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Student News
2017-2018 Scholarships
Funding for the 2017-2018 academic year is now available for two scholarships!
Please apply by April 30, 2017.
Grace Miller Economics Scholarship
This scholarship is offered to encourage and support an academically strong UO undergraduate economics major who is an Oregon resident and who has demonstrated an interest in teaching. The scholarship is $2,500 and may be used for all standard educational expenses including tuition, fees, books, miscellaneous supplies, and room and board. Up to four awards may be given in any academic year.
The selection of the recipient(s) shall be based on the following criteria:
- Oregon resident undergraduate student(s) majoring in Economics
- Student(s) successfully demonstrating an interest in teaching
- Special consideration shall be given to women
If no eligible student interested in teaching applies to receive the award, then any undergraduate student majoring in economics is eligible to receive an award from the Fund.
The donor has a strong interest in providing financial assistance to students from diverse backgrounds. Given this interest, the donor recognizes that the awards from this Fund will help support the University's commitment to a diverse student population, one that includes individuals of varying ages, genders, races, national origins, talents, etc., and those from underrepresented populations and/or economically disadvantaged background.
To apply for the Grace Miller Economics Scholarship, please do both of the following:
- Complete the online application
(please indicate for which scholarships you're applying)
- Upload a 1-2 page personal statement that describes your background and your interest in teaching.
Alanson H. Kleinsorge Economics Scholarship
This scholarship is offered to support and encourage economics students who face academic challenges in their college careers. The scholarship of $1,500 will be applied to the recipient's UO tuition and fees for the following academic year.
The selection of the recipient(s) shall be based on the following criteria:
- Low income individual eligible for financial aid and have a FAFSA on file with the Office of Student Financial Aid by application deadline.
- Student who has had academic difficulties at some point in their career (high school or college) and who has now made significant and sustained improvements in their academic performance.
- Have attended at least two terms at the university
- Must be enrolled at the University of Oregon when s/he applies, an Economics Major and must attend the university in the academic year immediately following awarding of the scholarship.
To apply for the Kleinsorge Economics Scholarship, please upload/provide the following information:
- Complete the online application
(please indicate for which scholarships you're applying)
- Upload a 1-2 page personal statement that describes some of the academic challenges you've faced, and how you overcame them.
- You must also upload a current copy of your transcript.
Other Scholarships
To apply for other scholarships in the College of Arts and Sciences,click here.
For general University of Oregon scholarship information please visit the Office of Student Financial Aid and Scholarships.
New EC 399 topics for Spring
The Spring 2017 Course Schedule has two new EC 399 courses for undergraduate students to take! EC 399 courses are repeatable when the topic changes so undergraduate students may take and receive credit for both courses listed below.
EC 399 Economics of Inequality
- Instructor: Michael Jerman
- Time: MW 1000-1120
- Tentative Syllabus: linked here
- Course Description: "Inequality is one of the most important issues facing today's world. In this class, we will analyze inequality from an economic perspective. We will begin by studying the various ways to measure inequality and the normative properties of various inequality measures. We will next explore the historical evolution of inequality, a topic that has received considerable attention since the publication of Thomas Piketty's famous book Capital in the Twenty-First Century. We will then move beyond income and analyze inequality along other dimensions, such as gender, race, and factors of production. Next, we will consider the real effects of inequality on health, mobility, growth, and other outcomes. Lastly, we will consider the future of inequality and the various policy interventions that have proposed to reduce it. At the end of this course, you will have an extensive understanding of what inequality is, the economic consequences of it, and how we might impact the current trends in inequality."
EC 399 Behavioral Economics
- Instructor: Professor Jiabin Wu
- Time: MW 1200-1320
- Tentative syllabus: linked here
- Course Description: "Behavioral economics incorporates psychologists' perspectives on how people behave into formal economic analysis. Traditionally, economic theories assumes that people are good at making choices that achieve their aims. However, experimental evidences increasingly support the idea that people often deviate from rational behavior in systematic ways. This course focuses on what these deviations are and what kind of new insights they bring to economic applications."
The Registrar's Office has more information about registering for classes here.
Email firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any questions.
Awards and Scholarships
Linmei Amaya received the H.T. Koplin Memorial Scholarship, which is awarded to an Oregon resident who has finished the math and intermediate courses at the University of Oregon with at least a 3.6 GPA in their economics coursework.
Jennifer Leung, Emily Secord, Hannah Solheim, and Selena Trevino each received the department's Grace Miller Economics Scholarship, which is for Oregon residents who have a demonstrated interest in teaching.
Selena Trevino and Tim Carignani have been awarded the Alanson H. Kleinsorge Scholarhip, which is awarded to economics majors who have overcome academic and financial hardships to succeed in their studies.
Taxing Problem – Oregon's Unstable School Funding Shows up in Falling Grades
Imagine you're planning a big dinner party. You'll have money to work with, but there's a catch: You won't know how much money until after your dinner has begun.
Would you gamble, ordering lavish meals for each guest? Or keep it cheap, to avoid possibly ending up in the red? Maybe, if it turns out you'll be flush with cash, you can rush to add an additional course or two?
This scenario is not unfamiliar to Oregon's public school administrators, who are trapped in a state of perpetual fiscal uncertainty. They don't control most of their funding—it comes from the state legislature and the amount changes frequently. So administrators can't plan with any certainty what they'll have to spend on their guests—that is, Oregon's school-age children.
This is more than simply a nuisance for everyone concerned. The inability to plan funding hurts student performance.
So say Matthew Davis '14 and Andrea Vedder '15. The economics alumni found that math scores for Oregon eighth graders can drop by as much as 5 percent due to unstable funding that disrupts planning.
Their research began as an honors thesis and grew into an academic paper that was published earlier this year in the Journal of Education Finance.
Property taxes used to provide most of the funding for schools. This changed in the 1990s, when Oregon voters approved measures that kept property taxes down and severely limited the portion of property-tax revenues that could go toward schools.
These limits on local funding put the state on the hook for the bulk of school support. But fits and starts in the economy and other factors mean that the state's budget picture is volatile, to say the least. That makes it difficult for lawmakers to guarantee the funding that will go to school administrators, especially over the long term.
Working with Joe Stone, a professor emeritus, Davis and Vedder initially found a correlation between low math test scores and communities whose school-tax revenues had been severely cut due to the measures. Stone challenged them to find out why.
Districts work with year-to-year budgets. But the legislature uses two-year budgets, which include the money that goes to schools.
So Davis and Vedder looked at both years of the state budget cycle, individually.
They found that during the first year, districts generally didn't know how much funding they would receive from the state until the school year was well underway.
Talk about uncertainty: In one example, an urban school district reassigned hundreds of teachers outside their subject areas to make a meager budget work—but later learned that the budget would be better than expected.
Worse, Davis and Vedder found that the inability to plan ahead is most damaging to districts that are already cash-strapped. Those districts have less of their own property-tax money as a fallback when money from the state drops.
For Davis and Vedder, it was a surprise to discover just how big a role planning plays in student performance. "I always assumed that a lack of money caused problems," Davis said. "But it was fascinating to discover the impact it had on planning."
Even more surprising for Stone was that two undergraduates had been able to wade through the Oregon tax system to reveal this phenomenon.
"How could you pull out this one thing from something that can barely be explained?" he asked. "I was stunned."
—Kit Alderdice
Economics, à la Cart: Predicting success or failure for Portland food vendors
It was his appetite for information—and, well, his appetite—that drew Jake Glicker into Portland's thriving food cart scene.
Glicker loved to eat at places like Viking Soul Food and the Swamp Shack. And when he started poking around for data on the economics behind this industry, he stumbled across something far more valuable than finding, say, the perfect crawfish pie.
It was early 2014, and the senior in economics was sitting pretty, on track to graduate in March. He could have coasted through those last few months of school.
But Glicker was curious what data existed on Rose City's burgeoning street-corner meal makers, so he made a call to the Multnomah County Health Department. Jackpot: the department licenses food-cart vendors and tracks them from entry into the market to exit, which meant Glicker had stumbled upon access to tidy information capturing the lifespan of more than 700 food carts.
If some aspiring economist had tapped this data goldmine previously, Glicker was unaware of it; his advisors in the department were beside themselves.
"I had a usable data set on an industry that no one has studied in a serious way," Glicker said. "We were, like, 'Yeah, let's do it, it's going to be fun.' I wanted to see how good I could get at this process of applied economics."
Well-Behaved vs. Haphazard
Glicker sought to understand why the food cart market exploded between 2006 and 2011. The question was whether everything he'd learned in class about concepts such as "industrial organization" and "microeconomic relationships" would hold up in a real-world scenario involving haphazard, opportunistic businesses that are only as stable as the wheels carrying them throughout the city.
"Economics is full of theoretical explanations of how markets are structured, how firms behave, and what drives basic human decisions," Glicker wrote in the introduction to his report. "But well-behaved economic ideals fly out the window as we walk out the door and toward the nearest food cart. Or do they? An in-depth analysis of this market over time affords a rare opportunity to evaluate and understand the essence of many market mechanisms."
To determine what affects the performance of Portland's food carts, Glicker assigned values to aspects of each business such as type, location, lifespan, local population and unemployment rates. Then, he ran a series of complicated calculations using equations from class that are meant to forecast economic outcomes.
Glicker essentially tested whether his efforts to "predict" performance based on economic principles would match what actually happened on the ground with the rise and fall of food carts over the six-year period.
One of his more interesting finds: food carts in northeast Portland were more likely to "exit the market" during that period—that is, go under—than those in the southeast. In the southeast, Glicker (above) wrote, "it is anticipated most local consumers have less disposable income and are of a lower median age than anywhere else in the city, making them ideal consumers of street food meals." That's a good description of the college-age Glicker himself, of course.
Ninety-Five Percent Accuracy
His conclusions for the entire project were no less insightful: Glicker correctly predicted more than 95 percent of those instances where food carts eventually went out of business. In fact, Glicker (left) found that the chance that any given outcome for a business was the result of a random event unforeseen by his model was less than 1 percent.
In other words, Glicker's conclusion was wholly and completely predictable. Everything happened just as his model predicted it would. For an economist, this is cause for celebration.
"It turned out that all the things that I was expecting to happen were actually happening," Glicker said. "I thought, 'OK, cool. I can understand (these economic principles) and see them happen in the real world.'"
The paper earned Glicker an award for "outstanding work on a thesis" from the university's Clark Honors College.
Glicker attributes his success with this study to experience gained in conducting an earlier research project through the economic department's honors program, which gives ambitious students the opportunity to perform analyses for actual clients. Students complete a research paper, hone their skills in applied economics, and—perhaps most important—get a firsthand look at how the real world works. Meanwhile, clients ranging from local community groups to the State of Oregon get useful analysis and recommendations that influence their policies.
Business Incubator—Boom or Bust?
This earlier project earned more recognition than Glicker could have imagined. Teaming up with fellow economics student Aaron Rouza on an analysis for the Eugene Area Chamber of Commerce, he assessed the possible impact of a $7.5 million investment by the State of Oregon in creating a local "business incubator." These programs draw off research universities, technology, and other existing resources to spark entrepreneurship and attract startups.
That exercise tested Glicker's command of "econometrics," which is a way to provide a quantifiable value to economic questions through mathematics, statistical methods, and computer science. Using a combination of economic theory, equations, and data from sources such as the National Business Incubation Association, the duo predicted that the expenditure would create 94 jobs at technology-focused startups, generating $23 million in annual wages and about $1.9 million in annual tax revenue to the state.
The conclusion was less surprising to Glicker than the overwhelming reaction that followed. He and Rouza won "best paper of the year" in the economics department and the chamber shared the work with partners across Lane County. In no time at all, Glicker and Rouza found themselves presenting a PowerPoint version of their report to a room of mayors and business representatives.
One of the more challenging aspects of the experience, Glicker said, was working with the chamber to shape broad questions into more narrowly defined queries that could be analyzed. He spent hours in the office of economics professor Bruce Blonigen, an associate dean in the college, working to match the chamber's goals for the project with the data available. Blonigen said Glicker's research for the business incubator and food-cart projects exemplified Glicker's status as one of the best students he has ever advised.
Glicker, an aw-shucks type who is more comfortable talking "regression estimation coefficients" than personal accomplishment, credited his growth to the experience of doing real research.
"The best thing I got out of this was the process," Glicker said. "I learned what a deliverable was and how to work with a client to get them something they can use. Meanwhile, the working world sees your ability to navigate (around obstacles) and produce something."
—By Matt Cooper
—Photo credit of food cart: CC by SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Original Website: https://cascade.uoregon.edu/fall2015/social-sciences/economics-a-la-cart/
UO names first Frohnmayer Fellow for Oxford trip
Clark Honors College senior Rachel Grant, a double major in Japanese and economics with a minor in Asian studies, has been selected to take part in The Oregon-Oxford International Human Rights Project as the UO's first-ever Frohnmayer Fellow.
This is the fourth year the UO will be sending students to Oxford during spring break to dig deeply into global justice and human rights alongside some of the top experts in the field. A total of 10 students are making the trip.
This year's introduction of the Frohnmayer Fellowship, sponsored by the Office of the President, is in honor of the late President Emeritus Dave Frohnmayer, who studied at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1964 and received his master's degree there in 1971. Frohnmayer went on to become a state legislator and attorney general before returning to the UO, first as dean of the law school and then as the school's 15th president, a post he held from 1994 to 2009. He died last year at age 74.
The Oxford program is designed to equip students to become international policy leaders, emphasizing many of the areas that Frohnmayer continued to contemplate through his Advanced Topics in Leadership colloquium, which he taught as professor emeritus in the honors college from 2011 to 2014.
"Dave Frohnmayer was a great supporter of the Oregon-Oxford collaboration," said Cheyney Ryan, emeritus professor in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program at the UO School of Law. "He lectured at our very first workshop in Oxford on leadership and human rights and shared his experiences as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford. I think this program well reflects Dave's deep commitment to civic engagement and serious scholarship."
Grant's interest in human rights began as a freshman, when she joined the Carnegie Global Oregon Freshman Interest Group. Through the group, she became interested in the U.S. penitentiary system and subsequently joined the Inside-Out prison exchange class Geography of Inequalities taught by geography professor Shaul Cohen.
That class "opened my eyes to the disparities occurring worldwide in terms of wealth, race, gender, privilege and more" Grant said. She followed that experience with the course Human Rights in the 21st Century, taught by Ryan, and went on to be named a Carnegie Ethics Fellow for the Future last fall while presenting at a conference in New York.
"During my time in Oxford, I am looking forward to engaging in dialogue with a diverse set of minds from around the world," Grant said. "This exchange will help to challenge my own perspective and see things through a new light. In acquiring this knowledge, I hope to bring ideas surrounding human rights back to my own community. I think this was one of the most notable characteristics of Dave Frohnmayer — his dedication to knowledge and justice was always well-connected to the community of which he was such a part."
—By Caitlyn Kari, Clark Honors College
Upcoming Undergraduate Research & Creative Scholarship Opportunities
If you're an undergraduate student and you're interested in research and creative scholarship opportunities, please see the helpful information below.
UROP Mini-grant program
Provides awards of up to $1,000 to support undergraduate student research, creative scholarship or work on an innovative project. The awards may be used by recipients to purchase materials, equipment, and supplies that are necessary to complete their project and assist with travel expenses related to their project.
Deadline: February 5, 2016.
Website: http://urop.uoregon.edu/students/opportunities/current-uo-opportunities/urop-grants/
Information sheet: https://blogs.uoregon.edu/undergraduateresearch/files/2015/10/Mini-grant-flyer-213jio0.pdf
VPRI Undergraduate Fellowship
Provides a $5,000 stipend to conduct research, creative scholarship or complete work on an innovative project full-time during the summer.
Deadline: April 1, 2016.
Website: http://urop.uoregon.edu/students/opportunities/current-uo-opportunities/vpri-fellowships/
Information sheet: https://blogs.uoregon.edu/undergraduateresearch/files/2015/10/VPRI-fellowship-flyer-1tnirb3.pdf
UO Undergraduate Symposium
The UO's annual celebration of undergraduate research and creative scholarship. Students form every academic discipline can submit to present their research or creative work to members of the UO's community of scholars.
Deadline: March 25, 2016
Website: http://undergradsymposium.uoregon.edu
Abstract writing workshops information: http://undergradsymposium.uoregon.edu/content/prepare-your-presentation


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|04 Dec 2011
Have new MB,CPU,PSU,DDR3, WIN 7, ready 2 install but keep XP as well?
OHPS. Got the wrong forum, can you transfer to the installation and set up forum please?
I have purchased new:
WIN 7 Pro Full Retail edition
Asus P8P67 PRO (REV 3.1) MB
Intel i5-2500K 3.3 Ghz CPU
Corsair 8GB DDR3 Memory
Corsair CMPSU 800W PSU
Arctic cooling freezer 13
+ ancillary bits and bobs.
The above to replace my aging A8N-SLI system running XP SP3.
I have two Hard Drives:
Hard Drive 1 500gb partitioned with XP on partition 1 and data on partition 2.
Hard Drive 2 300gb I have also partitioned as partition 1 WIN 7 OS, partition 2 WIN 7 DATA, partition 3 General Data (Part used), and partition 4 as a Backup partition (Part used).
WIN 7 OS and WIN 7 DATA empty!
When I replace the hardware components I still wish to keep XP running until I am happy with the WIN 7 installation
I would like to install WIN 7 on the WIN 7 OS partition (Bit obvious that!) but leave XP on its partition.
I think I will have to reinstall XP and all other programs or is this not the case, as on some posts I have read that sometimes the OS will function after a new MB install?
Is it practical to install one OS on each HD or best to install on one HD with two partitions, say XP on partition 1 and WIN 7 on partition 2?
I have read the excellent articles on dual booting but would like to clarify the above questions.
|My System Specs
|05 Dec 2011
Windows 7 Professional 32
This could work. Your old motherboard is using the nvidia ata drivers in ide mode (most likely) and if you were to attempt to boot your xp install as is, windows would crash with a stop error. If you wanted to keep the same xp install, the easiest thing to try would be enabling msahci and pciide before you swap the hardware over.
Open regedit and navigate to these keys
Set the start values to 0
Check in your bios on your new motherboard to see what mode your sata drives are running in. AHCI or IDE (Ideally you would be running AHCI)
Try booting your xp drive with AHCI. If all goes well then it will sort itself out and install all the correct drivers for the new setup. If not switch your drives from AHCI to IDE in the bios and try again. Then all you have to do is reactivate.
Next set your 300gb drive as the boot drive in your bios and install windows 7 on it. During the install it should detect the other windows drive and add it to the boot menu. If not it's easy to add afterwards with "EasyBCD".
|My System Specs
|06 Dec 2011
Thank you for your helpful reply, I have printed this out and will add to my file of upgrade information!
Not sure what 'msahci' and 'pciide' are but will look them up.
Will changing to 0 have any effect if done prior to swapping MB, or should I do this at the last shutdown before the actual swap?
|My System Specs
|06 Dec 2011
With your nice new build, IMO, I personally would take a look at XP mode.
Windows XP Mode - Install and Setup
|My System Specs
|06 Dec 2011
Hi Theog.
I have printed off the tutorial suggested, all the hardware goodies arrived today, still sealed at the moment but am getting nearer.
I purchased Windows 7 Professional as it states that you can:
'Run many Windows XP productivity applications in Windows XP Mode'.
I would have thought that this implies it is included in/with the installation options and once installed would allow me to open older programs within the Win 7 environment, I also toyed with the idea of forgetting my XP installation and running all on, or from, the new Win 7 partition. Is this not the case? Do I really need to download the 'Win XP Mode' as on the tutorial as well?
I was intending to install Win 7 64bit.
|My System Specs
|06 Dec 2011
Windows 7 Professional SP1 32-bit
Yes, XP mode is a download from Microsoft, but it's completely free (including the XP OS itself).
Once Windows is installed, just get XP mode here: Windows Virtual PC: Home Page
|My System Specs
|06 Dec 2011
If you want to start your XP HD on new hardware, it likely will require an XP Repair Install.
Then unplug XP drive to install Win7 on its separate HD.
If you cannot resolve running XP in AHCI mode, then you'll likely have to install Win7 in IDE mode but can change it later to AHCI when XP departs. Change IDE to AHCI in BIOS - Much better performance - Windows 7 Forums
Enable AHCI in Windows XP After Installation - Bootbeta
When you plug back in XP HD after WIn7 install, boot it using Asus F8 one-time BIOS Boot Menu key to choose it to boot instead of WIN7, which will boot on its own.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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how to make DDR3-1333 DDR3 4 GB work on my Gigabyte G41-M Combo mobo?
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|Hardware & Devices
Will DDR3 1666 slot work with older DDR3 1333 mem stick? (laptop)
Hello my old laptop Acer aspire 7551g had 4gb DDR3 1333. The new one is Lenovo G500s with DDR3 1single 1666 so i have one slot left. So DDR3 1333 + DDR3 1666 will work or not? The goal is to have 8gb ram so i can cheak if Watch Dogs still lag when driving :) (i know one stupid game not...
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|General Discussion
Is DDR3-1333 DDR3 4 GB will work on my G41 Combo?
Will this ram : see the link Transcend DDR3-1333 DDR3 4 GB PC RAM (JM1333KLN-4G) will work on my mothrboard? Gigabyte G41-Combo Rev 1.3 with 2.80 Ghz Core2Duo Processor? Please help me.
|Hardware & Devices
New rig with ready install win7 HDD
Hi all I had a problem figuring out any possibilities that I could run my previous HDD with Win7 Ultimate. Search around BUT to no avail, could not find any. Did so with XP to new MoBo before , but it works out pretty good, just need to install drivers and etc. With Win7 could not find way...
|Installation & Setup
Getting ready to install Win 7 on SSD
I am getting ready to install Win 7 on to a brand new Vertex 2 SSD to put in to my Samsung NC10 netbook. One thing that I have been reading about is setting BIOS to enable AHCI mode, but the downside is that my BIOS does not have a way for me to set that. I know the unit is capable of it because in...
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Many people make a life changing decision during Judgement House and accept Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior. The boys have been involved in some way every year since 2012. They love being a part of something that has a lasting impact on people, and they love being with their friends!
This year, Daniel played a lead role (he did last year also), David played a Roman guard, and Samuel had a one line role. Daniel practiced his lines for weeks, he always wants to do the best job possible, and he delivers! David is the tallest of our three boys, and was an intimidating figure as a Roman guard. Samuel had a busy week with Homecoming festivities and was only able to be at JH for two nights, but his one line was a needed one.
We've been through a lot of changes as a family the last few years, but one thing that has not changed is the love our children have for the Lord. They desire to spend time with people that love the Lord, and to learn more about Him. Don't ever underestimate children/students. When they can see evidence of God at work, they might just want to know more about Him and be a part of His work. Whenever possible make sure your children see you give God the glory and praise for what God does in your life. Whether it's a promotion at work, money for a bill that needed to be paid, or a prayer that has been answered, share it with your children so they can see God at work around them.


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Objectives Accurate characterisation of fractures is essential in fracture management trials. However, this is often hampered by poor inter-observer agreement. This article describes the practicalities of defining the fracture population, based on the Neer classification, within a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial in which surgical treatment was compared with non-surgical treatment in adults with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus involving the surgical neck.
Methods The trial manual illustrated the Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures. However, in addition to surgical neck displacement, surgeons assessing patient eligibility reported on whether either or both of the tuberosities were involved. Anonymised electronic versions of baseline radiographs were sought for all 250 trial participants. A protocol, data collection tool and training presentation were developed and tested in a pilot study. These were then used in a formal assessment and classification of the trial fractures by two independent senior orthopaedic shoulder trauma surgeons.
Results Two or more baseline radiographic views were obtained for each participant. The independent raters confirmed that all fractures would have been considered for surgery in contemporaneous practice. A full description of the fracture population based on the Neer classification was obtained. The agreement between the categorisation at baseline (tuberosity involvement) and Neer classification as assessed by the two raters was only fair (kappa 0.29). However, this disparity did not appear to affect trial findings, specifically in terms of influencing the effect of treatment on the primary outcome of the trial.
Conclusions A key reporting requirement, namely the description of the fracture population, was achieved within the context of a pragmatic multicentre randomised clinical trial. This article provides important guidance for researchers designing similar trials on fracture management.
Cite this article: H. H. G. Handoll, S. D. Brealey, L. Jefferson, A. Keding, A. J. Brooksbank, A. J. Johnstone, J. J. Candal-Couto, A. Rangan. Defining the fracture population in a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial: PROFHER and the Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures.Bone Joint Res 2016;5:481–489. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.510.BJR-2016-0132.R1.
Article focus
This article considers the practicalities of defining the fracture population, based on the Neer classification, within a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial that compared surgical with non-surgical treatment of adults with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus involving the surgical neck.
Key messages
Reporting involvement of either or both of the tuberosities as a proxy for Neer three- or four-part fractures was a suitable approach for surgeons assessing trial eligibility as it reflected assessment of fractures in clinical practice.
Obtaining transferrable electronic versions of anonymised baseline radiographs of participants in a multicentre trial is achievable, but can be a challenge. Exact linear measurement, as required for classification systems such as Neer's, requires the use of a calibration object at the fracture site.
A piloted process involving training and a detailed proforma resulted in the best possible description of the fracture population according to the Neer classification.
Strengths and limitations
Strengths: A thorough, systematic and informed approach was taken to accommodate what happens in clinical practice and the known limitations of the chosen fracture classification system.
Limitations: The main limitations are those inherent in the Neer classification, in fully characterising the fracture population in a reproducible way.
Characterisation of fractures is essential in order to define the study population and facilitate the scope, performance and interpretation of fracture management trials. This is usually hampered by imperfect fracture classification systems, which are frequently further undermined by poor inter-observer agreement. The latter is even more problematic for multicentre trials. This article focuses on the practicalities of defining the fracture population within a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing surgical with non-surgical treatment of adults with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus involving the surgical neck.
The proximal fracture of the humerus evaluation by Randomisation (PROFHER) trial recruited 250 adults from the orthopaedic departments (fracture clinics or wards) of 32 acute care NHS hospitals in the United Kingdom between September 2008 and April 2011. The results of the trial do not support the trend of increased surgery for patients with these fractures.1
Formal fracture classification in PROFHER was based on the commonly used Neer classification.2,3 Central to this classification are the relative positions of the four main segments of the proximal humerus: the humeral head, the greater tuberosity, the lesser tuberosity and the humeral shaft. Although these may be delineated by fracture lines, a segment is only considered a 'part' if there is displacement of > 1 cm or 45° angulation. A 'minimally displaced' fracture, often referred to as a one-part fracture, occurs when the displacement criteria are not met for any of the four segments. Two-part, three-part and four-part fractures involve the relative displacement of two, three or all four segments, respectively. Other Neer categories involve fractures associated with an anterior or posterior humeral head dislocation and fractures involving the articular surface of the humeral head. Figure 14 shows the Neer classification,2 with numbering of the 16 categories by Sidor et al.5
The Neer classification provides "a useful framework for clinical assessment of and research for proximal humeral fractures".3 However, its limitations include the arbitrary definition of displacement, difficulties in assessing the extent of displacement of fracture parts from plain radiographs, and poor inter-observer agreement.3,6 Poor agreement was also found for CT images.7 However, a randomised controlled trial8 found that agreement between surgeons increased with training comprising a 45-minute session on Neer classification.
Awareness of the limitations of the Neer classification informed the PROFHER trial design and the procedures for obtaining a definitive description of the fracture population in patients for whom there was uncertainty over whether surgery was required. This article reports the practical measures taken to ensure the inclusion of the intended fracture population within the context of undertaking a pragmatic trial that aimed to reflect good standard clinical practice and, in consequence, maximise the relevance and applicability of the trial findings. We report on the processes undertaken to optimise achievement of a valid formal description of the fracture population via an independent and blinded assessment of baseline radiographs of all randomised patients in PROFHER. After reporting the results of these endeavours, we discuss these in terms of the study design and applicability of the PROFHER trial results.
The overarching aim of this article is to describe, examine and discuss the methods relating to the characterisation of fractures used in the PROFHER trial in order to inform researchers designing future pragmatic multicentre clinical trials on fracture management.
Patients and Methods
This extended section serves both to describe our methods and to highlight some of the practical issues we encountered when performing the trial. Figure 2 presents a summary of the fracture classification pathway.
Trial methods: baseline radiographs and assessing study eligibility
The trial manual provided to participating sites included a PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) presentation illustrating the recommended full shoulder trauma series (three 'perpendicular' views: anteroposterior view; scapular Y-lateral view; and axillary (modified axillary) view)9 for assessing fracture eligibility. However, we felt it was necessary to adhere to local guidelines for radiographic assessment. We thus stipulated that a minimum of two radiographic views/projections were required for the assessment of study eligibility. The radiographic views taken were recorded on the study eligibility form for all patients who met the primary inclusion criteria (Table I). No additional imaging was required for trial purposes.
An introduction to the Neer classification was also included in the trial manual. In all trial information, the study eligibility criteria were expressed in terms of the Neer classification and the displacement criteria stated. However, in keeping with normal practice in busy fracture clinics, there was no expectation that the recruiting surgeons would classify the fractures and thus judge whether or not displaced parts met the Neer criteria. Instead, surgeons were asked to indicate on the eligibility form if the fracture involved either tuberosity.
Anonymised electronic versions of baseline radiographs, identified only via the patient's unique four-digit trial number used in the assessment of trial eligibility for each randomised patient, were sent on CDs to the York Trials Unit (YTU). Early on, we found several sites could not send us Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) images. Therefore, Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) files were requested, preferably with a resolution of 300 dpi, as these could be provided by all hospitals and can also be read easily on all computer platforms.
Initial processing of the radiographic images involved checks on anonymisation, correct labelling and ensuring that the images could be accessed and transferred electronically. For blinding purposes, the sets of radiographs were renumbered using a three-digit code, with letters used to label each of the radiographs within a set (e.g., 038a, 038b).
Preparations for the independent Neer classification
Preparations for the independent assessment and classification of trial baseline radiographs based on the Neer classification comprised an interim quality assessment of the radiographs; information gathering; removal of excess baseline radiographs; developing a protocol, training presentation and data collection tool (proforma); and testing these in a pilot study.
A protocol-specified monitoring and audit process was established to check for clear breaches of the main inclusion criterion (i.e., fractures should involve the surgical neck) and to assess the quality of the copies of the radiographic images available for each patient in terms of the suitability for fracture classification. Initially, the audit involved two consultant shoulder surgeons (AR and JJC-C), each of whom independently assessed the first five sets of images from each participating centre. Assessment was carried out for subsequent participants from each centre by one surgeon only (AR). The quality of the images was assessed according to three criteria: at least two projections in planes perpendicular to each other; proximal humeral and glenohumeral joint visible on each projection; and across all views, the shaft, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, head of the humerus, and the glenohumeral joint could be identified. A failure to meet at least one criterion was considered an indication of potential difficulty for the Neer classification. A third surgeon acted as an arbiter to resolve disagreement at the final stage of the audit.
Information gathering included a review of the rater reliability studies on the Neer classification, with a particular focus on the approaches taken for assessing displacement and training. After trial recruitment, a postal survey was also sent to the radiographers representing the 33 participating hospitals that had screened patients for eligibility. This was done to obtain their specialist feedback on the imaging relating to fractures of the proximal humerus. The survey included questions on recommended views, assessing image quality, provision of specialist reports for use at fracture clinics, perceived difficulties in the interpretation of radiographs and the routine use of CT scans. Responses were received from 26 radiographers (79%).
An in-depth discussion with one radiographer at the lead site revealed that the accurate measurement of linear and angular displacement of bony parts using plain radiographs alone is unrealistic. The following was established: without the use of a calibration object, such as a scaling ball placed in an appropriate location at image acquisition, accurate measurement of scale is not possible. An approximation of scale is provided via picture archiving and communications systems (PACS), although the inbuilt scale is lost when patient details are removed upon anonymising the images. The problem is worse where there has been image manipulation, such as enlargement, prior to file closure. Thus, assessing linear displacement is more challenging when there are anonymised copies of radiographs. One suboptimal approach of limited applicability to assist the assessment of linear displacement is present in those radiographs where standard left/right markers (added to the cassette at image acquisition) are used, as the stems of the 'L' and 'R' are 9 mm. Judging angular displacement is also problematic as it depends on image orientation and the clear delineation of the edges of the bone parts.
Rather than use illustrations from Neer's original articles2,10 for training purposes as undertaken by Brorson et al,8 actual PROFHER trial images were used for facilitating the rater training. This decision ensured continuity in the images available for the decision-making process – from those seen by the recruiting surgeon to those seen by the independent assessor. Similarly, in keeping with the trial's pragmatic design, we recruited two independent United Kingdom-based consultant orthopaedic surgeons who were experienced in treating fractures of the proximal humerus and who had experience comparable with that of surgeons in the PROFHER trial. From the literature and our experience, it was clear that involving more raters would not improve agreement.
The number of radiographs received for each trial participant ranged from two to seven. A maximum of four images per set of radiographs was arranged for the Neer classification. The chief investigator (AR) selected the best-quality projection (based on pre-specified criteria) in each perpendicular plane. The 62 poorer-quality duplicates in these planes were removed, with the reasons for exclusion being recorded and checked by two other authors (SDB and HHGH).
The objectives listed in our protocol are summarised in Table II. Together with our protocol, which included both a pictorial and a verbal description of the 16 categories of the Neer classification,2,5 we prepared a Neer training presentation and a proforma to aid in the description and assessment of the quality of each set of radiographs for classification purposes and in the assessment of the Neer classification of the study fractures. The proforma facilitated the recording of data on the displacement of structures according to the Neer classification, as well as data on 'involvement' (any indication of a fracture), and a 'no contact' surgical neck fracture (bone parts/fragments do not overlap). As well as 'undisplaced' fractures (or clearly insufficiently displaced to meet Neer's criteria), and displaced fractures according to Neer, the proforma allowed for an element of doubt with the addition of an extra category: 'displaced (unclear if Neer displacement criteria met)'. Other characteristics collected included whether or not the head segment was in varus or valgus.
The training presentation and data collection process were piloted with the help of two senior orthopaedic registrars using ten sets of patient radiographs selected according to pre-specified criteria to give an adequate range in fracture type, view type and number. The pilot resulted in some adjustments and additions, including a briefing document on the Neer classification of radiographs, and a realistic timetable for the main assessment process. For each independent assessor, this comprised a training day, 20 hours to assess 250 sets of radiographs and up to a day to achieve consensus.
Independent Neer classification
The two consultant orthopaedic surgeons (AJB and AJJ), who were from non-trial-participating hospitals, signed a formal agreement to commit to the requirements for participation, including arranging protected time. The same format and sets of radiographs were used for the main study training day as in the pilot. Subsequently, the surgeons returned copies of their completed data collection forms (to SDB). The results were collated and a table returned indicating where there were differences in the Neer classification for individual fractures. The two surgeons met to resolve these differences and document the decisions behind each of the final verdicts.
Assessment of tuberosity involvement at baseline (no/yes) was cross-tabulated against Neer's classification (one- and two-part, three- and four-part fractures). The Kappa statistic was used to measure agreement in the classification of the fractures for the two assessments.
Baseline radiographic views
The study eligibility forms completed at the time of patients being considered to enter the trial showed that the minimum requirement of two named radiographic views (from anteroposterior, axillary (or modified axillary), and scapular Y-lateral) was achieved for 1104 (88%) of the 1250 screened patients. The anteroposterior view was recorded in 1219 patients (98%), the axillary view in 708 patients (57%) and the scapular Y-lateral view in 525 patients (50%). The standard trauma series (all three named views) was recorded in 224 (18%) of screened patients. These findings are compatible with the results of the survey of radiographers at participating centres. Responses confirmed that two views (always including the anteroposterior view with either the axillary or scapular Y-lateral views depending on patient's condition and other practicalities) were required at 25 hospitals and three views at one hospital.
Table III shows the breakdown of the radiographic views reported on the eligibility forms at the time of baseline assessment for the randomised patients, together with the assessment by the two independent persons rating the views available to them for Neer classification. There were two radiographic images for 165 patients, three for 68 patients and four for 17 patients for this assessment. Compared with the baseline assessment, the raters judged that there were a greater number of anteroposterior plus scapular Y-lateral views, and fewer anteroposterior only, and anteroposterior plus axillary plus scapular Y-lateral views. There was little difference in assessment between the two raters (91% agreement, kappa 0.87, p < 0.001), whereas agreement compared with baseline had a weaker rate of agreement (rater 1: 56% agreement, kappa 0.39, p < 0.001; rater 2: 59% agreement, kappa 0.43, p < 0.001). All ten radiographic sets, for which either rater indicated a single plane only (excluding any additional 'other' views), had all been rated to show a minimum of two planes on the eligibility form.
Assessment of radiographic quality
Although repeated requests were sometimes required to hospital radiology departments because of problems with file transfer and anonymisation, ultimately JPEG files were available for all baseline radiographs. All images were below the requested 300 dpi resolution; where checked, the majority were at 96 dpi. The initial quality assessment involving three surgeons identified 46 radiograph sets (18%) that were likely to present future difficulties for the independent Neer classification of fractures. Feedback on image quality from the hospital radiographers suggested exposure and patient positioning were key components in their judgement of image quality.
The two independent raters were asked to evaluate the quality of the radiographs available for each patient in terms of their adequacy for classification purposes. There was good agreement (94%) between the two raters for the key question, namely 'Considering all the available views together, can you visualise the location of all five structures (the humeral shaft, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, head of humerus and glenohumeral joint) sufficiently to determine the position and displacement of the fractured segments?' The answer was 'no' for two sets for rater 1, and for 16 sets for rater 2. Although our proforma for Neer's classification specifically asked the raters to indicate the structures that were visible on each radiograph, this global assessment is more likely to reflect clinical practice.
Other sources of information that could inform surgeons' assessment of study eligibility
The majority of radiographers in our survey (n = 24) provided specialist reports for use at the fracture clinic either all, or most, of the time. However, the feedback also showed that the availability of the specialist report was unlikely to inform the interpretation of the radiographs by surgeons considering patient eligibility for the trial. There was no indication of problems in interpretation that made reporting of these fractures routinely difficult for radiographers. It was clear from feedback that few radiographers were familiar with Neer's linear displacement and angulation criteria; none used the classification system in their reports.
Only one radiographer, from a non-recruiting hospital, reported the routine use of CT scanning for these fractures. This is consistent with the reports of CT scans being used to help assess study eligibility in six randomised patients (three in each treatment allocation group), each from a different hospital.
Neer's classification of baseline fractures
Using assessments of individual anatomical features for each radiograph and arriving at a verdict for the involvement/displacement of each feature, the two raters independently assigned a Neer's classification value to each patient, which could take one of 16 possible categories (Fig. 1). Agreement between the two raters was moderate (68% agreement, kappa 0.48, p < 0.001). Overall, the two raters independently assigned the same category in 169 cases, the greatest between-rater difference was in category 12 (Table IV). After a consensus meeting, the two raters arrived at the final agreed Neer's classification of baseline fractures shown in Table IV. Classifications were very well balanced between trial arms, as had been tuberosity involvement reported on the study eligibility forms.1
Monitoring during recruitment and independent assessment confirmed that all fractures met the main inclusion criterion on involvement of a surgical neck fracture. However, as shown in Table IV, some categories were 'unexpected' fractures (categories 1, 4, 5 and 10), particularly those that were not associated with substantial displacement (Neer's criteria) of the surgical neck. When relaxing the criteria for assessing displacement of the surgical neck to include 'displaced but unclear if Neer displacement criteria met', the surgical neck fractures were clearly not displaced enough to meet the Neer criteria in far fewer cases. Notably, of the 18 fractures in category 1, rater 1 reported four fractures and rater 2 reported only one fracture that absolutely did not meet the Neer displacement criteria. The variation between the raters in assessing displacement was also manifest for 'no contact' surgical neck fractures and other characteristics and is shown in Table V.
When designing the trial, the estimates for the distribution of the Neer categories in the trial were derived from the epidemiological study by Court-Brown et al.11 The relative proportions of the 221 fractures in the four expected categories in the trial show a greater proportion of three-part fractures (Table VI).
Agreement between baseline assessment of tuberosity involvement and Neer's classification
The agreed Neer's classifications by the two raters were compared against radiographic assessments at baseline of tuberosity involvement. This grouping of the two assessments was used for pre-specified subgroup analysis (tuberosity involvement at baseline no or yes) and subgroup sensitivity analysis (Neer's one-part plus two-part fractures versus three-part plus four-part factures). Table VII shows that the majority of baseline assessments of no tuberosity involvement (93%) were identified as Neer's one-part and two-part fractures. Conversely, half (48%) of patients with reported involvement of one or both tuberosities at baseline were associated with Neer one-part and two-part fractures, and the other half (52%) with three-part and four-part fractures. Accordingly, the agreement between the two assessments was fair (61% agreement, kappa 0.29, p < 0.001).
This article describes the systematic approach taken to define the fracture population of the multicentre PROFHER trial, both at recruitment, and via an independent and blinded assessment in terms of the Neer classification. The approach taken and methods used accommodate the known limitations of the Neer classification system and maximise external validity (applicability of trial findings) and accuracy in the formal definition of the fracture population. The key product is the description of the study fracture population according to the Neer classification.
Both the intended and actual fracture population represent the collective and individual uncertainty as to whether surgery provided a better outcome for patients with these fractures. Both raters independently confirmed that all patients had sustained injuries typically considered for surgery in contemporaneous practice. Although a very few fractures of the surgical neck were 'minimally displaced', the actual distribution tended more towards complex fractures (Table VI). Indeed, there were proportionally more fractures without tuberosity fractures amongst those that were ineligible than in the trial population: 40.2% versus 22.8%.1 Notably, the Neer classification resulted in just 11 four-part fractures (4.4%), but 64 fractures (25.6%) were recorded as involving both tuberosities on the trial eligibility forms. This disparity may be explained in part by the observation in a study by Brorson et al12 that there is substantial confusion as to whether all involved segments for three- and four-part fractures should be displaced according to Neer's definition. Additionally, lesser tuberosity displacement is harder to gauge, perhaps contributing to the 10.4% disagreement between the two raters for these fractures (Table IV).
Although the agreement between the assessments (tuberosity involvement at baseline versus Neer parts) was only fair, good balance was maintained between groups in the Neer categories. Moreover, this disparity did not result in any important changes to the findings of the fracture subgroup analyses based on either grouping for the primary outcome, the Oxford Shoulder Score.1 Neither subgroup analysis supported differentiating treatment (use of surgery) on the basis of these characteristics.
Insights from the hospital radiographer's survey and other sources point to the assessment of the fracture in terms of suitability for surgery in PROFHER being equivalent to that in the practice employed in the United Kingdom. This includes the availability of generally two views rather than the full trauma series, the assessment being undertaken by the surgeon using images of plain radiographs, and CT scans rarely being used. The latter is no drawback;7 even sophisticated physical models of fractures do not improve inter-observer agreement among shoulder specialists.13 Crucially, although the four-part aspect of the Neer classification was used in assessing eligibility, there was no expectation of a rigorous application of the Neer displacement criteria. This too is likely to reflect clinical practice, in which judgements are often made with incomplete evidence and with suboptimal images. Considerations of image quality also relate to our decision to obtain JPEG files rather than DICOM files. This reflected the practicalities of obtaining a standardised set of portable images at the time, even if it was at the expense of loss of resolution. In the event, all images could be classified, and thus compressing the images to JPEG files for ease of use proved practical and effective.
The lack of a calibration object is especially noteworthy when an exact linear threshold is to be met. Yet, as confirmed by Neer, his displacement criteria are arbitrary,9 and introduced in response to a stipulation by the journal editor prior to publication in the JBJS [Am].3 Furthermore, there is evidence that surgeons agree more on treatment options (conservative treatment, locking plate fixation, hemiarthroplasty) than on fracture classification.12 Lastly, we cannot rule out that some surgeons may consider other fracture characteristics, such as varus/valgus positioning of the head segment, not explicitly covered in the Neer classification. Nonetheless, we confirmed that fractures with these characteristics were present in the study population.
The involvement of two independent raters helped us to obtain as good a summary of the fractures characterised according to Neer as was feasible, and thus fulfil a key reporting requirement. As expected, there was disparity between how fractures were assessed during busy clinical practice for tuberosity involvement compared with the independent Neer classification. This did not, however, affect the relative distributions between treatment groups with respect to fracture type. Nor did the fracture classification at baseline versus the Neer classification influence the effect of treatment on the primary patient outcome. This has endorsed the pragmatic approach we took to classify fractures realistically when screening for patient eligibility during clinical practice. These insights are likely to apply to other fracture classifications, including those with displacement thresholds, which typically have similar problems of poor inter-observer agreement. The process we have described in this article should help mitigate these difficulties and provide an important guide for researchers designing pragmatic multicentre clinical trials on fracture management. Finally, we note that our key underlying philosophy reflected normal clinical practice, where emphasis on the surgeon's judgement, rather than observation of exacting fracture classification criteria, was used for recruitment. This approach tallies with the aforementioned findings of Brorson et al.12 Similar research to identify the basis for surgeons' decisions in the treatment of other fractures is also likely to provide valuable insights.
The authors wish to thank Mr B. Cox for his advice about collecting radiographic images and measuring displacement; Professor A. Carr for his help with the audit; and Mr M. Ismail and Mr W. Eardley for their assistance with piloting the training in the Neer classification of the radiographs. We are indebted to the many hospital radiographers who contributed to the PRO FHER trial.
Funding Statement This work, as part of the PROFHER trial funding, was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme (Project number: 06/404/53) and is published in full in UK Health Technology Assessment Vol.19, Issue 24. See the HTA Programme website for further project information.
Mr A. Brooksbank reports providing expert testimony for Medicolegal; this is outside the submitted work and did not influence the trial or this report.
Professor A. Johnstone reports grants and personal fees from Clearsurgical Ltd and Invibio Ltd; both are outside the submitted work. In addition, Professor Johnstone has a number of international patents. None of these influenced the trial or this report.
Professor A. Rangan reports grants and personal fees from De Puy Ltd, and grants from JRI Ltd; all are outside the submitted work. None of these influenced the trial or this report.
None relevant declared for the other authors
ICMJE conflict of interest None declared
- Received May 11, 2016.
- Accepted August 24, 2016.
- © 2016 Handoll et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attributions licence (CC-BY-NC), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, but not for commercial gain, provided the original author and source are credited.


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Beautiful ruins are scattered all over Ireland. These stand next to Grace O'Malley's Castle also known as Granuaile's Tower at Kildavnet.
The Fairytale Traveler is a travel & lifestyle blog inspired by myth, legends, books, film and fandoms. We're just a single mom and a little boy in a world of unicorns and superheroes. Film locations, literary trails, historic sites, castles, cons and otherworldly places for the geeky adventurer.
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The differences between male and female doctors are investigated, and what patients expect from their doctors is examined. Some conclusions are drawn from the preferences which patients express for male and female doctors and from the different outcomes of male and female doctor-patient interactions.
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Videos tagged "transfusionid"
Barcode Blood Bands for Pre-Printed Labels01:58
The band of choice if you're concerned about missing patient information or illegible handwriting on your blood bands. Simply place your pre-printed label on the band. A barcoded sticker…+ More details
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Tags are keywords that describe videos. For example, a video of your Hawaiian vacation might be tagged with "Hawaii," "beach," "surfing," and "sunburn."


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
44.60 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Discover the beauties of Germany and check out the opportunities provided by Thüringer Hof Heringen (Werra)! The guesthouse is welcoming all guests in Heringen (Werra) with ten comfortable rooms to stay in. In case you'd like to have a meal or a drink on the spot, you will be provided freshly prepared dishes in the restaurant every day. Parking possibility is available nearby for guests arriving by car. If you love spending your leisure time actively it may be a good idea to check the bike rental, minigolf and boat rental opportunities nearby. For meetings and nice evening chats the local café or the bar will provide an ideal location. At the guesthouse you may go online via wireless Internet connection (WiFi). The exact equipment and the exact list of available services of Thüringer Hof Heringen (Werra) can be read on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time for arrival and check-in is 12:00, the latest time for departure and check-out is 11:00. The personnel of the hotel can speak in English and German with you.
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Wonder Ballroom (map) Northeast
Wed., March 5, 8 p.m. 2014 All Ages
In 2012, the Juno Award's first-ever Heavy Metal/Hard Music Album of the Year went to KEN Mode's Entrench. As something like the Canadian version of the Grammys, the Junos have already flexed infinitely more metal cred than the Academy. The Grammys famously gave Jethro Tull the first Best Metal Award over Metallica, but the last three winners have been Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, and Judas Priest, all great bands whose best work is more than 20 years old. With KEN Mode, we have a very good metallic hardcore band in the AmRep noise-rock mold who happen to be putting out very good albums right now. They're opening a bill for Russian Circles and Helms Alee, bands that likely need little introduction, each with worthwhile new albums—Memorial and Sleepwalking Sailors, respectively. MATTHEW W. SULLIVAN
128 NE Russell, Portland, OR 97212
Hours: Ballroom open for events only, Cafe open: Tues-Sat 5 pm-"late"


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There are more people on Facebook today than there were on the entire planet just 200 years ago. In a world where news travels faster than it happens, smartphones capture every waking moment of people's day, and social media literally dictates people's lives, people are more interconnected in 2017 than ever before.
New things are going viral every day, and the term "15 minutes of fame" has taken on a whole new meaning. (Need I reference Danielle Bregoli—the "Cash me ousside" teen?)
But what about the people whose 15 minutes of fame lead to a lifetime of pain.
Meet Jennifer Wilkinson.
"This is my 15 minutes of fame. If you check sites such as the People of Walmart or Reddit you will most likely find this photo."
Just about five years ago, this photo was snapped of Jennifer without her permission or knowledge, and is still being used today as a "funny" meme.
But there's nothing funny about it.
"The worst thing about this photo is that people think a fat woman tipped over a cart because she was too lazy to get out of the cart to get the case of soda."
Let's be honest—even if that were the case, we are put on this earth to love each other like Christ loves us, and to lift each other up, not judge someone's struggle and humiliate them for it.
In a piece she wrote titled "What You Should Know If You Laughed at This Viral Photo of Me," Jennifer explains that what really happened in this moment was the result of a spinal condition she's battled for several years—spondylolisthesis.
It essentially causes weakness in her legs, and limits her lower back support, causing this wife and full-time mom to experience chronic pain and a proneness to falling.
Jennifer Knapp Wilkinson
In addition to her spinal condition, Jennifer has battled mental health issues, which she says has led to her obesity. "I have used eating as a way to cope."
"I [sic] was experiencing a lot of pain and weakness that day. I took a cart because I was grocery shopping for my family. I went to get a case of soda for my husband [sic], and I turn and tried to grab a case off the shelf and the cart tipped. I thought I saw a flash of light and heard some young girls giggling."
Jennifer says she's used to getting made fun of by people, or hearing chuckles and snide remarks in public, so she didn't think much of it at the time.
"A few months later, I see this photo on a site making fun of people of Walmart. I have also seen this photo attached to stories that aren't even true about this situation."
She says the one thing that helped ease the sting of embarrassment and humiliation was the fact that the photo did not capture her face.
"The reason I am sharing this is because people think it is funny to laugh at people with disabilities. You cannot see my disabilities but they are there and they are real. So next time you see photos making fun of people just remember you know nothing about these people or the struggles they face every day. It is never just harmless fun to laugh at someone."
Jennifer closed her article with this final plea for compassion and a little human dignity:
Obese people are treated as less than human and as something to ridicule. I just want people to be aware that fat people are people too. I just want to get something clear – I am not asking people to accept or condone obesity. Obesity is a major health problem causing many illnesses and diseases. I also am not asking people to pity or feel sorry for me. What I want is compassion, understanding, and respect as a fellow human being. I am a person. Please treat me like one!


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Nicole S.
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What I like most about tutoring is helping individual students improve their skills and their grades. I've helped students plan their homework schedule for the week, develop study skills, improve their writing, and learn to be better readers. In addition, I've tutored students who needed help improving their ACT scores and developing their college entry essays. Recently, I've tutored a young girl who has decided to major in English when leaving for college. She went from having difficulty comprehending what she was reading to being able to understand the text and critically write about it in her essays. Seeing her progress as well as other students' is why I enjoy tutoring.
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Skip to comments.Goblins Land Pair Behind Bars
Posted on 10/16/2010 9:19:21 PM PDT by nickcarraway
A HURUNGWE man, who has been in the business of manufacturing replicas of goblins for sale to a witch-hunter, commonly known as Tsikamutanda, to extort villagers livestock and money has been arrested.
Nicholas Machowani (26) of Mabhoyi Village was jailed for an effective nine months by Karoi magistrate Mr Obedience Matare.
Machowani was last Friday slapped with a 12-month jail term after he pleaded guilty to possessing three goblins that he intended to sell to Tsikamutanda, Brian Nicks-Chikepe of Makande.
Mr Matare suspended three months of the sentence on condition of good behaviour.
On September 28 this year at Makande Business Centre, Machowani was approached by one Constable Sibanda who wanted to know what was in his bag.
Unaware that he was talking to a cop, Machowani said he had items for Nicks-Chikepe.
The cop asked him to open the bag and saw the handmade goblins.
Machovhani confessed he had manufactured several of them and given them to Nicks-Chikepe in exchange for the beasts the Tsikamutanda extorted from villagers as payment for his witch-hunting services.
Nicks-Chikepe would reportedly plant the goblins at homesteads and then pretend to discover them after which the villagers would pay him for the cleansing.
The Tsikamutanda has appeared before the same magistrate facing four counts of fraud.
The State alleges that on four occasions in July this year, Nicks-Chikepe visited homesteads in Makande and presented himself as a cleanser with the power to sniff out goblins.
On the first count, Chikepe allegedly defrauded 69-year-old Godfrey Mavhuna whom he charged a beast valued at US$300 for ridding his homestead of a goblin.
The beast was not recovered.
Chikepe allegedly also defrauded Kufakunesu Chiodza (72) of a welding machine valued at US$800 using the same methods.
The machine was also not recovered.
The third and fourth counts pertain to similar alleged acts of fraud in which Mariba Josiah (80) and Muzondiwa Mubvuri (80) lost two beasts valued at US$400 and US$300 respectively.
Again, nothing was recovered.
Nicks-Chikepe was remanded in custody to Monday next week.
Hmmm, sounds like a great business opportunity!
Oh Noes!
Seriously, this crap is rampant in Africa
Hey, it's hard to get high quality, handmade goblins. Do you want goblins made by Chinese children on an assembly line?
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Instagram's latest Statistics says there are over 400 million people are using the social media platform and there are over 75 million daily users. These stats are from late 2015 and we're estimating these numbers are even higher today. This brings up a question of who to follow if you love fashion? It's difficult to keep up with all the fashion brands, retailers, bloggers and influencers on Instagram. Good news is that we have done some legwork and pulled together some of the most interesting fashion accounts that are unique in some way and great inspiration on the ever-changing world of fashion! You won't be disappointed if you follow them.
@camillecharriere. Camille Charriere's account is exploding with menswear inspired looks that will have your inspired to hit a thrift store immediately. Her looks are alternative with a side of grunge, and you're going to want to recreate them all!
@hellofashionblog. Here you will find one of the most fashionable mothers to date. This hot mama shows off stunningly chic street fashion as well as some adorable baby looks. This account is the perfect fusion of fashionable and functional.
@thehautepursuit. Prepare to fall in love. Here's where high-fashion hits both the runway and the streets. You will want to travel the world and see everything fashion-related after browsing through these images. Honestly, we're in love, and you will be too.
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@theglamourai by Kelly Framel. Adorable and unique street fashion with no shortage of fabulous hats! This account will inspire you to wear accent pieces, accessorize, and eat great food! Check it out and get inspired!
@gabifresh. Gabifresh is the original plus size blogger and you are going to LOVE her page. Check her out for incredible outfits, swimwear, and beautifully boho photos.
@songofstyle. We apologize in advance, but you're going to want every single item you see in her photos! You can also check her out on Forbes 30 under 30! This girl is taking off, and you're going to want to share her journey through Instragram.
@dannijo. The account is exactly what you need if you love to accessorize! Be prepared for jewelry like you've never scene, and you're going to want it ALL! Seriously, these accessories are out of this world.
@thecoveteur. Get ready for some serious closet envy. Here you will find some incredible looks and views into some of the most amazing closets in the world. Trust us, you're not going to want to look at a normal closet again!
@krystal_bick. Jaw dropping street fashion, travel site, and a peak into a life we'd all love to have! This woman is so very fashionable, cute, and seemly quite studious!
@damselindior. Creator of Damsel in Dior, Jacey Duprie is the editor of Damsel in Dior, and her account focuses on fabulous photos of fashion, lifestyle, travel and home decor based in NYC.


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World Down Syndrome Day
Today is World Down Syndrome Day. Did you know that today was specifically chosen because Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by a triplication (3) of the 21st chromosome (21) hence 3/21. Brilliantly subtle if you ask me. I learned this by reading an article written by an Australian Senator Sue Boyce. As the mother of an adult daughter with Down Syndrome it's understandable why this is an day of interest to her. It is a well written piece worth a read. Please check it out by clicking here.
Unfortunately it is true that for every well informed individual in power, there must be someone in another position of power who attempts to undo that goodness and intelligence with small mindedness. Apparently University of North Carolina's Professor Albert Harris is that opposite force to Senator Boyce's sound voice. I am guessing you are all wondering on this special occasion remembering Down Syndrome why I would include an article such as this. It's just this very reason that I'm including it. You need to read it as much as you needed to read the one by Senator Boyce. Click here and read it.
We've come a long way. It's not that many years ago where a World Down Syndrome Day would never have stood a chance. For all that progress, we have an incredibly long way to go. Make no mistake that just like Keith P. Jones said – Disability is the final frontier in civil rights, the last great struggle. Professor Albert Harris' irresponsible statements in a science class prove that very point. Celebrating days like World Down Syndrome Day to me is summed up wonderfully by Senator Boyce:
The theme chosen for this year's World Down Syndrome Day is "Aim High Enough".
It's from a piece of advice that an old villager gave Langdon Down and that he passed on to his medical students: "My lad, you take your aim; be sure you aim high enough. That's the thing – aim high enough."
As a society, we owe it to ourselves to ensure that we are never satisfied that we have aimed high enough in supporting people with Down syndrome into the mainstream.
For more information you can visit the National Down Syndrome Society
Related posts:


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Obama hits swing states with new election blueprint
President Obama unveiled a blueprint for a second term in office yesterday before setting off on a punishing tour of swing states in a bid to halt Mitt Romney's momentum.
More than three million copies of the 20-page Blueprint for America's Future rolled off the presses yesterday, part of a concerted effort to address concerns that Mr Obama has failed to articulate what he would do if re-elected.
Thousands of copies will be loaded onto Air Force One to accompany Mr Obama on a two-day trip that will see him campaign in six of the seven closest swing states, spending one night aboard the presidential plane as he jets between the westernmost battleground of Nevada to the southernmost swing state of Florida. The cost of…


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November 2014 Favorite Things
Here are some new discoveries!
1. Book: "Beautiful Oops" by Barney Saltzberg. It really IS okay to make mistakes!
2. Recipe: Helena's Pavlova Cake It will melt in your mouth!
3. Music: I've fallen in love with the music of one of the talented artists that attended my Tuscany workshop! Check out "Sometimes Love Is" by Jane Kelly Williams!
4. Destination: Italy! Check out the new Galleries of my Italian adventures from Tuscany to Venice!
5. Video: Had some fun creating with my ipad & garage band this Happy Birthday Video:
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Well, either way, aggravated or lethal, it would really effing hurt, which, while usually not being a detractor to any but the most dedicated roleplayers, should be enough of a deterrent in theory going forward.
No announcement yet.
Going around mesmerizing cheerfully
new posts
To be fair, regarding the hot poker, Im pretty sure most things would catch fire when said poker is forcibly shoved against it. So, maybe not aggravated from the initial stab, but if you hold it there, things are likely to burn. After all, a poker (made of iron) would be glowing red at a higher temperature than it requires for the human body to actually catch fire.
Edit: After some looking around, it is surprisingly hard to find out the temperature for flesh to actually catch fire. Found out that 500c is enough to ash a human over several hours though, and metals start glowing red around 400c, but become visibly glowing in daylight around 525. Still pretty sure that's enough to ignite someone.Last edited by Necrosx; 03-17-2017, 06:22 PM.
- 1 like
It is difficult to ignite flesh because of water content and the fact that as soon as it burns it turns into carbon which is flame retardant. Burning flesh typically requires additional fuel or using exposure to flame or hot materials. I can verify that even at 500c flesh will not burn from brief exposure, but it is painful. Don't stick your hand in an industrial furnace, kids.
- 5 likes
Even high power electrocution doesn't set people's skin on fire. Humans are ~80% water I believe and until it takes at least some time to burn away (liquid water instantly evaporating results in an explosion - watch people deep frying turkeys on youtube), so there is little chance of flames until it is at least mostly burned away.
Water also absorbs huge amounts of energy before turning to steam so the red hot poker would cool fast as it burns away the water, and with all that water content, the flesh would shrink fast as it's lost.
Vampires are a whole different story and I remember reading in one of the books, maybe even an older edition, that part of the reason they fear fire so much is because their skin IS flammable so I suppose the conclusion to all of this is: Whatever works best in your campaign.
Sunlight and fire deal damage from a mystical connection. I wouldn't exactly say vampires are more flammable as in they can catch fire and continue to burn without stimulus, but they certainly burn easier. Again that is mysticism rather than any physical properties. That was the last version I read of it. Red hot or molten metal being close enough to fire to have the same effect is house rule territory by necessity, too niche.
- 1 like
Blush of life means that a vampire's skin is just as flush with fluid as a regular human's; no idea if non-blush would be "dry" or not, but I imagine that unconcoius attempts to "heal" the wound would bring vitae close to the surface of such a wound anyways.
The whole flamable skin was in Masquerade, which is at least two steps removed from 2e Requiem now. Maybe more if it was an early edition of Masquerade that doesn't apply.
Well, I originally didn't think molten metal would work.
But if you look in the book, under the Bane of Fire, "molten metal" is specifically listed as +3 damage modifier fire damage.
But that's molten. I probably wouldn't qualify a red-hot poker. Molten is defined by being liquefied by high heat.


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Top 2 of 2 Casas in Rafael Freyre
Cayo Bariay Hostal
|Jose Ernesto Portelles Rojas
|Rafael Freyre
|calle 2 número 18 Cayo Bariay, Rafael Freyre, Cuba
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House is located next to Cayo Bariay National Park. 50 minutes from Holguin International airport. 20 minutes from Guardalavaca resorts. House was renovated in 2013. Rental price is for the entire house. House amenities include kitchen, bathroom with shower, 3 bedrooms, living room, fridge, freezer, tv with HDD player. Bedrooms have air conditioning. All rooms have security windows that can be opened. The house has 24 hour water service. Guests ...
Hostal Aguada
|Litzandro Pena Riveron
|Rafael Freyre
|Calle 10, No. 1A, Aguada la Piedra, Rafael Freyre. Holguín
|53 24 434934
|53 58105699
* HOLGUIN, CUBA * COME TO CUBA! Great people, great authentic food, and beautiful sunshine! Located between beautiful Esmeralda Beach and famous Guardalavaca Beach. 10 minutes to either location with a bike and 25 minutes walking. Have an authentic Cuban experience! 25 CUC per day for the room for 2 persons + breakfast included. Lunch and Dinner can be provided for a nominal charge depending what is desired. We can ...
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Top 2 of 2 Hotels in Rafael Freyre
Cabanas Campismo Silla de Gibara
La Silla de Gibara, the seat of Gibara, named by the first Spaniards as they sailed along the Cuban coasts, has the outline of a comfortable giant\'s seat. Actually, it is a grouping of small elevations, among which the Campismo is located, in the Eastern Holgu?n province.
Campismo Silla de Gibara offers activities such as trekking, horse riding and excursions to nearby places, such as the colonial Gibara city, as well as socio-cultural interchange with locals.
Hotel Villa Islazul Don Lino
Surrounded by a reassuring ambiance, Islazul Villa Don Lino offers the visitor all the appropriate conditions to enjoy a pleasant stay. It is located 57 kilometers from Holguin?s International Airport and 30 kilometers from Guardalavaca Beach. It possesses a beach 280 meters long and 50 meters wide. Don Lino has become famous as The Great Little Beach because it boasts a thousand charms in a tiny belt of sand. The indigenous natural surroundings brighten up the spot in which coconut palms and caleta grape vines abound.
36 air-conditioned cabanas with telephone, satellite TV and security box. 30 of them look out over the sea. A la cart restaurant, bar-cafeteria, swimming pool for children and adults, game room, sports areas to play baseball, beach volleyball and tennis; day and nighttime animated shows, nautical non-motorized equipment rental, car, motorbike, bicycle rental, horseback riding, excursions to nearby places of historic and cultural interest organized by the Villa.