text:
Originally, I had two theories:
1. The show would end with Jack's eye opening again, followed by the original sequence from the pilot.
2. The show would end with all the ALT-Losties realizing the time on the island HAD happened, but Jack would have to die in the ALT as he had to choose between ALT and the island. And he'd chose the island. But all the characters would assemble somewhere (maybe the hospital) to pay their respects for him saving the world. And he'd be alone on the island forever. During the finale, I must have said "I called it" like 20x. Especially with the wounds on his neck. Yet I still missed it.
But, anyway, I do think the finale went down the religious/spiritual plane (pun not intended) instead of the science-fiction plane.
In fact, it was very similar to the end of The Titanic, when Kate Winslet ascended the stairs to find Jack (ironic name?)waiting for her -and all the other people who died. But not all of them died on the ship. Kathy Bates survived the disaster, but was there, looking just like she did during the movie.
So, like what Christian said to Jack about "some dying before, some dying after", they could have appeared to each other in a common "conciousness" manner as they prepared to move on. It seems pretty likely that was the case now.
I admit I bawled each and every time the characters realized their common backgrounds. Especially Sawyer and Juliet (although it was the corniest). I think the look on Sun and Jin's faces was one of the most inspriring and emotional moments of the entire series. A stark contrast to the other book-end from 2.5 weeks earlier-- of their hands under the water slipping away from each other.
So, when it is all done, this is INDEED a show about CHARACTERS. And we cared about them. Even the ones we hated. I'm a guy who doesn't get sentimental. I didn't even cry during The Notebook. But I bawled about 5x during those final 2.5 hours. And each time it was about the characters remembering each other and their incredible experiences while they were alive.
And how about the amazing scene when Jack and MIB charged each other. Did you notice that Jack had the high-ground??
Everyone I know has said they would rank the finale no higher than a 7. I agreed with that when I turned off the TV on Sunday night.
But now I give it a 9. And I can't get the Lost background "inspirational" theme music out of my head!!
I'll miss the show -and this site.
The End---a 9 by luxiegenie
Originally, I had two theories:


text:
Florida Trauma Care
Florida's trauma centers faced a funding crisis that would potentially jeopardize their existence and the health of nearly 30,000 Floridians who survive life-threatening injuries each year because of treatment at these facilities.
Moore Communications Group conducted research, built the brand, and implemented a comprehensive public affairs campaign including media relations and grassroots advocacy on behalf of the Alliance to Save Florida's Trauma Care.
Aggressive Media Relations across the state:
- 616 stories
- 26 positive editorials in major daily newspapers
- 88 million impressions
Coalition building efforts for the five month campaign:
- 25 grassroots health care advocacy organizations joined the Alliance
- 200,000 visitors to the Alliance website
- 20,000 letters to legislators

subset: commoncrawl


text: A parked Internet domain is one which is taken, however it's not linked to another service - web or email hosting. To put it differently, this type of domain address will not load any actual content when you type it in a web browser, but nobody can take it as you've already registered it and you are its owner. The benefit of obtaining a domain name and parking it afterwards is that you will be able to keep it and not worry that someone else could possibly register it meanwhile if, for instance, the website for it is not ready yet. You could set a temporary Under Construction page for a parked domain name while you're working on the web site, or direct it to another web address - temporarily or permanently. The second option can be used when you have already registered domain.com, for example, and you obtain domain.net and domain.org, so as to protect a brand name or a trademark. In such a case, the .net and .org domain names can be parked and forwarded to the .com because you do not need different websites for them.


text:
Teacher of Mathematics, Hull
Job details
|Malet Lambert
|Contract type
|Full Time
|Contract term
|Permanent Suitable for NQTs
|Closing date
|Applications are closed
|Job starts
|September 2018
Are you passionate about learning? Do you aim to develop independent enquiry in children and young people and encourage a lifelong love for learning? The Education Alliance comprises South Hunsley School and Sixth Form College, Malet Lambert School, Driffield School and Sixth Form and Hunsley Primary. Committed to delivering high quality teaching and learning the Alliance wishes to continue to build on its success, sharing best practice, innovation and skills across the partnership.
Malet Lambert is seeking to appoint a Classroom Teacher of Mathematics to commence September 2018.
It is an exciting time to join the Education Alliance and we invest heavily in professional development to enable our staff to flourish, continually learn and develop and access in-house career opportunities. We have high aspirations for students and staff and we want everyone to be successful.
Applications are to be received no later than 9.00 am on 20 November 2017. We anticipate interviews will be held early in December.
If you are keen to work for an inspirational, ambitious and dynamic education provider that constantly seeks to improve and strives for distinction please click on the link https://www.networxrecruitment.com/Jobs/Advert/1075943 for further information about the role and to complete an on-line application form.
The Education Alliance is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people. Clearance from the Disclosure and Barring Service is required prior to appointment.
About the employer
Malet Lambert is a mixed, non-denominational secondary school for 11- to 16-year-olds, located in Kingston-upon-Hull in East Yorkshire. The school became an academy in 2015 and has about 1,500 students. It is part of a multi-academy trust partnership...
|Org type
|Mainstream School
|Funding status
|State - Academy
|Age range
|11 - 16 years


text:
So I've shown you their Golden Globe Awards outfits but feast your eyes upon these SAG Awards outfits! I am a mega fan of award ceremonies; the outfits are the only reason I am a fan to be honest, in addition the concentrated glamour of the events! But the SAG Awards wasn't all glitz and glamour this year (ahem, Jen Lawrence's outfit disaster certainly wasn't!) but that's half the fun right? I've picked out a handful of my favourite outfits from the attendees!
Anne Hathaway embraces her darker side for the SAG Awards with an all-black colour scheme going on! I love how Anne pulls off this look! Let's face it, not many of us can pull off such a powerful shade as black without looking washed out..( yet alone go head-to-toe in it!). Gorgeous Jimmy Choo shoes add to the statement that screams from Giambattisa Valli's S/S gown.
Jennifer Garner wears a strapless Oscar de la Renta gown (pre-autumn/winter 2012-13), sparkling with many sequins, Garner looks truly elegant!
Amanda Seyfried looks like a gorgeous tidal wave in this Zac Posen number! I adore Amanda's outfit, she has the whole look mastered! Her hair sports the aquatic flow, with her contrasting blonde ripples of curls flowing down her blue marine dress and accessorizing elegantly with a statement Schwartz pendant.
Nicole Kidman wears one of my all-time favourite designers, Miss Vivienne Westwood! This enchanting number, encrusted with floral pattern and a little sparkle here and there, brings high fashion at its best!
Kiernan Shipka looks like a Princess in this Oscar de la Renta dress! The innocent baby pink and the royal silver shoes would give Cinderella some competition at the ball! I love the way that Kiernan lets the outfit do the talking with minimalistic accessorizing and the touch of some petite earrings!
Jenifer Lawrence has snapped this dress right off the catwalk! The dress first made its appearance in Christian Dior's catwalk show just last week! The dress is to die for, accessorised (glamorously!) with a diamond necklace!
and the moment they've all been talking about...
Despite Lawrence's major wardrobe malfunction, she kept her cool as her dress literally fell to pieces! Nevertheless the dress is still amazing (as is Jen!).
Who doesn't love Marion Cotillard's Dior dress?! Dynamic folds are just the beginnings of what makes this gown so marvelous! The colour blocking of the calming white and statement, bold blue makes Marion's outfit daring – but she totally pulls it off!
Lea Michelle goes super girly in this head-to-toe pink, Valentino dress! Accessorizing with some dangly earrings (did I mention they're also pink?), Lea graces the awards with style! Not my favourite outfit from the SAG Awards but no denying it's gorgeous all the while!
So, what do you think? I personally loved the outfits from this years SAG Awards! Now just the count down to what the Oscars brings, right? (Less than a month to go by the way!).


text:
Alcatel-Lucent forecasts 'death of base station'
Vendor claims costs can be halved in announcement a week ahead of Mobile World Congress
Wim Sweldens: trials of Light Radio in Europe, Asia and the
Americas later this year
The mobile telecoms industry should be able to reduce its operating expenses by up to 60% and its energy consumption by 50% by rethinking the way networks are designed.
A project by three leading vendors, announced today, suggests that operators should change the traditional architecture of mobile networks and break them up into individual components, with a cloud-like approach to processing.
"Building and operating a mobile network is expensive," said Wim Sweldens, president of the wireless division of Alcatel-Lucent, one of the three companies working on the project. "What we're doing is making the network less expensive."
The other two companies working on the project — called Light Radio, to signify its ease of deployment rather than any optical element — are HP and Freescale, a semiconductor maker.
The project relies on research by Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs, said Sweldens, and is loosely related to GreenTouch, a multi-vendor project started in 2010 by Bell Labs to reduce the cost and energy consumption of telecommunications.
"GreenTouch is an industry-wide project aiming at a dramatic power reduction in telecoms, especially mobile telecoms," he said. "This Light Radio project is a very specific Alcatel-Lucent product announcement in the radio space."
The vendor is even hinting that its rethink of mobile architecture could diminish the dominant role the base station has had for the past 15 years. Antennas will be shrunk into small, multi-standard units that can be installed wherever there is broadband and power, with the control moved into cloud-based systems. "It is the death of the base station," said Sweldens.
The company chose to announce the project a full week before the start of Mobile World Congress, in a deliberate attempt to win the race for publicity ahead of Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia Siemens Networks and ZTE, all of which have scheduled announcements for the first two days of the Barcelona event.
Power is a key ingredient of the Light Radio project. "We are announcing a system on a chip which will work for 2G, 3G and 4G capacity in a fully software-designed way," said Sweldens.
There is also a Light Radio cube, an antenna plus radio, amplifier and other components in cube with six-centimetre sides.
Sweldens confirmed that the technologies are only just out of the laboratory. "We are in close discussion with key customers and want to launch trials of the active antenna arrays later this year. I'd rather not name them at this point." The company expects trials in Europe, Asia and the Americas later this year, he said.
The project is designed to address three key problems that the mobile industry has encountered, he explained: more energy consumption, the digital divide caused by the rise of mobile data and the need for bigger and higher towers to deliver services.
Alcatel-Lucent says that networks will be redesigned as a system of federated broadband hotspots that can be set up anywhere and can be powered by electricity, wind or sun. This will be cheaper, said Sweldens, claiming the company would reach a "50% threshold" in price reduction by 2013.
Existing network architectures would have to evolve to adopt the lessons of the Light Radio work, he added, with much of the capability of the system eventually moving to the cloud.
"There will be opportunities for operators in the next renovation cycle to catch up with these technologies. We're expecting a factor of two capability improvement." That means operators would be able "to spend less to do the same" or — more likely, in the light of continuing demand for data — "to spend the same to do more". But the likelihood is that the industry will continue to grow, but will look at the potential of Light Radio to help fuel growth.
Alcatel-Lucent appears to plan an aggressive programme for this project. It plans to establish "a road map in September 2011", said Sweldens, followed by an update every six months. "We want to create the value round these technologies."
Meanwhile, also ahead of the opening of Mobile World Congress, GreenTouch gave an account of its first eight months' work. Star of the demonstration was a proof of concept of a large-scale antenna system, which it claimed can perform as well as a conventional antenna but using 1% of the energy.
Gee Rittenhouse, vice president of research and Bell Labs — and one of the Global Telecoms Business Power100 in 2010 — said the project deliberately had ambitious goals. The initial work and projects "show that GreenTouch is on track to meet its objectives", said Rittenhouse.
When Alcatel-Lucent CEO Ben Verwaayen announced GreenTouch in January 2010 he said that the goal was to reduce the energy used by communications by 1,000 times.
"We think it's doable," he said at the time. "It's a game-changer for everybody. In five years' time we'll have products that are affordable."
GreenTouch is working on or considering more than two dozen research projects. Operator members include AT&T, China Mobile, Chunghwa Telecom, France Telecom Orange, KT and Swisscom, plus Huawei and Samsung among vendors. GTB


text:
5516 GREAT EGRET DR, Leesburg, Florida
$189,9003 Beds2 BathsContract Pending
$189,9003 Beds2 BathsContract Pending
5516 GREAT EGRET DR, Leesburg, Florida 34748 - Welcome to this impeccable home, located in the Whitemarsh Subdivision. Situated on a park like setting, oversized lot. Beautifully landscaped with cubing and accent lighting. The lawn truly looks and feels like plush carpet! This like new, move-in ready 3 bedrooms, 2 bath home showcases stunning wood laminate flooring through out the main living area as well as in the master bedroom and walk-in closet. Master bath features a custom tiled walk-in shower with frameless glass doors. The spacious kitchen with breakfast bar overlooks the dining area and family room. The covered, screened in Lanai highlights a custom tiled floor that leads out to a private patio area. This home features many upgrades including custom lighting and ceiling fans, custom window treatments and tinting as well as drop down attic stairs with custom shelving in the attic for additional storage. This home is a must see and won't last long!
View Virtual Tour
Listing Courtesy of Coldwell Banker Camelot Realty


text:
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text:
According to Sky News, First Lady Melania Trump has won $3 million and an apology from publisher Associated Newspapers after the Daily Mail claimed in August (using a sensational double-page spread) that the former-supermodel had worked for an escort service prior to her modeling career taking off.
The newspaper falsely claimed that the modeling agency the First Lady worked for in Italy was "something of a gentleman's club" and that her agency in New York "operated as an escort service for wealthy clients."
Like the mainstream media's ongoing campaign to pretend there was some sort of collusion between the Trump campaign and the Russians, the Daily Mail admitted it had no evidence to back up its smear.
The lawyer for Associated Newspapers told the judge:
"The defendant acknowledges that these claims about the claimant [Melania Trump] are untrue, and we retract and withdraw them.
"The defendant is here today publicly to set the record straight, and to apologise to the claimant for any distress and embarrassment that the articles may have caused her."
In a statement, the Daily Mail said,
"We accept that these allegations about Mrs. Trump are not true and we retract and withdraw them. We apologize to Mrs. Trump for any distress that our publication caused her."
The Guardian reports that Mrs. Trump's original suit sought damages of $150 million and that she has accepted the newspaper's apology.
Read More
source: http://www.dailywire.com/news/15341/media-fail-first-lady-melania-trump-wins-3m-libel-john-nolte


text:
Asst. Account officer Job BS-16 has been announced by PPSC in Food Department. Get selected through PPSC Exam on August 13, 2015 and make a progressive Career in Food Department. The person who has relevant field background or education is invited to apply for the job only.
Asst. Account Officer Job Details:
Qualification of Asst. Account officer Job : Com from a recognized University OR Registered Accountant OR SAS qualified OR holder of GDA OR GDCA.
Age: Male Candidates: 21 to 30 + 5 Years General Age Relaxation in Upper Age Limit.
Female Candidates: 21 to 30 + 8 Years General Age Relaxation in Upper Age Limit
Domicile: Punjab
Pay: BS-16
Gender: Male, Female, Shemale
Place of Posting: Divisional Headquarter
Test Date and Timing: August 13, 2015 , 3:00 P.M To 5:00 P.M
Syllabus for Written Test: One paper MCQs Type Written Test of total 100 marks, two hours duration with the syllabus "Accounts and Commerce"
Dogar Brothers exclusively provide book for PPSC Exam's preparation.
Keep connected with dogar.com.pk Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Google Plus to get latest updates.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 22, 2005
|Filing date
|Sep 4, 2001
|Priority date
|Sep 9, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Henry Esmond Butterworth
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (41), Classifications (19), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to information storage systems and, more particularly, to a method and system of sorting data for storage in segments in log structured storage systems.
Log structured storage systems have been developed as a form of disk storage management to improve disk access time. Log structured file systems use the assumption that files are cached in a main memory and that increasing memory sizes will make the caches more effective at responding to read requests. As a result, disk use is dominated by writes. A log structured file system writes all new information to disk in a sequential structure call a log. New information is stored at the end of the log rather than updated in place, to reduce disk seek activity. As information is updated, portions of data records at intermediate locations of the log become outdated. This approach increases write performance by eliminating almost all seeks. The sequential nature of the log also permits faster crash recovery.
Some file systems incorporate the use of logging as an auxiliary structure to speed up writes and crash recovery by using the log only for temporary storage; the permanent home for information is in a traditional random access storage structure on disk.
In a log structured file system, data is stored permanently in the log and there is no other structure on disk. The log contains indexing information so that files can be read back with efficiency. Initially all the free space is in a single extent on disk but by the time the log reaches the end of the disk the free space will have been fragmented into many small extents corresponding to the files that were deleted or overwritten. For a log structured file system to operate efficiently, it must ensure that there are always large extents of free space available for writing new data. In order to maintain large free areas on disk for fast writing, the log is divided into "segments" and a process called free space collection is used to compress the live information from fragmented segments.
Log structured file systems are described in "The Design and Implementation of a Log Structured File System" by M. Rosenblum and J. K. Ousterhout, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10 No. 1, February 1992, pages 26-52.
Log structured disks (LSD) and log structured arrays (LSA) are disk architectures which use the same approach as the log structured file systems (LFS). The present invention applies equally to all forms of log structured storage systems including LSD, LSA and LSF systems.
A log structured array (LSA) has been developed based on the log structured file system approach but is executed in an outboard disk controller. Log structured arrays combine the log structured file system architecture and a disk array architecture such as the well-known RAID (redundant arrays of inexpensive disks) architecture with a parity technique to improve reliability and availability. RAID architecture is described in "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)", Report No. UCBICSD 87/391, December 1987, Computer Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. "A Performance Comparison of RAID 5 and Log Structured Arrays", Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, 1995, pages 167-178 gives a comparison between LSA and RAID 5 architectures.
An LSA consists of a disk controller and N+1 physical disks. In an LSA, data is stored on disks in compressed form. After a piece of data is updated, it may not compress as well as it did before it was updated, so it may not fit back into the space that had been allocated for it before the update. The implication is that there can no longer be fixed, static locations for all the data. An LSA controller manages information storage to write updated data into new disk locations rather than writing new data in place. Therefore, the LSA must keep a directory which it uses to locate data items in the array.
As an illustration of the N+1 physical disks, an LSA can be considered as consisting of a group of disk drive DASDS, each of which includes multiple disk platters stacked into a column. Each disk is divided into large consecutive areas called segment-columns. A segment-column is typically as large as a physical cylinder on a physical disk. Corresponding segment-columns from the N+1 disks constitute a segment. The array has as many segments as there are segment-columns on a disk in the array. One of the segment-columns of a segment contains the parity (exclusive-OR) of the remaining segment-columns of the segment. For performance reasons, the parity segment-columns are not all on the same disk, but are rotated among the disks.
Logical devices are mapped and stored in the LSA. A logical track is stored, as a set of compressed records, entirely within some segment-column of some physical disk of the array; many logical tracks can be stored in the same segment-column. The location of a logical track in an LSA changes over time. A directory, called the LSA directory, indicates the current location of each logical track. The entire LSA directory is maintained in Non-Volatile Storage (NVS) in the disk controller, to avoid disk accesses when searching the directory.
Whether an LSA stores information according to a variable length format such as a count-key-data (CKD) architecture or according to a fixed block architecture, the LSA storage format of segment-columns is mapped onto the physical storage space in the disk drive units so that a logical track of the LSA is stored entirely within a single segment-column mapped onto a disk drive unit of the array. The size of a logical track is such that many logical tracks can be stored in the same LSA segment-column.
Reading and writing into an LSA occurs under management of the LSA controller. An LSA controller can include resident microcode that emulates logical devices such as direct access storage device (DASD) disk drives, or tape drives. In this way, the physical nature of the external storage subsystem can be transparent to the operating system and to the applications executing on the computer processor accessing the LSA. Thus, read and write commands sent by the computer processor to the external information storage system would be interpreted by the LSA controller and mapped to the appropriate disk storage locations in a manner not known to the computer processor. This comprises a mapping of the LSA logical devices onto the actual disks of the LSA.
A write received from the host system is first written into a non-volatile cache and the host is immediately notified that the write is done. The fraction of cache occupied by modified tracks is monitored by the controller. When this fraction exceeds some threshold, some number of modified tracks are moved (logically) to a memory segment, from where they get written (destaged) to disk. The memory segment is a section of controller memory, logically organized as N+1 segment-columns called memory segment-columns; N data memory segment-columns and 1 parity memory segment-column. When all or part of a logical track is selected from the NVS, the entire logical track is written into one of the N data memory segment-columns. When all data memory segment-columns are full, an XOR operation is applied to all the data memory segment-columns to create the parity memory segment-column, then all N+1 memory segment-columns are written to an empty segment on the disk array.
All logical tracks that were just written to disk from the memory segment must have their entries in the LSA directory updated to reflect their new disk locations. If these logical tracks had been written before by the system, the LSA directory would have contained their previous physical disk locations; otherwise the LSA directory would have indicated that the logical track had never been written, so has no address. Note that writing to the disk is more efficient in LSA than in RAID-5, where 4 disk accesses are needed for an update.
In all forms of log structured storage systems including the described log structured arrays (LSAs) and log structured file systems (LSFs), data to be written is grouped together into relatively large blocks (the segments) which are written out as a unit in a convenient free segment location on disk. When data is written, the previous disk locations of the data become free creating "holes" of unused data (or garbage)-in the segments on disk. Eventually the disk fills up with segments and it is necessary to create free segment locations by reading source segments with holes and compacting their still-in-use content into a lesser number of destination segments without holes. This process is called free space or garbage collection.
To ensure that there is always an empty segment to write to, the free space segments must be collected in the background. All logical tracks from a segment selected for free space collection that are still in that segment are read from disk and placed in a memory segment. In an LSA, they may be placed in the same memory segment used for destaging logical tracks written by the system, or they may be placed in a different memory segment or temporary storage buffer of their own. In any case, these logical tracks will be written back to disk when the memory segment fills. Free space collected segments are returned to the empty segment pool and are available when needed.
As free space collection proceeds, live data from the various target segments is read into the temporary storage buffer, the buffer fills up, and the live data is stored back into an empty segment of the disk array. After the live data in the temporary storage buffer is written back into the disk array, the segments from which the live data values were read are designated as being empty. In this way, live data is consolidated into a fewer number of completely full segments and new empty segments are created. Typically, free space collection is performed when the number of empty segments in the array drops below a predetermined threshold value.
The way in which target segments are selected for the free space collection process affects the efficiency of the operation of the log structured storage system. Three algorithms are used in the prior art, one called the "greedy" algorithm, one called the "cost-benefit" algorithm and one called "age-threshold" algorithm. The greedy algorithm selects target segments by determining how much free space will be achieved for each segment processed and then processes segments in the order that will yield the most amount of free space. The cost-benefit algorithm compares a cost associated with processing each segment against a benefit and selects segments for processing based on the best comparisons. The age-threshold algorithm selects segments for processing only if their age in the information storage system exceeds an age-threshold value and once past the age-threshold, the segments are selected in the order of least utilised segments first.
More particularly, the greedy algorithm selects segments with the smallest utilization first and moves the live tracks from partially filled segments to a target segment in a pool of empty segments. There are two problems with greedy selection: first, segments which are emptying quickly (call "hot" segments) will get collected when it might be more beneficial to leave them a little longer until they contain less still-in-use data; secondly, segments which are nearly full and are emptying extremely slowly or not at all (called "frozen" segments) may tie up free space for a long time (or indefinitely) before they are collected when it might be beneficial to reclaim that free space earlier.
In "The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System" M. Rosenblum and J. K. Ousterhout, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10 No. 1, February 1992, pages 26-52, the problem is considered of how to group live blocks of data when they are written out due to free space collection. One possibility considered is to try to enhance the locality of future reads, for example by grouping files in the same directory together into a single output segment. Another possibility is to sort the blocks by the time they were last modified and group blocks of similar age together into new segments. The idea is that tracks last written at around the same time have some temporal affinity, so it should be advantageous to have them together in the same segment.
The results of the locality grouping given in this paper were not very encouraging. This result was due to the form of free space collection algorithm being used in the analysis. A greedy algorithm does not work well with locality grouping as a segment does not get chosen for free space collection or cleaning until it becomes the least utilised of all segments. Thus every segment's utilisation eventually drops to the cleaning threshold, including very slowly changing "cold" segments. Unfortunately, the utilisation drops very slowly in cold segments, so these segments tend to linger just above the cleaning point for a very long time. With locality, many more segments cluster around the cleaning point for a very long time. The overall result is that cold segments tend to tie up large numbers of free blocks for long periods of time.
The above paper also tried using age-grouping with the cost-benefit algorithm with more promising results. In order to sort live blocks by age, the segment summary information records the age of the youngest block written to the segment. A single modified time was kept for the entire file and this estimate would be incorrect for a file not modified in its entirety. The paper suggests that a modification of the segment summary information could be made to include modified times for each block of data.
In "An Age-Threshold Algorithm for Garbage Collection in Log-Structured Arrays and File Systems" J. Menon and L. Stockmeyer, RJ 10120 (91936) May 12, 1998 Computer Science, the possibility of reorganising live tracks collected by the age-threshold free space collection algorithm before packing them into segments is considered. Again the method considered is to group together tracks of similar age i.e. tracks that were last written at around the same time.
There are a number of issues to consider when designing a free space collection algorithm all of which will affect the efficiency of the free space collection process.
The aim of the present invention is to improve free space collection efficiency by sorting data into segments on initial write, rewrite and relocation during free space collection which results in improved free space collection efficiency over an unsorted design.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for sorting data for storage in an information storage system having storage devices in which information segments are located, the method comprising the steps of: determining the expected time until the next rewrite of a unit of data; sorting the units of data into streams according to the expected time; destaging a segment made up of units from a single stream to one of the storage devices.
Preferably, the information storage system is a log structured storage system.
The units of data may be initial writes, rewrites and relocations due to free space collection. The expected time until the next rewrite of a unit of data may be determined from the characteristics of the workload of the storage system if this is known. Alternatively, the expected time until the next rewrite of a unit of data may be estimated assuming that units of data are written independently and that writes for a particular unit of data arrive with a Poisson distribution.
Preferably, the units of data are sorted into different subsets of streams depending on if they are rewritten units of data or units of data being relocated due to free space collection. As a first order estimate, the units of data being rewritten may be sorted by an estimated unit write interval equal to the time since the unit was last written and units of data being relocated due to free space collection may be sorted by the unit age. The estimated unit write interval and the unit age may be measured in segment destage writes.
The streams may have fixed boundaries, with the boundaries increasing exponentially or with the boundaries chosen empirically by experimenting to find good boundary values and using them. Alternatively, the streams may have dynamic boundaries which move in accordance with an ongoing average of the sorted data. The dynamic boundaries may be governed by a binary decision tree.
Units of data which are initial writes may be sorted in a dedicated stream or, alternatively, may be sorted with the rewrite units of data.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an information storage system comprising a storage controller and storage devices in which information segments are located, the storage controller including: means for determining the expected time until the next rewrite of a unit of data; a plurality of streams for sorting the units of data according to the expected time; means for destaging a segment made up of units from a single stream to one of the storage devices.
The information storage system may be a log structured file system, a log structured array or another form of log structured storage system.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an information storage system comprising a storage controller and storage devices in which information segments are located, the storage controller performs a sorting process by performing the steps of: determining the expected time until the next rewrite of a unit of data; sorting the units of data into streams according to the expected time; destaging a segment made up of units from a single stream to one of the storage devices.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
For the purposes of a detailed illustration of a particular embodiment of the present invention, a log structured array (LSA) is described; however, the present invention can apply equally to all other forms of log structured storage systems including log structured file systems and log structured disks.
The processor 102 includes (not illustrated): one or more central processor units, such as a microprocessor, to execute programming instructions; random access memory (RAM) to contain application program instructions, system program instructions, and data; and an input/output controller to respond to read and write requests from executing applications. The processor 102 may be coupled to local DASD (not illustrated) in addition to being coupled to the LSA 104. Typically, an application program executing in the processor 102 may generate a request to read or write data, which causes the operating system of the processor to issue a read or write request, respectively, to the LSA control unit 108.
When the processor 102 issues a read or write request, the request is sent from the processor to the control unit 108 over a data bus 110 and is received in the control unit by a controller 112. In response, the controller produces control signals and provides them over a controller data path 114 to an LSA directory 116 and thereby determines where in the LSA the data is located, either in a non-volatile LSA data cache 118 or in the DASD 106. The LSA controller 112 comprises one or more microprocessors with sufficient RAM to store programming instructions for interpreting read and write requests and for managing the LSA 104.
The controller 112 includes microcode that emulates one or more logical devices so that the physical nature of the external storage system (the DASD array 106) is transparent to the processor 102. Thus, read and write requests sent from the processor 102 to the storage system 104 are interpreted and carried out in a manner that is otherwise not apparent to the processor. In this way, one or more logical (virtual) devices are mapped onto the actual DASDs of the array 106 by the array control unit 108.
As the controller 112 maintains the stored data as an LSA, one or more logical tracks can be stored entirely within a segment-column of one of the DASDS 106 a, 106 b, 106 c, 106 d. Over time, the location of a logical track in the DASD array can change. The LSA directory 116 has an entry for each logical track, to indicate the current DASD location of each logical track. Each LSA directory entry for a logical track includes the logical track number, the actual DASD drive number and segment-column number within the DASD, the starting sector within the column at which the logical track starts, and the length of the logical track in sectors.
Data is transferred between the processor 102 and the LSA 104 during read operations over a path including a read data path 120, DASD access circuits 122, the LSA data cache 118, controller access circuits 124, the controller data path 114, the controller 112, and the data bus 110.
When the controller 112 receives a read request for data in a logical track, it determines the logical track in which the data is stored, examines the LSA directory 116, and determines the DASD number, starting sector, and length in sectors to which the logical track is currently mapped. The controller then reads the relevant sectors from the corresponding DASD unit of the N+1 units in the array 106.
New write data and rewrite data are transferred from the processor 102 to the controller 112 of the LSA 104. The new write and rewrite data are sent via the controller data path 114 to the controller access circuits 124 and are stored in the LSA data cache 118. Details of the new write data and the rewrite data are sent to the LSA directory 116. It the data is rewrite data, the LSA directory will already have an entry for the data, this entry will be replaced by an entry for the new data. The data which is being rewritten is now dead and the space taken by this data can be reused once it has been collected by the free space collection process.
The new write data and the rewrite data leave the LSA data cache 118 via DASD access circuits 122 and data path 126 and are ordered into track write streams 136 in a memory buffer by a stream controller RAM 134. The ordering of the data into streams will be described in detail below.
When an individual stream of the track write streams 136 contains a segment's worth of data, the stream is discharged into a memory segment buffer 128 and the data is written into contiguous locations of the DASD array 106.
Although the inclusion of an LSA data cache 118 as described above can improve the overall performance of an LSA system, it should be understood that the inclusion of the data cache 118 is not essential. New write data and rewrite data could go directly to the streams 136.
The smallest unit of data that can be written by the processor 102 is called a track, and a predetermined number of tracks comprise a segment. At any time, a track is live, or current, in only one segment.
As data writing proceeds to the DASD in this manner, the DASD storage in the LSA becomes fragmented. That is, after several sequences of destaging operations, there can be many DASD segments that are only partially filled with live tracks and otherwise include dead tracks. This affects an LSA operating statistic referred to as utilization.
At any time, the utilization of a segment is the fraction of the segment containing live tracks. Thus, if a segment contains L live tracks and if the segment capacity is C tracks, then the utilization of the segment is given by:
The writing process described above will eventually deplete the empty segments in the DASD array 106.
Therefore, a free space collection process is performed to create empty segments. Free space collection is carried out by choosing a certain number of partially-filled target segments in DASD and compacting the live tracks in these segments into a fewer number of full segments, thereby creating empty segments. For example, if free space collection is performed on three partially empty segments, and each has a 2/3 utilization rate, then the live tracks can be collected and reorganized into two full segments and one completely empty segment that is ready to receive new data. Thus, a net increase of one empty segment is created by the free space collection process. To ensure that an empty segment is always available in the DASD array 106, the array control unit 108 periodically performs the free space collection process on segments in the LSA. The free space collection process is typically a low priority, background process.
The target segments are collected in a free space collection buffer 131 for compaction. The live tracks taken from the free space collected segments are transferred into FSC streams 138 each of which can hold up to one segment of data. Live tracks that were taken from free space collected segments for the purpose of compaction are processed by a stream controller RAM 134 which designates into which of the streams 138 the tracks should go to. The process of designation of streams is discussed in detail below. When one of the streams of the FSC streams 138 is filled to capacity i.e. it holds a segment's worth of tracks, the contents of the stream is written from the stream to the memory segment buffer 128 and from there to an empty segment in the DASD array via the write data path 130.
The controller 112 accumulates the data to be written in the memory segment buffer 128, which can store N+1 segment-columns to form one complete segment. Each segment comprises N segment-columns of data (user information) and one segment-column of parity data. When the memory segment buffer 128 is full, a parity segment-column is generated by performing an exclusive-OR operation over all of the N data segment-columns in the segment. Next, the N+1 segment-columns are written to an empty segment in the DASD array 106, and the LSA directory entries for all logical tracks that were written to DASD from the memory segment buffer 128 are updated to reflect the new DASD locations.
The storage area in the LSA 104 can be considered as a collection of segments whose configuration changes from filled to empty and back again.
The performance of a free space or garbage collection algorithm can be measured by the average utilization of the garbage collected segments. This measure is called garbage collection utilization (GCU). This is a reasonable measure of performance since small GCU means that the garbage collector is doing a good job of collecting free space, at an average of C(1−GCU) per collected segment where C is the segment capacity in tracks.
The main idea of the invention is to sort data into streams 136, 138 which then go into separate segments based on the expected time until the next rewrite of the data such that data which is expected to be rewritten over a given short period of time in the future is arranged together in a segment. By arranging the data in this way segments are created which make the transition from being full to being empty (i.e. full of holes) in a short period of time which skews the LSA's/LSF's distribution of segment utilisations such that the free space collection process is provided with a better choice of less-full segments to select for free space collection.
The estimator (for the expected time to the next write of a particular unit of data) chosen for use in the method of sorting data should be determined by what is known about the log structured storage system workload when the storage system is designed. For an unknown workload, it is possible to assume that units of data are written independently and that writes for a particular unit of data arrive with a Poisson distribution with an unknown mean write-rate.
Under these assumptions, the expected time to the next write can be estimated by determining a mean write interval (by taking the mean of the intervals between previous writes of a given unit or track of data) and subtracting the time interval since the data was last written. The memory required to make this estimate can be progressively reduced (and the estimate made less accurate) by choosing to record less and less write history per unit of data to the point where only one write interval is known when the data is rewritten and only the approximate time interval since the last write is known when the data is relocated during free space collection. The latter extreme requires only a single number to be recorded as write history per segment: the write time for segments containing newly written or rewritten data and a weighted average of write times of contributing segments for destination free space collection segments.
Once an estimate of the expected time to the next write has been found for a unit of data the controller sorts the unit of data into a 'stream' where it waits until the stream contains enough units of data to make up a segment. When this condition is met, a segment is written out containing the data in the stream and the stream is emptied. If multiple streams are implemented, data which is likely to be rewritten in the near future can be separated from data which is likely to be rewritten at a later time.
In the described embodiment, the units of data are tracks. A stream is a logical sequence of segments which will be filled with tracks of a certain 'type'. Streams are implemented using a first-in first-out (FIFO) data-structure containing references to tracks which are waiting to be put into a segment for the first time or moved from the segment they are currently in into a different segment. When the FIFO contains references to enough tracks to fill a segment, a copy of each referenced track is put into a segment, the references are removed from the FIFO and the original locations of the tracks (if any) become free. The most important property of a stream is that only one type of track goes into the segments in any stream.
A destage stream is a stream used for tracks which are being put into a segment as a result of track writes to the array. The track writes may be initial data writes of data being written for the first time or data rewrites.
A free space collection stream is a stream used for tracks which are being moved from a source free space collection segment to a destination free space collection segment.
Given total knowledge of the future order of track writes and unlimited processing power it can be seen that it would be possible to perform perfect segment filling and free space collection source segment selection for a log structured storage system. Segment filling occurs in two places so there are three separate processes which would have to be controlled:
In order to achieve the lowest possible GCU, the perfect system would fill destage segments such that (wherever possible) track rewrites would create completely empty segments in time to avoid the invocation of free space collection. Similarly, when free space collection had to be invoked, the perfect system would fill free space collection segments such that (whenever possible) track rewrites would again create completely empty segments in time to avoid future generations of free space collection.
With only a single destage or free space collection stream it would not be possible to control the arrangement of tracks into different segments; they would have to be put into segments in the order of arrival. Multiple destage and free space collection streams are required to arrange tracks so that segments become completely free due to later track rewrites.
A perfect solution for a known sequence of track writes could be found by evaluating the GCU for every possible sequence of segment selection with every combination of arrangement of tracks and selecting the solution with the lowest GCU.
The idea of a perfect solution is useful because it makes the following facts obvious:
A practical log structured array implementation does not have the luxury of infinite processing power and knowledge of the future sequence of track writes but does have some processing power and can estimate the future distribution of track writes by analysing the distribution of track writes in the past. Any estimate of track write distribution has to be based on history stored in the array controller (or possibly on the array itself) and the accuracy of the estimate would necessarily be traded-off against the amount of history stored and the amount of processor overhead required to keep the estimate current.
In practice, therefore, segment filling and selection algorithms are used which are a good compromise between free space collection efficiency, processor overhead and the space required for the write history.
The sorting of tracks into streams using a segment filling algorithm aims to achieve maximal separation in the distribution of segment utilisations such that there are a large number of nearly full segments and some nearly empty ones with not very many partially full segments in between. In other words, segments should change from being nearly full to nearly empty over a short period of time. In order to achieve this tracks are grouped together into segments such that any individual segment contains tracks which were rewritten later over a short period of time.
It would be possible to approach this problem by analysing track write traces of real I/O workloads to determine a set of models for writes to individual tracks. The segment filling algorithm could maintain a certain amount of write history for each track, use the track write models to estimate an expected time to the next write of the track for each model and use the Bayesian evidence for each model to weight the estimates to determine a combined best estimate for the expected time to the next write of the track. The segment filling algorithm could then sort tracks into streams by expected time to next write.
Realistically, the cost of maintaining write history on a per-track basis (in view of the fact that it would have to be stored in controller RAM to avoid having to read it before destaging a track) is prohibitive as are the overheads of performing the estimation.
In the method described herein, the overhead of the solution is limited by assuming a single model for writes to individual tracks i.e. that writes to a particular track arrive with a Poisson distribution independently of writes to any other track. With a single assumed model it is unnecessary to analyse traces or weight model estimates. The amount of controller RAM allocated to the segment filling algorithm is restricted to a small amount of information stored on a per-segment basis.
Given the assumptions of independent track writes and Poisson arrivals, the segment filling algorithm was considered with tracks sorted into segments by the Poisson distribution parameter λ being the mean write rate of the track.
The parameter λ is estimated by assigning each destage segment a destage sequence number from a monotonically increasing series when it is written. The destage sequence numbers for free space collection destination segments are set as equal to the greatest destage sequence number of any segment which contributed tracks to those segments. The destage sequence number for each segment has to be stored in controller RAM and constitutes the small amount of per-segment information allowed for the segment filling algorithm. When a track is rewritten, the difference between the destage sequence number of the segment which was the previous location of the track and the current destage sequence number at that time gave the interval (measured in segment writes) between two successive writes to the track. The best estimate of λ given only one interval is simply the inverse of the interval.
If more controller RAM is used, more history per segment can be recorded. In this example one interval is assumed to be the best compromise.
On free space collection of a segment, tracks are not being rewritten so there is only half an interval (i.e. it is known that a track was written a specific number of segment writes ago and has not been rewritten since). In this situation the best estimate of λ is inversely proportional to the number of segment writes since the last write of the track. Again, It would be possible to get a better estimate of λ given some more history (with free space collection the history could be stored in the segment on disk and would not require controller RAM) but again, it is assumed that the smallest viable amount of information is the best compromise.
In the described embodiment, a division is optimised away by sorting on track write interval and track age instead of for λ for destage (or rewrite data) and free space collected data respectively. In this way, the estimate has been simplified to the next lifetime between writes being the same length as the last lifetime between writes for that track.
The track write interval in the case of sorting destaged tracks and the track age in the case of sorting free space collected tracks are referred to as the sort key. The current destage sequence number is incremented just after it was used so the lowest sort key is one rather than zero.
Having established how to estimate the sort key it is necessary to determine how to assign destage or free space collection streams to ranges of sort keys; the following requirements have to be satisfied:
Simulations have shown that in general the free space collection efficiency improves as the number of streams increases up to and beyond 32 streams for rewritten data and an independent set of 32 streams for free space collected data.
A basic estimate of a good fixed stream assignment can be obtained by assigning streams exponentially such that tracks with the first key were sorted into the first stream, tracks with keys two and three were sorted into the second stream, tracks with keys three, four, five, six and seven were sorted into the second stream and so on. This limits the number of streams required to the number of bits in the destage sequence number. An option to halve (and then quarter . . . ) the number of streams by merging neighbouring pairs can also be implemented.
Explained in another way, the first stream is assigned an expected time to next write of 0-1 time units, the second to 1-3 units, the third to 3-7 units, the fourth to 7-15 units and so on exponentially until an implementation defined limit is reached.
This fixed stream assignment would be a good candidate because it would be simple and efficient to implement (a 'count leading zeros' instruction, for instance 'cntlzw' for a PowerPC, on the fast-path) and the stream width is inversely proportional to the stream rate.
Simulation shows that it is possible to fix the boundaries between streams but that it is preferable to assign the stream boundaries dynamically such that they adjust to the current workload.
The fixed stream assignment above had the disadvantages that tracks which were written out at different rates where the rates were within a factor of two of each other fell into the same stream and streams for very old and very young tracks were not well utilised.
A dynamic stream assignment approach solves these problems by moving stream boundaries appropriately. A binary decision tree can be used which keeps track of the relatively long term average value of the sort keys passing through each node and sends tracks left or right according to whether their sort keys are above or below the average for that node. Segment filling streams process tracks falling from the leaf nodes of the decision tree. The decision tree has n levels and n is chosen to give the desired number of streams. Each node of the decision tree records a value to compare with sort keys. The value is updated by multiplying by a decay parameter and adding a fraction (1−Decay) of the current sort key. The decay parameter at the leaf level of the tree is calculated from a simulation input parameter (which specifies how many segments have to pass through a leaf node to move its stream boundary most of the way to the steady-state value) and this value is square-rooted for successively higher levels Experiment shows that (as expected) the simulation results are insensitive to the Decay parameters provided they are large enough that destage stream boundaries are adjusted significantly more slowly than segments in the streams are filled. Simulations show that setting Decay equal to 1/(10*UnitsOfDataPerSegment) works well.
With the fixed stream assignment, tracks might wait in a destage stream for an arbitrarily long time before being destaged; the dynamic stream assignment approach also solves this problem because eventually stream boundaries will shift to maintain a trickle of segments in all streams.
Given the assumption of an unknown workload it is not possible to estimate the expected time to next write for data which is being written for the first time. There are two methods for dealing with data in this category: this data can be assigned a stream for its exclusive use or alternatively it can be assumed that the data was last written at time zero. The invention can be implemented using either of these techniques.
Rewritten tracks 308 sent by the processor are handled by a stream controller 312 in the form of a controller RAM. The stream controller 312 has a record of the destage sequence number of the segment which previously held the rewritten data and the stream controller 312 deducts the current destage sequence number providing an interval (measured in segment writes) for the rewritten track. The track write interval for the rewritten track is used as an estimate of the expected time until the track is rewritten again. The controller 312 sorts the rewritten tracks 308 by allocating the track to a stream from the group of destage streams 314.
As with the stream 304 for the new write tracks 302, the destage streams 314 are FIFO lists and a stream is emptied once it contains a segment's worth of tracks in it. In the case of an LSA, the stream is emptied into a memory segment 306 for parity calculation and from there the new segment proceeds to disk 310. In an LSF, the memory segment 306 is not required and the segment can be destaged directly to disk 310. When it is destaged to disk the segment is allotted a destage sequence number. The destage sequence number 320 for each segment is stored in the stream controller RAM 312.
Live tracks which have been collected from segments which have been selected for free space collection are ordered into a separate set of streams 318 by the stream controller 312. The FSC live tracks 316 are sent from a free space collection buffer to the stream controller 312. FSC live tracks 316 are not being rewritten so a complete rewrite interval is not available. The stream controller 312 sorts the tracks by the number of segment writes since the last write of the FSC live track and allocates the track to a stream from the group of FSC streams 318.
As with the other forms of streams 304, 314, the FSC streams 318 are FIFO lists and a stream is emptied once it contains a segment's worth of tracks. In the case of an LSA, the stream 318 is emptied into a memory segment 306 for parity calculation and from there the new segment proceeds to disk 310. In an LSF, the memory segment 306 is not required and the segment can be destaged directly to disk 310. When it is destaged to disk the segment is allotted a destage sequence number.
A weighted average of the write times of tracks making up the new segment is recorded in the stream controller 312 so that when a track in the segment is again rewritten, the last interval between writes can be established. Individual write times for tracks could be recorded but this would require extra processing overhead. A weighted average of write times means that only one number needs to be recorded per new segment.
The streams 304, 314, 318 are in a write buffer in the form of non-volatile RAM. In general there would be a slightly different optimal number of streams for any given implementation as each additional stream provides less benefit than the previous one and requires RAM and other resources which could be used to improve the system efficiency in some other way. Eventually, the benefit provided by having another stream is equal to the benefit you would get by allocating the resources used by the stream to something else and so an optimal point is reached. This optimal point depends on the scarcity of the resources used by the stream and how much benefit they could provide elsewhere which is implementation dependent. Most of the effect comes from a relatively small number of streams. From simulations, the efficiency continues to improve slightly after 16 streams and was still improving fractionally at 32 streams. For very large systems, larger numbers of streams might prove fractionally beneficial. Experiments have shown that sixteen destage streams 314 and sixteen FSC streams 318 are a good conservative point for real implementations and are therefore an acceptable number of streams for most cases.
The stream controller RAM 312 also controls the boundaries of the streams 314, 318 if dynamic stream assignment is used.
As an illustration, a sort key of value 27 is shown in
"An Age-Threshold Algorithm for Garbage Collection in Log-Structured Arrays and File Systems" J. Menon and L. Stockmeyer, RJ 10120 (91936) May 12, 1998 Computer Science describes an earlier attempt to sort data into segments on free space collection. The invention has the advantage over that attempt that it allows data to wait in a stream for an unlimited amount of time which improves the sorting effectiveness. In the age-threshold system, a set of tracks is collected in a group and then the whole group is sorted and written out again. In other words, the sorting is done in batches and the number of very infrequently written tracks that can be collected into a segment is limited to the number in a batch.
The present method the sorting is continuous and allows tracks which are written very infrequently to wait around for a long time in a stream until the stream collects enough very infrequently written tracks to fill a complete segment. A large number of segments of frequently written tracks may be collected whilst a single segment's worth of very infrequently written tracks is accumulating. This results in segments with a narrow distribution of write-rates.
The present method also sorts rewritten data (as opposed to just free space collected data) and it is this which brings about the majority of the benefit.
The advantage of using the invention is the improved efficiency of free space collection which results in an improved throughput/cost ratio for log structured storage systems such as LSAs or LSFs.
Modifications and improvements can be made to the foregoing without departing from the scope of the present invention.
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|Sep 4, 2001
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
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Vintage 'Joseph Allen & Sons Sheffield' Cut Throat Straight Razor.
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Vintage ' Joseph Allen & Sons Sheffield' Cut Throat Straight Razor.This razor has original black celluloid scales witha dark spacer. The blade has the words 'Hollow Ground Razor Fully Warranted'. On the tang is the words 'NON XLL JosephAllen & Sons Sheffield England'. The Razor has been c leaned and highly polished and you can see from the photos there is minor pitting on the blade. There are no chips or cracks to the blade and the scales are in reasonable condition (there is a hairline crack at the tang). The razor has been sterilized, but it is not shave ready and requires honing before use. Please contact me for international postage rates outside of Europe. Rasoio a mano libera, Rasoio da barba
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The Greater Accra regional minister, Nii Laryea Afotey Agbo, has remarked that electorates will retain the National Democratic Congress (NDC) in power come 2016.
The Greater Accra regional minister, Nii Laryea Afotey Agbo, is optimistic that electorates will retain the National Democratic Congress (NDC) in power come 2016.
According to him, government has executed a number of developmental projects in the region.
"Ghanaians are not stupid; they will vote for the NDC. We have done enough to win the mandate of the people, especially in Greater Accra," he said on Kasapa 102.3 FM.
He stated that he has initiated a number of projects in the area of water, roads, clinics, and schools among others.
"We are giving them the facilities that they need. I have done a lot of projects in almost all the constituencies in Greater Accra,"
When asked if the prevailing economic hardship conditions in the country will not influence the electorates to vote against the NDC, he retorted "who doesn't want a good thing? If you have a father who always spoon-feeds you and never build for you, then he is actually doing you a great disservice. But when you have a father who always thinks of putting up a building or a property for you, then he is actually helping you. We are putting up a good foundation for our future leaders."
Adding, "that is why we are changing two-lane roads into dual carriage; that is why we are upgrading educational facilities in almost every corner of this region; and that is why we are sacrificing and making sure that almost every corner of the country benefits from infrastructural projects".


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Black Ink Crew: Chic
In the streets of Chicago, success is the only way out. Black Ink Crew: Chicago follows a passionate and ambitious group of friends through the unforgiving streets of Chicago as they band together to create new identities for themselves, their families, and their business. After years on the rough streets of "Chi-raq", the artists at 9Mag have risen to the top of the tattoo game. Formed in the wake of a tragedy, 9Mag is a daily reminder of the struggles they work to overcome, and of the bright future that lies ahead…if they play their cards right.The tattoo shop is a magnet for celebrities, hip-hop artists, and athletes who all want to be inked by 9Mag artists. The Crew has made it to the top and are all riding the wave of their growing empire in the tattoo world. Now they just have to hold on to their success and protect their 9Mag family at the same time. Watch as their rise to stardom begins…with Black Ink Crew: Chicago.
It Takes a Killer
Some of the world's most notorious murders are the subject of "It Takes a Killer," which investigates the crimes from the perspective of the killers, trying to get inside their minds and determine their motives. Leading homicide investigators and experts from such agencies as the FBI and Scotland Yard take a look at the evidence pulled from crime scenes and profile the killer's behavior to try to piece together the details of each murder, explaining when, why and how each criminal committed the crime. For the wannabe detectives watching the show, the experts also reveal how the crime was solved — which often requires authorities to think like a killer.
The Challenge
Each Challenge pits numerous cast members from past seasons of Real World and Road Rules against each other (only the Fresh Meat Challenge has introduced new cast members that have never appeared on either The Real World or Road Rules), dividing them into two separate teams according to different criteria, such as by gender, which of the two shows they first appeared on, whether or not they're veterans or rookies on the show, etc. The two teams compete in numerous missions in order to win prizes and advance in the overall game.
Teen Mom 2
Follows the cast of the second season of '16 and Pregnant', giving viewers an intimate look at the challenges Chelsea, Leah, Jenelle, and Kailyn face raising a child as a teenager.
The Real Housewives
A look at five families living in a protected Southern California enclave, and the real-life housewives who reside in one of the wealthiest planned communities in the country.
Love & Hip Hop
The lives of women trying to make it in the bright lights of New York City. But will business mix with pleasure?
Keeping Up with the
A tempest of siblings, business and fame engulf Olympic decathlete Bruce Jenner and paparazzi fave Kim Kardashian as their huge Hollywood families collide.
Highway Thru Hell
The men of Jamie Davis Heavy Rescue fight to keep open some of the most economically important, most traveled and most inhospitable trucking routes in North America.
The Real Housewives
There won't be any lazy days of summer with Bravo Media's The Real Housewives of New Jersey, returning for its much anticipated seventh season. Teresa Giudice and Melissa Gorga are joined by new Housewives, Dolores Catania and Siggy Flicker, along with the return of a true Jersey veteran, Jacqueline Laurita. Also appearing this season are sisters Kathy Wakile and Rosie Pierri. This season, Teresa looks to repair fractured relationships with her family and friends. Although her release from prison brings the Giudice family back together, the reunion is short-lived as they only have a few months before Joe begins his sentence. After growing closer to the Gorga family while Teresa was away, Melissa now fears it may all crumble and hopes she can start fresh with her sister-in-law, permanently putting the past behind them. Meanwhile, Jacqueline, whose main focus continues to be helping her autistic son, longs for the "Lucy and Ethel" friendship she had with Teresa and is willing to bury their history if it means a more lighthearted future. Teresa and Jacqueline's longtime friend, Dolores, is a divorced mom of two, focusing on a road toward independence as she emotionally and financially recovers from two failed relationships. Siggy, another friend of Jacqueline's, fits right in with the Jersey group with her dynamic personality and high energy, as she navigates her relationships with her children who find her overbearing at times. But just as these five 'Wives begin to form strong bonds, relationships are on the verge of breaking – and when old friends meet new friends, it may mean no friends for some.
The Real Housewives
Rich glamorous powerful and well preserved housewives allow cameras into their lives to show viewers their lives warts and all. A new instalment of the popular series from Cheshire UK. Dawn...
Million Dollar Listi
Million Dollar Listing follows the lives of three of Los Angeles' hottest, young and aggressive real estate magnates in the making as they make a fortune selling multi-million dollar properties in the most exclusive neighborhoods – Hollywood, Malibu and Beverly Hills. The series follows these top agents over the course of nine months as their paths cross and they compete and expose the intense work that it takes to move the hottest listings in the City of Angels.
Tamar & Vince
The series will showcase Tamar Braxton and husband Vincent Herbert as they navigate their hectic lives, from Tamar's solo album to Vince's busy career as a successful music producer.
Little Women: LA
This new docu-series chronicles the adventures of a unique group of smart, sexy and funny girlfriends with big hearts, big personalities and even bigger drama…who all happen to be little people. "Little Women: LA" invites viewers to walk in their shoes as they deal with relationships, parenting, careers and especially, the ups and downs of friendships.Each episode features longtime girlfriends Terra Jole, Tonya Banks, Elena Gant, Christy McGinity, Briana Manson and Traci Harrison. They laugh, cry, compete and fight with one another, but through it all they share a special unbreakable bond. And, while dealing with everyday challenges like the rest of the world, they prove that height is just a number. There's nothing small about this loud and proud group who can teach us all a lesson or two about living life to the fullest.
Fast N' Loud
Motor mastermind Richard Rawlings and mechanical prodigy Aaron Kaufman of Gas Monkey Garage search for derelict classic cars. To some, the cars look like rust buckets, but to this crew they're gold…and ready to be brought back to life.
The Voice
"The Voice" invites the strongest vocalists from across the United states to compete in a blockbusters vocal competition, the winner will be "the Voice". Celebrity musicians and producers like Adam Levine, Blake Shelton, Christina Aguilera, Ceelo, Usher, Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani have acted as coaches while Carson Daly hosts the show.The show's innovative format features four stages of competition: the blind auditions, the battle rounds, the knockouts and, finally, the live performance shows.
The Real Housewives
An exclusive look into the glamorous galas, scintillating scandals and enormous egos of a group of women as they navigate the social scene of Dallas' elite, all while juggling their husbands, boyfriends and families.
Pawn Stars
Long before banks, ATMS and check-cashing services, there were pawn shops. Pawning was the leading form of consumer credit in the United States until the 1950s, and pawn shops are still helping everyday people make ends meet. PAWN STARS takes you inside the colorful world of the pawn business. At the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop on the outskirts of Las Vegas, three generations of the Harrison family--grandfather Richard, son Rick and grandson Corey--jointly run the family business, and there's clashing and camaraderie every step of the way. The three men use their sharp eyes and skills to assess the value of items from the commonplace to the truly historic, including a 16th-century samurai sword, a Super Bowl ring, a Picasso painting and a 17th-century stay of execution. It's up to them to determine what's real and what's fake, as they reveal the often surprising answer to the questions on everyone's mind, "What's the story behind it"? and "What's it worth?"
Hotel Impossible
Struggling hotels receive an extensive makeover by veteran hotel operator and hospitality expert Anthony Melchiorri and team.
Long Lost Family
Hosts and adoptees Chris Jacobs and Lisa Joyner help reunite people with their biological families.
Called the original reality show, COPS hit the airwaves in 1989, putting camera crews in police cars all across the United States. Adopting the cinéma vérité style of documentary filming, COPS uses no narration, depending completely on the police officers and the footage shot as it happens to tell the story. Still one of the most popular television shows on the air, COPS continually wins its 8pm time slot Saturday nights on FOX. COPS can also be seen in syndication on CourtTV and on the FX Cable Channel.
The Only Way is Esse
The Only Way Is Essex is a reality series which follows some people living in Essex, including a club promoter, a would-be model, a member of a girl band and two bar workers. Each episode features action filmed just a few days previously.
The X Factor
Aspiring singers compete to become the nation's next singing sensation.
Live PD
As the debate over the policing of America continues to be a part of the daily conversation across the nation, A&E will offer viewers unfettered and unfiltered live access inside the country's busiest police forces and the communities they patrol. Broadcast live and in real time, Live PD follows law enforcement officers from a mix of six urban and rural police forces around the country.Over the course of eight weeks, dash cams along with fixed rig and handheld cameras, will capture the work of a typical Friday night for officers from Walton County in Florida's Panhandle; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Richland County, South Carolina; Tulsa, Oklahoma; the Arizona Department of Public Safety; and the Utah Highway Patrol.
Edge of Alaska
Hidden deep in the wilderness of eastern Alaska and built during the Gold Rush as Alaska's original 'Sin City', only 42 residents currently brave the extreme conditions in McCarthy. It's an isolated outlaw town - a refuge for people who don't want to be found that's surrounded by extreme wilderness over 100 miles from the authorities where young men go to prove themselves and old outlaws go to die; hunters, gold miners, gunsmiths, and survivalists who reside in this 'Old West' town are willing to risk their lives to live truly free. While some believe in continuing the town's frontier way of life, others feel the future of McCarthy depends on dragging itself into the modern age. Which way of life will reign supreme?


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SNJM Youth Justice Forum
What do human trafficking, water rights and immigration have in common? All three issues are at the center of the Third SNJM Youth Justice Forum which takes place this week at Durocher College in Montréal. 40 students from SNJM schools in Lesotho, United States and Canada have given up a part of their summer holidays to come to grips with and act on these key challenges to humanity. Read more on the Congregational website at: http://www.snjm.org/en/component/content/article?id=769
Additionally, you can follow the event on its new Facebook page at: https://www.facebook.com/SNJMYouthJusticeForum
The Catholic Sentinel in Portland, OR covers the St. Mary's Academy, Portland students attending the forum in an article at: http://www.catholicsentinel.org/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=35&ArticleID=29604


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Level transmitter
UQC series magnetic ball float level transmitter is new designed generation level indicator according to magnetic coupling principle. It presents the level indication directly and clearly with advanced technology and the proper structure and are suitable for petroleum, chemical, power, light industry and pharmaceutical industrial field, etc. UQC series magnetic ball float level transmitter is mounted on the top of vessels, especially for the measurement of the underground storage tanks.


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Luke Austin, Ferraro, Big Fraser, Phantom Atlantic
Sat, August 19, 2017
Doors: 9:00 pm / Show: 9:30 pm
-The Horseshoe Tavern
Toronto, ON
Tickets at the Door
This event is 19 and overhttps://www.collectiveconcerts.com/event/1507843/
Luke Austin - (Set time: 11:30 AM)
Luke is a gifted lyricist whose unmistakable voice that is immediately identifiable by those that know it and intensely intriguing to those that don't. The sense of longing in his voice captivates the ears of his audience with his powerful sad songs. Luke's first EP can be described as alternately sparse and inviting, intense and delicate, and a voice that's 100% genuine.
Big Fraser - (Set time: 10:30 PM)
Phantom Atlantic - (Set time: 9:30 PM)
Venue Information:
-The Horseshoe Tavern
370 Queen Street West
Toronto, ON, M5V 2A2
-The Horseshoe Tavern
370 Queen Street West
Toronto, ON, M5V 2A2


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for GATE Pregnancy Resource Center, Harrisburg, NC, USA
Having experienced a crisis pregnancy in my own life when I was 27 years old, I wish I would have known more about crisis pregnancy centers. Instead, my path took me into the doors of an abortion clinic. It would be almost 10 years later before I would ever visit a crisis pregnancy center and learn of the wonderful work being done to help women in such a position. After participating in a post-abortion program through a local center, I became a volunteer counselor. A crisis pregnancy in my own family took me away from counseling for a while. A few months ago, a client of GATE gave her testimony for Sanctity of Life Sunday at our church and that passion for these women stirred inside of me to return to counseling women in crisis.
Since becoming a volunteer at GATE, I have seen a love for these women that only comes from a true and sincere heart for what they are going through. GATE offers counseling, clothing (babies and mothers to be), classes, Bible studies, diapers, accessories and many other services to its clients. But the most important thing we can offer is love, patience and understanding to women.
Come and be a part of a wonderful ministry!
More Feedback
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
My hope is to see a post-abortion counseling ministry open up through GATE. Women who have experienced an abortion come from all walks of life. The effects of having experienced an abortion can be paralyzing. Though women do not just line up at the doors to freely offer this information, my prayer is that we would be given the opportunity to speak love and grace of God into their lives.


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Tim Erixon News
Tim Erixon news continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
Tim Erixon news is powered by NewsRank ®
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23 Shocking Celebrities Who Are Real Jerks In Real Life
We Found Them: 19 Actresses Looking Their Best, And Worst, On-screen
Then And Now: How Did Your Favorite 1990s Stars Hold Up?
21 Famous Women Who Married Gay Men Without Realizing
51 Tragic Celebrity Deaths You Should Know About, But May Have Missed
Updated: Sun Oct 01, 2017 10:42 pm
Copyright © 2017 Topix LLC


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Any individual or company that performs work on someone else's property has a right to file a lien against the property when the owner fails to pay for construction work. This means that all contractors and subcontractors can use this remedy as a way of resolving payment problems. Once a lien is filed, the property owner is prohibited from either selling or refinancing the property without first paying off the debt.
The process that claimants must follow regarding filing a lien differs throughout the nation. The state law in many jurisdictions requires subcontractors who don't have a direct contractual relationship with the owner, to file a "Preliminary Notice" within 20 days of performing labor or furnishing materials to the project. This is done to let the owner know there is a potential problem so that steps can be taken to ensure the subcontractor gets paid. All claimants are required to file a lien in the county where the property is located. They must show proof that work was completed and attach a copy of the bill.
In order for alien to be enforced, the contractor must file a court action within 90 days in order to enforce the lien. If they fail to do so, then the lien is no longer valid. In some states, the owner can fight a lien if the contractor is unlicensed. When the owner receives a preliminary notice that a mechanic's lien is in process, they can go to court and file a "motion for judicial review". This starts the process by requesting that the court review the validity of the lien. In many cases, the owner can fight a lien by arguing that the work performed was unsatisfactory or not up to code. Sometimes the validity of the contract may be in question, which can nullify the relationship between the contractor and owner.
Any lien against a property can result in serious legal woes for the owner. Once a claimant has successfully filed a mechanic's lien, there may steps that can be taken to invalidate the claim. It's best to consult with an experienced real estate attorney who can assist you with the legal processes required to remove or fight a lien against your property.


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22 Monaro Circuit, Mount Louisa, QLD 4814
5 Bed | 2 Bath | 3 Car
Property ID: QLD8726670
Come and view this spacious five bedroom home which boasts approximately 326m2 under roof in the ever popular 'Crestbrook Estate'.
The kitchen is the jewel in this property and sits proudly in the centre of the home displaying all its beauty and charm that any chef would be proud to create the meal of the day. The kitchen features soft closing drawers, breakfast bar, ample bench and cupboards space, hot plates, wall oven, dishwasher and a handy servery window with access to the entertainment area. You will love the massive double size master bedroom which is complete with your personal ensuite which features a separate shower, vanity, spa bath and large walk-in robe.
You will love the massive double size master bedroom which is complete with your personal ensuite which features a separate shower, vanity, spa bath and large walk-in robe. All bedrooms are air-conditioned with built-in robes whilst one of the bedrooms is also double size, big enough to fit two beds and features individual double built-in robes and would be perfect as a guest suite.
Everyone will appreciate the expansive open plan living areas on offer as there is formal lounge and dining areas, along with a separate Theatre room and separate Rumpus room, which allow you to enjoy your own space or entertain in style.
Sit and relax or entertain all year round under the covered outdoor entertaining/patio which is adjacent to the above-ground pool.
This big home sits on a generous 838m2 allotment and features a remote double garage, plus an enclosed carport for that extra storage.
Features include:
Five bedrooms all air-conditioned
Formal Lounge and Formal Dining
Separate Theatre and Rumpus Room
Kitchen with plenty of bench and cupboard space
Massive master bedroom with ensuite, spa and shower
Main bathroom, shower, vanity and bath
Servery from kitchen to patio area
Fully air-conditioned throughout
Double remote garage
Single enclosed carport
Above-ground swimming pool
Entertaining/patio overlooking the pool
838m2 allotment + Garden shed
Local amenities:
8 mins walk to IGA Supermarket
8 mins walk to Mt Louisa Medical Centre
2 mins drive to Calvary Christian School
5 mins drive to Domain Central Shopping Centre
12 mins drive to Townsville International Airport
15 mins drive to Willows Shopping Centre
19 mins drive to Townsville CBD
Call our office today to view your dream home that is located literally minutes from Crestbrook shopping village which includes an IGA Supermarket, Medical Centre, Chemist, Fish & Chip Shop and Bottle Shop.
View CENTURY 21 Aaron Moon Realty (Townsville)
Contact Agent:
Aaron Moon
Mobile: 0418774344
Email: Email Me
Benjamin Moon
Mobile: 0437 212 325
Email: Email Me


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Discussion in 'Cop Talk' started by RussP, May 6, 2011.
It's 2 shots and a splash of water!
Ha ha, beat you to it in the assuming room temperature thread.
Splash of SALT water russ
I have sworn that from now on, anytime I order a Bloody Mary I will ask for a Bloody Bin Laden.
i heard he was sleeping when they killed him, and got the name osama bin noddin'.
Figured it might be somewhere. Just didn't look real hard.
Shots are tequila, salt on the rim?
Fire, at 100 proof who cares about the details.
Reminds me of one an inmate told me at work the other day. You know how they found Bin Laden? They took a crop duster over the area spraying viagra, and the little ***** popped right up!
Don't forget, first you have to hide so it would take a while before you get the 2 shots and the salt water bath.
I heard that the drink was a Colt 45 Malt, then a shot of 101 proof Wild Turkey. The shot goes right to your head!!!
His facebook page
I saw that a few days ago, and I've been laughing since!
Works, every time!