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European Vista - First Trip to Europe with Contiki May 2005
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TOUR Travelogue for the Contiki European Vista trip 2005
En Route to London, England
Today I fly to London to start my Trip to Europe!
- This is my first trip overseas and my first tour with Contiki. I'm super pumped!
- I fly out from Thunder Bay (boring) Ontario, Canada, to London, England at approximately 11:00 am Thunder Bay time.
- Rock On! See you in four weeks.
April 29 2005
London, England
Today, I arrive in London, England.
- I departed Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada at ~11:00 am central time and I arrived in Heathrow Airport in London, England at ~630 am Greenwich Mean time.
- I made my way through customs easily, however it was long wait.
- I found the London Underground (subway) and caught the correct train to the correct stop at Russell Station
- I checked into The Imperial Hotel which was ok in comparison to the surrounding hotels.
- I have a nice small single room.
- I watched the BBC a bit before heading out to walk around Bloomsbury a bit. There a ton of shops and stores around the hotel.
- I went to the alternate Contiki Hotel, The Royal National, to the Basement (contiki tourist office)o get some info about London to plan my day of sight seeing.
- All the employees at Contiki's Basement are Aussies.
London Observations:
- Awesome Cars - Tons of Audis, Mercedes Benzes and Lexuses.
- The English drive very fast.
- The English love Reality TV.
Sights done in London: The British Museum, Big Ben, Tower of London, London Bridge, Hyde Park, London Eye, London Bridge, Trafalgar Square, Piccadily Circus.
Supper at pub at the Imperial Hotel, tried first hand at traditional fish and chips, all good.
April 30 2005
London, England
Exploring London, England on my own. I'm looking forward to it!
- Ate fish and chips at a pub near The Imperial Hotel.
- I walked through Bloomsbury into the West End going through Covent Garden, Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus.
- Used London Underground to Madame Tussards wax museum.
- I saw
- Trafalgar Square
- Madame Tussards wax museum
- The American Embassy
- The Canadian Embassy
- Canadian Pacific Building
- Lots of old houses
- The financial district in Westminster
- Hyde Park and Speakers Corner
- Buckingham Palace.
- St. Paul's Cathedral
- The Tower of London and The Tower Bridge
- Shakespeare's Globe Theatre
- The Marble Arch
- Westminster Abbey
- Parliament
- Speaker's Corner [It's called Speakers Corner because public executions were performed there and people were allowed to talk / speak their mind before getting the chop.]
- - Madame Tussards wax museum was a big disappointment I found all the statues don't look real. Very over rated and a waste of my time and money.
- London is a cool city. I found my way around pretty well. It was little though getting back to the Imperial Hotel though. :)
- London is full of people.
- London is full of shops and stores.
- A large number of people going to work were dressed in suits.
- Downside is all london pubs close at 11pm!!
= Evening at the London Pub �" a few beers ok price, 2 pounds a pint.
May 1st 2005
London �" outskirts tour
Today, I do a tour with company called Evan Evans to see the Windsor Castle, city of Baths- Roman Baths and to Stonehenge.
Day tour includes sights of: Windsor Castle, Roman Baths, Baths and Stonehenge.
Total Time 12 hours.
May 2nd 2005
Venture on Underground to Harrods Mall.
Evening �" attend pretour meeting for Contiki tour that starts next day the European Vista at the Royal National Hotel.
Attend London Pub with other people from meeting who are also on same tour.
May 3rd 2005
Start of Contiki tour Enroute to Paris
Make way to Royal National Hotel to pick up Contiki tour, get suitcase weighed.
- Driving through England was cool. The White Cliffs of Dover were incredible.
- The weather was foggy at the White Cliffs of Dover and the cliffs really were a bright white.
- Today was the first day on the Contiki Coach.
- Tour manager was Renee and driver is Tommo
- I learned our tour consists of the following people:
- 11 Canucks [Canadians]
- 1 Yanks [American}
- 2 South Africans
- 1 Mexican
- One Kiwi [New Zealander]
- 25 Aussies [Australians]
Total 41 people
Ferry ride across channel just lasted under 90 minutes. Was foggy so could not see the beaches of Normandy.
Arrived in France �" short stop at border and continue on way. The first thing we noticed on arrival in France was that we were now driving on the right side of the road, it was all very weird considering we were driving on the left in the UK. Now all the cars drive on the proper side of the road.
Arrive in Paris �" Hotel, which was abit small.
Had dinner with group, at hotel, the first arranged dinner, which was some type of pork, and it was nothing special..
We went on a night illumination tour of Paris with Renee as the tour guide. We drove into the main part of the city and unfortunately it was raining, we started first going up the famous Eiffel Tower
- Tommo [The Contiki Tour Driver] drove around into the Arc de Triomphe round-a-bout. He drove straight into the center of the traffic circle with the huge Contiki Coach and all the other cards had to back off. It was sweet! Tommo played Kenny Login's Danger Zone song as we drove into the circle.
- The night tour was awesome. Paris at night is very beautiful.
- He pointed out the French are very proud, intelligent and intolerant of people ignorant of France's achievements and overall greatest.
- The French love France.
- The French love Napoleon.
- We went up to Eiffel Tower at night and it was very cool. The view was spectacular and it was cool to see the city light up at night.
- The Champs-Elysees was very cool at night. The street was lined with white lights and all the shops had white signs. Very beautiful!
- At approximately 10:30 pm, the Eiffel Tower started sparkling. It was covered in lights that started flashing on and off and it was an incredible sight.
We arrived back to the hotel, and some of us were going to head to the pub down the street. Never happened, as we ended up raiding the beer in the vending machine in the downstairs lobby.
May 4th 2005
Paris, France
Today is a free day to explore Paris, France on our own! We were told that Paris is all about seeing and being seen so I wore my cap.
- Started at the Arc de Triomphe.
- Walked down the Champs-Elysees.
- Went to the Louvre and saw some brilliant artwork. We saw the Mona Lisa and the Venus De Milo.
- Went to Notre Dame and took pictures.
- Went to the Military Museum.
- Went to Napoleon's Tomb. .
- Went to Nouvelle Eve French Cabaret. It was an awesome experience!
- Paris is incredible. It's big, beautiful and full of history.
- The Arc de Triomphe is huge. We went up to the top of it and took a lot of pictures. It's a different view of Paris. Very cool.
- The Champs-Elysees was tres cool as well. Lots of hip expensive shops. I looked in a few car shops, a Swatch shop and a few other stores.
- Next up was the Louvre. En Route to the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo I experienced a very rich artistic experience.
- The Mona Lisa is very overrated. It's a small painting that isn't any better than many other nice paintings.
- The Louvre was a very beautiful palace. It's full of marble and grand architecture. It's a huge place too.
- We at lunch at a Café on the Champs-Elysees and I ordered a French pizza which passed all my expectations.
- Notre Dame was the highlight of the sightseeing. The Gothic Architecture is very striking. The fine level of detail was incredible. The stained glass windows, the marble / stone statutes, the sharp architecture lines, the dark colours were amazing. I've never seen anything like it before!
- Napoleon's tomb was very grand. It had a very beautiful ceiling
- The Nouvelle Eye show had a fine French dinner which was fun! A lot of free wine was available to a lot of the people and many took great advantage to get hammered. I counted my last glass around 12, I think?
- The dinner featured fine food, entertainment, lots of lots of unlimited wine, and many of the tour group getting loud!
- The French Cabaret was great. It featured risqué singing and dancing girls, comedy and cool performers.
- Martin, who was in our tour group, volunteered to go on stage during a juggling performance. The performers sat him down in a chair and through juggling "bowling" pins at a high speed. Then they put a hat, plastic glasses on him and a cigarette in his mouth. They then proceeded to knock the items off his head as he sat dead still. I didn't think they would knock the hat or glasses off but they did and it was different.
- After the show, several of us dragged our drunken asses to some Irish pub, we ended up at an Irish Pub, what would you figure, an irish pub in France?
- The groups first official drinking night out.
May 5th, 2005
En Route to Lyon, France
The day primarily consisted of traveling from Paris to Lyon with a few stops on the way.
- Contiki Travelers:
- Renee, Tour Manager ,Brisbane, Australia
- Tommo, driver ,Melbourne, Australia
People on the tour:
- Kate, Queensland,Australia
- Jeremy, Sydney, Australia
- Sara, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Adri, Montreal, Canada
- George, Toronto, Canada
- Melissa, Brisbane, Australia
- Olivia, Victoria, Australia
- Jacqui, Tasmania, Australia
- Bianca, Perth, Australia
- Craig, Perth Australia
- Lousia, Melbourne, Australia
- Juanine, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Angela, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Jason, Melbourne, Australia
- Jordan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Megan, St.
- Cherie, Australia
- Emily, Washington DC, USA
- Kerry, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Beth, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Martin, Queensland, Australia
- Ellie, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Sarah, St. John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Brett, Perth, Australia
- Richard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Nicole G, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Marnie, Sydney, Australia
- Carolyn, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Courtney, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Melanie, Sydney, Australia
- Amy, Perth, Australia
- Megan L, Australia
- Sharon, Queensland, Australia
- Eden, Queensland, Australia
- Nicole F, Melbourne, Australia
- Lim, Melbourne, Australia
- Laura, Australia
- Nicole R, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- We stopped in Fontainebleau.
- We also went for a wine tasting demonstrations in the Boulegois wine region.
- We arrived in Lyon in the early evening.
- A number of different groups went off for a walk about dinner.
- I went to dinner with a few bunch from the tour group in the older part of Lyon.
- Tried the famous French meal of snails(escargo), and it was tasted like lots of garlic.
May 6th, 2005
Route to Nice, France En
The day consisted of traveling through the French Burgundy Wine Region to the French Rivera.
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel.
- Ate lunch in Avignon.
- Ate dinner ???
- Driving through the burgundy wine region.
- Stopped in Avignon which was a quiet little town.
- Avigon, France the valley of the popes and saw Napoleon's home. It's a huge beautiful mansion in a small village. It was the starting point of all of Napoleon's wars.
- I walked around with a bunch and ate at a small cafe. I had a chicken, tomato, mozzarella panni and it was fantastic!
- We had dinner in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
- Next, we went to a casino in Monte Carlo. The highlights were the rich people looking like a million dollars and their cars! Naturally, I fit right in! :)
- Then back in Nice, we went to a ok pub with live music and had a few drinks.
May 7th, 2005
Nice, France
Today is a free day to explore Nice, France on our own!
- Ate nothing for breakfast.
- Ate a french sandwich for lunch.
- Ate a bad meal at the Contiki Hotel for dinner. Dodgy!
- Of all the cities I've ever visited, Nice has the most beautiful women in world! However, I have not been to the Czech Republic or Australia! :)
- We walked down to the beach via the main street - Avenue Jean Medecin.
- We stopped at an Internet cafe.
- We went to the Le Chateau overlooking the beach front to get a great view of the city and take pictures.
- Went to the beach and experienced a piece of French Culture - topless sunbathers. It was cool at first but the novelty wore off. It's nothing I haven't seen before. !
- We walked around all of the hip streets and really got a feel for the city.
- Couldn't go swimming in the Mediterrean Sea cause the water was way too cold.
- In the evening, after dinner went to a karaoke bar named Waynes Bar which was an Australian bar, not a French bar.
- It was a relaxing evening!
- Today was definitely a great day off. A true vacation day in the beautiful French Riviera.
- Aussie Words:
- Sunnies - Sun Glasses
- Dodgy - Bad
- Skull - Drink a shot
- Slab - 24 can flat of beer
- Nackered - Tired
- Togs - Swim Suit
- Simmers - Swim Suit
- Ocka - Very Australian
- Snog - Kiss
- O rubbish - garbage
May 8th, 2005
En Route to Florence, Italy
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel
- Ate lunch at a rest stop in Italy - delicious Italian Pizza
- Ate dinner at Certosa.
- En route to Florence, we stopped in Pisa and checked out the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The Tower itself is pretty cool. I took a ton of pictures there.
- Pisa is the capital of crappy souvenirs. People are selling crappy souvenirs like no where else. Like fake Oakley sunglasses and fake Rolexes.
- Florence is an awesome city. My introduction to the city started with a trip to our hotel. It's a probably so far the nicest hotel of the tour so far, with a shower that has no frame. It's completely open to the rest of the bathroom.
- We had our group photo and everyone looked pretty flash. In front of the city skyline of Florence
- It turns out the group photo did not turn out. Well as my face is missing from the photo.
- That evening we had dinner up in the Tuscany hills and it was a special Italian dinner that is done for normal Italian weddings.
- The dinner was excellent. It was as follows.
- First course - antipastos and lots of wine, unlimited.
- Second Course - Lasagna and noodles and lots of wine, unlimited.
- Third Course - Beef and Potatoes and lots of wine, unlimited.
- Fourth Course �" some kind of brownie and of course, lots of wine.
- Fifth course - Espresso
- During dinner, we were entertained by a variety of entertainers, from 2 opera singers to an old man at a piano wearing a hat.
- After dinner, we were offered more wine. And bit more wine after that.
- Then dinner was over and our tour manager that as a surprise, we were going to a night club afterwards.
- Next, we went to the Super Space Disco - the premiere club in Florence. :)
- At the club, we drank, danced and had a good time.
- !
May 9th, 2005
En Route to Rome, Italy
The first of two magic days in Rome, Italy!
- Ate breakfast at the hotel.
- Ate dinner at a sidewalk restaurant in the Piazza Norma in Rome. Magic!
- The day started rough by waking up early to travel to spend the morning in Florence.
- We walked around Florence all morning and then traveled to Rome.
- The day started with a leather demonstration and after that. I had two gelatos (ice cream) and they are delicious! They are way better in Italy than anywhere else in the world.
- I walked around the streets and around the waterfront. It's a very cool city.
- We saw cool buildings, monuments and made it to see the real statue of David.
- We drove to Rome and received a very long history lecture from Renee. Very cool stuff.
- From the history lecture, I learned Romans were very interesting people. They had some great leaders and some terrible ones.
- We went in to Rome for a walk about dinner.
- Renee gave us a short night tour too.
- We saw the following sites:
- The Spanish Steps
- Very Cool Shops (Gucci, Prada etc)
- Trevi Fountain
- Pantheon
- Piazza Navona
- Victoria Monument
- The Coliseum
- I an awesome dinner.
- It's an incredible feeling to sit at a restaurant in a piazza with historic sites all around, great traditional live music and great company
May 10, 2005
Rome, Italy
The second of two days in Rome, Italy! Rome is cool!
- Ate a four star breakfast at the Roma Cassia Hotel. Good stuff!
Our full day of Rome sightseeing would be one of the hottest we would experience during the whole trip. It certainly didn't help that we all had to wear pants, as we were visiting the Vatican City this morning with a local tour guide. As with many churches and cathedrals in Italy, the rules stipulated no bare legs or shoulders allowed. To the casual visitor, the Vatican City would appear more like a museum than anything else, with Michaelangelo's paintings seemingly covering every ceiling and wall inside, and statues situated in almost every nook and cranny. The most magnificent of these paintings was the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel. Unfortunately, photography and video of the Chapel were completely forbidden. Of note is that the Vatican City is actually its own country, the smallest in the world, with its own police and its own postal system
- The Pope (new Pope, Benedict) was giving a mass in St.
- Next, I went into the Vatican Museum to see the Sistine Chapel. En route to the chapel, you go through tons of beautiful rooms.
- Rafael's rooms are incredible - the artwork is stunning. I've never seen anything like it before.
- The Sistine Chapel is brilliant. I shuffled in and then turned around and viewed the painting. The detail is mesmerizing. You could spend days looking at everything.
- The Pope was giving a mass in St. Peter's Square. I took a few pictures of the event.
- After the Vatican City, we went for lunch and then bought some water. It was a nice break.
- Next, we went Coloseum which was unbelievable. The sheer size and magnificence was very unbelievable. It's hard to describe.
- Then we visited the ancient ruins of Rome.
- Next, we had a gelato. And some pasta.
- Next, we walked down the main shopping street and looked in a few shops.
- We then hit the Spanish Steps to rest and let everything soak in.
- .
- We walked up to the Vatican City again and took the subway and train home.. In all, this was definitely our most active day, with Rome overall being one the most vibrant and exciting cities on the whole trip.
- Later in the evening there was a group party on the roof of the hotel.
May 11th, 2005
En Route to Venice, Italy
Another travel day.
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel
- Ate lunch in Assisi at a small pizza place.
- Ate dinner at the Contiki Hotel outside Venice [!]
- Stopped in Verona, Italy to see the balcony of where the story of Romeo and Juliett happened �" waste of my time.
- We ate lunch at a pizza place that had a very friendly shop owner.
- We hit a small bakery to buy some treats.
- We arrived in Venice late and ate dinner in the hotel. Dinner was ok. Lots of pasta.
- We all had a few drinks after dinner at a pub nearby.
May 12, 2005
Venice, Italy.
Today is a full free day to explore Venice on our own.
- Ate 14 corn flakes for breakfast at the Contiki Hotel [Mario's Hotel!]
- We took a boat over to Venice bright and early.
- Watched a glass blowing demonstration and view some Venice glass. Very nice and very expensive. .
- I bought a Ferrari shrit in a sports shop.
- We went into Doges Palace and it was ok. It was huge and some very large extravagant rooms. It was very dark and felt cold.
- We walked all around the city and it was an interesting experience. No cars, dirty water, some beautiful buildings and some very old buildings in poor shape.
- Tons of people. Venice is a busy place.
- I went on a Gondola ride with Jason,Nicole and Canadian Nicole and Richard and Mexico Jordan. We made sure to get some bottles of wine for the ride prior to leaving.
- The gondola ride was very nice floating down the quiet streets but it was very busy on the grand canal.
- We went for some type of Venice dinner afterwards and its was ok, but thank god it had wine offered.
- The Piazza di San Marco in Venice was very cool and filled with pigeons. It was crazy! It's tough to walk around as the pigeons are everywhere.
May 13th, 2005
En Route to Vienna, Austria
Today we entered Austria and the land of pork!
- Ate breakfast at a rest stop. I had a Schnitzel and it was delicious!
- Ate lunch at another rest stop. I had a simple sandwich and it was ok.
- Ate dinner at Vienna. I had a grilled Schnitzel and tons of veggies. The scenery was beautiful driving through Austria. We saw several Castles along the side of the road and tons of small villages in the mountains.
- The mountains are pretty similar to the Rockies but they are covered in different different trees and seem less jagged.
- After arriving at the hotel in Vienna, we had some free time.
- The hotel was a 4 1/2 * business hotel so we took advantage of the amenities Next, we went into Vienna for a walk about dinner. We tried to go to the best schnitzel place in the world but it was too busy. So the tour went to another restaurant.
- After dinner, we went to a Mozart Concert at the Vienna Opera House. The performance was awesome. The orchestra was dressed up in traditional Mozart costumers and wigs. It was such an awesome experience.
- I characterize the performance as a "Best of Mozart" and it was excellent. It was a mix of classical performances and classical performance with opera singers.
- Our evening ended with many of the group having drinks in the hotel cocktail bar, good specials on pina colatas.
May 14th, 2005
Vienna, Austria
Today is a day to explore Vienna. Ate a quick breakfast at the Contiki Hotel. Which was great.
- Ate lunch at a fast food fish place in Central Vienna. I had a smoked salmon sandwich.
- Ate dinner at Rieglerhutte Family Restaurant and it was delcious.
- First Course - Salad
- Second Course - Soup
- Third Course - Schnitzel
- Fourth Course - Apple Strudel
- Fifth Course - Beer. :)
- After driving into Vienna, we saw some historical sites and then were given a few hours of free time.
- We hit an internet café and did some emails.
- We had a organized tour of the main area of Vienna and it was very cool.
- Vienna is a beautiful city and has a great atmosphere.
- The weather was beautiful.
- Language was not a problem was most people spoke English.
- We visited Frans Joseph's Palace in Vienna. It was beautiful! It was much smaller than the other palaces but it's by far the most magnificent.
- It featured beautiful room with gold trim everywhere. The highlight was the ballroom which was very grand and exquisite. I can just imagine some of the sweet parties held there. :)
- In addition to the palace, we walked around the palace gardens. It was very cool!
- We had a schnapps history and tasting event and it was great. An Austrian man named Gary gave us a tour and explained how all of the schnapps were made.
- We had an opportunity to taste a few of the schnapps. I tried the following schnapps:
- Strawberry (Milk) Schnapps
- Vienna Blood Mix Schnapps
- Cherry Wiskey
- Apricot Schnapps
- Gold Schnapps
- Sips of a few others
- Vienna Blood Drink Mix:
- Orange Juice
- Grapefruit Juice
- Lemon or Lime
- Crushed Ice
- Vienna Blood Schnapps
After that we went back to the hotel, swam in the nice pool there.
That evening all the Canadians watched the hockey game on tv in the lobby of Canada vs Czech republic. Unfortuantely Canada lost 3 �" 0!!
May 15th, 2005
En Route to Munich, Germany
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel.
- Ate a nice sandwich at a rest stop in Austria
- Evening we drank beer and had dinner at a bavarian beer hall in Munich, Germany.
- En route to Munich, we stopped at a concentration camp in Austria. We watched a video and then walked around the camp. Quite a different place to walk about, I think it's good that Germany and Austria remember this terrible part of their history.
- There was beautiful scenery while driving through Austria and Germany.
- We took a break at a rest stop near a lake and it was very beautiful. We arrived in Munich in the late afternoon. After a very short stop at the hotel, we went in to Munich and did a quick tour of the main area down town.
- The city is quite modern looking. Lots of old and new buildings.
- We saw the famous Glockenspiel and it was cool. .
- There were tons of shops selling all kinds of food like bratwurst, apple strudel, pretzels etc.
- The beer halls were electric with a great atmosphere and great people. Good evening, we drank lots of beer.
May 16th, 2005
En Route to Austrian Tyrol.
Today was a nice slow day after Oktoberfest in Munich. :)
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel in Munich.
- At dinner in Hopfgarten in Austrian Tyrol at the Contiki Hotel.
- We left Munich, Germany mid-morning and surprising no one had hangovers. German beer is great! :)
- We ate lunch at a cafe with a:) It was pretty tasty food!
- After lunch, we drove to the River Inns and went White Water Rafting. It was great. First time for me to raft in Austria and the water was ice cold.
- The weather was pretty cold and it was raining. I jumped in the river a few times and I was pushed in several more times. The river was ice cold!
- During the rafting we joined up rafts and pushed each other into the frigid water.
- We arrived in Hopfgarten at dinner time and enjoyed a reasonable home cooked meal.
- In the evening, we drank at the hotel bar and then went to a local pub called the Silver Bullet.
May 17th, 2005
Today was a chilly day in Hopfgarten.
- Ate a nice breakfast at the Contiki Hotel.
- A few of us decided to take the train to the city of Innsbruck to explore it abit as Hopfgarten is nothing but a small village with nothing to do.
- Spent a few hours in Innsbruck and made it back to the hotel for supper.
- After supper, we started drinking in the hotel pub and I had a few beers and shots.
- After the pub closed, we went to the Silver Bullet pub where there was loud music, dancing and Karaoke.
- We had a few more beers and other drinks and played pool. It was a great time.
May 18th, 2005
En route to Lucerne, Switzerland
Today was a enjoyable day of driving through beautiful Austria and Switzerland.
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel.
- Ate lunch in Lichtenstein.
- Ate dinner at the Contiki Hotel at the top of Mount Pilatus. To our hotel at 7000ft!!
- We left Hopfgarten and drove through Lichtenstein into Switzerland.
- The scenery was beautiful. It was very green and the mountains were spectacular.
- The Swiss Alps really reminded me of the Rocky Mountains. The Swiss Alps are a bigger but not a lot.
The scenery along the drive to Lucerne was absolutely breathtaking. Huge mountains constantly dwarfed us as we weaved through the hills and valleys. Often we were driving on the edge of huge gorges overlooking rushing rivers below. Lucerne was a huge contrast to Paris. Small and peaceful, it was situated by a lakeshore and surrounded by mountains
- We arrived in Lucerne and proceeded to take the gondola up to Mount Pilatus. Mount Pilatus is the name of the hotel and the mountain it resides on. It's Europe's highest hotel.
- It was a very long gondola ride in a tiny car. :) It provided very nice views of the surrounding area. the top of Mount Pilatus, a mountain that overlooks Lucerne 7,000 feet above sea level.
- After checking into the hotel, we went for a short hike to the Matterhorn II Peak near Mount Pilatus. It was an awesome little hike. It was somewhat strenuous as there was a short descent from Mount Pilatus and then a strong ascent to the to the peak. I found it tough to hike in my running shoes but I really loved the activity..
- We took a lot of pictures at the top of the The Matterhorn II Peak but it was a little overcast.
- The mountains and surrounding area really reminded me of the Canadian Rockies.
- After dinner, we had a group theme party called "dress your head up night" everyone did something different to be unique with the theme.
May 19th, 2005
Lucerne, Switzerland
Today was a awesome day of exploring Lucerne on our own.
- Ate a horrible breakfast at the Mount Pilatus hotel.
- Ate some bratwurst in the city of Zurich.
- Ate an ok dinner at the Mount Pilatus hotel.
- We took the gondola down to Lucerne and proceeded to the train station to go to the City of Zurich which is the largest city in Switzerland.
- IN Zurich, we discovered that a big mac at mcdonalds cost like 25 swiss francs of 26 canadian dollars.
- Lucerne really was a beautiful little city. It was a nice relaxing day of walking and shopping. The cruise really showed off the beauty of the surrounding area.
- After the cruise, we returned to Mount Pilatus and did another easy hike. Most people went along and it was a lot of fun.
- We watched a movie in the evening and that was it.
May 20, 2005
En Route to Rhine Valley, Germany
Today was a slow day of driving to St.
- Ate breakfast at the Mount Pilatus.
- Ate lunch at rest stop in Germany.
- Ate dinner at the Contiki Hotel in St. Goar, Germany.
- We left Mount Pilatus and took the cog railway down the mountain.
- We drove to the Rhine Valley in Germany stopping at the Hockenheimring racing track.
- We arrived in St. Goar..
- We went on a cruise in the Rhine Valley and it was nice. There were several castles all around and the green mountain sides were nice.
- We had a great pork dinner with vegetables and potatoes in the Contiki Hotel.
- We went to a wine tasting after dinner and sampled several German white wines.
- After the wine tasting, it was time to drink. The tour broke the record for the most number of vodka shots in the hotel bar. The winner number was 600shots!
- If u were able to spit your bottle cap into a bird feeder you got a free shot.
- Only 3 people won free shots, all others failed, but bought many.
May 21, 2005
En Route to Amsterdam, Holland
Today was a slow day of driving and experiencing Amsterdam, Holland at night.
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel.
- Ate lunch at a crappy rest stop en route to Amsterdam.
- Ate dinner at the Contiki Hotel.
- We arrived in Amsterdam and saw a cheese and clog demonstration. We got to taste various Dutch cheeses and they were quite tasty. My favourites were pepper cheese and smoked pepper cheese.
- We had some free time before dinner so we walked around an old town near our hotel. It was a Sunday so most stores were closed but it was pretty cool.
- In the evening, we went to the Red Light District and it was a very interesting experience.
- The Red Light District smells like Mary Jane as there were several pot bars in the area.
- It was incredible to see all the prostitutes standing the building windows soliciting themselves
- As an unofficial portion of the tour, most of the people attended a cultural experience, a sex show at the Casso Rossa, very funny show.
- One hour show of 6 different acts, with audience participation, bananas and cigars.
May 22nd, 2005
Amsterdam, Holland
Today was a full day of exploring Amsterdam on our own and then a fantastic tour wrap up dinner and party.
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel.
- WE at lunch at Teasers which is the dutch version to Hooters.
- I had some curry chicken thing and and some dutch beer.
- Ate dinner at a Dutch restaurant including salad, soup, steak and veggies.
- Next, we went to Anne Frank's house. It was an incredible experience. Even thought I have not read Anne Frank's diary.
- We walked to the Rijksmuseum and walked around it. It holds the second most valuable painting in the world - A Rembrandt Painting that I had never seen before.
- We then walked all around the city and it was very cool. The city has a very cool fell or atmosphere. Lots of friendly people. The people all seemed to be dressed up very hip.
- Amsterdam - Cool City by Day, Crazy City by Night.
- Evening we did a final farewell dinner.
- Then we did a 2 hour cruise of the Amsterdam canals, and had unlimited drinks
- Then we all went back to the hotel for a final party in the hotel pub/bar.
May 23rd
En Route to London, England
The tour is wrapping up and today we drive through Belgium to France and then take the ferry back to England.
- Ate breakfast at the Contiki Hotel in Amsterdam.
- Ate lunch at in Belgium.
- Ate a
- The Contiki Tour is wrapping up. It was an incredible experience.
- Today, we drove through Belgium to France and then took the ferry back to England.
- We were taking a lot of pictures on the ferry back as its the last chance to take pictures with the tour.
- Then several of us that evening had a few last beers at the London pub at the Royal National Hotel.
End of Tour


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This synagogue was built by the Adas Israel congregation and dedicated in 1908 in what was then the main commercial part of Washington, which has now turned into Chinatown.
All photos copyright © by Helen Betts. All rights reserved. Please do not use or copy without written permission of owner.

subset: commoncrawl


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By Bill Yates
Luc is a dog and I love him. Luc joined our family as a puppy in 2000. I wanted to name him Gravy because he's grey like gravy but, we already had Beaux and decided to go with a Dukes of Hazzard theme. I know the spelling is off but supposedly that's what you're supposed to do with dogs…jack up the spelling of their names.
Luc loves to swim. We used to take him to the Trinity River below our house in Fort Worth and he would jump off the boat dock and chase turtles. He loves trying to "rescue" me at my mom and dad's house each time I get into the water.
Luc is a patriarch. He is Day-Z's father (another D.O.H. misspelling) and Lulu's grandfather. They both act and look just like him.
Luc has a #1 on his side. His body is completely grey with only a white "1" patch on his side.
Luc ran away when he was a puppy. Luc got out of the yard when he was about 6 months old and spent the night with a stranger. Of course he wasn't wearing a collar. After posting signs around the neighborhood we got a call from someone who found him on Oakland Blvd. They wanted $50 to give him back to us…jerks. We paid it.
Luc turns twelve today. He's having a hard time getting around. I have to help him up from time-to-time and he no longer runs with the other dogs. He's given so much happiness to our family and I love him.
Happy Birthday Luc!


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I received two of these FlipStir Puzzles in the mail. What is great about this puzzle is I will never once search for a missing piece, as it is contained and solved within its tube!
With quite a few options to choose from, we received a Statue of Liberty puzzle, as well as a Tyrannosaurus Rex FlipStir puzzle for Rachel.
Other themes available are space themed, color themed, a periodic table theme, and the two you are about to see! I received these products at a discounted price I n exchange for my honest and unbiased review.
While these are made very nicely, the puzzle is certainly a challenge to all! I figured if it was "too easy" that I would be saying just about the same except though. Instead, enjoying the challenge to solve one of these!
The product consists of 10 plastic puzzle pieces stationed in a capsule with a metal stick as the only source actually touching the puzzle pieces. While flipping, shaking, or stirring, the goal is to align the pieces on top of each other to form the photo. I have seems to accomplish getting them all in a straight line!
Nonetheless, those who enjoy puzzles would enjoy this challenge! It is rated for ages 7 and up, which hints a little at my 4 year olds frustration. On another note, it took us working together to get it stacked up like shown above!
Nicely made product and the idea is amazing! My two year old assisted in shaking it up, which means the whole household was involved by the end of reviewing!
My goal is to successfully complete one of these! The fact While it was very difficult, we had tons of fun working on these puzzles! Check out the links below if you'd like to view their website!


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Studio Table is a fine dining concept in Heather Day's San Francisco studio. We bring people together to challenge expectations and create conversations, beginning with a shared meal.
We hope you'll introduce yourself and join us at our next dinner.
Heather Day
Heather Day is an abstract artist and the mastermind behind Studio Table. In Heather's space and under her creative direction, Studio Table will bring people together through combining art and cuisine.
Michelle Wei
Michelle Wei is the team's adult supervision, leading Studio Table's partnerships, operations, and marketing. Deeply passionate about bringing communities together, Michelle also works to bridge the worlds of art and technology in her job leading Lightroom product marketing at Adobe.
Chef Ben Roche
Chef Ben Roche is a classically trained gourmet chef, planning on bringing his more experimental culinary dreams to life with Studio Table. Currently a research and development chef at Hampton Creek, Chef Ben previously worked alongside Homaru Cantu at Moto in Chicago, IL.
San Francisco today lies at the forefront of global innovation. It's a city bursting with creative and talented individuals from all areas of expertise, and one that not only pushes the envelope on social causes and technological advances, but also markets itself as a center of idea exchange. There is seemingly no ceiling to impede growth - until you look a little deeper.
In a city as diverse and robust as San Francisco there's a surprising amount of isolation. We tend to work with like-minds, which gives us little opportunity to connect with friends of a different style, pace, or career path. And even if we wanted to diversify our friend groups, there doesn't seem to be many ways for people to comfortably meet and get to know others outside the structure of day-to-day life. This leaves many feeling like they're always either looking from the inside out or from the outside in.
Heather Day and Michelle Wei, both involved in vastly different careers, broke this trend when they met serendipitously in their shared apartment building. Becoming fast friends, they decided San Franciscans needed a concrete way to meet others that they wouldn't have met otherwise - a way to open doors. The desire to connect and bring people together, coupled with the need to meet rising living costs, inspired Heather to develop the idea of Studio Table. Bringing a diverse group of people to the table to share a meal not only feels traditional; it also puts people at ease to do and learn something new. It takes courage to step back and restructure how we're social.
Heather's idea came to fruition when Ben Roche, after overhearing her discussing the Studio Table concept at a café, introduced himself and expressed a desire to collaborate. With Heather's artistic vision, Ben's culinary prowess, and Michelle's execution and marketing savvy, the three realized their collision exemplified what San Francisco could be when people of different fields are brought together. This spurred them to solidify Studio Table: opening doors and making life a little more vibrant for others in San Francisco.


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Swiss Company Brings La Verità To Parramatta For Sydney Festival
Swiss company Campagnia Finzi Pasca performs scenes from La Verità. The show is playing at the Riverside Theatre in Parramatta as part of the 2016 Sydney Festival.
Written and directed by Daniele Finzi Pasca, La Verità is an acrobatic and theatrical show featuring twelve acrobats and a spectacular curtain by Salvador Dalí as the inspiration for the surrealist visual landscape and large scale spectacle of the work.
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Candida glabrata (CG) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that initiates infection by binding to host cells via specific lectin-like adhesin proteins. We have previously shown the importance of lectin-oligosaccharide binding in cardiac responses to flow and agonists. Because of the lectinic-oligosaccharide nature of CG binding, we tested the ability of CG to alter the agonist- and flow-induced changes in cardiac function in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. Both transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed strong attachment of CG to the coronary endothelium, even after extensive washing. CG shifted the coronary flow vs. auricular-ventricular (AV) delay relationship upward, indicating that greater flow was required to achieve the same AV delay. This effect was completely reversed with mannose, partially reversed with galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, but hyaluronan had no effect. Western blot analysis was used to determine binding of CG to isolated coronary endothelial luminal membrane (CELM) receptors, and the results indicate that flow-sensitive CELM receptors, ANG II type I, α-adrenergic 1A receptor, endothelin-2, and VCAM-1 bind to CG. In addition, CG inhibited agonist-induced effects of bradykinin, angiotensin, and phenylephrine on AV delay, coronary perfusion pressure, and left ventricular pressure. Mannose reversed the inhibitory effects of CG on the agonist responses. These results suggest that CG directly binds to flow-sensitive CELM receptors via lectinic-oligosaccharide interactions with mannose and disrupts the lectin-oligosaccharide binding necessary for flow-induced cardiac responses.
- cell-cell interaction
- lectins
- oligosaccharides
- GPCR receptors
- flow sensors
candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that are among the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide with a mortality rate for Candida infections that can reach 40–50% (26, 28, 30). Candida glabrata (CG) has emerged as the second most prevalent infectious Candida species with increasing frequency as a cause of candidemia, especially in immunocompromised patients (10, 18, 28). Disseminated candidiasis leads to fungal replication in many organ systems, including the heart, brain, and kidney, but the heart suffers the most damage following Candida infection (1, 20, 23, 22). For these reasons, continued investigation into the pathophysiological characteristics of Candida infection and identification of novel mechanisms of Candida actions in the heart are very important.
Dissemination of Candida into the bloodstream and tissue invasion requires that the pathogen adhere to the blood vessel endothelium before entering the tissues. Candida albicans yeast forms adhere more efficiently under conditions of flow compared with static conditions (16). Similarly, CG initiates infection by binding to its host cell via specific host-pathogen interactions and can form biofilms (36). The cell wall of CG is composed of an outer layer containing a high concentration of mannoproteins with nearly 44% of the cell wall composed of mannose (9). This outermost layer is the first point of contact between CG and the endothelium.
CG contains a large number of glycosylphosphatidylinositol adhesin-like proteins, covalently bound to the wall via 1,6 and 1,3-β-glucan linkages. These lectin-like adhesin proteins, particularly those in the epithelial adhesin (EPA) family, are critical for adhesion to host cells (5, 9, 12, 43). In CG sir3Δ mutants, the transcription of two normally silent EPA genes leads to greater adherence of this strain to host cells (25). Additional proteins, such as Aed1p (adherence to endothelial cells), have also been proposed in the binding of CG to the endothelium (8).
Our group has previously shown that coronary blood flow stimulates heart glucose uptake, ventricular contraction, ventricular spontaneous rhythm, coronary vascular tone, and auricular-ventricular transmission (2, 27, 29, 32, 33) and indicated these flow-induced changes in cardiac function are the result of lectin-oligosaccharide binding in the luminal endothelial membrane (2, 17, 27, 29, 32, 33). For example, the role of luminal endothelial oligosaccharides can be shown by the fact that when intracoronary infusions of lectins (32, 33) or oligosaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes are given (32, 33), they alter coronary flow-induced cardiac responses. On the other hand, the role of luminal endothelial lectins is shown when polymers of glucose, mannose, or N-acetylglucosamine bind irreversibly to coronary endothelial membrane lectins and irreversibly inhibit coronary flow-induced cardiac responses (2, 27, 29). Thus, agents that bind to oligosaccharide or to lectinic structures on the coronary endothelium have profound effects on flow-induced changes in cardiac function.
Candida has been shown to quickly bind to the endothelium under conditions of flow and can cause serious conduction disturbances in the heart (11, 13, 15, 40). Fairchild et al. (11) demonstrated that Candida administration induced sinus bradycardia and auricular-ventricular (AV) block in all mice injected intraperitoneally with a range of 107-108 CFU/mouse. The bradycardia began within 1–3 min of intraperitoneal injection and resolved spontaneously within 30–90 min. The authors concluded that the mechanism associated with the bradyarrhythmias following pathogen injection was rapid activation of vagal signaling. On the basis of our results presented here, we propose that the AV delay is a direct result of Candida binding to the coronary endothelial membrane.
Because of the lectinic nature, mannose-rich outer cell wall, and cardiotropic effects of CG (8, 9 ,11, 12, 31, 43), we investigated the effects of intracoronary administration of CGM35 sir3Δ (CG3), a mutant form of CG that expresses more adhesin-like proteins (5) in isolated perfused hearts. We found that CG3 binds to the coronary luminal membrane using electron microscopy and, as a result of a mannose-dependent lectinic binding, inhibits the flow-dependent shortening of AV conduction. In addition, to define potential molecular mechanisms for this effect of CG3, we identified flow-sensitive coronary luminal membrane receptors that, upon binding to CG3, alter their function.
The Committee for the Use of Animal Experimentation at the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi approved the animal experimental procedures.
Candida glabrata Strain and Culture
Candida glabrata strain CGM35 sir3Δ (CG3) was chosen because it expresses two EPA genes, leading to increased expression of the adhesin-like proteins, which have lectin-like properties and high adherence to cells (5). The strain was cultured on Saburaud dextrose agar slants at 25°C. Cells were subcultured in Sabouraud dextrose broth for 18 h at 37°C in an orbital shaker incubator. After 48 h, the culture was centrifuged two times (3,500 rpm) for 5 min, washed with water, and suspended in Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) buffer to a final concentration of 3.7 × 103 cells/ml. The experiments in isolated perfused hearts were performed no more than 6 h following isolation and suspension of the cultures (36).
Isolated Perfused Guinea Pig Hearts
Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs (300–400 g body wt) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) followed by sodium heparin (500 IU). Under artificial respiration, the thorax was opened; the heart was excised and retrogradely perfused at a constant flow of 8 ml/min, according to the Langendorff method with oxygenated K-H (in mM): 127 NaCl, 6 KCl, 1.8 CaCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 1.2 MgSO4, 25 NaHCO3, 5 dextrose, 2 pyruvate, pH 7.4, 37°C, 95% O2, and 5% CO2. Heart rate was kept constant at 4.5 Hz by application of electric square pulses using a pair of electrodes placed in the right atria. There was a 30-min stabilization period before any experimental treatment (2, 29, 32, 33).
A-V Delay Measurements
Dromotropic effects (changes in A-V delay) were determined. A-V delay (in ms) was recorded via two electrodes connected to an oscilloscope. One electrode was placed in the left atrium, and a second electrode was placed on the apex of the left ventricle to record their corresponding action potentials. We have established that the time interval between these two electrical potential recordings (A-V delay) measures the electrical conduction time (ms) through the A-V node (33) and 1/A-V delay reflects the AV node conduction velocity. Heart rate was kept constant at 4.5 Hz by application of electric square pulses using a pair of electrodes placed in the right atria. After 30 min of stabilization, A-V-delay was measured at different coronary flows (4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 ml/min), allowing 5 min of stabilization at each step before measurement. For each heart, A-V delay was measured directly in milliseconds, and changes were expressed as means ± SE (n = 6 per group) (2, 29, 32, 33).
Coronary Vascular Resistance Measurements
Vascular resistance was determined from coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) measurements. CPP was recorded via a pressure transducer connected to a side branch of the perfusion cannula. The CPP at the end of the stabilizing period, at a coronary flow of 8 ml/min, was taken as control and was 37 ± 5 mmHg.
Ventricular Contraction Measurements
Inotropic effects were determined from changes in left ventricular pressure (LVP) measurements. For that purpose, a small hand-made latex balloon attached to the end of a fluid-filled catheter was introduced into the left ventricle via the left atrium. The other end of the catheter was connected to a pressure gauge, and 0.2 ml of water was injected with a syringe into the balloon to create a diastolic pressure and, upon ventricular contraction, pressure developed, and its amplitude was continuously recorded. All changes in amplitude of developed left ventricular pressure were taken as a qualitative indicator of inotropic response.
A-V delay Effects of Coronary Flow After Candida Glabrata Infusion
To study the effects of CG3, its maximal effective concentration was first determined from dose-response curves performed in six hearts and was found to be 3.7 × 103 cells/ml [administration of a higher concentration of CG3 completely blocks A-V delay (not shown); administration of wild-type Candida glabrata did not affect A-V delay (not shown)]. Control A-V delay vs. coronary flow and ventricular contraction vs. coronary flow (4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 ml/min) relationships were determined for each heart. Following the control measurements, CG3 (3.7 × 103 cells/ml) was infused for 10 min followed by a 20-min wash period with K-H to remove unbound CG3 from the coronary endothelial luminal membrane (CELM). At this point a second A-V delay-coronary flow curve was determined. Thereafter, either mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine (30 mM), or hyaluronic acid (10 μg/ml) was infused for 5 min, followed by a 5-min washout with K-H, and a third A-V delay-coronary flow curve was determined (n = 6).
Dromotropic, Inotropic, and Vascular Responses Induced by Intracoronary Administration of Bradykinin, Phenylephrine, or ANG II Are Depressed by Candida glabrata
In isolated guinea pig hearts perfused at a constant coronary flow of 8 ml/min, an intracoronary bolus infusion (0.5 s duration) of bradykinin, ANG II, or phenylephrine (10−6 M) was given, and control agonist responses were measured. Five minutes after these control responses, CG3 (3.7 × 103 cells/ml) or K-H (control) was perfused for 5 min followed by a 20-min washout to remove unbound CG3. A second intracoronary bolus infusion of (10−6 M) bradykinin, ANG II, or phenylephrine was repeated. Thereafter, a sustained 5-min perfusion of 30 mM mannose was given, followed by a 10-min washout period. A third bolus infusion of bradykinin, ANG II, or phenylephrine was administered (10−6 M). In all cases, the agonist bolus infusion caused a transient peak change, whose amplitude defined the response: ΔA-V, ΔCPP, and ΔLVP. To compare the responses following CG3 and mannose treatments (experiments; e) with the corresponding control response (c), the ratios between the corresponding responses were taken and multiplied by 100. The control response was 100%. These ratios were as follows: ΔA-Vc/ΔA-Ve X100, ΔCPPe/ΔCPPc X100, and ΔLVPe/ΔLVPc X100. In the case of A-V, the ratios are inverse to those of CPP and LVP, because the measured parameter reciprocally reflects, not directly, the variable measured (velocity of propagation in the AV node). In short, the amplitude of responses is expressed as % of the corresponding control agonist response.
Isolation of Coronary Endothelial Luminal Membrane Proteins
Cationic silica perfusion.
In the isolated perfused guinea pig heart preparation described above, colloidal silica was intracoronarily infused, as previously described (2, 4, 7, 27, 29). In brief, hearts were retrogradely perfused at a constant pressure of 70 cm of water with 50 ml MBS [MES; 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic sodium salt, 19.6 mM, NaCl 150 mM 10 M EGTA, pH 6], followed by successive perfusion with 10 ml MBS pH 5. Thereafter, 24 ml of 1.5% cationic colloidal silica in MBS pH 5 was perfused. Unbound silica was washed using 20 ml of MBS pH 5. CELM-bound silica was polymerized by perfusion of 40 ml of anionic polyacrylic acid (3 mg/ml in MBS at pH 6), and the excess was washed with 20 ml of MBS, pH 5. Subsequently, 20 ml of lysis buffer (LB, 25 mM HEPES; N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, sucrose 250 mM, pH 7.4) was perfused. From these hearts CELM proteins were isolated (n = 6). Each heart was processed separately, and the CELM proteins of all six hearts were pooled.
Isolation of silica-bounded CELM.
Each ventricle was dissected, minced, and suspended in 10 ml of ice-cold LB containing 1 mM of PMSF and homogenized with a Glass-Teflon homogenizer, at 6,000 rpm, 5 min, at 4°C. The homogenate was mixed with an equal volume of Nycodenz (Histodenz; Sigma, D2158) solution I (228 mM in LB) layered on top of 0.5 ml of Nycodenz solution II (290 mM in LB), and centrifuged for 20 min at 20,000 g. The supernatant was discarded, and the enriched CELM fraction was obtained from the pellet, as described below. The pellets from the six hearts were pooled.
The pooled pellet was washed three times with MBS, pH 6. The resulting CELM-silica pellicle fraction was suspended in 2% SDS, sonicated, boiled for 5 min, and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 g. The supernatant contains CELM proteins that were quantified using the bicinchoninic acid kit (Sigma B9643) (2, 27, 29).
CELM samples were briefly sonicated and heated for 5 min before loading the gel (n = 6). For all CELM samples, 20 μg of protein was loaded per well on 12% bis-acrylamide mini gels (1.5 mm). CELM proteins were visualized using BioSafe Coomassie stain (Bio-Rad 161-0787). Preparative gels were run, and proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride nylon membranes (GE Health Care, PVDF 0.45 μm, RPN303F) for Western blot analysis.
Western blot analysis.
Membranes were washed in TBS (0.05 M, pH 7.6) and blocked for 1 h with 10% nonfat powdered milk in TBS (0.05 M, pH 7.6). Membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with a 1:5,000 dilution of primary IgG polyclonal rabbit or monoclonal mouse specific antibody to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin receptor type 2 (ETR), VCAM-1, and α adrenergic 1A receptor (AR) were used as loading controls (SC-1173, SC-33535, SC-8304, SC-28982; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, respectively). After 24 h, membranes were washed twice at room temperature with TBS (0.05 M, pH 7.6) and TBS with 0.1% Tween 20 (0.05 M, pH 7.6), for 5 min. Thereafter, membranes were blocked for 1 h, incubated for 1 h with secondary antibody (1:5,000 dilution of anti-rabbit or anti-mouse; horseradish peroxidase-conjugated), and washed. Western blots were developed by ECL (enhance chemiluminescence reagent, SuperSignal West Pico, Pierce 34080) and were visualized on Kodak photographic paper. Band densities were quantified using the National Institutes of Health program ImageJ. A mean value was calculated from the four-receptor density measurements. Mean density for each sample was expressed as a percentage of the control value (control group).
Identification of GPCR of CELM that bind to Candida glabrata.
Four milliliters of CELM proteins (1 mg/ml) were mixed with 5 ml of buffered medium (K-H), and 5 ml of CG3 (3.7 × 103 cells/ml) were added. The mixture was incubated at room temperature under continuous shaking for 10 min. CG3 was used like an affinity chromatography resin to bind CELM molecules, with GPCRs present in the CELM sample. The solution was centrifuged (5,000 rpm, 4°C, 10 min) to sediment CG3 with bound proteins. The supernatant was collected and identified as the nonbound fraction, or NBF. The CG3 pellet was suspended in 5 ml of K-H containing mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine (each at 30 mM) and gently agitated (5 min, 4°C). The suspension was centrifuged, and the supernatant was identified as the bound fraction (BF). The NBF and BF were concentrated, and Western blots were performed as described above.
Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy of isolated hearts perfused with Candida glabrata
Isolated guinea pig hearts (n = 3) were infused with CG3 (3.7 × 103 cells/ml) for a 5-min period followed by a 20-min washout to remove unbound CG3. Thereafter, the tissue was fixed by a 5-min intracoronary perfusion of a solution of 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer 100 mM, pH 7.4. Tissue was cut in 5- to 6-mm-thick blocks, immersed in glutaraldehyde solution, and stored at 4°C until ready to process for electron microscopy.
For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) heart tissue blocks of ∼2 mm2 were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 1 h at room temperature. Fixed tissues were washed with buffer and postfixed for 1 h in 1% OsO4. Tissues were washed in buffer and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series at 4°C and embedded in ethanol:resin LR-White 1:1 for 1 h, and overnight with resin at 100%. The tissues were included inside LR-White gelatin capsules and polymerized with UV light for 24 h. Ultra-thin sections (60–90 nm) were cut with a Sorvall MT2 ultramicrotome, mounted on 200-mesh copper grids, stained with 2% lead citrate and 2% uranyl acetate, and photographed with a Jeol JEM-200CX TEM.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the heart tissues were fixed 2 h in 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Samples were rinsed three times with cold buffer for 15 min each. Afterward, samples were postfixed with 1% OsO4 in phosphate buffer for 1 h, followed by three rinses with buffer, 15 min each, and then the tissues were dehydrated in graded ethanol. Critical point drying was done in a Tousimis Samdri-PVT-3D, samples were mounted and gold sputter-coated using a Cressington model 108 auto and examined in a FEI model Quanta 200 SEM.
Statistical Analysis
The free statistical program R 2.13.1 was used; an ANOVA and Dunnett test were utilized to compare the experimental results of flow-induced responses. To compare the results of the effects of CG3 on drug administration and its reversal by sugar treatment, we used the Student's t-test. Values are expressed as means ± SE, and each heart served as its own control. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Candida glabrata Binds to the Coronary Endothelium
TEM and SEM of guinea pig hearts that were perfused at a flow rate of 8 ml/min with CG3 showed that even after extensive washing, the yeast remains bound to the coronary endothelial cell membrane (Fig. 1, A and B). In the transmission electron micrograph in Fig. 1A, the membranes of the two cell types actually are separated by a small space of about 0.1- to 0.2-μm thickness, which likely results from the intertwining of the cell wall of CG3 with the glycocalyx of the endothelial cell. This is suggested by the faint fibrous electron opaque structures seen between the yeast surface and the endothelial surface (Fig. 1A, thick arrow). A three-dimensional scanning electron micrograph of a capillary is shown in Fig. 1B. In this picture, several yeast cells are clearly shown bound to the luminal wall of the blood vessel. Inclusively, the yeast cell located in the front plane of the picture, at the right lower corner, is engulfed by a matrix, possibly the luminal coronary endothelial glycocalyx. These results are similar to those found recently using Candida parapsilosis and cultured human endothelial cell monolayers under no-flow conditions (35).
Candida glabrata Inhibits the Positive Dromotropic Effect of Coronary Flow
As previously established (2, 29, 32, 33), increasing coronary flow reduces A-V delay (Fig. 2, A–D). After infusion of CG3, the relationship between flow and AV delay was shifted up and to the right, indicating an inhibition of the positive dromotropic effect of flow (Fig. 2, A–D). The addition of mannose (MAN; Fig. 2A), galactose (GAL; Fig. 2B), N-acetylglucosamine (NAG; Fig. 2C), and hyaluronan (HYAL; 2D) reversed the effects of CG3 in the following decreasing sequence MAN > GAL > NAG >>> HYAL. MAN completely eliminated the effects of CG3, and HYAL had no effect.
These results are similar to our previous work (33) in which intracoronary infusion of various plant lectins with different affinities to NAG, MAN, and GAL, upon binding to the endothelial lumen as does CG3, depressed the positive dromotropic effects of coronary flow. These lectins were Lycopersicron esculentum (affinity to β1,4NAG), Lens culinaris (affinity to αMAN), concanavalin A (affinity to αMAN), Arachis hypogea (affinity to GALβ1GalNac), Griffonia simplificolia (affinity to αGalNac), and Ricinus communis (affinity to βGal). The orders of inhibitory potency of these lectins on flow-induced positive dromotropism were Lycopersicron esculentum > Lens culinaris ≈ concanavalin A ≥ Arachis hypogea > Griffonia simplificolia >>> Ricinus communis. The order of sugar affinities of these lectins is NAG > MAN > GAL and indicates that these three sugars participate in flow sensing. The discrepancy in the results using plant lectins vs. the present results using CG3 will be explained in the discussion.
Flow-Sensitive CELM Membrane Receptors Bind to Candida glabrata
CG3 was used as an affinity resin in suspension to which CELM proteins were added and incubated. Following centrifugation, a supernatant fraction (not bound proteins) and CG3 pellet fractions (bound proteins) were obtained. The CG3 pellet was eluted with a solution of three monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine) to release bound proteins. In the control CELM, bound and unbound fractions form the proteins; ANG II receptor (AT1R), α-adrenergic receptor (α1R), endothelin receptor (ET2R), and VCAM-1 were visualized and quantified by Western blot analysis and ImageJ software (Fig. 3). With the total amount of each of these proteins in the CELM fraction (control) defined as 100%, more than 65% binds to CG3 (bound fraction); i.e., there may be two fractions; one recognized by CG3 and another that is not. AT1R, α1R, and VCAM-1 are activated by flow (6, 21, 27, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42). It is unknown whether ET2R is also flow stimulated (27). These results support previous studies that show GPCRs in the coronary endothelial membrane are glycosylated and lectinic (27, 34); for these reasons, GPCRs are flow sensitive and are recognized by CG3.
Mannose Reverses the Action of Candida glabrata on GPCR-Mediated Cardiac Effects
A certain and simple way to functionally identify a GPCR is to measure the response induced by its activation with a specific agonist. To detect the effect of CG3 on agonist-activation of GPCRs, we chose to measure responses to bradykinin, ANG II, and phenylephrine, which are also flow-sensitive (21, 27, 38, 42). Each of these three GPCRs was activated with a submaximal dose (95% max) of the corresponding specific agonist, and the effects were determined on three different functions: A-V delay, coronary vascular responses, and inotropic effects (Fig. 4). Bradykinin, ANG II, and phenylephrine caused in the control group a positive dromotropic effect (1/-ΔA-Vc) response. ANG II and phenylephrine caused a control +ΔCPP and +ΔLVP responses, while for bradykinin, these control responses were negative. After CG3 infusion, the magnitude of these responses diminished compared with their corresponding control responses (Fig. 4, A–C), but, in the case of bradykinin, the diminutions of −ΔCPP and a −ΔLVP to bradykinin show only a trend. For all agonists, the blockade by CG3 on the dromotropic, vascular, and inotropic effects was restored following infusion of mannose (Fig. 4, A–C).
Pathogenic dissemination of Candida into the bloodstream and invasion of tissues requires adhesion to the blood vessel endothelial luminal wall. Here, we show that Candida glabrata sir3Δ (CG3) mutant adheres to the coronary endothelium and alters the relationship between flow and cardiac function, including A-V delay, coronary perfusion pressure, and ventricular contraction (Fig. 5). CG3 binds coronary luminal membrane flow-dependent protein receptors, including endothelin, ANG II, α-adrenergic receptor, and VCAM. Furthermore, agonist-mediated changes in cardiac function can be altered by infusion with CG3. Both flow and agonist-mediated effects can be completely reversed by MAN, partially by GAL, poorly or none by NAG and HYAL, suggesting that CG3 binding is mediated possibly by reciprocal lectinic-oligosaccharide interactions involving mannose and galactose (5, 25, 43).
Candida glabrata strain CGM35 sir3Δ (CG3) was chosen for this study because adaptation of wild-type Candida glabrata to in vivo conditions takes time, and this mutant strain, which overexpresses EPA genes, more closely represents mutated C. glabrata found in urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Overexpression of EPA genes leads to increased expression of the adhesin-like proteins, which are highly glycosylated mannoproteins, and results in high adherence to cells. Three adhesins, Epa1, Epa6, and Epa7, all require a terminal galactose on the carbohydrate ligand for host recognition (5, 43). Similarly, the endothelial luminal membrane also contains a large number of lectins (2, 27, 29), and most proteins are glycosylated, containing mannose and galactose (32, 33, 34).
Role of Endothelial Lectins on Parenchymal Function-Coronary Flow Responses
Our laboratory has previously shown that two components of the coronary endothelial glycocalyx—oligosaccharides and lectins—are involved in the endothelial signal transduction mechanisms linking flow-mediated and agonist-induced cardiac responses (2, 17, 27, 29, 32, 33). Specifically, endothelial lectinic proteins interact reversibly with oligosaccharides, and these interactions, which are flow regulated, lead to alterations in cardiac excitability, vasoconstriction, A-V node velocity of propagation, contractility, and metabolism. The endothelial glycocalyx contains transmembrane lectins with affinity to mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine, and exogenous polymers of these sugars (NAG-Pol, MAN-Pol, and Gal-Pol) differentially inhibited flow-induced A-V node effects and removal of endogenous hyaluronidate was without effect. These results allowed us to define the following inhibitory potency sequence NAG-Pol > Man-Pol >> Gal-Pol >>>> HYAL (2, 29). The relevance of these observations for the present study is discussed below.
Role of Candida glabrata Lectins on Parenchymal Function-Coronary Flow Responses
On the one hand, the CG3 mutant behaves as a living mannose and galactose polymer, binds to flow-dependent lectinic endothelial membrane proteins, and inhibits flow and agonist-dependent cardiac effects. As far as flow-mediated effects, we show that addition of MAN (Fig. 2A), GAL (Fig. 2B), NAG (Fig. 2C), and HYAL (Fig. 2D) reversed the effects of CG3 in the following sequence MAN > GAL >> NAG >>>> HYAL. This sequence is close to that using exogenous polymers NAG-Pol > Man-Pol >> Gal-Pol >>>> HYAL (2, 29), except that NAG-Pol in this sequence is in the first and not in the third place, as in the sequence for CG3 (MAN > GAL >> NAG >>>> HYAL). This difference could imply that NAG and hyaluronidate do not reverse the effects of CG3 because the yeast surface does not contain NAG and hyaluronidate groups that are functionally involved in the endothelial binding, it contains only functional MAN and GAL structures.
Role of Endothelial or Candida glabrata Oligosaccharides on Parenchymal Function-Coronary Flow Responses
On the other hand, also in this study, CG3 behaves as living mannose- and galactose-selective lectin. The present results are similar to our previous work (33), in which intracoronary infusion of various plant lectins with different affinities to NAG; Lycopersicron esculentum (affinity to β1,4 NAG), MAN; Lens culinaris and concanavalin A (affinities to αMAN), and GAL; Arachis hypogea, Griffonia simplificolia, and Ricinus comunis (respective affinities for GALβ1GalNac, αGalNac, and βGal) upon binding to the endothelial lumen, depressed the positive dromotropic effects of coronary flow, with the sequence: Lycopersicron esculentum > Lens culinaris ≈ concanavalin A ≥ Arachis hypogea > Griffonia simplificolia >>> Ricinus communis. Enzymatic removal of endothelial glycocalyx hyaluronidate had no effect. This order of potency of these lectins is a reflection of their order of sugar affinities, which are NAG > MAN > GAL >>>> Hyal, which indicates that these three sugars participate in flow sensing by the A-V node, but hyaluronidate does not. The fact that NAG and hyaluronidate do not reverse the effects of CG3 implies that the yeast does not bind to functional NAG-containing structures, only to those with MAN and GAL, which are the ones more effective at reversing CG3 effects. Whether CG3 binds to hyaluronidate cannot be asserted because our response-indicator (A-V node transmission) is not hyaluronidate dependent (32, 33).
In summary, the luminal endothelial membrane is a source of oligosaccharide binding sites for GG3 adhesins (5, 32, 33, 34, 43) and CG3, in turn, is a source of oligosaccharide binding for endothelial lectins (5). Thus, the reciprocal binding between endothelial and GG3 extracellular matrices has functional implications that depend on mannose > galactose.
An increasing number of luminal endothelial GPCRs are activated by flow (6, 21, 27, 29, 38, 41, 42), which enhances the agonist stimulation (22). We have provided evidence that this synergism between flow and agonist results from the lectinic properties of GPCRs (27), which are also glycosylated (34). These two properties suggest that GPCRs could bind to CG3. Binding of GPCRs from the luminal endothelial protein fraction was demonstrated using CG3 as an affinity resin and elution with mannose and galactose freed the bound GPCRs. The binding of CG3 to GPCRs (agonists; phenylephrine, ANG II, and bradykinin) in situ is indicated by inhibition of agonist-induced responses following yeast infusion and reversal of this inhibition by infusion of a high concentration of mannose. This implies that after the endothelium is invaded by CG3, it is pharmacologically impaired, and mannose cannot correct this impairment.
Candida glabrata was once considered a relatively nonpathogenic saprophyte of the normal flora of healthy individuals, but in recent studies, it has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. The reduced susceptibility of Candida glabrata to azoles and amphotericin B poses a challenge in choosing the most appropriate antifungal therapy for patients with candidemia prior to the availability of species identification or antifungal susceptibility test results (18, 37). It is possible that mannose or mannose polymers could be used to prevent binding between Candida and host membranes in the endothelium, decrease drug resistance associated with Candida glabrata in biofilm, and decrease the cardiac effects associated with Candida glabrata-endothelium binding, leading to a novel therapy for preventing the deleterious effects of Candida glabrata septicemia.
Future directions of this work will be to test the mechanisms of how Candida glabrata interacts with the coronary endothelium to induce a decrease in coronary blood flow, perhaps through eNOS phosphorylation, NO production, and downstream signaling events. The isolated heart model used in this study did not allow us to address these questions, but future studies using endothelial cell cultures and isolated vessels will allow us to explore the mechanism of these effects at the cellular level.
This study was funded by Grants PROMEP DSA/103.5/14/11016, CONACYT-SEP No. 101850, CONACYT-SEP No. 101850, and CONACYT CB 2014 No. 239629.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
Author contributions: D.T.-T. and A.P.-S. performed experiments; D.T.-T., A.P.-S., and R.R. analyzed data; D.T.-T., A.D.l.P., and R.R. interpreted results of experiments; D.T.-T. and R.R. prepared figures; D.T.-T., M.K., and R.R. drafted manuscript; D.T.-T., M.K., and R.R. edited and revised manuscript; M.K., I.C., A.D.l.P., and R.R. conception and design of research; M.K., I.C., A.P.-S., A.D.l.P., and R.R. approved final version of manuscript.
- Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society


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Ambient Retreat Mosman Enquire to book
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Situated moments away from the conveniences of Spit Junction, on a quiet residential street, this clean and stylish property makes moving a breeze. Head straight down nearby Awaba Street to hit Balmoral Beach where in no time you will find the perfect spot for the kids to swim and for yourself to grab a coffee or brunch at The Boatshed. All of Spit Junction's amenities are 3 minutes up the road andit is easy to commute to the CBD from Mosman via bus or ferry. Nearby is the beautiful Middle Harbour Marina at Spit Bridge for those into the nautical lifestyle. All in all this property is in a great spot for the entire family.
Core Features and Benefits:
A traditional character home, with beautifully styled modern features throughout
Situated on a tranquil residential street with no through traffic and plenty of space for unrestricted parking
Modern and Clean 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom family home
Master bedroom with Queensize bed, ensuite bathroom and Juliet balcony
Second upstairs bedroom with single bed + pop up trundle can be joined together to create a queen
Spacious third bedroom downstairs with Queen bed
Modern family bathroom located downstairs with combined bath and duel vanity unit
Large and light open kitchen fitted with gas hob, dishwasher and all amenities
Kitchen doors lead out to undercover decking area where there is plenty of room for entertaining
Open plan family dining room and lounge
Hardwood floors and high ceilings throughout
Working gas fireplace and central heating for the winter months
Partially airconditioned
Please note: This property does not have off street parking but there is plenty of unlimited parking available on the street
Top 5 things the owners love about their house:
It's in such a good position. Only a short walk to Balmoral Beach which we visit almost daily and the shops and transport are even closer
We love the peace and quiet. Most of the time the only sounds you hear are the birds calling
It's a deceptively large place, privacy is never a problem, yet there are ample areas both inside and out where we can mix with family and friends
Being located on a cul-de-sac, the street is quiet and friendly and there's always plenty of parking
We love the sound when the rain falls on the roof, just like at Grandma's house in the country
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Mitsubishi Lemon Law Lawyers, State Laws, Cases
As a public service (we don't accept any money or gift from any of the lawyers listed) we have made the list of lemon attorneys by US States, based on most authorative sources.
List of Lemon Law Lawyers/Attorneys
A few interesting studies:
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Classic study by CARS finds how lemons, including Mitsubishi ones, are disposed to mislead the customers.
TOS + Privacy + Copyrights + Sitemap
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(Last Updated: April 29, 2004.)
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Tag Archives: First Friday
February First Friday with Melissa Joy Manning!
We are bringing in 2015 with exciting news!
A Trunk Show with Melissa Joy Manning Jewelry is happening at Blush on February 6th, 2015!
We are so excited to welcome back the lovely lovely jewels from one of our favorite jewelry designers and can't wait to share what new and exciting pieces she has in store with all of you.
Hope you can make it on Friday February 6th, 2015 from 4:30 – 8pm to Blush…Make sure to bring your friends and enjoy the fun festivities and 20% off all Melissa Joy Manning Jewelry.
Yummy treats and Bubbly will be flowing from our good friends at Ginger….xo
Chan Luu Trunk Show Goodness….
First Friday Trunk Shows at Blush are something we take pride in practically each month of the year.
We bring a new or customer favorite designer in each month and do a wonderful showcase of all that they have to offer for one night and offer an awesome trunk show discount to top it off…
We also have a yummy spread and bubbly from Ginger to top it off.
I mean really can it get any better??
This month, for the month of March, we had a lovely evening spent with Chan Luu's beautiful Ready To Wear, Jewelry and Scarves.
You would be surprised at the extensive range her collections have to offer.
Here's a little peek of our night…
Come join us next time for a fun filled evening
We would love to see you
Next Month….


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Work cited
http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/Classes/US210/Greek-play.html Ancient Greek
Theater Different Types THe Misconception The start of Theater Ancient Greek theater is a mixture of myth, legend, philosophy, social commentary, poetry, dance, music, public participation, and visual splendor. It began as a religious ceremony. The Athenian theater focused on the God Dionysus. Dionysus was the God of:
fertility (main duty)
sexuality Many people believe that the ancient Greek theater consisted of white buildings with white scenes and white clothing. This knowledge came about when Victorians found theater ruins without color. These, however, were only colorless because the colors on the ruins had faded over the years. The ancient Greek theater actually consisted of loud music, bright colors, and extensive dancing.
Their plays showed:
violence and daily life
social and ethical plays
betrayal There were two major types of Greek plays.
There was tragedy, which was derived from the word tragos and means goat.
The other one was comedy, which was derived from the word odé and means song. A tragedy received its name from how it was performed. Cult of Dionysian Comedy Setup
Prologue: As in tragedies.
Parode (Entrance Ode): As in tragedies, but the chorus takes up a position either for or against the hero.
Agôn (Contest): Two speakers debate the issue (typically with eight feet per line), and the first speaker loses. Choral songs may occur towards the end.
Parabasis (Coming Forward): After the other characters have left the stage, the chorus members remove their masks and step out of character to address the audience.
First the chorus leader chants in anapests (eight per line) about some important, topical issue, typically ending with a breathless tongue twister.
Next the chorus sings, and there are typically four parts to the choral performance:
Ode: Sung by one half of the chorus and addressed to a god.
Epirrhema (Afterword): A satyric or advisory chant (eight trochees [long-short] per line) on contemporary issues by the leader of that half-chorus.
Antode (Answering Ode): An answering song by the other half of the chorus in the same meter as the ode.
Antepirrhema (Answering Afterword) An answering chant by the leader of the second half-chorus, which leads back to the comedy.
Episode: As in tragedies, but primarily elaborating on the outcome of the agon.
Exode (Exit Song): As in tragedy, but with a mood of celebration and possibly with a riotous revel (cômos), joyous marriage, or both. Tragedy Setup
Prologue: A monologue or dialogue preceding the entry of the chorus, which presents the tragedy's topic.
Parode (Entrance Ode): The entry chant of the chorus, often in an anapestic (short-short-long) marching rhythm (four feet per line). Generally, they remain on stage throughout the remainder of the play. Although they wear masks, their dancing is expressive, as conveyed by the hands, arms and body.
Typically the parode and other choral odes involve the following parts, repeated in order several times:
Strophê (Turn): A stanza in which the chorus moves in one direction (toward the altar).
Antistrophê (Counter-Turn): The following stanza, in which it moves in the opposite direction. The antistrophe is in the same meter as the strophe.
Epode (After-Song): The epode is in a different, but related, meter to the strophe and antistrophe, and is chanted by the chorus standing still. The epode is often omitted, so there may be a series of strophe-antistrophe pairs without intervening epodes.
Episode: There are several episodes (typically 3-5) in which one or two actors interact with the chorus. They are, at least in part, sung or chanted. Speeches and dialogue are typically iambic hexameter: six iambs (short-long) per line, but rhythmic anapests are also common. In lyric passages the meters are treated flexibly. Each episode is terminated by a stasimon:
Stasimon (Stationary Song): A choral ode in which the chorus may comment on or react to the preceding episode.
Exode (Exit Ode): The exit song of the chorus after the last episode. The cult's most controversial practice involved, it is believed, uninhibited dancing and emotional displays that created an altered mental state. This altered state was known as 'ecstasis', from which the word ecstasy is derived. Dionysiac, hysteria and 'catharsis' also derive from Greek words for emotional release or purification. Ecstasy was an important religious concept to the Greeks, who would come to see theater as a way of releasing powerful emotions through its ritual power. Though it met with resistance, the cult spread south through the tribes of Greece over the ensuing six centuries. During this time, the rites of Dionysus became mainstream and more formalized and symbolic. The death of a tragic hero was offered up to god and man rather than the sacrifice of say, a goat. By 600 BC these ceremonies were practised in spring throughout much of Greece. By 600 BC Greece was divided into city-states, separate nations centered in major cities and regions. The most prominent city-state was Athens, where at least 150,000 people lived. It was here that the Rites of Dionysus evolved into what we know today as theater. Since Athens was located in a region called Attica. Greek and Athenian theater are sometimes referred to as Attic Theater. Golden Age for Greek theater BY: Nick Lakatos
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text: I was thinking about hiring someone for this coming summer to do yard work. Would it be better to pay this person cash or check (without taking any taxes out) as a outside contract laborer? i thought you could pay up to $ 600 or $ 800 before you had to get a 1099 from them, does any of this sound right to you? Does or has anyone done something similar to this? if so what is the pro's and con's of it.


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What's my opinion on major discount days in shopping malls?
Anglų esė. What's my opinion on major discount days in shopping malls?
First of all, I think that such major discount days increases sales and circulation for the shops. It is so because theres a plenty people who rushes to get their favorite or must-needed items in a consideribly lower price. In my opinion, it benefits the shops because it really helps to increase the finances.
In addition, it aids to sell the products faster. It happens because people don't even think if the product will be useful on major discount days, they just buy it, before somebody else does. Considering this, I think that such days are useful for the shops.
However, such days are not that beneficial for people, because they often buy the things they don't need.
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What's my opinion on major discount days in shopping malls?. (2015 m. Gruodžio 08 d.). http://www.mokslobaze.lt/whats-my-opinion-on-major-discount-days-in-shopping-malls.html Peržiūrėta 2017 m. Lapkričio 22 d. 01:12


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Do you love to knit, quilt, crochet and/or sew? If so, please consider joining the Prayer Shawl Ministry by creating a shawl or by donating support materials such as unused yarn, crochet hooks, knitting needles, and funds for materials and packaging.
Prayer shawls are provided for gifting at the pastors' discretion and are also given to the Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center Labor and Delivery and Antepartum Department to mothers experiencing bereavement.
Meetings are 7:00 to 8:30 p.m. the second Tuesday of the month in a member's home.
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The Untold Story of Hollywood's Creative Artists Agency is a highly entertaining, educational and simply fun book about Hollywood's transformation over the last 50-60 years and a tale about an agency that was there on every step of the way. Miller is an internationally known bestselling author, and his latest effort is just as great as all of his previous work, if not greater.
It's a documentary, a "detailed dive" into the world of the movie-makers and everybody around them, but it's not a boring bunch of numbers and charts. It will be an amazing read even if you don't care about how the Hollywood system works and just want to read something interesting that will keep you entertained. CAA is a tremendously powerful, huge organization that stands behind all of your favorite movies, Television shows, and even sporting events and rock operas. These people prefer to stay in the dark, but without them, the industry might as well crash.
It all started back in 1975 when 5 ambitious people decided it was time for them to make history. The company that they founded forever changed the entertainment industry, and they've got an enormous influence over the world of movies, TV, advertising, et cetera, et cetera. They've been setting the trends over the last couple of decades, and Powerhouse does an amazing job of following the agency's rise to power.
James Andrew Miller managed to get his hands on financial documents that used to be classified, plus, he had some one-on-one time with the founders of CAA. All of that legit info allowed him to write a gripping story about ground-breaking ambition, the hunger for more, greed, big egos and the human vices. At the same time, Powerhouse is about brilliance, hard work, courage, family, and brotherhood.