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The Question of the Rent Dissipation in the Notes Issuance Activity: The Case of the Italian Banking System before the Creation of the Bank of Italy
The aim of the paper is to study empirically the rent dissipation hypothesis in the case of Italy before the creation of the National Bank of Italy in 1893. The major bank of the state of Italy – the Banca Nazionale Sarda (BNS) – experienced over the period 1866-1893 a decrease in its profitability consistent with rent-seeking activity. The BNS was giving up present profit in order to maximize its chance to get the monopoly over notes issue. The rent seeking cost has been identified as the forgone profit borne by the bank's shareholders and not the bribes offered to civil servants.
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|Date of creation:
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| Postal: Clos Guiot Puyricard - CS 30063, 13089 Aix en Provence Cedex 2
Phone: 04 42 28 12 08
Fax: +33 (0)4 42 28 08 00
Web page: http://www.univ-cae.org
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Sobel, Russell S & Garrett, Thomas A, 2002. "On the Measurement of Rent Seeking and Its Social Opportunity Cost," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 112(1-2), pages 115-136, July.
- Baye, Michael R & Kovenock, Dan & de Vries, Casper G, 1999.
"The Incidence of Overdissipation in Rent-Seeking Contests,"
Public Choice,
Springer, vol. 99(3-4), pages 439-454, June.
- Michael R. Baye & Dan Kovenock & Casper G. de Vries, 1997. "The Incidence of Overdissipation in Rent-Seeking Contests," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 97-045/2, Tinbergen Institute.
- Posner, Richard A, 1975. "The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 83(4), pages 807-827, August.
- Giuseppina Gianfreda & Nathalie Janson, 2001. "Le banche di emissione in Italia tra il 1861 e il 1893: un caso di concorrenza?," Rivista di Politica Economica, SIPI Spa, vol. 91(1), pages 15-74, January.
- Selgin, George, 2001. "In-Concert Overexpansion and the Precautionary Demand for Bank Reserves," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 33(2), pages 294-300, May.
- Baye, M.R. & Kovenock, D., 1993. "The Solution to the Tullock Rent-Seeking Game When R > 2: Mixed Strategy Equilibria and Mean Dissipation Rates," Papers 9368, Tilburg - Center for Economic Research.
- Baye, M.R. & Kovenock, D. & De Vries, C.G., 1993. "The Solution to the Tullock Rent-Seeking Game when R > 2: Mixed Strategy Equilibria and Mean Dissipation Rates," Papers 10-93-9, Pennsylvania State - Department of Economics.
- Baye, M.R. & Kovenock, D. & De Vries, C.G., 1993. "The Solution to the Tullock Rent-Seeking Game when r>2: Mixed-Strategy Equilibria and Mean Dissipation Rates," Purdue University Economics Working Papers 1039, Purdue University, Department of Economics.
- Baye, M.R. & Kovenock, D., 1993. "The Solution of the Tullock Rent-Seeking Game when R > 2 : Mixed-Strategy Equilibria and Mean Dissipation Rates," Discussion Paper 1993-68, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Mixon, Franklin G, Jr & Laband, David N & Ekelund, Robert B, Jr, 1994. "Rent Seeking and Hidden In-Kind Resource Distortion: Some Empirical Evidence," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 78(2), pages 1717-1785, February.
- David Laband & John Sophocleus, 1988. "The social cost of rent-seeking: First estimates," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 269-275, September.
- Robert Tollison, 2012. "The economic theory of rent seeking," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 152(1), pages 73-82, July.
- Arye Hillman & Dov Samet, 1987. "Dissipation of contestable rents by small numbers of contenders," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 63-82, January. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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text:
Advertising Sales
- Posted
- Proposals 1
- Remote
- #2499
- Expired
Experience Level: Entry
Surrey based nature conservation magazine is seeking to maximise advertising revenue. Distributed three times a year in full colour to 13,000 (but growing) members, local councillors, MPs and MEPs. Advertisers need to be sympathetic to aims of organisation. Clint prepared to take advice on page rates etc. Commission only.
Clarification Board
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
GraphicRiver Christmas Glossy Star Background with Ribbon Vecto 8753638
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Seasons \ Holidays \ Christmas
Pattern \ Illustration \ Background \ Shadows \ Drawing \ Swatch \ Contains
Stock Vector - Christmas Glossy Star Background with Ribbon Vecto 8753638 by yganko @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Seasons \ Holidays \ Christmas
Vector Illustration, Vector Pattern, includes swatch EPS10 (Contains transparent objects used for shadows drawing, glare and background. Background to give the gloss, opacity), raster version.
Illustrations may at your option contain text.
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: JPG Image, Vector EPS; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Aries Zodiac Signs ; Colorful Stems and Bamboo Leaves; Medical Bottle; Medical Bottle; Background with Lighting Lamps and Frames; Background with Lighting Lamp and Frame; Background with Lighting Lamp.
Keywords: art, backdrop, backgrounds, bright, brightly, celebration, christmas, color, contemporary, decoration, design, digitally, generated, glamour, graphic, holiday, horizontal, illuminated, illustration, image, lights, line, magic, new, nobody, painting, pattern, scroll, season, shape.


text:
GraphicRiver Monster Pack 2092108
Stock Vector \ Characters \ Monsters
Monsters \ Different \ Customize \ Sample \ Layers \ Monster \ Create \ Creation
Stock Vector - Monster Pack 2092108 by PinarInce @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Characters \ Monsters
Here's a gang of monsters for you! With this pack, you get not only 15 premade monsters, but also a kit to create and customize lots of different monsters with lots of colors and props. With 6 different arm poses for each arm, 3 body textures, 15 eyes, 16 mouths and 11 hats, there is a combination of 7920 different monsters with each having 36 possible poses, plus 10 different props! Not to mention all the color combinations you can edit. Don't just hire the pre-made guys in the sample sheet, have fun with the creation kit!
The package contains.
- Complete AI files.
- You can use categorized symbol libraries or named layers inside AI file.
- A very easy to edit and customize PSD file. Shadows and highlights are adjustment layers, so you can just edit the main color, the rest will follow.
- Pre-made sample monster sheets in PNG file
- An easy instructions sheet to get you started creating your monsters.
- An Eps10 file
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD, Transparent PNG, Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Monster Party; Autumn Elements; Summer Penguin Card; Summer Penguins With Billboard; Summer Billboard; Monster With Cake; Hello Summer.
Keywords: alien, angry, avatar, beast, birthday, boss, cartoon, chef, cocktail, collection, cool, create, creation kit, easter, freak, freaky, hat, headphones, illustration, leprechaun, mascot, monster, party, patriotic, scary, set, sunglasses, variation, witch.
Download Link


text:
Numerous os or new iphone 4 mobile features: To get a in close proximty of mobile tempo date, all you need is to sign up with him because Bushy pussy Judbury couldn't bear the Pavilion and the top of that, if you are unlucky and have a chance to connect people and as far to get laid today. Your best choice if you wait on hold ….
Black Nubian Princess Bowral you question that, look at his disposal.
Acceptance my slit and lick a boot or a submissive.


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Oh my goodness, I found a toy that I am already in love with! I don't know how I managed to survive without it. What is it? The Editorial Calendar plugin for WordPress! Look at it:
If the post isn't yet live, you can go to your calendar and just drag it to a different day! Amazing, huh? It is also very simple.
Don't have a wordpress blog? Why not? They have a learning curve, but let me tell you… I literally was freaked out about moving my site (almost 2 years ago now) because everyone talked about how hard WordPress is. Ok, it is NOT hard if you have the right support network. People also said they would lose so much… your GFC followers can go with you, your feed can be redirected… your entire site can be redirected!
But.. it costs SO MUCH! Yeah, not really! My boss does a switcheroo for 215.00! Hosting with her for a small site is only 36 bucks per year. Yeah, the cost isn't that much and it outweighs the risks of sticking with a free program. #imjustsaying
DISCLAIMER: Yes, I work for DSWP these days, but I was a client with her for over a year before she offered me a job. I like and trust Cathy with my baby!


text: Looking at the Aria as my first smartphone. I like the size compared to the larger smartphones. Is it a good phone for the nonexperienced user? I'd like to check yahoo email, browse the web now and then, get directions, etc. Does anyone know if android phones can enlarge the text messaging font like iphones can? iphones use the "accessibility" setting to select font size. Thanks, Mike


text:
Register and Join the most happening forum of Sikh community & intellectuals from around the world.
RBC under lens for outsourcing jobs to iGate
Reuters - Apr 8, 2013, 03.37 PM IST
TORONTO: Canada is investigating a report that its largest...
In Hubble's Lens, Signs of a Galaxy Older and Farther Than Any Other
By DENNIS OVERBYE
Published: January 26, 2011
Leapfrogging into the past...
Saturday, August 7, 2010
Punjabi Pictionary, turban tying and Sikh history Jeopardy! are all part of the program at Sikh Camp this summer. The...


text:
Note : Your Quotation Request will be directed to Corry Micronics.
The CMI62-NB-2 from Corry Micronics is a Waveguide to Coax Adapter with Frequency 12.4 to 18.0 GHz. Tags: End Launch. More details for CMI62-NB-2 can be seen below.
1.85mm, 2.4mm and 2.92mm Waveguide to Coax Adapters Operating Up to 65GHz
You can now find similar products from multiple companies on everything RF.


text:
James Neal suspended five games for kneeing Brad Marchand
Pittsburgh Penguins forward James Neal was suspended five games by the National Hockey League for kneeing Bruins forward Brad Marchand during Saturday night's game at TD Garden.
The announcement was made by the league's Department of Player Safety Monday.
The incident occurred in the first period, after Marchand had fallen to the ice. As Neal skated by him, his knee hit Marchand in the head, stunning him. Neal received a minor penalty for kneeing.
Following the play, there was pushing and shoving between members of the Penguins and Bruins, and Boston's Shawn Thornton knocked Pittsburgh's Brooks Orpik to the ice and began punching him. Orpik had to be taken off on a stretcher, and Thornton received a match penalty.
Thornton is expected to face a disciplinary hearing this week, and is likely due for a suspension himself. Thornton had taken exception to a hit Orpik put on Loui Eriksson earlier in the game that left the Bruins winger concussed.
Neal will forfeit $128,205.15 in pay.
The Bruins wound up winning Saturday's game, 3-2.


text:
Py Connect Four is an implementation of the classic, two-player, Connect Four game. Each player has a color, either black or red, and they take turns putting their pieces in. The first player with four pieces in a row at any angle wins the round. It is completely written in Python, and uses the PyGame library with the SDL library.
|Games/Entertainment Arcade
|Operating Systems
|Windows OS Independent POSIX Linux Mac OS X
Release Notes: F12 takes a snapshot at any time during the game, prints "Snapshot Taken", and uses unrepeatable snapshot naming. Font loading has been globalized and made dynamic. Fonts are shrunk to fit in place (the SDL TTF library has changed since pygame 1.2). The Play Again and Escape menus have been cleaned up. An unused menu has been removed.
Release Notes: Changing the board from 7x7 to 7x6, some text size enhancements, and a new start menu.
Release Notes: Text input fixes, and new commandline options.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


text:
AWS Technical Essentials
Bespoke Training Services
Tuesday 12/12/2017
9:00 am to 5:00 pm
Sydney, Australia
Price: AUD $850 + GST
Course Details (Course Overview)
AWS Technical Essentials introduces you to AWS products, services, and common solutions. It provides IT technical end users with basic fundamentals to become more proficient in identifying AWS services so that you can make informed decisions about IT solutions based on your business requirements.
Bring Your Own Device
Please note that this class requires you to bring your own device. Plan to come to class with the following:
Delivery Method - AWS Instructor-Led Training (ILT)
Duration - 1 Day
Catering - Morning / Afternoon tea & lunch will be provided
Course Materials - Gilmore Global Bookshelf (digital courseware) & qwikLABs will be provided in class
When & Where
AWS Sydney
Level 37, Citigroup Centre, 2 Park Street
Bespoke Training Services
Bespoke Training Services provides technical training environments for our clients to train and educate their customers. We facilitate and deliver a range of instructor led technical training courses across Australia, New Zealand & ASEAN.
Our courses are delivered in a relaxed and comfortable classroom environment, allowing for an intimate but professional education program.


text:
Town & Country Toyota Body Shop
Featured Business
ABRA Glass Charlotte10421 S Tryon St.
Charlotte, NC 28273
4.0 miles away
"John said they were excellent."
Review for Town & Country Toyota Body Shop
John S. on 09/10/2013
John said this business provided excellent service and was very professional.
Category: Collision
Service Date: 08/23/2013
Review Created: 09/10/2013
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


text:
Splitting Heirs DVD
Starring Rick Moranis, Eric Idle, Barbara Hershey, Catherine Zeta-Jones, John Cleese, Sadie Frost, Stratford Johns, Brenda Bruce, William Franklyn, Richard Huw, Jeremy Clyde, Eric Sykes
Directed by Robert Young
As a baby, Tommy (Eric Idle) was accidentally left behind at a wild London party by his very wealthy family, to be raised by a very poor Asian family.
He grows up to find that not only is he the heir to the Duke of Bournemouth, but that his American cousin Henry (Rick Moranis) has inherited everything.
As if that wasn't bad enough his real mother (Barbara Hershey) unwittingly tries to seduce him, while his true love Kitty (Catherine Zeta Jones) only wants to marry Henry.
- Format: DVD
- Region: 2
- Certification: (15)
- Catalogue number: FHED3215
- Studio: Fabulous Films
- Release date: 06/07/2015
- Genre: Comedy
- Colour: Colour
Free Home Delivery
on all orders
Pick up orders
from local bookshops
Also directed by Robert Young | View all


text:
[gleg] /glɛg/
adjective, Scot.
quick; keen.
Tagged: g
Read Also:
- Gleichschaltung
/ˈɡlaɪkˌʃæltʊŋ/ noun 1. the enforcement of standardization and the elimination of all opposition within the political, economic, and cultural institutions of a state
- Gleipnir
[gleyp-nir] /ˈgleɪp nɪr/ noun, Scandinavian Mythology. 1. a bond with magic properties, forged by elves, and used by the gods to bind Loki.
- Gleiwitz
[glahy-vits] /ˈglaɪ vɪts/ noun 1. German name of . /ˈɡlaɪvɪts/ noun 1. the German name for Gliwice
- Gleization
[gley-zey-shuh n] /gleɪˈzeɪ ʃən/ noun, Geology. 1. the natural process of producing .


text:
Media Communities, Social Bookmarking, and Crowd Sourcing
- Course Delivery: On Demand
- Duration: 10
Media sharing communities like YouTube, Flickr, and SlideShare are an important part of any social media strategy. They offer a platform to connect with others around media, and to get a lot of exposure for individuals and businesses. These media sharing sites also make it easy to share images, video, and documents and integrate them into other social media accounts and websites.
Subject Matter Expert
Deltina Hay is the author of The Social Media Survival Guide, The Bootstrapper's Guide to the Mobile Web, and The Bootstrapper's Guide to the New Search Optimization. She is a veteran Web developer, publisher, and a pioneer of social media and Web 2.0, especially as it applies to small business and the publishing industry.
Ms. Hay developed the graduate, social media certificate program for Drury University. Her first book, The Social Media Survival Guide, is used as a text in countless colleges and universities, worldwide.
Founder of Social Media Power and Plumb Web Solutions, Ms. Hay is a regular contributor to many journals and online news sources, including Six Revisions, Technorati, and SocialMedia.biz. She is a board member of the International Marketing Standards Board and the Independent Book Publishers Association.
Ms. Hay has been programming or developing for the Web for over 25 years. Her graduate education includes computer science, applied mathematics, numerical analysis, fluid dynamics, nonlinear dynamics, and psychology.
Got questions? Contact us below or call 877-881-2235
Why Choose 360training.com?
- Fast and easy courses completion
- Get an education faster than at traditional colleges!
- 100% online - No classroom attendance required.
- Unlimited 24x7 online customer support
- Over 500,000+ certified nationwide.


text:
A good business card is an essential part of a good marketing strategy. Because of its size and cost, it is certainly the most profitable part. Of course you cannot expect your business card to share with the entire history of your business. What is available is to perform exist a seasoned image people will remember. A business card can make or break a customer's initial impact of your respective business. In simple fact, these short cards helps make lots of influence because your personal appearance-the suit you wear or even the brief case you are carrying.
Choose a card design that is suited to your own business, industry and individual style. If you could be a funeral service manager, for example of this, you will not want to be caught presenting UV business cards with animated characters on them. If you are a technician, whose field is transform in gold style, official black-on-white linen business cards will probably end up dropped into your nearest circular file. Crafting a design begins with design and style that best props up business image you intend to project. To give you started; here I will discuss five different card styles that you should consider:
|Plastic Business Cards
• Simple card.
A simple card is generally printed in black ink on plain white or cream stock. This is an excellent style to choose when utility may become everything you need. It's really a no-nonsense approach that could catch the attention of customers and prospects that are not necessarily surprised clever design features-the people who want "just the main points, ma'am." The design and style is simple, and the information and facts is concise and clear.
• Photo Card.
Getting your face on your card, whether it is really a photograph, a drawing or even a caricature helps a message especially remember the very next time the affected individual sees you. Images that represent products or services, or even an advantage your own business provides can help you to communicate your own business much better than many words. A little color (as opposed to just not colored documents) is often helpful on the card, too.
• Responsive card.
Some cards are characterized not so much because when they are so because once think. They can use nonstandard materials, e.g. wood or metal, and have unusual shapes, edges, folds or embossing. Tactile maps are usually considerably more expensive than regular cards, simply because they use non-standard production processes, for example scraps. But for some companies, it may more unusual card be worth the price.
• Versatile card.
A card can perform a lot more than announce your name and business is also able to work as a discount coupon, a reminder meeting with other features. Additionally, it can provide valuable information for the person with average skills may require. As an example, a resort sometimes includes a road map in the back of their cards for just about any guests who drive around the area. You can create a short regardless of the kind of MP with the addition of some of these kinds of functions.
• Outside-the-box cards.
A wildly original, fanciful or extravagant presentation can draw extra attention. Creativity knows no boundaries-except what kind of money you want to use. Examples include short made of chocolate or unfolded into a miniature box to help keep the small components of.
|Print VIP cards
Now you need to buy
Once you have decided on a simple idea for your personal business card, you are ready to go to the printer. You will find four primary considerations when ordering business card printing:
• Weight. Most business cards are printed on 18 pt.
• Finish. With the three available-silk, matt, linen finish is among the most popular.
• Color.
At this time the two-color map prevalent. If you choose from the catalog, you will find between five and 15 standard colors to choose from. For those who have a different ink color in your mind, the printer can show that you Pantone book, including every nuance of sunshine.
• Volume. It is generally effective print multiple cards rather than fewer, considering that the printer's expense is primarily within the setup.


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We all know the 2007 Silverado will be heading to show rooms in the near-term future — but how about some 2008 Heavy Duty action? Well, that's what Edmunds has over on the Straightline, and it looks like Chevy's going for the "bigger version of the not-so-heavy-duty version" look rather than making a stylistic differentiation from the consumer models. But as the owners of most HD's are want to say: "Who gives a rip — long as it hauls and hauls ass." Couldn't agree more.
Spy photos: 2008 Chevrolet Silverado Heavy Duty [Edmunds Straightline]
Spy Photos: 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 [internal]


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Watson considering Woods
LOUISVILLE, Ky. — U.S. captain Tom Watson said he would be foolish not to consider Tiger Woods as one of his three wild-card selections for the Ryder Cup, a decision that ultimately would be based on Woods' words instead of his actions.
Watson has said all year he wanted Woods on his team if he were healthy and playing well. Even though Woods is injured and not playing for the next month, Watson wouldn't rule him out Monday.
"I can't assess his medical condition and I honestly can't assess how he's playing," Watson said. "It really is going to be having to come from information from Tiger himself. But, again, I don't make this comment loosely. He is Tiger Woods and he brings a lot to the team — if he has the ability to play and he's healthy. He brings a lot to the team. And I'd be a fool not to consider him."
Nine players qualified for the American team after the PGA Championship. Watson has three weeks before he announces his three picks for the Ryder Cup, which is Sept. 26-28 at Gleneagles in Scotland.
Woods' season ended when he missed the cut by five shots at the PGA Championship, where he said he played through the pain of a nagging back injury. He is not playing the Wyndham Championship this week in North Carolina, and Woods is not eligible for the two FedEx Cup playoff events that will serve as an audition for Watson.
"I'll be very, very focused on the players who are high up in the ranks," Watson said.
As for Woods?
He made it sound as if he would have a telephone glued to his ear.
"I will continue to speak with Tiger over the next three weeks to monitor his situation," Watson said. "Obviously, he has not been playing well. But I think it's been a result, as you well know, of his injury and his coming back from back surgery."
Woods has gone more than a year without winning, and this injury-filled year has been like no other. He played eight tournaments and completed 72 holes only three times. He missed two cuts, withdrew from the final round of two other tournaments and missed a 54-hole cut at Torrey Pines, where he is an eight-time winner. His best finish was a tie for 25th at Doral, where Woods played in the next-to-last group on Sunday and posted his highest score ever (78) in the final round.
He finished at No. 70 in the Ryder Cup standings.
Woods hurt his back again at Firestone, though he said it was unrelated to his microdiscectomy surgery in March. He said a trainer popped a joint back into place and he was pain free Wednesday at the PGA. He reported stiffness Thursday and his back "went out on me" while warming up for the second round.
Can he be trusted to be forthcoming with Watson?
"Absolutely," Watson replied sternly, looking away to make his point.
The 64-year-old captain was asked if Woods' might want to play so badly that he might tell Watson he is better than he really is.
"Again, I trust Tiger to give me the straight skinny," Watson said. "I trust him inherently."
It was difficult to read Watson's plans for Woods — if any — on this Ryder Cup team because they have never been close. Paul Azinger, captain of the only U.S. team that won the Ryder Cup in the last 15 years, said over the weekend he would not pick Woods because he was injured, not playing well and didn't know where the golf ball was going.
Watson made it sound as if he were leaning more on Woods' past than the current state of his game, not to mention his health.
"He is Tiger Woods. He brings something to the team in a big way," Watson said. "He's been really good in the team room of recent and he's a factor with the players. I know that for a fact. He's a very positive influence on the players."
"But the most important thing is can he play? Can he physically play and is he playing well? Get back to those two points. Like I said, I'll monitor that situation in the next three weeks."
The American team already is missing Dustin Johnson, who has taken a "voluntary leave" for what he described as "personal challenges." Matt Kuchar withdrew from the final major of the year with a back injury. Bubba Watson has finished in the top 10 only once in the four months since winning the Masters.
Tom Watson said he was happy with the nine players who made the team — Watson, Kuchar, Rickie Fowler, Jim Furyk, Jimmy Walker, Phil Mickelson, Jordan Spieth, Patrick Reed and Zach Johnson. For his picks, he said he wants players in good form and with guts.
"We have got players that can get the job done," he said.
Qualifying for Europe's team does not end until Aug. 31 after the Italian Open, and captain Paul McGinley will make his picks Sept. 2.
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text:
Our website uses cookies for technical, analytical and marketing purposes. Here is more information. If you agree to this, just keep browsing.
Situated on the bay, Hotel Tong Jeju is a great choice for a stay in Seogwipo. Guests will have free perks like WiFi, self parking, and wired Internet. LED TVs and refrigerators are offered in all rooms.


text:
very true
I'm sorry, but this is fact. I just noticed several websites do actually copy and paste other peoples information + work! It annoys me, not because someone copied and pasted what I said WORD FOR WORD, but they also do not give credit to those who do post information and hacks, and receive the credit for themselves. Such as "Naaeron" which for you who do not know, THAT IS NOT TRULY Naeron!People need to stop
DrowSySworD GIVE HIM CREDIT!
Ya, I have noticed that. Some of them choose to share with other sites which is perfectly fine. I'd rather them share with other sites then someone else bringing it to another site and not giving them credit. It's bad enough even on the site they post it on, they don't even get credit for reposts of their own hack.
yah, it completely disrespects teh person who made that hack. considering that it takes days to weeks to make a single hack.
^^^Check Out the Crazy Black Chick that was on my Bus^^^
I know a site that does the same thing-_- G.P. and some other site
Ban ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Yes ban hammer to him plox!


text:
Draven Build Guide by
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Draven Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Welcome to the start of the guide Draven - Who wants some Draven!?
First of, i would like to thank everyone for looking at this guide, which i assume
you did, if you're reading this now.
this is my first published guide, and i have never done anything like this before.
This guide will consists of the ascepts of Draven. how i play him, how i build him, and
what i do with him + some basic knowledge as well! doesn't that sound great?
Pros / Cons
Pros and Cons for playing Draven.
Pros Cons
+ Good at chasing - Squishy
+ Very high damage - Hard to master
+ Fun to play - Focused alot
+ Useful kit - Hard to catch axes
+ Global Ultimate - Costs 6300 ip
Choosing the correct summoner spells
You may be wondering "What spells should i use?", or "I'm unsure what goes well with what".
if so, fear not! i'll be explaining a bit about summoner spells in this section.
- This spell, is my utmost prefered one. that's because of the incredible many escape opportunities it gives you, or it gives you just the right amount of distance, for you to get away from a skillshot, or get under your tower, and away from the chasing enemies.
it goes well with almost everything, and it's a matter of taste, and playstyle for choosing this over the summoner spell . i recommend almost always use this, though for champions like , and a few more, i wouldn't take flash, because they already have it built in their kit.
Another great spell! this spell is the one i use, if i know my playstyle will be very aggressive, and that i have some kind of escape options. i tend to get it with Cho GathCho Gath simply because of his rupture. you can choose to take it on Draven too, as it enchances the already exceptional good chasing opportunities that this champion has.
This spell is very used by most ad carries, even some solo tops and mid players. I myself don't prefer taking this spell, as the heal isn't that great, and i believe making sure you don't get in alot of sticky situations alone, and go with something like ignite or exhaust makes up for not having this heal.
though this spell also should be also be considered, since it is a very useful spell, and if you know, that you may get in sticky situations to being able to secure a kill, this might just be the right choice instead of ignite or exhaust.
one of my prefered spells for almost every role (except support). that's because of the DoT (Damage over time) effect it leaves on the affected enemy player. it's great for picking up kills that you might not have been able to get if you hadn't this spell.
though it's totally up to you, i don't like taking it on Draven as Draven's passive is a build in DoT (Damage over time) effect.
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Refreshments will be provided in the morning, and lunch will be served. Please let us know in the comments section if you have any special dietary considerations.
At the door registrations will be permitted if space is available, but there will be a $30 additional charge.
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"Children's Ward 16/7"
About: Leighton Hospital Leighton Hospital Crewe CW1 4QJ
Posted via NHS Choices
My son was referred by his GP for an infection around his eye. He was taken to Ward 16 and then moved to 17. He's only 9 and was very frightened. The staff were excellent and took time to put him at ease, talk to him, etc. He ended up staying 4 days and he commented to me how nice and friendly everyone was and how well he'd been looked after - he did have a playstation, TV, CD player, electric bed, etc. and was living it up like Lord Muck - he didn't want to come home! And he loved the food too! From a parent's perspective, I'd largely agree - the staff were friendly and caring. At one point a nurse who had looked after him on one day was moved to another bay on her next shift - thinking about continuity of carer here may help, especially with children building trust. Also, I stayed with him for 3 nights. What an experience that was and thank goodness for my ear plugs! Why is it that the chair beds in these wards are so uncomfortable? Can some money be spent on replacing these for comfier more up to date models? Even if you charged parents a nominal fee perhaps or asked for a contribution/donation towards replacement costs, I'm sure most parents would gladly pay £1 a night even if they had something comfier to sleep on. It was at times confusing as to how long he would be in, and initially they said 2-3 days, then 5 then he went home at 4. There didn't seem to be good communication between departments - for instance ophthalmology wouldn't take a referral for him from the ward over the phone but insisted it be faxed - not helpful, whereas we believe ENT would...? Why are different departments running with different referral systems? We bought a 7-day car park pass which saved us a fortune, so that was a good point. Overall we were pleased with his care and the outcome, and thank the staff on ward 17 for their excellent care in particular.
Response from Leighton Hospital 3 years ago
Thank you for taking the time to comment on the care that both you and your son received whilst staying on the Child and Adolescent Unit (CAU). The staff on CAU work hard to ensure that all patients and visitors are put at ease especially through the difficult time of a child being unwell, and are pleased when everything goes as planned. We aim to ensure continuity of care where possible. CAU are waiting to be refurbished and the beds for relatives will be addressed during this process. I will look at the issues you have raised in relation to communication with specialties that are not based on the unit to see how this may be improved Many thanks for your comments Andrea Collins, Ward Manager, Child and Adolescent Unit.


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SAIC Awarded $42 M Contract by US Navy
- Company to Provide Operational and Tactical Training Support to United States Fleet Forces Command (USFF)
USFF supports both the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and Combatant Commanders worldwide by providing responsive and sustainable Naval forces. The command provides operational and planning support to Combatant Commanders and integrated warfighter capability requirements to the CNO. Under the contract, SAIC will provide operational and tactical support to USFF and associated fleet commands, assisting them with fleet training policy and curriculum development and implementation. SAIC will also assist with development, execution, assessment, and reconstruction of simulation-driven training events and exercises.
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"We look forward to continuing to provide USFF with the critical operational and tactical support needed to enable the fleet to support the warfighters during a demanding cycle of pre-deployment planning and training," said Tom Baybrook, SAIC senior vice president and business unit general manager.
Source : Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) (NYSE: SAI)
Jan 29 - Feb 1, 2018 - London, United Kingdom
EAR / OFAC Export Controls e-Seminar
Jan 1 - Dec 31, 2017 - USB Drive, Windows Computer
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Role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of otitis mediaHWCOM Faculty Publications
Date of this Version10-2-2014
Document TypeArticle
AbstractOtitis media (OM) is a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. It is the leading cause of hearing loss and represents a significant healthcare burden. In some cases, acute OM progresses to chronic suppurative OM (CSOM), characterized by effusion and discharge, despite antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of antibiotic resistance and potential ototoxicity of antibiotics has created an urgent need to design non-conventional therapeutic strategies against OM based on modern insights into its pathophysiology. In this article, we review the role of innate immunity as it pertains to OM and discuss recent advances in understanding the role of innate immune cells in protecting the middle ear. We also discuss the mechanisms utilized by pathogens to subvert innate immunity and thereby overcome defensive responses. A better knowledge about bacterial virulence and host resistance promises to reveal novel targets to design effective treatment strategies against OM. The identification and characterization of small natural compounds that can boost innate immunity may provide new avenues for the treatment of OM. There is also a need to design novel methods for targeted delivery of these compounds into the middle ear, allowing higher therapeutic doses and minimizing systemic side effects.
CommentsOriginally published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.
Creative Commons LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0
Citation InformationRahul Mittal, Joyson Kodiyan, Robert Gerring, Kalai Mathee, et al.. "Role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of otitis media" (2014)
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/kalai_mathee/16/


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LittleBigPlanet, one of this fall's most highly anticipated PlayStation 3 games, recently suffered a setback forcing the game's planned Tuesday release to be pushed to next week.
A post on the official PlayStation blog stated the following:
"During the review process prior to the release of LittleBigPlanet, it has been brought to our attention that one of the background music tracks licensed from a record label for use in the game contains two expressions that can be found in the Qur'an. We have taken immediate action to rectify this and we sincerely apologize for any offense that this may have caused. We will begin shipping LittleBigPlanet to retail in North America the week of October 27th. Sorry for the delay, and rest assured, we are doing everything we can to get LittleBigPlanet to you as soon as possible."
The "immediate action" mentioned in the post likely refers to the development of a game update that will block the original song and replace it with another. It seems unlikely that Sony would recall and destroy the hundreds of thousands of game discs that have already been manufactured and shipped to stores around the world.
But the means by which Sony fixes this supposed problem are of little interest to me. I'm much more curious to know why it required fixing in the first place.
Game blog Kotaku recently posted a letter sent to Sony from the Arabic gaming site True-Gaming.net that supposedly acted as the impetus for the Japanese gaming giant's decision. It identifies and translates the Qur'an phrases found in the song ("Every soul shall have the taste of death" and "All that is on earth will perish"), before going on to state, "We Muslims consider the mixing of music and words from our Holy Qur'an deeply offending."
Sony's motive to acquiesce is, obviously, to ensure that they stay on the good side of the millions of Muslims who play their games. It's a fair business decision.
It is also, however, a blow to free creative expression, and a major setback for those who would have games be considered a form of art.
Disallowing certain words and phrases entry into popular games is essentially censorship. And while censorship can at times be justified-such as when it is used as a barricade to hatred and bigotry-no one has yet suggested that the Qur'an phrases found in the LittleBigPlanet track were co-opted in order to antagonize or ridicule.
Publishers are the recipients of an endless stream of complaint letters that disapprove of all manner of game content, ranging from violence to homosexuality, and they come from a wide variety of protestors, including churches, parent lobbying groups, teachers, lawyers, and politicians. Typically, the only time a game maker takes action on these complaints is when the ESRB threatens to stamp their game with a rating higher than the age of its perceived core audience.
By holding up the release of one of the PlayStation 3's most important games to remove two lines of text that would have no impact on the game's age rating, Sony is essentially stating that they accept one particular religion as a higher level of authority than any other form of petitioner.
Moreover, they are sending a clear message to all game designers that in their creative planning they must take into account and avoid the taboos of a particular group of people. This stifles the artistic process, and could eventually prevent game makers from communicating important, relevant ideas.
But hey, at least Sony will sell a few more copies of LittleBigPlanet in the interim.


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Ten decades of exercises have come and gone, and over these 100 years exercising has taken various forms and techniques. From the hula-hoop exercise craze, to the neon spandex phase, and now up to the dance/club environment some gym classes impersonate. From its earliest form, women's workout consisted of light stretching to avoid and each constipation. Today, women are losing and toning their bodies in ways which seemed imaginable 100 years ago.
From 1910-1950, women primarily focused on minimal movement which would not break a sweat. Most of the exercises were to alleviate pain rather than lose weight. They would also wear outfits similar to nightgowns.
As soon as 1950 hit, the women's fitness circuit took on major changes. The 1950's are officially the hula hoop era for women's fitness. The notion of losing weight and having fun with friends swept the nation. The 1960's though went in the complete opposite direction where the Trim Waist was the craze, essentially a corset which would be used to help lose weight. Like many expected, this did not last very long.
The 1970's and 1980's were by far the most exciting for women, the era of Jazzercise and neon bright leotards. The 1970's brought on the Jazzercise era by Sheppard Missett, former Broadway performer. Jazzercise was a form of aerobic exercise which is intended to burn calories while slimming and toning the body. When though it is not as popular in the United States as it once was, it is still practiced in over thirty countries around the world. The 1980's may have been the most memorable decades of exercise ever. The high energy aerobic kicking and punching while wearing the massive headbands with hair in a side ponytail. Who could also forget the bright fluorescent outfits worn. Even though the outfits are long gone, the idea of high energy workouts are just as popular as ever.
In the more recent decades a combination of the past century shaped what is happening today in women's fitness. The notion of high energy, dance incorporated workouts are taking over gyms throughout the world. With Zumba and other dance workouts now available, it is no surprise that women enjoy going to the end. They go with friends, and are dancing, who would not like a workout like that? These women love it.
For more info about Araceli, please visit Araceli Roiz's official website.


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Seika Hellbound Faith Von Hexx
Pictures Of The Dead – The Truth About Post Mortem Photography
To some, the very idea of Victorian Post Mortem Photography can be chilling… especially when you see these images where a deceased loved one appears to be alive. Sitting with family, standing and posing… like they did in life. They appear to be alive because… they are! When these images were taken, the people posing were very much alive and kicking.
There is a lot of misunderstanding going on about antique post mortem photos showing the deceased standing upright and the use of the posing stand. The purpose of the posing stand was to stop you from moving, staying in position because the exposure time took anywhere from 10 seconds to 30 minutes. That's no lie… in 1839 to 1841, it took from 15 to 30 minutes for the camera to process the image. So many times, even with the stand… the eyes may still look funny, possibly from looking around or blinking during the exposure.
I should also note that posing stands weren't strong enough to 'hold' a body up. So if you see an image with a posing stand behind the person, they are most certainly alive. Dead people don't need help standing still.
Many eBay sellers are jacking prices and pushing images as post mortem because of the stand showing and the odd faces (expressions), or awkward poses. These sellers also like to show a close-up of a "dark" hand… as if that somehow validates their standing post mortem claim. Nonsense.
There are dozens if not 100's of examples of these post mortem hoaxes on eBay right now. Don't buy into it. Victorians didn't pose their loved ones as these sellers would like you to believe. They are clearly trying to trick new collectors into buying them and these photos are worth a fraction of what they are selling them for.
It was customary to pose their dead lying down in beds, cribs, coffins, or even couches in their home surrounded by flowers. Or posed in their coffins with family outside just before burial. Sadly, this was very common because it may have been the only photo ever taken of the person.
On a personal note… to me as a photographer… I find the post mortem photos to bring a life full circle so I'm not freaked out about it. We should photograph from birth to death and document entire lives. It's not creepy or morbid… it's life.
Some examples of fakes that can be found online…
91 Responses to "Pictures Of The Dead – The Truth About Post Mortem Photography"
Creepy…but so very Interesting!
I thought you would be of that opinion:)
LOL…not sure how I feel about that…but…thanks?
we didn't mean it to be creepy… just trying to save folks from being had! 🙂
Thank you, your explanation is perfect. I collect tintypes and am always suspicious when one is claimed to be post mortem when i'm sure its not…..
LOL…that's just my strange and random sense of humor. 🙂
It is creepy in a good way. It is fascinating and a beautiful way of documenting what is a part of life.
it is, and it's disrespectful of people to sell a normal portrait as a post mortem. Victorian people loved their families as much as we do and wouldn't prop them up to pose as alive. The whole idea is silly. 🙂
Did you guys see this one today http://gawker.com/dead-biker-buried-riding-harley-in-giant-transparent-ca-1513561570?utm_campaign=socialflow_gawker_facebook&utm_source=gawker_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow
It's also immoral. I am a photographer and I would NEVER sell photos of a deceased person or fake photos of people like this.
We sell post mortem photos like the woman laying with the flowers around her. We don't sell fake ones or claim any that may be fake. I don't find it immoral either. The ones we have are of people unfortunately long forgotten. Mostly thrown out or sold by family members who never knew them. There is a curiosity to them that people enjoy. Sadness, beauty and history. I'm also a professional photographer and have shot a few deceased in my lifetime. I can't judge people for wanting the vintage shots or for wanting them taken of deceased family members now.
that fella that was buried with his motorcycle is an interesting one lol. Says he had metal back braces and straps. Victorian stands were pretty flimsy wooden stands.
I was referring to this day and age…I find it very paparazzi like. It wasn't meant as a shot at you or your business. If a family member wants a photo of a deceased member of their family, that's up to them. Selling photos of the deceased celebrity bodies, etc was what I meant.
i agree, that's nasty for sure. Unfortunately they get paid well or it wouldn't happen. Sad.
i didn't mean to sound like i was after you for saying it was immoral. You're right, sometimes it is.
🙂 I just wanted to be sure I hadn't offended you.
i was thinking i offended you lol 🙂
Nah. I've got a thick skin. We're good. 🙂
it's a touchy subject for some
thanks Faith 🙂
The really disturbing photos are the ones where they prop their loved ones up, open their eyes (gawd forbid) and take photos of them. Shudder.
did you read this Shawn? http://cabinetofcuriosities.ca/pictures-of-the-dead-the-truth-about-post-mortem-photography/
I read it but was also told by a friend that collects these that sometimes they did — but its more than possible that he has been duped.
if they propped them up, they would have looked like dead people propped up. We'd have to see them to tell if they were real post mortems. More aren't real then are.
I picked up a casket lamp last month, just like the one in that photo.
we may have a couple in the shop… least we did. Nice find Dustin.
Your honesty makes me want to come to your store more than ever — much appreciated.
there is a lot of post-mortem photography out there that is clearly real. It's a shame to see prices jacked when it's not true. Thanks Robert!
Many people think they have post Mortem pics because they see a stand, the stands were also used to pose people properly while alive.
Love your stuff!
that's true! Wish people knew that before they paid quadruple the price of what these photos are really worth. Thanks Chantelle!
I agree with the writer of the article. Post Mortem photography should be embraced. I have photos I took of my grandfathers funeral. It makes me appreciate every photo I have of him as well as documenting and celebrating his life after passing. Thanks for sharing this. Great article.
i find too that at funerals people seem to be overwhelmed that they can easily forget who was even there… i think funeral photography should be a regular thing. Thanks Kristi!
Very interesting article. I agree with taking photos from beginning to end, although often difficult to capture, its does historically place that person from beginning till end. Cheers, thanks for sharing.
There is actually some truth to this. Many people could not deal with the death of a loved one, so they would leave the body in the home, either in bed or their favorite seat in the home………eerie but very true.
the deceased usually went to funeral parlors when there was no one to look after them. Most people died in their homes, often the home they were born in, often the same home where they watched their parents die. They were much more comfortable with death then we are today.
Fact,ur eyes dry up after death. Post mortem pictures will not have the eyes open
I've taken care of dead people as a nurses aide and the eyes are very hard to close, the funeral director says not to touch them.
I absolutely love Victorian era PM photos. They're era may not be open in a lot of them…but they would often paint eyes on the deceased to make them seem more "alive". Most of the time the photographer wasn't very skilled in this art and it looked more horrifying than realistic. I studied these in college especially the "sleeping beauties". I am absolutely fascinated by them. Thank you for this post!!!!
"I should also note that posing stands weren't strong enough to 'hold' a body up. So if you see an image with a posing stand behind the person, they are most certainly alive. Dead people don't need help standing still."
Dead people might not need help standing still but they do need help standing up. There are also pictures where the person is very, very clearly dead and is being held standing with the help of a stand.
I get where you're going with this and I agree that there are a lot of fakes out there, but the way you make your case isn't the best possible.
Obviously none of you know anything about post mortem photography. In the eras where photography was less common or unavailable….Not to mention very costly…There would be no pictures of the deceased. In order to have memories…yes…they would prop up and photograph thier loved ones and even paint eyes on them so they appeared alive. Do some research. ..I promise it won't hurt
You "me" are not correct. Photography was widely available by the middle of the 19th century and middle class and even poor families had photographic albums. It was not "very costly". They did photograph their dead but they did not "prop them up" It is obvious that your research has been reading Pinterest pages that spread the myths of the standing post mortems. My research has been over 40 years of reading original sources from the period and there is no basic for the false information that infects the internet!
Hate to burst the balloon but a Kodak box Brownie, with ASA 25 b/w film only took 1/25th of a second to capture an image. How do I KNOW that? I'm 84 years old, that's why and I owned a Box Brownie. All one had to do is remain stationary (hold your breath if you wanted to) and not move. Saw one image that showed the hand movement of supposed "deceased" – THEN I noticed it was that hand of someone BEHIND the "center of interest".
Thank you for pointing out that so many of these "post mortem" photos are actually LIVE people having their photos taken. I've studied Victorian photography extensively and the posing stands WERE used to hold people still for the long shutter exposure in most cases. Also, if a woman has a blanket over her head and is holding a child, she is not "shrouded in respect for her dead child", she's trying to hold the child still for the camera and may be singing or talking to her LIVE child.
What do you mean dead people don't need help standing still? And your assumption that the babies are mostly sleeping, look at the parents expressions! I have seen a few modern day memorial photos of still born babies, and I can assure you they were not sleeping.
As for the exposure times. You say yourself from 10 seconds to 30 minutes. How do you know which for each pic? Do you know how much time was required for each of these pictures? I can stand perfectly still for over a minute! Heck some of the photos could be from the mid 1900's for all we know. Post mortem memorial photos are still common today.
And the stands where rarely used for living people. Why would they? They COULD hold themselves up for that long and in cases where they could not, they would sit or lean on something. In the photos where you see a stand, you also see a waist coat or similar. Under that the body has a large sturdy strap fastening the body to the stand. They especially wanted their dead to pose standing as it obviously adds better to the illusion of life. And many of the photos where doctored after they where taken to paint in unfocused or cloudy eyes. That's why so many look so remarkably "alive". Photographers where of very good artists too, give them a magnifying glass and a very fine tipped brush….
Oh…. and it didn't take long for them to invent flash photography. Did the flash powder stay illuminated for 10 seconds to 30 minutes too? And are you asserting that clever make up techniques were invented to that quality most recently?
This article is so poorly researched, it saddening. The only thing that anyone can have any kind certain about (if even) that the photos was taken at some point. There is ABSOLUTELY NO WAY to determine if the persons in the photo are deceased or not.
WHY would anybody want to BUY a photo of a deceased STRANGER in the first place!
But…. all said and done…. Fakes do exist! I sell them too; to gullible morbid 'Emos' and freaks that have too much time and money on their hands. The last one I got paid for was taken last year at a themed old west tourist park! LMAO! For $50 bucks you get a costume and a ye 'oldie photo. Oh…… by the way…. They don't use 'stands'. lol
"Jack" — I am a professional photographer, a degreed historian, and a collector of antique cameras, nineteenth-century photographic equipment and images, and I can assure you that not only are you crass, uneducated, and obnoxious– you're also completely full of sh_t. Your statements are so wildly inaccurate that they're not even wrong. Where did you learn about the history of photography?
If you want to learn something (about anything really), read a book, attend a class (over grade 5), or ask an educated professional. Otherwise, keep your pathetic, childish, paranoid opinions to yourself. Moron.
Saved me time from typing and responding to frivolous commentary left by this "Jack". Thank you.
I agree with you.
"And the stands where rarely used for living people. Why would they? They COULD hold themselves up for that long and in cases where they could not, they would sit or lean on something. " This statement alone Mr. Jack Frost shows you have very little if any knowledge of the history of photography or the technological practices of the 19th and early 20th century in photography. This statement and your assumptions are categorically incorrect. Someone once said a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
I teach 19th century art history, which includes photography. I am also a photographer, and love using old cameras including an early bellows lens camera that my grandfather used in the early 1900s. First, it is actually hard to stand still and not blink for a whole minute. Children are frequently blurry because they squirm- which can produce very odd effects- the most common being out of focus hands. Second, even with external light sources, the use of mirrors etc, until they improved both the focus and the shutter speed- long exposures were the norm. They did use metal stands for both standing and seated adults, one reason people can look so stiff. It was not until 1877 that the first studio using electric light was opened. Limelight was used used widely around 1839-1840, the results of using the chemical were rather poor: chalk-white pale faces and a harshly lit picture. These photographs and ones taken with other chemical processes are very obvious. Later arc-lamps were introduced to aid photographers, but it was not until 1877 that the first studio using electric light was opened. Powered by a gas-driven dynamo the studio by Van der Weyde in Regent Street, had the light sufficient to allow exposures of 2 to 3 seconds. It was possible that dead people could have been propped up, but after rigor mortis passed, they would be quite flaccid and would likely have one to two people flanking them holding them up too. After the first 24 hours, the eyes would be dried out and sunken, and the family usually had to wait at least a day or two to bring a photographer in, so in most cases (the grand majority) the eyes would be shut. I have heard that a talented undertaker (they weren't called morticians until later) could paint in eyes on the eyelids- but most families especially in the first half to 3/4's of the 19th c. did not use undertakers- that is something that didn't become the norm until towards the end of the 19th c. The practice of embalming and the currently normal practice of undertakers instead of the family caring and preparing the dead only really started in America after the Civil war, when the families wished that their dead soldiers to be brought home, and because of the time in transit- embalming became necessary. This practice spread- but most middle class and poorer folks were prepared by the family, and only buried by the undertakers. Cameras did not become a normal household object until after the turn of the century and the progress made by Eastman Kodak. Brownies were not developed and then sold until February of 1900. The information of external lighting comes from an article by Ivan Tolmachev titled the Brief History of Photographic Flash. Much of what I see referred to as Post Mortem photographs are instances of early photographic process and errors. Families had time, and the care and love of their dead loved one to prepare and pose them for the photograph. There are certain things, besides the casket- that make this obvious. A rosary in the hands, flowers around the head, a bible in the hands etc. and most are reclining or being held by one or more family members.
Tho "old fashion" camera in those parks are NOT the same as the ones the Victorians used. Sorry. I have worked with period photographers in a museum. They could never turn out prints fast enough with the authentic old cameras and they would have needed stands. What you are saying is all opinion. You need to really research the subject you are talking about.
I agree with this poster that some of the so-called post mortem photos are not of dead people. However, as the writer pointed out those photos of sad mothers holding their
" sleeping" babies ARE post mortem. WHY WOULD A PARENT WANT A PICTURE OF A SLEEPING BABY!!! Parents then and now would want a keepsake of an awake baby not a sleeping one!
–Some of these pics were taken in the middle of the 1900's???? You mean like the 1940's, 50's, or 60's?????
I actually have a post-mortem picture of a ggg-grandmother in her coffin with all the family posed around her before burial. Interesting photo.
I have a print of Aimee Semple McPherson lying in state, surrounded by flower displays. It's a paper print about 10″ x 14″ in size. What do you think it;s worth? It's been in the family since she passed and I imagine it was a mass produced memento for her followers.
There are a good many videos on youtube of these photos. Several people have obviously spent a great deal of time assembling large numbers of them to make numerous videos. Nearly all of them seem to believe that if they can see the base of a posing stand that the person in the picture is dead! I studied photography in college, years ago, and saw (and even worked with) several antique posing stands. There was NO WAY those stands could have supported the weight of an adult dead body. While I believe there may be a few p.m. photos where the person is pictured standing, I'd want to know the provenance of any "standing" photo claimed to be post mortem.
When I tried, politely, to tell a couple of people that the mere presence of a posing stand did not always indicate a p.m. photo, I received a number of belligerent replies telling me I didn't know what I was talking about, claiming all sorts of bizarre and unlikely poses were of deceased people., etc etc. I've seen in museums and antique stores many more posing stands than I actually worked with and NONE of the ones made pre-1900 that I've ever seen could have supported or posed a deceased person. People sometimes act like they think ANY photo taken before 1890 MUST be a post mortem photo! I have seen well known works of early photographers like Julia Margaret Cameron claimed as p.m. and even seen stills from Hollywood movies claimed as antique p.m. photos! SMDH. People are so credulous and gullible it's a shame.
You are so WRONG! You are so lacking in this subject! Before you go putting a website up you should educate yourself on the subject!
Before you put up a website such as this one, you should thoroughly educate yourself on the subject matter instead of offering misinformation to the public. It is well known in Victorian times they took photographs of the dead, and in attempts to make them as lifelike as possibly, opening the eyes, using props to pose them in life like positions. You state the 1st pic is "fake" in those days many people could not afford photographs, why they didn't take the time and money to do this till someone died. No photographer would have taken a picture of a SLEEPING baby versus an awake one! Or the 5th picture of the little boy "standing" by the table WITH a PROP BEHIND HIM, no "prop" is going to keep a LIVE child still!!!- -THIS WEBSITE TERRIBLE! It's the worst piece of garbage I've ever come across!
I'd love to see your research Kseniya. I've worked in Victorian collections since 1987 and have NEVER seen a verified Victorian postmortem photo that was standing. There are hundreds of postmortems but you will never see them standing, even with a stand, focusing their eyes on the camera, or sitting up straight on their own .
Please don't tell me your research was done on Flickr , HubPages or any of those heavily advertised sites. Anyone with an email address can put anything up that they like on those sites. The site managers love the myth of the standing postmortem photo because it draws people to their websites and that is how they get paid, by advertisers, by the click.
No, she is 100% correct, while Victorians certainly did take photos post Mortem, the vast majority of them were while the deceased is in a coffin or surrounded by flowers. The stands used to keep people still were not made to take the full weight of a dead body. Unfortunately,every photo where the subject looks somewhat uncomfortable, or the eyes look a bit strange., or the stand is visible is being touted as a post Mortem photo, which is completely untrue… This article is dead on (excuse the pun), I'm glad someone is trying to get the truth told for all those gullible people who think every Victorian photo is of a cadaver…
Prove that all those baby photos were fakes. You're so stupid. Photography was extremely rare and very, very expensive back then, so MOST people really didn't have any photos of their children alive. Just because YOU'D never take a photo of a dead loved one doesn't mean all these other people wouldn't. Your ignorance is disgusting.
For the record: I've always enjoyed looking at the faces, eyes, apparel, furnishings, hairstyles, etc. of the past, they are kind of a window to history, but I've only recently begun looking at PMs. It's a passing curiosity for me, and I consider somewhat of an art really – but I am not nor will ever be interested enough to collect them…
I had clicked on this site hoping for some definitive explanation as to why some standing PMs look more alive than others; but unfortunately what I got was a rather arrogant dismissal of those deemed unintelligent and gullible by the website creator.
* To say that all standing PMs are fake is just as flawed as saying that all of them are authentic. The fact is, none of us were there, so we do not know for sure.
* To say that people from that era had difficulty sitting or standing still for however long the process took, I think is a bit silly. These people were used to having lengthy "sit/stand still" sessions for portrait paintings, so a photograph session probably seemed miraculously fast to them. I do not see the need to strap a living person to a pole for a picture that, at most, would take a half hour – but perhaps this was occasionally done.
* To say that the dead could not be supported by a stand seems odd to me. The stand is not HOLDING the dead weight up; the stand is PROPPING them up. Advancing rigor mortis and gravity are doing the rest.
* To say that a baby looks asleep to you is applying no logic to the situation captured on film. WE take pictures of sleeping babies; THEY didn't. Those photos were very expensive, and a mother is going to want her child awake for that moment. Their lives would have revolved around being prepared for that photograph to be taken and for it to be as perfect as possible. But if the child has passed on, all you can do is snap the picture, and be struck by the barely concealed sorrow in the living member's eyes…
As I've looked at various pictures, I tend to look for clues. And while I'm sure there are numerous fakes out there (standing or otherwise), I do not believe that MOST are, the way the author appears to be claiming for the ones with stands, and for many of the so-called sleeping babies.
They liked to look somber in pictures back then, just like they did in portrait paintings – I get that. But with death, there is more of a hollow "new grief/shock" look in their eyes. The way any of us would look on the very day our loved one died. I see some of them giving it good effort to look lively, or happy, or like it was a normal day so that the picture is more life-like (I can almost hear the photographer encouraging this) – but a lot of them can't quite manage it. It's a look you can't fake, and they had no reason to.
I look for completely unnatural postures, ie., someone standing like they are alive, next to someone whose feet and legs are angled in a way that none of us living would be comfortable with. I look for bodies leaning forward or backward a little more than a living person would for a pose. I look for eyes that have no life in them – expressionless/unanimated – staring at something the living person is not looking at. I look for signs of rigor mortis in their hands/arms in their poses. I look for signs of distress in the faces of family posing next to them – sometimes the children look a little freaked out, or just extremely sad and confused by the whole ordeal.
Anyway, people can agree to disagree, but tone does matter. Perhaps if you lose the snarky holier-than-thou verbage, and just put your FACTS out there, along with supporting EVIDENCE, you will come across as a credible source on the subject, instead of a stuck-up member of the "smarter than everybody else" clique that you come across as now.
Even miniature portraits were expensive in the 19th c., and your average middle/lower class family could not afford to have a portrait made. Even those that were painted by the cheapest itinerant painters. Painted portraits were for the upper class and very wealthy, unless you had a family member who painted. After Daguerre commercialized his process and it spread all over- then and only then could your average family afford an image, and most of them were very hasty decisions (depending on location and weather- people were buried between 1-4 days after death) made after someone had died, because now even they could afford an image, albeit bittersweet, of their dead loved one.
I teach 19th century art history, at the university level.
Very nicely written and we'll thought out response.
Well said!
Well said!
A few maybe are dead but most of them are fakes. I think people just want to think these are dead people because of the weird creepy and bazaar feeling it gives them. It was all creepy to me too until I learned more about the whole process. There is no way you could make a person look as natural as some of these look.
I do a little selling on ebay myself and if I ever come across an old photo of a person with a stand behind them, you bet that I'm going to suggest that it's a possible post mortem pic. If some dumbass wants to give me big $$$ because he/she wants to believe it's post mortem, that's money in my pocket.
And you obviously have no conscience about selling fakes…………… Shame on you.
You are so right! All the images at the top of the post are indeed fakes. There is so much misunderstanding of the history of photography here that it makes my head spin. Posing stands were ONLY used to help live people hold still. They were NEVER used, nor could they be, to hold up dead people. I have studied, taught, and collected photography for more than 40 years and I have multiple shelves of period books on photographic techniques. Nowhere is there any mention of holding up dead people only of the best technique to make people comfortable with a posing stand. I am not sure you the web link to my Pinterest page will post but if you please check out: http://www.pinterest.com/brightbytes/the-posing-stand-for-helping-live-people-hold-stil/
I believe you are right about these photos being faked. This was well written with just on minor mistake. Though the two boys on bottom do look similar, one has brown eyes, the other light hazel or blue. They are not the same boy, but to your credit, they are both definitely not post mortem.
Thank you for this article. I came across another website claiming creepy post mortem photos and curious, I scrolled through them. I was hard pressed to believe a single one of these people were deceased. I claim to no nothing about photography, but I am an expert at deceased people. I have worked as a mortician for the last 12 years. A deceased person is very difficult to maneuver. There is no muscle tension and even facial features are tricky. We use a lot oof very sophisticated and even state of the art techniques to achieve a look of merely peaceful slumber. It would take even more sophisticated equipment than we even have now to photograph even a deceased child standing virtually unaided. If you don't believe me that is perfectly fine, but just try tying an unconscious child to half a coat rack and see how well your photos come out. The only reason I can see for anyone to attack the article writer over this would be if they are feeling silly over being had, or angry and someone educating their unsuspecting target. Just saying.
I just had to leave a comment. I have no experience or expertise regarding pm photos. But i must say that it is quite sad that we live in a time where people are becoming increasingly foolish, and crooked as well. This whole world is one big mess. And it is distorting the past through deception. Wisdom comes from the past. We should treat it like gold. But it needs to be accurately presented.
Well hi! I know this is an older thread but in case there's still anyone out there? I'm not a photographer, teacher or in any way educated about PM photos. I was just taken aback and surprised at the anger (& even VENOM!) aimed at the author! After perusing all the comments I went back and read the article again thinking I MUST HAVE missed something!?! Nah. I found it interesting & informative (and also SOME that are intelligent comments) but most of all it MADE SENSE. Obviously those stands are in no way capable of supporting literal "dead weight". Working in health care for 30+ years, I have handled my share of dead bodies & there's simply NO WAY one could be "propped up" … as for "gravity", that's an excellent reason for the body to fall over not stand up. OMG LOL!! Anyhoo, I found the author's "tone" to be not in the LEAST "snarky" or "holier than thou" … I have no idea where than opinion is coming from?? TY for listening & especially for the GREAT READ!! ✌
Some of these commentators would not believe the truth if it was wrapped in a ribbon and presented to them. Victorians DID photograph their dead relatives, but NOT standing. Common sense should tell you that the stand could not hold up the dead weight of a body without a buckling of the legs. The legs are just not going to take the weight of a body. The stand went around the neck and waist. Gravity would have to pull the body down and there is no way it would appear to be standing on its own feet. Just physically impossible. Have you ever had someone faint in your arms? I have and they're bloody heavy. Their legs buckle. Do you seriously believe that a stand is going to hold up a fully grown dead person? Where you see a stand they are always alive. Lying down on a chaise, couch, bed coffin, yes they could be dead. What the writer is saying here is 100% correct. What you believe is up to you…..
SICK – but hey, I'm checking them all out
This article was informative. The person claiming that photography was expensive and they wouldn't want a baby photographed sleeping is quite ignorant. A sleeping child would be easier to photograph. As for the stands, I've been a Registered Nurse for 30 years and as the previous comment, gravity would cause the body to fall. The stand could not possibly hold up a dead body! As for the people that are cheating others out of their money, what goes around comes around. People like you ruin the world.
Stands were used for living subjects. While it is possible for someone to stand still for long periods, keeping the head still is quite another matter. As with most portraits, the eyes and face are the focal points. A head brace attached to a stand kept the subject's head still. It's almost impossible to determine if a subject was alive or dead, simply by the presence of a stand. Often with post mortem poses, the waist is tied to the post but this too is not always the case. As for sleeping babies v deceased babies, I find it impossible to tell. A new born may we'll be left asleep while a picture of mother and baby was taken. I see no way of knowing without being there. I agree that a birth till death record is a collection to treasure, hard sometime to achieve. I find these 19th and early 20th century images a marvellous source of information but some of the more obvious post mortem pictures do creep me out. One I've seen recently was of an old lady, who had clearly been dead for a while, posed with a child who could have been dead or alive (hard to tell.). Clearly someone wanted a photo of grandma and granddaughter.
Also, to the ignorant folks that claim a stand is not necessary to take a picture with extremely long exposure time: Try this out yourself. Grab your camera (not cell phone) and wait until it's dark out. Set your aperture as small as your camera will allow (f16 or as close to it, or even smaller if you can), and the ISO as low as it will go. A point-and-click camera on "Auto" will have a long exposure time of at least a few seconds in the dark as well, so you can really try this with pretty much any camera that isn't a cell phone.
Put your camera on a tripod or the hood of your car or something to hold it still, set the self-timer and take a picture of yourself standing in front of it.
See how extremely blurry you are in that pic? Yep, every single tiny movement will create motion blur. Now you know.
And THAT dear folks is why they used stands on LIVING people. Not to prop them up, but to hold alive and breathing people still enough to take a picture that wouldn't come out looking blurry. And the stiff poses? That's not rigor mortis, but the photographer instructing the (alive!) subject to hold a stiff pose, since a stiff pose is easier to hold still than a relaxed one.
I understand some folks feel the need to really believe every black and white picture is that of a dead person and I like morbid details as much as the next guy, but when it comes to these Victorian pictures most are wrong… If there's a stand in the picture, you can 100% guarantee that person was alive aand kicking when the picture was taken.
Our family has several old photo albums. They contain dusty old family photos going back several generations. Great relatives are shown dressed similarly to those in some of these photos, and like these, the man would be seated while the woman stood next to him, unsmiling. I'm sure some photos show my family members with their eyes closed, too, or the photos are now so faded, their eyes are hard to make out. I wonder… if I put one of those photos of my great grandparents online… how long do you think it'll take before that photo of MY relatives ends up in a post mortem photography article? Not long, I'm sure, even though no one is dead in any of those photos that I know of.
People like making up stories about others, don't they. In this case, it's to feed a morbid curiosity to the movie crowd who has seen "The Others" a dozen times. I'm in with that bunch too. But the attacking on here of those who have a different viewpoint, well that is just plain ugly. And those who left scathing comments, could it be those are from the people who are making money off selling fake photos to unsuspecting buyers or putting up fake photos in blogs or websites where they make money? Perhaps they don't want the truth to come out — cause there goes their business?
Well, it got me to thinking. Here we are, feeling pain looking at loving photos of the deceased during Victorian times and shaking our heads in amazement at the way things were done then. A hundred years from now, will people be sharing stories of the early 21st century, feeling pain looking at the hurt caused by an online society of anonymous bullies, and shaking their heads at what is happening now?
Thanks for this! It is very frustrating to see all of these photos passed off as post mortem photos! There are photos of Abraham Lincoln that show the posing stand. I saw one photo of a child being passed off as a post mortem even though there was movement blur of one of his feet! Most of the fake post mortems of standing or seated people or sleeping babies come from the very early era of photography when exposure times were long. For older children, they had them lean or lie on an older person to help them stay still. If you wanted a photo of a baby, you had to take it while the baby was asleep and still. Also, with the long exposure times, the eyes became blurry because of blinking, so many times eyes were painted in which often looked odd. People were told to hold their hands limp and put them on an object so they could also be still. If you see eyes that are milky colored and not painted in, that person is alive! Also, if they're focused, they're alive! Also, some people lying in beds were very sick and were going to die, but they took the photo before they died.
There will always be crooks who take a great idea, and destroy it!
I can see how easily it is to sell a fake PM photo. During the early days of photography people were restrained with straps, head rests and stands and told basically to make like a corpse because of the excruciatingly long exposure time of the camera.
Dignified is the PM pictures where the corpse is lying down surrounded by flowers.Creepy and morbid was forcing a child or adult to pose with a barely cold loved one's corpse as if still alive
READ this person's webpage and take it to heart. I am in my 40s, have archival experience, and have a master's in museum science. I've worked with probably thousands of 19th century photos, and I have a personal collection of 300 at least. With all of this I have MAYBE seen a couple of dozen REAL clearly postmortem photos; and two of those are in my private collection. While new information constantly comes to light about obscure practices, I am extremely familiar with 19th century American domestic culture. Yes, the Victorians DID make photos of the deceased in their coffins, lying on beds or sofas, and occasionally (in the case of a small child) being held. Executed criminals and those killed in gunfights were often propped up somehow, in a coffin or on a board. Victorians had NO problem with this. They openly mourned and grieved; they almost celebrated death in some cases. I've been shocked by reading some of these comments. Apparently people do not want to believe what many experts are telling them: that a lot of these so-called postmortem photos are convenient ways to SEPARATE THE UNWARY FROM THEIR $$$. Living people (not dead ones) used posing stands, that people having their photos made were often frightened or made weird faces, that the dead were NOT routinely sat up or stood up to look "alive," and that there is a HUGE market in FAKED postmortem photos. In any case, unless a person is CLEARLY deceased in a photo, you need historical proof that he/she was dead before paying huge amounts of money. I can promise you that many people who look "strange" in photos, and all those sleeping babies (often sold as postmortems) did not die until years later…at least that's the case in some of my family photos. Another thing: blue does not register well in some old photographic processes; so blue eyes on perfectly alive people sometimes look white, which makes them look rather strange. There has been some seriously shoddy "research" and information published on the internet about this topic, and websites have spread this misinformation due to its sensational nature. DO NOT BELIEVE IT. At the very least, require documentation if you are paying huge amounts of money for a photo of a person who simply might be ill, convalescent, or making a weird face. If you pay big bucks for ANYTHING it should be for an artifact with PROVENANCE (history) , and that history can't just be something a dealer scrawled on a piece of paper. Again, unless there is CLEAR, PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIAL to support any historical claim, SHAVE WITH OCCAM'S RAZOR. Go with the most logical and statistically probably explanation FIRST in any situation.


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I cannot thank the staff on ward 62 enough. They were absolutely fabulous during a very difficult period. I had a suspected miscarriage (which eventually turned out to be an ectopic pregnancy) and over the 2 months which I was in and out of the ward, I was treated excellently. They dealt with me immediately and offered support when and if I needed it. I did have to spend one day in the hospital and they accommodated all my needs. I was given a private room and my partner could stay with me. All the staff were friendly and made me feel much calmer about what was happening. They answered all my questions and had a great rapport with patients. They made the whole ordeal much easier to deal with and I cannot express how much I appreciate their help and support.
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KN: I read Find Me early last year, and two other very different things drew me back to it throughout 2015. The first was Nick Moran's audacious essay on The Millions about the apocalypse of Florida (which smartly references Find Me). The second was the videogame Fallout 4, which literally renders an apocalyptic vision of Boston. Find Me takes place in both of these places! Is there something inherently apocalyptic about them? Why did you set the novel in these places?
LVDB: Oh, I loved Nick Moran's essay about apocalyptic Florida. "There are many ways to die in Florida, and a hurricane is only one." What a line. For me, it's a place where the surreal and the mundane exist alongside one another to an often startling degree. Also it's a place of extremes: the weather, the wildlife, the politics. Perhaps the extremity has always made Florida feel like an fundamentally unstable place to me, even though I grew up there.
I confess that I don't know Fallout 4—I have a lingering videogame aversion thanks to an old boyfriend who spent nearly every waking hour playing them—but an apocalyptic Boston might just be enough to get me to wade back in. I have lived in Boston, so I know the city well, and while it does not have the uniquely off-kilter strangeness of Florida, I think all cities have their apocalyptic-seeming corners. The boarded-up building, the car someone ditched on the roadside, the languishing construction site. Those small acts of abandonment.
I think I was drawn to having both these places exist in Find Me partly because it was a world where I was attempting so many new things—the speculative, for one—so it was a helpful anchor to return to familiar landscapes. There were also some structural parallels place helped created: Joy's passage from cold to warm; landlocked to coastal; frozen to melting.
KN: One of the symptoms of the epidemic in Find Me causes people to lose their memory before they die. What connection were you trying to draw between memory and the apocalypse?
LVDB: Joy has, for me, always been at the center of the memory questions: the relationship between memory and identity; the self-narrating we engage in to make our lives comprehensible; how the act of memory can be both saving and destructive; the question of whether the erasure of memory can, in some instances, be a gift. So I started with Joy, stayed with Joy, and the larger world of the memory-erasing epidemic eventually sprouted up around her. I was interested in the interplay between that larger canvas of forgetting and remembering and the personal dystopia Joy has been existing inside, her journey to crawl back from psychic obliteration. And for a character as frozen and calcified as she, I did truly feel it would take a cataclysmic series of events to push her into a space where new movement was possible.
KN: Find Me emerged alongside Station Eleven and California—two other great books that you could classify as "literary apocalyptic." Is there something about right now that draws us toward the end of the world?
LVDB: That's a great question, and it's one I wish I had a better answer for! Certainly there's been an abundance of dystopian novels as of late (though I started Find Me in 2008—I took a lot of long breaks—so before the recent dystopian wave). That could be attributed to the fact that we're on the precipice of historic environmental catastrophe, and thus staring down our own demise in a more immediate way. Also, I have a friend who once theorized that for writers who came into young adulthood around 9/11—I was born in '83—the apocalyptic might well seem like a more natural direction to reach in.
At the same time, dystopian literature is nothing new; it is, of course, part of a very long tradition. In her essay, "It's the End of the World as She Knows It," Sloane Crosley dove all the way back to Mary Shelley's The Last Man, which was published in 1826. Crosley's essay focuses on dystopian novels authored by women, arguing that "These writers don't need to destroy the world in order to imagine what it might be like to feel unsafe in it. The threat of violence is not something that's new to them, and thus they're less likely to fixate on it in narrative form, opting instead for stories about psychological preservation." All observations I found deeply interesting.
More generally, though, I suspect the world of Find Me was more an outgrowth of my own preoccupations with mortality—what it means to live in the world, what it means to leave it—and a desire to explore those human limits on a larger scale.
KN: It's been a year since Find Me came out. Has your impression of the book changed in that year? Has anything about its reception surprised you?
LVDB: That's an interesting question for me, as I'm not prone to looking back a lot on past work. The Isle of Youth has been out for a few years now, and if someone quotes something from a story back to me in an interview, I'm often like "Huh, just when did I write that?"
Like most writers, I'd imagine, I was overwhelmingly grateful for any review, mention, discussion, etc, grateful to anyone engaging with the project of this novel. Writers tend to feel a sea of conflicting emotions when going through the publication process but all that left me feeling about as good as I was capable of feeling. I especially loved the piece you wrote for Grantland—Ishiguro is a hero of mine, and it was such an honor to read about something I had written discussed alongside The Buried Giant.
For me the biggest difference between stories and novels is the intensity of connection I felt with the central character. I don't often think about the characters in The Isle of Youth still, or the characters in my first collection, even though both those books of course mean a great deal to me. But Joy is still a kind of presence in my life and I think about her all the time. A bit like a (mostly friendly) ghost trailing me around. I'm working on a new novel now, so new ghosts are appearing, but I'm surprised by how much she's stuck with me. And so I was/am particularly moved any time a reader seemed to forge a strong connection with her. I've gotten some letters from people whose childhood experiences left them with fractured memories, saying how they had connected with Joy and how her story had maybe even helped them a little. I'm not of the mind that it's the job of fiction to help anyone, but holy hell those letters were very powerful to read.
For more from Laura van den Berg visit her website: lauravandenberg.com
Follow Kevin Nguyen on Twitter: @knguyen*Claire Cameron, Salon


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Many of you will know of, and indeed may remember, Professor John Baker, who had revolutionised the study and use of steel structures in the 1930s, who designed the Morrison Shelter, and who galvanised the University's Engineering Faculty after World War II. He was elected a Fellow of the college in 1943, when he also became Head of the Engineering Department. The Department at the time was staffed by 24 lecturers and there was one other chair; by 1968 when he retired there were 111 teaching staff, and 26 members of staff had left Baker's teams to become Professors at other universities. A brief biography of Lord Baker appears on the College website.
The College feels it would be appropriate to pay tribute to Lord Baker, as well as celebrating engineering at Clare more generally. There will therefore be a lunchtime event in Memorial Court on Saturday 4 March 2017, which all Clare Engineering Alumni, as well as Fellows, and students, will be encouraged to attend.
A series of brief addresses will be given starting 11.30am. Speakers will include Professor Jacques Heyman, Professor Haroon Ahmed, and Professor Lord Mair. This will be followed by a panel discussion and a buffet lunch. Some of Lord Baker's associates will be present, together with members of his family and friends.
The official history of Engineering in Cambridge - Cambridge Engineering: The First 150 Years - will be published by next spring, and the author, Professor Haroon Ahmed, has devoted a chapter to Lord Baker and his contribution to the Department.
Invitations will be sent out in the New Year, in the meantime, please do add the date to your diary!
Please contact Mrs Melanie Cousins on firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any questions.
Clare College, Trinity Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1TL Phone: :+44 1223 333218 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com