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Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth.
1 Terminology
2 Causes
2.1 Internal forcing mechanisms
2.1.1 Ocean variability
2.2 External forcing mechanisms
2.2.1 Human influences
2.2.2 Orbital variations
2.2.3 Solar output
2.2.4 Volcanism
2.2.5 Plate tectonics
3 Physical evidence for and examples of climatic change
3.1 Temperature measurements and proxies
3.2 Historical and archaeological evidence
3.3 Glaciers
3.4 Vegetation
3.5 Pollen analysis
3.6 Precipitation
3.7 Dendroclimatology
3.8 Ice cores
3.9 Insects
3.10 Fish
3.11 Sea level change
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.[1][2] Accordingly, fluctuations over periods shorter than a few decades, such as El Niño, do not represent climate change.
The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earths' natural processes,[3] and the differentiation of these two causes, human impact vs. natural processes is a key component of the climate change debate.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change defines climate change as "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods."[4] In this latter sense, used especially in the context of environmental policy, climate change is synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.
Climate change reflects a change in the energy balance of the climate system, i.e. changes the relative balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation from Earth. When this balance changes it is called "radiative forcing", and the calculation and measurement of radiative forcing is one aspect of the science of climatology. The processes that cause such changes are called "forcing mechanisms" .[5]
Forcing mechanisms can be either "internal" or "external". Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes within the climate system itself, e.g., the meridional turnover. External forcing mechanisms can be either natural (e.g., changes in solar output) or anthropogenic (e.g., increased emissions of greenhouse gases).
Whether the initial forcing mechanism is internal or external, the response of the climate system might be fast (e.g., a sudden cooling due to airborne volcanic ash reflecting sunlight), slow (e.g. thermal expansion of warming ocean water), or a combination (e.g., sudden loss of albedo in the arctic ocean as sea ice melts, followed by more gradual thermal expansion of the water). Therefore, the climate system can respond abruptly, but the full response to forcing mechanisms might not be fully developed for centuries or even longer.
In addition, there are many climate change feedbacks that can either intensify or reduce a warming or cooling trend.
Internal forcing mechanisms
Natural changes in the components of earth's climate system and their interactions are the cause of internal climate variability, or "internal forcings." Scientists generally define the five components of earth's climate system to include Atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere (restricted to the surface soils, rocks, and sediments), and biosphere.[6][7]
Ocean variability
Pacific Decadal Oscillation 1925 to 2010
Main article: Thermohaline circulation
The ocean is a fundamental part of the climate system, some changes in it occurring at longer timescales than in the atmosphere, massing hundreds of times more and having very high thermal inertia (such as the ocean depths still lagging today in temperature adjustment from the Little Ice Age).[8]
Short-term fluctuations (years to a few decades) such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, the North Atlantic oscillation, and the Arctic oscillation, represent climate variability rather than climate change. On longer time scales, alterations to ocean processes such as thermohaline circulation play a key role in redistributing heat by carrying out a very slow and extremely deep movement of water, and the long-term redistribution of heat in the world's oceans.
A schematic of modern thermohaline circulation. Tens of millions of years ago, continental plate movement formed a land-free gap around Antarctica, allowing formation of the ACC which keeps warm waters away from Antarctica.
External forcing mechanisms
Increase in Atmospheric CO2 Levels
Milankovitch cycles from 800,000 years ago in the past to 800,000 years in the future.
Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years
Human influences
Main article: Global warming
In the context of climate variation, anthropogenic factors are human activities which affect the climate. The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities,"[9] and it "is largely irreversible."[10]
"Science has made enormous inroads in understanding climate change and its causes, and is beginning to help develop a strong understanding of current and potential impacts that will affect people today and in coming decades. This understanding is crucial because it allows decision makers to place climate change in the context of other large challenges facing the nation and the world. There are still some uncertainties, and there always will be in understanding a complex system like Earth's climate. Nevertheless, there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations."
— United States National Research Council, Advancing the Science of Climate Change
Consequently, the debate is shifting onto ways to reduce further human impact and to find ways to adapt to change that has already
occurred[11] and is anticipated to occur in the future.[12]
Of most concern in these anthropogenic factors is the increase in CO2 levels due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, followed by aerosols (particulate matter in the atmosphere) and cement
manufacture. Other factors, including land use, ozone depletion, animal agriculture[13] and deforestation, are also of concern in the roles they play – both separately and in conjunction with other factors – in affecting climate, microclimate, and measures of climate variables.
Orbital variations
Main article: Milankovitch cycles
Slight variations in Earth's orbit lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe. There is very little change to the area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and seasonal distribution. The three types of orbital variations are variations in Earth's eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation, and precession of Earth's axis. Combined together, these produce Milankovitch cycles which have a large impact on climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial periods,[14] their correlation with the advance and retreat of the Sahara,[14] and for their appearance in the stratigraphic record.[15]
The IPCC notes that Milankovitch cycles drove the ice age cycles; CO2 followed temperature change "with a lag of some hundreds of years"; and that as a feedback amplified temperature change.[16] The depths of the ocean have a lag time in changing temperature (thermal inertia on such scale). Upon seawater temperature change, the solubility of CO2 in the oceans changed, as well as other factors impacting air-sea CO2 exchange.[17]
Solar output
Main article: Solar variation
Variations in solar activity during the last several centuries based on observations of sunspots and beryllium isotopes. The period of extraordinarily few sunspots in the late 17th century was the Maunder Minimum.
The sun is the predominant source for energy input to the Earth. Both long- and short-term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate.
Three to four billion years ago the sun emitted only 70% as much power as it does today. If the atmospheric composition had been the same as today, liquid water should not have existed on Earth. However, there is evidence for the presence of water on the early Earth, in the Hadean[18][19] and Archean[20][18] eons, leading to what is known as the faint young sun paradox.[21] Hypothesized solutions to this paradox include a vastly different atmosphere, with much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than currently exist.[22] Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the energy output of the sun increased and atmospheric composition changed. The oxygenation of the atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago was the most notable alteration. Over the next five billion years the sun's ultimate death as it becomes a red giant and then a white dwarf will have large effects on climate, with the red giant phase possibly ending any life on Earth that survives until that time.
Solar output also varies on shorter time scales, including the 11-year solar cycle[23] and longer-term modulations.[24] Solar intensity variations are considered to have been influential in triggering the Little Ice Age,[25] and some of the warming observed from 1900 to 1950. The cyclical nature of the sun's energy output is not yet fully understood; it differs from the very slow change that is happening within the sun as it ages and evolves. Research indicates that solar variability has had effects including the Maunder Minimum from 1645 to 1715 A.D., part of the Little Ice Age from 1550 to 1850 A.D. which was marked by relative cooling and greater glacier extent than the centuries before and afterward.[26][27] Some studies point toward solar radiation increases from cyclical sunspot activity affecting global warming, and climate may be influenced by the sum of all effects (solar variation, anthropogenic radiative forcings,
Interestingly, a 2010 study[30] suggests, "that the effects of solar variability on temperature throughout the atmosphere may be contrary to current expectations."
In atmospheric temperature from 1979 to 2010, determined by MSU NASA satellites, effects appear from aerosols released by major volcanic eruptions (El Chichón and Pinatubo). El Niño is a separate event, from ocean variability.
Volcanic eruptions release gases and particulates into the atmosphere. Eruptions large enough to affect climate occur on average several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of a few years. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century[31] (after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta[32]) affected the climate substantially. Global temperatures decreased by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F). The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 caused the Year Without a Summer.[33] Much larger eruptions, known as large igneous provinces, occur only a few times every hundred million years, but may cause global warming and mass extinctions.[34]
Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle. Over very long (geological) time periods, they release carbon dioxide from the Earth's crust and mantle, counteracting the uptake by sedimentary rocks and other geological carbon dioxide sinks. The US Geological Survey estimates are that volcanic emissions are at a much lower level than than the effects of current human activities, which generate 100-300 times the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes.[35] A review of published studies indicates that annual volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide, including amounts released from mid-ocean ridges, volcanic arcs, and hot spot volcanoes, are only the equivalent of 3 to 5 days of human caused output. The annual amount put out by human activities may be greater than the amount released by supererruptions, the most recent of which was the Toba eruption in Indonesia 74,000 years ago.[36]
Although volcanoes are technically part of the lithosphere, which itself is part of the climate system, IPCC explicitly defines volcansim as an external forcing agent.[7]
Plate tectonics
Over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography. This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.[37]
The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation. The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate. A recent example of tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 5 million years ago, which shut off direct mixing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This strongly affected the ocean dynamics of what is now the Gulf Stream and may have led to Northern Hemisphere ice cover.[38][39] During the Carboniferous period, about 300 to 360 million years ago, plate tectonics may have triggered large-scale storage of carbon and increased glaciation.[40] Geologic evidence points to a
"megamonsoonal" circulation pattern during the time of the
supercontinent Pangaea, and climate modeling suggests that the existence of the supercontinent was conducive to the establishment of monsoons.[41]
The size of continents is also important. Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature, yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland. A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will several smaller continents or islands. Physical evidence for and examples of climatic change
Comparisons between Asian Monsoons from 200 A.D. to 2000 A.D. (staying in the background on other plots), Northern Hemisphere temperature, Alpine glacier extent (vertically inverted as marked), and human history as noted by the U.S. NSF.
Arctic temperature anomalies over a 100 year period as estimated by NASA. Typical high monthly variance can be seen, while longer-term averages highlight trends.
Evidence for climatic change is taken from a variety of sources that can be used to reconstruct past climates. Reasonably complete global records of surface temperature are available beginning from the mid-late 19th century. For earlier periods, most of the evidence is indirect—climatic changes are inferred from changes in proxies, indicators that reflect climate, such as vegetation, ice cores,[42] dendrochronology, sea level change, and glacial geology.
Temperature measurements and proxies
The instrumental temperature record from surface stations was supplemented by radiosonde balloons, extensive atmospheric monitoring by the mid-20th century, and, from the 1970s on, with global satellite data as well. The 18O/16O ratio in calcite and ice core samples used to deduce ocean temperature in the distant past is an example of a temperature proxy method, as are other climate metrics noted in subsequent categories.
Historical and archaeological evidence
Main article: Historical impacts of climate change
Climate change in the recent past may be detected by corresponding changes in settlement and agricultural patterns.[43] Archaeological evidence, oral history and historical documents can offer insights into past changes in the climate. Climate change effects have been linked to the collapse of various civilizations.[43]
Decline in thickness of glaciers worldwide over the past half-century Glaciers
Glaciers are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change.[44] Their size is determined by a mass balance between snow input and melt output. As temperatures warm, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt; the converse is also true.
Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings. Variability in temperature, precipitation, and englacial and subglacial hydrology can strongly determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season. Therefore, one must average over a decadal or longer time-scale and/or over a many individual glaciers to smooth out the local short-term variability and obtain a glacier history that is related to climate.
A world glacier inventory has been compiled since the 1970s, initially based mainly on aerial photographs and maps but now relying more on satellites. This compilation tracks more than 100,000 glaciers covering a total area of approximately 240,000 km2, and preliminary estimates indicate that the remaining ice cover is around 445,000 km2. The World Glacier Monitoring Service collects data annually on glacier retreat and glacier mass balance From this data, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly, with strong glacier retreats in the 1940s, stable or growing conditions during the 1920s and 1970s, and again retreating from the mid 1980s to present.[45] The most significant climate processes since the middle to late Pliocene (approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and interglacial cycles. The present interglacial period (the Holocene) has lasted about 11,700 years.[46] Shaped by orbital variations, responses such as the rise and fall of continental ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the climate. Other changes, including Heinrich events, Dansgaard–Oeschger events and the Younger Dryas, however, illustrate how glacial variations may also influence climate without the orbital forcing.
Glaciers leave behind moraines that contain a wealth of
material—including organic matter, quartz, and potassium that may be dated—recording the periods in which a glacier advanced and retreated. Similarly, by tephrochronological techniques, the lack of glacier cover can be identified by the presence of soil or volcanic tephra horizons whose date of deposit may also be ascertained.
This video summarizes how climate change, associated with increased carbon dioxide levels, has affected plant growth.
A change in the type, distribution and coverage of vegetation may occur given a change in the climate. Some changes in climate may result in increased precipitation and warmth, resulting in improved plant growth and the subsequent sequestration of airborne CO2. Larger, faster or more radical changes, however, may result in vegetation stress, rapid plant loss and desertification in certain
circumstances.[3][47] An example of this occurred during the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse (CRC), an extinction event 300 million years ago. At this time vast rainforests covered the equatorial region of Europe and America. Climate change devastated these tropical rainforests, abruptly fragmenting the habitat into isolated 'islands' and causing the extinction of many plant and animal species.[3]
Satellite data available in recent decades indicates that global terrestrial net primary production increased by 6% from 1982 to 1999, with the largest portion of that increase in tropical ecosystems, then decreased by 1% from 2000 to 2009.[48][49]
Pollen analysis
Palynology is the study of contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen. Palynology is used to infer the geographical distribution of plant species, which vary under different climate conditions. Different groups of plants have pollen with distinctive shapes and surface textures, and since the outer surface of pollen is composed of a very resilient material, they resist decay. Changes in the type of pollen found in different layers of sediment in lakes, bogs, or river deltas indicate changes in plant communities. These changes are often a sign of a changing climate.[50][51] As an example, palynological studies have been used to track changing vegetation patterns throughout the Quaternary glaciations[52] and especially since the last glacial maximum.[53]
Top: Arid ice age climate
Middle: Atlantic Period, warm and wet
Bottom: Potential vegetation in climate now if not for human effects like agriculture.[54]
Past precipitation can be estimated in the modern era with the global network of precipitation gauges. Surface coverage over oceans and remote areas is relatively sparse, but, reducing reliance on interpolation, satellite data has been available since the 1970s.[55] Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.[56]
Climatological temperatures substantially affect precipitation. For instance, during the Last Glacial Maximum of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven evaporation from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including polar deserts (cold but with low rates of precipitation).[54] In contrast, the world's climate was wetter than today near the start of the warm Atlantic Period of 8000 years ago.[54]
Estimated global land precipitation increased by approximately 2% over the course of the 20th century, though the calculated trend varies if different time endpoints are chosen, complicated by ENSO and other oscillations, including greater global land precipitation in the 1950s and 1970s than the later 1980s and 1990s despite the positive trend over the century overall.[55][57][58] Similar slight overall increase in global river runoff and in average soil moisture has been perceived.[57]
Dendroclimatology is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns to determine past climate variations.[59] Wide and thick rings indicate a fertile, well-watered growing period, whilst thin, narrow rings indicate a time of lower rainfall and less-than-ideal growing conditions.
Ice cores
Analysis of ice in a core drilled from a ice sheet such as the Antarctic ice sheet, can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations. The air trapped in bubbles in the ice can also reveal the CO2 variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences. The study of these ice cores has been a significant indicator of the changes in CO2 over many millennia, and continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions. Insects
Remains of beetles are common in freshwater and land sediments. Different species of beetles tend to be found under different climatic conditions. Given the extensive lineage of beetles whose genetic makeup has not altered significantly over the millennia, knowledge of the present climatic range of the different species, and the age of the sediments in which remains are found, past climatic conditions may be inferred.[60]
Variation in Pacific salmon catch over the 20th century and
correlation with a climate-related Atmospheric Circulation Index (ACI) as estimated by the U.N. FAO.
While far from the only factor involved, very substantial
relationships have been observed between climatic conditions and the historical abundance of fish species.[61] Changes in the primary productivity of autotrophs in the oceans can affect marine food webs.[62]
Sea level change
Main articles: Sea level and Current sea level rise
Global sea level change for much of the last century has generally been estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time to give a long-term average. More recently, altimeter measurements — in combination with accurately determined satellite orbits — have provided an improved measurement of global sea level change.[63] To measure sea levels prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids in limestones, and nearshore archaeological remains. The predominant dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced relative sea level fall.
See also
4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference
Attribution of recent climate change
Paleoclimatology and links therein
Abrupt climate change and links therein
Atmospheric physics
Climate change in literature
Geologic time scale
Glossary of climate change
List of climate change topics
Temperature record
Climate of the deep past
Faint young sun paradox
Oxygen catastrophe
Snowball Earth
Climate of the last 500 million years
Ice ages
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Permo–Carboniferous Glaciation
Wikinews has news related to:
Climate change
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Climate change
Environment portal
Energy portal
Climate of recent glaciations
Bond event
Dansgaard-Oeschger event
Younger Dryas
Recent climate
Global warming
Hardiness Zone Migration
Holocene Climatic Optimum
Little Ice Age
Medieval Warm Period
Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Year Without a Summer
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V5Y-3XNK494-8&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7db7616e9dc94e6ed49a817195926851. ^ Judith T. Parrish (1993). "Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea". Chemical Geology (The University of Chicago Press) 101 (2): 215–233. JSTOR 30081148.
^ Petit RA, Humberto Ruiloba M, Bressani R, J.-M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis et al. (1999-06-03). "Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica". Nature 399 (1): 429–436. doi:10.1038/20859. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6735/full/399429a0.html. ^ a b Demenocal, P. B. (2001). "Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene". Science 292 (5517): 667–673. Bibcode 2001Sci…292..667D. doi:10.1126/science.1059827. PMID 11303088. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~peter/Resources/Publications/deMenocal.2001.pdf. edit
^ Seiz, G.; N. Foppa (2007) The activities of the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). (Report). Retrieved 2009-06-21.
^ Zemp, M.; I.Roer, A.Kääb, M.Hoelzle, F.Paul, W. Haeberli (2008) United Nations Environment Programme – Global Glacier Changes: facts and figures. (Report). Retrieved 2009-06-21.
^ "International Stratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2008.
http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
^ Bachelet, D; R.Neilson,J.M.Lenihan,R.J.Drapek (2001). "Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States" (PDF). Ecosystems 4 (3): 164–185.
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf. ^ Nemani, Ramakrishna; C.D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto, W.M. Jolly, S.C. Piper, C.J. Tucker, R.B. Myneni, and S.W. Running. (2003).
"Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999". Science 300 (5625): 1560–1563.
^ Zhao, Maosheng; S.W. Running. (2010). "Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009". Science 329 (5994): 940–943. doi:10.1126/science.1192666.
^ Langdon, PG, , Lomas-Clarke SH (August 2004). "Reconstructing climate and environmental change in northern England through chironomid and pollen analyses: evidence from Talkin Tarn, Cumbria". Journal of Paleolimnology 32 (2): 197–213.
^ Birks, HH (March 2003). "The importance of plant macrofossils in the reconstruction of Lateglacial vegetation and climate: examples from Scotland, western Norway, and Minnesota, USA". Quaternary Science Reviews 22 (5–7): 453–473. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00248-2.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBC-47YH3W8-2/2/fde5760538b5b3adb92d8564ea968b9a. ^ Miyoshi, N (1999). "Palynology of a 250-m core from Lake Biwa: a 430,000-year record of glacial–interglacial vegetation change in Japan". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 104 (3–4): 267. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00058-X.
^ Colin Prentice, I; Bartlein, Patrick J; Webb, Thompson (1991). "Vegetation and Climate Change in Eastern North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum". Ecology 72 (6): 2038–2056. doi:10.2307/1941558. JSTOR 1941558.
^ a b c Adams J.M. & Faure H. (1997) (eds.), QEN members. Review and Atlas of Palaeovegetation: Preliminary land ecosystem maps of the world since the Last Glacial Maximum. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA.
^ a b New, M., Todd, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P. (December 2001). "Review: Precipitation measurements and trends in the twentieth century". International Journal of Climatology 21 (15): 1889–1922. doi:10.1002/joc.680. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:195263. ^ Dominic, F., Burns, S.J., Neff, U., Mudulsee, M., Mangina, A. and Matter, A. (April 2004). "Palaeoclimatic interpretation of
high-resolution oxygen isotope profiles derived from annually laminated speleothems from Southern Oman". Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (7-8): 935–945. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.019.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379104000174. ^ a b Huntington, T.G. (U.S. Geological Survey) (March 2006). "Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis". Journal of Hydrology 319 (1-4): 83–95.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169405003215. ^ Smith, T. M.; Yin, X.; Gruber, A. (2006). "Variations in annual global precipitation (1979-2004), based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Project 2.5° analysis". Geophysical Research Letters 33 (6). Bibcode 2006GeoRL..3306705S. doi:10.1029/2005GL025393.
^ Dendroclimatology : progress and prospect. New York: Springer. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4020-4010-8.
^ Coope, G.R.; Lemdahl, G.; Lowe, J.J.; Walkling, A. (1999-05-04). "Temperature gradients in northern Europe during the last
glacial—Holocene transition(14–9 14 C kyr BP) interpreted from coleopteran assemblages". Journal of Quaternary Science 13 (5): 419–433. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(1998090)13:5<419::AID-JQS410>3.0.CO;2-D. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/61001707/ABSTRACT. ^ FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 410. Rome, FAO. 2001. Climate Change and Long-Term Fluctuations of Commercial Catches. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
^ Brown, C. J., Fulton, E. A., Hobday, A. J., Matear, R. J., Possingham, H. P., Bulman, C., Christensen, V., Forrest, R. E., Gehrke, P. C., Gribble, N. A., Griffiths, S. P., Lozano-Montes, H., Martin, J. M., Metcalf, S., Okey, T. A., Watson, R. and Richardson, A. J. (April 2010). "Effects of climate-driven primary production change on marine food webs: Implications for fisheries and conservation". Global Change Biology 16 (4): 1194–1212.
^ "Sea Level Change". University of Colorado at Boulder.
http://sealevel.colorado.edu/documents.php. Retrieved 2009-07-21. Further reading
D. Qin; Z. Chen, K.B. Averyt, H.L. Miller, Solomon, S., M. Manning, M. Marquis, M. Tignor (eds.). "IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers". Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA..
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007-11-12). "Summary for Policymakers". Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Valencia, Spain.
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf. Emanuel K (August 2005). "Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years" (PDF). Nature 436 (7051): 686–8. Bibcode 2005Natur.436..686E. doi:10.1038/nature03906. PMID 16056221. ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf.
Edwards, Paul Geoffrey; Miller, Clark A. (2001). Changing the atmosphere: expert knowledge and environmental governance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-63219-5.
McKibben, Bill (2011). The Global Warming Reader. New York, N.Y.: OR Books. ISBN 978-1-935928-36-2.
Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago". Climate Change 61 (3): 261–293.
William F. Ruddiman (2005). Plows, plagues, and petroleum: how humans took control of climate. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13398-0.
Ruddiman, W. F., Vavrus, S. J. and Kutzbach, J. E. (2005). "A test of the overdue-glaciation hypothesis". Quaternary Science Review 24 (11). Schmidt, G. A., Shindel, D. T. and Harder, S. (2004). "A note of the relationship between ice core methane concentrations and insolation". Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (23): L23206. Bibcode 2004GeoRL..3123206S. doi:10.1029/2004GL021083.
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text: Driving to Telford to see a motorhome and all hell falls out of the sky! Thunder lighting, hail, high winds and many many numpties driving without lights on, with fog lights on, at high speed, grrrrrrr oh:oh: We decided to go in our van to give it a drive out, so we are getting a right battering by the wind. I hope this new van is worth it!

subset: commoncrawl


text: STARR is an acronym for Speed, Technique, Agility, Reaction and Rating. Each athlete competing in The Treece Advantage Combines will receive a composite score based on how an athlete performs in testing and in individual drills and competition. The main components used to determine a score are the 40 yard dash, vertical Jump, shuttle, agility drills and one on one competition drills. This rating will also help determine if an athlete will receive an invitation to The Great 38 Camps where they will compete against previous camp award winners and invitees. Please note that one bad score in any of the 5 scoring components doesn't necessarily mean an athlete will not score high.


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Fat Fingers In The Middle Of The Night
Just recently in the past couple of weeks (I'm 37 weeks now) have I started having noticable swelling in my hands. The worst is in the middle of the night though - I can barely close my hands in a fist. In the morning when I get moving it goes back to just fat little fingers but is anyone else experiencing this in the middle of the night? I get up to pee and my hands hurt!
Hey Jennifer, I have this too. I'm almost 39 weeks, and I'd say it's been going on for about 4 weeks or so. My blood pressure is low, so I'm not worried about anything major, and neither is my doc, but I think this just has to do with the amount of water we're retaining at the end. Pregnancy is tough on our bodies, as evident in our hands! My feet have also gotten a bit marshmallow-like (lovely, I know), but the hands are the worst. They're swollen in the daytime too, but the nights are bad. Yeah, when I get up to pee (like 5 times a night!!) my hands hurt too. It's painful to make a fist. I've found that it has to do with the position I'm sleeping in. I think when our hands are already swollen, sleeping on them a certain way makes them painful. I hope you are doing OK!
I've heard that drinking lots of water can help with the swelling. It may not eliminate the swelling, but it could reduce it some. Just a thought. GL.
Google carpal tunnel syndrome...very common in pregnancy. I've had it both pregnancies, still dealing with it after delivery while I lose extra water weight. Nights and mornings are the worst.
i haven't had too much swelling yet but my hands go numb all the time. I guess i have the swelling to look forward too?
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2025 Brentwood Rd, Brentwood, New York
2025 Brentwood Rd, Brentwood, New York 11717 - Newly Renovated Building Currently Used As A Medical Office Easily Converted To Separate Suites. Please See Attached Floor Plan. Great Location. Parking Fee Required.
Listing Courtesy of Century 21 Crown Homes
"You seriously couldn't ask for a better team to help sell your home. Three words come to mind: Dedicated, Hardworking and Smart. Our house sold quick and the effort put in to find our dream home and ideal location was fantastic. And even better? They truly care about your happiness and it shows in everything that they do."


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1/2 cup rice vinegar (or substitute white vinegar)
1/2 cup + 2 Tbsp. white sugar
1/4 cup water
3 Tbsp. fish sauce
2 Tbsp. sherry (or cooking sherry)
3 cloves garlic, minced
1/2 to 1 Tbsp. dried crushed chili (1 Tbsp. makes spicy-hot sauce)
1+1/2 Tbsp. cornstarch dissolved in 3-4 Tbsp. cool water
Place all ingredients - except the cornstarch-water mixture - in a sauce pan or pot. Bring to a rolling boil.
Reduce heat to medium and let boil for 10 minutes, or until reduced by half. (Note that the vinegar will be quite pungent as it burns off. Generally, I find rice vinegar less strong than regular white vinegar).
Reduce heat to low and add the cornstarch-water mixture. Stir to incorporate and continue stirring occasionally until the sauce thickens (about 2 minutes).
Remove from heat and taste-test. You should taste "sweet" first, followed by sour, then spicy and salty notes. If the sauce isn't sweet enough, add a little more sugar. If not spicy enough, add more chili.
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Lowering Drug Costs in Canada
September 3, 2003
There is little evidence that a proposed National Drug Agency will contain prescription drug costs in Canada, or that such a goal is even desirable, says John R. Graham (Fraser Institute).
Comparing the results of increased public spending on prescription drugs to overall costs across the provinces from 1985 through 1999, the share of total prescription costs paid by provincial public drug benefit plans varied greatly:
- In British Columbia, the share paid by the provincial government dropped only slightly during the period, from 51 percent to 50 percent of total provincial prescription spending.
- Alberta's provincial drug benefit plan, however, had a smaller share of the prescription bill but grew from 33 percent to 39 percent of total prescription spending.
- Nevertheless, the two provinces experienced almost the same growth in total prescription drug spending over the period: 129 percent in British Columbia versus 127 percent in Alberta, as measured in real dollars on an age-adjusted basis.
Significantly, increased spending on prescription drugs in Canada is associated with shorter waiting lists for surgery, meaning that it is a valuable component of health care spending.
A National Drug Agency, then, will probably not contain the growth in prescription drug spending with more centralized negotiating power. But having one central drug agency versus many provincial drug benefit plans would eliminate Canadians' ability to judge drug costs for themselves, says Graham.
Source: John R. Graham, "A National Drug Agency Will Not Contain Drug Costs," Fraser Forum, May 2003.
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|The State of Michigan, a training boat owned and operated by the Great Lakes Maritime Academy, arrived in port this morning at 7:57. She will be at the dock behind the DECC until Thursday evening. The Academy trains men and women to serve as officers in the Merchant Marine. Located in Traverse City, MI, the school is one of seven maritime academies in the United States, and the only one where every deck officer earns both an unlimited tonnage ocean license and Great Lakes pilotage. Upon graduation, GLMA mariners are qualified to sail as Merchant Marine Officers on vessels serving on the Great Lakes or oceans and are awarded both a Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration and an Associate's in Maritime Technology.
State of Michigan arrives in state of Minnesota, Duluth to be exact
June 15, 2011 by Leave a Comment
State of Michigan training ship visits
May 19, 2008 by Leave a Comment
|The State of Michigan arrived in the Twin Ports late Sunday afternoon (above). In this case, the State of Michigan is the training ship used by the Great Lakes Maritime Academy in Traverse City, Michigan. It is docked behind the DECC and is expected to be open for public tours this afternoon. Before becoming in a training ship, it sailed as the Persistent and did submarine surveillance for the Navy. It was also used by the Coast Guard in their battle with the drug trade.
|*submitted to the Duluth News Tribune for publication on 05-19-2008


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There are currently more than 1,229 Certified B Corporations from 41 countries and 121 industries all around the world.
And yet, not a single makeup company in the entire world held the certification. Until yesterday.
Australia's own Kester Black is the first company in the world to break this boundary and that's a huge deal.
B Corp Certification is to sustainable business what Fair Trade certification is to coffee. To become certified, a company must meet the highest standard of verified social and environmental performance. It also means the company must be by all means transparent and provide legal accountability.
Creator of Kester Black, Anna Ross, founded the brand on one belief: that creating quality manicure and skincare products doesn't mean the environment has to suffer.
After a huge amount of testing and development, Anna can now finally boast that her brand's products meet the high standards upheld by B Labs.
To us users, this basically means getting a manicure as kind to your nails as it is to the planet.
All Kester Black products are vegan, cruelty free and sustainably produced. Products include nail polish, hand and body care, with all packaging materials used recyclable. Small batch manufacturing is also used to minimise wastage.
If the brand wasn't already saintly enough, as part of Kester Black's initiative to give back, $1 from every online sale on kesterblack.com will be donated to one of Kester Black's chosen charities.
The brand recently released its Birthday Suit collection with Trophy Wife, spanning an inclusive range of nude polishes for various skin tones.


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Consider, for a moment, life without a daily soundtrack.
To me, it feels like a dark world, one in which you can no longer whistle away your working days or boogie away your nights at the local discotheque.
Perhaps most tragically, this horrible alternate universe means you can't crank the tunes as you head out on the highway while looking for adventure in your Ford.
Talk about a troubling scenario! But thankfully something like that would never happen—we all have a unique soundtrack to our lives and, more importantly, to our drives.
Whether it's commuting, road tripping, or going out for a night on the town, savvy Ford drivers know that SiriusXM has them covered. The vast selection of stations run the gamut from today's pop hits, outlaw country and island reggae vibes, to modern rock, soothing new age, edgy comedy, to plenty of news, talk and live sports.
With all of this programming available at your fingertips (and at the sound of your voice thanks to Ford SYNC technology), it certainly begs the question: is there a driving scenario that can't be soundtracked by SiriusXM? I somehow doubt it…
Helping your sister-in-law move with your F-150 while the game's already started?
Try SiriusXM NFL Radio
Picking up the crew en route to the big bachelor party?
Try SiriusXM Fly
Stuck in highway traffic that makes cold molasses look like a speeding train (and need something to quell your frustrations)?
Try SiriusXM Chill
Heading on a road trip to Escape and Discover Quebec?
Try Influence Franco
Cruising towards the annual hotdog eating contest?
Try ALT Nation New Alternative Rock
Getting pumped up for a night out dancing with the girls?
Try SiriusXM Hits 1
Spending a leisurely weekend antiquing?
Try Real Jazz
Driving to that medieval LARPing tournament?
Try Octane
Picture any scenario where you're behind the wheel and you'll find a SiriusXM station to set the mood. So hop behind the wheel, give the digital dial a spin (or call out your favourite SirixuXM station using Ford SYNC enhanced voice recognition) and hit the open road. The destinations, and soundtracks, are endless.


text:
The Star's sports editor Bob Westerdale previews Sheffield Steelers weekend matches.
VIDEO: Press the play button to watch our report.
Tell us what you think. Leave a comment below, tweet us @SheffieldStar, leave a message on The Star Facebook site at www.facebook.com/sheffieldstar and our new sport Facebook site at www.facebook.com/thestarsport.
You can also email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
LONDON, United Kingdom — On Saturday 4th June we presented the first ever Business of Wellness Summit, a unique conference for startups, brand leaders and investors to join forces and discuss the future of the wellness industry.
From 9am to 7:30pm, we welcomed 500 guests to WeWork in London, for an inspiring day packed full of panel discussions, dynamic breakout sessions and networking opportunities.
Featuring an incredible lineup of some of the wellness industry's biggest names, including Lululemon, ClassPass and Equinox, we listened, we learnt and we debated issues covering the convergence of tech and wellbeing, investment opportunities, trends and innovation, and the retail response to wellness.
Fuelled by Pollen & Grace, BOL, Pact and Botanic Lab, with specially curated goody bags courtesy of Planet Organic, BOW Summit '16 was a runaway success.
For a sneak peek of the sold-out event, take a look below at some of our exclusive photos:
Guests fed themselves with Cuckoo muesli pots.
ClassPass, Elvie and Jawbone took part in a panel discussion focusing on the convergence of tech + wellbeing.
Xero were on hand to give startups advice on the most effective accounting software.
Stylus delivered a powerful key note speech on trends and innovation in wellness.
Active in Style showcased an array of fashion-forward athleisure brands.
An epic lineup featuring Gentry Long (Manager Director UK), Equinox; Pip Black (Co Founder), Frame; Ashleigh Stirling (Market Community Connector), lululemon; James Duigan (Founder), Bodyism; and Robert Rowland (Co Founder), BOOM Cycle, discussed 'building a powerful community'.
Julie Montagu led a conversation with the Founders of Fierce Grace and Movement for Modern Life about Finding Your Flow In The Yoga Business.
BOL refuelled guests at lunchtime ahead of more panel discussions and networking.
Nina Faulhaber (Co Founder), ADAY led a conversation with Rory Stirling, BGF Ventures; Kalinka Kay, True Capital; Brian Schuring, Rubicon Ventures; Charlie Kemper, Beta Bridge Capital; and Nancy Fechnay, Flight Ventures about investment opportunities arising in the wellness industry.
BOW Summit founders Lauren Armes, Jules Miller and Andrea DeBellis congratulated Pitch Contest winner, Serena Oppenheim of Good Zing.
Botanic Lab and Black Cow vodka mixed cocktails as guests networked after a successful day.
Planet Organic provided guests with goody bags brimming full of healthy treats.


text:
Kolkata Bengali Album of Music tops in Bangladesh as well
Kolkata, Sep 17 (IBNS): With countdown beginning for Bengal's biggest festival Durga Puja, superstar Prosenjit Chatterjee and actress Rituparna Sengupta have come together in a pujo album titled 'Gaan Parar Pujo'.
Lending his voice to an album of songs for the first time, Prosenjit Chatterjee crooned "Aaj Addar Tale Tale' to the accompaniment of guitar and drums as the lead singer.
"I am a bathroom singer but my shortcomings were more than made up by my team of professional singers Anindya Chatterjee and Upal Sengupta and others and we all enjoyed the jam session. The lyrics are beautiful and they ring in nostalgia," the 'Moner Manush' actor said before the launch at a city hotel here.
Rituparna Sengupta, also lending her voice to a puja album for the first time, did the narratives tying up the string of songs in an imagery.
"Yes you can say in a way we have come together again after Praktan in the same work," Prosenjit said on the involvement of his heroine in countless films.
"Puja brings in a flood of memories including childhood pandal hopping and romancing the most beautiful girl in neighbourhood for four days. Puja brings memories of 'daal bara' sent with affection by my Didi," Prosenit said.
Popular singer, former Chandrabindoo front-man, lyricist-musician Upal said the album has five parts – 1) adda, 2) khaowa daowa (having food and chitchat) 3) Pujor Prem (romancing during puja), 4) Chhotobelar Pujo (Childhood puja) and 5) Prabashi Pujo (puja outside Bengal) – the five traits which distinguish a Bengali from others.
Having the all the big names, the foot-tapping album also consists of Rupankar Bagchi, Iman Chakraborty and Lagnojita Chakroborty.
"The album is being promoted digitally by Emami Healthy & Tasty and is expected to build a strong Bengali connection beyond geographies," Prosenjit said.
However, it was not surprising that this Music Album of Bengali Language by Prosenjit: Kolkata Bengali Album of Music tops in Bangladesh as well.
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2001 Land Rover Discovery Series II - Consumer Review
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Build Quality
Reliability Value
3 of 3 people found this review helpful
An SUV you can actually take off road
By tuckerlan on
Vehicle2001 Land Rover Discovery Series II SE 4WD 4dr SUV (4.0L 8cyl 4A)
ReviewHello all- I purchased my discovery used (which I highly recommedn given the resale value). Land Rovers usually get torched by automotive magazines and cosumer reports, but my experience has been the complete opposite. This vehicle has all of the interior luxury you need with a unique body style. It has the british quirkiness but handles like a champ off road. It drives much like a truck on the road but handles suprisingly well for it's dimensions and heighth. I live near Tahoe and have driven it everywhere and back with and the beast does not flinch in snow or mud. Truly amazing experience in bad weather. I would recommend this vehicle to a friend or family member! Very safe and reliable!!
Best FeaturesRide, comfortable interior with luxurious seats, build quality, off road capability.
Worst FeaturesNeeds better gas mileage!
Recommend (3) (0)
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Tags: data breach, data privacy, data security, data theft
Imagine not being able to use cash for even the smallest purchases because your bank—still shaking from news of the recent retail data breach that affected at least 110 million accounts—has decided to block all customer transactions. This actually happened.
In many recent interviews I have been asked the question numerous times "Is it time to go back to cash?" The answer is NO, but consumers should definitely have cash on hand. Not having cash will severely limit consumers in the event of a massive power outage and we are seeing that massive data breaches have big time negative effects too.
Large banks, in response to that 110-million-account breach, may be putting limits on card usage, and can have cards replaced relatively quickly. But smaller financial institutions do not have the means to replace cards quickly. They also lack budgets to cover potential breach incidents.
As a result, a customer may learn that their card is blocked from transactions that don't involve a PIN. Many consumers got stung by this during the holidays. One customer reported he had to contact his bank first to confirm any online purchases. His card then gets unblocked for an hour, but then blocked again. Supposedly this ban has since been lifted.
In a litigious society, don't bet against the possibility of consumers suing retailers for these kinds of consequences; it's already begun happening. One woman filed a class-action lawsuit on Dec. 23, 2013, citing a giant retailer's alleged failure to secure its data, leading to the massive breach.
Tips for Businesses
- Always update. Your software should always be up to date. Thieves can easily overcome old software and invade your sensitive data.
- Control access. Who has access to your servers? Do you know? Make sure that only trusted users/administrators have access.
- App testing. If a custom application code is running on your servers, it should be tested for the top 10 security issues regarding web applications.
- Be alert. Keep a tight rein on your server, and your cloud provider's bill. A traffic surge that you don't expect can signal a spam attack.
Don't pass the buck. Business owners, and consumers as well, have been playing key roles in cyber crimes—though not with malicious intentions, but rather, being uninformed as well as not wanting to step up to the plate.
Stepping up to the plate is the only option retailers have in order to survive. The time to show your customers you are serious about preventing credit card fraud and the lengths you'll go to protect their identities is right now.
Robert Siciliano is an Identity Theft Expert to AllClearID. He is the author of 99 Things You Wish You Knew Before Your Identity Was Stolen See him knock'em dead in this identity theft prevention video. Disclosures.
ROBERT SICILIANO, CEO of IDTheftSecurity.com is fiercely committed to informing, educating, and empowering Americans so they can be protected from violence and crime in the physical and virtual worlds. His "tell it like it is" style is sought after by major media outlets, executives in the C-Suite of leading corporations, meeting planners, and community leaders to get the straight talk they need to stay safe in a world in which physical and virtual crime is commonplace. Siciliano is accessible, real, professional, and ready to weigh in and comment at a moment's notice on breaking news.
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- Banks and Retailers fight it out over Who's at fault
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A neighbour two houses up from ours is a fucsia collector and mum and I decided to go for a walk just to peek into his garden. "Flower - Ola", as he sometimes is called, was outdoors and asked us to come into his garden to have a look. He has reduced his fucsia collection now, from about 350 different plants till "only" 40.
Looking at all his beautiful plants created a dream in me. I want to start collecting fucsias.
The photos are of the only ones I have in The Blue Garden this year.


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Lord of the Rings Sketch Card Goodmanson Frodo
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Lord of the Rings Sketch Card Kevin graham Ringwraith
Lord of the Rings Masterpieces Sketch CardGoodmanson Frodo Level F Up for auction we have one official original sketch card, pack pulled and in mint condition .This auction is for the one card listed above , the other cards shown in the multi panel pictures are all available in my other auctions this weekend .This card is not an aftermarket . Please check my other auctions as I am listing over a 100 cards this weekend with every one of the 67 artists represented ! Highlights include 4 cards sketched by Len Bellinger , a 2 part colour set by Alison Sohn , a 2 card set by watkins Chow , 8 out of 9 cards from a Mike Lilly Panel , 2 cards from Jerry Vanderstelt and a Extremely rare Russ Walks card . This was the second sketch card release from Topps that came after Evolution and before the sequel Masterpieces II . Many of the artists featureed in masterpieces haven't sketched again , and with no further Lord of the Rings sketch card series planned this may be your last chance to own them ! SHIPPING DISCOUNT ALWAYS APPLIED Card will ship in a penny sleeve in a toploader in a team bag !


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Grove City Football. Parent Information Meeting April 3,4,10, and 11 th . 2013 "No Excuses! Just find a way!". Meeting Agenda and Goals. John Zide (order 4/25/13 5-7pm Rec ) Concussion Discussion Fundraising Discussion College Recruiting Team Goals Understand our Philosophy
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Parent Information Meeting
April 3,4,10, and 11th. 2013
"No Excuses! Just find a way!"
School Phone : (614)-801-3300
Football Office: (614)-871-6524
Email: [email protected]
*All of the above must happen both
on and off the field
Physicals for the 2013-2014 School Year will be Thursday, July 11th
Where - Grove City Rec Center
Cost - $10.00
Time – Grades 11-12 6:00-6:45
Grades 9-10 6:45-7:30
Middle School 7:30-8:15
Have the front of the forms filled out prior to arriving at the physical. This will speed up the process and make a more accurate history. Forms can be printed off the OHSAA.org website or GroveCityGreyhounds.com
We encourage your son to have 20 hours of Community Service.
April 27th – Ride 4 Autism
5k run for 1 in 88 (TBA)
June 15, 2013th - Super Kids Soap Box Derby
Everyone will attend the Autism Football Camp
August 18th – www.stynchulafoundation.org


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Search Results
Gray Pearl is a Material Item in Salt and Sanctuary.
Gray Pearl
Gray Pearl Effect
- Interact with the Tree of Skill at your creed's Sanctuary to remove invested points.
- The pearl will transform into a Black Pearl upon use.
Where to Find Gray Pearl
- Map: {X:32164.03 Y:6606.49}
- Map: {X:60072.63 Y:19983.68}
- Map: {X:14826.13 Y:17139.54}
- Map: {X:23529.77 Y:19268.62}
- Map: {X:30650.13 Y:25177.65}
- Map: {X:43910.55 Y:25771.96}
- Map: {X:62452.76 Y:16008.13}
- Map: {X:73816.86 Y:12757.19}
- Map: {X:77413.52 Y:24246.46}
- Map: {X:70430.22 Y:30895.62}
- Map: {X:46576.26 Y:26734.28}
- Map: {X:51507.27 Y:3990.718}
- Map: {X:50257.89 Y:2448.482}
- Map: {X:43549.17 Y:29897.33}
- Map: {X:79116.53 Y:31065.77}
- Map: {X:90392.24 Y:21013.22}
- Map: {X:60188.58 Y:36357.63}
- Map: {X:60695.87 Y:36361.94}
- Map: {X:33819.43 Y:18444.72}
- Village of Smiles: Jumping across the breaking wooden planks 1 Gray Pearl can be found in a pouch before the four Saltless.
- The Pitchwoods: Above the Keepers of Fire and Sky sanctuary on the right is a hardlight wall that is reachable with the dart brand. Taking off all equipment to make the jump is recommended. Wall jumping the hardlight walls to the top rewards the player with a pouch containing a gray pearl. Taking the left exit leads to multiple buildings, one of them containing a pouch with a second gray pearl. Alternatively one can take the path to the left from the Far Beach sanctuary to get to this area.
- Mal's Floating Castle: From the Sanctuary go left into the castle and kill the Crypt Keeper. The gray pearl is the drop of a Mimku located behind him. The second gray pearl is located in a pouch accessible through a hidden door on a stone step left to the ladder shortcut leading to the boss arena.
- Salt Alkymancery: Exiting the sanctuary to the right take the upper vent. Jump up the disappearing platforms and walljump the wall to the left. Proceeding to the left, the gray pearl is found in a pouch next to a lever opening a shortcut to the Red Hall of Cages.
- The Still Place: From the candlelit safe room proceed through the door upwards reachable with shadowflip and dart brand. Proceeding onwards you will encounter a cave with 2 Mimkus, each of them dropping 1 Gray Pearl.
- There are few of these items compared to the level cap of 500 - choose your point allocation wisely!
Trivia goes here
- Anonymous
08 May 2017 07:11
What's with all these coordinates? How do you even see those in-game?ReplyReplies (1)
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Trying to build a site with xhtml and css, but need more advanced features than you can program yourself? Want to use a content management system, but they are all too complex? Why aren't you using WordPress? My tip of the week is to have everyone try WordPress. Even if you have used it in the past. Download Now Mentioned in the Show James Cogan of dailypixel, … [Read more...]
WordPress in Review: Episode 3
In this episode, I cover all of the latest WordPress news and developments, including the new WordPress for iPhone application, the re-launch of the WordPress theme directory, and as usual the WordPress theme of the week. Download Episode Three Mentioned in the Show You can now blog from your iPhone to WordPress, if you can afford an iPhone... WordPress for … [Read more...]
XFEP Blog Tip Podcast: Episode 3
Got a special skill? Have you been developing it or letting it rot? This week's blogging tip of the week is to make sure to give your skills time each week to be maintained, or you might not have them when you most need them. Download Now Sorry for the one day delay in getting this episode out. I had the worst day in a long time yesterday, and wasn't really in the … [Read more...]
WordPress in Review Podcast: Episode 2
It is still before midnight as I am getting this up, so I stuck to my own internal promise of getting this episode out within a week. I would love to continue to produce new episodes weekly, but I won't promise that just yet. This week I talk about WordPress 2.6, it is finally here and does it bring anything good to the table? I also talk about issues with WordPress 2.6, … [Read more...]
XFEP Blog Tip Podcast: Episode 2
This weeks episode doesn't have any links in the show notes because the topic is something simple, and something I don't think has really been covered very often in the blogosphere, especially in the professional blogging scene, and that is making sure you fully understand the roles and responsibilities in your job, and to never accept a gentleman's handshake, or rather, … [Read more...]


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INQ is releasing three new phones in 2009 and is in talks with several operators on distributing its social mobile handsets by 2010.The manufacturer, which is owned by Hutchison Whampoa, will release two more INQ phones and a Skype phone by the end of this year. CEO Frank Meehan told Mobile: 'We are in discussions with other UK operators and by 2010 we plan to sell phones on operators other than 3.'INQ has outlined the potential of its sub-£150 handsets to be big generators of data usage among the younger 'Facebook generation'.Meehan (pictured) said 60% of all INQ handset users are regularly using Facebook and 30% are using email.The manufacturer is aiming to differentiate itself from big name manufacturers by making it as fast and as simple to carry out Facebook messages, instant messaging, Twitter posts and Skype calls as it is to make standard voice calls and send text messages.One of the new phones will have a Twitter client that can be used in a similar way to INQ's original Facebook handset. Meehan said the device will work 'straight off data so there are no text charges'.INQ will continue to broaden its handset range in 2010 and intends to expand into Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. Meehan added: 'We are doing well – the Skype phones and INQ device have sold 700,000 so far. The next Skype phone will do well based on that.'The new handsets will be priced below $200 (£130) for operators. The Skype phone will remain on 3, but INQ has agreed to remove the Skype application from its other handsets if the operator requests it.Meehan said the manufacturer does not have plans for a smartphone similar to the Apple iPhone or Nokia N97, and added: 'I think we are redefining what a smartphone is. Our devices work like a PC – they use our own operating system.'
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 - B2B & Distribution Finalists
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 – Retail Finalists announced
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 - Best Ruggedised Device
Nazish Dossa Joins Brighstar as UK Managing Director.
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Huawei - 'Our 2017 focus is premium products'
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Meeting the challenge of in-building coverage


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COCK ROCK REDEFINED: In a country where the President still panders to the reactionary religious right by firing the Surgeon General for talking about something as universal and normal as masturbation, it's refreshing to hear Pansy Division sing about the joys of sex.
I know plenty of otherwise intelligent people who will be turned off, even disgusted, by this San Francisco band because they sing about the joys of gay sex. Men loving, fucking and sucking other men. See? Some of you are already composing letters to the editor because I wrote that. Well, fire away, because that's just what the boys in Pansy Division do.
"If it's something you don't appreciate or understand or get or it offends you, we really don't care," lead singer/guitarist Jon Ginoli said in a recent phone interview. "We grew up in a society that's always telling you that if you're gay that what you're doing is wrong and that there's something sinful and evil about it. If people can't get past that, then I don't care if they're offended. But we don't go out of our way to offend people, we just do what we do. If it offends people, then that's the breaks."
"I want to get him off/ And feel his silky jizz," Ginoli sings in "Beer Can Boy." "I want to pop his top/ And see him spurt and fizz."
No, their punk-pop songs aren't love letters written in the sand; rather, they're cum-bombs exploding expectations of what's seemly and suitable in a prudish culture obsessed with titillation but afraid of confrontation with reality.
"There are other bands with interesting lyrics, but if the lyrics don't work with the music it doesn't connect," Ginoli says. "It's not just the music, it's not just the lyrics, it's the combination of the two that has gotten us as far as we have."
Last year Pansy Division went out on tour three times to open for punk revisionists and MTV staples Green Day, facing crowds mostly unprepared for an-out-of-the-closet-and-in-your-face band. Ginoli says most audiences reacted positively, some seemed stunned and only one--in Detroit--was openly hostile.
If you're feeling a little unfriendly toward these three musicians, take a listen to Deflowered (last year's release on Lookout!). The mix of late-'70s style punk-pop is reminiscent of The Ramones and Buzzcocks without retreading those waters.
"If we didn't have strong music, once people got past the initial flurry of interest or the initial shock or whatever it is people first hear whenever they stumble across our music, then we would fade out pretty quickly," Ginoli says. "Our first record (Undressed) came out two years ago and we're still ascending, so I think it's working out."
Although Deflowered revels in carnal pleasures in "Groovy Underwear" (with a Jan-and-Dean "ooh-ooh" chorus) and "James Bondage," it also explores undercurrents of gay life in "Denny" (a sad, unsentimental look at an HIV-positive man), "Negative Queen" ("he thinks he's Oscar Wilde, but he's Paul Lynde") and "A Song Of Remembrance (For Old Boyfriends)."
Some may want to dismiss Pansy Division as a novelty act, but Ginoli doesn't buy that categorization.
"I think that would be true if the songs were more rhetorical. If the point of the song was just to make this political message--it didn't really work as a song, but it worked as propaganda. We sing about things in a gay context, but other things are a little more general."
He points to "Reciprocate," a song about inequality between sexual partners, as an example of their humor working on more than the obvious level.
"That's the kind of thing that's usually hidden behind vague talk. If a couple gets divorced or they're having marital problems, people may address the fact that they didn't get along in bed. Well, what does that mean?"
"At the dinner table you were vegetarian/ But you smiled and said that you became a carnivore in bed/ But the evidence I've seen does nothing to support that claim/ All the effort is so one-sided/ And that's totally lame/ 'Cause if you want to be serviced with a smile/ You've gotta reciprocate more than once in awhile."
"I think someone just skimming the surface of that song might not get the whole thing," Ginoli says. "You can't make people listen, so some people will think we're a novelty act, but not very many."
Pansy Division plays the Downtown Performance Center on Saturday, January 21, with Molten Leather, Spiral Fix and Pitch 46. Admission is $5.
If you have trouble finding Pansy Division's music in stores, you can write them at P.O. Box 460885, San Francisco, CA 94146; or fax them at 415-206-0854 for more information.
LAST NOTES: We do have the hip-shaking definition of a novelty act in town this week--El Vez. This impostor of an Elvis impersonator is at Club Congress on Sunday, January 22. Friends Of Dean Martin open the show with a set of lounge music for your slow-grooving pleasure. Advance tickets are $5.
Toby Twining Music is an a cappella quartet reinterpreting classical music, jazz, and African yodeling--all with Tibetan overtones and a mosaic of other influences.
They'll be in Pima Community College's West Campus Center for the Arts on Saturday, January 21, at 8 p.m. Tickets are $12; $14 for reserved seats. Pima students can get advance tickets for $10. (If the show isn't sold out, there will be "student rush" tickets for $5 each available 10 minutes before the concert starts.) Call 884-6458 for more information.
| © 1995-97 Tucson Weekly . Info Booth


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You expect more from an advertising agency? Excellent. Then you've come to the right place, since we've built our name around your expectations – and we try to live up to them daily. Not just from nine to six, but whenever your brand, product or service needs us. And when we say »more«, we really mean »the most« and not »everything«. We would rather sacrifice winning a new client by admitting there is something we can't do, then losing one because we fail to deliver what we have promised. Everything we can do you will find on our website. Welcome!


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Friday is National Ride Your Bike to work day, and although morning thunderstorms in St. Louis put a damper on this unofficial holiday, it's a still time of year when many newcomers embrace the world of cycling.
Matt Hartman at Spoked on Cherokee Street is passionate about matching people with the right bicycle.
"We start by learning a little bit about you," Hartman explained.
Believe it or not, Hartman believes a bike should match your personalily and style.
"If you don't love the color of your bike, you might be less likely to take it for a ride," he said.
Another common rookie mistake for people new to the world of bikes is to buy a bike that isn't a good fit for your physique. Hartman spends a good deal of time measuring a customer's stride length, while sitting on a bike.
"Not everybody that's 5'11" is shaped the same exact way," Hartman said. "Somebody might have really long legs and a short torso or vice versa, so they're going to sit on the bike totally differently."
And one of the most common mistakes Hartman sees with people on bikes in St. Louis is a person riding a bike with the seat too low.
"If your seats too low, it would be like going for a run like this," Hartman demonstrated, jogging in a crouching position.
Finally, if you're planning to spend good money on a new or used bike, there are three other things you need.
"Helmet, lock, and lights are the big three," Hartman advises.
A helmet, for obvious reasons and a light, not so much to light the way in front of you, but to make sure cars can spot you on the road. And skimping on a cheap lock could be a disastrous decision.
"Spend $40 or $50 on a lock, because if you don't, you're just throwing away the thousand dollars you just spent."


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Shungas are "erotic prints/nishiki-e". They are the equivalent of playboy foldouts back in Kenshin's time ^_^
This fic alludes to Adolescent Jess's "Rurouni Kenshin Mystery Fic" and "Rurouni Kenshin Angst Fic". A little bit. Thanks Jess! And also, I borrowed MadamHydra's creations, the Nightwitches for a brief cameo. Thank you so much MadamHydra!
Ooh, and now one of my reader has generously contributed art dedicated to the fic! Holy geezums, it's Kenshin in leather! Click here or go to http://www.angelfire.com/anime3/rurokensama to see this. Thanks goes to Crystal Okamino (email@example.com) for her contribution!Disclaimers: The song "Baby Got Back" is by Sir-Mix-A-Lot, and butchered by me, Karina. The characters in here are not mine, but they belong to Nobuhiro Watsuki and Shounen Jump.
Baby's Got Back, Much Back!
Okon: Oh my god. Omasu, look at her butt. It's so big…
Omasu: She looks like one of those gangster's girlfriends... Then again, who understands those gangsters anyway?
Okon: People only go to her clinic/dojo because she looks like a total prostitute...
Omasu: *scandalized* Okon! That's mean... but... I mean her butt... It's just so big!
Okon: I can't believe it's so round!
Omasu: It's just out there...
Okon: I mean, it's so... out there... Look, she's just so pale...
*rapping begins as Sanosuke steps out onto the stage*
*wearing a new jacket and pants, made entirely of leather*
Megumi: *matter-of-factly* I believe the medical term for it would be "erection"...
Wanna pull up tough
Megumi: How can I stuff my butt? We don't even have underwear!
Deep in the smock she's wearing
Megumi: *glares* You'd better stop staring if you know what's good for you...
*looking uncertain*
Oh, baby I wanna get with ya
Megumi: *under her breath* You have to admit, a man with phobias IS endearing...
My diceboys tried to warn me
Megumi: I don't even want to KNOW what you were going to say there...
Sanosuke: Ooh, rump of smooth skin...
Megumi: KYA!! You... idiot!
Sanosuke: *leering* You say you wanna get in my futon...
Megumi: *shocked, but blushing* I most certainly did NOT!
Sanosuke: Well bandage me, bandage me, cuz you ain't that average foxy...
Megumi: You are SO dead when this is over...
I've seen them dancin'
Megumi: That IS kinda flattering... in that non flowing rhyming way of his...
I'm tired of those damn Shungas(*)
Katsu: Hey! I run an anti government paper now, you idiot...
Take Oniwa Banshuu and ask him that
Beshimi, Hyottoko, Hannya, Shikijo: *in proper English accents* Yes, much back is appreciated...
Sanosuke: So psychos...
Enishi: Yeah!
Sanosuke: Ahous...
Saitoh: ...
*the song comes to a screeching halt*
Saitoh: *quiet* Yeah?
Sanosuke: Has your onna got the butt?
Enishi: Hell yeah!! Onee-san!!
Saitoh: *takes a long drag* Ahou.
Sanosuke: *looks nervous* Well shake it, shake it, shake it, shake it, shake that healthy butt...
Megumi: Damn right it's healthy if I'M your doctor! Ohohohohoho...
Sanosuke: Baby got back!
Sanosuke: Tokyo face with Aizu booty... *ends rapping and steps to the side, grinning*
Megumi: I'm speechless, but this doesn't mean that I will go out with you...
Sanosuke: *smirking* You've already fallen for me fox...
*Megumi yanks Sanosuke off-stage, a devilish light in her eyes*
Saitoh: *still smoking* Shinomori, I believe it is your turn.
*everyone falls over when Aoshi walks into the room*
*his flowing overcoat is now leather*
Misao: His gig? Oh... his secret attack...
Kaoru: *whispers* I didn't know he calls it a gig...
Aoshi: I just can't help myself...
Misao: *beaming evilly* You don't have to, Aoshi-sama!
I'm actin' like an animal
Misao: This is getting good...
I wanna get
you home
Misao: *bright red* A- A- AOSHI-SAMA?!?
I ain't talkin bout playboy
Misao: *squealing* I'm one-hundred percent natural Aoshi-sama!!!
I want 'em real thick and juicy
*A slap echoes throughout the room from backstage*
Kaoru: Ouch! Bet that hurt...
So I'm lookin' at rock videos
Misao: What's a rock video? A ho? Kaoru-san?
Kaoru: *red* You don't wanna know...
You can have them ahous
*Okon and Omasu are draped all over Hiko*
Okon and Omasu: Hiko-sama!
*Hiko flashes his genius/pimp grin*
A word to the thick soul sistas
Kenshin: *from backstage* Oro?!
Aoshi: Til the break of dawn!!!
Kaoru: *fanning Misao, who's passed out* Misao! Can you hear me?!?
Baby Got it goin' on
Aoshi's mind: (Kanryuu, you bastard... Beshimi, Hyottoko, Hannya, Shikijo...)
Cuz them punks lie to hit it and quit it
*Misao comes to*
Misao: *blinks, then wolf howls* AAAAAOOOOOOSSSSSHHHHHIIIII!!!!
*Sanosuke comes out from backstage, several lipstick marks all over him*
Sanosuke: *chanting* So weasels...
Misao: Yeah!
Sanosuke: Raccoons...
Kaoru: Yeah?
Sanosuke: Do you wanna roll in my Mercedes?
Kaoru and Misao: *confused* Ye-- W- What the hell is a Mercedes?
Then turn around
*Yahiko at turnstyle, in pimp leather and several heavy gold chains, and in sunglasses*
Aoshi: Weasel face with the Kyoto booty...
Misao: *stars in her eyes* I'll let that "weasel" thing slide just for YOU, AOSHI-SAMA!
Kaoru: *looks around* Kenshin's up next right?
Megumi: *sits down next to Kaoru, straightening her hair and kimono* Ha! Sanosuke knows NOW I do NOT stuff my butt... Ohohohohohoho...
Sanosuke: *grinning* Hey jou-chan!
*surrounded by Nightwitches and sitting beside his wife, a pile
of used cigarettes at his feet*
Tokio: *flashes a victory sign* Only if he's 5'9"!
*the curtains begin to part*
Kaoru: K-Kenshin!
Kenshin: *wearing a tight vinyl jacket and a studded silver belt, blushing madly*
Kenshin's mind: (Sessha wa rurouni! Why am I a rapper?)
So your girlfriend throws a sakabatou
Kaoru: You promised you wouldn't tell, Kenshin!!
Kenshin: *getting redder* But Kaoru ain't got a motor in the back of her sakabatou...
Megumi: *shocked* Ken-san?
Kaoru: *indignant* Who the HELL wrote these lyrics?
*maniacal laughter is heard from backstage*
Enishi: *cackling* My Jinchuu is COMPLETE!!
*Sanosuke hands Kenshin the REAL lyrics*
Sanosuke: Go get her!
Kenshin: My anaconda don't want none unless you've got buns hun!
Kaoru: Y-Your anaconda?
Megumi: I believe the proper medical term for it would be—
Kaoru: M-MEGUMI-SAN!
Kenshin: *starts getting into the song* You can do side bends or sit-ups, but please don't lose that butt...
Tae: *pops in* You must never underestimate those calories and start dieting, Kaoru-san!
Kaoru: Obviously not...
Megumi: *laughs* Ohohohoho...
*starts doing a little dance*
Some brothers wanna play that hard role
Kaoru: *huffs* I have NOT been used by a pimp Kenshin!! Are you sure these are the changed lyrics?!
Kenshin: So Ken-ki says you're fat...
Kaoru: KENSHIN!!! I HATE YOU!!
Well I ain't down with that
Kaoru: *gushes* KENSHIN!! I LOVE YOU AGAIN!!
Megumi: *looks around* By the way, where'd Misao go off to?
And I'm thinkin' bout stickin'
Kaoru: *fuming* You have to rub it in...
Megumi: And where's Aoshi?
Kenshin: You ain't it Miss Thin...
Kaoru: *starry-eyed*
"That fat sumo guy from that boring episode": *chants* Let's hear it for fat people!
*Aoshi and Misao are nowhere in sight*
Give me a (dojo) instructor I can't resist her
Yahiko: *calls from turnstyle* Wasabi is the only thing you can make edible, ugly.
Kaoru: But, you don't have to cook it! It's just pickles!
Yahiko: Exactly.
Some knucklehead tried to diss
Kaoru: Are you talking about that Jin'e bastard? I'm so glad that you beat the crap out of him Kenshin... you're so wonderful...
Kenshin: *blushing*
Kenshin's mind: I was also talking about Enishi... but that's ok too...
So ladies if the butt is round
*a scream pierces the air*
Misao: Aoshi-sama!! Aoshi-sama!!!!
*the room is silent*
Megumi: What'd you do Misao-chan? Holy...
*Aoshi is sprawled all over the floor, unconscious*
Misao: *frantic* He just passed out! I didn't do anything! Help him Megumi!
*Kenshin hits the floor with a thud*
Kaoru: KENSHIN!!
Megumi: *feels Aoshi and Kenshin's forehead* Why, Aoshi's just drunk... and Kenshin... *looks up in surprise* ... is just overheated from too much leather.
Saitoh: *squinting* What the hell? No alcohol was supposed to be present at this party...
Misao: So THAT'S why he was acting so weird... I don't think he would have said that if he wasn't drunk...
Kaoru: *grinning* But... aren't you glad though Misao-chan?
Misao: *nodding vigorously* Most definitely.
*everyone looks around, trying to figure out who did it*
Saitoh: I bet it was that psycho's doing. *takes another cigarette out* Ahou.
*while a big commotion is present in the background, a shot of Sanosuke appears... hiding a sake jug underneath his jacket*
Dial 1-900-FOXYDOC and kick them nasty thoughts
Megumi: SANOSUKE!!! I'LL KILL YOU!!
The End (and thankfully, not a moment too soon)
Author's notes: Comment. Please. I am much more critical with those idiotic fics than my serious ones, so... if I was to go with my gut instinct concerning this fic, it should have been in the trash and deleted a million times over ^_^ Comments and suggestions are openly accepted and much needed. Thanks to everyone!