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Publications Resulting from CASIS-Sponsored Projects
Below, explore published research articles and book chapters that result from and acknowledge CASIS sponsorship of ISS National Lab R&D. For a more extensive list of spaceflight-related publications (not limited to CASIS sponsorship), see our ISS research publication database or International Space Station Research Results Citations on the NASA website.
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The Effects of Thermal Precondition on Oncogenic and Intraspinal Cord Growth Features of Human Glioma Cells
Authors: Zeng X, Han I, Abd-El-Barr M, Anderson JE, Chi JH, Zafonte RD, Teng YD
Year of Publication: 2016
Citation: The Effects of Thermal Precondition on Oncogenic and Intraspinal Cord Growth Features of Human Glioma Cells. Cell Transplantation.
Abstract: The adult rodent spinal cord presents an inhibitory environment for donor cell survival, impeding efficiency for xenograft-based modeling of gliomas. We postulated that mild thermal precondition may influence the fate of the implanted tumor cells. To test this hypothesis, high grade human astrocytoma G55 and U87 cells were cultured under 37°C and 38.5°C, to mimic regular experimental or core body temperature of rodents, respectively. In vitro, 38.5°C-conditioned cells, relative to 37°C, grew slightly faster. Comparing to U87, G55 demonstrated greater response to the temperature difference. Hyperthermal culture markedly increased production of HSP27 in most G55 but only promoted transient expression of cancer stem cell marker CD133 in a small cell subpopulation. We subsequently transplanted G55 cells following 37°C or 38.5°C culture into the C2 or T10 spinal cord of adult female immunodeficient rats (3 rats/each locus/per temperature; total: 12 rats). Systematical analyses revealed that 38.5°C-preconditioned G55 grew more malignantly at either C2 or T10 as determined by tumor size, outgrowth profile, resistance to bolus intratumor administration of 5-fluorouracil (0.1 micromole), and post-tumor survival (P < 0.05; n = 6/group). Therefore, thermal precondition of glioma cells may be an effective way to influence the in vitro and in vivo oncological contour of glioma cells. Future studies are needed for assessing potential oncogenic modifying effect of hyperthermia regimens on glioma cells.
Description: This article describes the experimental results from utilizing mild thermal preconditioning before implantation of human glioblastoma cells into the spinal cord of rodent models. The incidence of intramedullary spinal cord gliomas (ISCG) is rising and more effective treatments are needed, thus a robust disease model is critical. However, few studies have been done on ISCG, in part, due to limited successful engraftment of tumor cells into the spinal cord of rodent models. Dr. Teng and his team hypothesized that mild thermal preconditioning (culturing the tumor cells at a slightly warmer temperature before implantation) may influence the survivability of the transplanted cells in rodents. To test this hypothesis, two different human glioblastoma cell lines were cultured at 37°C and 38.5°C. The investigators found that the cells cultured at 38.5°C grew slightly faster than those cultured at 37°C. Following culture, cells that demonstrated a greater response to the temperature difference were then implanted into the spinal cord of immunodeficient adult female rats at one of two locations. Results showed that the cells preconditioned at 38.5°C grew more robustly in both spinal cord locations than the cells cultured at 37°C. These findings demonstrate that culture temperature plays a role in tumor cell optimization for implantation into the spinal cord of rodent models, which could help researchers more successfully model ISCG.
Earth Benefit: Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive and highly resistant type of glioma in the central nervous system. Although primary gliomas in the spinal cord are less common than those in the brain, the incidence of ISCG is rising. Additionally, the survival rate of ISCG is low—less than 2 years with maximum intervention—due to poor response to conventional treatments. Thus, a robust model of ISCG is critical to achieving a better understanding of the mechanisms behind ISCG and to developing more effective treatments. An increasing mortality rate from glioblastomas is driving the treatment market toward nearly $1 billion by 2022.
Simulated Microgravity and 3D Culture Enhance Induction, Viability, Proliferation and Differentiation of Cardiac Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Jha R, Wu Q, Singh M, Preininger MK, Han P, Ding G, Cho HC, Jo H, Maher KO, Wagner MB, Xu C
Year of Publication: 2016
Citation: Simulated Microgravity and 3D Culture Enhance Induction, Viability, Proliferation and Differentiation of Cardiac Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Scientific Reports 6:30956.
Abstract: Efficient generation of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells is critical for their regenerative applications. Microgravity and 3D culture can profoundly modulate cell proliferation and survival. Here, we engineered microscale progenitor cardiac spheres from human pluripotent stem cells and exposed the spheres to simulated microgravity using a random positioning machine for 3 days during their differentiation to cardiomyocytes. This process resulted in the production of highly enriched cardiomyocytes (99% purity) with high viability (90%) and expected functional properties, with a 1.5 to 4-fold higher yield of cardiomyocytes from each undifferentiated stem cell as compared with 3D-standard gravity culture. Increased induction, proliferation and viability of cardiac progenitors as well as up-regulation of genes associated with proliferation and survival at the early stage of differentiation were observed in the 3D culture under simulated microgravity. Therefore, a combination of 3D culture and simulated microgravity can be used to efficiently generate highly enriched cardiomyocytes.
Description: This paper describes a method to generate cardiomyocytes (heart cells) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The method involves differentiating hPSCs into cardiomyocytes by introducing growth factors and other inducers of cell proliferation and/or differentiation. The hPSCs were isolated in microwells, forcing them to aggregate into 3-D spheres. The spheres were then transferred to a cell culture plate and grown in simulated microgravity, where a random positioning machine continuously reoriented the gravity vector. Culturing the cells in simulated microgravity resulted in osteocytes with higher levels of contractility, maturity markers, and viability than cells cultured in standard gravity. In addition, the overall cardiomyocyte yield was up to four times higher when cultured in simulated microgravity. This comparison was also tested using human embryonic cell lines, which obtained similar results.
Earth Benefit: Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and costs an estimated $207 billion each year in healthcare services, medications, and missed work. Pre-clinical studies have shown that the therapeutic use of cardiomyocytes derived from hPSCs can prevent the progression of heart failure and can function as a biological pacemaker. A reliable and safe production method for these cells may advance the timeline toward clinical human application.
A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Model of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Recapitulates Patient-Specific Drug Responses
Authors: Preininger MK, Jha R, Maxwell JT, Wu Q, Singh M, Wang B, Dalal A, Mceachin Z, Rossoll W, Hales CM, Fischbach PS, Wagner MB, Xu C
Year of Publication: 2016
Citation: A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Model of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Recapitulates Patient-Specific Drug Responses. Disease Models and Mechanisms 9(9):927-939.
Abstract: Beta-blockers are unsuccessful in eliminating stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias in approximately 25% of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) generated from these patients have potential for investigating the phenomenon, but it remains unknown whether they can recapitulate patient-specific drug responses to beta-blockers. This study assessed whether the inadequacy of beta-blocker therapy in an individual can be observed in vitro using patient-derived CPVT iPSC-CMs. A CPVT patient harboring a novel mutation in the type 2 cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) was identified whose persistent ventricular arrhythmias during beta-blockade with nadolol were abolished during flecainide treatment. iPSC-CMs generated from this patient and two control individuals expressed comparable levels of excitation-contraction genes, but assessment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak and load relationship revealed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was altered in CPVT iPSC-CMs. beta-adrenergic stimulation potentiated spontaneous Ca2+ waves and unduly frequent, large, and prolonged Ca2+ sparks in CPVT compared to control iPSC-CMs, validating the disease phenotype. Pursuant to the patient's in vivo responses, nadolol treatment during beta-adrenergic stimulation achieved negligible reduction of Ca2+ wave frequency and failed to rescue Ca2+ spark defects in CPVT iPSC-CMs. In contrast, flecainide reduced both frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ waves and restored the frequency, width, and duration of Ca2+ sparks to baseline levels. By recapitulating a CPVT patient's improved response to flecainide compared to beta-blocker therapy in vitro, these data provide new evidence that iPSC-CMs can capture basic components of patient-specific drug responses.
Description: This article describes a patient-specific disease model to study insufficient beta-blocker response observed in certain patients with a genetic disorder that causes stress-induced arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat patterns). Arrhythmias caused by this genetic disorder are called catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). The model was created using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) derived from a CPVT patient. Beta-blockers are the first-line pharmacological therapy to prevent arrhythmias in patients with CPVT; however, for unknown reasons, such therapy is unsuccessful in about 25% of patients. In this study, Dr. Xu and her team sought to determine whether the inadequate beta-blocker response could be observed in vitro using iPSC-CMs from CPVT patients in which beta-blocker therapy was unsuccessful. For the study, iPSCs were derived from such a patient and converted into cardiomyocytes (heart cells), thereby retaining any genetic mutation(s) that cause arrhythmias and preserving the disease phenotype. A stimulant was then administered to the cardiomyocytes, triggering in vitro arrhythmias. The cellular response to beta-blocker therapy and alternative drug therapies (in comparison with that of cardiomyocytes derived from non-CPVT control subjects) was evaluated. Results confirmed that iPSC-CMs can be used to recapitulate in vitro the insufficient beta-blocker response observed in certain patients with CPVT, thus validating this patient-specific disease model. In addition, the results suggest that cardiomyocyte-specific factors may be involved in beta-blocker therapy response in CPVT patients.
Earth Benefit: CPVT is a life-threatening genetic disorder that causes stress-induced arrhythmias, which can lead to cardiac arrest. The first-line treatment for CPVT patients is beta-blocker therapy; however, for unknown reasons, it is unsuccessful in about 25% of patients. If clinicians could anticipate a CPVT patient's response to beta-blocker therapy based on a molecular signature, it would greatly aid in decision making about the patient's treatment plan. A patient-specific disease model, such as the one described in this article, could help researchers better understand the insufficient beta-blocker response observed in certain patients with CPVT and what factors could play a role in determining beta-blocker response.
Genetic and Environmental Models of Circadian Disruption Link SRC-2 Function to Hepatic Pathology
Authors: Fleet T, Stashi E, Zhu B, Rajapakshe K, Marcelo KL, Kettner NM, Gorman BK, Coarfa C, Fu L, O'Malley BW and York B
Year of Publication: 2016
Citation: Genetic and Environmental Models of Circadian Disruption Link SRC-2 Function to Hepatic Pathology. Journal of Biological Rhythms.
Abstract: Circadian rhythmicity is a fundamental process that synchronizes behavioral cues with metabolic homeostasis. Disruption of daily cycles due to jet lag or shift work results in severe physiological consequences including advanced aging, metabolic syndrome, and even cancer. Our understanding of the molecular clock, which is regulated by intricate positive feedforward and negative feedback loops, has expanded to include an important metabolic transcriptional coregulator, Steroid Receptor Coactivator-2 (SRC-2), that regulates both the central clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral clocks including the liver. We hypothesized that an environmental uncoupling of the light-dark phases, termed chronic circadian disruption (CCD), would lead to pathology similar to the genetic circadian disruption observed with loss of SRC-2 We found that CCD and ablation of SRC-2 in mice led to a common comorbidity of metabolic syndrome also found in humans with circadian disruption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The combination of SRC-2(-/-) and CCD results in a more robust phenotype that correlates with human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) gene signatures. Either CCD or SRC-2 ablation produces an advanced aging phenotype leading to increased mortality consistent with other circadian mutant mouse models. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that SRC-2 provides an essential link between the behavioral activities influenced by light cues and the metabolic homeostasis maintained by the liver.
Description: This paper describes the importance of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-2 (SRC-2), a metabolic transcriptional coregulator, in the maintenance of metabolism and circadian rhythm, the daily cycle of physiological processes in organisms cued by external stimuli. Chronic circadian disruption can have a serious impact on physiological processes and increases the risk of metabolic dysfunction. In this study, Dr. York and his team examined the effects on metabolism and locomotive behavior in mice lacking SRC-2. The study builds on the team's previous work that found that mice lacking SRC-2 exhibit altered circadian behavior and an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction and liver cancer. This publication details the contribution of SRC-2 function to maintaining the coordinated balance of metabolism, circadian biology, and optimal sleep/wake work cycles.
Earth Benefit: Chronic disruption of circadian rhythm has been shown to seriously impact physiological processes and increase the risk of metabolic dysfunction, accelerated aging, and cancer. The results of this study could help advance the development of therapeutics aimed at resolving circadian disruption and comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation. As this collection of disease pathologies impacts an overwhelming majority of the U.S. adult population, research aimed at circumventing these health problems represents a potentially intangible long-term benefit to improve human health.
Guidelines for Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Analysis of Trabecular Bone-Rich Regions in Mice: Improved Precision, Accuracy, and Sensitivity for Assessing Longitudinal Bone Changes
Authors: Shi J, Lee S, Uyeda M, Tanjaya J, Kim JK, Pan HC, Reese P, Stodieck L, Lin A, TingK, Kwak JH, Soo C
Year of Publication: 2016
Citation: Guidelines for Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Analysis of Trabecular Bone-Rich Regions in Mice: Improved Precision, Accuracy, and Sensitivity for Assessing Longitudinal Bone Changes. Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, 5(22):451-463.
Abstract: Trabecular bone is frequently studied in osteoporosis research because changes in trabecular bone are the most common cause of osteoporotic fractures. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis specific to trabecular bone-rich regions is crucial to longitudinal osteoporosis research. The purpose of this study is to define a novel method for accurately analyzing trabecular bone-rich regions in mice via DXA. This method will be utilized to analyze scans obtained from the International Space Station in an upcoming study of microgravity-induced bone loss. Thirty 12-week-old BALB/c mice were studied. The novel method was developed by preanalyzing trabecular bone-rich sites in the distal femur, proximal tibia, and lumbar vertebrae via high-resolution X-ray imaging followed by DXA and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses. The key DXA steps described by the novel method were (1) proper mouse positioning, (2) region of interest (ROI) sizing, and (3) ROI positioning. The precision of the new method was assessed by reliability tests and a 14-week longitudinal study. The bone mineral content (BMC) data from DXA was then compared to the BMC data from micro-CT to assess accuracy. Bone mineral density (BMD) intra-class correlation coefficients of the new method ranging from 0.743 to 0.945 and Levene's test showing that there was significantly lower variances of data generated by new method both verified its consistency. By new method, a Bland-Altman plot displayed good agreement between DXA BMC and micro-CT BMC for all sites and they were strongly correlated at the distal femur and proximal tibia (r = 0.846, p < 0.01; r = 0.879, p < 0.01, respectively). The results suggest that the novel method for site-specific analysis of trabecular bone-rich regions in mice via DXA yields more precise, accurate, and repeatable BMD measurements than the conventional method.
Description: This paper describes a novel method for using the bone densitometer hardware on the ISS to analyze regions of trabecular bone (porous bone) in mice. The hardware uses the gold standard for bone mineral density imaging in osteoporosis patients—dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA). The novel method will be utilized in Dr. Chia Soo's upcoming flight research to test the ability of drug targeting a novel pathway to prevent bone loss and promote bone growth in mice experiencing osteoporosis accelerated by microgravity. This research will utilize the unique environment of space, in which microgravity accelerates the progression of osteoporosis, to study the efficacy of the new therapy. Decreased bone mineral density in trabecular bone is a major cause of osteoporotic fractures on Earth, thus areas of bone that are rich in trabecular bone are frequently regions of interest (ROI) in osteoporosis studies. To date, there is no standardized protocol for precise and accurate assessment of bone mineral density for specific ROIs in mice. This publication describes key steps for proper mouse positioning, ROI sizing, and ROI positioning. Together, these steps increase the accuracy and consistency of results over conventional methods.
Earth Benefit: Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disease, affects more than 200 million people worldwide, with 10 million people affected in the United States alone. Therapeutic approaches to osteoporotic bone loss have focused thus far on either anabolic (accelerate the building of new bone) or antiresorptive (decelerate the degradation of old bone) agents, with only one anabolic agent being FDA-approved for the temporary treatment of osteoporosis. To address the pressing need for new therapies that are both anabolic and antiresorptive, new agents that increase bone signaling and play a key role in directing stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclast activity are needed. In addition, osteoporosis studies that rely on the bone densitometer will realize a greater degree of certainty for their results.
The Effect of Spaceflight on the Gravity-Sensing Auxin Gradient of Roots: GFP Reporter Gene Microscopy on Orbit
Authors: Ferl RJ and Paul A-L
Year of Publication: 2016
Citation: The Effect of Spaceflight on the Gravity-Sensing Auxin Gradient of Roots: GFP Reporter Gene Microscopy on Orbit. npj Microgravity 2(15023).
Abstract: Our primary aim was to determine whether gravity has a direct role in establishing the auxin-mediated gravity-sensing system in primary roots. Major plant architectures have long been thought to be guided by gravity, including the directional growth of the primary root via auxin gradients that are then disturbed when roots deviate from the vertical as a gravity sensor. However, experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) now allow physical clarity with regard to any assumptions regarding the role of gravity in establishing fundamental root auxin distributions. We examined the spaceflight green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter gene expression in roots of transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana: pDR5r::GFP, pTAA1::TAA1–GFP, pSCR::SCR–GFP to monitor auxin and pARR5::GFP to monitor cytokinin. Plants on the ISS were imaged live with the Light Microscopy Module (LMM), and compared with control plants imaged on the ground. Preserved spaceflight and ground control plants were examined post flight with confocal microscopy. Plants on orbit, growing in the absence of any physical reference to the terrestrial gravity vector, displayed typically "vertical" distribution of auxin in the primary root. This confirms that the establishment of the auxin-gradient system, the primary guide for gravity signaling in the root, is gravity independent. The cytokinin distribution in the root tip differs between spaceflight and the ground controls, suggesting spaceflight-induced features of root growth may be cytokinin related. The distribution of auxin in the gravity-sensing portion of the root is not dependent on gravity. Spaceflight appears benign to auxin and its role in the development of the primary root tip, whereas spaceflight may influence cytokinin-associated processes.
Description: This study sought to determine gravity's role in establishing the auxin-mediated gravity sensing system in primary plant roots. Drs. Ferl and Paul examined green fluorescent protein-reporter gene expression in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and found that plants grown on the ISS exhibit the same pattern of auxin distribution in the root tip as plants on Earth. Thus, auxin distribution in root tips is not guided by gravity, as scientists had long assumed, and is instead an inherent developmental feature of root growth. The results presented in the paper are a compilation of imaging data from two experiments—the CASIS-funded CARA experiment (Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions) flown to the ISS in 2014 and the NASA Space Biology-funded APEX03-2 experiment (Advanced Plant Experiments) flown to the ISS in 2015.
Earth Benefit: An understanding of plant structure and behavior from spaceflight experiments allows researchers to better elucidate the inherent mechanisms involved in plant growth and development. Such knowledge can contribute to growing stronger crops on Earth as well as preparations to grow plants in space on long-term spaceflight missions.
Efficient Differentiation of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with Growth Factors
Authors: Jha R, Xu R-H, Xu C.
Year of Publication: 2015
Citation: Efficient Differentiation of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with Growth Factors. Methods Molecular Biology (1299):115-131.
Abstract: Human pluripotent stem cells have tremendous replicative capacity and demonstrated potential to generate functional cardiomyocytes. These cardiomyocytes represent a promising source for cell replacement therapy to treat heart disease and may serve as a useful tool for drug discovery and disease modeling. Efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation, a prerequisite for the application of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, can be achieved with a growth factor-guided method. Undifferentiated cells are sequentially treated with activin A and BMP4 in a serum-free and insulin-free medium and then maintained in a serum-free medium with insulin. This method yields as much as >75% cardiomyocytes in the differentiation culture within 2 weeks, and the beating cardiomyocytes have expected molecular, cellular, and electrophysiological characteristics. In this chapter, we describe in detail the differentiation protocol and follow-up characterization focusing on immunocytochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and flow cytometry analysis.
Description: This study seeks to develop and standardize the culture conditions for the growth and differentiation of cardiomyocytes—stem cells that will enable physicians to focus on the repair and potential cure of chronic heart conditions.
Earth Benefit: Stem cells are major focus areas of medical research for use in cell-based therapies to replace, regenerate, or engineer cells, tissues, and organs to restore, maintain, or improve human health. Stem cells are ideal for disease research, drug discovery, toxicity testing, and regenerative medicine on Earth. Exploration of their cultivation in microgravity promises to enable their enhanced use for translational medical applications on Earth.
Coactivator-dependent Oscillation of Chromatin Accessibility Dictates Circadian Gene Amplitude via REV-ERB Loading
Authors: Zhu B, Gates LA, Stashi E, Dasgupta S, Gonzales N, Dean A, Dacso CC, York B, O'Malley BW
Year of Publication: 2015
Citation: Coactivator-dependent Oscillation of Chromatin Accessibility Dictates Circadian Gene Amplitude via REV-ERB Loading. Molecular Cell 60(5): 769-783.
Abstract: A central mechanism for controlling circadian gene amplitude remains elusive. We present evidence for a "facilitated repression (FR)" model that functions as an amplitude rheostat for circadian gene oscillation. We demonstrate that ROR and/or BMAL1 promote global chromatin decondensation during the activation phase of the circadian cycle to actively facilitate REV-ERB loading for repression of circadian gene expression. Mechanistically, we found that SRC-2 dictates global circadian chromatin remodeling through spatial and temporal recruitment of PBAF members of the SWI/SNF complex to facilitate loading of REV-ERB in the hepatic genome. Mathematical modeling highlights how the FR model sustains proper circadian rhythm despite fluctuations of REV-ERB levels. Our study not only reveals a mechanism for active communication between the positive and negative limbs of the circadian transcriptional loop but also establishes the concept that clock transcription factor binding dynamics is perhaps a central tenet for fine-tuning circadian rhythm.
Description: Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living organisms that has both direct and indirect effects on the maintenance of health. Circadian rhythms are modulated by external environmental cues but are endogenously generated and genetically regulated. Prolonged exposure to microgravity disrupts normal circadian rhythm and enables researchers to identify and better understand the endogenous genetic regulators of the circadian cycle and how they impact human health. This research explores the function of a transcription factor implicated as a putative master genetic regulator of the mammalian circadian clock with control of physiological and metabolic processes.
Earth Benefit: Exploration of the function of this transcription factor in space, where circadian rhythms are disrupted, will advance the diagnosis of metabolic diseases and the design of therapeutics for their treatment.
Comparative Analysis of GOCI Ocean Color Products
Authors: Amin R, Lewis MD, Lawson A, Gould Jr R.W, Martinolich P, Li RR, Ladner S, and Gallegos S
Year of Publication: 2015
Citation: Comparative Analysis of GOCI Ocean Color Products. Sensors 15: 25703-25715.
Abstract: The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) is the first geostationary ocean color sensor in orbit that provides bio-optical properties from coastal and open waters around the Korean Peninsula at unprecedented temporal resolution. In this study, we compare the normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) products generated by the Naval Research Laboratory Automated Processing System (APS) with those produced by the stand-alone software package, the GOCI Data Processing System (GDPS), developed by the Korean Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI). Both results are then compared to the nLw measured by the above water radiometer at the Ieodo site. This above-water radiometer is part of the Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AeroNET). The results indicate that the APS and GDPS processed nLw correlates well within the same image slot where the coefficient of determination (r2) is higher than 0.84 for all the bands from 412 nm to 745 nm. The agreement between APS and the AeroNET data is higher when compared to the GDPS results. The Root-Mean-Squared-Error (RMSE) between AeroNET and APS data ranges from 0.24 2 [mW/(cm srµm)] at 555 nm to 0.52 2 [mW/(cm srµm)] at 412 nm while RMSE between AeroNET and GDPS data ranges from 0.47 2 [mW/(cm srµm)] at 443 nm to 0.69 2 [mW/(cm srµm)] at 490 nm.
Description: This project was awarded in response to a CASIS solicitation promoting the use of imagery from the ISS-based sensor Hyperspectral Imager of the Coastal Ocean (HICO). When HICO became dysfunctional during the study period, the authors used other space-borne sensors, such as the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), to continue the research. In this paper, the authors compared ocean color data retrieved from GOCI and processed through the GOCI data processing system (GDPS) with data processed using the current standard for ocean color measurement, the Automated Processing System developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (collected from low Earth polar-orbiting satellite sensors, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS] and the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer).
Earth Benefit: Validating the statistical accuracy of GDPS relative to APS is critical to ensure that data from the more timely collections of GOCI are applicable to the development of primary production models, carbon budgets, hypoxia, and eutrophication—the fundamental measures important to the study of water quality in coastal regions. While the results of this study were inconclusive, ongoing studies to develop and validate improved methods of monitoring water quality promise to ultimately benefit human health and the multibillion-dollar fishing and tourism industries.
Occurrence and Spatial Extent of HABs on West Florida Shelf
Authors: Amin R, Penta B, and deRada, S
Year of Publication: 2015
Citation: Occurrence and Spatial Extent of HABs on West Florida Shelf 2002-Present. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing 12(10): 2080-2084.
Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can lead to severe economic and ecological impacts in coastal areas and can threaten marine life and human health. About three quarters of these toxic blooms are caused by dinoflagellate species. One dinoflagellate species, i.e., Karenia brevis, blooms nearly every year in the Gulf of Mexico, particularly on the West Florida Shelf (WFS), where these blooms cause millions of dollars in socioeconomic damage. In this letter, we use the red band difference (RBD) bloom detection technique for detection of low backscattering phytoplankton blooms, such as K. brevis, and conduct time-series analyses of the spatial extent of these blooms using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) monthly mean data spanning July 2002 (sensor inception) to September 2014. The time-series results show that the RBD successfully detects the documented HABs in the region, illustrating the seasonal and interannual variability, including the extensive blooms of 2005 and 2014.
Description: As described above, this project was awarded in response to a CASIS solicitation promoting the use of imagery from HICO, which became dysfunctional during the study period, prompting the authors used other space-borne sensors, such as MODIS, to continue the research. In this letter, the authors report results on the seasonal formation of harmful algal blooms (HABs; e.g., red tide) off the Gulf Coast of Florida. Using the red band difference (RBD) bloom detection technique and conducting time-series analyses of the spatial extent of these blooms using MODIS data from July 2002 through September 2014, the authors show that the RBD successfully detects the documented HABs in the region, illustrating the seasonal and inter-annual variability. The results complement previous research from this team showing that the RBD technique is an effective detection tool for the species that cause HABs. The results also demonstrate the value of including the chlorophyll fluorescence channel in future satellite sensors such as those being planned for NASA's hyperspectral PreAerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (PACE) missions.
Earth Benefit: HABs in the Gulf of Mexico, particularly on the West Florida Shelf, cause millions of dollars in socioeconomic damage each year, threatening marine life and human health. The results of this study can be further examined not only to improve HAB detection techniques but also to understand the environmental processes that contribute to such events, ultimately benefiting human health and the multibillion-dollar fishing and tourism industries.


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Poncho London
By Romeo et Juliette Fashion for Kids From Spain
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The Poncho London is a classic!formal or with jeans, on the top of a party dress or a elegant afternoon at the cinema! Elegant and easy to put, with funny appliques made an unique piece!
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Romeo et Juliette Fashion for Kids
Romeo et Juliette was born in Miami in 2014, now relocated in Barcelona, it's started as a Summer brand, and now we are incorporating some winter products.
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We Do These Things Because They're Easy: Our All-Consuming Dependence on Debt
4 months ago
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A world in which "we do these things because they're easy" has one end-state: collapse.
On September 12, 1962, President John F. Kennedy gave a famous speech announcing the national goal of going to the moon by the end of the decade.
JFK's speech on going to the moon
.) In a memorable line, Kennedy said we would pursue the many elements of the space program
"not because they are easy, but because they are hard."
Our national philosophy now is "we do these things because they're easy"-- and relying on debt to pay today's expenses is at the top of the list.
What's easier than tapping a line of credit to buy whatever you want or need? Nothing's easier than borrowing money, especially at super-low rates of interest.
We are now totally, completely dependent on expanding debt for the maintenance of our society and economy.
Every sector of the economy--households, businesses and government--all borrow vast sums just to maintain the status quo for another year.
Compare buying a new car with easy, low-interest credit and saving up to buy the car with cash.
How easy is it to borrow $23,000 for a new $24,000 car? You go to the dealership, announce all you have to put down is a trade-in vehicle worth $1,000. The salesperson puts a mirror under your nose to make sure you're alive, makes sure you haven't just declared bankruptcy to stiff previous lenders, and if you pass those two tests, you qualify for a 1% rate auto loan. You sign some papers and drive off in your new car. Easy-peasy!
Scrimping and saving to pay for the new car with cash is hard.
You have to save $1,000 each and every month for two years to save up the $24,000, and the only way to do that is make some extra income by working longer hours, and sacrificing numerous pleasures--being a shopaholic, going out to eat frequently, $5 coffee drinks, jetting somewhere for a long weekend, etc.
The sacrifice and discipline required are hard.
What's the pay-off in avoiding debt? Not much--after all, the new auto loan payment is modest. If we take a 5-year or 7-year loan, it's even less. By borrowing $23,000, we get to keep all our fun treats and spending pleasures, and we get the new car, too.
At the corporate level, it's the same story: borrow a billion dollars and use it to buy back shares.
Increasing the value of the corporation's shares by increasing profit margins and actual value is hard; boosting the share price with borrowed money is easy.
It's also the same story with politicians and the government: cutting anything is politically painful, so let's just float a bond
, i.e. borrow money to pay for what was once paid out of tax revenues: maintaining parks, repaving streets, funding pensions, etc.
This dependence on expanding debt for maintaining the status quo is a global trend.
Debt is exploding in China in every sector, and the same is true in other nations, developed and developing alike.
Borrowing more money from the future is easy, painless and requires no trade-offs, sacrifices or accountability--until the debt-addicted economy collapses under its own weight of debt service and insolvency.
People keep repeating various versions of the story that "debt doesn't matter" because "future growth" will outgrow the skyrocketing debt, or inflation will make it all manageable, or that central banks will do whatever it takes to make sure everyone has enough money to service their debt burdens: negative interest rates, helicopter money, etc. etc. etc.
We want to believe in financial magic because we want things to remain easy.
Borrowing from the future is easy, making sacrifices and being accountable is hard.
But eventually the cost of servicing even low interest-rate debt squeezes spending, eventually capital tires of chasing negative interest-rate bonds, eventually lenders realize that leverage has skyrocketed along with the debt and risk is piled up like dry tinder in a drought-weakened forest.
Central banks realize they can't even limit the expansion of their balance sheets without triggering a panic that would collapse all the debt-based contraptions and manipulated markets they've held aloft with limitless liquidity.
If you believe that going from a total debt burden (government and personal debt) per household being 79% of median household income to debt per household being 584% of median household income doesn't matter and will have no consequences, you believe in magic.
Unfortunately, thinking something will be easy forever and have no consequences is not the same as the real world of skyrocketing debt and leverage having no consequences.
A world in which "we do these things because they're easy" has one end-state: collapse.
Believing that debt has no consequence, that the status quo is permanent, that all the promises based on soaring debt can be paid--it's all an appealing fantasy, magical thinking at its most enchanting. Believe these fantasies at your own risk.
If you found value in this content, please join me in seeking solutions by
becoming a $1/month patron of my work via patreon.com
Check out both of my new books,
Inequality and the Collapse of Privilege
($3.95 Kindle, $8.95 print) and
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The two sides finalised a revised deal on November 12 that aims to end 52 years of conflict that has killed more than 220,000 people and displaced millions.
The Colombian government and FARC rebels will sign a new peace accord in Bogota on Thursday, both parties said.
"The government and FARC delegations have agreed to sign the final agreement to end the conflict and build a stable and lasting peace," negotiators from both sides said in a statement issued on Tuesday.
The signing will take place at 11:00 am (1600 GMT) on Thursday, at the Colon Theater in Bogota, the statement added.
Colombia's government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace accord in September that was rejected in a referendum last month.
The two sides finalised a revised deal on November 12 that aims to end 52 years of conflict that has killed more than 220,000 people and displaced millions.
The decision to sign the new accord was agreed by government peace negotiators and FARC leaders during a day of closed-door meetings at a heavily guarded Roman Catholic retreat in Bogota.
Ever since the original deal's defeat at the polls, the FARC and government negotiators have worked around the clock introducing some 50-plus changes to make it more acceptable to conservative Colombians who overwhelmingly despise the FARC.
President Juan Manuel Santos, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in October for his efforts to bring peace and for ordering the ceasefire with the rebels in August.
The fighting between the FARC, the largest guerilla group in Colombia, dates back to 1948 when presidential candidate for the Liberal Party Jorge Eliecer Gaitan was assassinated.


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thanksgiving. by: Nathan krevolin. What you eat. On thanksgiving you eat foods like pumpkin pie and turkey. When thanksgiving is. Thanksgiving is in November. As you can see thanksgiving is…. Awesome!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
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Gangplank Build Guide by LoLxD
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
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Gangplank Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Hey, This is my guide on how I believe Gangplank should be played.
1. I don't claim to be a pro or the best player by any means.
2. This build is not set in stone it should be changed based on the opposing team and how successful it is for you.
I do not play ranked games but these are the best combinations I have found from experience.
Gangplank was born the son of the dread pirate captain Vincent the Shadow - one of the most wealthy and feared pirates in all of Blue Flame Island. One might think this would have spoiled the boy with a cushioned life of privilege, but the truth is quite the opposite. Growing up in the city of Bilgewater isn't easy; pirates are not known for their compassion, and that most certainly extends to their families. Vincent wanted his son to grow up tough and strong, so he was extremely hard on the young Gangplank. Even as a child, Gangplank was as mean as a snake and is said to have slept with his eyes open. As he grew, the young man rapidly became the most ruthless and feared pirate in all of Bilgewater, and his daddy was never more proud than on the day of his son's eighteenth birthday - when Gangplank stabbed his old man in the back and claimed the famed pirate ship, the Dead Pool, for his own.
The continent of Valoran, however, is a dangerous place for pirates; Gangplank could read the writing on the wall. The den of pirates known as Bilgewater would soon be pulled down by the undertow of Valoranian politics and the Institute of War. It was time for Bilgewater to have their own champion to represent them in the League of Legends, and who better than the fiercest pirate of them all? It is said that Gangplank has enough power and favor to claim the title of the Pirate King back home, but that he is simply biding his time and building his reputation as a champion before he returns to a life of piracy.
Yo ho, blow the man down. Or at least shoot him when his back is turned and steal all his booty.
Pros / Cons
+ Good poke
+ Own heal
+ Passive ability
+ Good farmer
+ Global ulti
- No escape
- Low base HP
- Can run out of mana quickly
The items are pretty much common sense really if a team pick 5 AD champions or 4 AD champions and the one AP champion is feeding replace the Maw of Malmortius with Thornmail and so on; if the other team has a roaming Twitch or Evellyn buy Vision Wards instead of Sight Wards and probably get a Oracle's Elixir as well.
Runes, masteries and summoners
Greater Quintessence of Desolation and Greater Mark of Desolation are both used more for late game, they stop you from needing to buy an The Black Cleaver or Last Whisper so you can focus on more effective attack damage items.
Greater Seal of Armor as a solo top the chances are you are going to face another AD champion, these runes will counter the early game squishiness of Gangplank.
Greater Glyph of Scaling Magic Resist late game the AP mids are going to start chunking like no tomorrow this is the first step to countering that.
The mastery choices are typical of any AD champion, focusing on the left side of the offensive mastery tree and then taking the other 9 mastery points in defense.
Summoner Spells
Flash SHOULD be used, it is Gangplanks only escape.
Ignite is simply helpful in fights (even if it is only to take someone to the grave with you).
Heal is a great baiting tool and an emergency heal is good when you don't have time for a potion to be fully used.
As the only one gaining experience and farm top you want to be there as much as possible.
Chasing people down isn't always key but it can be nice.
Gankplank's Q should be enough but if you feel you need another slow then that's fine.
Gangplanks Remove scurvy removes crowd control effects so this is covered already.
Please don't do it
You are not a support.
If you need mana that badly politely ask your jungler for blue buff.
Isn't greatly useful in general.
This isn't a jungle Gangplank guide but do use it if jungling.
Lets hope you don't die enough for this to be of any use.
Why is this even in the game, whoever finds a use for it deserves a medal.
> > >
This is the ability that makes Gangplank playable, it is his poke, his main damage output (other than basic attacks) and his main slow. Gangplank also gains extra gold if this finishes off minions. To top that all off it also can critical hit and apply on hit effects. However if used too much it can run Gangplank out of mana making him useless in a fight.
Remove scurvy removes any crowd control effects on Gangplank and heals him a little. I get a point in this ability at level 2 but only max it by level 18.
Raise morale increases Gangplanks attack damage and movement speed permanently and doubles the effect on use. On use nearby allied also receive a buff that last for 7 seconds.
Cannon barrage is Gangplanks global ult which fires 25 times into a target area. Any targets hit along with taking damage are also slowed.
How to play Gangplank
Early game levels 1-6
At the start of the game you should have Boots of Speed and Health Potions x3 although you get extra gold from last hitting with Parrrley I avoid doing that and last hit like normal, only using Parrrley to poke at the opposing champion. When I hit level 2 I take a point in Remove Scurvy but I only use it in emergencies. When level 3 is reached take a point in thhe third ability Raise Morale now you can start properly dueling and zoning the other opposing champion. Hopefully you can force the other champion to recall. Do NOT however recall yourself until level 6, by only using Parrrley to poke and duel you should still have plentiful mana to stay on lane until level 6. When you have forced a champion off lane then you can start last hitting with Parrrley. It is important not to push the lane at all as you still haven't been back for wards.
Mid game levels 7-14
Now when you go back you should have at least Ninja Tabi, Vamperic Scepter, Sight Wards x3, Health Potions x3 and something ready to build into the Infinity Edge soon, hpefully that was a B. F. Sword depending how well you did early game. Now when you duel, once your victim has been chosen wait for half way through the fight, then you should drop your ulti (drop your ulti too early it will scare them off and you will loose a kill, use it too late and you get a kill but take needless damage by making the fight last too long). If the game is going will at this point you may wish to keep the enemy turret and carry on the laning stage however if things are going against you this is when you should be making sure the river is warded so you can push the turret and then decide your own destiny, whether that be ganking other lanes or pushing them.
Late game levels 15-18
Now you should really have finished building an Infinity Edge and a Phantom Dancer. Depending how long the game lasts you may have got the Maw of Malmortius and Guardian's Angel or not. Now you should be stood at the back of the team waiting for somebody to initiate before droping your ulti and buffing the team with Raise Morale and then charging on in there with Parrrley. Then push for win.
This video is a highlight reel of a single game where I was solo top against a Darius, Darius' bleed gets me a couple of times after I have killed him but other than that, if you can guess when he is going to pull you in with his E and just avoid it and you're going to have a good time.


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Play the game often does not lag or maximum computer performance? Maybe your problem is at the excessive use of RAM as the RAM does not provide maximum performance. RAM itself is a vital component in running a program on a computer. Here are 4 ways to improve the performance of computer RAM:
4 Ways To Improve Performance Computer RAM
Use ReadyBoostReadyBoost itself is a feature that you can meet on the flash. By using ReadyBoost you will get 256MB of storage, access time of 1 ms, reading speed of 2.5MB/s and write speed of 1.75mb/s. But remember the ReadyBoost feature should use the flash that has been marked with ReadyBoost, because even if you use any flash will not work and will flash damaged.
Use Task Manager and Resource MonitorThe easiest way is through the Task Manager and start regulating what programs should not be running. You can see the programs that are running and how much capacity they use. You can turn off the RAM usage of the programs you use.
Remove Applications are Rarely UsedRather than just meets the HDD capacity and neither did you use, the application should be removed just because sometimes there are some applications that are running behind the screen and use the RAM, although a small but quite annoying.
Add RAMTechnically, this is most easily done and you can instantly feel the effect after adding new RAM. But need to be considered in its use because every motherboard has a different RAM slot slot dependent form, and also the capacity of RAM supported by the motherboard is capable of.
Quoted from MakeUseOf, 4 ways to improve the performance of the computer's RAM can do without the software though. For you who want to try can be directly on your computer, except that ReadyBoost flash having to buy them first unless you have it.


text: I have appsaver to back up my apps to my sd card. I did a hard reset on my phone to fix an error I was having with my phone. I have no freaking clue how to download all my apps back to my phone. When I mount my phone to my PC I see them all. Can anyone help please! Below is the link to the app i'm talking about. Thanks! appSaver v1.5 Application for Android | Tools


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Ready to get a custom board going? You can select your options here. Not completely sure? Call us to ask questions to get the solution for you. (858)270-1140 or email us
The deposit to get started is $500 and the balance is due when you pick it up or before we ship. Production takes 6-8 Weeks. Some options add to the process, some make the timeline shorter.
Once you place your order, we will go over the order details with you personally to make sure its all correct before we start. At that time we will collect all the necessary info from you. If further info is needed we may have you talk directly with the shaper.
We can get an exact shipping quote for you.
(Usually within the Continental USA, shipping through Pilot Air Freight plus packing and insurance run between $150-$200)


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A track duel is the latest marketing scheme crafted by Jim McDowell, the President of MINI USA. He asks that the Porsche 911 Carrera S rise to the challenge.
McDowell, who had worked for Porsche for eight years, unveiled a Facebook campaign as well as an online video, inviting Detlev von Platen (CEO of Porsche's US arm) to have its 911 S race with the MINI Cooper S. MINI proposes for the race to be at the Road Atlanta a couple of weeks from now.
MINI also suggests that the two cars should have factory drivers behind the wheel. McDowell made a pledge that if this race pushes through, he will wear a shirt that says "We Beat Porsche" or "We Did Not Beat Porsche" at his next public appearance.
When comparing the two cars, viewers should note that the MINI Cooper S weighs 2436.1 lbs (1105 kg), is a front wheel drive vehicle and is powered by a turbocharged 1.6 liter engine, which delivers 175 hp at 5,500 rpm and 240 Nm of torque at 1,600 rpm.
On the other hand, the Porsche 911 Carrera S weighs 3306.9 lbs (1500 kg), is a rear-wheel drive, rear-engined vehicle and is equipped with a naturally aspirated 3.8 liter boxer powerplant, which generates 385 hp at 6,500 rpm and 309 lb-ft of torque at 4,400 rpm. [source autoblog via jalopnik]


text: Fu House may be outside of your area. Please enter your delivery address to check availability Do you need any... Napkins & Utensils Continue to checkout Fu House Back to menu Your order refresh Fu House Your bag is empty Edit Delivery address Please enter delivery address Edit Delivery time N/A* Add someone to this order Pan-Fried Noodles Vegetable, Chicken, Beef, or Pork. For Shrimp or Three-Flavor instead, add $1.00. What Kind Of Fried Noodles?Select one of the choices Prepare With Vegetables Prepare With Chicken Prepare With Beef Prepare With Pork Prepare With Shrimp + $0.70 Prepare With Three Flavors + $0.70 Add instructions? Special instructions Label for x $10.95 or Cancel


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I used to be poking round on eBay recently looking at Ted Williams autos, dreaming of the day I is perhaps financially irresponsible sufficient to drop a paycheck for one, and I noticed a couple hilariously bad cut signatures. Autos places you under no obligation to purchase the motorhome if you are not satisfied with it The cost solely enables Yahoo! Auto wallahs who doesn't have meters for his or her autos will demand a hell lot of amount(which is not less than Rs.50+ real meter fare) and our ability of bargaining helps to some extent. Autos to help me making this transaction on-line and why I can't make a telephone dialog right now. In response to this source, the Tolle Autos quartett number 4221 is from 1973, whereas the oldest one does not include a year.
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Brigid is Artistic Director and Chief Executive of Watford Palace Theatre.
Productions directed for the Palace include: Coming Up by Neil D'Souza; Jefferson's Garden by Timberlake Wertenbaker (Writers' Guild of Great Britain Best New Play 2015); Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran's Love Me Do (co-directed with Shona Morris) and Von Ribbentrop's Watch; Fourteen by Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti; Gary Owen's Perfect Match (part of WPT's 2013 'Ideal World' season about the human impact of the digital revolution: the other plays were Override by Stacey Gregg and Virgin by E.V. Crowe), as well as Gary's We That Are Left, and Mrs Reynolds and the Ruffian; Ronald Harwood's Equally Divided; Charlotte Keatley's Our Father, and My Mother Said I Never Should; Alan Ayckbourn's Time of My Life, and Absent Friends; Shakespeare's As You Like It; and pantomimes Mother Goose, Robin Hood, Sleeping Beauty (co-directed by Shona Morris ) and Dick Whittington, all by Andrew Pollard.
Brigid is a producer, director, dramaturg and teacher with experience in the subsidised and commercial theatre and television. From 1998 to 2006 she was Artistic Director of West End company Act Productions, and adviser to BBC4 Plays. From 1993 to 1998 she directed a series of promenade Shakespeares, Shakespeare Unplugged, for RNT Education.
From 1985 to 1987 she was Associate Director at Contact Theatre, Manchester. She directed a range of classic and contemporary plays, including Mustapha Matura's Playboy of the West Indies, with a cast including Diane Louise Jordan, Eddie Nestor and Sharon D Clarke, the first play to be produced outside London with an all Black cast. She championed and directed the premiere of Charlotte Keatley's groundbreaking play My Mother Said I Never Should: having been rejected by the RSC, NT, Royal Court, and all the major theatres, it became a worldwide success and a GCSE set text. For decades this play, with its cast of four women, made Charlotte the most produced female playwright around the world after Agatha Christie.
From 1989 to 1994 Brigid returned to Contact as Artistic Director, directing Joseph Mydell in Brecht's Galileo and commissioning the first British plays responding to the rave scene (Excess/XS), and the implications of virtual reality (Strange Attractors, a multimedia promenade production, by Manchester poet Kevin Fegan, with digital technologies provided by Granada TV). She trained at the RSC, and as a studio director at Granada TV.
Tel: 01923 235455
Administrator/PA to the Directors
Samantha Ford
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Buildings Facilities Manager
Sergio Steagall
Maintenance Technician
Brian Penston
Project Manager (Imagine Festivals)
Celine McKillion
Head of Finance
Andrew Phillips
Finance Assistant
Katrina Tepper
Tel: 01923 810307
Head of Participation
Hema Teji
Resident Director (Participation)
James Williams
Participation and Engagement Producer
Roisin Walsh
Participation Assistant
Gemma Wilkie
Tel: 01923 235455
Head of Production
Jessica Harwood
Technical Manager
Richmond Rudd
Head of Electrics
Francis Johnstone
Head of Stage
Chris Taylor
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Company Stage Manager
Maddie Baylis
Wardrobe Supervisor
Mark Jones
Head of Construction
Tip Pargeter
Construction Assistant
Gillian Dessent
Tel: 01923 810309
Development Manager
Alisha Kadri
Marketing Officers
Vanessa White
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Sales and Events Manager
Julia Yelland
Sales & Membership Assistant
Peter Shelton
Front of House & Bars Manager
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Cleaning Staff
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Customer service team
Hamze Ali
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Chloe Robinson Hunter
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Ellie Shrimpton-Ring
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Doreen Tora
George Wakely
Charlotte Wallis
Jack Whitney
Tameera Williams -Simpson
Imara Williams-Simpson
Tom Wilson
Joseph Winer
Honorary Archivist
Ian Scleater


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Shot a 2005 bmw 630i today:
Printable View
Shot a 2005 bmw 630i today:
Is something like this better? Sorry for the smaller size.
That looks Supernatural Photowerkz.
photowerkz, my opinion is a little different than what others have said. The image has way too much grey. The car doesnt capture my eye/attention. I keep wandering up towards the top of the building. I think if you did something to draw the attention to the car, it would be very impressive. Maybe lighten the car a bit and darken the background a tad? I dunno, just my thoughts.
Yeah i feel though its not the exposure levels of the building but more the contrast/focus of the building renders it so sharply...in some ways thats a good thing with the windows, but in other ways i find it distracting, even though the car is quite sharp too. Maybe as jcon said having a duller image for the building might solve all this.


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Thalokdar (04-07-2009)
hey i bought this game for pc cuz in my opinion i think its ALOT easier to use in pc and i was exited but then i put it on and it is like LAG WORLD it is soooooo laggggy is there like anything i can do to make it no lag
computer description...
Windows vista
Memory: 4gb
Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T5800 @ 2.00GHz
any ideas on how to make my game not lag or does it have to do with my computer ( if it does have to do with my computer what can i do to my computer to be able to not lag )
What kind of graphics card do you have? COD5 is a hard game to play on any pc so I doubt its anything. Make sure you set all the settings on low.
Good card hmm its probably just your connection. right click computer again and click Windows experience index. Tell me what score each category says.
Yea this is a problem. Your computer is great. Are you having this problem with any other games or just COD5. If the answer is no than its probably the other players that are affecting you. High pinged players usually make you lag. Look for online servers as you do, and order the list in order of PING value. Pick the lowest server and see how it goes.
If other games are laggy its probably your graphics card. You probably need to reinstall them and COD5. You may need a lap top fan to cool off your computer also because it might be overheating.
Also try ending some processes that arent needed while your playing COD5.
Try defraging your hardrive also.
Last edited by Obama; 04-04-2009 at 12:47 PM.
Yea your computer is a beast. Just for starters uninstall it and reinstall it and play on a low ping server and lets see what happens.
skaterdavid6 (04-04-2009)
No prob. If you need any more help or if this doesn't work pm me or something.
Can You RUN It?
Go here to test ur pc, a very simple task, just select Call of Duty World at War(COD5 of course). Yea I just got COD4 today and found my Processor sucks lol. 1.5Ghz I need at least 1.8Ghz


text: Home > Sports Serbia faces tough battle to eradicate intolerance By Zoran Milosavljevic, Reuters Posted at Oct 18 2012 04:57 PM | Updated as of Oct 19 2012 12:57 AM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn BELGRADE - Evan a ban from international soccer may not prove enough to rid Serbia of its perennial problems with racism and hooliganism, such is the deep-rooted intolerance among fans. England's Danny Rose said he was racially abused by supporters in the Serbian city of Krusevac during Tuesday's European Under-21 Championship qualifier, which ended in an on-pitch brawl after England won 2-0 on aggregate to reach next year's finals. "Unfortunately, we don't have Maggie Thatcher," Bosko Jaksic, a columnist for the popular daily Politika, told Reuters Television in reference to the strong-willed former British prime minister. "This country hasn't solved the problem of hooliganism at any scale at all and hence some Serbian fans think it's legitimate to voice racist slogans because they think it's no worse than booing or jeering their team's opponents. "They don't understand the difference, they don't realise the real dangers of racism and we will have to face the consequences as well as learn some very tough lessons." Television footage from the fixture, which England won 1-0 with the last kick of the game, suggested Rose was the victim of incessant monkey chants by hundreds of Serbian fans who also pelted him and his team mates with missiles as they celebrated the goal. Rose was sent off after the final whistle amid a melee among players and officials. The Serbian Football Association (FSS) denied the racism allegations and said in a statement that the home team were provoked by Rose's "inappropriate, unsportsmanlike and vulgar manner towards the supporters". Violent history Soccer violence was rare in communist Yugoslavia, confined to sporadic punch-ups when Belgrade's big two clubs Red Star and Partizan locked horns with Croatian rivals Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split, or Bosnian frontrunners Sarajevo. That changed in the run-up to the bloody Balkan conflicts and the fuse was lit when Red Star's visit to Dinamo in May 1990 resulted in a mass riot which left 60 people seriously injured, some of them stabbed, shot and poisoned by tear gas. One of the backlashes to Serbia's rapidly declining economy and political problems of the past 20 years was domestic soccer violence, which spiralled out of control with the culprits often getting away with slaps on the wrist if they were punished at all. French fan Brice Taton died in hospital after he was beaten by Partizan fans before a Europa League match against Toulouse in September 2009, two years after a Red Star fan attacked a policeman with a flare and was later jailed for 10 years after being found guilty of attempted murder. The landmark verdict, however, did not stop the hooligans from exporting their violence and Serbia had to play a Euro 2012 qualifier behind closed doors after an October 2010 riot in Italy, when their fans hurled flares onto the pitch. The game in Genoa was abandoned after seven minutes as Serbia fans, who also stormed their own team bus and attacked goalkeeper Vladimir Stojkovic before kickoff, ignored pleas from the players to behave. Uncertain fate Rose, the English players' association and former England captain Paul Ince have called on UEFA to ban Serbia from international competition and appeals for clemency by the FSS might also fall on deaf ears if the European soccer governing body decides it has had enough. UEFA President Michel Platini has previously said Serbia could face a ban from international or European club football if racist fan behaviour continues. Anti-racism campaigners have slammed UEFA in the past for only issuing fines. At Euro 2012 in June, Denmark's Nicklas Bendtner was fined 20,000 euros more for exposing an illegal advert on his underpants than Croatia were for racist chanting by their fans. Ince, whose son Tom played in Tuesday's match, said the scenes were "disgraceful". "If it was me, they (Serbia) would be kicked out for the next five tournaments - European, World Cups - but they will get a little ban and that will be it," Ince told ESPN television. While Jaksic believes it would be unfair to punish the entire country for the misconduct of a minority, he also stressed a ban would send a loud and clear message to the government that they need to do more. "It would be very tough because the whole of Serbia would be paying the price for what a bunch of hooligans did in the Krusevac stadium but a message has to be delivered that the Serbian authorities have to deal with hooliganism much more seriously," he said. "They've been tolerating the problem for years and now racism has come into the picture and it has to be stopped. "It is true that we are not a racist society and such punishment would in that context be harsh, but there is a general lack of tolerance in a number of other fields and as a result racism erupted when the Serbian and the British met in a football stadium." UEFA said it was waiting for the referee's report before deciding what action would be taken. Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Read More: football Serbia racism England UEFA hooliganism /news/11/21/17/11-abogado-kakatawan-kay-sereno-sa-pagtalakay-sa-impeachment-sa-kongreso/news/11/21/17/pacquiao-says-hes-thinking-of-quitting-politics-but/sports/11/21/17/superliga-generika-makes-quick-work-of-victoria-sports/news/11/21/17/sc-justices-assailed-police-circular-on-drug-war-provides-for-rights-protection/sports/11/21/17/mma-corminal-seeks-one-championship-win-vs-veteran-frenchman


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Chapter Events Find us
August 2014
LECTURE: Contending with illness in ancient Egypt: A textual and osteological study of health care at Deir el-Medina
Saturday, August 9, 2014; 1:30 p.m.
Anne Austin, Doctoral candidate in the Interdepartmental Archaeology Program at the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA.
Chapter: Orange County California
Sunday, August 24, 2014; 2:30pm
Dr. Rita Lucarelli, UC Berkeley Papyri
Chapter: Northern California (Berkeley)
Chapter: Northern California (Berkeley)
Saturday, August 30, 2014, 7:00pm
Emily Russo (Brown)
Chapter: North Texas
The International Council of Museums, in an effort to fight against illicit traffic in cultural goods, compiles the Emergency Red List of Egyptian Cultural Objects at Risk. This list aims to help art and heritage professionals and law enforcement officials identify Egyptian objects that are protected by national and international legislations. View the Red List for Egypt.


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Sen. Rand Paul said he would cut spending in a "dramatic fashion" while speaking at the Five Sullivan Brothers Convention Center here Friday morning.
He spoke on his "fair and flat" tax plan.
"The 70,000 page tax code is chasing American jobs overseas, it's chasing companies overseas."
With the highest taxes in the world, Paul says America cannot expect to keep jobs at home.
"Let's scrap the whole thing," Paul said.


text:
The 2015 Planning Workbook: Set Goals, Take Action, Achieve, Have Fun is a 15-page-long PDF filled with questions and small tasks to help you gain more clarity in life and plan your best year possible.
This workbook will help you to:
- Review the ending year.
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- Define how you will have fun along the way.
The 2015 Planning Workbook
Just enter your name and email and you'll receive the download link in your inbox*.
This download is no longer available.
You can instead download the 2016 Planning Workshop here:
P.S. Let's Sandbox is my passion and calling to inspire others to live authentically and adventurously. I sponsor this platform by running a small teaching business on the side. If you find this workbook of use, please consider leaving a tip. Your donations go towards paying for a proof-reader, designer, server costs etc. And it honestly means a lot!
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Michigan DOT Plans
In September 2014, MDOT released a Draft Tier I EIS for the Chicago-Detroit/Pontiac Corridor. The goal of the project is to expand service in the corridor and reduce delays. Adding sufficient, daily trains will require a bypass, called the South of the Lake Reroute (SOTL), around Norfolk Southern's busy mainline between Porter, IN and Chicago, IL.
Along with several other Midwestern states, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) is preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to gain federal clearance to construct the bypass and other needed improvements.