updated for the customer. By using polling, however, an interruption in the connection cannot cause the entire session to fail; the interruption simply prevents update to one of the user's view of the co-browsed web page for a short period of time. Likewise, since polling requests and update responses are not typically the sort of communications that would trigger security features of even the most aggressive firewalls and proxy servers, the system will work with virtually any computer or computer network without the requirement of customized hardware or software and without the requirement of disabling network defense mechanisms.
Although described above in terms of a vendor and a customer, the invention may be applied to a number of different applications where two or more persons wish to co-browse information available on the World Wide Web. Furthermore, while the invention has been described in terms of a vendor and a single customer, the invention may also be applied for use by a vendor that is co-browsing with multiple customers simultaneously.
An object of the present invention is therefore to provide a co-browsing system and method that does not require an open connection between a user's computer and a web server, proxy server, operator computer, or other network component.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a co-browsing system and method that does not require the download of specialized software in order to enable co-browsing at a user's computer.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a co-browsing system and method whereby a user may easily initiate a co-browsing session.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a co-browsing system and method that is highly scalable.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a co-browsing system and method that is fault tolerant with respect to communication interruptions.
These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from a consideration of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and appended claims in conjunction with the drawings as described following:
With reference to
In communication with server system 10 are vendor personal computer (PC) 18 and customer PC 20. Vendor PC 18 may, for example, be operated by a customer service representative at a call center, and customer PC 20 may be operated by a customer who is accessing the corresponding company's e-commerce web site. Vendor PC 18 and customer PC 20 communicate with server system 10 via network 22. In the preferred embodiment, network 22 is the Internet, but alternative embodiments of the invention may utilize other sorts of internal or external networks 22. Vendor PC 18 runs vendor web browser 23, and customer PC 20 runs customer web browser 24. In the preferred embodiment, software for web browsers 23 and 24 may be Microsoft Explorer from Microsoft Corporation. Web browsers 23 and 24 include functionality to provide vendor event handler 25 and customer event handler 26 at vendor PC 18 and customer PC 20, respectively. The function of event handlers 25 and 26 with respect to the preferred embodiment will be described below.
Referring now to
Session ID 58 is preferably a randomly generated number, but can be any sort of alphanumeric string or other descriptor or symbol that is capable of identifying the particular session or instantiation of the web site being viewed by the customer. Session ID 58 may preferably be generated and stored as a session variable; an example of pseudo-code to perform this function would be:
Session("SessionID")=Int(9000 * Rnd( ) + 1000) '// generate and store random number txtSession.Text = Cint(Session("SessionID")) '// Display random number
Contact web page 54 also preferably includes text that instructs the customer viewing web page 54 to use telephone number 56 to contact a customer assistance representative, and provide the customer assistance representative with the session ID 58 indicated on web page 54.
At the same time that the customer is presented with web page 54, the customer's web browser running on customer PC 20 runs a code script similar to the following pseudo-code, which calls web service 16 and passes to web service 16 the customer's desire for assistance, along with the user's unique session ID 58. This step is shown in
function init( ) { // Initialize web service Ready.useService("http://wsl.asmx?wsdl","SharingService"); // Notify web service that individual 1 is ready Ready.SharingService.callService("Individuall", "<%=Session("SessionID")%>"); TestResults( ); }
Scripts of this form may preferably be applets written in the Java programming language, developed by Sun Microsystems of Palo Alto, Calif.
After launching such a request for an information sharing session, the participating customer would then telephone the vendor at the provided telephone number 56. The customer would be asked at that time to provide to the customer service representative, who is stationed at vendor PC 18 and is operating vendor web browser 23, to pass along the value of session ID 58 that the customer was previously shown at contact web page 54. Using this information, the customer service representative would then call up entry web page 64 at vendor PC 18; entry web page 64 is shown in the preferred embodiment in
function init( )
// make an initialization call to the web service
iSetTimeout = window.setTimeout(TestResults,2000);
function TestResults( )
// Call webservice and check for a Session ID
iCallID = Looking.SharingService.callService(PollInitiator,
iSetTimeout = window.setTimeout(TestResults,2000);
Once the customer service representative enters session ID 58 in session ID entry box 66, the information sharing process begin. Both customer web browser 23 and vendor web browser 24, running on customer PC 20 and vendor PC 18, respectively, are redirected to customer shared web page 70, and vendor shared web page 72, respectively. These web pages are illustrated in
The customer shared web page 70 contains software that polls web service 16 at web service server 14 across network 22 for control names and values. Whenever web service 16 returns a control name and value, customer web browser 24 updates customer shared web page 70 with the information received. Such software may, in the preferred embodiment, adopt the following general pseudo-code form:
function init( ) { // Initialize the web service Client.useService("http://ws1.asmx?wsdl","SharingService"); rerun( ); } function rerun( ) { //Clear Polling Timeout window.clearTimeout(iSetTimeout); // Request Updates iCallID = Client.SharingService.callService(Changes, "GetChanges", <%=Session("SessionID")%>); }
Vendor web browser 23 comprises a poll initiator function that also polls web service 16. This function checks to see whether or not the customer web browser 24 has acknowledged the presence of the vendor web browser 23. If so, the vendor web browser 24 is ready to transmit information to web service 16 using vendor event handler 25. In this way, the customer service representative at vendor PC 18 may make changes or move about on vendor shared web page 72, with such changes being reflected on customer shared web page 70.
Specifically, vendor web browser 23 is in the preferred embodiment configured with "on change" or "on click" tags which, in turn, call a script in vendor event handler 25 that passes those changes to web service 16. A typical "on change" tag call to the SendEvent script could follow this general pseudo-code format:
<input type="text" name="txtInputValue" maxlength="10" size ="10" value="" ID="Text3" onchange="SendEvent(this);">
Thus whenever the custom service representative enters information into a text box on vendor shared web page 70 (or any page to which the customer service representative subsequently moves and which is configured for co-browsing), or the customer service representative changes the state of a radio button, or a list box, or any other control, the "on change" event "fires" and triggers a call to the "SendEvent" function of vendor event handler 25. The SendEvent function, in turn, calls web service 16 and passes the control (sFieldName) and its value (sFieldValue) to web service 16. The SendEvent function takes the following pseudo-code form in the preferred embodiment:
function SendEvent(element) { var sFieldName = element.name; var sFieldValue = element.value; iCallID = Looking.SharingService.callService("SendEvent", — sFieldName, sFieldValue,<%=Session("SessionID")%>); }
Likewise, the web service 16 SendEvent function stores the controls and values for later retrieval by customer event handler 26 of customer web browser 24. The web service 16 SendEvent method could take the following general pseudo-code form:
<WebMethod( )> Public Function SendEvent(ByVal sFieldName as String, ByVal sFieldValue as String, ByVal sSessionID as String) as String Application(sSessionID) = Application(sSessionID) & "|" & — sFieldName & "|" & sFieldValue SendEvent="ACK" End Function
The SendEvent method of web service 16 simply appends control names and values sent by vendor event handler 25 to a queue, addressable by the shared Session ID 28, for storage (at data store 28 or other memory or storage facilities) and subsequent retrieval by customer web browser 24. In the example, the queue is saved as an Application Variable but the queue could just as easily be saved as a Session Variable, a database entry, pushed to a processor's stack, or even written to a simple text file should saving and retrieval speed not be essential.
Customer event handler 26 of customer web browser 24 polls the web service for control names and values. Whenever web service 16 returns a control name and value, the polling customer web browser 24 updates the state of those controls within customer web browser 24 with the information received. This functionality of customer event handler 26 may take the following general pseudo-code form in the preferred embodiment:
function init( ) { // Initialize the web service Client.useService("http://ws1.asmx?wsdl","SharingService"); rerun( ); } function rerun( ) { //Clear Polling Timeout window.clearTimeout(iSetTimeout); // Request Updates iCallID = Client.SharingService.callService(Changes, "GetChanges", <%=Session("SessionID")%>); }
The corresponding code at web service 16 on web server 14 may take the following general pseudo-code form:
<WebMethod( )> Public Function GetChanges(ByVal strSessionID As
String) As String
GetChanges=Application(strSessionID) ' // Return update queue.
Application(strSessionID)="" '//Clear application variable.
End Function
Finally, customer web browser 24 receives and process the GetChanges value using a software function in customer event handler 26 that in the preferred embodiment may be of the following general pseudo-code form:
Function GetChanges(Change)
// Check to see if there is a Change
if (Change.value != "")
// sets a variable to the Change value
var stringvalues = Change.value;
// defines the deliminator of the XML
var reg3 = /\|/;
// defines a value which will split the received HTML
// into two pieces -- the name of the field and the value
var stringarray = stringvalues.split(reg3);
// Loop through the number of elements on the page
// This loop is a dynamic loop getting the total number of
// elements and if the name of the element matches places
// the value in the control
for(array=0; array <= stringarray.length − 1; array++)
for(count=0; count <= frmMain.elements.length − 1;
//Define variables to hold array information
var strArrayValue = stringarray[array]
var strArray2Value = stringarray[array + 1]
if (frmMain.elements[count].name == strArrayValue)
var strBlank = null;
if (strArray2Value == strBlank)
frmMain.elements[count].value = "";
frmMain.elements[count].value =
// repeat the init call at a specified millisecond interval
// window.setTimeout(<call>, <ms value>)
iSetTimeout = window.setTimeout(rerun, interval);
The present invention is responsible for queuing change events passed by the participating web browsers via calls by web service 16 to data store 28. Web service 16 also retrieves change events from data store 28 and passes them to the requesting web browser via calls to web service 16. This process allows information to flow from sending browser 23 or 24, to web service 16, to receiving browser 23 or 24 without any direct or continuous connection between the two browsers. Since each browser is communicating only with web service 16, the firewall and proxy server issues involved with previous remote information sharing and assistance are eliminated.
The technique of sending only change events and values via those web service 16 calls serves to dramatically reduce the bandwidth requirements of the present invention over those of the prior art. This technique avoids the need to refresh entire pages between views and provides a means of maintaining synchronization of viewing experiences with a high degree of reliability. The technique of queuing change events as a data store at data store 28 maintained by web service server 14 is also advantageous. This technique provides the rapid storage and recovery of data required to support interactive assistance sessions.
The present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred and alternative embodiments that are intended to be exemplary only and not limiting to the full scope of the present invention.
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|Persistent data storage for metadata related to web service entities
|Oct 24, 2001
|Mar 20, 2007
|Microsoft Corporation
|Resolving virtual network names
|Aug 26, 2002
|May 6, 2008
|Oracle International Corporation
|System and method for real-time annotation of a co-browsed document
|Feb 23, 2004
|Jun 10, 2008
|Vilcauskas Jr Andrew J
|Post-session internet advertising system
|Jan 14, 2003
|Oct 28, 2008
|British Telecommunications Public Limited Company
|Communication system and method for data web session transfer
|Jul 5, 2001
|Sep 8, 2009
|David Paul Felsher
|Information record infrastructure, system and method
|Jun 20, 2001
|Mar 7, 2002
|Yuval Nahon
|System and method for directing shared data
|Feb 7, 2001
|Mar 14, 2002
|Net2Phone, Inc.
|Group-browsing system
|Dec 28, 2000
|Mar 21, 2002
|Jae-Young Lee
|Method for collaborative-browsing using transformation of URL
|Mar 1, 2001
|Apr 25, 2002
|Yuval Nahon
|System and method for directing shared data
|Feb 5, 2002
|Jun 13, 2002
|Microsoft Corporation
|Shared views for browsing content
|Dec 22, 2000
|Jun 27, 2002
|Bauer Kirk Wayne
|Method and system of collaborative browsing
|Aug 22, 2001
|Feb 27, 2003
|Henrick Robert F.
|Enhancement of communications by peer-to-peer collaborative web browsing
|Sep 27, 2001
|Mar 27, 2003
|Lin Jin Kun
|Co-browsing system including form and focal-point synchronization capabilities for both secure and non-secure web documents
|Feb 6, 2002
|Jun 5, 2003
|Ji Yong Kim
|Web collaborative browsing system and method using internet relay chat protocol
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 3, 2010
|Nov 6, 2012
|Google Inc.
|Content retrieval from sites that use session identifiers
|May 19, 2005
|Jan 8, 2013
|Novell, Inc.
|System for creating a customized software distribution based on user requirements
|Feb 12, 2010
|Aug 20, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dynamically managing online communication groups
|Sep 4, 2013
|Apr 26, 2016
|Hbr Labs Llc
|Platform and method for real-time synchronized co-browsing of web pages
|Mar 4, 2010
|Aug 15, 2017
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Direct linked two way forms
|May 19, 2005
|Nov 23, 2006
|Isaacson Scott A
|System for creating a customized software distribution based on user requirements
|Feb 12, 2010
|Sep 2, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dynamically Managing Online Communication Groups
|Mar 4, 2010
|Sep 8, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Direct linked two way forms
|Feb 7, 2012
|Aug 8, 2013
|Soaric Ab
|Dynamic sharing of a webservice
|Sep 4, 2013
|Mar 6, 2014
|Hbr Labs Llc
|Platform and method for real-time synchronized co-browsing of web pages
|May 24, 2013
|Nov 28, 2013
|Simple Matters Limited
|A collaborative home retailing system
|U.S. Classification
|709/227, 709/205, 709/203, 718/104, 709/224, 709/228, 709/229, 715/751, 709/204, 715/758, 715/737, 715/736
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 14, 2006
Owner name: BENEFITS TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C., OKLAHOMA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IVORY HOLDINGS, LLC;REEL/FRAME:017937/0113
Effective date: 20060710
|Dec 3, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Market Highlights:
Globally the market for pharmacogenomics is increasing rapidly mainly due to increasing safety in drug. The factors that influence the growth of Pharmacogenomics market; rising utilization in medication revelation processes, increasing interest for customized drugs, expanding security in treatment, Improve evidence of guideline for adequacy trials.
Key Players
- Myriad Genetics, Inc (U.S)
- Transgenomic, Inc(U.S)
- 23andMe (U.S)
- Pathway Genomics (CA)
- Genetech (CA)
- GeneDX (U.S)
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.(Israel)
- Illumina, Inc.(U.s)
- Assurex Health, Inc.(U.s)
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The report for Pharmacogenomics of Market Research Future comprises of extensive primary research along with the detailed analysis of qualitative as well as quantitative aspects by various industry experts, key opinion leaders to gain the deeper insight of the market and industry performance.
The market for pharmacogenomics is segmented into mainly three; by application, by therapeutic application, by end user and its various sub-segments. By application include drug safety, Tailor treatments, drug discovery and others. Whereas by therapeutic application include cancer, oncology, cardiovascular and others. Furthermore by methods include haplotype analysis, multivariate techniques, quantitative trait analysis and others.
Taste the market data and market information presented through more than 50 market data tables and figures spread in 120 numbers of pages of the project report. Avail the in-depth table of content TOC & market synopsis on "Global Pharmacogenomics Market Research Report – Forecast to 2027"
Study Objectives of Pharmacogenomics
- To provide detailed analysis of the market structure along with forecast for the next 10 years of the various segments and sub-segments of the global pharmacogenomics market
- To provide insights about factors affecting the market growth
- To Analyze the Pharmacogenomics Market based on various factors- price analysis, supply chain analysis, porters five force analysis etc.
- To provide historical and forecast revenue of the market segments and sub-segments with respect to four main geographies and their countries- Americas, Europe, Asia, and Middle East & Africa.
- To provide country level analysis of the market with respect to the current market size and future prospective
- To provide country level analysis of the market for segment by application, by therapeutic application, by methods and its sub-segments.
- To provide strategic profiling of key players in the market, comprehensively analyzing their core competencies, and drawing a competitive landscape for the market
- To track and analyze competitive developments such as joint ventures, strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, new product developments, and research and developments in the global pharmacogenomics market.
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Asia– Pacific
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The report gives the clear picture of current market scenario which includes historical and projected market size in terms of value and volume, technological advancement, macro economical and governing factors in the market. The report provides details information and strategies of the top key players in the industry. The report also gives a broad study of the different market segments and regions.
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The silver screen of Bengali cinema has always been overflowed with unsurpassable beauties. Be it a siren like Supriya Devi or the drop-dead gorgeous Roopa Ganguly, the picturesque Suchitra Sen or the peerless Sumitra Devi, the silver screen of Bengali cinema has an elongated record of charm. Among this mound of beauties ten actresses have been picked up by Filmsack as the Ten Most Beautiful Actresses of Bengali cinema.
One of the exquisite beauties of her time, Suchitra Sen had that flawless face that mesmerized the viewers of Bengali cinema for a decade long. She has been acclaimed as "This is the face that launched a thousand films." In an industry where heroines are used for glamour quotient, Sen was an exception; she was beautiful in an unusual way and managed to draw the viewers' attention to her character. It was more or less the same with Devdas, Bimal Roy's 1955 classic in which Sen played Paro and more than matched the subtle charms of Vyjayantimala, cast as Chandramukhi. Though it was her first Hindi film, Sen's powerful portrayal is said to be the best projection of Devdas's innocent lover though the film has been remade many times ever since.
With her sharp features, those hypnotizing eyes and a strong sensible approach to the art of acting, Roopa Ganguly has been one of the most beautiful as well as cerebral actresses of Bengali cinema. She has been acclaimed as a noted beauty in numerous articles after she had mesmerized the audience of late eighties by her portrayal of the character of Draupadee in the 1988 televised version of Mahabharata. She looked extremely beautiful and vibrant as Droupadee, especially in the Vastraharan sequence and never looked such beautiful in any of her films or telefilms. It was the Vastraharan seauence that acquired the biggest TRP among all the episodes. She was furious and magnificent with her asserting tone and was credited with the acknowledgement from most of the Indians that she was born to play Draupadee. She acted in Hindi as well as Bengali commercial films but most of them flopped at box office. But that did not cut down the glory she achieved by her cerebral performance in Bengali films like Janani (1993), Padma Nadir Majhi (1993), Yugant (1996), Krantikaal (2005), Antarmahal (2005). She played a cameo role in Goutam Ghose's Dekha but she scorched screen with her small but seductive approach especially in the Eki Labonyo Purna Prane song sequence where the character played by Soumitra Chatterjee recalls up a moment of Roopa Ganguly looking back with a pair of those killer eyes. In almost all of her films, directors cast her in characters of those strong, resolute and confident women. The reason, perhaps is that she is personally also a woman of strong resolution. She has always spoken out against the patriarchal institution. A believer in free will, Roopa Ganguly did not want to compromise with her marital status and that was why she got seperated from her husband who had been jealous of her stardom. She has been a life long pursuer of love and once fell for a man who is much more junior to her. But she has always been fetterless to openly confess her love for a man much junior to her.
Kaberi Bose had those eyes that juxtaposed a childlike vibrance to the sombre mystery of womanhood. In all her films she had been expressively beautiful. Her debut film was Raikamal and she was paired with Uttam Kumar in this film. In this film, she played the character of a girl in quest of eternal and spiritual truth. Uttam Kumar was mesmerized by her charm and on the set of this film, he often used to gaze at her for long. Throughout the nineteen fifties Bose appeared in other films like Devi Malini, Drishti, Asamapta, Paradhin, Shankar Narayan Bank, Madhumalati to name a few. She took a long sabbatical throughout the nineteen sixties. In 1970 she came back with Satyajit Ray's Aranyer Din Ratri. Can we ever forget the sequence where Shubhendu Chatterjee kept on waiting for her to have cup of coffee with him and when she appeared out of the darkness, the previous figure of innocence was gone. Now she looked ardently seductive, intimidatingly alluring. With her eloquent eyes and arresting voice Kaberi Bose was her own star; she worked on her terms. She also appeared in another two Bengali films in nineteen seventies.
Paoli Dam is not only beautiful but also bold. Her grace has always been compared to that of Smita Patil or that of Suchitra Sen. Paoli Dam began her career in tv serials. After that she appeared in Ravi Kinagi's Bengali film I Love You where she played sister of the character played by Dev. She shot to fame after she had appeared in Goutam Ghose's Kaalbela (2009) where she played the character of Madhabilata. The film certified her as an actress of substantial performance.
What should be the exact adjective to define Sumitra Devi - a goddess with luminous face or a seductress with those hypnotizing eyes. She is beautiful in the peakest meaning of the term. She was born in 1923 at Shiuri, in Birbhum district of undivided Bengal in a Brahmin orthodox family but was brought up in Muzaffarpur, district of Bihar. She was originally named as Nilima. In her teenage, she was fascinated with the then silver screen beauties like Kanan Devi or Leela Desai and this fascination once turned into a strong desire to be an actress. Films of New Theatres were household names by then. She sent an application along with a photograph to New Theatres. No one but her younger brother Ranajit was in the secret of doing this. Her letter was answered and she was called for an interview at N.T. Sumitra Devi was asked to read an article and she performed what she had been asked to do. While reading she once looked at the personas surrounding her and found them in a complete state of being mesmerized. Nilima adopted the screen name Sumitra. On the family front she faced a lot of opposition from her father. However she could overcome all odds only through her determination to enter the world of acting and it was the prestigious New Theatres where she signed her first film contract for My Sister. However, she was immediately offered another role by Debaki Kumar Bose in Sandhi which actually happened as Sumitra Devi's debut film. Apurba Mitra was credited as the director of Sandhi but it was Debaki Bose, uncle to Apurba Mitra, who originally did the job of direction for this film that was remade several years later.
Sandhi was released on 26th October, 1944 and became a huge hit. Sumitra Devi became star with her first film and she was credited as an actress having an "outstanding luminous screen presence." Even her first film won her the BFJA Award in the Best Actress in A Leading Role category. My Sister was released after Sandhi. Even after becoming a star she had to confront strong opposition from her non co-operative family and her first marriage at Bhagalpur ended in a divorce. During this time she became personally close to her Pather Dabi co-actor Debi Mukherjee and she got married to him in 1946. In 1945, she appeared as the drop dead gorgeous Rohini in Soumyen Mukherji's Hindi film Wasiyatnama based on Krishnakanter Will, the celebrated novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. The then film critic society praised Mr. Mukherji for casting her in this enticing character of Rohini as she simply got into that character by nature. In the late forties she appeared in Bengali films like Abhijog (1947), Pather Dabi (1947), Pratibad (1948), Joyjatra (1948), Swami (1949), Debi Chowdhurani (1949). In the early fifties, she accepted more offers from Bollywood. She appeared in Hindi films like Mashaal (1950), Deewana (1952), Mamta (1952), Ghungroo (1952), Raja Harischandra (1952), Mayurpankh (1954), Chor Bazaar (1954) to name a few. In 1955, she again returned to Bengali cinema with the blockbuster Dasyu Mohan (1955). Pradeep Kumar who was a part of this venture used to come to the set of this film and sat by watching Sumitra Devi for long even when he had no schedule for shooting. "I felt honoured in becoming an ardent spectator of her deeds" said Pradeep Kumar, "She is an instance of the perfect harmonization of beauty and glory." Once she was questioned by a journalist whether she knew that she was irrestible to the actors around and her answer followed that famous coy but confident smile of hers, "I never keep counting on that." In 1956, she appeared in Kartik Chattopadhyay's Saheb Bibi Golam which is an adaptation of Bimal Mitra's classic novel of the same name. The film was a blockbuster at that time. She played the character of a beautiful alcoholic wife of a landlord who is indifferent towards her. Who can forget her in the song sequence Koto Sadhanay Peyechi Tomay. During the shooting of this film, Uttam Kumar was, often caught in red hand gazing intently at Sumitra Devi whom the icon certified as "the queen bee of Bengali cinema." In 1957, she appeared in Kartik Chattopadhyay's Nilachaley Mahaprabhu which again became a blockbuster. In the same year, she appeared in Haridas Bhattacharya's National Award winning Bengali film Aandhare Alo which was an adaptation of the renowned Bengali author Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's short story of the same name.
Moushumi Chatterjee has, in her beauty, the innocence of a child juxtaposed to the majesty of a philosopher.
She has been the queen bee at millions of heart. Whenever she gazes up, her large beautiful eyes at once bewitch us. Debasree Roy shot to recognition after she had appeared in Aparna Sen's much acclaimed film 36, Chowringhee Lane (1981). Her first Hindi film was Jiyo To Aise Jiyo (1981) by Kanak Mishra. In 1985, she appeared in Akash Jain's Hindi film Kabhi Ajnabi The. She looked tremendously beautiful in the song sequence Geet Mere Hothon Ko De Gaya Koi that was bet to be the biggest crowd pulling factor of this film. her chemistry with Sandeep Patil in the film was highly talked about in media. Even it was rumoured at that time that she had been having a secret affair with Patil. Unfortunately the film flopped at box office and her Bollywood career came to a collapse. After the towering appreciation of his film Mouna Ragam (1986), Mani Ratnam was looking for a pretty face for Nayakan and approached to Debasree to play the lead opposite Kamal Hassan. Roy made a tremendous mistake by refusing the role and regretted this refusal made by her for the rest of her life as the film went on to become an enormous critical and commercial success. Later during an interview she gave the logic for rejecting the proposal from Mani Ratnam that she had refused it because she had thought that dialogue delivery in Tamil language would not be easy for her. In 1985, she was paired with Tapas Paul in Tarun Majumdar's Bengali Bengali film Bhalobasa Bhalobasa which turned out to be a blockbuster of the year. It was then only when she decided to sign a host of Bengali films and this decision of her was quite right as she later became a highly successful actress in Bengali cinema. Back then Bengali cinema was on the verge of collapse due to the untimely death of Mahua Roychoudhury. Debasree Roy who stepped in to compensate the slot and monopolised the market of Bengali cinema till Satabdi Roy rose to stardom at the beginning of the nineties.


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The Inner Circle Trailer (2009)
01 January 2009
While attending an all-girls boarding school in New England in the 1960s, five nonconformist students (Lauren Storm, Haley Hudson, Sarah Aldrich, Brooke Lyons and B.K. Cannon) develop an uncommon bond by uncovering a stunning, life-altering secret -- and by standing up to authority. Mariette Hartley, Charlotte Stewart and Lynda Scarlino co-star in this compelling coming-of-age tale from director Camille Poisson.
Watch the official The Inner Circle 2009 trailer in HD below or find more The Inner Circle videos on Vidimovie.


text:
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Recruited subjects, coordinated clinical analysis, collected blood samples: JL MXJ JSZ YYR LFW. Conceived and designed the experiments: WY LFW DZ. Performed the experiments: WY LFW TLL. Analyzed the data: LFW WY WHY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TLL YYR. Wrote the paper: WY JL DZ LFW FFZ LNZ.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a high estimated heritability. ATP2B2, located on human chromosome 3p25.3, encodes the plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 which extrudes Ca2+ from cytosol into extracellular space. Recent studies reported association between ATP2B2 and autism in samples from Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) and Italy. In this study, we investigated whether ATP2B2 polymorphisms were associated with autism in Chinese Han population.
We performed a family based association study between five SNPs (rs35678 in exon, rs241509, rs3774180, rs3774179, and rs2278556 in introns) in ATP2B2 and autism in 427 autism trios of Han Chinese descent. All SNPs were genotyped using the Sequenom genotyping platform. The family-based association test (FBAT) program was used to perform association test for SNPs and haplotype analyses.
This study demonstrated a preferential transmission of T allele of rs3774179 to affected offsprings under an additive model (T>C, Z=2.482, p=0.013). While C allele of rs3774179 showed an undertransmission from parents to affected children under an additive and a dominant model, respectively (Z=−2.482, p=0.013; Z=−2.591, p=0.0096). Haplotype analyses revealed that three haplotypes were significantly associated with autism. The haplotype C-C (rs3774180–rs3774179) showed a significant undertransmission from parents to affected offsprings both in specific and global haplotype FBAT (Z=−2.037, p=0.042; Global p=0.03). As for the haplotype constructed by rs3774179 and rs2278556, C-A might be a protective haplotype (Z=−2.206, p=0.027; Global p=0.04), while T-A demonstrated an excess transmission from parents to affected offsprings (Z=2.143, p=0.032). These results were still significant after using the permutation method to obtain empirical p values.
Our research suggested that ATP2B2 might play a role in the etiology of autism in Chinese Han population.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe impairment in reciprocal social interaction and communication skills, and the presence of stereotyped behaviors and interests [1]. Previous researches reported that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) occurred in 1 out of 150 individuals [2]. Several lines of evidence suggested that strong genetic components were involved in the susceptibility to ASD [3]–[5]. Twin studies indicated that the estimated heritability of autism was nearly 90%. However, autism is a common disorder with multiple genetic causes. Recently, genome wide association studies (GWA) identified susceptibility common genetic variants (i.e. rs4307059 in 5p14.1 [6], rs10513025 in 5p15.2 [7], rs4141463 in the intron of MACROD2 [8]) for ASD which support the "common disease, common variant" hypothesis of this complex disease [9]. However, no definitely replicated results were reported across literatures until now. Common variants dredged from simple GWAS analysis could not explain a substantial fraction of the heritability of ASD [10]. It seems that a myriad of common variations of very small effect impacts ASD liability [11]. Rare variants such as mutations and/or copy number variants (CNV) might attributable to the "missing heritability" [12]. These lines of evidence support the other hypothesis "common disease, rare variant", which proposes that many rare variants and/or structural variants (i.e. CNV) might contribute to the risk of common disease [13]–[15]. Candidate gene approaches are also useful to detect the common and/or rare variants associated with ASD.
ATP2B2 (ATPase, calcium-transporting, plasma membrane 2) encodes plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2). PMCA2 belongs to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases which remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. Intracellular calcium signaling is important for the development of specific synaptic connections. Disruptions of intracellular calcium homeostasis underlie a host of emerging diseases such as seizures and autism [16]. Evidence from biochemical and genetic studies of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier AGC1 indicated that AGC and altered Ca2+ homeostasis play a key role in the cascade of signaling events leading to autism [17]. Therefore, understanding the role of calcium in setting up brain networks may help identifying the causes of diseases such as autism.
Furthermore, ATP2B2 is expressed mainly in cerebellum, and also expressed in cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal formation [18]–[22]. Previous researches have demonstrated that absence of ATP2B2 led to defects of both the vestibular and auditory systems [23]–[27]. Moreover, several studies suggested that ATP2B2 plays an important role in synaptic signaling and functional cerebellar output [28]–[30]. And ATP2B2 had a strong influence on development and maintenance of the cerebellar function [31].
ATP2B2 is located in human chromosome region 3p25.3. Several studies identified region of suggestive linkage with autism on chromosome 3p25 [32]–[34]. There might reside some susceptibility genes for autism. Previous GWAS did not detect the association between ATP2B2 and autism [6]–[8]. Recently, Carayol J, et al. performed a family-based association study between ATP2B2 and autism. They firstly provided the evidence for a susceptibility gene ATP2B2 for autism [35]. Then this result was replicated in another research in Italy [36]. These researches indicated that ATP2B2 might be a predisposing gene for autism.
The biological functions of ATP2B2 and the positive results of previous association made ATP2B2 become an attractive candidate gene for autism. Considering the genetic heterogeneity in different ethnicities, we performed a family-based association study to investigate the association between ATP2B2 and autism in Chinese Han population.
This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Institute of Mental Health, Peking University. All subjects provided written informed consent, and informed written consent for children was obtained from their biological parents (the children's legal guardians).
We performed a family based association study in 427 autism trios of Han Chinese descent (1281 individuals, including probands and their biological parents). All subjects were recruited at the Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, China. Of the 427 autistic children, 403 were male and 24 were female. The mean age of the children at the time of testing was 6.3 years old (ranging from 2 to 16.7 years). These children were diagnosed with autism by two senior psychiatrists, and all children met the DSM-IV criteria for autism. Besides, these autistic children were assessed using Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) [37] and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) [38]. Children who had scores ≥53 on ABC and ≥35 on CARS were included in the present study. The demographic data were listed in Table S1. Children with Asperger's syndrome, Rett syndrome, phenylketonuria, fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and a previously identified chromosomal abnormality were excluded. Children with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) which also called atypical autism were not included in this study. As for PDD-NOS, the criteria for autistic disorder were not met, for instance because of late age of onset, atypical symptomatology, or subthreshold symptomatology, or all of these.
Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit. The SNPs information was obtained from dbSNP database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/) and HapMap phaseII genotype Chinese Han in Beijing (CHB) dataset (http://www.hapmap.org). Previous studies had reported that four SNPs (rs35678 in exon, rs241509, rs3774180, and rs2278556 in introns) were associated with autism [35], [36]. To explore whether these results could be replicated in Chinese Han population, we selected the above-mentioned four SNPs (rs35678 (NC_000003.11:g.10379923C>T) in exon, rs241509 (NC_000003.11:g.10387059C>A), rs3774180 (NC_000003.11:g.10396988T>C), and rs2278556 (NC_000003.11:g.10402103G>A) in introns) and another SNP rs3774179 (NC_000003.11:g.10397069T>C) which is close to rs3774180 in the present association study. The minor allele frequencies (MAF) of these five SNPs in Chinese Han population were more than 0.05.
All SNPs were genotyped using the iPLEX Assay on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform (Sequenom Inc, San Diego, California), which uses the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry primer extension assay [39], [40]. Primers were designed by Sequenom online service (http://www.sequenom.com). Information of primers was listed in Table 1. We used iPLEX genotyping assay, which has increased plexing efficiency and flexibility for the MassARRAY system through single base primer extension with mass-modified terminators [41]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed according to the standard protocol. Spectra were analyzed using MassARRAY Typer, version 4.0 software (Sequenom). Quality control was performed by excluding individual SNPs or samples with genotype call rates less than 95% and SNP assays with poor-quality spectra/cluster plots.
To confirm the genotype results by Sequenom, all these five SNPs were regenotyped in 10% of the samples. Direct DNA sequencing was used for analyzing rs35678, rs3774180, rs3774179 and rs2278556, which do not have natural restriction sites. The SNP rs241509 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Details for PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing were described in the Text S1.The information of primers and PCR-RFLP analysis were listed in Table S2. Raw data are available upon request. All DNA sequencing data have been deposited in GenBank. The genotyping concordance rate for Sequenom and direct sequencing was more than 99%, and that was 96% for Sequenom and PCR-RFLP.
Prior to analysis, Mendelian inconsistencies were checked using the PEDCHECK program, version 1.1 [42]. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for genotype frequency distributions was tested using the Chi-square goodness-of-fit test. We used the Haploview 4.1 (http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/) to calculate the pair-wise D′ values for SNPs and construct haplotypes. SNP pairs were considered to be in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) if D′>0.8. The family-based association test (FBAT) program version 2.0.4 (beta1) (http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/~fbat/default.html) was used to perform association test for SNPs under additive model and dominant model [43]. Moreover, FBAT program provided estimated haplotype frequencies and pairwise LD between the specific markers. The individual haplotype tests were conducted under "biallelic" mode in haplotype based association test (HBAT). Meanwhile, the global haplotype tests of association were performed under "multiallelic" mode in HBAT. The significance level for all statistical tests was two-tailed (p<0.05).
The power of sample size for association tests was evaluated using Quanto software version 1.2.4 (http://hydra.usc.edu/gxe/) [44]. The sample size of 427 trios had approximately 82% power to detect risk allele frequencies ranging from 0.191 to 0.451, assuming a relative risk of 1.4, the prevalence of autism of 0.006, with additive model.
Correction for multiple testing was conducted using Bonferroni correction (α/N=0.05/5=0.01). However, Bonferroni correction is too conservative to detect small or moderate effects. Considering the inter-correlation of the SNPs, SNPSpD (http://genepi.qimr.edu.au/general/daleN/SNPSpD) program was used as a simple correction for multiple testing of SNPs in LD with each other [45]. SNPSpD, on the basis of the spectral decomposition (SpD) of matrices of pairwise LD between SNPs, automatically removed redundant SNPs (i.e., SNPs in completed LD (r2=1) with another SNP) [46]. In our data, the effective number of independent marker loci calculated by SNPSpD was 3. The calculated significance threshold required to keep type I error rate at 5% was 0.01695.
Five SNPs (rs35678, rs241509, rs3774180, rs3774179, and rs2278556) in ATP2B2 were genotyped in 427 autism trios (1281 individuals). The call rates of individual SNPs and samples were more than 98%. All SNP assays were with good quality cluster plots.
All of these five SNPs were polymorphic with minor allele frequencies more than 5%. Therefore, these SNPs were used as genetic markers in this study. None of the genotype distributions of these SNPs in parents significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and p value for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of these five SNPs in children affected with autism and parents were shown in Table S3.
Univariate (single marker) test using FBAT demonstrated that T alleles of rs3774179 showed a preferential transmission from parents to children affected with autism (T>C, Z=2.482, p=0.013, under an additive model). While C allele of rs3774179 showed a significant undertransmission from parents to affected children under an additive model and a dominant model, respectively (Z=−2.482, p=0.013; Z=−2.591, p=0.0096). Allele frequencies and the association results for single SNP analyses were shown in Table 2. The results were similar in trios with male probands (data not shown).
The LD patterns of the SNPs were measured with D primer value using Haploview. Four SNPs (rs241509, rs3774180, rs3774179 and rs2278556) were identified in one LD block with D' value range from 0.77 to 0.95 (Figure 1).
Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (5 tests) resulted in a significance level of p=0.01, and only the result for rs3774179 under a dominant model remained significant. Considering Bonferroni correction is too conservative, SNPSpD approach was used as a simple correction for multiple testing of SNPs in LD with each other. The calculated significance threshold required to keep type I error rate at 5% was 0.01695. Therefore, rs3774179 was significantly associated with autism both under an additive model (p=0.013) and a dominant model (p=0.0096) after correction of multiple comparisons.
To determine whether any specific haplotypes would confer a higher risk for autism, the specific and global haplotype association tests were performed. Haplotypes were constructed by neighboring SNPs using a sliding window approach. Three haplotypes were significantly associated with autism (Table 2). The haplotype C-C (rs3774180–rs3774179) showed a significant undertransmission from parents to affected offsprings both in specific and global haplotype FBAT (Z=−2.037, p=0.042; Global p=0.03). As for the haplotype constructed by rs3774179 and rs2278556, C-A might be a protective haplotype (Z=−2.206, p=0.027; Global p=0.04), while T-A demonstrated an excess transmission from parents to affected offsprings (Z=2.143, p=0.032). These results were still significant after using the permutation method to obtain empirical p values (Table 2). The haplotype C-C-A (rs3774180–rs3774179–rs2278556) revealed an undertransmission from parents to children affected with autism in the specific HBAT (Z=−2.117, p=0.034, ppermutation=0.033). However, the global p value of haplotypes encompassing rs3774180–rs3774179–rs2278556 did not show significant (p=0.104). Although rs3774179 might contribute to the association of these haplotypes, haplotypes could capture the combined effects of tightly linked cis-acting causal variants [47]. Other results of haplotype analyses for haplotype constructed by the remaining SNPs were shown in Table S4. When performed association study in trios with male probands, the results had similar trend (data not shown).
In this present study, we investigated the association between ATP2B2 polymorphisms and autism in Chinese Han population. The results of our research indicated that rs3774179 in ATP2B2 was significantly associated with autism (p=0.013, under an additive model; p=0.0096, under a dominant model). Haplotype analyses showed that three haplotypes were significantly associated with autism, all of which including rs3774179.
Two previous family-based association studies explored the association between ATP2B2 and ASD. One reported that SNPs (rs241509, rs3774180 and rs2278556) represented positive association with autism in their exploratory AGRE samples and in the replication samples from Italy [35]. Moreover, they did meta-analysis of the exploratory and replication results in the recessive model after correction for multiple testing, observing strongly significant association between rs35678 (p=0.0023), rs241509 (p=0.00026), rs3774180 (p=0.000018), rs2278556 (p=0.00013) and autism [35]. In the other research based on Italian ASD families, results showed that homozygotes of rs35678 (individuals with genotype CT were at lower risk compared with CC or TT individuals, p=0.0013) were associated with ASD [36]. However, these results were not replicated in our samples in Chinese Han population. We compared the allele frequencies of these SNPs in different populations using the data downloaded from Hapmap data (Table S5). For rs35678, rs241509, rs3774180, and rs3774179, the allele frequencies in Chinese Han in Beijing, China (CHB) population were similar to those in Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection (CEU) population. However, the allele frequency of rs2278556 was 0.440 for G allele in CHB population while it was 0.624 in CEU population.
We detected that rs3774179 which is near to rs3774180 was significantly associated with autism. Previous research by Carayol J, et al. reported that rs3774180 was associated with autism [35]. However, they did not perform association test between rs3774179 and autism. The difference between the results in our research and previous researches might have a few reasons. One was the genetic heterogeneity in different ethnicities. For example, the allele frequency of rs2278556 is different between CHB and CEU populations. Second, the rs3774179 which was associated with autism in our research is near to rs3774180. As only a few tagSNPs were chosen to genotype according to the patterns of LD, markers tested for association must either be the causal allele or highly correlated with the causal allele [48], [49]. Another reason was that children affected with Asperger's syndrome and PDD-NOS were excluded in our research. It was reported that the p values may decreased (i.e. the association became stronger) when the phenotype definition of autism was relaxed to a "spectrum" definition [35].
ATP2B2 is expressed at high level in cerebellum and abundant throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, particularly clustering in the dendrites and spines of Purkinje cells in cerebellum [20], [22]. Several previous researches suggested that ATP2B2 plays an important role in modulating Ca2+ signaling at the synapse, glutamate receptor expression, and survival of Purkinje cells [30], [50]–[52]. Neural development is associated with intracellular Ca2+ levels which can activate signaling pathways to regulate neuronal survival, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis [53], [54]. Any defects of these developmental stages may lead to neuroanatomical abnormalities, decreases of the size and density of neurons, alterations in neural connectivity. For example, dysfunction of ATP2B2 might lead to decreased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor and aberrant signaling in Purkinje neurons, resulting in functional deficits of cerebellum [55], which usually can be detected in autism [56]–[59]. Direct functional evidence demonstrated the influence of presynaptic ATP2B2-mediated Ca2+ extrusion for short-term plasticity at cerebellar parallel fiber to Purkinje neuron synapses. It indicated that ATP2B2 had a strong influence on the development and maintenance of cerebellar function [31]. Recent researches indicated that in Atp2b2+/− mouse model, the dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling and the perturbations in glutamate receptor signaling complexes were paralleled by delayed Purkinje cells loss, and presumed that these mechanisms might be relevant to Purkinje cells dysfunction and loss in autistic patients [51], [60], [61].
The present study had a few limitations. First, the aim of this study was to replicate previous positive results of association between ATP2B2 and autism. Therefore, our research did not explore the association between SNPs in promoter region and 3′ untranslated region in ATP2B2 with autism. Second, rare variants were not investigated in this study. Mutation screening of ATP2B2 in children with autism could be performed in further researches. Third, the sample size of our research is needed to be expanded.
In conclusion, our present results provided evidence that ATP2B2 might be relevant to the etiology of autism. Further association study in larger samples and functional researches of ATP2B2 are needed.
The demographic data of subjects affected with autism.
The information of primers and PCR-RFLP analysis of five SNPs in ATP2B2.
Information of 5 SNPs in ATP2B2 and the genotype frequencies in 427 autism trios of Chinese Han descent.
Estimated haplotype frequencies and results of haplotype association analyses of ATP2B2.
Comparison of the allele frequencies for the five SNPs in CHB and CEU from HapMap data.
Details for PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) and direct sequencing.
We thank all subjects who participated in this study and our colleagues for their assistance in recruiting patients in the study.
This research was supported by research grants from the National Basic Research Development Program of China (973 program 2010CB833905), and National Natural Science Foundation (grant number 81071110). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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The Hunched Donkey Trailer (2009)
26 August 2009 92 mins
After his mother's death, a young man edits the family's home videos to bring back her image. As he delves into the occult he begins to reveal the paradoxical magic of memories and cinema.
Watch the official The Hunched Donkey 2009 trailer in HD below or find more The Hunched Donkey videos on Vidimovie.


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1. Set goals
There is a reason they made us practice goal setting in high school, it actually really helps. Having an articulated goal to strive towards can really help push you to work harder and keep you focused on what you actually want to be achieving.
2. Read the biography of someone you admire
Reading someone else's life story where they share both their successes and hardships always inspires me. This is probably my favourite tip from this post actually! If your a fashion lover I would recommend giving Grace Coddington's memoir a read as well as Diane Von Furstenberg's.
See our post about must-read fashion books here for more info about these books
I knew this would be a hard year at university, so I decided to save up my summer earnings for an overseas trip at the end of the year. I even have a little counter app on my phone counting down the days till our flight leaves. Having something positive to look forward to can get you through the rough patches.
4. Have a side project
When uni gets busy, having a creative side project actually helps me stay motivated. Whether you want to start a blog, take up a new sport or try opening your own online store, having something you're passionate about on the side can help create a nice balance to your life and stimulate your creative juices.
5. Take a day off
Step away from the computer and take a day off to recharge your batteries. Although it might be hard, I find that taking time away from your work and going for a walk or doing some exercise makes me come back more motivated and productive.


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Customer Reviews
What You'll Get
Horseback riding replaced horsefront riding during the war of 1812, when American soldiers realized they couldn't be taken seriously while carried in adult-sized baby slings. Giddy-up like a grown-up with today's Groupon. For $25, you get a horse trail ride at Horse Rides of Pensacola, located on Suwanee Road (a $50 value).
At Horse Rides of Pensacola, both young and old aspiring equestrians can learn the ins and outs of horsemanship while socializing with friends. Horse Rides of Pensacola's trail journeys allow riders to revel in the outdoors while perched atop a majestic, amiable creature. An equine ambassador will guide this timberland jaunt and will show rookie riders how to properly mount the horse, how to ask it for the day's stock prices, and how to get it to gently gallop.
Eight Google Mappers give Horse Rides of Pensacola a 3.5-star average. Three Yahoo! Locals award it a perfect five star rating.
- We used this horse riding facility today and had a great time. The horses were extremely easy to handle and the trail guide was excellent. – Google Mapper who reviewed on 9/6/10
- The 2 horses that the kids rode were very gentle. – pcolamommy, Yahoo! Local
The Fine Print
Promotional value expires Jun 24, 2011. Amount paid never expires. Limit 1 per person, may buy 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 per visit. Reservation required, subject to availability. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
About Horse Rides of Pensacola
Experienced instructor, trainer, and cowgirl Cheryl Glass brings her vast knowledge of all things equine to Horse Rides of Pensacola. Originally a trail-ride outfit, Horse Rides of Pensacola has grown over the past decade to include camps, lessons taught by trained instructors, and charitable events. During camps, kids learn riding techniques and also participate in fishing, wild blueberry picking, access to water slide, and arts and crafts activities. Introductory classes teach pupils equestrian techniques, grooming riders with the fundamentals of equine safety, anatomy, and proper form before they move on to more intense classes such as Equine 101 or Advanced Equine 101. Camps available for children of age three or older.


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If you simply want to get your Thai wife to the US without much issue then a K3 Visa is the best way to go. If you want to complete all the immigration issues now before she leaves for the US then the CR1 Visa or the IR1 Visa is the best visa option. Simply put. If your Thai wife is a housewife then a K3 visa will do but if she is a businesswoman or a career minded woman then the IR1 Visa or the CR1 visa is what…
US Visa Denied
On a number of occasion the US visa is denied in Thailand for a number of reasons. You need to speak to an attorney in Thailand about this to view the possibility of a waiver. Many times it tends to be incorrect completing of forms or information that has been presently incorrectly giving rise to the idea of immigration fraud.
K3 Visa in Thailand
Many mixed American couples in Thailand who wish to live in the US ask about the K3 visa for bringing their Thai wife to the US. The K3 visa is in the same line as the CR1 visa yet there are advantages to each visa and also a downside to each of the US spouse visas.
US Embassy in Bangkok
If you are in need of assistance from the US Embassy in Thailand then you can contact the US Embassy in Bangkok or the US Consulate in Chiang Mai. Note that your visa interview will normally be at the US embassy in Bangkok. We have listed the contact details for the US embassy below with a map to the embassy.
Immigration Fraud
If you are considering taking your Thai girlfriend back to the US to marry her and taking her back on a tourist visa then remember that the US government will view this as fraud. There are large fines and a criminal sentence for breaking immigration laws. Always apply for the correct visa.


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Tag! You are it!
The player of this game starts with "5 weird things/habits about yourself." Then you tag 5 friends and list their names. The furries who get tagged need to write on their blogs about their 5 weird things/habits, as well as state this rule clearly, then tag 5 more victims. Don't forget to leave your victim a comment that says "you're tagged!" in their comments and tell them to read your blog.
So here are my 5 things...
1. When I yawn I make a funny sound that goes like POoooOOOT!
2. When I wake up, I always strech out my front legs for a second and then stretch my back legs.
3. Sometimes, I fall over when I pee coz it's just too hard to balance on three legs for so long. Or sometimes I will switch to the girly position.
4. I like to sleep on the edge of the bed and I have fallen off it more than once while turning to change position in my sleep.
5. I talk a lot while playing with certain toys.
I tagged Mick, Mark&Cream, amstaffie, L^2 and Hank


text: My wife and I want to go on the the 7 day cruise in September. The Guidebook has the note "Reservation Points per person are based on double occupancy and apply to 1st/2nd passenger." If the room has a cost of 126 points and then there is the All others which list points as 78. How many points would my wife and I have to spend? A. 252 or B. 204 or is there a C I am not thinking of. Thanks in advance


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- Artist: Sacred Rite
- Genre: Heavy Metal
- Release Date: 1/22/2008
Sacred Rite Mark Kaleiwahea- Lead Vocals, Guitar Jimmy Caterine- Guitar, Backing Vocal Peter Crane- Bass, Keyboards, Backing Vocal Kevin Lum -Drums, Percussion special guest Louis Lamp -violins on The End Of Time Press Release- Sacred Rite: Resurrection -Hawaiian Heavy Metal Reborn "Sacred Rite: Resurrection" is this Hawaiian metal icons first release of newly recorded material in over 18 years. The CD is dedicated to the memory of Sacred Rite drummer, Kevin Lum. Honolulu, HI. July 17, 2007 - Long overdue, Sacred Rite: Resurrection should prove to be, not only, a perfect reunion disc, but also, a fitting tribute to Sacred Rite drummer, Kevin Lum. Following the 2002 release of the Sacred Rite compilation discs, Rites Of Passage volumes 1 & 2 from Sentinel Steel Records, Kevin Lum lost his lifelong battle with diabetes. In 2004, surviving members, Mark Kaleiwahea, Jimmy Caterine, and Peter Crane began a labor of love by extracting samples of Lum's drum tracks from previous works and, painstakingly, arranging them around new material written by the group. Sacred Rite: Resurrection is a journey back to classic progressive metal with a modern twist. The CD is not intended as a comeback album, but rather, a celebration and tribute to, not only, Kevin Lum, but to classic metal fans around the world.
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Volvo Vocom 88890300 Diagnostic Adapter
Volvo Vocom - diagnostic adapter for construction equipment and trucks Volvo. Vocom the best and most modern dealer diagnostic scanner for Volvo at the moment. Diagnostic adapter allows for high-speed diagnostics of all Volvo engines since 2002 to modern engines of Euro-6.
Volvo Vocom enables programming of control units technique, but only when you activate the special engineering program Developer Tool.
This cables are extra and are as follows:
88890302 - 9-pin cable
88890305 - USB Cable
88890304 - 16-pin cable
88890306 - FCI cable (Works in conjunction with 6-pin adapter (9809709) to connect older vehicles with 6-pin cables)
9809709 - FCI to 6-pin cable (Convers 88890306 into 6-pin connection)
This adapter comes with a 12-month warranty.
Improved LEDs
Improved quality connection cables
Military standard connectors
Improved moisture and dust protection all items
Metal shell and rubber bumper to better protect
Ambient operating temperature from -40 ° C to +80 ° C
Shock: 2 meters
Wireless network standard 802.11 b/g
The electronic product "Volvo Vocom 88890300 Diagnostic Adapter" is dealer's software which contains full detailed information.
We have the catalog "Volvo Vocom 88890300 Diagnostic Adapter" in stock and it is possible to order and buy it now. After you receive the software, we will send all instructions needed to install and provide the after-sale support.


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Back in January when he agreed to a extension that will keep him under contract at Towson through 2020, coach Rob Ambrose declined to comment on the deal that was the university's obvious response to Ambrose guiding the Tigers to their first appearance in the Football Championship Subdivision title game.
But at the Colonial Athletic Association's Media Day at M&T Bank Stadium, Ambrose, a 1993 graduate of Towson, opened up about the factors that led him to remain with his alma mater.
"I have a daughter and a young son, and the contract extension offered to me allows my kids to actually graduate high school wherever they decide to go to school without having to move, and in this business – this right-now, immediate, win-now business – that just doesn't happen," he said. "Those opportunities don't happen for guys in my position.
"The other thing is, it's philosophical," Ambrose continued. "The word 'commitment' seems to be lost in the brush in our right-now, immediate world. Commitment doesn't mean being committed to the moment, but it means being committed to a long-term vision and long-term plans. There's not a lot of people that have the patience for that."
At the time of the announcement of the extension, Tigers athletic director Tim Leonard had said that the deal included a costly buyout option designed to cause potential suitors to think twice about trying to woo Ambrose away from the school.
Ambrose acknowledged that scenario could play out in the future, but for now, he said he is happy to stay where he is.
"I graduated from here, I love the city of Baltimore, I love the state of Maryland," he said. "I'm sure that at some time, some day, somebody's going to offer me something that I'm not going to have a chance to say no. But there's still work to be done, and I'm still proud to be the head football coach at Towson. So I don't need anything else."


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