text:
London: Middlesbrough, Strasbourg and Marseille became the first clubs to advance to the knockout stage of the UEFA Cup on Thursday. Middlesbrough, which has seven points from three games, qualified with a 0-0 draw at Dutch club AZ Alkmaar with a match to spare. Strasbourg also advanced by drawing 1-1 with Italy's AS Roma, while Marseille moved into the second round by beating Heerenveen 1-0. Middlesbrough goalkeeper Brad Jones had a standout match, making saves from Kenneth Perez, Shota Arvaladze and Danny Koevermans. AZ, third in the Dutch league, had scored 24 goals in its previous six home games this season. Other games In the other Group D game, Bulgaria's Litex Lovech beat Dnipro 2-0. 'Boro has seven points, Litex six, AZ four, with Grasshoppers and Dnipro on zero. Strasbourg took the lead in the 52nd minute through Habib Bellaid, before Antonio Cassano leveled in the 73rd. Strasbourg has seven points from three games in Group E, Roma has four, Tromso and Basel have three, and 1991 European champion Red Star Belgrade has no points. Tromso beat Red Star 3-1. The winners, runners-up and third-placed clubs from each of the eight groups of Europe's second-tier club competition advance to the last 32 where they are joined by the eight third-placed clubs from the Champions League. The traditional two-match knockout format is then used until the final. Fresh from winning the Russian league title last weekend, defending UEFA Cup champion CSKA Moscow beat Levski Sofia 2-1 on two goals from Brazilian striker Vagner Love. Marseille's Taye Ismaila Taiwo converted a 90th-minute penalty for the French club to lead Group F with six points. CSKA has four points, Levski three, Heerenveen two and Dinamo Bucharest one. Stuttgart beat Thessaloniki In Group G, Stuttgart rallied from 1-0 down to beat PAOK 2-1 in Thessaloniki, Greece. Danijel Ljuboja scored in the 85th and from a 89th-minute penalty, which saw PAOK's Ifeanyi Udeze sent off. Stuttgart midfielder Silvio Meissner was also dismissed in the 76th after receiving a second yellow card. Rapid Bucharest beat Shakhtar Donetsk 1-0 in the other Group G game. Rapid coach Razvan Lucescu was up against his father Mircea Lucescu, who coached Shakhtar. Rapid, Shakhtar and Stuttgart all have six points, with PAOK and Rennes on zero. In Group C, four clubs have four points after Sampdoria beat Halmstads BK 3-1 and Hertha Berlin drew 0-0 with Lens. Idle Steaua Bucharest, Sampdoria, Lens, and Hertha all have four points, with Halmstad on zero. Missed chance In Group A, Hamburg missed a chance to qualify when it lost 2-0 to Monaco, a finalist in the 2004 Champions League. Emmanuel Adebayor and Olivier Veigneau scored for Monaco. Hamburg's Khalid Boulahrouz was sent off in the 90th for a challenge on Monaco goalkeeper Guillaume Warmuz. Viking drew 2-2 with Slavia Prague 2 in the other Group A game. Hamburg has six points, Slavia and Viking have four, Monaco has three and Sofia has zero. In Group H, Zenit St. Petersburg beat Sevilla 2-1 and Guimares drew 1-1 with Bolton. Zenit has six points, Bolton five, Sevilla three and Guimares and Besiktas have one each. In Group B, an injury-time goal from Moises Hurtado gave Espanyol a 1-1 draw with Palermo, who scored through Mariano Gonzalez. Palermo's Paul Codrea was sent off in the 90th for two yellow cards. On Wednesday, Dmitry Loskov scored three goals to help Lokomotiv Moscow come back and beat Brondby 4-2. Palermo has five points, Lokomotiv and Espanyol have four, Brondby has three and Maccabi Petach-Tikva has zero. (AP)
Topics : Football
Get the latest India vs Sri Lanka 2017 news, check India vs Sri Lanka 2017 schedule and live score. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter for more India vs Sri Lanka 2017 updates. You can also download the NDTV Cricket app for Android or iOS
Show Comments


text:
Material Taken From: Mathematics for the international student Mathematical Studies SL Mal Coad , Glen Whiffen , John Owen, Robert Haese , Sandra Haese and Mark Bruce Haese and Haese Publications, 2004. Section 8c – Factorization of Quadratic Expressions. Quadratic Expression.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Quadratic Expression
(x+ 3)(x + 4)
x2 + 7x + 12
What if we started out with
and wanted to get to
x2 + 7x + 12
6x2 + 7x – 3

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Item # SIR-W9270
|Customer Rating:
|Rate this Item
|FREE Shipping
On All OrdersSee Details!
|FREE Avene Sample PackGet yours now!On Orders $150+
|Shop Early & Save!
Save 20% on All OrdersUse Code: EARLYBIRD
chocolate lip balm
Choclip is soothing, healing, protective. This intensely moisturizing and emollient lip balm restores silky softness while helping to prevent dry, chapped lips.
Skin Type: Suitable for all skin types, especially those with dry, chapped lips and sensitive skin types.
Smooth over lips as often as necessary to prevent chapping and maintain softness.
Sunflower Oil (Helianthis Annus), Beeswax (Cera Alba), Coconut (Cocus Nucifera) Oil, Chocolate Flavor Oil, Vanilla (Vanilla Planifolia) Extract, Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis), Tocopherol (Vitamin E).


text:
Empires in Arms
Empires in Arms is the official licensed computer version of Australian Design Group's classic board game. Empires in Arms is a seven player game of grand strategy during the Napoleonic period of 1805-1815. Playable either solitaire, by email or over the Internet. Corps level with full diplomatic options to allow players complete freedom to fight it out for control of Europe any way they want to.


text:
Neighbor 5
Our development will be finished by the end of this week. This means that in a couple of days we will have a working iOS application, web POS & menu management system and a working communication with printers in stores and restaurant.
This is a core milestone because I finally have a working product and cost will be reduced since the development team was the most expensive cost pool in the past.
Obviously, with the finished product it is time to push into market. This step has been delayed since I am still negotiating with the meal plan providers for universities and have been running into some issues with the caterers. Some core players have very recently focused on developing there own mobile ordering application in house. These developments have shifted my attention slightly to alternative markets like smaller cities and communities that currently have no other mobile options and have a density of restaurants and offices in one area – downtown Winston Salem (4th street) might be an option. I am currently in the process of defining potential test cases within these spaces.
Lastly, I have started to look for potential additional team members. I will have this coming week some an interview with a interest candidate in NYC. I am further planning on looking in the Winston Salem area and maybe recruiting from Wake Forest itself.


text:
Securing Multimedia Content Using Joint Compression and Encryption
Algorithmic parameterization and hardware architectures can ensure secure transmission of multimedia data in resource-constrained environments such as wireless video surveillance networks, tele-medicine frameworks for distant health care support in rural areas, and Internet video streaming. Joint multimedia compression and encryption techniques can significantly reduce the computational requirements of video processing systems. The authors present an approach to reduce the computational cost of multimedia encryption, while also preserving the properties of compressed video (useful for scalability, transcoding, and retrieval), which endanger loss by naive encryption. Hardware-amenable design of proposed algorithms makes them suitable for real-time embedded multimedia systems.


text:
Katie Morgan Tube Search (1184 videos) - NudeVista
Watch Katie Morgan rocks her gorgeous ass on a lucky portion of prickage and other porn videos on 4tube. D Modellen aus dem Sexvilla-Universum Dann kannst du die Gratisversion herunterladen und spielen. Before entering Zara White Xxx Sex Anal think twice if you have enough time and space to set your libido free! KATIE MORGAN PORN MOVIES, FUCKING LINGERIE SEX VIDEOS. Also you see free pictures how dildo fucked nude tiny pussy and nice small skinny Young Legal Girls.
YouPorn is the biggest free porn tube site on the Cute blonde gets it in her ass. Katie Morgan Lingerie Free Sex is the adult portal that will never disappoint you. Lex's Breast Fest #6 - Evil Angel Video.
A lot of great full length gay gangbang sex clips for every taste at xnxx porn web-site. Being underweight or overweight at birth also linked to higher odds, study says. Hot little slut Katie Morgan gets her pink pussy fingered by Devin Wolf before he fills her with his cock.
Amy Hargreaves nude in Shame video and more porn on biggest collection of free sex videos. Beautiful busty BBW brunette is a very ho 22 min Porn Cute chubby brunette enjoys fucking a luc. Watch Katie Morgan porn videos for free on SpankBang - 1649 movies and sexy clips.


text:
Wind & Water
- Artist: Lew Doty
- Format: CD
- Release Date: 1/9/2007
|your cart is empty
After working for two long years, Lew Doty has finally released his eagerly awaited second CD, Wind and Water. His fans jumped on the bandwagon quickly ordering CDs in bulk and giving them as gifts. Wind and Water is a gorgeous mix of Lew Doty songs which he and his producer, Vinnie Zummo, have blended into a cohesive and mature CD. Lew's audience has been clammoring for a recording of Ten Thousand Angels and it is the lead-off song of the CD. One fan said upon hearing it, 'Even if it was the only song on the CD, it would be enough. That song brings me to a feeling of unconditional love quicker than anything I can imagine.' In typical Doty fashion, the mixture of styles offered on this CD makes it difficult to categorize. There are meditative offerings, a blues number, a rock and roll powerhouse, a jazzy ballad, all delivering Lew's message of Spirit. The thrust of this music is that we are all safe, whole and wrapped in the love of God. This music reminds us of the divine in our everyday life, and lifts us higher and higher.


text: Hi! We're going next week (YAY! ) May 9 - 13th with the DDP! I'm so excited I can't wait! From reading all the reviews, I know next time DD and I are going to do the DxDP... there's too much stuff that I want to try! I wish I checked into the DISboards before I booked all my ADR's through my TA! Anyway, our plans are: 5/9 - Check-In/EPCOT - No, CS planned (where we end up and we're hungry, we'll eat) Breakfast will be eaten in the car on the way to check in. We're staying with the greatgrands, so I'm sure they'll pack us with some BK before leaving early! After our early check-in (just to get our passes), we'll be heading to EPCOT for the day and having dinner at Akershus for the Princess Storybook Dinner (1 TS). Would like to try Liberty Inn or Lotus Blossom (for CS). My only thing to really try here is the Grey Goose Slushie, the bakery in France and Norway for the schoolbread. Too many snacks to try in EPCOT!! 5/10 - AK - BK at the Tuskar House for Donald's Safari breakfast (1 TS - 2). No CS meal planned, just where ever we end up for late lunch/early dinner. Would like to try Yak & Yeti, Restaurantaurus, or Pizzafari 5/11 - DHS - Again no CS planned and don't have anything on the "to try" list Our TS will be at the 50's PTC for dinner. (1 TS - 3) Any recommendations for CS?? Maybe try the Turkey Leg as a snack....Our dinner is at 4 pm, so I'm thinking late breakfast at resort or early lunch w/ granola bars for BK in the room. 5/12 - DHS/DTD - Defintely changed this day a few times! We'll have breakfast in our room, granola bars, etc., and spend some time at the pool. CS Lunch will be at DTD at Wolfgang Puck express, just because I read such great things! Snacks at Goofys! We'll do Characters in flight and then head to HS for dinner at Sci-Fi (1TS - 4) and stick around for Fantasmic! 5/13 - Finally, Magic Kingdom! - I see myself spending some $$ OOP if we don't have some left over Snack credits from earlier in the week. Anyway, we're having lunch at CRT (OOP.) For our dinner CS, I want to try Cosmic Rays, Casey's Corner or Columbia Harbor. My definite snacks to try are a Dole Whip, Cinnamon Roll and a Funnel Cake! 5/14 - Check-out / MK - Breakfast at The Crystal Palace (TS - 5). Then to use any remaining CS/Snack credits for the ride home. DD is only 5, so I plan on using 1 snack credit for each of us to share which would give us 10 snacks to try From what I read, CS meals are huge, so I assume DD and I can split one and we would be able try more! My trip won't be live BUT, I'll be asking DD her opinion and writing it down in our journal. I'm so excited, I can't wait! DD doesn't know that we're going yet, so I'm sure she won't have a negative thing to say Any recommendations!?? The Cast: DD and I: Me: 28 year old single mom. I'm definitely not picky about food I'll pretty much eat anything and everything. DD: 5.5 years old, graduating from Pre-K in May and starting K in August. My rule for her is to try everything once and she's pretty good about following it. She ends up liking pretty much everything she tries. I will have one rule for her during our trip... we can NOT have chicken nuggets/hot dogs/pizza every meal. She loves her fruits/veggies, so I don't have to "nag" her about that I hope I don't see much of this during our trip :


text:
What Local Team Sports Are You Involved In?
It turns out there are a lot of great local team sports being played, and sometimes it's just finding out about them that is the hard part.
We were recently made aware of an Adult kickball game that needs more people to get involved. If you're over the age of 16 and enjoy kickball, and maybe the idea of meeting some cool people, head down to Kit McConnico park in Lufkin on Tuesday evenings starting at 6:30 PM.
The season might be over soon, so act fast to secure a good spot on a team.
SFA has a Quidditch team that holds regular practices from time to time and they don't mind people coming to watch from time to time. Yeah, Quidditch is the sport from the "Harry potter" universe.
This whole thing makes us wonder what other team sports are being played around Lufkin, Nacogdoches, or surrounding areas? Send us some info and we'll get your story on our website. We can let people know what times to show up whether to participate or spectate. We'll even provide links to your Facebook pages.
Send the info or pictures to email@example.com and we just might come out to watch a few matches.


text:
Tic Toc Nursery School is under new ownership and is undergoing some exciting new changes. What makes Tic Toc so different? *FREE classes - including weekly Gymboree, Sports Focus UK and Forest School sessions ( with trained forest school teacher). *FREE hot meals freshly prepared on site *FREE Nappies, wipes and milk or formula *NO extra charges for emergency sessions *SAME staff working each day who really get to know your child's individual needs *NEWLY renovated large outside area with chickens, rabbits, sand and gravel pit! *Soft outside play area for babies * Lots of exciting activities and learning throughout the day. *Most importantly your child will be surrounded by LOVE, COMPASSION and FUN. Please call the nursery to arrange a visit. We would love to meet you! Come and see us, as many times as you want until you are ready to make your important decision! We are open 7.30am to 6.15pm, 5 days a week (excluding public holidays) throughout the year. We look after babies from 3 months to children up until 5 years of age.
0208 898 4079


text:
The Research Experience for Undergraduates Program in Systematics and Evolutionary Biology is funded by the National Science Foundation and has been in place for 24 years. Our program brings approximately eight students to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City each summer for a ten-week experience working with our curators, faculty, and post-doctoral fellows. Research projects span diverse fields of comparative biology including paleontology, genomics, population biology, conservation biology, and phylogenetics and taxonomy. Students have access to the Museum's immense natural history collections as well as state-of-the-art equipment for advanced imaging (CT scanner, SEM, TEM) and genomics (Sanger and pyrosequencing platforms). Students receive a $5000 traineeship stipend, as well as per diem costs for housing and meals, relocation expenses, and transportation subsidies. Housing is made available at nearby Columbia University. In addition to conducting original research projects throughout the summer, students also participate in formal instruction in systematics and evolution and receive training in ethics, networking, communication and other career-building skills.
All students in the program must be U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals or permanent residents of the U.S. Students must be entering or continuing in an Associates or Baccalaureate degree program following their summer internship. As part of the National Science Foundation's commitment to broadening participation in STEM fields, we especially encourage students who come from community colleges, undergraduate-only institutions, and minority-serving institutions to apply.
Mentors: Dr. Rae Wynn-Grant and Dr. Mary Blair (Center for Biodiversity and Conservation)
The black bear population in the Western Great Basin of Nevada is growing, but for more than 100 years they have been extirpated from most of their historic range. In this project, the REU student will leverage ecological and geographic information from Dr. Wynn-Grant's fieldwork on black bear habitat preferences and movement in the Western Great Basin as well as information from the Museum's collections to build ecological niche models for black bear habitat suitability. The models will be used to compare ecological niches between unique evolutionary lineages of black bear and to determine whether one of these lineages might be likely to re-colonize their historic range in Nevada. Models will also explore the influence of human development on black bear habitat suitability at the urban-wildland interface (where human development meets forest areas). The results of this project will improve understanding about ecological niche evolution and breadth in black bear subspecies, and will help inform conservation management. (top)
Mentors: Dr. Ana Luz Porzecanski and Dr. Felicity Arengo (Center for Biodiversity and Conservation)
Despite the tinamous (Palaeonathiformes: Tinamidae) being a crucial group for understanding basal divergences in the bird tree of life, the phylogeny of this Neotropical group of birds has received limited attention. Two recent studies produced phylogenies for the family using external and some internal morphology, and DNA sequences. The two hypotheses had some similarities but also several disagreements. In this project, the REU student will examine a selection of tinamou specimens in the AMNH ornithological collection to collect more detailed data on external morphology, test multiple methods of photographic data capture, and explore preliminary methods of annotation and data analysis. Mentors and REU student will also work closely with Dr. Sara Bertelli, in Argentina, on study design and data analysis approaches. (top)
Mentors: Dr. Federico Lopez-Osorio and Dr. Jim Carpenter (Division of Invertebrate Zoology)
Sociality in insects represents a major evolutionary transition that involved worker individuals forgoing their reproduction and caring for the offspring of a reproductive queen caste. This division of labor has arisen independently in various insect groups, primarily in hymenopterans (ants, certain bees and wasps) and termites, therefore enabling the discovery of shared genomic changes associated with the transition from solitary to social living. Several hypotheses have been proposed to understand the origin of sociality in molecular terms. The protein evolution hypothesis, for example, suggests that rapid evolution of specific genes and new protein functions influenced the origin of social behavior. The goal of this project is to test the protein evolution hypothesis in a broad comparative framework using transcriptomic data from social insects. The REU student will be actively involved in retrieving and analyzing raw data from high-throughput sequencing platforms. The data analysis procedures will include quality control, transcriptome assembly, phylogenomic analysis, tests of positive selection, and sequence annotation. Throughout the process, the REU student will become familiar with writing shell, Python, and R scripts. Moreover, the REU student will learn how to create reproducible research reports using R Markdown and a project website using GitHub Pages. The results of this study will provide novel insights into the molecular basis of sociality and a background for studies on the genetics of social behavior in insects. (top)
Mentors: Dr. Steve Davis and Dr. David Grimaldi (Division of Invertebrate Zoology)
Owing to their preponderance in nearly every terrestrial habitat, insects have evolved a vast diversity in mouthpart structure to accommodate a correspondingly tremendous breadth in diets and feeding styles. However, mouthpart structure and function have independently converged several times in disparate lineages which share similar feeding regimes. For example, insects which feed on nectar and/or blood (both vertebrate and invertebrate), such as various flies, moths, and butterflies, have converged on probosciform/stylet-like mouthparts for reaching into flowers and piercing thick epidermal tissues. Understanding the developmental nature by which these convergences have occurred can help inform processes in morphological evolution and relate genetic change to phenotypic change. Student projects will therefore include, but are not limited to, using developmental techniques (such as RNAi) to understand the formation of adult mosquito mouthparts and to relate changes in gene expression to anatomical modifications, as well as characterizing RNAi mouthpart phenotypes through electron microscopy (top)
Mentors: Dr. Lu Yao and Dr. Ross MacPhee (Division of Vertebrate Zoology)
Gibbons and siamang (family Hylobatidae) are relatively understudied compared to other apes. They were the first to branch off in the adaptive radiation of apes, about 16-17 million years ago. The Hylobatidae taxon is unique in comparison to other extant ape taxa in that this group is particularly speciose. In fact, the family Hylobatidae currently contains 20 described species that fall within four genera: Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus, and Symphalangus. Although some species are relatively well known, so far no attempts have been made to sample widely within each species to understand intraspecific in addition to interspecific variation. This project will utilize the museum's collections to analyze both size and morphological variation (body size, brain size, limb lengths, number of vertebrae, trunk length, 3D skull morphology) between and within extant hylobatid species. In this project, an REU student will collect and analyze linear measurements, volumetric measurements, and 3D landmarks from the specimens in the Museum's mammalogy collections. The student will have the opportunity to gain experience in traditional anthropological measurement methods, 3D surface scanning techniques, 3D geometric morphometric tools, allometric scaling, and statistical analyses to understand inter- and intraspecific variation in gibbons and siamang. (top)
Mentors: Dr. Nancy Simmons, (Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology)
Bats are the second most diverse group of mammals with nearly 1,400 extant species. Distributed worldwide, bats fill a wide variety of ecological niches, have diverse roosting habits, and exhibit a remarkable array of dietary specializations ranging from insectivory to carnivory, frugivory, nectarivory, and even sanguinivory (blood feeding). Modern molecular techniques have been used to construct a fairly robust phylogeny of extant bats, but controversies remain regarding relationships of some key fossils and time calibration of the tree remains problematic because many important fossils have not been explicitly included in phylogenetic analyses. This summer we will build on an existing database of morphological characters scored widely across extant bats to help alleviate these gaps by integrating more fossil data. Working in the cloud-based software platform MorphoBank (http://morphobank.org), the intern this summer will help integrate additional morphological characters relevant for placing the fossil bat taxa, image and score fossils for phylogenetic analysis, and help to analyze these data in the context of previously published DNA data to build a more robust time-calibrated phylogeny for bats. Our goals will include ongoing development of the phenomic database, integration of additional fossils, and testing previous hypotheses of relationships of fossil bat taxa to one another and to living lineages. (top)
Mentors: Dr. James Witts and Dr. Neil Landman (Division of Paleontology)
Ammonites are externally shelled cephalopod molluscs related to modern squid and octopus, and among the most common fossil invertebrates in marine sedimentary deposits. Having dominated the oceans for over 300 million years, they finally went extinct 66 million years ago, during the famous Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event which also caused the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs. The details of this extinction are still the subject of intense debate; whether the primary cause was a sudden, catastrophic event such as an extraterrestrial bolide impact, or a slower decline in diversity over a longer timescale with sea level, climate changes or volcanism playing a role. The REU student will help examine new collections of ammonite fossils at the AMNH from K-Pg boundary sites along the Gulf Coast, USA. The overall aim is to look at the patterns of abundance and diversity of this group prior to the K-Pg extinction, in order to better test hypotheses as to the cause (and effect) of this event. Were ammonites declining or thriving prior to the mass extinction? This project would suit a student with some experience of, and interest in geology and paleontology, and may also involve the opportunity for fieldwork within the USA to collect additional material for analysis.
Mentor: Dr. Mark Siddall and Michael Tessler Department of Invertebrate Zoology
Gathering knowledge on the abundance, dynamics and distributions of species is a fundamental challenges for conservation biology . In recent years, interest has grown in the application of environmental DNA as a non-invasive tool with which to obtain biodiversity information. Terrestrial "jungle" leeches in the family (Haemadipsidae) retain blood in their digestive system for months after feeding. In contrast to invertebrates with high metabolism and short inter-meal intervals such as flies and mosquitoes, terrestrial leeches only feed few times annually, and to some extent possess the ability to retard the rate of DNA degradation. In 2015 we established new collections from Cambodia which allow determination both of vertebrate diversity in protected areas as well as assess resident bacteria and protozoon species carried by the leeches. Already we have been able to confirm the integrity of iDNA from these specimens. This summer's REU intern will strategically apply a battery of PCR primers against many hundreds of isolates in order to characterize not only mammals, but ground bird, amphibian and saurischian DNA in the isolates as well as bacterial and protozoon parasites so as to form a more complete metagenomic picture.


text:
P.O. Box 9057
Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33310
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Corporate Law, 2) Public Corporations and 3) Securities
|Boston University (B.A.)
|Most recent firm
|Becker & Poliakoff, P.A.
A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Alan Singer is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Securities Practice. Mr. Singer advises companies with regard to a diverse range of corporate and securities matters.


text:
Papa Bear] Old age is like a bank account. You withdraw from what you've put in. So, my advice to you would be to deposit a lot of happiness in the bank account of memories!
[Papa Bear] From every unfortunate hail storm in life one can find a new roof when insured against risk LOL
[Papa Bear] 4 of the most profitable banks in world Chinese. one of which just bot. 80% of Bank of Asia in Cal. Want more?
[Papa Bear] xyz Projection FOMC leaves things unchanged today. In BOX
[xyz] Papa Bear until when?
[Papa Bear] xyz Change = opportunity
[Papa Bear] 4 of the most profitable banks in world Chinese. one of which just bot. 80% of Bank of Asia in Cal. Want more?
[His girl] Papa Bear That's the problem....we always want more!
Papa Bear] His girl The problem is can u take it and are u ready
Read More Link on Right
[Papa Bear] 4 banks = ICBC, China Construction Bank, Bank of ChinaLTD and AG. Bank of China all lending money and acquiring
[Papa Bear] Look what China has BOT in Viet Nam last few years and ask is there a pattern
[snuggs101] da58 Any clue on what the announcement would be? Also, who would be announcing an RV? CBI?
[drl] Papa Bear Wells Fargo could be a likely addition to the list in the near future1 lol
Papa Bear] Come on now u MKT traders chime in
[Papa Bear] drl Already happened u know that . Just bring the meat drl
[Papa Bear] Chinese banks are lending money and buying assets right here in USA while our banks are caught in derivitve situations and are not progressive with PEOPLE
Papa Bear] Stop dealing in FEAR and lets move forward.
[xyz] lol imagine 'rev up as RV' ---> Federal Reserve policymakers wrap up a two-day meeting Wednesday with few options to rev up an economy that may be "stuck in the mud," as Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke recently told Congress.
da58] RV8Now reporting stock mkt going crazy directions, can't explain...one arricle that said it was chaotic got pulled, others are soft peddling it - but unexplainable to most as to what is happening it seems.. where is jguy!
[namvet68] da58 Could it be?
da58] namvet68 could be due to the meeting xyz posted...don't know..hmmm....one more thing - winalot posted an article last night, the the govt in iraq.. is shutting down on the 2, 9, and 16 - three thursdays in august...???? with no reasons given..came out yesterday.
[Elilali] da58 where did you hear that cbi is giving an announcement?
[da58] Elilali cnn
[charps84] When?
[da58] this a.m.
[snuggs101] da58 Any clue on what the announcment would be? Also, who would be announcing an RV? CBI?
[da58] charps84 would be at 2 est, 1 cst, 11 pacific
[xyz] Breaking NewsKnight Capital Tells Clients to Execute Trades Elsewhere for Now; Knight Plunges as Much as 26% http://www.bloomberg.com/
[xyz] smells like what? Dozens of U.S. stocks swung 10 percent or more without accompanying news in the first minutes of trading, whipsawing investors and spurring speculation that computers distorted prices for the second time in two weeks
[cruiser] How about we do something different today? Lets talk about the cash in process. Privacy. Security. Knowledge. Etc. How is in?
[rustyc] cruiser they are talking about changing fiat bassed currency to asset , any thoughts?
[BigB] cruiser The more I think about this IRS audit thing, the more I think it is tied to the RV in some way. The timing is too coincidental.
[BigB] rustyc The problems in the world economy today are due to the fiat (paper backed) money. They are up against the wall and have no real choice but to revert back to asset based currencies
[cruiser] rustyc Who is saying it? Do I think it is going to happen. YES. Do I know when? nope. That is going to be part of the re alignment. So it would make perfect sense to start talking about it in the media.
BigB] pastored rustyc You will see the US Treasury notes unveiled shortly. That is the main reason you were advised to olen NIB checking accounts. These are tied to the US Treasury - Not the Federal Reserve!
[BigB] cruiser Most do not remember when Kennedy introduced the US Treasury notes in 1963, the $5.00 bill with the red inked seal on it that said "US Treasury Note" accross the top.
[Cyndee49] IMO more like a thief in the night
[rustyc] BigB is that when they pulled the 1000 dollar notes?
[geterdone] cruiser I have read alot of info suggesting to stock up on food and have cash available, is this something that may happen post RV, giving enough time once we have some $$$$ to do this?
[cruiser] rustyc There has been alot of talk about all of this over the last week or so.
[2mater] I thought this was interesting - last night Papjack said that there was a possibility we will have all exchanged by the time the RV goes public - maybe that's part of the message about codes, not sharing them, getting rates at banks, etc.
[cruiser] BigB I missed your last thing on the IRS. Please repost.
[BigB] rustyc I think so - There was a lot going on then that was swept under the carpet and is only starting to come out. Lincoln did the exact same thing in 1863 and was assinated for the exact same reason.
[highlander65] rustyc what's ce?
[rustyc] highlander65 currency exchange
[BigB] cruiser I just said that I thought that the IRS audit timing thing could be tied to the RV. Too many things like that are coming to the surface at this time.
[faithhope] cruiser if they change back would we have to wait for them to print the new money before this come to fruitation?
[rustyc] faithhope I have heard it is already printed..
[rustyc] faithhope treat as rumor!
[cruiser] geterdone Just think people are going a little over board. Those who are in charge of this will not allow the mass chaos as some think.
[heyu288] I heard last year someone already had a picture of new money I didn't see it but that was rumor
[BigB] highlander65 He was issuing US Treasury notes. The banks were charging him over 22% interest for the war. When the US Treasury issues money, the Federal Reserve (central banks) do not make anything on the money - cuts them out!
redsnowbird] cruiser I think it would be an excellent idea to have the exchange done prior to the RV....held in a bank account until active....because then the rush would not happen and everyone would be controlled.... and it could be done without anyone knowing about it!
[cruiser] highlander65 Just a couple of hints. That is all.
[highlander65] BigB OK Yes Lincoln was a hero
[BigB] highlander65 yes - for taking a stand against the bankers.
[highlander65] BigB yes a much better president than Washington -- all the good presidents were killed for not working with the bankers
[BigB] highlander65 The real reason the war was fought was for money and taxes.
[highlander65] BigB war is all about money and how to make more of it.
[BigB] highlander65 It all comes down to the money!
[highlander65] BigB absolutely 10000000%
[highlander65] Well did the rates change on the IMF site?
[redsnowbird] highlander65 Or the UNSC Site?
[cruiser] i am getting lost in the questions again. Sorry. 1) The UST bills will be coming out. When do not know for sure, so i can only speculate. This is not the first time the U.S has done this, so there will be no need to panic and it will kind of go un noticed. 2) Our CE will be mostly digital. Held in a bank account. So as for what we will get paid in will be irrelevant.
[scott24680] cruiser From what I've heard, FRN's will be given time to collapse prior to the introduction of UST notes
[cruiser] scott24680 With out any proof of that, I will but it to speculation. Why would the U.S kill ther own currency? This will be a roll overbetween the 2 bills until one is taken out of circulation. Plain and simple.
[scott24680] cruiser You think the US is in charge?
[cruiser] scott24680 Of thier own currency? YES.
[bigguy] The us gave up control and handed it over to the fed
[bryan1972] cruiser I heard it could be .60 on the 1.00 from old currency to the new Treasury notes. Is that true?
[cruiser] bryan1972 That is value. For the people in the U.S a dollar is a dollar is a dollar.
[cruiser] scott24680 and? It is still the U.S currency which means they are in control of it.
Comments are closed.


text:
Forum Home → Discussion → Personal independence payment & other disability related benefits → Thread
A really interesting decision and worth reading just for the historical perspectives on a number of VI related matters such as registration. Fascinating from my perspective albeit that it will become less relevant as we move towards full on PIP. Amused to read a positive decision from Commissioner Rice being cited too. A rare thing.
A big positive in the sense of work here being defined as an occupation rather than a series of tasks. If only that were the case elsewhere. Also entirely unsurprising that registration should not of itself prove anything, although that's a potentially a double edged sword. Equally, the definition of blind for deaf/blind is now clarified.
A bit disappointing Judge Perez thought VA and VF are criteria which are established in the ophthalmology field re: severe sight impairment. They certainly get used routinely so they're "established" in that sense but it's increasingly recognised that VA is an inadequate, unreliable measure of anything when it's done indoors as a snapshot in perfect light. Equally if you can find two opths who agree a definition of visual field then good luck to you. There's a scale between there being no vision at specific locations in the visual field and there being vision but not useful vision. The tests on this are equally unreliable. I'm sure many people will have the Boots version of the VF test where you identify dots which appear and disappear. A dot is light. Being able to see a dot of light in a dark room doesn't mean you'll be able to in daylight and nor does it mean it will have focus or be identifiable as a dot of light. What then is your VF? Yet to be determined. Will depend on who you speak to.
Thought I was seeing things when I read in the Rightsnet summary that Judge Wright thought visual field was part of a Snellen test but there it is at para 57. Let's be generous and assume a slip of the pen and some lax proof reading. Snellen has nowt to do with visual field.
I'm equally intrigued as to what medical tests there might be now which could give a more comprehensive analysis as to whether there is work for which eyesight is essential. Anybody any idea?
Amusingly the world of VI testing is moving slowly but steadily away from VI and VA and towards… functional testing of exactly the variety we object to for PIP and ESA. Sad to say there are some strong arguments that it is a better measure of VI.
Thanks Daphne. That was a rather obvious omission.


text:
[HISTORY: Adopted by the Borough Council of the Borough of Middletown 9-16-1952. Amendments noted where applicable.]
§ 46-1Intent to organize.
§ 46-2Authorization to organize.
§ 46-3Articles of Incorporation.
§ 46-4Purpose.
§ 46-1 Intent to organize.
§ 46-2 Authorization to organize.
§ 46-3 Articles of Incorporation.
§ 46-4 Purpose.
§ 46-1 Intent to organize.
The Borough of Middletown does hereby signify intention to organize an Authority under the provisions of the Municipality Authorities Act of 1945.
Editor's Note: See 53 P.S. § 301 et seq.
§ 46-2 Authorization to organize.
The proper officers are hereby authorized and directed to organize said Authority, to execute the Articles of Incorporation and to file the same with the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as provided by law.
§ 46-3 Articles of Incorporation.
[Amended 11-8-1965 by Ord. No. 494, approved 11-8-1965]
Said Articles of Incorporation shall be as follows:
Editor's Note: The Articles of Incorporation are not included herein but are in the office of the Borough Secretary.
§ 46-4 Purpose.
The Authority is incorporated for the purpose of undertaking such project or projects as are permitted under the provisions of the Municipality Authorities Act of 1945.


text:
Brand-building holds the key to iTV success
Related Articles
- Future of iTV depends on retailer investment. Thomas, Daniel // Computer Weekly;3/7/2002, p10
Reports the unproductibility of interactive television iTV in Great Britain. Lack of product choice and retail experience contributed to the situation; Retailers not to renew contracts; Optimism seen on viewer awareness and improved marketing efforts. INSET: The route to future profits.
- Interactive TV acquires some business sense. Harrison, Chris // Marketing Week;2/4/1999, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p14
Discusses the emergence of interactive television (ITV) in the retail sector in Great Britain. Economic benefits of ITV to retailers; Cost of setting up a ITV business.
- Interactive TV to encourage impulse buying. Kakkar, Shobhit // Marketing Week;1/13/2000, Vol. 22 Issue 48, p20
Discusses how interactive television (ITV) will affect the retailing industry. Benefits of ITV as an advertising medium; Impact on PC Internet users; Differences between shopping using an ITV and the PC Net.
- ITV spend will hit £4bn by 2006, report predicts. // New Media Age;8/29/2002, p16
Reports on the forecast of Datamonitor company on the increase in consumer spending on interactive television (iTV) retail in Western Europe in 2006. Impact of the rise in iTV spending on retail trade; Suggestion on how retailers can capitalize on the growth of iTV.
- B&Q places interactive TV at centre of UK recruitment drive. // New Media Age;1/27/2005, p5
This article reports on the decision of British home improvement retailer B&Q in Janyary 2005 to make interactive television an integral part of its next British recruitment drive. From February, B&Q will use the red button to raise awareness of the employment opportunities throughout its range...
- LETTERS. Anstey, Mike; Altendorf, Mike // New Media Age;4/13/2006, p17
Several letters to the editor referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues including, an article on interactive television program review by Elizabeth Kesses in the March 30, 2006 issue and another on the decision of Dixons to focus its efforts on online retail in the April 5,...
- BSkyB enables shopping via iTV ads. Jones, Gareth // New Media Age;10/6/2005, p1
This article reports on the television-commerce initiative to be launched by BSkyB. Television viewers will be able to use their remote control to purchase the products they see advertised on screen. Retailers and brand owners are expected to be quick to take advantage of the interactive...
- Adventures 2001. Dill, Mallorre // Adweek Eastern Edition;1/15/2001, Vol. 42 Issue 3, p18
Presents the outlook for the creative portion of the advertising industry in the United States in 2001. Growing consumers' use of interactive television; Successful Internet advertising campaigns; Growing importance of advertising in the retail sector.
- How to develop a general biology course for interactive television. Rogers, Bill // American Biology Teacher;Sep97, Vol. 59 Issue 7, p420
Gives instructions for the development of a biology course for interactive television. Information on the formats and design of the course; Examination of copyright issues; Benefits of interactive television in education.


text:
Imagining motor acts is a cognitive task that engages parts of the executive motor system. While motor imagery has been intensively studied using neuroimaging techniques, most studies lack behavioral observations. Here, we used functional MRI to compare the functional neuroanatomy of motor execution and imagery using a task that objectively assesses imagery performance. With surface electromyographic monitoring within a scanner, 10 healthy subjects performed sequential finger-tapping movements according to visually presented number stimuli in either a movement or an imagery mode of performance. We also examined effects of varied and fixed stimulus types that differ in stimulus dependency of the task. Statistical parametric mapping revealed movement-predominant activity, imagery-predominant activity, and activity common to both movement and imagery modes of performance (movement-and-imagery activity). The movement-predominant activity included the primary sensory and motor areas, parietal operculum, and anterior cerebellum that had little imagery-related activity (−0.1 ∼ 0.1%), and the caudal premotor areas and area 5 that had mild-to-moderate imagery-related activity (0.2 ∼ 0.7%). Many frontoparietal areas and posterior cerebellum demonstrated movement-and-imagery activity. Imagery-predominant areas included the precentral sulcus at the level of middle frontal gyrus and the posterior superior parietal cortex/precuneus. Moreover, activity of the superior precentral sulcus and intraparietal sulcus areas, predominantly on the left, was associated with accuracy of the imagery task performance. Activity of the inferior precentral sulcus (area 6/44) showed stimulus-type effect particularly for the imagery mode. A time-course analysis of activity suggested a functional gradient, which was characterized by a more "executive" or more "imaginative" property in many areas related to movement and/or imagery. The results from the present study provide new insights into the functional neuroanatomy of motor imagery, including the effects of imagery performance and stimulus-dependency on brain activity.
Motor imagery has been extensively studied with PET and functional MRI (fMRI) techniques. Converging evidence indicates that motor imagery shares neural substrates with those underlying motor execution. However, less certain are how and to what extent neural substrates are shared between the two modes of motor-related behavior. For example, there has been some controversy in the neuroimaging literature regarding involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) during motor imagery. Region-of-interest analyses from fMRI experiments often reveal mild activity increases in M1 during motor imagery (Lotze et al. 1999; Porro et al. 1996, 2000; Roth et al. 1996), while group averaged analyses from fMRI and PET do not (Deiber et al. 1998; Gerardin et al. 2000; Parsons et al. 1995; Stephan et al. 1995). Regrettably, many of those fMRI studies showing M1 activity do not employ electrophysiological monitoring to exclude muscle contractions during actual scanning.
In addition to the methodological differences, there has been some diversity among the behavioral tasks studied as motor imagery (Grezes and Decety 2001). Motor imagery is defined as the mental simulation of a motor act (Crammond 1997;Decety 1996; Jeannerod 1994). This definition can include various concepts such as preparation for movement, passive observations of action, and mental operations of sensorimotor representations, either implicitly or explicitly. Motor imagery as preparation for immediate movement likely involves the motor executive brain regions including M1, since M1 plays a significant role in sensory processing for the purpose of upcoming movement generation (Georgopoulos 2000). Implicit mental operations of sensorimotor representations, on the other hand, are considered to underlie cognitive functions such as mental rotation of body parts (Bonda et al. 1995; Parsons et al. 1995;Sekiyama et al. 2000) and mental calculations of abacus experts (Hanakawa et al. 1999). It is unclear whether a motor executive area such as M1 is active not only during motor preparation but also during mental operations of sensorimotor representations.
Another issue regarding neuroimaging studies on motor imagery is that the performance of imagination is notoriously difficult to control. To date, most studies have relied on subjective evaluation, rather than objective confirmation, of task performance. However, some neuroimaging studies on mental rotation or mental operations have successfully evaluated behavioral performance without involving any motor response during task periods (Hanakawa et al. 2002; Mellet et al. 1996; Richter et al. 1997). In these studies, subjects follow sensory stimuli given serially to update mental representations during the task, and then report the final image at the end of the task. In the present study, application of this task design allowed us to explore, for the first time to our knowledge, brain activity during explicit mental operations of finger representations with objective confirmation of performance. Specifically, epochs for a motor imagery task were followed by a brief response period, during which subjects reported the final image of sensorimotor representation. This information was also used to explore brain areas associated with the task performance.
In the present study, fMRI was used to measure blood-oxygenation–level-dependent changes as an index of neural activity (Logothetis et al. 2001). Performance during motor imagery was objectively confirmed by comparing sensory-guided execution of sequential finger tapping with mental operations of equivalent sensorimotor representations. To exclude possible muscle contractions during motor imagery and to capture them during motor execution and responses, muscle activity was electronically monitored during actual MRI acquisition. Statistical parametric mapping revealed brain areas predominantly related to motor execution or motor imagery, and areas equally activated during both motor execution and imagery. By capitalizing on relatively fine temporal resolution, sustained activity during the motor execution and imagery task compared with transient activity related to the response movement was also analyzed (time-course analysis). The time-course analysis helped characterize the functional property of each set of areas from a different perspective, suggesting a functional gradation from more "executive" to more "imaginative" areas.
Ten healthy volunteers [mean age, 32 ± 11 (SD) years; males = 7, females = 3] participated in this study after giving informed consent approved by the institutional review board. All were right handed (laterality index = 0.7 ∼ 1.0) as assessed by Edinburgh Inventory (Oldfield 1971). None had a history of any neuropsychiatric disorders.
Behavioral tasks
Subjects performed a finger-tapping task with their right hand in either a movement or an imagery mode of performance. Visually presented number stimuli (number 1, 2, or 3) that specified a segment of a finger tapping sequence guided the task throughout. For the movement mode, subjects actually executed the tapping movement as briskly and distinctly as possible. For the imagery mode, subjects were asked to imagine the corresponding tapping movement being performed by them (first person perspective) as opposed to the movement being performed by someone else (Ruby and Decety 2001), without any accompanying overt movement.
Before the fMRI experiment, subjects completed a standardized training session (lasting approximately 1 h). First, subjects learned a simple sequential tapping movement (thumb-index-middle-ring-little-ring-middle-index… ). Subjects thereafter practiced to start tapping from a finger specified by a cue stimulus and to proceed on the sequence according to a series of the number stimuli. All visual stimuli were presented visually on a computer monitor. The task began with the presentation of the cue stimulus for 2 s, which specified the first finger to start tapping (e.g., "MIDDLE" for the middle finger). Subjects always started tapping from the radial side to the ulnar side, except when the little finger was specified by the cue stimulus. A series of 10 number stimuli, consisting of number 1, 2, or 3, were then presented one-by-one for 750 ms at a rate of 0.67 Hz (17 number stimuli were used for the fMRI experiment). Each number specified a segment of the finger tapping sequence, by instructing subjects to proceed on the tapping sequence by the amount of the presented number. Suppose that a cue stimulus was "INDEX", and number 2 and then 3 followed. When the cue stimulus was presented, subjects knew that they would start tapping from the index finger and waited for the first number stimulus in a ready state. As soon as the first number stimulus 2 was presented, subjects should tap the index and then middle finger, corresponding to the sequence segment of "index-middle." Following the number 3 presentation, therefore, subjects should tap the ring, little, and again ring fingers in this order. This process was repeated until the last number stimulus was presented. At the end, a question mark was presented, which prompted subjects to report the next finger they were ready to tap. In this task, as long as subjects have completely followed the instructions, they should be ready for a specific finger out of five fingers (probability of a correct response occurring by chance is 20%). Understanding of the operational principles was double-checked by visual inspection of movements during the task as well as the report of the "ready-to-tap" finger at the end.
After completing a set of training sessions in the movement mode, subjects were told that exactly the same principles were applicable to the imagery mode. Subjects completed a set of the task in the imagery mode, in which many subjects tended to move their fingers at the beginning of training. However, all of them eventually succeeded in performing the task without visible finger movement. Objective assessment of the task performance in the imagery mode was made possible by the responses at the end of the task.
The primary interest of the present experiment was difference and similarity of brain activity between these two performance modes. The secondary interest of the present study was effects of two different types of the number stimuli (varied and fixed stimulus type) on brain activity. The number stimuli were randomly selected from the numbers 1 through 3 for the varied type and were always the number 2 for the fixed type. We assumed that the different stimulus types would introduce different levels of stimulus-dependency to the task, because subjects were able to perform the task with prediction for the fixed stimulus type after the training but they still had to rely on the number stimuli for the varied stimulus type. The number of tapping movement during a task period was on average balanced between the two stimulus types.
A visual fixation task was employed as a baseline condition for the fMRI experiment. Subjects were instructed to keep fixating on a cross that roughly matched the number stimuli in size and was presented for 750 ms at a rate of 0.67 Hz. During the visual fixation task, subjects were asked to clear their mind and withhold any movement except for physiological ones (i.e., natural blinking).
fMRI and electrophysiological monitoring
The fMRI experiment was conducted on a 1.5-T GE/SIGNA scanner with a standard quadrature head coil (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). To reduce head motion during scanning, a bite bar made of a dental impression material was custom-made for each subject and fixed to a cradle of the head coil. Subjects lay supine on a scanner bed with a response device fixed to them at the wrist joint that had five buttons, one for each finger of the right hand. The subjects viewed visual stimuli back-projected onto a screen through a mirror built into the head coil, but were unable to see their hands during the fMRI experiment. The stimulus presentation was controlled by SuperLab (Cedrus, Phoenix, AZ) on a Power Macintosh computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA). To avoid confusion, the execution and imagery modes of performance were investigated in different fMRI runs (3 runs for each mode, 6 runs in total). Each fMRI run, corresponding to single continuous acquisition of fMRI time series, lasted for 8 min and 30 s. The order for performance modes was pseudo-randomized across subjects. A single fMRI run started with a dummy run for 10.4 s, followed by a task period (31.2 s) alternated with a baseline period for the visual fixation task (28.6 s) eight times in blocks (i.e., 8 task periods per run; Fig. 1 A). Each task period started with presentation of a cue stimulus (2 s), followed by 17 number stimuli presented at a rate of 0.67 Hz. The two stimulus types were semi-randomly assigned to the task periods (i.e., 4 task periods for each stimulus type) within a run. Therefore the whole fMRI session (48 task periods per subject in total) contained 12 task periods each for the varied stimulus-movement mode, fixed stimulus-movement mode, varied stimulus-imagery mode, and fixed stimulus-imagery mode. At the end of each task period, a question mark was presented visually for 2.6 s, during which subjects needed to press a button corresponding to the "ready-to-tap" finger for both performance modes. The responses from subjects were recorded through the response device. For the fMRI experiment, these responses were used to determine the accuracy of task performance for both of the movement and imagery modes.
T2* sensitive, three-dimensional functional images were acquired using principles of echo shifting with a train of observations sequence (PRESTO) (van Gelderen et al. 1995). Acquisition parameters were as follows: image acquisition = 2.6 s, data matrix = 64 × 51 × 32, voxel size = 3.75 mm3 (see van Gelderen et al. 1995for technical details of this scanning sequence). For a single fMRI run, 196 functional images were acquired. For the anatomical co-registration, we obtained high-resolution PRESTO images (data matrix = 192 × 153 × 96, voxel size = 1.25 mm3) as well as T1-weighted, three-dimensional, fast spoiled gradient-recalled at steady-state images (data matrix = 256 × 256 × 124, voxel size = 0.94 × 0.94 × 1.5 mm).
Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were monitored from the right hand and forearm muscles using fMRI compatible equipment (Ives et al. 1993). Pairs of Grass gold electrodes were placed on the right abductor pollicis brevis, flexor digiti minimi, extensor digitorum communis, and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. Interelectrode distance was approximately 3 cm. Surface EMGs were amplified, digitized (sampling rate, 250 Hz), and filtered with a band-pass of 30–70 Hz. EMGs were continuously monitored during fMRI acquisition by one of the authors (K.T. or M.A.D.) and stored on a hard drive for subsequent review.
Image analysis
Image analysis was performed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM99, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) implemented in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA). The first four functional images (corresponding to the dummy run) were discarded to allow for T1 equilibrium effects; the remaining images were realigned to the first remaining image. All images were spatially transformed to fit to an in-house PRESTO template, which is compatible with the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template (Evans et al. 1993), based on the stereotaxic coordinate system ofTalairach and Tournoux (1988). To make the in-house template image, high-resolution PRESTO images were transformed to fit to the standard template provided by SPM99, averaged across 10 subjects, and smoothed with a Gaussian filter of 4-mm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). During the spatial normalization process, functional images were resampled into voxels that were 2 × 2 × 2 mm in the x (right-left), y(rostral-caudal), and z (dorsal-ventral) directions. All functional images were then smoothed with a 7-mm3FWHM Gaussian kernel. Both individual and group analyses were performed by a multi-regression analysis (fixed effect model). Box-car functions representing the task epochs plus delta functions and their temporal derivatives modeling the response events, both convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response function, served as regressors of interests for a multiple regression analysis. A regressor representing the cue events was also included within the model. The time for the response events was calculated from the logged time for the button-press events during each response period. The mean difference between sessions was removed as a block effect, and the global difference between the scans was removed by scaling. Planned linear comparisons were performed to assess the main effect of performance modes (movement- or imagery-predominant activity), the main effect of stimulus types, and interaction terms, yielding statistical parametric maps of t-statistics. A conjunction analysis was employed to detect brain areas activated during the task equally for both performance modes (movement-and-imagery activity) (Price and Friston 1997). Significance level was set at a height threshold of P < 0.05 with correction for multiple comparisons. A more liberal threshold, P < 0.001 without correction, was used to pick up brain areas showing a nonnegligible trend toward activation. The estimated spatial resolution of the group analysis was 11.8 × 11.4 × 11.7 mm FWHM in the x, y, and z directions, respectively. To report activity, we converted the MNI coordinates into the Talairach coordinates using a linear transformation matrix and listed the Talairach coordinates. Activated areas were then localized as best as possible to the system ofBrodmann (1909). We also listed the most likely functional area for each activity, if possible, as a reference for the nomenclature used for the time-course analysis.
Brain activity associated with task performance was explored in a separate hypothesis-driven analysis. Task blocks were divided into successful blocks and failed blocks. All of the image data were then reanalyzed using regressors representing these task blocks as well as the response events. A simple subtraction contrast was used to find brain areas showing more activity in the successful performance versus the failed performance within each domain of performance. Search volume was limited within the areas where either movement- or imagery-related activity was present (inclusive mask, threshold P < 0.05, uncorrected). Significance level was set at a height threshold ofP < 0.05 with correction for multiple comparisons. A more liberal threshold, P < 0.001 without correction, was used to pick up brain areas showing a nonnegligible trend toward activation.
Finally, we carried out a time-course analysis on a subject-by-subject basis to investigate data from a different perspective, by examining a temporal profile of signal changes related to the tasks and response events. The time course analysis was performed by setting up a spherical volume of interest (VOI) with a 3-mm diam and the center at the local maximum activity based on a t-score. To define the local maximum activity in each individual, a contrast representing the effect of the execution task compared with the fixation task was used, except for the imagery-predominant areas where a contrast representing the effect of imagery task was used. The threshold was set atP < 0.001 without correction. Anatomical location of the activity peak was then determined by referencing the individual's PRESTO anatomical image. The location of the VOIs in three-dimensional sterotaxic space was estimated from the samples at 95% confidence level. We employed this approach (functionally determined regions of interest) because the conventional anatomically determined regions of interest that sometimes cover several gyri likely include several distinct functional areas. Note, however, that any sort of area-of-interest analysis, including the present one, depends on the knowledge of the functional neuroanatomy available at that time, and may be subject to future revision, especially in terms of anatomical nomenclature. We assigned functional areas to each activity as best as possible, based on our current knowledge on the human functional neuroanatomy. For example, M1 was defined as activity close to or on the "knob"-like structure on the precentral gyrus in the central sulcus (Yousry et al. 1997). The caudal part of dorsal lateral premotor area (PMdc) was defined as activity on the precentral gyrus, which was lateral and rostral to the M1 activity and most frequently on its lateral convexity. Activity in the superior precentral sulcus at the level of the superior frontal sulcus or most caudal part of the superior frontal sulcus was designated as the rostral part of dorsal lateral premotor area (PMdr) (Hanakawa et al. 2002). Activity in the medial frontal cortex was classified into the rostral and caudal parts of supplementary motor areas (SMAr and SMAc, respectively), by whether it was anterior or posterior to the vertical anterior commissure line of the stereotexic coordinates (Deiber et al. 1991).
Signal changes were calculated from all suprathreshold voxels within each VOI, and were consolidated for each subject by averaging the signals across the repetitions of the tasks. Mean signal changes were then converted into percent signal changes by dividing the signal value of each scan by the averaged signal value from four scans (10.4 s) for the baseline before each task onset. To describe one type of activity in the time-course analysis, we will use the term "transient activity" to describe brief brain activity that can be modeled by the canonical hemodynamic response function. For the transient activity, therefore, we examined the time-course data, looked back to the multi-regression analysis that included two event-type regressors (for the cue stimulus presentation and response), and examined if the activity was correlated with the canonical hemodynamic response function.
Behavioral data
Task solutions reported by button press movements evaluated the accuracy of task performance. For the data from 10 subjects, repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of the performance mode [F(1,9) = 6.85, P = 0.028], indicating that task performance was less accurate in the imagery mode than the movement mode (Fig. 2). The effect of stimulus type was close to the significance level [F(1,9) = 4.88, P = 0.054]. There was no significant task mode-by-stimulus type interaction [F(1,9) = 1.13,P = 0.32). Surface EMG monitoring clearly detected muscle activity during the movement mode, while it only detected muscle activity corresponding to the button press movements during the imagery mode (Fig. 1 B).
Statistical parametric maps: effects of performance mode and stimulus type
A fixed-effect model group analysis revealed brain areas more involved either in the movement or imagery mode as well as those commonly involved in both modes. Brain areas activated more strongly during the movement mode than the imagery mode (P < 0.05 corrected) included the M1, PMdc, SMAc, parietotemporal operculum, anterior parietal cortex (area 5), and anteromedial part of the cerebellum (Table 1; Fig.3 A). The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was very likely included in the cluster of activation in the left central area, although S1 did not reveal its own peak activity in the group analysis. The temporoparietal operculum most likely corresponded to the second somatosensory cortex (S2). Among these movement-predominant brain areas, cerebral cortical structures exclusively involved the left hemisphere contralateral to the movement while cerebellar structures predominantly involved the right hemisphere.
The brain areas equally activated during the movement and imagery modes (movement-and-imagery areas by conjunction analysis, P< 0.05 corrected) was comprised of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, PMdr, SMAr, inferior precentral sulcus probably corresponding to the ventral lateral premotor area (PMv) or the posterior part of Broca's area, intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and supramarginal gyrus of the parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and posterolateral part of the cerebellum (Table 2; Fig. 3 A). These structures were bilaterally symmetrical, but the activity was slightly lateralized to the left. Activity for the occipital visual areas was only slight, which suggested that activity associated with the low-level visual effects of the number stimuli was roughly controlled by the baseline visual fixation task.
Brain areas activated more during the imagery mode than the movement mode (P < 0.05 corrected) were localized to the bilateral posterior superior parietal cortex/precuneus and a small zone in the left precentral sulcus at the level of middle frontal gyrus (PcS/MFG) (Table 3; Fig. 3 A). Areas rostral to the PMdr and SMAr tended to show higher activity during the imagery mode rather than the execution mode (P < 0.001, uncorrected).
Brain areas related to the button-press response movement (P < 0.05 corrected) consisted of widely distributed structures including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, PMv, PMdr/c, SMAr/c, M1, S1, S2, IPS, precuneus, visual areas, and the cerebellar hemisphere (Table 4; Fig. 3 B). These structures encompassed virtually all areas observed during the movement mode and/or imagery mode of the task. The response-related activity was bilaterally symmetrical but there was predominant activity on the left for PMdc, M1, S1, and S2, and on the right for the prefrontal cortex.
When activity during the varied stimulus presentation was compared with activity during the fixed stimulus presentation, only small zones in the inferior precentral sulcus (x, y,z = −51, 9, 29; area 6; Z-value = 4.87; 6 voxels) and the precuneus (x, y,z = −22, −67, 51; area 7; Z-value = 4.84; 9 voxels) showed significant stimulus-type effects. However, when the analysis was limited to the imagery mode, the zone in the inferior precentral sulcus, probably corresponding to PMv or the posterior part of Broca's area, showed a robust cluster with significant stimulus-type effects (x, y, z = −55, 9, 29; area 6; Z-value = 6.01; 54 voxels). No areas showed significant interaction between the performance modes and stimulus types.
Statistical parametric maps: activity associated with task performance
Activity associated with the accuracy of performance in the movement mode (successful vs. failed movement performance) was situated in the left area 5 and right anteromedial cerebellum where movement-predominant activity was found (Table5; Fig.4 A). Activity associated with the imagery performance (successful vs. failed imagery performance) was located in the movement-and-imagery areas, extending into the imagery-predominant areas (Table 5; Fig. 4 B). These areas included the bilateral superior precentral sulcus, including PMdr and PcS/MFG, as well as left IPS. SMAr and right IPS showed a trend toward difference in activity between the successful versus failed imagery performance (P < 0.001, uncorrected).
Time course analysis
The location of the VOIs is summarized in Table6. In the frontal cortex, there appeared to be a transition from more "executive" areas posteriorly to more "imaginative" areas anteriorly (Fig.5). The posterior frontal parts, typically M1, showed marked activity during the movement mode but little activity during the imagery mode. When activity was carefully examined for each individual, only 1 of 10 subjects showed significant activity in M1 during the imagery mode of performance. The lack of significant activity in M1 at a group level during the imagery mode was further substantiated by the transient signal increase following the response movement present also for the imagery mode. This also suggested that the response-related activity might contribute to formation of the second peak in the temporal profile of M1 activity during the movement mode. Among the posterior frontal cortex, however, PMdc and SMAc exhibited mild yet clear sustained activity increase (approximately 0.2%) during the imagery mode. The rostral portions of the nonprimary motor areas, SMAr and bilateral PMdr, revealed more prominent imagery-related activity than did the caudal nonprimary motor areas, resulting in virtually the same temporal profile across the two modes. In PMdr, activity was more prominent in the left hemisphere compared with the right hemisphere. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and PcS/MFG also exhibited a temporal profile similar across the two performance modes; however, the imagery-related activity was exaggerated slightly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and markedly in PcS/MFG as compared with the movement-related activity, representing the most imaginative area in the frontal cortex.
In the parietal cortex, conversely, there was a more of a transition from executive areas in the anterior part to imaginative areas in the posterior part (Fig. 6). S1 and S2, like M1, clearly showed sustained movement-related activity and transient response-related activity but no sustained imagery-related activity. Area 5, where the activity reflected the performance of the movement mode, showed marked movement- and response-related activity plus substantial imagery-related activity (approximately 0.7%). The middle portion of the parietal association cortex (IPS and supramarginal gyrus) exhibited similar activity across the two modes, predominantly in the left hemisphere, resembling the pattern observed in the rostral part of the nonprimary motor areas. The posterior superior parietal cortex/precuneus was characterized by bilaterally symmetric imagery-predominant activity. For the movement mode, on the other hand, activity in the posterior superior parietal cortex/precuneus yielded a biphasic pattern of activity. This is because there was transient activity following the cue stimulus presentation or task initiation. This biphasic pattern of activity was observed, although less obviously, in PcS/MFG for the movement mode and left PMdc for the imagery mode.
In the right cerebellar hemisphere, there was sustained activity in the anteromedial part during the movement mode and only transient activity following the responses during the imagery mode, similar to the activity observed in M1 and S1. The posterolateral portion revealed almost equal activity for motor and imagery modes.
In the inferior precentral sulcus, activity revealed a similar time course between the movement and imagery modes (Fig. 8 A). When the effect of stimulus type was examined, activity was greater for the varied stimulus type than for the fixed stimulus type, especially during the imagery mode (Fig. 8 B). This activity showing stimulus-type effects typically occupied the inferior precentral sulcus, which possibly involved the caudal part of Broca's area. Moreover, this area corresponded to the area where the stimulus type effect was significant within the imagery mode of the performance as revealed by the statistical parametric mapping analysis (Fig. 8 C).
To summarize these observations, a ratio reflecting relative weight on the imagery mode versus movement mode was calculated for each area from the mean activity averaged over the 5th through 10th scans (mean imagery/movement activity; Fig. 9).
Task design and behavioral performance
The movement and imagery tasks were based on the same operational rules and stimuli, and obviously shared many processes. These included visual information processing, conversion of the visual information to motor engrams according to arbitrary stimulus-response linkage, working memory, and monitoring instructed versus ongoing imagery/movement. Any mistake in these processes would result in failure to reach the correct answer for either task. The behavioral data, nevertheless, showed that the task performance was more accurate for the movement mode than for the imagery mode. This suggested that different more than common components of the two modes affected the task performance. For the movement mode, the performance would rely primarily on motor control based on the somatosensory feedback in reference to the instructed movement. For the imagery mode, on the other hand, the task performance probably reflects success or failure in maintaining or upgrading mental finger representations in reference to the instructions.
For the difference in stimulus type, subjects tended to perform the tasks better for the fixed stimulus type than for the varied stimulus type that required higher stimulus dependency. This might be especially true in the imagery mode for which subjects probably need more mental resources than for the movement mode, although this idea was not completely supported by the behavioral data (i.e., mode-by-stimulus interaction was not significant).
The results showed widespread response-related activity, reflecting many cognitive-motor processes involved in the button-press responses. This observation raises a concern about the ubiquitous assumption in neuroimaging experiments. This assumption is that subtraction of activity during a control sensorimotor task from activity during a cognitive task plus responses would reflect activity due to the cognitive task. However, such a subtraction may lead to false activation that merely reflects a difference between the complicated responses and simple movements because the response-related activity was widely present in the "nonmotor" areas including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Functional neuroanatomy underlying motor execution and imagery
Statistical parametric mapping analysis showed the involvement of M1, PMdc, SMAc, area 5, parietotemporal operculum, anteromedial part of the cerebellar hemisphere, and cerebellar vermis more for movement than for motor imagery. Cerebral cortical activity was basically contralateral to the movement side, while the cerebellar activity was predominantly ipsilateral to it. This pattern is consistent with the previous neuroimaging observations that these structures primarily relate to movement execution (Deiber et al. 1998;Gerardin et al. 2000; Stephan et al. 1995). No previous study has thus far explicitly tested the conjoint effect of activity during movement and imagery tasks. The conjunction analysis revealed that both modes of the present task, movement and imagery, widely activated the frontoparieta areas and parts of cerebellum. This finding appears to agree with a notion that there is a substantial overlap between the motor simulation and execution in terms of underlying neural correlates. However,Gerardin et al. (2000), who employed relatively simple movement and imagery tasks, found imagery-predominant activity for many of the frontoparietal regions categorized into the execution-and-imagery areas in the present study. This discrepancy is probably because of the difference in the task design between the two studies. In the present experiment, many sensory-cognitive components were required to monitor behavioral status with regard to the sensory instructions for both performance modes. Note, therefore, that the motor-and-imagery activity reflected not only the commonality between movement and motor imagery but also the sensory-cognitive components common to the two performance modes, which is an obvious limitation of the present study to explore the commonality between movement and imagery. Recently, to overcome this limitation, we examined brain activity during a task with an instructed delay between the number stimuli and motor execution/imagery, which has appeared in a preliminary form (Hanakawa et al. 2001) and will be discussed elsewhere.
Based on the behavioral evaluation, we explored brain areas associated with successful versus failed performance. The results revealed performance-related brain structures specific to each task mode. Area 5 shown for the movement mode is consistent with an idea that performance in this mode primarily reflects somatosensory-motor organization. The premotor-posterior parietal structures shown for the imagery mode suggest that these areas are important for operating mental finger representations according to external information.
Statistical parametric mapping is a very powerful tool in neuroimaging. This method does not necessarily require a specific hypothesis about regions but does require a hypothesis to design a general linear model analysis (i.e., a hypothesis about activity changes over time in fMRI time-series). The VOI-based time-course analysis complemented the statistical parametric mapping analysis and characterized well the slightly different behavior of the areas categorized into a single entity (i.e., movement-predominant areas) in the statistical parametric mapping analysis. The results further suggested a functional gradation, rather than the complete segregation, of the activity associated with movement and imagery (see Fig. 9). This evidence supports the idea proposed by Brooks (1986)that there is a transition from idea to action mediated by frontal-limbic circuits and medial motor areas, occurring as a gradient. A result from a previous study already indicated a functional gradation from motor imagery to action in the medial frontal motor areas (i.e., SMAr and SMAc) (Tyszka et al. 1994), although the functional gradation concept has not been as much discussed compared with the concept parceling functional areas. The present work has provided evidence to support the functional gradation concept for wider brain areas related to movement and motor imagery.
Frontal cortex
In the time-course analysis, the VOI only covering activity on the hand "knob" structure in the precentral gyrus was defined as M1. M1 showed sustained activity during the movement mode but not during the imagery mode, and revealed transient activity corresponding to the button-press responses for both performance modes. The dissociation between the imagery-related activity and response-related activity, best characterized in the time-course analysis, primarily indicated that M1 activity was exclusively related to immediate movement. Although there is evidence that M1 computes sensory information (Georgopoulos 2000), this computation is most likely to prepare for upcoming movements. Some fMRI studies have detected a mild increase in activity in the posterior part of the precentral gyrus during motor imagery (Lotze et al. 1999; Porro et al. 1996; Roth et al. 1996). Because these studies lack EMG monitoring during actual MR scanning, the effect of mild muscle contractions cannot be entirely excluded. Alternatively, the discrepancy may be due to the difference in the experiment design; for example, a control task such as visual imagery possibly induces a slight deactivation in the task-irrelevant brain areas. More importantly in our opinion, when a region of interest encompasses the convexity part of the precentral gyrus, it likely reflects activity of parts of Brodmann area 6 in addition to that of M1 (Preuss et al. 1996; Rizzolatti et al. 1998). Actually, PMdc defined here as the convexity part of the precentral gyrus revealed a sustained increase in activity during motor imagery. In any event, a human lesion study suggests that M1 does not play a fundamental role in motor imagery (Sirigu et al. 1995), although individual subjects may show M1 activity during motor imagery depending on their strategy.
SMAc exhibited activity similar to that of PMdc: mild activity during motor imagery and much greater activity during movement, both followed by transient activity for the response events. PMdc and SMAc are both considered the caudal parts of the "nonprimary motor" or "premotor" areas (Geyer et al. 2000; Picard and Strick 2001; Preuss et al. 1996;Rizzolatti and Luppino 2001; Rizzolatti et al. 1998). Anatomical studies in nonhuman primates have shown that the PMdc, SMAc, and parts of the anterior cingulate cortex directly project to M1 and the spinal cord, and it is thus likely that these caudal premotor areas directly relate to the generation of overt movement (He et al. 1993, 1995). The mild activity increase in PMdc and SMAc during the imagery mode suggests a role of these areas in motor imagery as well, and further implies a functional difference among the areas categorized into a single entity as the movement-predominant areas.
In contrast to the caudal parts, the rostral parts of the nonprimary motor areas were similarly active in both performance modes. The increased activity of SMAr has been reported for motor imagery tasks (Deiber et al. 1998; Gerardin et al. 2000; Ruby and Decety 2001; Tyszka et al. 1994) as well as higher-level motor control (Deiber et al. 1991; Picard and Strick 1996). PMdr shown in the present study corresponds to the area that is particularly active for movement requiring spatially complex structure (Catalan et al. 1998; Hanakawa et al. 2002; Sadato et al. 1996) and for movement requiring more complex stimulus-response linkage (Grafton et al. 1998). PMdr, as defined in the present study, is probably consistent with the "prePMd" recently proposed by Picard and Strick (2001). PMdr and SMAr do not directly project either to M1 or the spinal cord; instead, they are closely connected to the prefrontal cortex (He et al. 1993, 1995; Luppino et al. 1993). The prefrontal cortex, SMAr, and PMdr actually revealed very similar temporal profiles in activity changes for both modes, suggesting the similar functional role of the rostral premotor parts with the prefrontal cortex rather than the motor executive, caudal premotor areas and M1. Activity of SMAr and PMdr during cognitive tasks supports this idea (Fiez et al. 1996; Hanakawa et al. 2002). It is likely that the prefrontal cortex plays a role in holding sensory information on-line so that the ongoing behavior is consistent over time (Fuster 2001).
A part of the inferior precentral sulcus, probably corresponding to PMv, also showed similar activity across both performance modes. This zone may correspond to the rostral part of the PMv, or area F5 in nonhuman primates, which has a motor representation of the hand (Rizzolatti et al. 1998). In the present experiment, this activity extended rostrally into Broca's area pars opercularis (area 44), the possible homologue of a subdivision of area F5 (Rizzolatti and Arbib 1998). This particular subdivision of F5 contains the so-called "mirror" neurons that discharge when monkeys perform an action and also when they observe another individual making the same action (di Pellegrino et al. 1992). The property of these neurons is suggested as a basis of the matching system between observations and actions, which probably plays a role in the present tasks that require constant monitoring of instructed versus ongoing imagery/movement. Note that the effect of stimulus variability on motor imagery, which had not been explored previously, was only reflected in this area. Our hypothesis was that the varied stimulus type would demand more sensory dependent-type of motor imagery than the fixed stimulus type, which would in turn impose higher demands on the matching system between the instructed versus ongoing imagery. An alternative explanation is that the varied stimuli require more subvocalization of the number stimulus.
Activity associated with the task performance for the imagery mode was localized in the precentral sulcus in the frontal cortex, indicating the significance of this region in motor imagery. There are several possible interpretations for imagery-predominant activity. The PcS/MFG zone that also showed imagery-predominant activity may correspond to one of the "negative motor areas" where electrical stimulation causes cessation of movement (Luders et al. 1995) because activity for inhibiting movement would be needed during motor imagery. However, the negative motor area in the lateral frontal area is situated in the inferior frontal gyrus, which is ventral to the PcS/MFG zone. Alternatively, the PcS/MFG activity may correspond to the frontal eye fields (Desmurget et al. 2000), located probably ventrolateral to PMdr in the precentral sulcus at the middle frontal gyrus level in humans (Hanakawa et al. 2002). It is less likely, however, that this activity is due to actual eye movement because subjects needed to keep fixating on the center of view. This region is often activated during tasks involving spatial attention but not necessarily involving eye movements (Corbetta 1998; Hanakawa et al. 2002; Hopfinger et al. 2000; Mellet et al. 1996). Removal of this area induces reluctance to use the contralateral hand and hemi-inattention (Rizzolatti et al. 1983). Together, the PcS/MFG activity may relate to attention to the contralateral hand possibly represented in the self-centered or hand-centered coordinate system.
Parietal cortex
Activity in the anterior parts of the parietal cortex, such as S1 and area 5, most likely reflects somatosensory-motor association and sensory feedback from muscles and joints inherent to overt movement (Mima et al. 1999), both of which are components of the movement mode, but obviously not of the imagery mode. Among these parietal movement-predominant areas, however, only area 5 showed moderate imagery-related activity. Moreover, activity of the area 5 was significantly associated with the task performance of the movement mode, supporting the important role of somatosensory-motor integration in the movement mode of the task. The area 5 likely corresponds to the parietal area PE, which is regarded as a higher-order somatosensory area mostly devoted to analyzing proprioceptive information. Area PE primarily connects with M1 and provides information about location of body parts necessary for movement control (Rizzolatti et al. 1998).
The middle part of the parietal cortex, the supramarginal gyrus and IPS, showed sustained activity during both modes. The part of ventral premotor area F5 where "mirror" neurons exist constitutes a circuit with the parietal area PF (Rizzolatti et al. 1998), and PF is thought to correspond to the supramarginal gyrus in humans (Grezes and Decety 2001). IPS is composed of multiple subdivisions in nonhuman primates, and each subdivision constitutes a circuit with the subdivisions of the frontal premotor areas (Rizzolatti and Luppino 2001; Rizzolatti et al. 1998). The movement-and-imagery activity in the middle portion of the parietal cortex was considerably lateralized to the left hemisphere. This activity, together with the activity in the precentral sulcus, was significantly correlated with the task performance. Left parietal lesions involving the supramarginal and angular gyri relates to the development of impaired motor attention (Rushworth et al. 1997) and Gerstmann's syndrome, characterized by acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and right-left disorientation (Benton 1992). Moreover, detailed neuropsychological examination supports the role of the parietal cortex in generating mental movement representations (Sirigu et al. 1996).
The posterior part of the parietal cortex, including the precuneus, has been reported to be active during tasks involving motor imagery, implicitly (Bonda et al. 1995; Hanakawa et al. 1999; Parsons et al. 1995) or explicitly (Ruby and Decety 2001). The imagery-predominant activity agreed with a recent study showing the overactivity of the posterior parietal cortex during motor imagery of finger movement than during execution (Gerardin et al. 2000). It is reported that the precuneus, together with the frontal precentral sulcus zone, subserves spatial information processing and attention (Corbetta 1998; Hopfinger et al. 2000; Mellet et al. 1996). This parietal subdivision might correspond to the parietal area V6a in nonhuman primates (Rosa and Tweedale 2001). As opposed to object-motion detected by area V5, area V6a may function to detect self-motion. Area V6a also has a putative role in directing skeletomotor activity to extrapersonal space.
Subcortical areas
The sensory information processing for feedback motor control partly explains movement-predominant activity in the anteromedial cerebellar hemisphere and vermis (Gao et al. 1996). However, part of this activity probably reflects a feedforward-type of motor control or internal models of the motor apparatus (Kawato and Gomi 1992), because movement-related cerebellar activity can be observed in patients with severe sensory impairment (Weeks et al. 1999). These cerebellar "motor" regions receive inputs from spinocerebellar pathways, and from M1 and S1 via the pons, and then project back to M1. The cerebellar movement-and-imagery activity was located posterolaterally to the movement-predominant cerebellar activity. This dissociation of the motor-related and "nonmotor"-related cerebellar activity is consistent with a previous neuroimaging observation (Allen et al. 1997). There is supportive anatomical evidence from nonhuman primates that different parts of the cerebellum form multiple closed-loop circuits with distinct areas of the cerebral cortex (Middleton and Strick 2000). The basal ganglia contralateral to the performance side were also detected as movement-and-imagery activity.
In conclusion, the results from this study have provided evidence to support the concept of functional gradation from more imaginative properties to more motor executive properties in many cortical and subcortical areas. The most executive areas coincided with the motor areas that directly send output to M1 or the spinal cord or the areas associated with sensory feedback processing and somatosensorimotor association. However, some of the movement-predominant areas also showed imagery-related activity, supporting a functional gradation from imagery to movement. Many areas in the frontoparietal cortex and posterolateral cerebellum showed similar activity between the movement and imagery modes that share multiple components of the tasks. The areas most active with imagery (PcS/MFG, precuneus) may reflect a requirement of motor inhibition or attention to hand-centered space. The left frontoparietal areas correlated with the imagery task performance can be considered the primary basis of sensory-guided motor imagery studied in the present study. Finally, the effect of stimulus variability on motor imagery was observed in the inferior precentral sulcus, suggesting importance of the matching system between the ongoing and the instructed behavior.
We thank D. G. Schoenberg for skillful editing.
T. Hanakawa was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Competitive Fellowship. I. Immisch was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grant Im 33/1-1).
Address for reprint requests: M. Hallett, Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bldg.10, Room 5N226, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428 (E-mail: hallettm{at}ninds.nih.gov).
- Copyright © 2003 The American Physiological Society


text:
Racism hurts people physically and mentally by saying that people are not equal to each other. People think that if you tell somebody that you're not like them because of their color it doesn't mean that they're different from you. That is right because if you tell somebody that your different from them they won't … Read more
Racism hurts people physically and mentally. Physically is through war and fights between gangs and different cultures. Thats way racism is what causes war and wipes out peace! Life is too short to judge people by their color, and their appearance, we are all equal. Even though we may come from different places and speech … Read more
Because it is a hindrance to ever having peace. I look at racism as a lazy approach someone takes to understanding the world around them. They do not learn what causes problems in the world, because it is "that groups" fault. They do not try to understand any other cultures, because they are "not equal" … Read more
Racism hurts people in a number of ways, and both in physical and psychological ways. By judging someone because of their race, color, ethnic background and culture, people make assumptions on their personalities and characteristics based on stereotypes, usually negative ones, portrayed through the media and elsewhere through cultures. The belief is that the inherent … Read more


text:
Earlier this month, U.K.'s Kerrang! magazine conducted an interview with Vic Fuentes and Jamie Preciado of the California-based progressive post-hardcore band PIERCE THE VEIL. You can now watch the chat below.PIERCE THE VEIL is currently supporting BRING ME THE HORIZON on a European tour. Fuentes said about the trek: "Our last trip of shows over there made for some of some of the craziest and most entertaining nights we have ever had on stage as a band, and we've been counting down the days 'till this next tour. It is also a real honor to share the stage with BRING ME THE HORIZON in their home country, as well as play for our amazing fans across Europe and even a few other cities we've never ventured before. "We'll be hitting the stage with a full production as well as new songs that the U.K. and Europe have never heard us play live before." PIERCE THE VEIL's third album, "Collide With The Sky", sold 27,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No. 12 on The Billboard 200 chart. Recorded with producers Dan Korneff and Kato Khandwala (MAYDAY PARADE, PARAMORE, A DAY TO REMEMBER), the CD embraces the San Diego quartet's unique blend of incendiary guitar lines and soaring melodies. The album was tipped by Alternative Press in their rundown of the "Most Anticipated Music Of 2012."
PIERCE THE VEIL Speaks To U.K.'s KERRANG! Magazine (Video)
To comment on a BLABBERMOUTH.NET story or review, you must be logged in to an active personal account on Facebook. Once you're logged in, you will be able to comment. User comments or postings do not reflect the viewpoint of BLABBERMOUTH.NET and BLABBERMOUTH.NET does not endorse, or guarantee the accuracy of, any user comment. To report spam or any abusive, obscene, defamatory, racist, homophobic or threatening comments, or anything that may violate any applicable laws, use the "Report to Facebook" and "Mark as spam" links that appear next to the comments themselves. To do so, click the downward arrow on the top-right corner of the Facebook comment (the arrow is invisible until you roll over it) and select the appropriate action. You can also send an e-mail to blabbermouthinbox(@)gmail.com with pertinent details. BLABBERMOUTH.NET reserves the right to "hide" comments that may be considered offensive, illegal or inappropriate and to "ban" users that violate the site's Terms Of Service. Hidden comments will still appear to the user and to the user's Facebook friends. If a new comment is published from a "banned" user or contains a blacklisted word, this comment will automatically have limited visibility (the "banned" user's comments will only be visible to the user and the user's Facebook friends).