text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 13, 2008
|Filing date
|Sep 27, 2005
|Priority date
|Oct 23, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert E. Coyne, Richard W. Sproat
|Original Assignee
|At&T Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (9), Classifications (10), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/703,622, filed on Nov. 2, 2000 which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/242,532, filed Oct. 23, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to the conversion of text into a three dimensional depiction of the text.
At least one Internet service exists where a user can attach his or her text to an image so that the image and text can be e-mailed as an electronic greeting card. The service, provided by BlueMountain.com, relies on a predetermined catalog of images. A user may only add text to the images found in the predetermined catalog. Another system, by Norman Badler at the University of Pennsylvania, uses a text input to drive a closed three-dimensional graphics environment. Badler's system instructs a character to perform certain actions, it will not construct a character or scene based on input text. It is limited to its preexisting environment.
The invention relates to a method of converting text into three-dimensional scene descriptions, which may then be rendered into three-dimensional images. The invention may generate arbitrary scenes in response to a substantially unlimited range of input text. In one embodiment of the invention, text may be entered into a computer. The text may be passed to a part of speech tagger, which tags the text with grammatical parts of speech. The text may then be parsed. The output of the parser may be converted to a dependency structure. The dependency structure may be semantically interpreted and converted into a scene description. The scene description may be interpreted into a three-dimensional scene. The three-dimensional scene may be rendered into an image.
A system to generate arbitrary scenes in response to a substantially unlimited range of words is presented herein. The system converts a set of words into three-dimensional scene descriptions, which may then be rendered into three-dimensional graphical images. As used hereinafter, the word "text" describes a set of words that may instantiate an idea or concept, regardless of the form used to express the words (such as, e.g., speech, printed material, visual display, etc.).
As an example to illustrate possible inputs and outputs of such a system, consider the sentences "John said that the cat was on the table. The animal was next to a bowl of apples." An embodiment of the system might construct a picture of a human with a cartoon speech-bubble coming out of his mouth. The speech-bubble might contain an image of a cat on a table. Furthermore, the cat might be next to a bowl containing more than one apple.
In one embodiment, the system may include a set of software programs, mostly written in Common Lisp, but parts of which may be written in D, Java, and Unix shell programs. Other programming languages may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
The high-level scene description may be converted into a low-level scene description in a depiction module 34. The depiction module 34 may convert 39 the high-level scene description to description elements. Description elements may be objects representative of text to be depicted and relationships between those objects. At block 41, depiction rules may be used to assign descriptors to description elements. Several databases may be used to apply depiction rules and assign depictors. Exemplary databases are an environmental database 38, an object database 40, a pose database 42, and an emblem database 44. At block 46, procedures defined by depictors for transforming the objects representative of the text into a low-level scene description may be executed. At block 48 the system provides an output, which may be, for example, a three-dimensional scene description or a three-dimensional rendered image. The output 48 may include the rendering of a three-dimensional image on a computer screen, the generation of a three-dimensional scene description in a computer file such as a VRML file, the printing of a three-dimensional image on hard copy, or any other three-dimensional image format known to persons of skill in the art.
Environmental database 38 may include environment or settings for images. Such an environment or setting might also be considered as a background upon or in which the text may be portrayed. Object database 40 may include a plurality of three-dimensional models for objects to be included in a low-level scene description. In addition to three-dimensional data, an embodiment may associate additional information with each three-dimensional model, such as a function of an object or its size. Pose database 42 may include poses for actions that may be typically associated with scene descriptions, such as jump, give, and carry. Emblem database 44 may include emblems that might be used to label objects to associate the object with any of a plurality of, for example, occupations or uses. Thus, with an appropriate emblem, a human figure might be either a doctor or a gas station attendant, or any occupation associated with an emblem attached to the human figure; a book might be labeled with an emblem resembling a mushroom to illustrate that the book is used for mycology.
In one embodiment, steps 50, 54, 56, 58, and 60 may be implemented in Common Lisp, while steps 58 and 60 may be further implemented on top of, such as, the Mirai� animation system. The embodiment may run on a 450 MHz Pentium� III personal computer under the Windows NT� operating system. A graphics board, such as an Oxygen� VX1 by 3Dlabs� may be used. Step 52 may run on a 194 MHz Silicon Graphics, Inc. model IP25 running the IRIX� 6.5 operating system. Data may be stored locally or remotely. In one embodiment, data may be stored on a Unix� fileserver. Of course, the steps recited above may be implemented using other computer languages/programs without departing from the scope of the invention. Additionally, recitation of computing speeds and types of hardware for computing and storage, as used in the embodiment just disclosed, are not intended as a limitation on the selection of computer hardware or operating systems. Other hardware and operating systems may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
In another embodiment, the system might be run entirely within the same software system. In yet another embodiment, one might eliminate the tagging and parsing phase in favor of a direct construction of the dependency structure.
Steps 52, 54, 56, 58, and 60 are more fully described below.
Part of Speech Tagging and Parsing
After entry, text may be passed to a part of speech tagger, which tags the text with grammatical parts of speech. In one embodiment, the part of speech tagger used is the MXPOST statistical tagger by Adwait Ratnaparkhi. For the first of the exemplary sentences given above, the result of the part of speech tagging is as given below:
This result indicates that John is a proper noun (NNP), said and was are past tense verbs (VBD), the is an article (DT), on is a preposition (IN) (note that in this case that is mistagged as a preposition) and cat and table are nouns (NN). The listing of parts of speech in the above example is illustrative and not meant to be limiting.
The part of speech tagged sentence may be passed to a statistical parser, such as a statistical parser described by Michael Collins, in Head-Driven Statistical Models for Natural Language Parsing (1999) (University of Pennsylvania). The output of a statistical parser is a parse tree that represents the structure of the sentence. The parse tree for the sentence: "John said that the cat was on the table." is represented below:
((:HEAD "TOP" "said" 1 1 "node1")
((:HEAD "S" "said" 2 2 "node1")
((:HEAD "NP" "John" 1 1 "node2")
((:HEAD "NPB" "John" 1 1 "node2") ("John" "NNP")))
((:HEAD "VP" "said" 2 1 "node1") ("said" "VBD")
((:HEAD "SBAR" "that" 2 1 "node3") ("that" "IN")
((:HEAD "S" "was" 2 2 "node4")
((:HEAD "NP" "cat" 1 1 "node5")
((:HEAD "NPB" "cat" 2 2 "node5") ("the" "DT")
("cat" "NN")))
((:HEAD "VP" "was" 2 1 "node4") ("was" "VBD")
((:HEAD "PP" "on" 2 1 "node6") ("on" "IN")
((:HEAD "NP" "table" 1 1 "node7")
((:HEAD "NPB" "table" 2 2 "node7") ("the" "DT")
("table" "NN")
The following identifiers have the following meaning: TOP identifies the top of the tree, S stands for embedded sentence, NP stands for noun phrase, NPB identifies a type of noun phrase, VP stands for verb phrase, SBAR stands for complement sentence, PP stands for prepositional phrase, and PUNC, identifies the punctuation mark, in this example the period. This exemplary list is meant to be illustrative and not limiting, the structure of the sentence may be represented in other ways without departing from the scope of the invention.
The above exemplary parse tree represents two kinds of information. First, it represents the constituent structure of the sentence, or in other words which words belong together. For example, it represents that the cat is a noun phrase (NP), on the table is a prepositional phrase (PP), that the cat was on the table is an complement sentence (SBAR), and so forth. Second, it represents the headedness of the sentence, or in other words which words are the heads or "central" words of their constituents. For example, it represents that cat is the head of its noun phrase (NP) (note at parse tree line 8 the result (:HEAD "NP" "cat"1 1 "node5")). Similarly, it represents that was is the head of the embedded sentence (S) (note at parse tree line 7 the result (:HEAD "S" "was" 2 2 "node4")).
The node numbers listed in the structures are unique identifiers for each node in the parse tree; except that, in the embodiment describer, the node number for a constituent is always the same as the node number of its head. Note, for example, that the verb phrase (VP) "node4" headed was is the head of the embedded sentence (S) that dominates it, which is also labeled "node4".
Dependency Structure
A dependency structure is one possible representation of the semantic relations of a sentence. A dependency structure may enable the focusing of attention on certain dependents, while other dependents may be ignored. For example, one might be interested in interpreting all adjectives that depend upon a noun (e.g., the large fat green cat), but ignore the article the. In another embodiment, the semantic relations may be computed directly from the parse trees via a tree-transduction rule.
The dependency structure may be computed from the parse tree as follows: if a constituent Y is the head of a phrase and X is a non-head, then in the dependency structure make head*(Y) the head and head*(X) the dependent. head* is a recursive function, defined as follows, where head(X) returns the head of constituent X:
Adjustments to the dependency structure derived via this simple algorithm may be computed at this stage. One adjustment may be to share left-dependents between verbs. This is particularly useful for modal verbs such as may. The dependency structure for John may go would have John as a left-dependent of may, and go as the right-dependent. However, John should also be considered a left-dependent of go, because that noun phrase is the subject of go. This may be accomplished by allowing may to share its left-dependent with the verb that it is the head of, namely go. Note that this process of left-dependent sharing may be lexically driven, meaning that it may be performed for those words that specify, in their lexical representation, that they should share their left-dependents. A lexical representation of may, which specifies the share-ldependents feature, is shown below:
(lexical-entry-macro "may"
:lemmata ′("may")
:parts ′(("MD"))
:operations ′share-ldependents
:semantics (semantics
:genus "possibility"
:funcs ′(sem-modal-dependent)))
Also shown in this lexical representation is other relevant information such as the part of speech (MD="modal"), the lemmata that may be found for this word, and the semantic frame including information about semantic functions invoked by this lexical entry (see section entitled "Semantic Analysis and the Scene Description").
The same dependent sharing is done by the verb be so that in the example at hand, was shares its left-dependent cat with its right-dependent on, so that the left-dependent of on will now also be cat.
Another adjustment may be to combine certain complex words into single words, for easier subsequent manipulation. An example is the complex verb give up as in John gave the money up. This may be handled in the system by searching the dependency structure for cases where a head word (give) is also the first word in a multi-word lexical entry (give up), and using a greedy algorithm to capture the dependents (up) that match the remainder of that complex entry.
In addition to these structural adjustments, lemma information may be added to the dependency representation: a lemma is the "dictionary" form of the word, without inflectional endings. So the lemma of dog is itself, dog, but the lemma of dogs is dog; the lemma of eats is eat; and the lemma of was is be. This information may be useful because the lexical entries of words may be stored in terms of their lemmata, not in terms of their individual stem forms. In an embodiment of the invention, lemmatization may be accompanied by table lookup: a large list of inflected forms and their associated lemmata may be kept. In another embodiment, one might use a morphological analyzer to compute the lemma of a word. Still other methods of lemmatization are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.
Semantic Analysis and the Scene Description
Returning now to
An example of a scene description for the sentence: "John said that the cat is on the table." is given below:
( :OBJECT ("mr-happy-group") :LEXICAL-SOURCE "John"
( :ACTION "say" :SUBJECT "node2" :DIRECT-OBJECT
("node3" "node5" "node4" "node7") :TENSE-ASPECT "PAST"
("node3" (:STRUCTURAL-NODE "node4" :SOURCE
("node5" (:OBJECT ("cat-vp2842") :SOURCE GET-INSTANCES))
(:STATIVE-RELATION "on" :FIGURE "node5" :GROUND
"node7" :STRUCTURAL-SOURCE "node6" :SOURCE
("table-vp14364" "nightstand-vp21374" "table-vp4098"
"pool_table-vp8359" "table-vp18802"
"chinese_furniture_table-vp23846" "desk_childs-vp41795"
"desk_w_drawers-vp23679" "card_table_casino-vp42619"
"dressing_table-vp6457" "table-vp20056")
In an embodiment, the scene description may be a list of scene description fragments, each scene description fragment corresponding to a particular node of the dependency structure, and ultimately to the parse tree. Consider "node1", which is the scene description fragment for the ACTION say (note that the designation "node1" corresponds to the node for the structure headed by say in the original parse structure). Node1 is an ACTION, of type "say", whose SUBJECT is "node2", DIRECT-OBJECT of the collection of "node3", "node5", "node4", and "node7", whose TENSE-ASPECT is "PAST", and whose SOURCE is "VF:SAY-BELIEVE-THAT-S-FRAME".
The SUBJECT, "node2", corresponds to the noun phrase John; it is an OBJECT, whose designation is "Mr. Happy Group". The OBJECT "node5" consists of a list comprising a single three-dimensional model. Three-dimensional models may be obtained from, for example, Viewpoint Digital, a 3D digital content provider. In an embodiment, the three dimensional model may be a Viewpoint™ model identified as "cat-vp2842". The designation "vp2842" is a Viewpoint™ catalog number. Similarly, the OBJECT "node7" comprises a list of three-dimensional objects that are consistent with the description table. Finally, "node4" is the STATIVE-RELATION "on", whose FIGURE is the cat, and whose GROUND (the thing the cat is on) is the table. "node3" corresponds to the COMPLEMENTIZER that, which requires no further description.
The scene description fragments may be derived from the dependency structure by semantic interpretation frames. The appropriate semantic interpretation frames may be found by table lookup, given the lemma of the word in question. These frames may differ depending upon what kind of thing the word in question denotes.
For nouns such as cat or table, an embodiment may use an electronic thesaurus, such as, for example, Wordnet�. The Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University developed Wordnet�. Other electronic thesauruses may alternatively or concurrently be used. The thesaurus provides various kinds of semantic relations between words, the particular information of interest here being the hypernym and hyponym relations. Thus, the thesaurus may indicate, for instance, that cat is a mammal, or that table is a kind of furniture. The three-dimensional model may be keyed, indexed, or otherwise cross-referenced to the electronic thesaurus hierarchy so that a designation such as cat will retrieve a list of all cats, the designation table will retrieve a list of all tables, the designation animal will retrieve a list of all animals, and so forth. In an embodiment, the three-dimensional Viewpoint™ models have been keyed into the Wordnet� hierarchy. Other combinations of three-dimensional objects and electronic thesauruses may be used.
Thus, the semantic interpretation of nouns may be accomplished by finding the node in the electronic thesaurus hierarchy corresponding to the three-dimensional model of the word in question. If there is no such node (i.e., if the word does not correspond to a model in the three-dimensional model database) then a list consisting of just the word may be generated for the object description in the corresponding scene description fragment. For example, if there is no three-dimensional model for the word "bagel," then a list consisting of just the word "bagel" may be generated for the object description. Eventually, once the scene is rendered, the system may display as three-dimensional extruded text, the word "BAGEL" at the place in the scene where the bagel is to appear.
Noun scene description fragments may also contain information on whether the noun in question is plural, determined from a grammatical part of speech tag produced by the part of speech tagger discussed in the section entitled "Part of Speech Tagging and Parsing." In the embodiment described herein, "NNS" is the part of speech tag identifying plural nouns. An instance of plural marking appearing in a scene description fragment is shown below:
(:OBJECT ("caramel_apple-vp22054" "apple-vp8326") :SOURCE
For personal names such as John, a list of male and female first names may be mapped, as appropriate, to one of a male or female three-dimensional humanoid figures. In an embodiment, two three-dimensional humanoid figures may be identified. "Mr. Happy" may be used to depict males, while "Mrs. Happy" may be used to depict females. Of course, other characters may also be available. Additionally, images may be mapped or added to the three-dimensional characters to depict any number of likenesses (e.g., celebrities, political figures, friends, pets).
Spatial prepositions such as on may be handled by semantic functions that look at the left- and right-dependents of the preposition, and construct a scene description fragment from these. The semantic entry for on is given below:
:genus "on"
:funcs ′(SEM-TIME-RELATION-ATTR
The semantic functions (:funcs) may be checked in sequence, with the first one that matches being allowed to construct the scene description fragment. SEM-TIME-RELATION-ATTR will match if the right-dependent of on is a time expression (e.g., Tuesday). SEM-STATIVE-RELATION-PRED will match cases where there is both a left-dependent and a right-dependent. SEM-STATIVE-RELATION-ATTR will match cases where there is no left-dependent but there is a head, for example, such a case is the cat on the mat, where cat is the head and on is the dependent. Furthermore, SEM-INTRANSITIVE-STATIVE-RELATION handles the case of intransitives, such as on as in John ran on. In an embodiment, these semantic functions are implemented as Common Lisp methods. However, other embodiments may implement the semantic functions as functions in some other programming language, or in any other computational method known to those of skill in the art.
Most verbs may be handled not be semantic functions, but rather may be handled by semantic frames. The semantic entry for say is shown below:
(SEMANTICS :TYPE NIL :GENUS say :SPECIES NIL
This semantic entry includes a set of verb frames, each of which defines the argument structure of one "sense" of the verb say. For example, the first verb frame identified as SAY-BELIEVE-THAT-S-FRAME, has as a required argument a SUBJECT and a THAT-S-OBJECT, or in other words an expression such as that the cat is on the table. Optional arguments include an action location (e.g., John said in the bathroom that the cat was on the table) and an action time (e.g., John said yesterday that the cat was on the table). Each of these argument specifications may cause a function to be invoked. The function may check the dependencies of the verb for a dependency with a given property, and assign such a dependency to a particular slot in the scene description fragment. For example, the THAT-S-OBJECT argument invokes a function that finds a dependent whose lemma is that and whose grammatical category is SBAR, and assigns it to the direct object slot of a scene description fragment that corresponds to a verb.
Note that in the scene description below:
("node1" (:ACTION "say" :SUBJECT "node2" :DIRECT-OBJECT ("node3" "node5" "node4" "node7") :TENSE-ASPECT "PAST" :SOURCE "VF:SAY-BELIEVE-THAT-S-FRAME"))
the DIRECT-OBJECT actually consists of several nodes: "node3", "node5", "node4", and "node7". This is an example of a list of nodes in the scene description corresponding to all elements of the embedded sentence that the cat is on the table. This may be provided as a convenience for the depiction algorithms described in the section entitled "Interpretation of the Scene Description into a Three-Dimensional Image."
The next frame SAY-BELIEVE-S-FRAME handles sentences such as, for example, John said the cat is on the table (i.e., without that). The frame GIVE-FRAME-NP-TOOBJ handles sentences such as, for example, John said "bonjour" to Mary. The frame NP-V-NP handles sentences such as, for example, John said "bonjour".
In addition to semantically interpreting words that denote particular objects, actions, or relations, an embodiment may also interpret anaphoric or coreferring expressions. Simple pronominals like he or she, may be interpreted by searching through the context to find an appropriate coreferent (where appropriate may include matching on, for example, number and gender features).
Nouns can also corefer, as in the following example:
Consider again the following example sentences:
In an embodiment, two scene descriptions may be generated; a first scene description for the first sentence and a second scene description for the second sentence. Each scene description, as discussed earlier, may include multiple scene description fragments. In the second scene description, the object corresponding to the animal, may be described by a list of possible animals from a set of three-dimensional models; the object also may contain an annotation for a POSSIBLE-COREFERENT. In this example, the POSSIBLE-COREFERENT would be the node corresponding to the cat. Thus, the description module (see section entitled Interpretation of the Scene Description into a Three-Dimensional Image) may make use of POSSIBLE-COREFERENT information. Instead of adding a new animal and putting it next to a bowl of apples, the description module may put the already existent cat next to a bowl of apples.
The following is one possible example of a scene description for the sentence: "The animal was next to a bowl of apples."
("pig_baby-vp1356" "calf-vp1322" "owl-vp11719" "eagle-vp1334"
"bird_standing-vp1316" "atlantic_puffin-vp13720"
"albatross-vp11963" "penguin-vp1354" "penguin-vp7324"
"duck-vp1331" "black-swan-vp11716" "ostrich-vp11975"
"bird-vp21815" "toucan-vp11967" "chicken-vp3952"
"sparrow-vp21210" "manta_ray-vp13438" "shark-vp24472"
"mandarin_fish-vp14306" "sea-horse-vp23288"
"angelfish-vp13793" "marlin-vp1353" "goldfish-vp3982"
"piranha-vp6615" "salmon-vp23287" "mandrill_male-vp13724"
"baboon-vp7801" "chimp-vp2577" "cat-vp2842" "cheetah-vp7811"
"tiger-vp1364" "lion_standing-vp1350" "panda-vp11862"
"dog_standing-vp5041" "dog_sitting-vp5092" "dog-vp23283"
"doberman-vp5851" "republican_elephant-vp21783"
"elephant-vp1338" "walrus-vp13713" "dolphin-vp6421"
"rabbit-vp23286" "bunny-vp1320" "beaver-vp13721" "rat-vp6423"
"chipmunk-vp7813" "rhinoceros-vp7819" "zebra-vp11968"
"horse-vp8105" "horse-vp1347" "donkey-vp24215" "camel-vp4014"
"giraffe-vp11957" "deer_mule-vp3614" "caribou-vp13722"
"goat-vp2183" "bull-vp13525" "cow_jointed-vp2234"
"bison-vp7807" "night_glider-vp13892" "kangaroo-vp40097"
"platypus-vp13726" "frog-vp4411" "fetus_20-week-vp2870"
"pterodactyl-vp1811" "diplodocus-vp1805" "stegosaurus-vp1812"
"triceratops-vp1818" "allosaurus_jointed-vp5489"
"brontosaurus-vp8099" "snake-vp24586" "turtle-vp40115"
"turtle-vp2230" "starfish-vp4144" "earthworm-vp11587"
"snail-vp13117" "octopus-vp11731" "shell_nautilus-vp40105"
"squid-vp23290" "dragonfly-vp21170"
"beetle_hercules-vp12649" "beetle_silver-vp24543" "ant-vp5536"
"butterfly-vp14800" "fly-vp13014" "mosquito-vp4767"
"crab-vp12487" "crawfish-vp11867" "lobster-vp21752"
"spider-vp21211" "scorpion_imperial-vp12520")
(:STATIVE-RELATION "next to" :FIGURE "node12" :GROUND
"node15" :STRUCTURAL-SOURCE "node13" :SOURCE
(:OBJECT ("bowl-vp41903" "fruit_bowl-vp24864") :SOURCE
(:STATIVE-RELATION "of" :FIGURE "node15" :GROUND
"node17" STRUCTURAL-SOURCE "node16" :SOURCE
(:OBJECT ("caramel_apple-vp22054" "apple-vp8326") :SOURCE
The scene description above illustrates another property of scene descriptions, namely that they may be only partly specified as to the precise semantic relation expressed by the elements. Note "node16", for the stative relation of, which relates bowl and apples. This gives essentially no information about the relation between bowl and apples, other than the fact that they are related. The depiction module handles the relation—in this case that the apples are in the bowl rather than, say, on top of the bowl.
Interpretation of the Scene Description as a Three-Dimensional Scene Depiction Module Overview
Returning to
Description Elements, Depictors, and Depiction Rules
The linguistic analysis may provide a high-level scene description (hereinafter a "scene description"). A scene description may include a list of nodes (see, for example, the scene description for the sentence: "The animal was next to a bowl of apples."). Each node may be considered a description element. Each description element has a type, which may represent various component meanings inherent in the input text. Examples of description element types may be, for example, OBJECT, ACTION, ATTRIBUTE, STATIVE-RELATION, TIMESPEC, CONJUNCTION, POSSESSIVE, NEGATION, and CARDINALITY. Other description element types may also be available. Additionally each different type of description element may have an object to which it refers. For example, in an embodiment, a STATIVE-RELATION has a FIGURE and a GROUND. In the previous example using the sentence: "The animal was next to a bowl of apples.", a STATIVE-RELATION is node16, which has a FIGURE, which is node15, which is the OBJECT bowl, and a GROUND, which is node17, which is the OBJECT apple.
Depictors may be sets of objects and sets of parameters, which may be applied to them. That is, depictors may be considered as parameterized objects. The depictors may include the reference of the objects to be modified, the parameters to be used in modifying the objects, and the set of procedures for the modification. A depictor may, for example, set the color of another object as in, for example, an ATTRIBUTE description element. Such a depictor may work by calling the software module that adds color to an object. A depictor may also modify the shape of an object, as for example, if the ATTRIBUTE "mangled" were to be used. As another example, a depictor may also make a character swing a baseball bat at a ball as in, for example, an ACTION description element.
Depiction rules may be assigned to description elements and may be used to generate a set of depictors for their assigned description element. The depictors may then be applied in sequence to actually create the scene. In other words, the set of constraints imposed by the depictors may be solved to achieve a satisfactory low-level scene description. The set of depiction rules may be extensible.
Depiction rules may be assigned by first matching the description element type (e.g., ACTION, ATTRIBUTE, OBJECT) and then a particular instance of the scene description. For example, instances of ACTION may be "run" or "throw," an instance of ATTRIBUTE may be color, and an instance of OBJECT might be to portray the noun government as an image of the U.S. Capitol Building. There can be many depiction rules for a given description element and instance. After matching a set of depiction rules, each candidate depiction rule may have a filter applied to it. This filter may be identified by the word "TEST". TEST may be a piece of code that tests conditions from the entirety of the description. TEST may compute, for example, whether a certain action is appropriate for an object.
In the first example below, the depiction rule will be considered if either of the actions "kick" or "punt" are depicted. Furthermore, this particular depiction rule is an example of a depiction rule that might be used when there is no path or specified trajectory. An example of a sentence that indicates no path or specified trajectory might be John kicked the ball, as opposed to John kicked the ball over the fence. This exemplary depiction rule also checks to see that there is a direct object (in this case "ball") and that the size of the direct object is larger than four feet. If the object is smaller than four feet, then a second, possibly less restrictive, depiction rule may be used. Of course, the parameters evaluated by the depiction rule may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention.
(define-depiction (:action ("kick" "punt") "in place")
:test (and (not opath)
(>(find-size-of direct-object) 4.0))
:fobjects (list (make-pose-depictor "kick" :actor subject)
(make-spatial-relation-depictor "behind" subject direct-object)))
(define-depiction (:action ("kick" "punt"))
:fobjects (make-path-verb-depictor subject t 3.0 "kick ball"
direct-object opath
:airborne-figure-p t))
The function MAKE-PATH-VERB-DEPICTOR, used in the second depiction rule above, creates a set of depictors that depict objects on paths. MAKE-PATH-VERB-DEPICTOR depicts the subject of the sentence "subject", determines if the subject is to be displayed as being upright "t", places the subject three feet behind the object (i.e., the ball) "3.0", uses the "kick ball" pose, and makes the object airborne. Using depictors, any number of complex objects can be depicted. Attributes may also have depiction rules. Examples of such depiction rules follow. This list is meant to be illustrative and not restrictive. Other depiction rules are possible.
If an object is described as, for example, "hugh", the object may be scaled from its default size by a factor of four. Other scaling factors are, of course, available. If an object is described as, for example, "spinning," a spinning icon object (e.g., an arrow curling in a circle) may be situated above the object to suggest spinning motion. It may also be possible to depict motion by causing the object to rotate about an axis. Note that in the example code below, "descriptor" indicates a "description element."
(define-depiction (:attribute "huge")
:fobjects (list object)
:fdepict (3d:scale-local object 4.0))
(define-depiction (:attribute "spinning")
:descriptor-role :relation
:fobjects (list (find-object "spinning icon") object)
:fdepict (let ((figure (first (get-objects descriptor)))
(ground (second (get-objects descriptor))))
(stack-up figure ground :use-surfaces-p nil
(find-height-of ground))
;; if the object is repositioned, the spinning icon must move with
(attach-for-depiction figure ground)))
In the example below, TEST computes if the specified attribute is a color. If so, the function COLORIZE-OBJECT is called to change the object's color. FIND-COLOR-VALUES identifies if the color is defined in a database of colors.
(define-depiction (:attribute nil)
:test (find-color-values descriptor-name)
:fobjects (list object)
:fdepict (loop for I in (listify object)
do (colorize-object I descriptor-name)))
In the example below, the test computes if the specified attribute is a facial expression (e.g., "smile"). If so, it calls the function GOTO-FACIAL-EXPRESSION on the object (usually a human head) to change its shape appropriately.
(define-depiction (:attribute nil "facial expressions") :fobjects (list object) :test (when (and object descriptor-name) (find-facial-expression object descriptor-name)) :fdepict (goto-facial-expression object descriptor-name))
Generating Depictors
Depiction rules may be used to generate depictors for description elements. Depictors may be responsible for the instantiation of a description element. For example, a depictor for the action "eat" might, when applied, place a three-dimensional character in a pose to appear as if the three-dimensional character was holding a spoon to its mouth. Note also that more than one depictor may be assigned to a single description element. For example, the action of "John throws the ball to Mary." might generate depictors that could generically be expressed as follows:
These may be used to modify a set of description elements and/or depictors based on some criteria. In an embodiment, after having assigned depictors to each description element, transduction rules may be applied to find conflicts and add implicit constraints.
In the example above, depictors 3 and 4 are labeled as "TENTATIVE". This indicated that the depictor in question might be used to set a default; other depictors (from other depiction elements) may override that default. For example, if the input text was "John throws the ball to Mary. John is on the porch. Mary is on the sidewalk." then depictor 4 would be overriden by depictors that put John on the porch and Mary on the sidewalk.
Constraint Satisfaction
Objects may sometimes be multiply constrained. For example, consider "The plate is to the left of the fork. The plate is to the right of the napkin." If the plate is moved in the sequence presented by the two preceding sentences, then the plate will first be put to the left of the fork and then to the right of the napkin. Additionally, if there is no specification as to where the fork or napkin is initially placed, an unpredicatable result is likely. Multiple constraints can be resolved by maintaining previously enforced constraints. In other words, the first constraint may be identified and maintained when the second constraint is implemented. So, in one embodiment, the constraint that the plate is to the left of the fork is maintained when the plate is subsequently moved to the right of the napkin, thus causing the fork to move with it. Other, more sophisticated, constraint satisfaction methods can also be used.
Implicit Constraints. Implicit constraints are those constraints which may be imposed on objects because of the objects' usage in the context of the entered text. Consider the sentences: "The lamp is on the table. The glass is next to the lamp." It may be preferable not to have the glass floating in the air next to the lamp. Instead, the glass would preferably be put on the table. Therefore, an implicit constraint may be implemented which provides that "If X is next to Y, and X is not already on a surface, and X is not an airborne object (e.g., a helium balloon), then place X on the same surface as Y." Other implicit constraints may additionally be implemented.
Object Database
3D Models. A three-dimensional object library may, for example, include models for air transport, anatomy, animals, architecture, characters, geography, ground transport, household, industrial, military, miscellaneous, occupational, space, sports and hobbies, vegetation, and water transport. This listing in meant to be illustrative and not limiting. In one embodiment the Viewpoint Digital ™ "Gold" library of pre-defined three-dimensional polygonal models are used. An online listing of these models can be found at www.viewpoint.com. Types of models other than polygonal models may be used; for example non-uniform rational B splines (NURBS) may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, it may be possible to use three-dimensional models from other suppliers and to combine models from multiple suppliers. Additionally, it may not be necessary to use every object modeled in a given library. For example, in one embodiment approximately 1,200 three-dimensional models, out of approximately 12,640 are utilized.
The three-dimensional object database may be extensible, therefore, in addition to pre-defined three-dimensional models, users can add their own models to the database. A user may model his or her own models using a program such as Mirai™. In addition to the three-dimensional data, an embodiment may associate additional information with each three-dimensional model.
Parts. These may be named collections of faces, or surfaces, on the models that represent certain regions. For example, the headlights, roof, and windshield of a car might be different parts.
Color Parts. These may be sets of parts to be colored. Color parts may be used when the model is specified by the text as having a particular color. Therefore, for example, for the blue flower, the petals of the flower could be colored blue, not the stem. If no color parts are specified, then the largest part may be colored.
Opacity Parts. These may be parts which get a default transparency (e.g., the glass part of a framed window).
Default size. All objects may be given a default size. The default size may be expressed in a common unit of measure, for example feet.
Spatial Tags. Spatial tags may be areas on and around objects used to spatially arrange and juxtapose objects together. The spatial tag may be marked with a space-filling three-dimensional object, representing the borders of the spatial tag. Spatial tags may be used when depicting, for example, the "in" or "on" spatial relationship.
Functional Properties. These may be properties used by the depiction rules to determine if an object can behave in a given way. For example, all objects that function as land vehicles might be marked as such. Then the depiction rule for the verb "ride" may select among these to choose a vehicle, as for example, in the sentence John rides to the store. The list of functional properties may be open. The list of functional properties may be stored in one or more databases. The list below is illustrative of the features being marked in one embodiment. However, the list below is only a small fraction of those features that may be used by the depiction rules:
Rendering Attributes. Other visual properties of objects can be represented, like shininess, overall transparency, etc.
Shape displacements. Some objects, like human faces, can change shape (e.g., smiling, eyes closed, frowning, etc.). These shape displacements may be associated with the object and may be used to depict emotions or other states of the object.
Spatial Relations
Spatial relations may be depicted using the spatial tags, as discussed above, of associated objects. Some examples:
For The bird is on the cat, we find a "top surface" tag for the cat and a "base" tag for the bird. Preferably, the cat's top surface is on its back and the bird's base is under its feet. Identification of the spatial tags allow the bird's feed (base) to be positioned on the cat's back (top surface). If, for example, the base is too big to fit on the top surface, it could be scaled.
For The cat is under the chair, a "canopy" tag for the chair is identified and the cat may be positioned substantially within the boundary of the canopy spatial tag. If, for example, the cat is too large to fit, then either the cat can be scaled or the chair can be put on the back of the cat.
These examples are not meant to be an exhaustive list, but rather to illustrate the manner in which spatial tags may be used to depict spatial relations.
Poses and Templates
In three-dimension (3D) graphics, human characters are usually represented by a 3D mesh (skin) overlaying a bone control structure. Each vertex in the skin is typically linked to a bone, so that when that bone moves, that part of the skin will move correspondingly. The bones are typically configured in a tree structure, starting with a "root," usually between the hips. Each bone typically has a length and a rotation angle, representing the bone's orientation with respect to a parent bone. The total set of bone lengths and rotations is typically called a pose. When the bones are configured into a given pose, the skin may be automatically moved into the corresponding configuration.
An extensible library of poses for actions such as, for example, "jump," "give," and "carry" may be used in an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, over two hundred such pores are used; the number may grow to the thousands and beyond. The notion of poses may be extended to not only consist of poses associated with a humanoid skeleton but also poses associated with the relative size and placement of a set of associated objects. Associated objects may be classified as, for example, "instruments," "targets," and "fixtures," however, other associated objects are also possible.
A pose template can be though of as a representation of a specific form of an action or other description. Therefore, for example, the pose template "swing bat at ball" may represent a humanoid form swinging a representation of a baseball bat at a spherical object representing a baseball. The baseball is the target; the bat is the instrument. These associated objects (e.g., target, instrument, etc.) may be used to make object substitutions in the depiction module. The depiction module will be discussed below. Pose templates can also involve more than one humanoid form, as in for example, a swordfight.
Pose template substitution. The associated objects in pose templates may be represented by generic objects and sets of constraints. Therefore, for example, in the "throw ball" pose template of
Partial poses. Some poses involve the entire object. Others may require only a portion of an object. Therefore, partial poses may be used when one part of an object acts independently of another part of the object. Partial poses may also be combined. For example, a humanoid form running primarily uses the lower body in its pose. In addition, throwing may only require the upper body to be in a pose. Therefore, throwing a ball while running may be depicted by combining the two partial poses. Partial poses need not be restricted to upper and lower halves of an object. A partial pose may be used, for example, to present various poses for a hand on an arm, where the hand acts independently of the position of the arm.
Inverse Kinematics. Inverse kinematics (IK) is a 3D graphics technique for specifying the position of an end effector (joint) of a skeleton and having other bones automatically adjust their angles to reach that position. The typical example is moving the wrist to a target position with IK which causes the elbow and shoulder joints to rotate in the right ways so the wrist reaches the destination. This technique may be used in an embodiment to make characters point and look at objects. IK may be more flexible than poses because the target objects do not have to be in a predetermined place. The skeleton will point at any target.
IK can also be layered on top of existing poses to make the character's body position better correspond with other objects in the environment. An example is with the pose for "push." Consider pushing a lawnmower, a car, or a baby carriage. Because the various objects have handles and surfaces at different heights, no single body pose can cover them all. (The hands need to touch the correct part of the object.) To take care of this, the character may first be put behind the object in a generic push pose appropriate for that type and size object. Then the hands may be moved using inverse kinematics to the handle or surface of the object. Note that this technique assumes the "push surface" or "handle" of the object is tagged so that the target position for the IK can be specified.
The environment or setting of the scene may be specified by the entered text. If specified, an embodiment may depict the environment or setting. Such an environment or setting might also be considered as a background upon or in which the text is portrayed. Consider, for example, the sentence: "John walked through the forest." In this example, the environment or setting of the scene is a forest. The environment database 38, of
However, there may be no explicit environment or setting. Consider, for example, the sentence: "The flower is blue." Rather than depicting a blue flower floating on a page, it may be possible to supply an optional background setting. In the simplest case, this may be a ground plane and/or a supporting object. For more visually complex cases, it may be preferable to include more detail in the environment or scene. For example, an embodiment may put the flower in a vase on a fireplace mantle in the middle of a fully decorated living room.
Abstract Relations
Scenes generated from input text are not limited to those scenes that may be directly depictable; abstract relations may also be depicted.
The concept of negation may also be represented.
The above listing of abstract relations is not meant to be exclusive. Other abstract relations may be depicted without departing from the invention herein.
The concept of cardinality may also be represented.
Recursive Substitution
A scene may be generated and recursively placed into a second scene. As an example, consider the sentences "John said that the cat was on the table. The animal was next to a bowl of apples." An embodiment of the system might construct a first scene of a cat on a table, the cat being next to a bowl of apples. The embodiment might construct a second scene of a male character having a speech bubble pointing toward his mouth. The first scene could be recursively inserted into the second scene to depict the sentences just considered. Other applications of recursive substitution are also available.
Rendering Images
After a three-dimensional scene description has been generated, a three-dimensional image can be rendered using any number of three-dimensional rendering programs. A large number of rendering packages are available to do this. For example, graphics cards and game consoles can do this in real time, techniques such as ray-tracing, which can incorporates shadows and diffraction, may also be used. Thus, a scene description generated by the system may be converted to a low-level scene description of, for example, the VRML type and then applied to a rendering package. Of course, the scene description generated by the system may alternatively be converted to a low-level scene description of a type suitable for input to a video game. Other conversions to other types of low level scene descriptions are, of course, also available. Though not properly part of scene creation, to render a scene, the scene needs to be illuminated. This may be done by illuminating objects from different directions using virtual light sources.
Viewing Perspective
A user of the system may choose a camera position, or viewing perspective, from which to render the scene. Alternatively, heuristics may be added to automate the viewing perspective.
Potential Uses
A Text-to-Scene system may be integrated into any other system (e.g., any other software). In an embodiment, the system may be integrated into a three-dimensional video type game, such as a game on a Sony PlayStation 2�, or may be integrated into the firmware of the computer running the game. A user might enter text into the game in order to have the embedded system, for example, create a new room having user-described lighting and environment or a new object having user-described attributes. The newly created images might become part of the game. Databases, such as those for three-dimensional models, might be accessed via a communication network, such as the Internet or an intranet. In another embodiment, the system might be used as an aid in foreign language interpretation. A user might enter text into the system in the foreign language and view the scene that the user has described. If the user were to use the language incorrectly, or were to use unintended words, then the user would be able to determine that the image generated was not the image the user intended. In another embodiment the system might reside on the Internet and be used to create, for example, greeting cards representative of the text entered by a user. Of course, the system may be used in many ways other than those listed here, without departing from the scope of the invention.
While there has been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiment of the present invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 23, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 11, 2012
Owner name: AT&T CORP., NEW YORK
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|Jun 13, 2012
Owner name: AT&T PROPERTIES, LLC, NEVADA
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Owner name: AT&T INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY II, L.P., GEORGIA
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text:
7500 trucks sold since launch â Not a single truck with discount,3 Tractor models â 4023TT, 4028TT & 4928TT,1 Construction-Mining model â 3128CM,New products to be launched in 2014/15,Established network of 75 state-of-the-art facilities,1st Wave of Export to 15 countries initiated.Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. (DICV), the 100% wholly-owned subsidiary of the worlds leading truck manufacturer Daimler AG, today launched 4 new BharatBenz models (3 Tractor and 1 Construction-Mining) at an exclusive event conducted for Media in Mumbai.
With the launch of the first 3 Heavy-duty models in September 2012 (2523R, 2523C & 3123C) BharatBenz began its offering of a range of trucks. Subsequently, BharatBenz launched its range of Medium-duty Trucks in February 2013. It also launched its range of Made-in-India trucks for Export under the FUSO brand in May 2013. During 2013, two more Heavy-duty trucks (2528 & 3128) were also launched. While other variants are to be launched, this launch of Tractor models enhances the BharatBenzs range to cover segments from 9 â 49 tonnes GVW. With todays introduction of models, BharatBenz is now present in all major segments of Medium & Heavy duty trucking.
The four models launched today will be commercially available as of today through the fast entrenching well-established dealership network across the country. The BharatBenz Tractor and the Construction-Mining trucks will now bolster the capabilities of customer who operate in this segment adding the dimension of reliability, fuel-efficiency and an overall superior TCO benefit.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Property Location With a stay at Hotel Restaurant Hanauer Hof in Appenweier (Ortenau), you'll be within the region of Birkenhof Golf Course and European Parliament. This hotel is within the region of Rohrschollen Nature Reserve and Deux Rives Pedestrian Bridge.
Rooms Stay in one of 20 guestrooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have showers and hair dryers.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities Take in the views from a terrace and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.
Dining Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Hotel Restaurant Hanauer Hof. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include multilingual staff, luggage storage, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Free self parking is available onsite.


text:
In Maine, Brady investigates a deadly business deal.
He may be a millionaire, but Vern Wheeler never forgot that he is a son of Maine - land of big sky, wide lakes, and the fattest salmon on the East Coast. To escape the boardroom, he buys a rundown fishing lodge in the wilds of his home state, and with his brother turns it into the most fashionable retreat in New England. After years of happy fishing, the Wheelers have no interest in selling Raven Lodge. But a local Native American group won't take no for an answer. Claiming that Raven Lodge is located on protected land, the Native Americans threaten to sue for ownership of the property, and Wheeler sends his attorney, fishing enthusiast Brady Coyne, to negotiate. But when Brady arrives at Raven Lake, he finds danger in and out of the water. A fisherman has been scalped, and placid, idyllic Maine is about to erupt into mayhem.
©1987 William G. Tapply (P)2013 Audible, Inc.
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text:
Year Established:
Business Type:Trading Company
Management Certifiation:
Operational Address:
Booth 148, 2ed Floor, Gem Building,No.68,Middle of Xihuan Road, Dieshan District
Oval brilliant cut cheap glass gemstone.
Jiang Yuan Wuzhou Gem Co., Ltd. is one of the largest manufacturer of synthetic gems and jewelry in Wuzhou, GuangXi, China. We produce all kinds of shape, size and color of cubic zirconia, synthetic spinel, synthetic corundum and glass gemstones.Also manufactruering 925 silver and copper-based alloy jewelry. The monthly output is about 5,000,000 pcs gemstones .We have our own exclusive jewelry factory, covering 2,000 acres, seven workshops, more than 2,000 workers, 120 R & D and design team, Put out new 100 models every day. All of our products are lead-free, nickel-free, phthalate content of CPSIA standards, with 2013 BV test report. With more than 20 years experience in manufacturing and exporting, Our products sell well in United States, Brazil, Greece, Australia, Columbia, UK, Russia ect all over the world .We have many regular customer, some of Them are a big, well -respected company like Swarovski, Steven and Precious ect .Except our own products, We provide OEM services and accept customized order the well.With excellent quality, competitive price, complete after-sales service, Jiang Yuan Gems win a good reputation Among our customer. Professional, concentrative, be absorbed in every details, that all Jiang Yuan Staff can do for you.We sincerely welcome friends from all over the world to visit our company and Cooperate with us on the basis of long-term mutual benefits. We are looking forward to receiving your inquiries soon.


text:
Special Regular Classes
Special classes are an ideal way of Yoga education for daily practice. The classes cover Asanas, Pranayamas, Kriyas, diet and Yogic lifestyle recommendations. Further, based on participant health conditions separate guidance is given.
Classes are of 1 hour duration held on the weekdays (Monday to Friday)
A minimum attendance of 3 months is recommended, to experience the difference in your life. Participant can join on any day of the month.
Weekdays classes – Monday to Friday (Morning) – 6am, 7am, 8am , 9am
Rs. 1500/- per month
The Yoga Institute, Kandivali
Teens Dance and Fitness Studio, Top Floor, S.C.N Sports Club, Saraf Chaudhary Nagar, Thakur complex, Kandivali (East), Mumbai


text:
Inclusion of vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol) in the culture medium for human diploid cells greatly prolongs their in vitro lifespan. The addition of 100 mug of DL-alpha-tocopherol per ml of medium has allowed us to culture WI-38 cells for more than 100 population doublings to date. (These cells normally have an in vitro lifespan of 50 +/- 10 population doublings.) Cells at the 100th population doubling have a normal diploid karyotype, appear to behave in all other respects like young WI-38 cells, and are still actively dividing.
It has been shown that human diploid cells from various donor ages can be arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state by reducing the serum concentration of the incubation medium from 10 to 0.5 percent. Cells incubated at this serum level maintained the population distribution that was present when the cells reached confluency. The population, which has 90 percent of the cells in the G1 phase of the division cycle, was not static and exhibited a low level of mitotic activity with prolonged interdivision times.
Previously we reported [Packer, L. & Smith, J.R. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4763-4767] that the lifespan of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts in vitro was significantly increased by continuously growing the cell cultures in the presence of vitamin E(dl-alpha-tocopherol), but in 19 subsequent subcultivation series we were unable to reproduce these findings. While vitamin E is incorporated into the cells and is able to act effectively as an antioxidant, apparantly is intracellular antioxidant properties alone do not routinely result in an increase of cell lifespan.
Various concentrations of oxygen were used to determine the optimum culture medium PO2 for survival and proliferation of attached human and mouse fibroblasts grown from different inoculum sizes. When T-15 flasks were seeded with less than or equal to 2 X 10(4) cells (less than or equal to 1.3 X 10(3) cells/cm2), the highest plating efficiencies and cell yields were obtained with a culture medium PO2 of 40-60 mm Hg.
Normal human diploid cells, TIG-1, ceased to proliferate at about the 62 population doubling level (PDL). Transformed clones isolated from TIG-1 cells infected with wtSV40 and those with tsA900 SV40 cultured at 34 degrees C were subcultured up to about 80 PDL. When the culture temperature of tsA SV40-transformed cells was shifted from 34 to 39.5 degrees C at 51 PDL, the growth curve of these transformed cells changed to that of normal young cells.
Dermal fibroblasts from patients with the autosomal dominant cancer-prone disease Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS) exhibit a serum dependence, anchorage dependence and in vitro lifespan (about 20 population doublings or less) similar to those of fibroblasts from normal age-, race- and sex-matched controls.
Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) from adult adipose tissue were cultured in MCDB 131 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Under these conditions, HMVEC from seven different donors had finite proliferative life spans ranging from 14.5 to 23.5 population doublings (PD), with a mean life span of 19 PD. Addition of 10% conditioned medium from activated human leukocyte cultures (BM Condimed) extended the life span of HMVEC to 31 to 41 PD, with a mean life span of 37 PD.
Human diploid fibroblasts, strain MRC-5, were sequentially irradiated with 60Co gamma rays at intervals during their in vitro lifespan. The results indicate that 3 or 6 doses of 1 Gy can increase lifespan, and the same was true for cells treated with 3 doses of 3 Gy. Higher doses (5 x 3 Gy) did reduce growth potential, suggesting either that mid-late passage cells become more sensitive to radiation, or that doses beyond a given threshold reduce population lifespan by multiple cellular hits. The life extension induced by gamma rays might be due to an induced hypermethylation of DNA.
Table 1 summarizes the activities of hemopoietins on immature and mature basophils. IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5 enhanced basophil histamine release and in-vitro survival, while G-CSF, M-CSF, and IL-4 had no enhancing activities at all. In addition, IL-3 and GM-CSF induced basophil chemotaxis.
Normal human breast epithelial cells were transfected with expression vectors containing the p53 gene mutated at either codon 143, 175, 248 or 273, or by infection with a recombinant retroviral vector containing the p53 gene mutated at codons 143, 175, 248, or 273. The breast epithelial cells were monitored for extension of in vitro lifespan and immortalization. Expression of some, but not all, p53 mutants resulted in an extension of in vitro lifespan.
Integrative Health Topics
Interactive Holistic Map
Academic Journal Portal
© ISHAR is a program of ISHAR LLC, which is a Chopra Foundation Initiative and a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public charity.


text:
This program will allow you to check your pregnancy Detector test without the need for a competent doctor, but you should know that this application is not true, it is a prank application.
How can we use "pregnancy test Fingerprint":
When you open the application, select any genre you (Woman or Male), then place your finger in the provision for place footprint for a few seconds, then wait almost five seconds until the pregnancy test result is displayed.
Some Test characteristics for pregnancy test prank free and blood pressure Prank:
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* Results may directly change after a few seconds
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Note: The application does not give you accurate results, it is only for the entertainment of friends and family.
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Hundreds repeat evacuees' journey
Hundreds of people are planning to replicate the journey made by Second World War evacuees.
Commemorative walks to mark the 75th anniversary of the start of evacuations from inner city Belfast to rural Co Down are due to take place this weekend.
The events have been organised by the Belfast and County Down Railway Company which operated the first evacuation trains to Comber, Saintfield, Ballynahinch and Downpatrick in July 1940.
Chairman Robert Pue said: "The railway that carried those evacuees was closed in 1950 and the route now forms the Comber Greenway, so unfortunately in 2015 'evacuees' will have to walk.
"Along the way they will be issued with an evacuee number and will receive a ration book which will be stamped, and the holder will be issued with their rations.
"The event will begin with an air raid siren reminiscent of the sound that was so common in Belfast during the Second World War."
Two walks will leave the former Bloomfield railway station in east Belfast from 11am and 1pm on Saturday.
More information is available at www.bcdr.co.uk.


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I mean, I never really get involve in this niche for business. So first question: how do you make money on this niche?
All my seo time always says, "keep away from anything with adult keywords". With that being said, how do you build backlinks as well?
- Privacy Policy by Vijay September 23, 2017 This privacy policy sets out how Bolly Mega uses and protects any information that you give Bolly Mega when you use this website.Bolly Mega is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected. Should we ask you to provide certain information by which you can be identified when using this website, then you can be assured that it will only be used in accordance with this privacy statement.Bolly Mega may change this policy from time to time by updating this page. You should check this page from time to time to ensure that you are happy with any changes. This policy is effective from 23rd September, 2017.What we collectWe may collect the following information:namecontact information including email addressdemographic information such as postcode, preferences and interestsother information relevant to customer surveys and/ or offersWhat we do with the information we gatherWe require this information to understand your needs and provide you with a better service, and in particular for the following reasons:Internal record keeping.We may use the information to improve our products and services.We may periodically send promotional emails about new products, special offers or other information which we think you may find interesting using the email address which you have provided.From time to time, we may also use your information to contact you for market research purposes. We may contact you by email, phone, fax or mail. We may use the information to customise the website according to your interests.SecurityWe are committed to ensuring that your information is secure. In order to prevent unauthorised access or disclosure, we have put in place suitable physical, electronic and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure the information we collect online.How we use cookiesA cookie is a small file which asks permission to be placed on your computer's hard drive. Once you agree, the file is added and the cookie helps analyse web traffic or lets you know when you visit a particular site. Cookies allow web applications to respond to you as an individual. The web application can tailor its operations to your needs, likes and dislikes by gathering and remembering information about your preferences.We use traffic log cookies to identify which pages are being used. This helps us analyse data about web page traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical analysis purposes and then the data is removed from the system.Overall, cookies help us provide you with a better website, by enabling us to monitor which pages you find useful and which you do not. A cookie in no way gives us access to your computer or any information about you, other than the data you choose to share with us.You can choose to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify your browser setting to decline cookies if you prefer. This may prevent you from taking full advantage of the website.Links to other websitesOur website may contain links to other websites…
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- DMCA Notice by Vijay September 23, 2017 Bolly Mega respects the intellectual property of others. If you believe that your work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please follow our Notice and Procedures for Making Claims of Copyright Infringement below.Notice and Procedure for Making Claims of Copyright Infringement Pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.If you believe that you hold a claim of copyright infringement against Bolly Mega, submit notice of your claim to the following Designated Agent:Service Provider: Bolly MegaEmail Address to Which Notification Should Be Sent: vijaykudal [DOT] com [AT] gmail [DOT] comTo be effective, the notification of your claim of copyright infringement should be written and should include the following:A statement that you are the owner of the exclusive right you claim has been infringed, or a statement that you are authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that has allegedly been infringed.A statement, under penalty of perjury, that the information in the notification is accurate.Your signature. (The signature may be electronic.)The identification of the copyrighted work you claim has been infringed. (If you claim that multiple copyrighted works have been infringed you can submit one notification with a list of the allegedly infringed works.)Identification of the material that you claim to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient to permit Bolly Mega to locate the material.Information reasonably sufficient to permit Bolly Mega to contact you, including your address, telephone number, fax number and, if available, an electronic mail address. You can provide contact information for the owner of the exclusive right that you claim has been infringed if you are not the owner, but rather authorized to act on behalf of the owner.A statement you have a good-faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.Bolly Mega will respond to any DMCA complaints in a timely manner. Should you be the copyright holder of a specific piece of content featured on this site without your permission, Bolly Mega will remove it in a timely manner once notified.
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18 comments found.
Does this support variable products?
Hi. It supports any product type. Also it is compatible with any theme.
Check this video for a quick demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMl_sLkvV54
Best regards. Andrei.
Nice work GLWS
Hello, I have just purchased and would like to know the shortcode so I can display public collections.
I will have collections in the menu so viewers can see user generated collections
Thank you
The shortcode is: [woocollect]
columns: 2 or 3
per_page: -1(to display all public collections) or an integer number.
The pagination is not implemented yet, but will be added very soon.
Hello, I have tried to use [woocollect] however this doesn't seem to be displaying public collections? – Please help
Its okay it has started to work now
Hi there,
Demo is not working – http://woocollect.themes.market/product/ship-your-idea/
"Add to collection" button doesn't work.
Hi. You must be logged in. Use the forms on this page to register a new demo account. http://woocollect.themes.market/
Sorry, but it kills the whole idea for many unregistered visitors. Does a plugin have an option for this case?
WooCommerce itself does not have an account page for visitors. So, even if I add the possibility to create collections for non-authenticated users, they will not be able to see their own collections.
I think the best option is to add a login form in collections dialog. This is what I'll include in next update.
Look this video for demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMl_sLkvV54
Best regards. Andrei.
Hello, we are interested in purchasing a plugin for collections but are seeking ability to select which users are allowed to create collections. Basically disable it globally and have ability to select if collections feature is shown to a specific user role(s). Can this feature be added? Also we need the ability to just show specific collections to a public page and not all of them. Please let us know if this can be implemented for your next update. Thanks
I think this makes sense to be added. I'll implement this feature in the next update.
I've submitted the update that includes these functions. It should be approved soon.
Hi. I've updated the plugin. Now it supports access to collections by user roles, plus many other functions. See the changelog and this screen: https://0.s3.envato.com/files/208798413/screen-003.png
Hello, Thanks for the update to the plugin. Three more important things we need for realistic operation to use for our live site for this plugin to make sense:
1. the ability for admin to create collection categories. So for example we have a page where we just want public collections of a particular category type to show only. For sites that have more than 1 category type this is necessary for their visitors to see public collections pages of interest.
2. social sharing is very important for collections because they have to be shared. we tend not to be for adding more plugins to a e-commerce site which just adds more load to site. If you could add a social sharing, email, and print feature that would be great. Print is great so user create a pdf via print or print color for cataloging purposes.
3. ability to show in a horizontal grid and or slider. If the collections pages are made with categories as stated in #1 a admin can also just make a visual collection category slider(ex. fall collection, winter collection(s), etc.) using Visual composer or just a post grid each having a target url that points to a specific categories collection listing multiple collections in category page(ex. fashion collections) or just a specific collection page where you see the products in the specified collections as you have now. This feature is not as important as the other tow but does now show the importance of why #1 must be done for our site.
For now we will purchase plugin in understanding that such updates will realistically be added soon. Keep up the good quality coding and steady improvements for this is holiday season(in USA especially) and a plugin like this is most useful for for the next few months. Thanks!
Hello i interested in your product. I would like to know:
1) How is "mark private" work?
2) Can i put collection like in Top menu right? Sub menu will be name of each collection.
3) Can user choose collection style like Gird or List?
4) Can i display "button" add to collection anywhere have "add to cart"? I want them always stay near together anywhere (homepage, shop page, best sale list… anywhere have add to cart button will have add to collection button.
5) is there any option to share the collection via email and socical? (if i have plugin share sociel for each product but would like collection also understand it)
Please confirm me if you can help all work, i can make purchase and give you admin for you fix it. Thanks
1. When a collection is marked as private, it is visible only to the user who created it.
2. You can create pages and use the shortcode to display the collections. Next you may include that page in the menu.
3. Only grid style is available at the moment. 2 and 3 columns.
4. You have the option to display the collection button on different positions on product page and you also have the option to display the button using the built-in function `woocollect_button()`.
5. The plugin does not have the built-in function for social sharing, but this can be easily done via a plugin that offers functions to display social sharing buttons. For example, the following code allows to display the social buttons after the collection title:
add_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop', 'woocollect_social_sharing', 55 ); function woocollect_social_sharing(){ if( is_woocollect() ){ // The social sharing function here, to display the buttons. } }
Note: is_woocollect() function has been added in version 1.1.
Best regards.
Hello, a few immediate updates you need to make:
1. when we loaded you plugin and created collection we added the collection to our product widget filter and the filter identified it as the taxonomy id of 1319 (see http://imgur.com/a/bekgW) In addition when selected it showed a list of ALL products and not the products in the collection selected. In the products list in the woocommerce product area you see "IN Collections" column but the collections are identified by their ID (see http://imgur.com/a/HbnYD).
2. there is no Woo Collections widget so if you wanted to allow user to filter/sort through all or selected collections to show the product they cannot. This MUST be updated or this plugin definitely would not make sense if it doesn't have collection sorting on the shop page of all pages. This is the most important page on a e-commerce site.
2. as an admin we should be able to see ALL collection categories in the right column of the product page to be able to add and remove on an admin level as well. (named Collection Categories)
Thanks guys, please give a rough timing when these fixes will be put in next updates.
Hello, we have been waiting for 5 days now for a reply. If this is going to be normal for how you respond to comments, inquiries, and most of all necessary bug fixes to the site we will unfortunately have to request a refund in the next day if these issues are not addressed and go with another collection plugin. Thanks!
Hi. Sorry for delay.I wanted to give you a reply these days, but for some reasons I could not.. I'll came back with a detailed comment soon.
It is now going on 3 days and no reply in a week. This is not good for our business for we cannot afford to wait over a week to get a solution to issues related to your plugin that can delay our business timing/planning. We don't have faith that there will be good support with plugin based on your very late replies. Please issue us a refund.
OK. I wanted to integrate most of the options listed by you. But after the rating left by you and this comment, I have something to say.
1. The plugin is created to allow the registered users to create collections for personal use. They can be public(anyone with a link can have access) or private(only the collection author can access it.)
2. The taxonomy ID is not a bug, but is how it actually works. It is used internally and should not be used in filters.
3. The WooCommerce filter is hard coded and does not have hooks for injecting the collection ID, so it basically impossible to filter the products or select only a category from current collection.
4. I'll add a widget to display the public collections based on a different criterias.
5. For social sharing I'll probably add support for other social sharing plugins and a few hooks for custom solutions and a basic built-in support.
6. The collections slider is not something that must be integrated in the plugin and is more a personal requirement.
To make it clear.
This is not a plugin designed for admins only. This is more like a "Wish List" plugin.
Have a good day.
You should consider acknowledging that people are not using your product for fun. Most buyers are business owners or developers that have to provide a solution to their client.
Customer support response time taking a week is a long time if you have a site up and running serving customers. So using vague responses like "Soon", "I'll Probably", etc. do not give other developers like us any real details to plan or development schedule around. We really like the potential of your plugin but see that your communication and development style may not fit. We requested this in previous message "Thanks guys, please give a rough timing when these fixes will be put in next updates." You did not reply to this.
We know this plugin was not designed for admins only but if you do your research you will discover that admins prefer to have control over how features are displayed on the front-end to customer/users. We tried to delete rating but we cannot. I think once refund is done they remove our review. Good luck
Hello, Why do you refuse to issue our refund knowing that the issues with the plugin and your support reply which took over a week does not work for our business? We are not and cannot use this plugin so please accept our refund request. Thank You!
I've explained when I've rejected the refund request. The plugin works as intended. So offering a refund for a digital product just because you need something that we never promised does not makes sense.
Looks great. Could you add the option to only allow admins to make public collections? And customers etc can automatically only make private collections (and maybe share the direct link via mail etc).
Hi. Good idea, I'll add this option in next update.
Hi there,
Has this been added yet? I need this to make this plugin work for me.
I've submitted an update a few minutes ago with this option. It should be available soon. I'm sorry that it has not been included earlier. I just forgot, hope you understand. .
Thank you! No problem, i like the plugin very much.
The version 1.1.2 is available and it includes the option to specify user roles allowed to create only private collections.
I bought the wpweb woocommerce collections plugin a few days ago. It has nice features – however it does not work for Variable products. It has a bug where the Collection button does not show at all and only appears when the user selects the size and colour or whatever is in the lists. This is ridiculous because the consumer never even knows the option to add to collections exist if they cannot see the button. And they are idiots who have no idea how to provide support or communicate with paid users of their plugin, rude and arrogant, nor do they know what end users require, just what they as programmers want to deliver.
What I would like to know please is will your plugin work fine with variable products, in other words,
a) can I add to collections just visit a product without having to select all criteria first
b) can a logged in user have their own private collection list
c) can the site Editor view all customer collections just by selecting collections and seeing the various collection sets created by registered customers and also see who that collection belongs to.
d) can a register customer create multiple collections. Like the eBay collections process.
First of all I want to note that the button is always visible, no matter what how complex is a product.
a ) Yes. The button is always available once you are on a product page. Of course you can change the position from admin panel as well as to show it by user roles etc.
c ) Yes. Anyone who can edit other users, can see all collections that has been created.
d ) Yes. As you see in point b, there are at least 4 collections that belongs to a single user. A user is allowed to create an unlimited number of collections or a limited number that is set up by the site administrator.
Hope this helps.
Best regards.
Hi, can I use this plugin for posts and an additional CPT? Thanks, Francesco
No. This plugin is just for WooCommerce.
I am going to buy your Plugin now as discussed above, however I will ask the following of you for future. You are aware of the wpweb woocommerce collections plugin, they have a very nice UI that is attractive to users. Both visually and layout. I suppose it is modelled after the eBay one.
Is there any chance you can tweak yours to make it look more friendly for the shopper, more appealing visually ? It would be appreciated.
Hi. The goal was to make plugin with a clean interface. I do not bloatware.
However I may include several hooks that will allow to extend the plugin how you like.
Good Morning, Thanks, appreciated your feedback. I am sure you will agree there is a difference between bloatware and an outcome that is appealing to Customers. If you could at least give us the option that would be appreciated.
Also, is there a way I can send you a couple of images ? I want to ask is using a shortcode or whatever, I can ad the ability for a customer to click on a button in a menu so he can view the Collections. I want to put an Icon next to the shopping cart icon in the top menu.
This would make your woo collections plugin superior to any of them out there. I really need the display feature with individual gallery pages to display products from each collection.
Can you please update the plugin to work with woocommerce 3.x? Since the update the plugin isn't working. When you click on an collection you end up on a page with all the products in the shop.
I've tested with the latest WordPress and WooCommerce version and all works as expected. Maybe you have another plugin that conflicts with this?
Is there any way to have the add collection button visible in the shop or anywhere else the products are displayed – not just on the main product?
Hi! I have a problem with the plugin. When I click one collection can't see the products. I try to reinstal the plugin and desactivate the rest of plugins but isn`t resolve the issue. Can you help me?
My site is: www.oldhammerdb.com
You can check the problem using this account: User: demo Password: demo123demo
The plugin uses the shop URL to display collections. You must setup the page for products. Go to Woocommerce -> Settings -> Products -> Display -> Shop Page and select a page for this purpose.
See the following screenshot:
Many thanks! the issue is solved.
I still have a problem with the plugin. When i open a collection all the products in the shop show up, not just the ones in the collection..
How do i fix this?
Have you set up the shop page? See this comment for details: https://codecanyon.net/comments/17818996
Yes the shop page is properly setup
OK. One more question.
Pretty permalinks are enabled? If you go to Settings -> Permalinks: Common Settings, you must select any option but not "Plain".
Also. There may be a plugin that conflicts with this one. Try to disable other plugins, go to permalinks and hit "Save" and then check it again to see if it works.
Also permalinks are good, and i can't find a plugin that is conflicting.
Its weird because the number in the collection is good (the amount of products in it), but all the products in shop show up…
Can you help fix the issue please?
Send me a private message with a link to your website and temporary login credentials. I'll try to debug it on your server. Use this form: https://themeforest.net/user/smartik#contact


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Added to Shopping Bag
Bailey felt Cowgirl hat
Listed by Q. M.
Price: $75.00
Returnable for site
You can request a return for Tradesy Site Credit within 4 days of delivery. FREE return shipping.
If your item was misrepresented in any way, file a Misrepresentation Claim within 4 days of delivery. Our team will review your claim and you may be eligible for a full refund.
Shopping Bag :
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This Item is No Longer Available
Bailey felt Cowgirl hat
Measurements: 16.00 x 6.00 x 16.00
$75.00 Shipping Included
Retail Price: $300.00
Bailey 44 Bailey felt Cowgirl hat
Shipping Included
Not available
This item is no longer available
Pay with Credit Card, PayPal, or Affirm.
2 people saved this item
See description.
Beige felt hat with removable feather band. Crown measures 6 inches high and rim is 4 inches. Head opening measures approx. 20 inches. A must for any cowgirl. Some minor scuffs on the upper and lower hat rim.
16"L x 6"H x 16"W
Style Tags:
Tue 11/28/17 - Fri 12/1/17 (5-8 days)
Feel free to return this item for any reason and get Tradesy Site Credit. Use your credit to buy something that makes you happy. Just a heads up, purchases outside the U.S. are Final Sale.
Submit a return request within 4 days of delivery
Pack and ship the item using our free return shipping label
Skip the return request and bring the item to your nearest within 4 days of delivery for instant Tradesy Credit.
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