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Sleep disturbances predict long-term changes in low back pain among Finnish firefighters: 13-year follow-up study
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To investigate the prevalence of low back pain among Finnish firefighters and to examine whether sleep disturbances predict membership of low back pain trajectories.
In this prospective study, 360 actively working firefighters responded to a questionnaire in 1996, 1999 and 2009. The outcome variables were radiating and local low back pain during the preceding year. Using logistic regression modeling, the likelihood of membership of pain trajectories was predicted by sleep disturbances at baseline.
During the 13-year follow-up, the prevalence of radiating low back pain increased from 16 to 29 % (p < 0.0001) and that of local low back pain from 28 to 40 % (p < 0.001). The following trajectories were identified: "pain free," "recovering," "new pain," "fluctuating" and "chronic." More than one-fifth of the participants belonged to the new pain trajectory as regards both pain types, 6 % of the participants belonged to the chronic radiating and 12 % to the chronic local low back pain trajectory. Those with sleep disturbances at baseline had a 2.4-fold risk (adjusted OR 2.4; 95 % CI 1.2–4.7) of belonging to the new pain or chronic radiating pain cluster compared to pain-free participants.
This is the first prospective study to show that low back symptoms are common and persistent among firefighters and that sleep disturbances strongly predict membership of a radiating pain trajectory. Occupational health and safety personnel, as well as the firefighters themselves, should recognize sleep problems early enough in order to prevent back pain and its development into chronic pain.
KeywordsBack disorders Longitudinal studies Sleep Firefighters
Firefighting is a universal profession, with rather similar work features across countries, i.e., extinguishing fires, performing rescue operations and often also medical first aid. Firefighting work has considerable physical as well as psychological demands, causing high loading of both the body and mind. However, firefighters' health problems, especially musculoskeletal disorders, have rarely been reported in epidemiological studies. (Sluiter and Frings-Dresen 2007).
Early retirement due to disability is frequent among firefighters. In Finland, for example, little <70 % of operative firefighters are able to work until their normal retirement age (63‒68 years). In 2008‒2010, the mean age of disability retirement among Finnish firefighters' was 53. The most common reasons for early retirement are musculoskeletal (43 %), mental (14 %) and cardiovascular (14 %) disorders. The most common medical diagnoses (16 % of all diagnoses) for early retirement are related to low back (e.g., degeneration of lumbar disk). (A Koski-Pirilä, The Local Government Pensions Institution, personal communication, 2011).
The number of full-time workers in the fire and rescue sector (including firefighters and paramedics/ambulance drivers) in Finland is approximately 5,000. In addition, about 14,000 part-time employees and voluntary fire brigade members are available for emergency situations (Ministry of the Interior of Finland 2006). Each year in Finland, some 85,000 emergency operations are carried out by firefighters, and this number has doubled over the last 10 years. In addition, approximately 200,000 urgent ambulance call-outs are also answered by firefighters in Finland each year (Ministry of the Interior of Finland 2006).
Most of the above-mentioned firefighting and rescue tasks require extremely good musculoskeletal health. Increasing problems in daily work tasks at fire stations, due to firefighters' musculoskeletal problems, may occur among the aging workforce in particular. There is an obvious need to gain a better understanding of the long-term course of low back pain among firefighters and of factors affecting this. From occupational health personnel's perspective, more information on symptoms and their risk factors is essential in order to better treat and prevent these problems. Firefighters would benefit from such information: They could learn what to expect in terms of symptoms, how pain may impact their work and why interventions may be needed.
Sleep problems are a potential risk factor in the development of pain symptoms among firefighters. In addition to physically strenuous work, firefighters are also exposed to abnormally long work shifts (often 24-h). A recent study showed that firefighters' sleep problems reduce physical well-being (Carey et al. 2011). Sleep problems have also been established as a risk factor for pain, especially back pain, among workers other than firefighters. In a study among blue- and white-collar Finnish workers, sleep disturbances independently doubled the risk of developing low back pain during a 1-year follow-up (Miranda et al. 2008).
- 1.
investigate the prevalence of radiating and local low back pain among Finnish firefighters at baseline and during the 3- and 13-year follow-up.
- 2.
examine whether sleep disturbances at baseline predict the likelihood of belonging to a pain trajectory.
Study design
The data were based on a 3- and 13-year follow-up study of the health, and physical and mental capacity of Finnish professional firefighters (Lusa et al. 2006; Punakallio et al. 2012). The study consisted of repeated extensive questionnaires as well as objective measurements of the health and physical capacity of firefighters. This paper is based on these self-administered questionnaires. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HUS Hospital District, and was performed according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
At baseline in 1996 (T0), 1 124 participants out of 3 512 professional operative male firefighters were selected from all over Finland by stratified sampling (Punakallio et al. 1999). The baseline sample was representative of Finnish firefighters.
Radiating and local low back pain
Information on radiating and local low back pain both at baseline and follow-ups was elicited using a question based on a validated Nordic questionnaire that has high repeatability and sensitivity (Kuorinka et al. 1987). The question was: "Estimate for how many days altogether you have had radiating (or local) low back pain during the last 12 months."
The answers were classed into two categories: "0 = no pain" (pain on 0‒7 days or not at all), "1 = pain" (including pain on 8‒30 days, pain >30 days but not daily, or daily). Our study inquired about radiating and local low back pain separately, as have other previous studies (for example Miranda et al. 2002). We assumed that there is a set number of distinct courses of radiating and local low back pain and that the participants could be grouped into distinct trajectories, with each participant belonging to a certain trajectory.
Predictors and covariates
The variables treated as predictors were chosen on the basis of the literature and pre-analysis of the data (correlation analysis of the predictors and outcome variables). The main predictor of interest was sleep disturbances, elicited through a self-administered questionnaire in 1996. Sleep disturbances were considered mild if the firefighter reported either not sleeping well during the last 3 months or having been extremely tired during the daytime for at least 3‒5 days a week; and severe if they reported both (Partinen and Gislason 1995). This measure has been used in many epidemiological studies (e.g., Jansson-Fröjmark and Lindblom 2008; Linton 2004), and is considered fairly reliable (e.g., Biering-Sørensen et al. 1994).
The variables included as covariates in the analysis were as follows: age, pain other than low back pain, work accidents, smoking, physical workload and psychosocial job demands. Age was classified as <30, 30‒40 and >40 years. Pain other than low back pain, information on which was elicited by the Nordic Questionnaire (Kuorinka et al. 1987) (neck, shoulder, upper-arm, hip and knee), was classed into two categories: "0 = no pain" (pain on 0‒7 days or not at all), "1 = pain" (pain on 8‒30 days, pain >30 days but not daily, or daily) and a sum variable was formed. Work accidents were elicited by the question: "Over the last 3 years, have you suffered accidents or minor injuries at work? If so, how many?" Answers were categorized into 0, 1, 2 or >2. Smoking was inquired about by two different questions: "Have you ever smoked regularly?" (yes/no). "Do you still smoke?" (yes/no). We categorized the participants into never smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers. Physical workload was measured using four items adapted from Viikari-Juntura et al. (1996). The questions were as follows: "How many hours on average per shift do you work on your knees, on your hunches, squatting or crawling?" (1 = not at all, 2 < 1/2 h, 3 = 1/2‒1 h, 4 =>1 h), "How many hours on average per shift do you work with your back bent forward?" (1 = <1/2 h, 2 = 1/2‒1 h, 3 = 1‒2 h, 4 =>2 h) and "How much do you estimate that you work with your back twisted during a regular shift?" (1 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = moderately, 4 = a lot). A sum variable was formed from the items (3‒12) and categorized into three classes: <6, 6‒7 and > 7.
Psychosocial job demands consisted of four items based on and modified from the questions of earlier studies and the analysis by Airila et al. (2012): responsibility of job, fear of failure at work, excessive demands of work (Tuomi et al. 1991) and lack of supervisor's support (Elo et al. 1992). Items were rated on a five-point scale (0 = none, 1 = few, 2 = some, 3 = rather many, 4 = very many). We formed a variable of the items (0‒16): none (0), few (1‒4), some (5‒8) and rather many/very many (9‒16). We also asked about work experience ("How many years have you been working in the rescue department?") and working hours ("What kind of working hours do you do: 24-h shift work, other kind of shift work, regular daytime work, other?").
Data analysis
First, the prevalence of low back pain, the distribution of the participants into the different pain trajectories, and the characteristics of the trajectories were analyzed by applying cross-tabulations (chi-square tests) and T tests. Associations between variables were studied by Pearson's and Spearman's correlation analysis.
We tried to form trajectories by two-step cluster analysis, available in SPSS Statistics 17.0. In addition, we tried to identify trajectories using the modeling strategies available in statistical software package SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc. 2008). We also continued to form many kinds of pain course combinations for radiating and local low back pain according to our own hypothesis.
The likelihood of belonging to a certain pain trajectory was predicted by sleep disturbances at baseline using logistic regression modeling (proportional odds model). The models were formed so that in the first model only sleep disturbances were the predictor. Secondly, we added age to the model. Then, sleep disturbances adjusted by age and covariate formed their own separate models, one at a time. Finally, the last model was formed by backward stepwise logistic regression analysis. First, sleep disturbances and all the main covariates were entered into the same model. We continued by eliminating variables one at a time until all the remaining variables were significant at the critical level of 0.05. Odds ratios and their 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. In the outcome variable (pain trajectories), the reference group was those who belonged to the pain-free trajectory. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SAS statistical software package, version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc. 2008).
Altogether 849 (76 %), 794 (72 %) and 721 (68 %) firefighters answered in 1996 (T0), 1999 (T1) and 2009 (T2), respectively, after two reminders. Of the 2009 sample, 63 % (n = 451) were still working in the fire and rescue sector. The most common reasons for drop-out were old-age retirement (18 %, n = 125), disability pension (7 %, n = 48), change of job (4 %, n = 28) and sick leave (3 %, n = 23).
Characteristics of follow-up cohort and non-respondents (retired/drop-outs)
Characteristics in 1996
Follow-up cohort (actively working participants, n = 360)
Retired or dropout due to non-response (n = 465)
Age (years), mean ± SD
35.7 ± 5.4
41.6 ± 9.0
Age group [n (%)]
46 (13)
60 (13)
219 (61)
130 (28)
95 (26)
275 (59)
Work experience (years) mean ± SD
12.3 ± 5.3
17.3 + 8.2
Working hours [n (%)]
24-h shift work
265 (74)
375 (81)
Other kind of shift work
62 (17)
58 (13)
Regular daytime work
24 (7)
22 (5)
8 (2)
7 (1)
Sleep disturbances [n (%)]
208 (58)
235 (51)
137 (38)
194 (42)
14 (4)
33 (7)
Radiating low back pain [n (%)]
53 (16)
77 (19)
Local low back pain [n (%)]
95 (28)
111 (26)
Musculoskeletal pain in body parts other than back [n (%)]
207 (58)
265 (58)
Smoking [n (%)]
Never smoker
74 (21)
75 (16)
117 (33)
112 (24)
Current smoker
168 (47)
277 (60)
Physical workload sum index (0–12) [n (%)]
121 (34)
132 (29)
140 (39)
186 (42)
97 (27)
129 (29)
Number of work accidents during last 3 years [n (%)]
43 (20)
47 (19)
61 (28)
74 (29)
51 (24)
61 (24)
60 (28)
71 (28)
Psychosocial job demands sum index (0‒16) [n (%)]
None (0)
108 (30)
113 (24)
Few (1‒4)
193 (54)
226 (49)
Some (5‒8)
48 (13)
101 (22)
Many/very many (9‒16)
11 (3)
22 (5)
Radiating and local low back pain
Prevalence of radiating and local low back pain of actively working firefighters in 1996, 1999 and 2009 (n = 360) and significant differences between years, p
Musculoskeletal pain
Radiating low back pain
Local low back pain
Trajectories of radiating and local low back pain
Proportion of actively working firefighters belonging to different trajectories of radiating and local low back pain in 1996, 1999 and 2009 (n = 360)
Musculoskeletal pain
Pain free
New pain
Radiating low back pain
Local low back pain
Characteristics of five trajectories of radiating low back pain and significant differences between trajectories, p
Characteristics in 1996
Pain free n = 148 (54 %)
Recovering n = 21 (8 %)
New pain n = 56 (21 %)
Fluctuating n = 30 (11 %)
Chronic n = 17 (6 %)
Age (years) mean ± SD
35 ± 6
37 ± 6
36 ± 5
37 ± 5
37 ± 4
Age group [n (%)]
29 (20)
2 (10)
4 (7)
2 (7)
0 (0)
85 (57)
11 (52)
37 (66)
18 (60)
11 (65)
34 (23)
8 (38)
15 (27)
10 (33)
6 (35)
Sleep disturbances [n (%)]
96 (65)
9 (43)
20 (36)
3 (43)
8 (47)
49 (33)
9 (43)
33 (59)
15 (50)
8 (47)
3 (2)
3 (14)
3 (5)
2 (7)
1 (6)
Musculoskeletal pain in other body parts [n (%)]
70 (56)
13 (81)
39 (83)
19 (79)
11 (85)
Smoking [n (%)]
Never smoker
40 (27)
5 (24)
8 (14)
4 (14)
1 (6)
54 (36)
5 (24)
15 (27)
9 (31)
6 (35)
Current smoker
54 (36)
11 (52)
33 (59)
16 (55)
10 (59)
Physical workload sum index (0‒12) [n (%)]
54 (37)
6 (29)
14 (25)
4 (13)
4 (24)
58 (39)
12 (57)
27 (49)
9 (30)
6 (35)
35 (24)
3 (14)
14 (25)
17 (57)
7 (41)
Number of work accidents during last 3 years [n (%)]
22 (27)
4 (27)
5 (13)
0 (0)
2 (18)
24 (30)
2 (13)
12 (30)
6 (27)
0 (0)
24 (30)
3 (20)
10 (25)
7 (32)
1 (9)
11 (14)
6 (40)
13 (33)
9 (41)
8 (73)
Job demands sum index (0‒16) [n (%)]
None (0)
44 (30)
5 (24)
16 (29)
8 (27)
3 (18)
Few (1‒4)
87 (59)
10 (48)
30 (54)
15 (50)
10 (59)
Some (5‒8)
13 (9)
5 (24)
8 (14)
6 (20)
3 (18)
Many/very many (9‒16)
4 (3)
1 (5)
2 (4)
1 (3)
Sleep disturbances at baseline seemed to be more prevalent in all the other trajectories except the pain-free trajectory of radiating low back pain (p = 0.0044) (Table 4). Musculoskeletal pain in other body parts at baseline seemed to be less common among firefighters belonging to the pain-free trajectory of radiating low back pain (p = 0.0013) than to the other trajectories. Moreover, there were fewer smokers (36 %) in the pain-free cluster. The proportion of smokers was highest in the new pain and chronic trajectory of radiating low back pain (59 and 54 %) (p = 0.0725) in 1996. Physical workload seemed to be highest in the fluctuating cluster (p = 0.007) and number of accidents in the chronic cluster (p = 0.002).
As regards local low back pain, the trajectories did not differ significantly from each other. The mean age of the firefighters in the chronic and fluctuating trajectory was lower (34 years) than that in the other trajectories (35‒37 years). It was also lower than the mean age of the chronic trajectory of radiating low back pain (37 years).
Predictive models for membership of pain trajectories
Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals for predictor, predictor adjusted for age and adjusted for age and covariates one at a time, as well as final model, predicting membership of low back pain trajectory
Factors in 1996
Risk of belonging to trajectory OR (95 % CI)
Radiating low back pain
Local low back pain
Fluctuating/recovering versus pain free
New pain/chronic versus pain free
Fluctuating/recovering versus pain free
New pain/chronic versus pain free
Sleep disturbance
2.4 (1.3–4.7)
3.0 (1.7–5.3)
1.5 (0.8–2.7)
1.5 (0.9–2.5)
Adjusted by age
Sleep disturbance
2.3 (1.2–4.4)
2.9 (1.6–5.1)
1.6 (0.9–3.0)
1.6 (0.9–2.7)
Sleep disturbance
and musculoskeletal pain in other body parts
1.5 (0.7–3.2)
2.5 (1.3–4.9)
1.3 (0.6–2.7)
1.7 (0.9–3.1)
3.0 (1.3–7.1)
3.5 (1.6–7.5)
1.4 (0.7–2.9)
1.7 (0.9–3.2)
Sleep disturbance
and number of work accidents during last 3 years
2.5 (1.0–6.2)
2.1 (1.0–4.6)
1.2 (0.5–2.7)
1.2 (0.6–2.4)
1.6 (1.1–2.5)
1.5 (1.1–2.2)
1.3 (0.9–1.9)
1.4 (1.0–2.0)
Sleep disturbance
and smoking
2.1 (1.1–4.1)
2.7 (1.5–4.9)
1.6 (0.9–3.0)
1.5 (0.9–2.6)
1.4 (0.9–2.2)
1.8 (1.2–2.6)
0.9 (0.6–1.3)
1.2 (0.9–1.8)
Sleep disturbance
and physical work load
2.2 (1.1–4.2)
2.9 (1.6–5.2)
1.6 (0.8–2.9)
1.5 (0.9–2.6)
1.7 (1.1–2.7)
1.3 (0.9–1.9)
1.0 (0.7–1.5)
1.2 (0.8–1.7)
Sleep disturbance
and job demands
2.2 (1.1–4.2)
2.8 (1.6–5.1)
1.6 (0.9–3.0)
1.5 (0.9–2.6)
1.2 (0.8–1.9)
1.1 (0.7–2.7)
1.0 (0.6–1.5)
1.1 (0.8–1.6)
Final model adjusted for age
Sleep disturbance
1.5 (0.7–3.1)
2.4 (1.2–4.7)
0.4 (0.2–0.8)
0.5 (0.2–1.1)
Musculoskeletal pain in other body parts
3.2 (1.3–7.7)
3.8 (1.7–8.4)
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
1.0 (0.4–2.6)
1.5 (0.9–2.4)
1.9 (1.2–2.9)
0.5 (0.3–0.9)
0.7 (0.4–1.3)
After adjusting for sleep disturbances by age and other main covariates (work accidents, smoking, physical workload, job demands) one at a time, the risk of belonging to the new pain or chronic trajectory still remained over twice that of belonging to the pain-free trajectory, as did belonging to the fluctuating or recovering trajectory compared to membership of the pain-free trajectory.
In the final model, we added sleep disturbances and all co-factors (age, smoking, physical workload and psychosocial job demands) together. The predictive value of sleep disturbances remained significant. The risk of belonging to the new/chronic radiating low back pain trajectory was 2.4-fold (CI 1.2–4.7) compared to that of belonging to the pain-free trajectory. Musculoskeletal pain also remained a significant co-factor: OR 3.8 (CI 1.7–8.4) for new pain/chronic and OR: 3.2 (CI 1.3–7.7) for the fluctuating/recovering trajectory compared to the pain-free trajectory. In addition, smoking almost doubled the risk of new/chronic pain (CI 1.2–2.9).
We also formed the same models for local low back pain, but none of the chosen factors predicted belonging to the trajectories of local low back pain.
This study showed that low back pain is a common and persistent health problem among firefighters. Sleep disturbance was a strong predictor of persistent or onset of radiating low back pain. The development of local pain was not, however, affected by sleep.
We were able to establish five different trajectories of radiating and local low back pain during the 13-year follow-up: pain free, recovering, new pain, fluctuating and chronic.
Firefighters are a select group of professionals characterized by good physical fitness and health. Their fitness requirements are exceptionally high compared to those of many other professions due to the physically and mentally demanding work tasks related to firefighting. Somewhat unexpectedly, we found that a representative sample of actively working Finnish firefighters reported radiating and local low back pain as often as other Finnish male workers of corresponding age. Almost half (46 %) of the firefighters had radiating low back pain at some time point during the follow-up period. This is in line with the results of Heistaro et al. (2007), who found that 41 % of Finnish male workers have had radiating low back pain at some phase during their life.
Every fourth firefighter experienced new radiating low back pain and every fifth local low back pain during follow-up. Our results are, however, influenced by the healthy worker effect, i.e., selection bias due to disability retirement and dropout. It is likely that the reason for dropout or early retirement has in some cases been low back problems, since about one-fifth of the dropouts reported radiating and one-fourth local low back pain at baseline when they were still active in the workforce (Table 4). It is therefore likely that the true long-term prevalence of back pain among firefighters is considerably higher than that captured in our study and other similar types of prospective studies based of self-assessment.
However, due to the universal nature of firefighting, there is an emerging need for scientific studies on the health effects of the job. Only a few published studies exist on firefighters' musculoskeletal disorders. Sluiter and Frings-Dresen (2007) reported that in the Netherlands, 20 % of firefighters younger than 25 reported low back complaints over a 6-month time period. Among firefighters aged 50‒54, the prevalence was 39 %. This age-related increase is in line with our results. In the Dutch study, those who reported having low back problems in addition to shoulder and knee problems, and who were older than 49, also reported decreased work ability due to these complaints. In another Dutch study by Bos et al. (2004), almost half (47 %) of Dutch firefighters (mean age 39 years) reported disabilities resulting from back complaints. Also in Finland, according to the statistics of the Local Government Pensions Institution, musculoskeletal problems (especially low back) are the most common reason for early retirement among Finnish firefighters. (A Koski-Pirilä, The Local Government Pensions Institution, personal communication, 2011).
We found five different trajectories of low back pain among Finnish firefighters: pain free, recovering, new, fluctuating and chronic musculoskeletal pain. With respect to radiating low back pain, these trajectories were statistically significantly distinguished by sleep disturbances, pain in other body parts, physical workload and work accidents. In the case of local low back pain, the factors did not distinguish the trajectories, which may be due to the non-specificity of this type of pain compared to radiating low back pain. Radiating low back pain is also a more severe type of pain than local low back pain.
The pathways of low back pain in primary care have been studied by Dunn et al. (2006). They concluded that their classification into four pathways of pain ("recovering," "persistent mild," "fluctuating" and "severe chronic"), by latent class analysis, provides a detailed alternative for improving understanding of the course of back pain. The pathways showed significant differences in disability, psychological status and work absence, and they were well maintained throughout a 1-year follow-up. Another study reported that most people remained in a similar trajectory in a 7-year follow-up (Wiesel 2011).
Tamcan et al. (2010) also investigated the course of low back pain in the general population using latent class analysis over a 1-year period. They identified four clusters of low back pain: "fluctuating," "mild persistent," "moderately persistent" and "severe persistent"; but did not have a "recovering" cluster in their study. Their four clusters differed significantly in relation to age and dependence on help. They also found that a considerable proportion of patients in the fluctuating group changed classifications. None of these studies investigated the predictors of group membership, as we did.
In earlier studies, pain pathways have been formed by latent cluster analysis and the studies have had various follow-ups, usually short in duration, i.e., 1 year (Dunn et al. 2006; Tamcan et al. 2010). In our study, the pain measurements and classifications were to a great extent different and the follow-up longer. Dunn et al. (2006) concluded that the optimal number of trajectories is either four or six for longitudinal latent class analysis. We also tried a two-step cluster analysis, which is available in SPSS, and this gave two different classifications: four and five clusters. However, they did not function as well as our own division of the clusters. The main differences were in the recovering, new and fluctuating trajectories, whereas the pain-free and chronic groups were the same. The two-step cluster analysis combined the cases of new and fluctuating, as well as recovering and fluctuating. We preferred to keep recovering separate; the numbers of participants in the recovering cluster was high enough (n = 22 % in radiating low back pain and 33 % in local low back pain). We considered our own clusters to better describe the course of the pain during the 13-year follow-up.
Many epidemiological studies have found that sleep disturbances increase the risk of further back pain and its development into chronic pain. Sleep problems also predict the need for hospital care, work disability, and pain in body parts other than the back (Eriksen et al. 2001; Hoogendoorn et al. 2001; Haig et al. 2006; Kaila-Kangas et al. 2006; Auvinen et al. 2010). Although there is evidence that pain leads to sleep disturbances, several studies also show that sleep disturbances may cause pain (for example Smith et al. 2009). For example, in a laboratory setting, it was found that the lack of REM-sleep in particular increased pain sensitivity (Lautenbacher et al. 2006; Roehrs et al. 2006). Possible mechanisms for the sleep–pain relationship are inflammation, changes in hormonal functions, metabolism and tissue regeneration (Lautenbacher et al. 2006; Roehrs et al. 2006). Sleep deprivation may also cause an increase in body weight, which in turn can lead to back pain. Sleep deprivation may also disturb the regulation of brain functions and increase chaos in the brain, affecting pain sensitivity (Irwin et al. 2006; Schmid et al. 2007).
In our study, sleep disturbances at baseline strongly predicted chronic or onset of radiating low back pain during the 13-year follow-up. The predictive power of sleep disturbances remained high after adjustment for age and further adjustment for physical workload and psychosocial job demands. Musculoskeletal pain in other body parts was a strong co-factor in the model. Since we have no information on the time before baseline, we cannot rule out the possibility that pain in body parts other than the low back may have preceded sleep disturbances. It is also possible that earlier back pain (before the first study) might have preceded sleep disturbances. There might also be reverse causality in the chronic trajectory, because participants in this group already suffered pain at baseline. Unfortunately, the number of participants did not allow us to study the predictive power of sleep disturbances in the baseline pain-free group or to compare it with that of the group with pain. Furthermore, we wanted to study the courses of pain. In our population, the predictive power of sleep disturbances remained significant after adjustment for shift work. This may be due to the fact that almost all the participants did shift work.
It is essential to understand the relationship between sleep disturbances and back pain, because many firefighters have sleep problems. In this sample of Finnish firefighters, 42 % reported sleep disturbances at baseline (and of the drop-outs 49 %). Many other studies on firefighters have indicated that sleep problems are also associated with other types of health problems, such as decreased psychosomatic well-being, vigilance, alertness and mental performance, as well as increased fatigue and depression (Lusa et al. 2002; Elliot and Kuehl 2007; Carey et al. 2011).
Among firefighters, sleep patterns may be disturbed by long work shifts and alarms. For example in Finland, the most common shift is the 24-h shift (Carey et al. 2011). The treatment of sleep problems in security occupations is challenging. The use of sleeping pills, for example, is not recommended due to the physically and mentally demanding nature of the work. For preventing sleep and other health-related problems early enough, environmental- and individual-based interventions should be planned for firefighters.
Study strengths and limitations
The main strengths of our study lie in its longitudinal design. The 13-year study period with three measurement points allowed us to study the courses of pain over time and claim for at least some causality, although we could not completely exclude the possibility of reverse causality. We also had to take into account the fact that the periods between the study points were quite long (3 and 10 years), and we do not necessarily know all that happened during this time. At baseline, this study population was a representative sample of Finnish firefighters. The response rates to baseline and follow-up surveys were good. As we only included in this study the participants who responded on all three occasions, the number of dropouts was high. In addition to the health-based selection from the workforce, almost one-fifth of the dropouts retired normally on old-age pension, because of the low retirement age among Finnish firefighters during the study period, i.e., 55 years, and early retirement schemes and personal retirement arrangements (under 55 years of age) which are still possible routes for retirement. Therefore, dropout from the sample can be regarded as partly normal. However, our results are influenced by the healthy worker effect, which means that they are unlikely to overestimate the associations between sleep disturbances and low back pain.
This study was based on self-report measures, which may cause an overestimation of the associations between study variables due to common method variance bias. However, such bias is less likely in longitudinal studies (Doty and Glick, 1998). Furthermore, our data were mainly collected through widely used, valid and reliable questionnaires (Kuorinka et al. 1987; Tuomi et al. 1991; Elo et al. 1992; Linton 2004; Biering-Sørensen et al. 1994; Jansson-Fröjmark and Lindblom 2008). Information on symptoms was collected using the validated Nordic questionnaire, which is widely used, has high repeatability and sensitivity, and is considered an international standard (Kuorinka et al. 1987). A cutoff of above 7 days of pain and the 12-month time period of the follow-up are also commonly used criteria in musculoskeletal disorder studies (Miranda et al. 2002). In addition, the questions on sleep disturbances are widely used in epidemiological studies (Partinen and Gislason 1995; Miranda et al. 2008). They take into account both not sleeping well and tiredness after waking up. Most of the questions concerning the other covariates have been validated (Viikari-Juntura et al. 1996). A limitation concerning the questions was that the length of memory time varied.
Our study focused on only one profession and gender, male firefighters; and thus, the results can be generalized to other occupations and women only with caution. The sample at baseline, however, was comprehensively selected and was a good representation of Finnish firefighters.
In conclusion, the results of this study help us better understand the different courses of back pain over a long time period. It also shows, for the first time among actively working firefighters, that sleep disturbances need to be taken into account in the prevention and treatment of back pain. In health examinations, musculoskeletal pain in all body parts should be monitored sufficiently early, together with sleep disturbances, so that the development of chronic pain could be prevented through individual-based or environmental interventions. Sleep guidance should be an essential part of workplace health promotion.
This study was supported by the Fire Protection Fund, Finland.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Copyright information
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


text:
A quick note to 'thank you' and your team for the session on Sunday morning. Very professionally delivered and extremely enjoyable
Tim Gray
Hello triathletes,
With the start of the try season rapidly approaching, now is your chance to take advantage of the Thorpe Triathlon pre-season offer of entering four races for the price of three!
The Thorpe Sprints offer a fun race, and with the opportunity to become series champion it will be an exciting competition! The races incorporate a 750m open water swim, a 20km bike and finishes with a 5km run. Your best 3 results will be used to calculate the series winners. Entries at - Tri Project
There are also four Aquathlons which comprise a 750m open water swim followed by a scenic 5km run around the lake, and after all that you will be able to chill out and enjoy the closest beach to central London! As with the sprint, your results from your best 3 will determine the series winners. Entries at - Tri Project
Hope to see you at Thorpe this summer.
RKC is the online space of ex British triathlon Champion Rick Kiddle who competed as an elite athlete worldwide. He has used this combination of 20 years competition experience along with 15 years coaching knowledge to bring you innovative training programmes and products that will help novice and elite athletes to train and race for the results they seek.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A bomb, that's what.
To get his bomb into this room, Abdullah Asieri, one of Saudi Arabia's most wanted men, avoided detection by two sets of airport security including metal detectors and palace security. He spent 30 hours in the close company of the prince's own secret service agents—all without anyone suspecting a thing.
How did he do it?
Taking a trick from the narcotics trade—which has long smuggled drugs in body cavities—Asieri had a pound of high explosives, plus a detonator inserted in his rectum.
The ass bomb was detonated remotely by text message. The Al Qaeda ass bomber's intended target—a Saudi Prince (wouldn't it be great if Al Qaeda only targeted Saudi princes?)—survived the attack, the ass bomber did not. But before you laugh it off:
"This is the nightmare scenario," said Chris Yates, an aviation security consultant. On a plane at altitude, the effects of such a bomb could be catastrophic. And there is no current security system that could stop it. "Absolutely nothing other than to require people to strip naked at the airport," said Yates.
And al Qaeda says it will share its new technique via the Internet very soon. There is nothing that can stop that either.
After the shoe bomber's attempt—a very nearly successful attempt—to bring down a plane over the Atlantic, we all had to start taking our shoes off at security and passing them through the metal detectors. What on earth are they going to do to us after an ass bomber brings down a passenger plane?


text:
: [Gen V]
Kanto OU Team
View Single Post
June 22nd, 2012 (8:56 PM).
Kanto/Electric-Type Enthusiast
Crystal Tier
Join Date:
Feb 2010
Utah, USA
So, as usual, I am going for a Kanto-exclusive team in OU. So, this team has been working fairly well for me, but since I only just got back into competition and wasn't great before, I have my ups and downs. So, comments would be fantastique! I suppose if this team were to have a theme, it'd be fast-and-hard-hitting Pokémon.
Victor (Jolteon) (M) @ Choice Specs
Trait: Volt Absorb
EVs: 252 SAtk / 4 SDef / 252 Spd
Timid Nature (+Spd, -Atk)
- Thunderbolt
- Volt Switch
- Shadow Ball
- Hidden Power [Ice]
Comments: Signature Pokémon. Not easily letting this one go. Good scout with Volt Switch, and great Speed/Special Attack
Stankey (Machamp) (M) @ Leftovers
Trait: No Guard
Adamant Nature (+Atk, -SAtk)
- Substitute
- DynamicPunch
- Fire Punch
- ThunderPunch
Comments: I was lacking a decent Physical attacker, so here it is. Not terribly bulky, but quite annoying with DynamicPunch
Jewels (Starmie) @ Leftovers
Trait: Natural Cure
EVs: 2 Def / 252 SAtk / 4 SDef / 252 Spd
Timid Nature (+Spd, -Atk)
- Surf
- Ice Beam
- Thunderbolt
- Rapid Spin
Comments: Some support with Rapid Spin, plus decent STAB in Surf.
Myth (Dragonite) (F) @ Leftovers
Trait: Multiscale
EVs: 252 HP / 44 Atk / 212 Spd
Adamant Nature (+Atk, -SAtk)
- Dragon Dance
- Outrage
- Fire Punch
- Roost
Comments: I have a lot of fun with this guy. Due to Multiscale, she usually gets to set-up at least once and start sweeping. Usually takes down at least 2 Pokémon before she dies.
Rexterro (Nidoking) (M) @ Choice Scarf
Trait: Sheer Force
EVs: 252 SAtk / 4 SDef / 252 Spd
Timid Nature (+Spd, -Atk)
- Earth Power
- Thunderbolt
- Ice Beam
- Flamethrower
Comments: Surprise Special Attacker. Hard to predict what he'll do.
Smiles (Chansey) (F) @ Eviolite
Trait: Natural Cure
EVs: 252 HP / 252 Def / 2 SDef / 4 Spd
Bold Nature (+Def, -Atk)
- Wish
- Protect
- Seismic Toss
- Toxic
Comments: Tank here. Not much else.
So, open to comments! Thanks in advance!
Team Aureol of Kanto: Strike first, strike hard.
I believe in God, I am a disciple of the Lord Jesus Christ, and I am a "Mormon" (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints).
If you ever want to learn about Mormonism, feel free to PM me or go to the official website (mormon.org).
Joined Feb 2010
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text: I'm reading a book about passive heating and it touches on wood stoves and masonry heaters a few times. I thought the below link about smart burning practices was an easy read and useful for beginners and pro pyros alike. I had a couple takeaways ..such as what not to use in my insert ...maintaining the fire...and set up for overnight burn. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/air/particulates/rwssabi.html Canada is probable ahead of the U.S. in environmental considerations when it comes to wood stoves...don't think this is an outlandish assumption


text:
Our Mission
End homelessness in Chicago through prevention, housing, and supportive services.
Our Vision:
Be recognized leader of the elimination of homelessness in the Chicago area by combining homeless outreach, wraparound supportive services and affordable housing development partnerships.
Renaissance Social Services, Inc. (RSSI) opened in 1997 to help low-income Chicagoans maintain their housing. The organization's first units of supportive housing came from a partnership with Renaissance Realty Group, a collaboration that allowed RSSI to house clients, provide supportive social services, decrease residential turnover, and increase the stability of the building and community.
Since then, RSSI has expanded its programs and partnerships to serve more than 900 individuals. Our Prevention Program aims to keep people in their homes through emergency financial assistance. Our Housing Stability Program (HSP) provides quality housing and case management support to men, women and families living at five properties across Chicago's North and Northwest Sides and our Supportive Housing Outreach Team (SHOT) provides housing and services to chronically homeless men and women struggling with mental illness and substance use disorders.


text:
Discussion in 'Technology and Internet' started by Housesitter, Nov 19, 2008.
Virus heads up
Please see
Computer virus attacks 'to peak next Monday' | Technology | guardian.co.uk
I can confirm that as I have seen a lot of viruses, trojan and worms going around lately.
For rootkit issues I recommend running Threatfire along with your present virus scan.
This can be run in conjunction with other virus scans. The freeware version can be downloaded here:
Download ThreatFire Free
"Will your antivirus software catch the latest malware that just came out today? In most cases, no, because it simply does not know how to detect it yet. But ThreatFire's ActiveDefense technology does, and has proven to provide up to 243% more protection when combined with traditional AntiVirus products. "
Thank you Brother Larry, for the heads up on these new threats,I have downloaded this new pc tool and it works great, I'm totally free of any threats of any kind...still it is good to know my current antivirus is doing it's job.


text:
Navi Mumbai, India (PressExposure) March 30, 2009 -- UV LED Market
UV business is a market of about $500 million with traditional UV lamp technology. Thanks to its compactness, lower cost of ownership and environmental friendly composition, it is expected that UV LED will replace traditional lamps and also will open the door to many new applications, especially portable ones.
In 2008, LEDs in the UV A/B spectrum were the dominant device in the sub-400nm applications. More than 90% of the UV LED market (outside of R&D) was covered by UV curing, counterfeit detection, medical and instrumentation applications requiring UV A/B sources. The remaining 10% was allocated to Air & Water purification with again a great portion of UV A-based LED source for photo catalytic air purification.
UVA LEDs dominate today but UVC LEDs will lead the market tomorrow
Key applications for UVA are UV curing, document/banknote verification, photo catalyst air purifier, medical phototherapy. Among those, the most dynamic and important UVA lamp market is the UV curing business where UV LED can definitely compete with traditional mercury lamps:
Market size is big ($120M) and with growth of about +10 % due to the advantage of UV curing technology over traditional technology (speed, green coating).
Many new players have emerged over the past 5 years at the system and LED packaging level
The power output available has greatly increased and several Watts / cm² will be available in 2009-2010.
There were high hopes about UVC applications (disinfection, purification market) two years ago but real applications are still missing due to significant technical and economic challenges for UV LEDs: power output, efficiency, lifetime and cost. Hence UVC players are now focusing on UVA
The first UVC LED applications are mostly for scientific analytical instruments. It is expected that the first large-scale sales for the disinfection market will appear in 2010 on existing markets and also new Point of Use or portable applications where compactness is a key issue. Growth of the UVC market is strongly connected to the availability of AlN bulk substrates that could theoretically multiply by 100 the LED chip optical power output. Several players expect to provide AlN wafers in volume at the end of 2009. Hence, time to market for UVC applications based on AlN would probably be in 2011-2012.
We also observe a strong trend where AlN companies are now extending their activities to UV LEDs to capture more added-value along the supply-chain. According to the high potential UVA LED business in UV curing, augmented by the growing market demand in water & air disinfection, we forecast a cumulated $250M UV LED market in 2015
UV LED Market report presents the detailed major market metrics of the current traditional UV lamp business, describing the targeted applications, the key players, the volumes and related market size of each segment. It gives the possible total accessible market for UV LED, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of this technology over the current established products. It describes the recent progress in AlN single-crystal substrates as well as the UV LED performance roadmap.
For vast range of market reports please visit: [http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research/Technology.html]
Contact us at: Bharat Book Bureau Tel: 91 22 27578668 Fax: 91 22 27579131 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Website: http://www.bharatbook.com


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services When taking a trip to Los Angeles, booking a room at Corporate Suites in LA Downtown Los Angeles may be a great decision. The hotel is offering five comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Los Angeles. If you wish to spend your leisure time actively, you may also take the nearby opportunities to play billiard. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Corporate Suites in LA Downtown Los Angeles (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest arrival time is 15:00, the latest time to leave the rooms is 11:00. The personnel speaks English.
Corporate Suites in LA Downtown Los Angeles rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
- Jacuzzi
- Pool (Outdoor - seasonally open)
Pet friendly, Elevator
Hairdryer, Fridge, Desk in the room, Microwave oven, Washing machine, Tea/coffee-maker


text:
DIARY OF A BLUNT BROTHER: Of ALABANZA 4 and Lara George
The Alabanza 4 concert was an awesome experience. I have not had time to give the show a proper scrutiny so maybe I will just delve into that a little, here and now.
While preparing for the show and joining in the pre show publicity, I was told that the ALABANZA concert is second only to The Experience so I was eager and quite frankly wanted to see how the level of organization will beat that of Tim Godfrey's Fearless concert I recently was at. You see, Alabanza 4 was a journalists delight to cover as we were not made to go through hoops or unnecessary scrutiny neither were we restricted in anyway. Oh, and did I mention I got souvenirs? Ok, now I am telling you and that don't happen a lot.
The organization might not have been as on point as the Fearless concert in the technical areas such as light, sound, ambiance, organization, red carpet, publicity and concept but the content of the show was way better. From the first act to the last, it was awesome, point to point. We worshiped in different languages like never before and danced in praises to God too. I mean I left the show feeling blessed and lifted. Bukola Bekes was on Point, Eben, Tim Godfrey, Enkay, Solomon Lange, Freke Umoh, all the ministers that came from within and outside Nigeria, Chiika100%, Chioma Jesus (who by the way was the perfect person to close the show) and everybody who mounted that stage did well. Well, maybe apart from Lara George. This is what I mean;
"Dansaki re" and "Hallelujah" are two of her numerous hit songs but seriously since when? Weren't those tracks released in the year 2014? And did she not release two singles last year? I am a die heard fan of Lara George and it pains me to say this but you see, when you love someone the onus falls on you to tell them how you really feel sometimes. Me, I w
ant to see her push out more new hit singles and then an album before this year runs out at least. We want to see Lara headlining shows again and touring to promote her works and blessing lives in the process. That's the Lara George we know and love. Something tells me she might have an ace up her sleeves and if so, the timing is apt for a reveal. I mean, the Tim Godfreys, the Sammie Okposos, Ebens and other contemporaries of hers are not resting on their oars at all so why should she? Especially not with the energy and drive the new ones are bringing into the ministry. someone whispered into my ears that she had better control her weight but i shut the person down immediately because i believe as long as you eat healthy and stay fit, you are allowed to be plump. We clamor new materials from Lara George and while she is at it she can dial back a little on the makeup and the 1980s inspired sequence because it didn't work neither for her nor for her backup singers at Alabanza 4 concert. Enough said!
After all is said and done Alabanza 4 (the sounds of Africa) was a success. I am looking forward to the next edition. Lara George's Ministration was quite nice. I just did not expect that she will come and be singing "Dansaki re" and Halleluyah" upandan!
PS – It is not cool the Gospotainment Logo was not added to the red carpet backdrop and some promotional Materials but we forgive them as God Forgives us our own trespasses too.


text:
|14 Mar 2012
Windows 7 Ultimate x32
How do I create icon sets/themes for user folders?
I'm trying to change some icons. I know some software allowing to apply icon packs (Stardock, tuneup utilities) but they only change system folders and file types. What I want is to be able to change specific folder icons.
For example in my User folder I have some subfolders (backups, projects, icons etc). I want something that allows me to change all of those folder icons together and save them as a theme so I can apply different icon themes when I want to.
|My System Specs
|14 Mar 2012
Win 7 Pro x64 / Win 10 Pro
Welcome to the Seven Forums
Changing individual folder icons in some kind of theme pack I do not think it is possible. You may want to look at Rainbow Folder here Programy Aionela (English Version) - Free software for everyone ! where you can change the individual folder color but you will lose thumbnail previews and large folder view.
|My System Specs
|14 Mar 2012
Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit 7600
you will need the icon you want to change the folder to ,i generally keep them in the folder i am changing, then right click the folder /properties/customize/ then click change icon, browse to the icon location in the window that opens then click it /apply /ok and it should changer.
for example this is my music folder with an icon
not sure if this is what you are after
|My System Specs
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Hi all, On a brand new laptop the user copied some word files over, and they opened on the new computer just fine. Then they copied some more .doc files and they could not open them, so (they claim) they choose word as the default file association (which is fine, except it should not have...
|General Discussion
powershell script to create user folders and set permissions
Wondering if anyone in this forum can help me figure out what I am doing wrong with my script. I am grabbing a text file with a list of users in it. I want to then create folders for all those people and then set explicit permissions on those folders to only allow the users and admin access to it....
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Priebus makes second run official
Emily and I reported last Friday that RNC chairman Reince Priebus was leaning toward a second run, and Jonathan Martin reports that he made it official today:
"I am humbled by the over 130 RNC Members who I have talked to who have pledged their support and public endorsement for me to continue on as Chairman so we can finish the job that we started and continue to grow our Party," Priebus wrote, making clear before the Thanksgiving holiday week that he would stand for re-election.
He added: "When I return the week after Thanksgiving, I intend to make an official announcement that I am running to continue on as your chairman, but I wanted to let you all know first. "
Priebus, a former Wisconsin GOP chair, had been expected to try to keep his post. Despite the GOP's election drubbing, he's gotten generally high marks from senior Republicans for raising significant money and largely avoiding the sort of gaffes that plagued his predecessor at the committee.
There has been little speculation about potential challengers to Priebus, although Louisiana GOP chair Roger Villere, also an RNC vice-chair, raised eyebrows earlier this week when he asked for input about "how we can improve our efforts."
Republicans may need to reassess the role of a party committee, and a party chairman, in the super PAC era after the 2012 cycle, but the reality is that Priebus remains unopposed, and has been endorsed by almost all of his one-time rivals for the job.


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We are pleased to announce a new service available from The Wine Baril!
As of today you are able to make wine @ our in store winemaking facility. All you do is pick your favorite wine and we will help you make your wine kit On - Site using our Winery Grade Equipment. It is a easy and economical way to enjoy some fantastic wines from all over the world.
per wine kit.
This is how it is going to work @ our store:
YOU: choose your favorite wine kit and pay for your wine kit & a service fee (49.99) at time of purchase.
YOU: Customer must ADD YEAST to the wine kit the we have prepared for you!
US: We will do all the work in between .ie: Transferring, De-gassing , Stabilizing & Clearing , and Filtering, and any other process you wine kit requires up until it is time to bottle your wine. We take care of all the mess and the hard work involved. Making it fun & easy for you!!
YOU: BOTTLING: We will have already set a date for your to return ( Either 28 days or 45 days later ) depending on the type of wine kit you have chosen. At this point your wine will be ready for bottling…Filtered and set up at one of our bottling stations. 30 #9 Corks will be sterilized as well and ready.
YOU: will then complete the bottling process using our: Winery Grade Electric Bottle Fillers Industrial Size Machine Enocapsuler ( Heat Shrink Machine )


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While the men's tournament at the US Open produced produced a predictable outcome with Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer reaching the final, the women's draw turned out to be a total surprise with two Italian women reaching their first Grand Slam final. All this and more in our weekly recap of world tennis.
Novak Djokovic Wins 10th Grand Slam Singles Crown
Novak Djokovic capped the best season of his career by winning the US Open title on Sunday – his second title at Flushing Meadows and the 10th Grand Slam of his career, by beating Roger Federer in four sets in the final. The Serb continued to show why he is the best player in the world, combining impregnable defense with superb athleticism and aggressiveness to derail the aging Swiss legend, who had otherwise played flawless tennis through the first six rounds of the tournament.
Djokovic played far better on the key points of the match as he turned in a 6-4, 5-7, 6-4, 6-4 win. The Serb became only the third player in the Open Era (after Rod Laver and Roger Federer) to reach the finals of all the four Grand Slams in a single year. With Federer still coming up short in the Slams and Rafael Nadal showing signs of aging, at 28, Djokovic looks set to dominate the game in the coming years and could very well end up tying up Pete Sampras and Nadal's tally of 14 Slams.
The Serb commented, "You know, winning [a] Grand Slam is very special for any tennis player when you are dreaming of becoming a professional tennis player. When you are kind of finding that inspiration, motivation, these are the tournaments you dream of winning. So to actually relive these moments again after 2011 it's quite incredible. To win against one of the biggest rivals, as you said, all-time Grand Slam champion, somebody that, you know, always keeps on fighting till the last point, keeps making you play an extra shot, yeah, all these things now are very special to me."
Federer, whose SABR shot was perhaps the biggest talking point of the tournament, was left ruing his break point opportunities (4 of 23) but still reaching his first final in New York in six years shows how he has rebuilt his game at the age of 34. "I had too many break chances. Of course some of them I could have done better, should have done better, all these things. Surely, he didn't give me much, that's for sure, but still, I should have done better."
Stan Wawrinka made another deep run, reaching the semi-finals where he was beaten by Federer while defending champion Marin Cilic put in his best performance of the season by making the semi-finals where an injury restricted his play as he went down to Djokovic after winning only three games. For Nadal, the tournament proved to be another disappointment – losing after taking a two-sets-to-love lead for the first time in his career as he went down to Italian Fabio Fognini in the third round. The Spaniard's confidence has surely been dented and unless he sparks a revival during the clay court season next year, this could very well be the beginning of the end for the Spaniard. Andy Murray battled through some early round skirmishes and a bad cold to reach the last 16 where he was stunned by big-serving Kevin Anderson, ending the Brit's streak of reaching the quarter-finals of the last 18 Slams in a row. It was also a good fortnight for 33-year-old Feliciano Lopez, who reached his first Grand Slam quarter-final outside of Wimbledon, and American prodigy Donald Young, who survived two five setters to reach the last 16 at a Slam for only the second time in his career.
Flavia Pennetta Wins US Open as Serena's Grand Slam Bid Derails
Since the start of the tournament, Serena Williams' historic quest to win all the four Grand Slams in a single season since 1988 and tie Steffi Graf's record of 22 Grand Slam singles titles was the talk of the event with the women's final selling out before the men's for the first time. Even though Williams denied that she was under any pressure to chase history, the hype and attention only increased as she won each round. By the time she took to the court against Grand Slam semi-final debutante Roberta Vinci for her semi-final with the winner being assured of facing an unfancied Flavia Pennetta in the final, the odds on Williams completing the milestone seemed as good as ever. But the American slipped when least expected as the weight of the chase finally got the better of her nerves. 32-year-old Vinci played what she called the match of her life to beat the American 2-6, 6-4, 6-4 in the semi-final to set up the most unexpected final in recent Grand Slam history against her countrywoman Pennetta. Pennetta had earlier knocked out Petra Kvitova and Simona Halep on her way the final and was a mild favorite for the title after the upset. In the end, it was Pennetta who walked away with the title beating her long-time friend 7-6, 6-2 and commented, "It's amazing to have the chance to play with one of your friends. Before the match, we said it doesn't matter … it's going to be a really big win for both of us. I didn't think to be here. She didn't think to be here today, either. So it's amazing for our country. It's amazing for everyone."
Equally surprising as the result was Pennetta's announcement that she would be retiring at the end of the season, at the age of 33. "Before I started this tournament, one month ago, I made a big decision in my life. And this is why I would like to say goodbye to tennis. I'm really happy. It's what all players want to do, go home with one of these big trophies. So this one was my last match at the US Open and I couldn't think to finish a better way. I want to thank everyone who supported me during my career. All my coaches, my family, who aren't here, but they're going to be proud of me. I love you guys."
The women's tournament turned out to be riddled with upsets from Day 1 with seven of the Top 10 seeds being knocked out before the third round itself. Besides Serena, only Kvitova and Halep made it past and both fell at the crafty hands of Pennetta. Former World No. 1 Victoria Azarenka also put in a fine performance to reach the last eight where she was knocked out by Halep in a high-quality three-set match. Venus Williams reached the quarter-finals to cap her best season since 2010 and was beaten by sister Serena in three sets in a highly anticipated encounter which drew record TV ratings. And Frenchwoman Kristina Maldenovic made it to her first Grand Slam quarter-final where she lost to Vinci.
Herbert/ Mahut and Mirza/ Hingis Win Doubles Titles
The French pairing of Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut defeated Jamie Murray and John Peers 6-4, 6-4 to win the US Open men's doubles title, their first Grand Slam title as a team and also becoming the first French team to win the title in New York. Herbert and Mahut are the ninth different team to win the last nine Grand Slam crowns. Sania Mirza and Martina Hingis won the women's doubles title, winning their second Grand Slam title in a row – beating fourth seeds Casey Dellacqua and Yaroslava Shvedova, 6-3, 6-3. And Hingis also walked away with the mixed doubles title with Leander Paes, where they beat Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Sam Querrey 6-4, 3-6, [10-7] in the final – becoming the first team in 45 years to win three of the four mixed slams in the same season.
Rankings Update
Novak Djokovic strengthened his stranglehold over the No. 1 ranking with his title in New York. The Serb now has a lead of more than 6,500 points over second-ranked Federer and not surprisingly has clinched the year-end World No. 1 ranking. As Murray stays put at No. 3, Stan Wawrinka climbs one spot to No. 4 and Tomas Berdych climbs one spot to No. 5 with last year's finalist Kei Nishikori, dropping two spots to No. 6 after losing in the first round this time. Defending champion Marin Cilic drops five spots to No. 14 while Benoit Paire climbs 9 spots to No. 32 and Young climbs 17 spots to No. 51. In the doubles, the Bryan Brothers, without a Slam for the first time since 2004, hold on to the top spot while Horia Tecau and Jean-Julien Rojer climb 2 spots to No. 3 and No. 4. Peers and Murray climb 7 spots to No. 7 and 8 respectively while Herbert and Mahut climb 11 and 12 spots to No. 10 and No. 11 respectively.
On the women's side, Serena Williams retains her World No. 1 ranking followed by Halep, Sharapova (who missed the US Open due to injury) and Kvitova. Czech Lucie Safarova, who lost in the first round, cracks the Top 5 for the first time in her career. Pennetta's win sees her climb to a career-best No. 8 while Vinci jumps from No. 43 to No. 19 in the world and Mladenovic climbs from No. 40 to No. 28. In doubles, Mirza retains the top spot followed by Hingis. Dellacqua climbs 5 spots to No. 5 and Shvedova climbs 8 spots to No. 7.


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That works for me Tin good job..Jets trade the 17 pick to the Eagles for the 21st and 52nd pick.
Jets then trade the 52 and 53 to the eagles for the 28th.
1st pick - Josh Freeman - Someone's going to pick him in the 1st,and with where we play his big arm and upside potential warrants such a pick.If Ratliff or Clemens pans out,you can always trade him in a yr or 2.We traded brooks Bollinger,we can trade Josh Freeman.
2nd pick - Percy Harvin - Everyone wants a speed receiver,and while this kid won't start,he will give us explosiveness on special teams and on offense in special packages.
3rd Pick - Fili Moala - Big and strong player who with a yr under Ryan and his staff will learn how to better use his body as a replacement for Shaun Ellis in 2010.
4th pick - Sammy Lee Hill - Jenkins needs a breather every now and again,and Pouha gets his last shot at situational DE.
6th pick - Anthony Hill - With baker gone,Jets need a run blocking TE.This guy can block on the edge and will catch a pass off the LOS every now and again.
7th pick -A Q Shipley - Somebody needs to back up mangold.This little midget is as strong as an ox and will get over looked.
That's it,2 defensive players,based on what we did in free agency and 4 offensive players.After the draft,any defensive player with a bit of skill will get a call from the Jets.


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Being a former bartender, you know you're gonna get stiffed at least a few times during every shift. It happens. Plus, I still feel tipping is a personal decision and not a given. It's the customers prerogative whether they want to leave a decent tip of 20%. More, that's great, less that's business and the way it is.
The one thing you should never do is challenge, nor call out someone for leaving you something you're not happy with. As in the case of this waitress who decided to call out Steelers running back DeAngelo Williams. Albeit via social media. The outcome as you'll read HERE thanks to Fox Sports was not good.
Have a great day and happy almost Friday.


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Get a better grade in financial accounting!
Accounting may be challenging, but with training and practice you can come out of your financial accounting class with the grade you want! With David Weiner's Financial Accounting as a Second Language, you'll get the practice and training you need to better understand fundamental principles, build confidence, and solve problems.
Here's how you can get a better grade in financial accounting:
Understand the basic concepts
Financial Accounting as a Second Language describes the complete accounting cycle, from engaging in transactions to preparing a set of financial statements. You'll learn how to prepare a statement of cash flows and accounting techniques for specific business transactions. By understanding these principles, you'll have a coherent framework that will help you better understand your course.
Study more efficiently and effectively
Financial Accounting as a Second Language provides time-saving study tips and problem-solving strategies that will help you apply concepts to succeed in the course.
Improve your problem-solving skills
Financial Accounting as a Second Language will help you develop the skills you need to solve a variety of problem types––even unfamiliar ones!


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Barbour Tack Fedora HatIDLHA0217OL35
Olive Melange - LHA0217OL35
ABOUT THE Barbour Tack Fedora Hat
The Tack Fedora is a traditional women's hat made with a sturdy blocked construction.
Crafted with a super-soft felted wool outer, it's classically styled with a wide brim and a real leather rope trim. A cotton head pad in equestrian-inspired Tattersall adds a distinctive finishing touch.
- 100% Cotton Tattersall head pad
- 100% Wool
- 100% Cotton Tattersall headpad
- Sponge clean only
- Do not wash


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Lovely by Surprise Trailer (2007)
01 January 2007 Drama, Comedy 98 mins
Lovely by Surprise follows the journey of novelist Marian Walker as she attempts to finish her first novel. Facing the age-old problem of writer's block, Marian seeks advice from a mentor and ex-lover. His seemingly innocent advice to kill the book's protagonist unleashes chaos in her life as a willful protagonist escapes from her novel and appears in the unresolved corners of her past.
Watch the official Lovely by Surprise 2007 trailer in HD below or find more Lovely by Surprise videos on Vidimovie.


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Natimorto Trailer (2011)
A talent agent summons a young singer to Sao Paulo in order to present her to a renowned maestro. While they wait for the day of the audition, they stay in a hotel room where, over cigarettes and coffee, the agent reads her future by using cigarette packs as if they were tarot cards. It is during this wait that his true intentions are revealed.
Watch the official Natimorto 2011 trailer in HD below or find more Natimorto videos on Vidimovie.


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Minster FM News
Concerns Over Planned Expansion of Travellers' Sites in York
9:52am 30th April 2013
"Victoria" a mum from Dunnington has told Minster FM she's worried about plans for more travellers sites in York
She adds others in the village are fearful of the impact.
We've also been contacted by other people in the village and have seen e-mail exchanges between concerned locals.
41 pitches are proposed over the next six years for sites in Dunnington, near Monks Cross and at Osbaldwick.
21 additional plots will be made available for travelling show people in Elvington and Knapton.
The allocation of sites for travellers is part of York's Local Plan which the city's cabinet is set to approve today.
A York Council report states 36 pitches are needed by 2030.
Steve Waddington, City of York Council's Assistant Director - Housing & Community Safety, said: "As a responsible authority we need to ensure that we meet our statutory responsibilities to ensure the provision of delivery of homes for all our citizens, and the provision of land to facilitate this is important. The 2009 Gypsy and Traveller Area Assessment set out the need to facilitate the delivery of 36 additional pitches by 2030, this was also supported through the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment which reinforced the need for safe accommodation. The Fairness Commission and Health and Equality Strategy also recognised the need for these pitches. The draft Local Plan, as might be expected, identifies these potential sites openly and publicly."
Richard Wood, Assistant Director of City and Environmental Services, said: "The draft Local Plan document is an incredibly thorough and detailed 300-page report, outlining the planning and development proposals for York over the next 20 to 30 years and beyond.
"We want people's views on the detailed proposals and options as they will shape York's future growth and development. Once Cabinet has reached a decision on 30 April we will be going out with a big eight-week consultation period starting in May. Information will be made available across the city, targeting different areas and there will be another opportunity to comment on the Local Plan before it is submitted to Government.


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Teen charged with alleged assault of 93yo woman
A teenage boy will face court next month, charged over the alleged assault of a 93-year-old woman west of Newcastle.
Police were called to Wallsend yesterday morning after reports the elderly woman was assaulted in her backyard.
She has told police she was hit in the face several times by the 16-year-old.
She suffered injuries to her face and arm and was treated at Newcastle's John Hunter Hospital.
The Wallsend boy has been charged with four offences, including assault occasioning actual bodily harm and drug possession.
He has been granted conditional bail and will face the children's court on November 25.
Topics: assault, wallsend-2287
First posted


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Sign In With Facebook
Here are all the ways we support you.
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Your brais showingand that'sa goodthing
Our versatile styles are designedto transition seamlessly from the studioto the street, bras included.


text:
Dance Adjudicators have been asked to list those categories in which they have expertise and experience, using the order given below:
|BC Ballet and Character
M Modern
T Tap
MT Music Theatre
N National
|CO Contemporary
J Jazz
S+D Song and Dance
G Greek
CD Commercial Dance, ie, Hip Hop, Street etc
Kathleen Davis
Kathleen received all of her dance training at the prestigious Ethel Hardy School of Dance in the North East of England. After completing her … Read more
Denise Doling
Trained in Bristol and became professional dancer. Later as a teacher she was principal of her own schools in the Midlands, choreographing for pantomimes, … Read more
Danielle Drayton
Danielle trained at The Sandra Needham School of Dance and went on to study and graduate from Leeds Dance College gaining a diploma in … Read more
Drusilla Duffill
Drusilla trained at the London College of Dance and Drama and worked as a dancer and demonstrator in cabaret and other genres. She founded … Read more


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Western Australia producer Xanadu has taken the trophy for the Best Chardonnay at this year's Five Nations Challenge before going on to win the Trophy for Best White Wine of Show.
Pitted against the best wines from New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and Chile, the 2010 Xanadu Reserve Chardonnay came out on top. This incredible wine can now justifyably claim to be the Best White Wine in the New World!
The trophy was presented by Huon Hooke at the Five Nations Challenge Presentation Trophy Dinner in Sydney on Friday night.
The five nations wine challenge results are is here.
Congratulations to Glenn and the team at Xanadu!
If you're interesting in getting hold of some Reserve Chardonnay, we have a very limited allocation. Please contact us for more details.


text: Parent/Student Handbooks Instructions: Please review the Parent/Student Handbooks, then complete the Acknowledgement Form below or feel free to download the PDF file to print and turn in hard copies of pages 37 & 38. Elementary Handbook Middle School Handbook Uniform Policy Company Acknowledgement Form Parent/Gaurdian First Name * Parent/Guardian Last Name * Today's Date * Student First name * Student Last Name * Student Grade * Kdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Student First Name 2 Student Last Name 2 Student Grade 2 Kdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Student First Name 3 Student Last Name 3 Student Grade 3 Kdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th By checking the items below you recognize, accept and commit to all the policies, codes, rules, etc. addressed in the MACS Parent Student Handbooks. Parent/Student Handbook * We accept the contents of the MACS Parent/Student Handbook. Internet Safety Policy * We accept the contents of the MACS Internet Safety Policy. Anti-Spam Verification *


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Stock #225-ATL
Engine: 350 Chevy ZZ4 Crate
Transmission: Turbo 350
Mileage: 19960 ( since rebuilt )
Body Style: Convertible
Exterior Color: Yellow
Interior Color: Gray
For sale in our Atlanta showroom is a hot rod 1932 Ford Highboy Roadster. This 32 Ford for sale is a cruiser, built and spared at no expense. Powering this yellow fellow, is a 350 cubic inch ZZ4 GM crate engine, dressed to impress with: performance carburetor with electric choke, finned and polished aluminum valve covers, chrome alternator, electric fan, chrome air cleaner, custom radiator, and headers. The rumble from the headers breathes into Borla mufflers, which give this nostalgic hot rod the subtle and vintage sound of yesteryear. Backing the peppy small block V8 is a TH350 automatic transmission. With a colum shifter, this 1932 Ford Roadster for sale is both a breeze and a blast to drive! The power is placed to the pavement via a Currie built Ford 9" rear axle with a Detroit-locker 3.31 center chunk. With coil overs and a 4-bar rear suspension, this hot rod deuce roadster has the right amount of cruisability and get-up-and-go power. It also has plenty of stop, thanks to power front disc brakes. This car handles well, thanks to Halibrand aluminum/alloy wheels wrapped in radial tires. The body is coated with a lovely shade of Sikkens Yellow paint. The body is adorned with custom pinstriping, making sure this Ford stands out from the crowd. The interior has a paint to match dash with custom prism gauge cluster with VDO gauges. With a woodgrain steering wheel and tilt column, the interior looks just as modern and it doe nostalgic. The black wool carpet compliments the Gray interior paneling and custom made bench seat. This hot rod 32' roadster truly is ready to show and go! To view the car in greater detail, including 100+ HD photos and HD video, please visit www.gatewayclassiccars.com. For more information please call the Atlanta showroom at 678-894-4833 or e-mail us at email@example.com.
Numbers Matching and Original Mileage Cars
If marked as such, the Owner states, this vehicles as numbers matching and/or original mileage. It has not been verified by Gateway Classic Cars. As such Gateway Classic Cars is not guaranteeing the authenticity of this claim. Buyer is encouraged to verify this information on their own, prior to purchase.
All Vehicles are sold AS-IS.
This vehicle is being sold AS-IS, WHERE-IS, with no warranty, expressed, written or implied. Gateway Classic Cars and its affiliates shall not be responsible for the correct description, authenticity, genuineness, or defects herein, nor is responsible for any omissions or errors in advertising and therefore makes no warranty in connection therewith. No allowance or set aside will be made on account of any incorrectness, imperfection, defect or damage. Any descriptions or representations are for identification purposes only and are not to be construed as a warranty of any type. It is the responsibility of the buyer to have thoroughly inspected the vehicle, to their satisfaction to the condition and value, prior to purchase. Gateway Classic Cars and its affiliates shall and will make every reasonable effort to disclose any known defects associated with this vehicle at the buyer's request prior to the close of sale. Gateway Classic Cars and its affiliates assumes no responsibility for any repairs regardless of any oral statements about the vehicle, post sale.
This car has been viewed 5,486 times as of 2017-11-24 18:15:22
#1015-TPA Tampa
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text: [ YouTube Honors the Most Memorable Moments of 2013 [VIDEO] By Drew Weisholtz December 30, 2013 Before we look ahead to 2014, we should take a moment to look back at 2013. Read More Category: Elsewhere Tags: 2013 rewind, elsewhere, YouTube Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text: Package: debian-policy Version: 18.104.22.168 Severity: wishlist Debian should no longer be like some mere arcade kiddie game machine, where if you don't like the games staring when you deposit your coin, then sorry. > So many packages, so few that I need started at every boot. > > So I file wishlist bugs "please add a debconf item to not start at boot". > > Do various things that change the links in /etc/rc.*, I was told. Uh > huh, lasted until the next upgrade of that package. W> No, that shouldn't be true. Check your findings; if you find a package W> which indeed shows this behaviour please file a bug with severity W> "serious". Whether or not a package starts at boot is local W> configuration, and retaining local configuration is a "must" directive W> in Debian Policy. I see "update-rc.d -f fetchmail remove" in my bash history list, but perhaps this is just like the other poster said, removing more links than proper, thus getting into trouble later at upgrade. Anyway, I'd rather not poke further, as one little error and I'll surely mess up my system, so I'm not the daring experimenter anymore. And what if successful, and then the machine gets transfered to a different maintainer, or the same maintainer after his memory has faded. Then it will take a long time to figure out why a package isn't working as expected --- apparently some links are missing, they discover. And the frailty of the instructions on link dismemberment, which have to be garnered from asking in newsgroups... how is the user to remember the proper way to revisit the situation in several months to make adjustments if needed? Wouldn't a comfy debconf dialog be better than having to try to remember what one changed, and what newsgroups one asked what questions to try and 'kluge forthward' further, in meddling with the links in way that each differing package maintainer never expected, though "legal". How about something like [you guys improve it please]: Policy suggestion for packages that might start at boot, /etc/init.d/*: Each package that puts a file in /etc/init.d must in its debconf area, call [a new debconf element[?]] that will ask the user's wishes as to if this package is to be started at boot or not. For those packages that are so essential that it wouldn't make sense to not start them at boot, stern warnings should be placed not to chose to not start... note in every case we still force the maintainer to deal with users who don't want the package starting at boot... this is better than hoping one day they will deal with the issue. This way, developers and users will have a common bridge to the land of not starting a package at boot. Users will not have to something the developer didn't anticipate, etc. etc. Anyway, debian needs a way, guaranteed to be available from dpkg-reconfigure, to stop packages from starting at boot. Note that some packages should make this a multi choice: start at boot, boot and ppp, ppp only, none. etc. hmm, another recent wishlist of mine: > I only want to use ircd-hybrid once a month, but reboot every day. > Therefore a debconf item should be made that prevents starting at boot. J> This is a very user-specific kind of request, and due to the obviously J> global audience this package has, I can't do this. J> For you, just rm /etc/rc*.d/*ircd-hybrid and that should do the trick.. Maybe not, as another poster pointed out one shouldn't rm all the links, lest the get rebuilt at upgrade, and also, stopping at shutdown is still nice when we started by hand. Plus, I'll never remember what I did, plus a user like me has no business issuing commands like rm /etc/anything, much less posting in this devel group. Hylafax is neat, but I only fax rarely. fetchmail is neat, but if I haven't connected yet, doesn't make sense. exim4 too. apache? only during experiments [good thing he has implemented not starting at boot] cups? one day I will get that printer fixed. hotplug? only when I rarely take photos etc. etc. "Well, just remove the package until you are ready to use it": but then one loses out in apt-get dist-upgrade, worse with just CDs, apt-zip, and modem too. Anyway, debconf is the natural central point for dealing with whether to start at boot or not, the only place we users will remember, and the right place for developers to implement what ought to be done for their particular package... one shouldn't just assume that not running their boot scripts is the right way in every case. Ah, here is what Michael Meskes said: M> Make sure you just delete the start links, not the stop ones. That M> should last forever. If you delete all they will be regenerated during M> the next update. i.e. even top developers aren't as clear as Michael as to what must not be done, not even to mention users. So word of mouth unofficial ways are bad. There should be an official standard way, and it belongs in debconf. If link tampering is the official standard way, then making it doable from debconf should be no big deal. If it cannot be found inside debconf for a particular package, then that means it isn't standard... maybe even a dpkg-reconfigure --dont-start-at-boot, dpkg-reconfigure --start-at-boot could be available, but note there are some 3, 4 way cases, like fetchmail, exim, where ppp complicates the choices.


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Tech air TAN3201v2. Maximum screen size compatibility: 39.6 cm (15.6"), Case type: Briefcase, Colour of product: Black. Width: 415 mm, Depth: 50 mm, Height: 285 mm
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Casey Affleck
Gender: Male
Areas of interest:
Personal social network: Much of Affleck's Muckety comes from entertainment and family connections.
Casey Affleck personal relations:
Ben Affleck - brother
Summer Phoenix - spouse
Other current Casey Affleck relationships:
2017 Academy Awards - winner - leading actor (Manchester by the Sea)
Ain't Them Bodies Saints - actor
Chasing Amy - actor
Desert Blue - actor
Gone Baby Gone - actor
Good Will Hunting - actor
Hamlet (2000) - actor
I'm Still Here - director
Interstellar - actor
Lemon Sky - actor
Manchester by the Sea (2016) - actor
Ocean's Eleven (2001) - actor
Ocean's Thirteen (2007) - actor
Ocean's Twelve (2004) - actor
Out of the Furnace - actor
To Die For - actor
Tower Heist - actor
Casey Affleck past relationships:
2008 Academy Awards - nominee - supporting actor (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford)
Stand up to Cancer - appeared in ad campaign
Indirect links:Casey Affleck has multiple indirect connections to the following people:
Additional Muckety map information sources:
Muckety draws information from thousands of sources. For a list of primary government and news sites, see our Sources page.
Muckety news stories featuring Casey Affleck
The entertainment industry is banding together to combat cancer.
June 1, 2008


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|Home > Draco
♂ Draco
What does Draco mean?
Draco as a name for boys is a Middle English name, and the name Draco means "dragon". Draco is an alternate form of Drake (Middle English): from Drakon (Greek).
ASSOCIATED WITH dragon
RELATED FORMS VIA DRAKE Dracon, Drago, DrakonCREATIVE FORMS
(male) Daco, ..
(female) Drado, ..
Draco Jones (D.J.), ..
How popular is Draco?
Draco is an uncommonly occurring given name for men. Draco is also an uncommon last name for all people. (2000 U.S. DEMOGRAPHICS)
Which version is better?
The only popular varying form of Draco (OUTSIDE TOP 2000) is Drake (#399 IN 2015). Other variants, like Drakon, are seldom used. Adoption of this relation of Draco was well-received among parents 5 years ago (USAGE OF 0.1%) and is now significantly reduced. (TOP BABY NAMES, 2015)
Similar Names
Recommended sound-alike names are Dace, Dacio, Dack, Dacy, Dago, Darach, Deacon▲, Dray, Erico, Franco▲, Frasco, Jaco and Paco. Like Draco, these names are not frequently used.See names in meaning and etymology.