text:
Welcome to Oakland Wiki!
A free website about Oakland that anyone can edit
Ask yourself: "How can I help?"
Want to edit along with other people? (new and experienced editors)
Join local editors, new and not-so-new, every Thursday night at 7pm in the Sudo Room (2141 Broadway, downtown Oakland)! The entrance is on 22nd St just take the elevator at the end of the hall. We'll chat it up and edit articles on things we love about our city, all in a cool new community hacker/maker/creative space. Don't have a computer? That's fine--those who do can share! Check out our article here.
Interested in local history? Local history edit-a-thons begin in the Oakland History Room in 2013!
Join other historico-curious people every Sunday starting on January 13, 2013 for local history research and edit-a-thons. We will be meeting from 1-5pm in the Oakland History Room of the main branch of the Oakland Public Library! (map here)
Featured Stories
|On Saturday, December 1st, we held a presentation and demo of the Oakland Wiki at City Camp Oakland at City Hall! Along with fellow attendees, we created and updated a number of different articles. Check out Digital Divide, a page where anyone can discuss issues of uneven access to hardware, Internet, digital literacy, skills and networks, and connect with local organizations that are working to address these issues. See the full list of articles at City Camp Oakland.
Mural Lane is a corridor of murals on 15th Street between Franklin and Webster Streets. It has been developed and maintained by the Love Oakland Group (site), which describes itself as 'a collective of Activists, Artists, Gardeners and other Free Spirits that want to make Oakland the most beautiful city in the world.'
Learn more about Oakland's Murals
News & Recent Updates
- Come meet Oakland Wiki this weekend, Dec. 7th & 8th, at Sudo Room, a new hacker/maker/creativespace in downtown Oakland. We will be at the Sudo Room "Housewarming" the evening of Fri. Dec. 7th (we are on the Art Murmur path!) and will have a session at the Sudo Room "State of the Room" unconference Sat. Dec. 8th. More details here: http://sudoroom.org/sudo-room-state-of-the-room-dec-7-9th-weekend-of-open-house-activities/
- Help us redesign our logo! We are taking submissions for our Oakland Wiki Logo Design Contest, running now until Dec. 15th! Check out the other submissions and submit your own design. The winning design will become the new Oakland Wiki logo!
- Oakland Wiki held a presentation and demo at Oakland City Camp, Saturday, Dec. 1st, at City Hall! Oakland City Camp was an unconference that aimed to start a dialogue between City employees and tech-interested folks in Oakland. Check the City Camp entry for photos, news, and follow-up from the day.
- On November 10, 2012 we held our first OaklandWiki bikeabout! Ten OaklandWiki-ers broke into groups and took off into various neighborhoods in Oakland to photograph the city's murals and other street art. Check out the results here: Murals and our how-to guide for organizing a bikeabout here: Oakland Wiki Bikeabouts.
Learn about Oakland Neighborhoods
Oakland neighborhoods are known for being among the most diverse in the country. Learn more about the city's amazing communities by reading a little bit about each of the neighborhoods.
Explore Popular Topics
We've worked hard to categorize our content by categories. Below are a list of some useful categories to explore
Community Portals
Associations or Informal Groups
Hot Chocolate Lounge(Zines)
LocalWiki Communities Nearby
California has many other LocalWikis. Learn more about nearby cities.


text:
- 23 Apr
The Developing World Will Be Connected to a Radically Different Internet - Part 1
A recent article from the Wall Street Journal outlines a counterintuitive state of Internet affairs: the growth of new Internet users worldwide is slowing down - despite increasing efforts by tech companies to bring the developing world online.
- 10 Mar
Why the comments section of your site is not the dark underbelly it seems
The reputation of the comments section as an"infamously troll-ridden Wild West of abuse, ignorance and spam" is alive and well. Popular Science shut down its comment sections. The Chicago Sun-Times did the same while it revamps the section. Vox launched without a comments feature. Quartz and The Dish haven't bothered with them, either. Even YouTube is cracking down on its commenters, some of whom have earned their reputations as the biggest bullies of the internet's schoolyard.

subset: commoncrawl


text: H&C's equine physio explains why your horse has a sore back January 26, 2017 Want to know why your horse has a sore back? H&C spoke to equine physio Hermione Gayton to find out. "Most of the horses I see are suffering with back pain. In order to understand this problem, and what can be done about it, we need to get to grips with how the horse's back is structured and how it moves. It's a massive topic, but I will try to keep things simple. So make yourself a cup of tea, get comfy and start reading. Your horse will thank you for it. The science bit Let's start with some anatomy and biomechanics. The spine is made up of vertebrae, running from the base of the skull to the tip of the tail. These vertebrae are categorised as follows: Cervical (neck) Thoracic (withers and under the saddle) Lumbar (behind the saddle) Sacral (last fused vertebrae, running through the pelvis) Caudal (tail) Projecting upwards from each vertebra is a dorsal spinous process (DSP). Ideally, there should be a slight gap between each of the DPSs. When the gap between them narrows, they can come in contact with each other. Over time, remodelling of the bones may occur, causing pain. This is what is commonly referred to as 'kissing spines'. The shape, function and movement of each vertebrae change according to where it is on the horse. The effect of the rider In order to support the weight of the rider, the horse needs to be able to work with his back held in slight flexion – or at least in a neutral position. The most commonly accepted theory of equine back mechanics is the 'bow and string theory'. This suggests that flexion of the spine is caused by: Protraction of the hind limbs – where the hind limbs are brought underneath the horse Contraction of the abdominal muscles Lowering of the head Extension (where the back hollows) is caused by: Retraction of the hind limbs – where the hind limbs move out behind the horse Raising of the horse's head Abdominal and spinal muscles The abdominal muscles and spinal muscles have an important role to play in keeping the horse's spine in a good neutral position. Working the horse with a hollow back will not only potentially effect the vertebrae in its spine, but will almost certainly effect its muscles and soft tissues. If the horse tends to work with its back in a degree of extension, the muscles on either side of the spine are working in a constantly shortened state. With time this leads to chronic tightening and pain within the muscles. The muscles then can't work effectively to support the back in a neutral position. It's a viscous cycle, but one that physiotherapy and correct riding can help with. Conformation and posture Some horses are more at risk of back problems, due to their confirmation. For example they may have a hollow or long back, while others have more vertebrae in their lumbar region. Conformation should not be confused with posture – posture is something that we can improve. A horse's back may appear hollow if their abdominal muscles aren't working correctly to support them. However, with correct training we can improve the tone and activation of their muscles, and therefore improve their posture. Saddle fit and hind-limb lameness Evidence has shown that a poorly fitting saddle causes asymmetrical muscle development, poor gait quality, and back pain for both horse and rider. Clients often remark their saddle doesn't fit because it's slipping to one side. However, this can be due to hind-limb lameness or rider crookedness, rather than the saddle. We know from research that if a horse is suffering from lameness, the movement in its back changes. Hind limb lameness often causes back pain because the horse has to compensate. Although relieving their back pain will be helpful, in these cases things will only improve once the hind limb lameness has been addressed."


text:
Subject: [TOMOYO #12 (2.6.28-rc2-mm1) 00/11] TOMOYO Linux
Newsgroups: gmane.linux.kernel.lsm
Date: Tuesday 4th November 2008 06:08:47 UTC (over 9 years ago)
TOMOYO Linux is a pathname-based MAC extension (LSM module) for the Linux kernel. This patchset is for 2.6.28-rc2-mm1. Serge Hallyn wrote: > Well I think the patchset is at a stage where it needs a test-spin in > -mm (or something). All right. ;-) Andrew, please put this patchset to -mm. How to try: 1. Compile kernel with CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO=y. 2. 'make' and 'make install' userspace tools (ccs-tools) available at http://osdn.dl.sourceforge.jp/tomoyo/30298/ . 3. Run /usr/lib/ccs/tomoyo_init_policy.sh . 4. Run following commands to set learning-mode as default. (This step is optional but recommended on your first try.) # echo '


text:
News & Events
Research Advisory Group Chair named to Institute's Black Experience Project
The Institute is pleased to announce that Dr. Gervan Fearon is joining the project, to serve as Chair of the Research Advisory Group. Dr. Gervan Fearon is the Dean of The G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education and is an Associate Professor with the Department of Economics at Ryerson University.
Dr. Fearon's career has been shaped by a passion for education and the transformative opportunities it holds for individuals, communities and society, as well as a demonstrated commitment to enhancing the student experience. He has also taught at York University, the University of Guelph, the University of Toronto, and the University of Western Ontario, as well as served as a visiting scholar at the University of Washington. He is the recipient of the 2007 Dean's Award for Excellence in Teaching for Atkinson at York University and the 2000 Professor of the Year Award from the Division of Management at the University of Toronto at Scarborough. Dr. Fearon holds a Ph.D. in economics from The University of Western Ontario and a B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Guelph.
To learn more about the Black Experience Project, contact Marva Wisdom (Project Director).


text:
Scorpio Horse
In Chinese Astrology the Horse has hard working and self reliant in his list of admirable character traits. These ancient astrologers also described this creature as possessing a rebellious streak in his personality too. This obstinacy and disobedience is thought to be quite prominent in those people born within the Western astrological sign of Scorpio. The influential sting of the symbolic Scorpion encourages the already defiant independent Horse to rebel. A Scorpio Horse personality is not a believer in set rules for all and often tries to be different in life in any way that he or she can.
Scorpio Horse Traits
The Scorpio Horse usually likes the good things in life and will work long and hard to get them. These personalities are not particularly ambitious but they do prefer to have enough money for a comfortable lifestyle. They are rather adventurous in their tastes and have a great love of travel. Whenever they can find the time a Scorpio Horse will want to roam away from their familiar surroundings. These personalities find they need this kind of occasional escapism especially as they get older and acquire more responsibilities. These people can feel a little stifled by daily regular routines and many may opt for work that is constantly varied or on the move.
Scorpio Horse's may view life from a non conformist angle from their early years of life. If they do not they will certainly gain this outlook well before middle age. These individual's seem to think that rules are for other people and are sometimes they are there to be broken. This opinion frequently gets the Scorpio Horse into trouble and in the spotlight. They believe in challenging guidelines and pushing the boundaries of traditional ways of thinking. This need to stand out and be atypical can be as simple as wearing outrageous clothes or as extreme as standing for public election.
If the rebellion and determination in the Scorpio Horse's personality is correctly directed it will help them achieve personal goals. In relationships these determined and different personalities usually make supportive and loyal partner's. They like to lead in the relationship but this will not be without lots of affection and also considering their soul mate's wishes at all times. The Scorpio Horse is a thoughtful and passionate lover who enjoys immensely the physical side of partnerships and will often be quite playful in the bedroom.
The spontaneous side of the personality of the Scorpio Horse can be wonderful for most of the time, however it can also cause a weakness of their character. Their love of surprising people without notice may make them appear unpredictable. These personalities tend to sometimes do and say things at random without thinking of the possible consequences first. A Scorpio Horse can be a bit indiscrete with surprises or words and clumsy with timing but their intentions are generally good. If friends and partner's cannot cope with and get used to this unpredictability weak spot, these Scorpio's may have to learn to think first before acting.
Scorpio Horse Compatibility (Love & Friendship)
Scorpio Horse's have a brutally honest sense of humor that most people find funny but will most certainly offend others. That's okay, though, because Scorpio Horse's are not meant to be friends with everyone. They need friendly, open, and intuitive types to understand them, and though they can be loners in their work, they actually like being the center of attention from time to time. It is not unusual for Scorpio Horse's to turn to substances such as alcohol to help them shift from work mode to social mode. As long as these substances don't become abused, it is not likely that this will create many problems for them. If anything, the socializing will do more good for them than the substances will do bad.
Love is challenging for this sign, and is typically not as large of a priority as their career is. Scorpio Horse's can be very intense in relationships, and loyalty is by far the most important trait in a partner. Those who burn a Scorpio Horse in love will never get a second chance. Members of this sign can allow themselves to be more spontaneous than usual in romance, though they can also be emotionally extreme and difficult to get to know well. Scorpio Horse's like others to buy into the version of themselves that they market to the public and thus only slowly allow partners to get to know their true selves. Members of this sign are very passionate and dedicated in love, but again require more sensitive, intuitive types to bring them out of their shells. Scorpio Horse's are also particularly weak to flattery.
Scorpio Horse Business (Career & Goals)
Scorpio Horse's have a hard time working for other people. To be successful, they need the flexibility to follow their instincts as well as their passions. Without the independence to do things their own way, members of this sign won't stay happy for long. They will always be smarter than their bosses and will never feel properly appreciated, no matter what role they are put in (unless they are the boss). Ultimately the working conditions will matter more than the job itself, so Scorpio Horse's would be wise to keep looking for new opportunities that fit them better.
Those born under this sign have a strong entrepreneurial spirit, yet they can become frustrated if others don't realize the strength and potential of their ideas. For their business to succeed they will need the help of someone who can offer opposing strengths to fit their weaknesses (yes, they have those too). Since partnerships are not the most comfortable setup for a Scorpio Horse, many will choose to succeed within another company's system. Possible career choices for Scorpio Horse's include: Advertising executive, Salesman, Athlete, Bartender/ Pub keeper, Technician, Criminologist, Doctor, Surgeon, Hypnotist, Investigator, Pathologist, Researcher, or Scientist.


text:
Double murderer jailed1:35
A man who killed a couple in their Maylands home has been jailed for at least 22 years.
A PERTH man who murdered a couple in an unprovoked attack and left their young son an orphan has been sentenced to life in prison with a 22-year minimum term.
Gary Edmund Brown used a 20cm knife to repeatedly stab Jenni Barrett, 29, and her partner Christopher Stoodley, 36, at a flat in the Perth suburb of Maylands in 2011.
Brown, 49, pleaded not guilty to the crimes and initially tried to implicate others to exonerate himself.
He later admitted to the murders, but claimed he was not of sound mind because he was detoxing from methadone and suffering adverse effects from medication.
But Justice Lindy Jenkins convicted him of murder during a judge-alone trial earlier this year.
In sentencing today, Justice Jenkins described the murders as "violent, callous and without justification''.
"You were mentally impaired, but you were not deprived of the capacity to control your actions,'' she said.
Justice Jenkins said it was possible Brown would be a further threat to the community upon release.
"Whilst you are still able-bodied, and if you are not medicated, it is likely that you have and will have significant behavioural and mental health issues, which mean that you will be at risk of doing violence to others,'' she said.
But Justice Jenkins did note that Brown was remorseful and said his moral culpability was reduced due to his mental impairment, which warranted a lower non-parole period.
Brown was sentenced to at least 22 years in prison before being eligible for parole and the term was backdated to August 2011 when he was arrested.
Outside court, Ms Barrett's brother, Adam, said he was relieved with the sentence.
"He got what he deserved and hopefully he doesn't come back out into society because he doesn't deserve to be out here,'' he said.
Mr Stoodley's family said it is a tragedy the couple's five-year-old son, Kyuss, would grow up without his parents.
Originally published as Double murderer jailed for 22 years


text:
On July 12th, Amber Road's Global Trade Academy broadcasted a webinar on Labeling Apparel – Getting it Right! Our presenter, Robin Grover from Amber Road, received several questions throughout the webinar and unfortunately did not have time to address them all during the live broadcast. We have compiled his answers into a Q&A document - here is a preview:
Are there specific guidelines for faux fur labeling?
The FTC does not require faux (also called "artificial" or "fake" fur) to be labeled since it has no actual fur content[1]. Several states, however, have adopted their own regulations which mandate that if an item appears to be fur but does not so qualify the product's label must both state that it is "faux fur" and specify the actual fiber content. As a consequence, many major U.S. retailers of artificial furs and the suppliers of such products to them will require the inclusion of a faux fur label in all such products instead of maintaining two sets of faux fur inventory. It proves costly to maintain one set of such product inventory to be sold in states with faux fur labeling requirements and another set of inventory destined for states that do not have faux fur labeling mandates. Those state regulations requiring the labeling of so-called "faux fur" or "artificial fur" products have been enacted by: Delaware; Massachusetts; New Jersey; New York; Wisconsin.


text:
After Bristol Rovers part company with manager Paul Trollope, Nobes wonders whether managers sometimes simply have a shelf life at a club.
"Performances like this have to stop," fumed Paul Trollope after Bristol Rovers slumped to a 6-2 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday last weekend.
"If it means changing personnel, then that's what we will have to do." Unfortunately for Trollope, the board at Rovers were listening and in full agreement.
The Hillsborough loss - which stretched their winless run to seven games - saw the Gas slip into League One's bottom four.
Tuesday night's Johnstone's Paint Trophy defeat to Exeter proved the final straw though, with Gas chairman Nick Higgs determining it was a change of manager that was required to turn their fortunes around.
It brings to a close Trollope's five-year reign at the helm, a spell which made him the seventh longest serving manager in the Football League.
However, after initial success when he became only the fifth manager in the club's history to take them to promotion, Rovers have been on a downward spiral for the final 12 months of his tenure.
Higgs's decision is one that has generally been met with approval from fans - with falling attendances an indication of the disenchantment with the current regime.
However, while in agreement with the decision to remove the manager, Gas supporters can take some happy memories from Trollope's reign.
After succeeding the unpopular Ian Atkins, the managerial rookie took the Gas to promotion via the League Two play offs in his first full season.
With the vastly experienced Lennie Lawrence acting as his guide in a Director of Football role, Rovers enjoyed a memorable 2006/7 campaign.
As well as ending their six-year spell in the basement division, they also saw off local rivals Bristol City on their way to the Johnstone's Paint Trophy final.
Although they were beaten by Doncaster on that occasion, it was still a sign that the West Country club were beginning to move in the right direction. A feeling confirmed a couple of months later in their play off final win over Shrewsbury at Wembley.
Back in the third tier, Rovers's management duo guided the club to a respectable 16th place finish and navigated a route through to the FA Cup quarter finals - equalling their best ever performance in the competition.
Successive 11th place finishes in the past two seasons continued that progress. However, there was an undeniable feeling, even before this term's slump, that things had started to become a bit stale at the Memorial Stadium.
It raises the issue of whether or not managers can have a shelf life at a club. Whether there is a fixed period a manager can stay in one place before hanging on too long. Whether there is a time when a fresh slate and a new start can be beneficial to both man and club.
Trollope's departure has echoes of Martin Ling leaving Leyton Orient a couple of seasons ago. Another manager who had taken his club into League One but, after six years, seemed to have run out of ideas.
The conclusion of Steve Tilson's seven-year reign at Southend was a similar tale. Even after his highly successful time at Roots Hall, relegation back to League Two seemed to mark the right time for a change.
In hindsight, perhaps the writing was on the wall when Rovers brought to an end Lawrence's employment. Often a focus of blame from supporters, the 62-year-old left his Director of Football position at the end of last season.
It followed an alarming sequence of results in the second half of last season. After hitting the heights of 3rd after the opening 10 games, Rovers lost 20 of their remaining 36 matches.
Heavy defeats, with five goals being conceded on three occasions, allied with a more turgid brand of play also served to alienate frustrated supporters.
Perhaps the decision to remove Lawrence though was simply an attempt to freshen things up without having to make the ultimate sacrifice and sack the manager himself?
In hindsight, perhaps the managerial team - just as they both took acclaim for Rovers's achievements - should have shared the blame for the team's failings.
Without his mentor, Trollope has struggled badly. His choice as his new assistant, Darren Patterson - someone who failed to impress at Oxford - was also surprising.
Questionable transfer moves - the signing of striker John Akinde in particular - have also raised concerns over Trollope's handling of an area Lawrence had significant influence in.
There are mitigating factors in the 38-year-old's defence though. Rovers's financial position is not healthy, and the club's continued problems in the expensive re-development programme of the Memorial Stadium continues to be a burden.
Trollope's successor will not walk into a job with much funds available to turn things around in the January transfer window. Indeed, most pressing will be to hold onto eight-goal striker Will Hoskins, key to any hopes of survival.
However, maybe it is just a case of Trollope's time being up. For a manager, when poor results are followed by grumblings over the quality of football and players being selected out of position, the sack is often just around the corner.
Variety is the spice of life, too, and just like fans can become tired of the same person offering the same kind of excuses, players can begin to switch off and tune out after hearing the same voice on the training ground for too long.
Football is also about vision and, as much as some clubs with grand plans are living in dreams worlds, it is important to have a sense of purpose and direction.
Arguably, until their ground issue is sorted, Rovers will forever be in limbo. Hoping to stay competitive in the third tier, but knowing they will be forced to sell any top players they have - as was the case with lower league goal machine Rickie Lambert last year.
A new man at the helm can help provide some kind of focus and new energy to a club, however. Naturally, it must be the correct appointment - which is the challenge now awaiting Higgs and his colleagues.
The right choice to replace Trollope though, and the Gas can be fired up once again.


text:
>> Saturday, March 31, 2012
She struggled to keep her composure … tears leaking from her eyes. My heart broke as I listened to her words. A vibrant young lady … supportive husband … two small boys … and she had been given a diagnosis of a disease with no specific treatment.
A life sentence.
Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. As she talked, my mind's eye could see the pictures I had seen of people with frozen faces … unbending fingers … and thinning hair. Has she seen those pictures?
Some of the complications are life-threatening … cancer … heart failure … high blood pressure in the lungs … kidney failure … and colon issues. Her diagnosis was recent … and she was still processing the news. As her emotions ran rampant, her face displayed fear … briefly anger … gratitude it wasn't her children … and then fear again.
What I had to offer was a listening ear … hugs … and the promise of prayers.
And so she goes through my days with me. Each time she comes to mind, I shoot a prayer her way. This is a journey I can't take for her. No one can.
As I thought about the progress of the disease … the hardening of the skin … and possibly organs … my mind turned to some Christians I've known. My diagnosis would be they had spiritual scleroderma. Their faces do not radiate joy, but are frozen in a scowl. But the most threatening complication of spiritual scleroderma is the hardening of their heart.
But that's not a life sentence. I know a great Physician who can soften a hard heart.
"They are darkened in their understanding and separated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them due to the hardening of their hearts." Ephesians 4:18 (TNIV)


text:
Abdul is the best guide I've ever met. You can't have the same experience with anyone else. Besides his knowledge and experience, it was his sincerity which made my journey special.
You will see Marrakech with different eyes with him, in a more beautiful and meaningful way, feeling the city's soul.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Just looking for accommodation in Revelstoke? Take a look at the offer of Alpine Inn & Suites Revelstoke! 36 comfortably furnished rooms are offered by the hotel to guests looking for accommodation in Revelstoke. To learn more about the exact range of services of Alpine Inn & Suites Revelstoke (including services for an extra fee) and the exact equipment of the rooms, please check the information sheet below.
Payment Advance bank card payment or credit card guarantee may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in at the hotel is 15:00, the latest time to check out is 11:00. English is spoken by the personnel.
Alpine Inn & Suites Revelstoke rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Roof garden
Hairdryer, Fridge, Desk in the room, Microwave oven, Tea/coffee-maker


text:
Tsohost Promotional Code
Are you looking for a Tsohost promotional code? This website is proudly hosted by Tsohost, one of the most affordable and reliable cloud hosting companies in the UK. With excellent uptime and unparalleled customer service, Tsohost stand out in a saturated market. Put simply, Tsohost are a great host – so it's appropriate that you can save 10% on their hosting with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST"!
About this Tsohost promotional code
Who comes up first when you search for your name online? If searching does find a page about you, is it a professional first impression or a Facebook profile? Combine a simple website (such as those offered by Flavors.me) with a £3.35 .co.uk domain name* from Tsohost to make your name online… and push those embarrassing holiday photos down the Google rankings, to boot! The Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST" is your chance to join one of Britain's best hosting companies with a 10% discount taken off of the usual cost. Given how competitive their prices are in the first place, this Tsohost promotional code makes their web hosting an absolute bargain!
If you're looking to move your site to the cloud, take it from me that web hosting from Tsohost is reliable, fast and scalable. What more could you ask for from a web host? (If you answered that hypothetical question with "a 10% discount, Chris!" then you're in luck thanks to the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST"!)
How can I use this Tsohost promotional code?
This 10% discount Tsohost promotional code is valid on all of the Tsohost Cloud Web Hosting packages (Lite Hosting, Standard Hosting, Pro Hosting and Ultimate Hosting), as well as Virtual Servers, Dedicated Servers and Complex Hosting Solutions. Basically, if you're keen to host your website in the cloud then the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST" will save you 10% on your order, no matter how big or how small it may be! Make sure you're ready for growth in 2014 with reliable hosting from Tsohost.
Top 5 reasons to choose Tsohost
If the prospect of saving 10% on cloud hosting with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST" isn't enough to convince you to take the plunge, here are my top five reasons for choosing Tsohost:
- Tsohost cloud web hosting costs from as little as: £14.99 a year for Lite Hosting, which permits two hosted websites, 5GB of monthly traffic, and 500MB of storage; or £2.99 a month for Standard Hosting, which doubles the number of hosted websites, quadruples the monthly traffic allowance and offers five times the storage! (Plus there's an extra 10% off with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST"!)
- Their customer support is unbelievably good. Tsohost provide personal, quality advice (not automated responses or stock cut 'n' paste replies) 24/7/365, and within a quite astonishing time frame. I asked the Tsohost team a quick question whilst writing this list, and received a comprehensive reply within three minutes. Heck, last year I bought someone a domain name from Tsohost as a geeky Christmas gift and needed assistance on the big day. I received a response to a support ticket on Christmas Day, within 15 minutes of sending my original message. Tsohost are second-to-none in this department.
- Tsohost offer free web hosting for UK charities, which is sure to warm the cockles of your heart!
- Their server set-up has more gigabits and jiggawatts than Doc Brown's flux capacitor. Premium hardware and a robust network infrastructure ensure Tsohost provide their customers with optimal uptime, security and speed. Such is the scale of their success, Tsohost now have their own dedicated data centre which serves the majority of their 55,000 customers. It's never been so affordable to have your website hosted in a fully secure, future-proof data centre; unlock the doors of this state-of-the-art facility for 10% less with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST"!
- If you already have a web host, there's no need to worry about the complexities of moving your files, databases, scripts and domain names from your old hosting company to Tsohost. At the time of writing (March 2014), they offer free migration assistance as part of their hosting packages! This expert assistance makes it straightforward to switch to a more reliable and personable host. (Of course you save 10% on your order with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST", making this even better value!)
Pay annually to save even more!
The longer you pay for Tsohost hosting with your first order, the more you stand to save. For example, imagine you order Standard Hosting with a 10% discount using the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST". If you choose to pay monthly, you'll save 30p on your initial order. However, pay annually and you'll save £3.49 – more than 11 times the saving! Heck, if you go the whole hog and pay for two years of Ultimate Hosting using the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST", you'll save a penny shy of £40! That's enough to buy a round of celebratory drinks.
One-click WordPress installation in the Tsohost cloud
More than 74 million people use the blogging platform WordPress. Are you one of them? Whether you're a newbie learning the basics of blogging, or a WordPress power user with more plugins than the air freshener aisle at Waitrose, you'll love the ease of hosting your WordPress website in the Tsohost cloud. Their one-click installation process lets you set up WordPress in 20 seconds. Once you're logged in to your hosting dashboard, launch the application installer and then select WordPress. Choose the folder where you'd like WordPress to live, and then click the big green button that says "Install". That's all there is to it!
As if that wasn't enough reason to choose Tsohost, you also have the reassurance of free daily backups of your website files, plus UK-based support just a free phone call away should you run into any troubles. Oh, and of course 10% off your first Tsohost web hosting order with the promo code "GREATHOST"!
What if I already have web hosting elsewhere?
There are many ways in which choosing the wrong web host can cost you money. Beyond the obvious fees associated with the hosting itself, there's the financial impact on your business when your website goes offline unexpectedly. If you run an e-commerce site, this is akin to a 24 hour supermarket bolting the doors without warning! Falling offline could even damage the Google rankings you've worked so hard to establish. What's more, time is money, and if you're frequently contacting your web hosts to resolve niggling issues (and waiting 48 hours for a reply every time) then that represents an indirect cost to your business.
Switching to Tsohost could save you money on your monthly or annual web hosting fees, on top of which their domain names* are significantly cheaper than many of their competitors. Moreover, their reliable service and swift response to problems large and small mean that Tsohost could save you money on hidden or forgotten costs. I've been a Tsohost customer for over three years and have never once looked back… except to wish I had discovered them sooner! Make the jump, and join Tsohost – don't forget that you'll save 10% on your initial web hosting order with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST". Happy days!
Enjoy a 10% discount with the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST" today!
* This is an affiliate link which, if you sign up to Tsohost after clicking through from this page, earns me a referral fee – without costing you a penny! If you would prefer not to visit Tsohost via an affiliate link, please go to https://www.tsohost.com/ and enter the Tsohost promotional code "GREATHOST" at the checkout.


text:
By Brian Ives
The last time I saw a Chuck Berry song performed live in concert, it was this past summer. Coldplay invited Michael J. Fox onstage to play — of course — "Johnny B. Goode." Chris Martin's son had requested — via Instagram — that dad's band play a song "from the greatest movie of all time," Back to the Future.
I thought, "Great!" Any artist of Coldplay's level of popularity, playing a Chuck Berry song to a racially and generationally diverse stadium crowd is a great thing. Indeed, Back to the Future introduced that song to a younger generation in the '80s.
"Johnny B. Goode" is one of the greatest songs of all time, a point hammered home by the many lists documenting the history of popular music that have been presented by magazines, websites and TV shows. Rolling Stone ranked it seventh on its list of the Greatest Songs of All Time, and number one on its list of the Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame lists it as one of the Songs That Shaped Rock. Guitar World ranked the guitar solo as the 12th best ever. As the decades roll on, the context of a song's "importance" matters less than the bottom line: is it a good song? Of course it is, as are many of Chuck Berry's other songs — "Maybellene," "Too Much Monkey Business," "Roll Over Beethoven," "Rock and Roll Music," "Sweet Little Sixteen," "Around and Around" and the list goes on.
But context matters and the context of Chuck Berry's songs — not only "Johnny B. Goode" — is worth looking back at, in the interest of not reducing him to one song, one riff, or one moment you've seen in a film. For decades, he's been considered an "oldies" artist, and it's true that his music is "old." His classics were mostly recorded between 1955 and 1964. But that term — "oldies" — can dull the fact that Berry's music was very dangerous indeed in the mid-50s.
His mixture of country music with R&B was integrating audiences when doing so was a potentially dangerous thing to do. And he played with fire, with thinly veiled songs about racism, notably "Brown-Eyed Handsome Man." Taken at face value, "Two-three count with nobody on/He hit a high fly into the stand/Rounding third he was headed for home/It was a brown eyed handsome man," seems like an innocent teen anthem about baseball. Change "brown-eyed" guy to one who is brown-skinned, and it takes a bit of a different meaning. The song was released in 1956. Back then, a brown-skinned man would court trouble by renting a hotel room with a white woman; but he most likely couldn't get a room in a hotel where white people stayed. Berry's songs appealed to both white and black teens, but often they couldn't go to the same schools.
In a recent interview, Bob Dylan was discussing the impact of the early rock and rollers, including Berry, as well as Buddy Holly and Little Richard, among others: "They played this type of music that was black and white. Extremely incendiary. Your clothes could catch fire. When I first heard Chuck Berry, I didn't consider that he was black. I thought he was a hillbilly. Little did I know, he was a great poet, too. And there must have been some elitist power that had to get rid of all these guys, to strike down rock 'n' roll for what it was and what it represented — not least of all being a black-and-white thing." If Dylan was right, those "elitist powers" didn't strike it down fast enough: the cats were out of the bag.
Berry was a major influence on the Beatles: they covered "Roll Over Beethoven" and "Rock and Roll Music." John Lennon famously said that "If you had to give Rock 'n' Roll another name, you might call it Chuck Berry," as the official Lennon account tweeted today.
The Rolling Stones' first single, "Come On," is a Berry cover; their repertoire has also included, over the years, "Around and Around," "Carol," "Little Queenie" and "Let It Rock." And today, Mick Jagger — not a guy known for being overly sentimental or nostalgic — tweeted "I am so sad to hear of Chuck Berry's passing. I want to thank him for all the inspirational music he gave to us. He lit up our teenage years, and blew life into our dreams of being musicians and performers. His lyrics shone above others & threw a strange light on the American dream. Chuck you were amazing&your music is engraved inside us forever."


text:
Audubon 1,
Mainland Regional 0
Mainland hosted Audubon in an out-of-conference game, losing 1-0.
Chelsea Fadio scored the lone goal for Audubon. It came just three minutes into the second half and was assisted by Molly Furlong.
Mainland's Brooke Vitale made five saves.
Audubon 0 1-1
Mainland Regional 0 0-0
Goals-Fadio A.
Goalies-Borden (8) A; Vitale (5) MR.
Records-Audubon 6-0, Mainland 1-4.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 2005
|Filing date
|Jul 12, 2000
|Priority date
|Jul 12, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Arthur Zavalkovsky, Nira Leibman
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (46), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (52), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally relates to data processing in a network communication system. The invention relates more specifically to methods and apparatus that provide a basic command representation of abstract policies that define quality of service treatments for network data flows.
A computer network generally comprises a plurality of interconnected electronic elements that transmit or receive data frames. A common type of computer network is a local area network ("LAN") that generally comprises a privately owned network within a single building or campus. LANs employ a data communication protocol such as Ethernet, FDDI or Token Ring, which defines the functions performed by the data link and physical layers of the LAN. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model is used to identify the nature of communications that occur at different logical levels of a network. In many instances, multiple LANs may be interconnected by point-to-point links, microwave transceivers, satellite hookups, etc., to form a wide area network ("WAN"), campus network or Intranet. These internetworks may be coupled through one or more gateways to the global, packet-switched internetwork knows as Internet.
Each network element operates using network communication software, e.g., in accordance with Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP generally consists of rules defining how network elements interact, and defines communication layers that include a transport layer and a network layer. At the transport layer, TCP/IP includes both the User Data Protocol (UDP), which is a connectionless transport protocol, and TCP, which is a reliable, connection-oriented transport protocol.
One or more intermediate network devices are often used to couple LANs together and allow the corresponding entities to exchange information. A bridge may be used to provide a "bridging" function between two or more LANs, or a switch may be utilized to provide a "switching" function for transferring information, such as data frames or packets, among entities of a computer network. Switches may operate at various levels of the communication stack. For example, a switch may operate at Layer 2 (the data link layer, in the OSI Reference Model), which includes the Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layers.
Other intermediate devices, e.g., routers, may operate at higher layers, such as Layer 3, which in TCP/IP networks corresponds to the Internet Protocol (IP) layer. IP data packets each include a header that contains an IP source address and an IP destination address. Routers or Layer 3 switches may re-assemble or convert received data frames from one LAN standard (e.g., Ethernet) to another (e.g., Token Ring). Thus, Layer 3 devices are often used to interconnect dissimilar subnetworks. Some Layer 3 intermediate network devices may also examine the transport layer headers of received messages to identify the corresponding TCP or UDP port numbers being utilized by the corresponding network entities. Many applications are assigned specific, fixed TCP and/or UDP port numbers in accordance with Request For Comments (RFC) 1700. For example, TCP/UDP port 80 corresponds to the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP), while port 21 corresponds to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service.
Computer networks include numerous services and resources for use in moving traffic throughout the network. For example, different network links, such as Fast Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) channels, network tunnels, satellite links, etc., offer unique speed and bandwidth capabilities. Particular intermediate devices also include specific resources or services, such as number of priority queues, filter settings, availability of different queue selection strategies, congestion control algorithms, etc.
Individual frames or packets can be marked so that intermediate devices may treat them in a predetermined manner. For example, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) describes additional information for the MAC header of Data Link Layer frames in Appendix 802.1p to the 802.1D bridge standard.
A Data Link frame includes a MAC destination address (DA) field, a MAC source address (SA) field and a data field. According to the 802.1Q standard, a user_priority field, among others, is inserted after the MAC SA field. The user_priority field 108 may be loaded with a predetermined value (e.g., 0-7) that is associated with a particular quality of service treatment for the packet, such as background, best effort, excellent effort, etc. Network devices, upon examining the user_priority field of received Data Link frames, apply the corresponding treatment to the frames. For example, an intermediate device may have a plurality of transmission priority queues per port, and may assign frames to different queues of a destination port on the basis of the frame's user priority value.
A Network Layer packet based on Internet Protocol includes a type_of_service (ToS) field, a protocol field, an IP source address (SA) field, an IP destination address (DA) field and a data field. The ToS field is used to specify a particular service to be applied to the packet, such as high reliability, fast delivery, accurate delivery, etc., and comprises a number of sub-fields. The sub-fields may include a 3-bit IP precedence (IPP) field and three one-bit flags that signify Delay, Throughput, and Reliability. By setting the flags, a device may indicate whether delay, throughput, or reliability is most important for the traffic associated with the packet. Version 6 of Internet Protocol (IPv6) defines a traffic class field, which is also intended to be used for defining the type of service to be applied to the associated packet.
A working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has proposed replacing the ToS field of Network Layer packets with a one-octet differentiated services (DS) field that can be loaded with a differentiated services codepoint value. Layer 3 devices that are DS compliant apply a particular per-hop forwarding behavior to data packets based on the contents of the DS field. Examples of per-hop forwarding behaviors include expedited forwarding and assured forwarding. The DS field is typically loaded by DS compliant intermediate devices located at the border of a DS domain, which is a set of DS compliant intermediate devices under common network administration. Thereafter, interior DS compliant devices along the path apply the corresponding forwarding behavior to the packet.
A Transport Layer packet includes a source port field, a destination port field, and a data field, among others. Such fields preferably are loaded with the TCP or UDP port numbers that are utilized by corresponding network entities.
To interconnect dispersed computer networks, many organizations rely on the infrastructure and facilities of Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Each organization enters into a service-level agreement with its ISP. The service level agreements include one or more traffic specifications. The traffic specifications may place limits on the amount of resources that the organization may consume for a given price. For example, an organization may agree not to send traffic that exceeds a certain bandwidth, e.g., 1 Mb/s. Traffic entering the service provider's network is monitored to ensure that it complies with the relevant traffic specifications and is thus "in profile." Traffic that exceeds a traffic specification, and is therefore "out of profile," may be dropped or shaped or may cause an accounting change. Alternatively, the service provider may mark the traffic as exceeding the traffic specification, but allow it to proceed through the network anyway. If there is congestion, an intermediate network device may drop such marked traffic first in an effort to relieve the congestion.
A process executing at a network entity may generate hundreds or thousands of traffic flows that are transmitted across a network. Generally, a traffic flow is a set of messages (frames and/or packets) that typically correspond to a particular task, transaction or operation (e.g., a print transaction) and may be identified by various network and transport parameters, such as source and destination IP addresses, source and destination TCP/UDP port numbers, and transport protocol.
The treatment that is applied to different traffic flows may vary depending on the particular traffic flow at issue. For example, an online trading application may generate stock quote messages, stock transaction messages, transaction status messages, corporate financial information messages, print messages, data backup messages, etc. A network administrator may wish to apply a different policy or service treatment ("quality of service" or "QoS") to each traffic flow. For example, the network administrator may want a stock quote message to be given higher priority than a print transaction, or may wish to assign a higher priority to packets relating to a $1 million stock transaction message for a premium client as compared to than a $100 stock transaction message for a standard customer.
In current approaches, QoS policies may be defined in abstract form, but deployment of the policies requires conversion of the policies from the abstract format into one or more commands formatted according to the Command Line Interface (CLI) or similar command language. Some such command languages have arcane syntactical requirements and numerous parameter values. Thus, creating correct CLI commands may require extensive knowledge of routers and the CLI language, commands and parameters.
Based on the foregoing, there is a clear need in this field for a way to create quality of service policies in an intermediate representation that is more abstract than CLI commands, but more specific than a policy itself.
Another problem in this field involves deploying new policies to devices that already contain other configuration information. Each QoS policy is deployed to or deleted from a device on top of a current device configuration. It is critical to deploy the QoS policy without disrupting the pre-existing configuration, and without introducing operational changes that counteract existing operational modes.
Accordingly, there is a specific need for a way to represent QoS policies in an abstract manner,while taking into account the current configuration of a device.
The foregoing needs, and other needs and objects that will become apparent from the following description, are fulfilled by the present invention, which comprises, in one embodiment, a method of converting an abstract quality of service policy into a new configuration for one or more network devices of a managed network, such as routers. The policy expresses a quality of service treatment of traffic flows that are carried by the network, at a high level of abstraction, and is created and stored using a quality of service policy management system.
According to an embodiment of the method, the abstract quality of service policy is received and converted into a first set of one or more basic commands. A current configuration of one of the network devices is obtained, e.g., through device discovery. The configuration is received in the form of one or more first command line interface (CLI) commands that represent the current configuration of the network device. A second set of one or more basic commands that correspond to the current configuration of the network device is determined, based on the first CLI commands. The first and second sets of basic commands are transformed into one or more second CLI commands which, when executed by the network device, will create a new configuration for the network device that implements the abstract quality of service policy. Merging and aggregation, based on state values associated with the basic commands, is carried out to remove any duplicate commands.
As a result, CLI commands providing a new configuration that implements the policy are deployed to the device. The basic commands are expressed at a level of abstraction lower than the abstract policy and higher than the CLI commands.
In one embodiment, a software model defines basic command objects that can represent CLI commands, and can be used as the building blocks of an abstract command structure. The objects contain policy data itself, and can also express relations between a group of such objects. An abstract policy can be represented with all appropriate elements, e.g., filter, action parameters, device interface identifiers, and related data of resources on the device for each command. In a deployment process, basic command objects are created based on parsing an existing device configuration; such objects serve as a starting point for creating a new QoS configuration. The abstract policies, which are previously defined and stored in a database, are also translated into other basic command objects. The two sets of basic command objects are merged, resulting in a new QoS configuration for the device, expressed in CLI commands.
Other features and aspects will become apparent from the following description and claims.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
A method and apparatus providing basic command representation of quality of service policies for treatment of network data flows is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
This disclosure generally relates to transforming abstract quality of service policies into device configuration information. In general, users of network device quality of service policy management systems desire to define quality of service policies in a high-level, abstract manner, and deploy the policies to network devices without any intermediate manual action.
Quality of service policies specify, in an abstract manner, what quality of service treatment should be applied to a particular type of network traffic. An example of a policy definition is:
"ERPTraffic," "Protocol is TCP and Source is ERPServer," "Coloring, Precedence=Critical(5)" which means, "for traffic associated with an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application, when the protocol is TCP and the traffic originates from the ERPServer, apply packet coloring with a precedence value of Critical." Policies may call for packet coloring, traffic shaping, limiting actions on routers or switches, priority queuing, custom queuing, etc. To deploy a quality of service policy to one or more devices in a network, the policy management system converts each policy into one or more Command Line Interface (CLI) commands that the operating system of the device can process. In some cases, new access control lists are created in the device. The CLI commands and access control lists that implement a policy are referred to as a new device configuration. When a device executes the CLI commands of a new configuration, the device becomes reconfigured and will implement the quality of service policy as the device handles network traffic.
A quality of service management system 102 includes, among other elements, one or more stored quality of service policies 104, basic commands 106, and CLI commands 108. Basic command processing logic 105 can create, manipulate and manage the policies 104, basic commands 106, and CLI commands 108. One or more CLI commands 108, based on the policies 104, are deployed to one or more network devices 112 of a managed network 110.
Basic command processing logic 105 may be implemented in the form of one or more subroutines, methods, or other software elements that form part of a larger quality of service policy management system. An example of a quality of service policy management system in which such policies may be defined is Cisco QoS Policy Manager 1.1, commercially available from Cisco Systems, Inc. Network device 112 of
In one embodiment, software elements create and manage software objects that model abstractions involved in policy definition and deployment. The software model provides an easier and extendable mechanism for configuring of abstract high-level policies on a network device. Also, this model supports presentation of low-level device configuration as a set of abstract policies. In the preferred software model, the following elements are defined: Abstract policy, CLI command, Basic Command. Each element is implemented as one or more programmatic objects, including methods, static variables, etc., in an object-oriented programming language such as Java� or C++.
One or more Abstract Policy objects 202 are used for representing high-level policies that can be manipulated by the user. Thus, Abstract Policy objects 202 represent or model the information contained in each quality of service policy 104. The user can define an abstract policy on a device or device interface. Preferably, an Abstract Policy object 202 has the following methods: a Name method 204, a Parameters method 206, and a Basic command method 208.
The Name method 204 returns the literal identifier of the associated abstract policy as presented to users. The Parameters method 206 returns a set of parameters that are allowed for the abstract policy. The Basic command method 208 receives a device type value as a parameter, and returns a list of one or more basic commands 106 that are required for implementing the abstract policy on a network device. The type and number of basic commands can depend on the type of the device or device interface for which the abstract command is defined.
Command-line interface (CLI) commands 108 are the low-level configuration commands that are understood by the operating system of a network device. For example, Cisco devices operate under control of Internetworks Operating System (IOS), which can process a particular set of CLI commands. The preferred embodiment operates in connection with existing CLI commands. Information about CLI commands may be obtained in order to analyze device configuration, or to deploy configuration information to a device.
In a preferred embodiment, each Basic Command object 210 has the following methods: CommandType, InterfaceId, getCLI, getUndoCLI, State. The CommandType method 212 returns a value indicating the type of the Basic Command. The InterfaceId method 214 returns a value of an identifier of the network device interface to which the basic command is to be applied. If no such value is set in the device, then the basic command is attached to the network device generally rather then to a specific interface.
The GetCLI method 216 returns a list of CLI commands that implement the associated basic command, and which may be directly configured on a network device. The format of each CLI command in the list is defined by the device operating system. A complementary method, the GetUndoCLI method 218, returns a list of CLI commands for removing elements of the device configuration that corresponds to the basic command.
The State method 220 returns a state value reflecting the state of the basic command. Values returned by the State method may be used in algorithms that analyze the configuration of the device. The State method 220 may return one of the following values having the following meanings:
As a result, an initial set of basic commands, implementing all abstract policies defined by the user, is created and stored, as shown by block 314. Block 314 also preferably involves assigning a state value of each basic command object in the set, when each basic command object is created. Basic commands in the final list that are created from the abstract policies that were received in the Abstract Policy Translation phase 302 are assigned the state value "DO."
In block 316, the current configuration of each device is received and analyzed. Current device configuration information may be obtained using a special CLI command (e.g., "show running config" on a Cisco router), or by other conventional means, such as device discovery processes that use one or more SNMP query messages to obtain MIB variable values. In block 318, based on the current device configuration information received from the device, the process determines one or more specific CLI commands that would create such configuration if sent to and executed by the operating system of the device. As a result, a list of CLI commands for the current device configuration is created and stored.
As indicated by block 320, each CLI command in the list is converted into one or more Basic Commands 210. The type of the created Basic Command is determined by the basic nature of the original CLI commands, and the type of the network device and interface these commands are effective for. As a result, a set of uploaded basic commands is created and stored, as indicated by block 322.
Similar to block 314, block 322 also preferably involves assigning a state value to each basic command that is created. Basic commands in the final list that originate from the current device configuration are assigned the state value "UNDO" if the configuration is a candidate for removal, and otherwise receive the state value "NOT_FOR_USE."
Specifically, as shown by block 324, in the Merging and Aggregation phase 306, the two sets of basic commands that were created in the previous phases are compared to determine a minimal set of basic commands that will result in a new device configuration that both retains features of the current device configuration, and implements the abstract policy that was received in the Abstract Policy Translation phase 302. The initial list of basic commands and the list of uploaded basic commands are evaluated and merged, resulting in creating and storing a final list of basic commands, as shown by block 326. During the process of merging and evaluation in block 324, the basic commands from the two sets are compared and their states are changed according to the following rule.
For two basic commands that have equal values of all parameters without considering the value of the State parameter If one has a state value of DO and the other has a state value of UNDO, then the commands are merged into one command that has a state value of EXIST. The output of this step is the final list of basic commands of block 326, which can be used for creating a new configuration.
The resulting set of CLI commands is deployed to the device, as shown by block 326. When deployed to the device, the combined set of CLI commands changes the existing configuration to match the abstract policies. The CLI commands may be deployed to one or more devices using known techniques of device communication.
As an example, assume that an abstract policy is defined for coloring packets that carry Web traffic. In the Abstract Policy Translation phase, the process creates the following basic commands: (1) a coloring basic command having a state value of "DO"; (2) an access control list basic command having a state value of "DO".
In the Device Configuration Upload phase, the process analyzes the configuration of the device to which the policy will be applied. The process determines that the proper CLI commands are those relating to limiting web traffic. In response, the process creates the following basic commands: (1) a limiting basic command with a state value of "UNDO", (2) an access list basic command with a state value of "UNDO".
In the Merging and Aggregation phase, the process creates a Limiting basic command with a state value of "UNDO"; a coloring basic command with a state value of "DO"; and an access list basic command with a state value of "EXIST".
Computer system 400 includes a bus 402 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 404 coupled with bus 402 for processing information. Computer system 400 also includes a main memory 406, such as a random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 402 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 404. Main memory 406 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 404. Computer system 400 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 408 or other static storage device coupled to bus 402 for storing static information and instructions for processor 404. A storage device 410, such as a magnetic disk, flash memory or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 402 for storing information and instructions.
A communication interface 418 may be coupled to bus 402 for communicating information and command selections to processor 404. In one embodiment, interface 418 is a conventional serial interface such as an RS-232 or RS-422 interface. An external terminal 412 or other computer system connects to the computer system 400 and provides commands to it using the interface 414. Firmware or software running in the computer system 400 provides a terminal interface or character-based command interface so that external commands can be given to the computer system.
A switching system 416 is coupled to bus 402 and has an input interface 414 and an output interface 419 to one or more external network elements. The external network elements may include a local network 422 coupled to one or more hosts 424, or a global network such as Internet 428 having one or more servers 430. The switching system 416 switches information traffic arriving on input interface 414 to output interface 419 according to pre-determined protocols and conventions that are well known. For example, switching system 416, in cooperation with processor 404, can determine a destination of a packet of data arriving on input interface 414 and send it to the correct destination using output interface 419. The destinations may include host 424, server 430, other end stations, or other routing and switching devices in local network 422 or Internet 428.
The invention is related to the use of computer system 400 for the techniques and functions described herein in a network system. According to one embodiment of the invention, such techniques and functions are provided by computer system 400 in response to processor 404 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 406. Such instructions may be read into main memory 406 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 410. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 406 causes processor 404 to perform the process steps described herein. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 406. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor 404 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 410. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 406. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 402. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications.
Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 404 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system 400 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to bus 402 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on bus 402. Bus 402 carries the data to main memory 406, from which processor 404 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 406 may optionally be stored on storage device 410 either before or after execution by processor 404.
Communication interface 418 also provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 420 that is connected to a local network 422. For example, communication interface 418 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 418 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 418 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
Network link 420 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 420 may provide a connection through local network 422 to a host computer 424 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 426. ISP 426 in turn provides data communication services through the world wide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the "Internet" 428. Local network 422 and Internet 428 both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 420 and through communication interface 418, which carry the digital data to and from computer system 400, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
Computer system 400 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 420 and communication interface 418. In the Internet example, a server 430 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 428, ISP 426, local network 422 and communication interface 418. In accordance with the invention, one such downloaded application provides for the techniques and functions that are described herein.
The received code may be executed by processor 404 as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 410, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer system 400 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.
Using the foregoing mechanism, network devices, such as switches and routers, can automatically enable quality of service for the flows in the opposite direction based on the service granted for the original flow for which quality of service was signaled.
Exemplary applications include video conferencing, other bi-directional video applications, Internet Protocol telephony, and client-server applications in which the links from the clients to the server are also congested and require prioritization. In any of these applications and others, a network administrator may rapidly and easily provide bi-directional quality of service. Devices in the network can be configured to automatically provide quality of service for the opposite direction of a flow so that the network administrator need only classify the traffic from one of the endpoints.
The techniques disclosed in this document are very useful in a one-to-many configuration, for example, a server with many clients. The packets may be marked on the switch near the servers, and then all switches near the clients are configured to simply mark the opposite flows with the same DiffServ value. Current solutions might require configuring many different ACLs on each and every switch; potentially at least one ACL for each server for quality of service is required.
Another context is an ISP network, for example, an ISP network that provides virtual private network services, in which a first peer node is within the network and a second peer node is outside the network. The ISP may mark traffic from the first node, for example, by creating and storing an appropriate ACL on the switch or router that is adjacent to the first node. However, for each such node the ISP would have to install a similar ACL on all network devices at the border or edge of the network and going into other ISPs. Further, these ACLs might need to be added and removed dynamically as network flows are created and stopped.
Advantageously, an embodiment permits the ISP to configure its border routers to mark each flow going through them with the same DSCP on the opposite direction. The network administrator then needs to ensure only that traffic is marked correctly within his network.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 26, 1993
|Oct 25, 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dynamic bandwidth estimation and adaptation for packet communications networks
|Jan 28, 1994
|Jan 14, 1997
|American Telecorp
|Methods and apparatus for modeling and emulating devices in a network of telecommunication systems
|Oct 30, 1997
|Jul 27, 1999
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Distributed internet protocol-based real-time multimedia streaming architecture
|May 29, 1997
|Oct 19, 1999
|3Com Corporation
|Multilayer firewall system
|Jun 12, 1997
|Oct 19, 1999
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Real time control architecture for admission control in communications network
|Sep 3, 1997
|Dec 28, 1999
|Internap Network Services
|Private network access point router for interconnecting among internet route providers
|Feb 16, 1996
|Feb 1, 2000
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Management of ATM virtual circuits with resources reservation protocol
|Nov 14, 1997
|Feb 1, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Internet quality-of-service method and system
|Dec 23, 1996
|Feb 22, 2000
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|Dynamic traffic conditioning
|Nov 24, 1997
|Apr 4, 2000
|Packeteer, Inc.
|System for managing flow bandwidth utilization at network, transport and application layers in store and forward network
|Dec 29, 1997
|Apr 4, 2000
|Ukiah Software, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for quality of service management
|Jan 12, 1999
|May 9, 2000
|Ganymede Software Inc.
|Endpoint node systems computer program products for application traffic based communications network performance testing
|Feb 3, 1998
|Aug 15, 2000
|Extreme Networks
|Policy based quality of service
|Jun 30, 1997
|Sep 12, 2000
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Management of entries in a network element forwarding memory
|Mar 20, 1998
|Nov 28, 2000
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Quality of service allocation on a network
|Oct 26, 1998
|Dec 26, 2000
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for defining and implementing high-level quality of service policies in computer networks
|Oct 26, 1999
|Jan 2, 2001
|Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc.
|Frame based quality of service
|Jul 15, 1998
|Apr 3, 2001
|Washington University
|Fast scaleable methods and devices for layer four switching
|Dec 4, 1998
|Sep 4, 2001
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for identifying network data traffic flows and for applying quality of service treatments to the flows
|Apr 20, 1998
|Oct 9, 2001
|Nec Corporation
|ATM cell buffer circuit and priority order allocating method at ATM switching system
|Dec 3, 1998
|Oct 9, 2001
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Verifying that a network management policy used by a computer system can be satisfied and is feasible for use
|Sep 4, 1998
|Nov 27, 2001
|General Instrument Corporation
|Dynamic bandwidth allocation for a communication network
|Dec 3, 1998
|Dec 4, 2001
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Recognizing and processing conflicts in network management policies
|Apr 20, 1999
|Mar 26, 2002
|3Com Corporation
|Method and system for automatic determination of priority data streams on computer networks
|Dec 18, 1998
|May 21, 2002
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Representing and verifying network management policies using collective constraints
|Aug 7, 1998
|Jun 4, 2002
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|System and method for profiling code on symmetric multiprocessor architectures
|Jul 17, 1998
|Jul 23, 2002
|Network Equipment Technologies, Inc.
|Multi-layer switching apparatus and method
|Aug 10, 2000
|Aug 6, 2002
|Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc.
|Supporting multiple application traffic types over connection oriented networks
|Apr 6, 1999
|Aug 27, 2002
|Ericsson Inc.
|System and method for variable reassignment of transmission channels
|Aug 18, 1999
|Oct 8, 2002
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus of storing policies for policy-based management of quality of service treatments of network data traffic flows
|Jul 2, 1999
|Oct 15, 2002
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for policy-based management of quality of service treatments of network data traffic flows by integrating policies with application programs
|Jan 19, 1999
|Oct 29, 2002
|Hughes Electronics Corporation
|Method and apparatus for selectively allocating and enforcing bandwidth usage requirements on network users
|Dec 28, 1998
|Nov 19, 2002
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Internet differentiated services service for transaction applications
|Dec 11, 1998
|Nov 19, 2002
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Graphical network security policy management
|Jul 7, 1999
|Mar 25, 2003
|Avaya Technology Corp.
|Policy-enabled communications networks
|Oct 13, 1998
|May 27, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|Automatic filtering and creation of virtual LANs among a plurality of switch ports
|Jun 22, 1999
|Jun 10, 2003
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Quality of service (QoS) enhancement to multilink point-to-point protocol (PPP)
|Mar 11, 1999
|Jul 15, 2003
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Adaptive routing system and method for QOS packet networks
|Jul 30, 1999
|Jul 29, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|System and method for managing actions provided by a network using a policy tree
|Sep 10, 1999
|Aug 26, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|Extensible policy-based network management architecture
|May 21, 2001
|Sep 16, 2003
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Application influenced policy
|Sep 10, 1999
|Sep 16, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for DEN/LDAP client database access with a backoff capability
|Sep 12, 2000
|Nov 18, 2003
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Testing of policy prior to deployment in a policy-based network management system
|Mar 21, 2000
|Dec 30, 2003
|Centrisoft Corporation
|Software, systems and methods for managing a distributed network
|Jan 7, 2000
|Jan 27, 2004
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Lp.
|Aggregated policy deployment and status propagation in network management systems
|Apr 11, 1994
|Aug 14, 1996
|Taligent Inc
|Object-oriented rule-based protocol system
|D. Durham, et al., "The COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Protocol," Jan. 2000, pp. 1-38.
|R. Braden, et al., "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)-Version 1 Functional Specification," Sep. 1997, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2205.txt.?number=2205, printed Sep. 19, 2003, pp. 1-105.
|S. Blake, et al., "An Architecture for Differentiated Services," Dec. 1998, pp. 1-36.
|S. Herzog, et al., "COPS usage for RSVP," Jan. 2000, pp. 1-17.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 31, 2005
|Jul 17, 2007
|System and method for configuring a network device
|Aug 31, 2005
|Jul 17, 2007
|System and method for configuring a network device
|Sep 12, 2005
|Oct 23, 2007
|Microsoft Corporation
|Dynamically configuring a server computer
|Nov 14, 2005
|Dec 25, 2007
|Intelliden, Inc.
|Dynamic configuration of network devices to enable data transfers
|Jul 31, 2002
|Feb 19, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for configuring network elements to support real time applications
|May 30, 2006
|Dec 30, 2008
|Wolf Jonathan S
|Network configuration manager
|Jan 13, 2003
|Jan 13, 2009
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for configuring network elements to support real time applications based on meta-templates
|Jul 12, 2004
|Mar 17, 2009
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Automatically applying bi-directional quality of service treatment to network data flows
|Dec 1, 2000
|Apr 14, 2009
|Juniper Networks, Inc.
|Comparing configuration information for a data forwarding device
|Jun 15, 2007
|Jan 19, 2010
|Intelliden, Inc.
|System and method for defining a policy enabled network
|Mar 11, 2002
|Jan 26, 2010
|Sony Deutschland Gmbh
|Method for achieving end-to-end quality of service negotiations for distributed multi-media applications
|Oct 28, 2005
|Feb 2, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Customizable network device management methods and systems
|Jun 10, 2004
|Feb 9, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Deploying network element management system provisioning services
|Jun 8, 2005
|Apr 13, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Methods and systems for transforming an AND/OR command tree into a command data model
|Jul 7, 2004
|Jul 13, 2010
|Use of a communications network element management system to manage network policy rules
|Sep 14, 2001
|Aug 17, 2010
|Invensys Systems, Inc.
|Method and system for remote configuration of process data access servers
|Jun 8, 2005
|Aug 17, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Methods and systems for extracting information from computer code
|Jun 8, 2005
|Aug 24, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Methods and systems for transforming a parse graph into an and/or command tree
|Jul 29, 2005
|Mar 15, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|External programmatic interface for IOS CLI compliant routers
|Jul 12, 2007
|May 24, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Applying router quality of service on a cable modem interface on a per-service-flow basis
|Jul 8, 2005
|May 31, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and system of receiving and translating CLI command data within a routing system
|Dec 6, 2000
|Jul 10, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Redirecting data generated by network devices
|Aug 29, 2001
|Oct 23, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for generating a configuration schema
|Apr 14, 2011
|Oct 14, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Applying router quality of service on a cable modem interface on a per-service-flow basis
|Jul 1, 2010
|Aug 2, 2016
|Broadcom Corporation
|Method and system for service discovery and deployment in an IP multimedia network
|May 13, 2004
|Nov 8, 2016
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Workflow decision management with derived scenarios and workflow tolerances
|Nov 4, 2010
|Nov 8, 2016
|Bladelogic, Inc.
|Topology aware smart merge
|Aug 13, 2013
|Mar 14, 2017
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Workflow decision management with workflow administration capacities
|Sep 14, 2001
|Aug 15, 2002
|Rainer Hessmer
|Method and system for remote configuration of process data access servers
|Mar 30, 2001
|Oct 3, 2002
|Sharp Labs Of America
|Devices, softwares, and methods for wireless devices to form a network on the fly by performing admission control in the second layer
|Mar 11, 2002
|Jul 15, 2004
|Davide Mandato
|Method for achieving end-to-end quality of service negotiations for distributed multi-media applications
|Jul 7, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Use of a communications network element management system to manage network policy rules
|Aug 31, 2005
|Feb 9, 2006
|Tindal Glen D
|System and method for configuring a network device
|Aug 31, 2005
|Feb 9, 2006
|Tindal Glen D
|System and method for configuring a network device
|Sep 12, 2005
|Mar 2, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Dynamically configuring a server computer
|Jun 10, 2004
|Apr 13, 2006
|Jiong Sun
|A Generic framework for deploying EMS provisioning services
|Apr 4, 2006
|Aug 10, 2006
|Mike Courtney
|System and method for generating a representation of a configuration schema
|May 30, 2006
|Oct 26, 2006
|Wolf Jonathan S
|Network configuration manager
|Jun 8, 2005
|Dec 14, 2006
|Jung Tjong
|Methods and systems for transforming an and/or command tree into a command data model
|Jun 8, 2005
|Jan 4, 2007
|Jung Tjong
|Methods and systems for transforming a parse graph into an and/or command tree
|Jun 8, 2005
|Jan 4, 2007
|Jung Tjong
|Methods and systems for extracting information from computer code
|Jul 8, 2005
|Jan 11, 2007
|Anil Bansal
|Method and system of receiving and translating CLI command data within a routing system
|Jul 29, 2005
|Jul 19, 2007
|Varanasi Sankara S
|External programmatic interface for IOS CLI compliant routers
|Jul 19, 2006
|Jan 24, 2008
|Pfeiffer Jefrey O
|Method and apparatus for automatically obtaining financial information from a financial institution
|Nov 15, 2006
|May 15, 2008
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method of configuring network infrastructure using functional building blocks
|Oct 15, 2010
|Mar 24, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and application tool for dynamically navigating a user customizable representation of a network device configuration
|Feb 8, 2011
|Jun 2, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|External programmatic interface for ios cli compliant routers
|Apr 14, 2011
|Aug 11, 2011
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Applying router quality of service on a cable modem interface on a per-service-flow basis
|Nov 4, 2010
|Sep 29, 2011
|Bladelogic, Inc.
|Topology Aware Smart Merge
|Jul 1, 2010
|Jan 5, 2012
|Li Gordon Yong
|Method and system for service discovery and deployment in an ip multimedia network
|Aug 13, 2013
|Dec 12, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Workflow Decision Management With Workflow Administration Capacities
|Feb 24, 2014
|Aug 27, 2015
|Red Hat Israel, Ltd.
|Network configuration via abstraction components and standard commands
|U.S. Classification
|709/223, 709/228, 709/224, 709/226
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 12, 2000
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ZAVALKOVSKY, ARTHUR;LEIBMAN, NIRA;REEL/FRAME:011373/0320
Effective date: 20001205
|Jun 20, 2006
|Certificate of correction
|Mar 20, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 18, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 2, 2017
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
First Tutors enables you to find a private italian tutor in Penrhyndeudraeth and across the UK. Home italian tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence while increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to search for Penrhyndeudraeth italian tutors and select which best meets your needs.
First Tutors is the best place to find the most suitable Penrhyndeudraeth italian tutors for your needs, enabling you to find a home Penrhyndeudraeth italian teacher for any subject, for example, GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Economics. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn French, take a Greek course or prepare yourself for Italian life, we can help - and all in Penrhyndeudraeth! Our search will order italian Penrhyndeudraeth teachers in your area according to their italian lesson costs and distance from you.
If you are a Penrhyndeudraeth italian teacher wanting to offer your home italian tuition services in Penrhyndeudraeth or the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we do here. Private italian tuition is a great way to re-affirm your italian knowledge while helping someone else, all in your local Penrhyndeudraeth area!


text:
Elite Golf Green Provide comfortable security supp...
Property for sale
04/08/2014 Property for sale
Wave City Center Irenia, We bring you high life that is not just a flashy tag. Wave Irenia Noida is ultra-modern living spaces, surrounded by the best of infrastructure. Luxury, leisure or work, everything that you would want is just a short walk away from you. talk of living, and this is where it finds a meaning. WCC is introducing a new concept in residential - Wave City Center Irenia, right next to the bustling Noida City Centre Metro Station with a proposed direct access from the station & main road and ample parking for long-stay access.
Wave Infratech, Wave-City Center Irenia High Life Residences. Offering 2/3 BHK options, Wave Irenia residences are located in Noida Sector 32, right in the heart of the city.
Wave Irenia Noida - Amenities & Facilities
1. Well Planned design available in Sizes of 895, 985, 1085, 1330 sq.ft.
2. High Rise Tower of over 32 Storey's
3. Near to Noida City Center Metro Station
4. Compliance to LEED Gold Certification
5. Wi-Fi connectivity
6. Close proximity to sector 32 metro station
7. High-end internal & external finishes
8. Conceptualized by the World's best consultant
For More Details:-
Contact us-
No Frills Deal Realty Services Pvt. Ltd.
B-1/6, 2nd & 3rd Floor
Sector - 18 (Metro Station)
Noida, UP.
Pin - 201301, INDIA
E-mail: email@example.com ,
+91-9999- 999- 237 / 238
+91- 0120- 457 2222 / 4572232


text: Just know that the federal standards force drivers to run red lights. The standard themselves violate Newton's Second Law of Motion. Enforcing them is like making a law forbidding gravity. As long as those standards are in place, people crash and die, and red light camera companies make their fortune. Imagine charging a fine for every person caught walking on the ground. That's exactly what is going on. See http://redlightrobber.com


text: The hipster is dead, long live the hipster! Last week, a guy named David Infante (isn't that the most hipster name ever!?) created a whole new label for the twenty-something in all of our lives: the yuccie, i.e. The Young Urban Creative: "a slice of Generation Y, borne of suburban comfort, indoctrinated with the transcendent power of education, and infected by the conviction that not only do we deserve to pursue our dreams; we should profit from them." Basically, a yuccie is a hipster gone mainstream, with all of the creative entitlement yet splashed with a yuppie edge of comfort and compensation. Fair enough. Since debuting on the Internet, the yuccie has been thoroughly classified and dissected, so much so that anyone that's under 30, works with a computer, and lives in an urban environment falls squarely in the demographic. And you know who loves demographics? Brands do. American Apparel, who's undergoing a #makeover after blacklisting their pervy founder, knows it's demographic: millennials (which is a euphemism for yuccies). Millennials love denim. They love social justice. They seek creativity. They look thoughtfully off into the distance, with their hands in each other's pockets. Because all that these labels, these supposed generational categories do, is create affinities around what people consume and how they produce wealth. Do we want to relate to one another only in terms of how companies sell to us? What other affinities are we overlooking when we simply identify with each other over which brand of phone we use, which brand of coffee we drink, which brand of jeans we wear? Maybe we shouldn't be asking what yuccies are, but rather: how are yuccies produced?


text:
Thursday, October 28, 7pm – Theater
In the Future a Woman Shines Bright – a one person theater presentation on Frances Ellen Watkins Harper featuring Sekai, written by Stephen C. Satell.
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was the best know African American poet of the nineteenth century as well as an activist in the anti-slavery, equal rights and temperance movements. She published her first book of poetry at the age of 20, her first novel at the age of 67 and published the first short story to be published by an African American in America.
Born in Philadelphia on the first day of spring, the daughter of a noted tenor saxophonist, Sekai was destined to be an artist-activist, a force for good. She began acting at Freedom Theater in 1972 and has performed at the Theater Center of Philadelphia, the Walnut Street Theater, the Adrienne Theater, in Wilmington Delaware at the Christina Theater, the Philadelphia Black Theater Festival and she toured the Philadelphia Schools for the City with her one woman show "Faces of a Women". Her parallel career as an activist came through her fifteen years, working with two great African American leaders: Father Paul Washington and the creator of the theory of Afrocentricity. Dr. Molefi Kete Asante. She is also a poet and won the Frank Moore Poetry Prize in 2008.