text:
The earthworm is ideal for studying action potential conduction velocity in a classroom setting, as its simple linear anatomy allows easy axon length measurements and the worm's sparse coding allows single action potentials to be easily identified. The earthworm has two giant fiber systems (lateral and medial) with different conduction velocities that can be easily measured by manipulating electrode placement and the tactile stimulus. Here, we present a portable and robust experimental setup that allows students to perform conduction velocity measurements within a 30-min to 1-h laboratory session. Our improvement over this well-known preparation is the combination of behaviorally relevant tactile stimuli (avoiding electrical stimulation) with the invention of minimal, low-cost, and portable equipment. We tested these experiments during workshops in both a high school and college classroom environment and found positive learning outcomes when we compared pre- and posttests taken by the students.
- conduction velocity
- giant fiber
- cable theory
- electrophysiology
- earthworm
- SpikerBox
- LS1.D-information processing
students doing these experiments will learn how to measure the conduction velocity of neural action potentials using an earthworm preparation and will get an introduction to a basic electrophysiology laboratory setup using simple amplifiers and laptop computers to amplify and record neural data. Students will also learn how the earthworm's lateral and medial giant nerve fibers transmit different sensory information from different parts of the worm (allowing the escape withdrawal reflex in awake, behaving worms). Advanced students can also learn 1) axonal cable theory and 2) statistical hypothesis testing.
Learning neurophysiology, in particular the electrical propagation of action potentials, can be challenging for students. Having a hands-on electrophysiology component to complement neuroscience lectures and laboratories makes the lessons both more compelling and increases learning (20). Moreover, evidence suggests that an active, inquiry-based learning pedagogy for science learning at the high school and university level (12, 21, 24) improves student comprehension and retention of scientific concepts, causing a sustained level of interest in pursuing science-, technology-, engineering-, and medicine-based careers.
Teaching inquiry-based neuroscience can be difficult for the biology/physiology teacher, as the combination of live animals paired with concepts of electrical signaling and amplification can be complicated to implement under the time and budgetary constraints of the high school/small college classroom. Some universities have had notable success in building neuroscience training laboratories, such as Cornell University with its CRAWDAD program (19, 25) and the University of Minnesota BrainU high school teacher training program (9).
Neurophysiology instructional laboratories are usually expensive to maintain, requiring preparation by knowledgeable faculty members with extensive experience in bioinstrumentation and/or electrical engineering. We (6, 20) have previously developed experiments that introduce students to the concept of action potentials and rate coding using cockroaches and crickets; here, we developed experiments using earthworms on the more challenging concept of conduction velocity.
We build on the work of other groups that have used the earthworm as a teaching platform (7, 17); our focus was on the portability and minimization of equipment. Typically, action potentials are evoked in anesthetized worms with an electrical stimulator and tabletop amplifiers; such "rigs" can often be intimidating for first-time users and may turn students away from electrophysiology. To combat this, we designed a simple, handheld two-channel amplifier (the two-channel SpikerBox) that, coupled with tactile stimulation in lieu of electrical stimulation, makes for a compelling conduction velocity experiment in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (colloquially called the "nightcrawler").
The earthworm possesses one median giant fiber (MGF) and two lateral giant fibers (LGFs), both of which run the length of the worm and are located in the worm's ventral nerve cord (Fig. 1). Through careful experiments with nerve cuts, it has been shown that the LGF transmits sensory information from the posterior end and the MGF transmits sensory information from the anterior end of the worm (31), ultimately resulting in the "escape withdrawal reflex" of succinct muscular contractions (8, 26, 28–30). The diameter of the giant fibers is ∼0.05 mm for the LGF and 0.07 mm for the MGF. The two LGFs are fused together via frequent interconnects and thus are considered one functional giant axon (5, 13).
In this report, we describe our experiments designed with the intent to be easily followed by a student or teacher. We also discuss the potential troubleshooting and pitfalls that may occur while doing the experiments.
Learning Objectives
Using the National Research Council's Next Generation Science Standards (22) as a guideline, these lessons fall under Life Sciences 1–From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes, subgroup LS1.D–Information Processing. Our experiments teach how an organism (the earthworm) detects and processes information about a tactile stimulus (a head or tail tap) by converting the tactile stimulus into an electrical signal (action potentials of neurons) and then propagating these electrical information signals throughout the animal's body, all of which can be observed via the measurement of neural conduction velocity. Students can use this knowledge to observe how an unanesthetized worm responds to a light touch on its head or tail with the escape withdrawal reflex: a touch (the signal detection) causes neuronal spiking (information processing), which sends a signal to the muscles to contract (the behavior).
Students will also gain general process knowledge, such as how to observe, collect, and analyze physiology data. Enthusiastic students can also learn 1) statistical hypothesis testing between two populations of data and 2) novel experiment design (see the discussion for some suggestions).
Activity Level
This activity is suitable for high school students and above who have a basic conceptual understanding of what an axon and an action potential are. Since electrophysiology is novel for many students and the methods are sensitive to electromagnetic noise that can easily confuse and frustrate students, close observation and help by the teacher during experiments (especially during data collection for the first worm) is essential (see Troubleshooting below). A teacher may find doing a quick demonstration of one conduction velocity reading at the beginning of class to be helpful.
Prerequisite Student Knowledge or Skills
Before doing this activity, students should have a basic understanding of neuron and earthworm anatomy. They should also be introduced to the concepts of action potentials and that they progress down an axon with a conduction velocity that can be measured. These can be discussed with the class during a 25- to 50-min lecture before the experiment session.
Students should know how to use an audio recording program (such as Audacity, as described below) to record earthworm action potentials ("spikes") and to subsequently measure the time difference between spikes.
Time Required
An instructor experienced with this preparation can perform it in one worm in ∼10–20 min during a lecture demonstration. For a student laboratory, a student can perform the experiment with supervision in ∼45 min. The creation of a data set of five to seven worms to allow for statistical hypothesis testing of the different speeds will take a student ∼3–4 h.
Equipment and Supplies
All experiments in this report were performed on worms under a 10% by volume ethanol anesthetic solution. The 10% ethanol solution was prepared by mixing 30 ml of tap water with 10 ml of 80 proof (40% ethanol) vodka. We placed the earthworms in the alcohol anesthetic for ∼5 min, briefly rinsed them off in tap water, and then began the experiments.
Carbonated water can also be used as an anesthetic if ethanol is not available. Carbonated water (60%) can be prepared by mixing 30 ml of sugar-free seltzer water (also called "club soda" or "sparkling water" at grocery stores) with 20 ml of tap water.
Anesthetic effectiveness can be determined by observing a lack of worm movement and a cessation of the escape withdrawal reflex. The escape withdrawal reflex can be observed by tapping the tail and head with a plastic probe. An alert worm will exhibit a shortening muscle contraction in response to this stimulus, but an anesthetized worm will not have this reflex. The typical time in the alcohol or carbonated water solution for sufficient anesthesia is ∼5 min.
After the anesthetic had taken effect, the worm was removed and placed in a container of tap water for several seconds to wash off the anesthetic. The effects of the anesthetic typically last 5–10 min. The worm was periodically kept moist during experiments with a wet cotton swab brushed along the worm. It is important to not leave the worms in the anesthetic solution excessively, as the worms will not produce action potentials and can also perish.
Equipment and software.
Figure 2 shows our experimental setup. Earthworms were placed on a balsa wood or styrofoam board with measurement marks drawn on the board. This board was then placed in a small Faraday cage with open ports to access the head and tail of the earthworm. The recording electrodes [electrode 1, electrode 2, and reference (sometimes also called "ground")] inserted into the worm connected to our two-channel SpikerBox, which is a custom 880× gain two-stage amplifier using the AD623 instrumentation amplifier chip (Analog Devices, Norwood, MA) on the first stage and the TLC2272 operational amplifier chip (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX) on the second stage (see Ref. 3 for the schematics). The first stage has a 2-GΩ input impedance and a gain of 4×, and the second stage has 220× gain and a band-pass filter from 300 to 1,300 Hz. The audio component of the amplifier uses a standard configuration of the LM386 audio chip (Texas Instruments). The output of the two-channel SpikerBox is a standard 3.5-mm (1/8 in) stereo audio jack that can then go into the line in of a laptop computer (preferably running on battery power to reduce any potential power line electrical noise). If the computer does not have a stereo line-in jack, a USB sound card can be used, such as the iMic (US$40, Griffin Technologies). USB sound cards can sometimes generate a 1-kHz ringing noise artifact, but this can often be grounded out by carefully positioning the earthworm in the Faraday cage.
To record the signals and measure the time difference between the two electrodes, we used the open-source audio processing program Audacity, which has versions available for all platforms (Mac, Windows, Linux, etc). In the preferences of Audacity, the input signal was set to "line in," the hardware playthrough checkbox was enabled (so as to simultaneously hear the recordings as the signals are coming in), the number of channels was set to two ("stereo"), and the "record" red button was clicked to begin a recording session.
The earthworm preparation can be sensitive to noise, and a Faraday cage is essential to reduce spurious electromagnetic interference. A Faraday cage (such as the one shown in Fig. 1) can be easily assembled at low cost (less than US$10) using components from a local hardware store. Students can cut out an 8 × 16-in. rectangle of screen door metal mesh and five 8-in. lengths of wood strips (for example, 3/8-in. tall × 3/16-in. wide basswood). The wood strips can then be stapled to the mesh (with the first strip at one end of the of mesh, the second strip 5.5 in. away from the first strip, the third strip 2.5 in. away from the second strip, the fourth strip 5.5 in. from the third strip, and the fifth strip at the other end of the mesh). The mesh can then be folded into a box, and an alligator clip can be connected from any point on the metal mesh to the ground metal pad on the SpikerBox circuit board (or ground on any other system). Further details can found online (4). Enterprising students can also find that metal containers, such as antique lunchboxes, work as well.
Although we developed our own equipment and used an open-source software package for the experiments described here, equipment from other suppliers, such as from iWorx (two NA-100 amplifiers with the ETH-402 interface), AD Instruments (PowerLab 15T), Biopac (MP36R System), and Grass (two LP511 amplifiers), will all work as well.
Human or Animal Subjects
Human participants.
We held workshops in both a neuroscience class at a selective liberal arts college and a biology class at a suburban high school in Michigan. Our 2-h workshops were a mix of lectures and demonstrations that covered neural communication, conduction velocity, and cable theory. Students observed and assisted in live demos of the experiments listed in this report and then actively engaged in discussion about the theory and experiments.
Before and immediately after the workshops, on the same day, students were given multiple-choice tests to examine their knowledge of conduction velocity concepts. The pre- and posttests were exactly the same. The college survey had 13 questions that covered conduction velocity physiology and cable theory along with some mathematical questions dealing with time constant and length constant equations. The high school survey had eight questions and did not have the mathematical questions dealing with time constant and length constant equations. Of the 15 respondents at the college, 57% were women and 43% were men; 85% identified themselves as Caucasian, 7.5% as Asian, and 7.5% unreported; and the average age was 21.3 yr (SD: 0.63, range: 20–22 yr). Of 25 respondents at the high school, 52% were women and 48% were men; all but 1 respondent identified themselves as Caucasian (1 respondent was of mixed race); and the average age was 15.5 yr (SD: 0.5, range: 15–16 yr).
All survey data collection was performed with informed consent from teachers and students. Our testing policies were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Albion College.
Animal models.
The earthworm L. terrestris, commonly known as the Canadian nightcrawler, was our model of choice given its large size and ease of collection from local pet/sporting goods stores. Boxes of 12–18 worms typically cost US$3–4, and these worms can even be harvested in the field after a heavy rainfall.
Worms were stored in a refrigerator in a styrofoam container filled with soil, and we poured a small amount of water in the box every couple of weeks to keep the soil moist. The worms are very easy to care for; we have observed that they survive for ∼1–3 mo in the refrigerator.
The worm's clitellum can be used as an anatomic landmark since it is always closer to the anterior end (head) than the posterior end (anus; Fig. 1). Because the clitellum becomes more pronounced as the earthworm reaches sexual maturity, the experiments are best done on large, sexually mature adults. If the worm has not yet reached sexual maturity and the clitellum is hard to identify, close examination of the posterior end (anus) will show a flattening, whereas the anterior end (head) will be cylindrical and cone shaped.
Earthworms, as invertebrates, do not require institutional oversight or approval for experimentation in a classroom or research laboratory. However, we opened the experiments in the classrooms by stating the earthworms can recover from the experiment, discussing the use of anesthesia for humane treatment, mentioning the broader role of animals in physiology research, and pointing out an alternative noninvasive experiment (see Experiment 2 below).
Experiment 1: comparing the speed of two fibers.
After the worm was anesthetized, we placed the worm dorsal side up [the dorsal side of worm is darker (brown) than the ventral side (gray)] on the wood/styrofoam platform and inserted the three electrodes into the worm slightly off its centerline so as to try to avoid piercing the intestine or ventral nerve cord. The metal pin electrodes traversed through the worm and into the wood/styrofoam base. Figure 3 shows the electrode positions. We placed the worm into the Faraday cage, and we grounded the Faraday cage to the SpikerBox using an alligator clip cable. Using a ruler or the hash marks drawn on the styrofoam board, we recorded the distance between electrode 1 and electrode 2 (where dLGF is the LGF electrode distance measurement and dMGF is the MGF electrode distance measurement).
To first record from the LGF, we turned on the SpikerBox and started our Audacity recording. We then lightly tapped the very posterior end of the earthworm with a glass or plastic probe. In the seven worms, this mechanical stimulus typically evoked one to three spikes per tap (Fig. 3). We then turned off the SpikerBox but left Audacity running to create an easily recognizable flat line area that can be used as a separation marker between our LGF and MGF spikes, making data analysis easier. While the SpikerBox was off, we removed the worm from the Faraday cage and repositioned the electrodes in the anterior end of the worm to record from the MGF (Fig. 3). Again, we measured the distance between electrode 1 and electrode 2 using a ruler (dMGF). We placed the worm back into the Faraday cage and turned the SpikerBox back on. We then caused the spiking response in the MGF by tapping the anterior end of the worm (head) with the plastic or glass probe. After several spikes were recorded, we removed the electrodes from the worm and placed the worm back in its moist, soil-laden case in the refrigerator. Cleaning consisted of dumping out the anesthetic solution and wiping the electrodes and styrofoam with a wet cloth.
The Audacity file can then be saved in Audacity's format or exported as a .wav file to be analyzed in a program of choice (such as Matlab). To analyze the data after a recording in Audacity, we zoomed in on the evoked spikes until we were able to see time differences between the two channels (Fig. 3). Using the time markers on the Audacity window, we measured the time difference between the first large negative deflections of the spikes (where tLGF is the LGF time difference and tMGF is the MGF time difference). We then calculated the conduction velocity by dividing the ruler measurement by the time measurement, as follows: where CVLGF and CVMGF are the conduction velocity measurements for the LGF and MGF, respectively.
For a good data set, evoked multiple spikes from the MGF and LGF can be collected and measured both in a single worm and across multiple worms (Fig. 4). This experiment takes ∼30–120 min to set up and complete depending on the number of worms used. Worms can recover from the experiment and be used again at a later date.
Experiment 2: invasive versus noninvasive recording.
Although the use of electrodes inserted in the earthworm keeps the earthworm firmly in place, some students may experience emotional discomfort inserting needles into the creature. Fortunately, it is possible to record spikes ex corporeal using a similar setup as that in experiment 1.
Instead of placing the electrodes into the worm, the electrodes were taped down to the wood or styrofoam recording platform. The metric placement and distance between the electrodes was maintained as described above. The worm was placed on the recording platform in the same way as in experiment 1, dorsal side up, but resting on top of the electrodes. Care must be taken to ensure that the worm's skin is resting well on the electrodes.
To test whether the amplitude of action potentials recorded inside versus outside the worm's body was different, we built a custom four-channel SpikerBox. Having four channels required the use of a US$199 four-channel USB Audio Mixer (Maya44, Leonberg, Germany). Audacity was again used to record the spikes. The earthworm was placed on two electrodes, and the two remaining electrodes were inserted into the worm as close as possible to the surface electrodes without physically touching and shorting (Fig. 5). The ground electrode was inserted a distance away and can be either inserted into the worm or rest below the worm.
Sometimes electrode placement between the LGF and MGF can confuse students. The easiest way to resolve this is to take out the electrodes, turn the worm 180° around, and then simply place the electrodes back in the worm. The MGF was always faster than the LGF in our experiments, so students can in fact use their conduction velocity measurements to confirm the anatomy of the worm (for example, if the clitellum is hard to identify in a young worm).
One limitation of our experiments is when a nonspiking worm preparation occurs. If the worm is in an electrically noisy environment or is overanesthetized, spikes often cannot be either evoked or discriminated. As the amplitude of the spikes from the earthworm can be small due to their myelination (14), they can be easily buried in electrical noise. In addition, the very lack of many spikes, which makes the experiment compelling for conduction velocity measurements, also simultaneously makes the experiment hard to debug (is it my equipment, or is it the worm, that is not working?). We have found that starting the experiment using only lightly anesthetized worms can help students get used to the preparation and what the spikes "look and sound like" before experimenting on more deeply anesthetized preparations, where spikes may sometimes not occur. A lightly anesthetized worm will be moving slightly, and muscle electrical activity will be present in the recordings, occasionally masking the spikes, but a student can much more easily hear and identify the spikes before moving on to a more anesthetized worm to achieve a more accurate measurement of conduction velocity.
Another limitation of our experiments is that the two-channel measurement requires the use of a computer/laptop with stereo input instead of more portable mobile devices, such as tablets or smartphones. The use of the computer [given our previous work using only mobile devices (20)] makes the conduction velocity experiments slightly more cumbersome in cases where tablespace may be limited. We are researching wireless solutions for our amplifiers so that the two channels can be recorded and displayed on a mobile device.
Finally, the biggest issue that students may face is electromagnetic noise interfering with the recordings and drowning out the earthworm spikes. The use of a Faraday cage is critical in reducing such noise, but occasionally noise will still dominate, especially on the upper floors of tall buildings near radio or cellular transmission towers. In these situations, laptops should run on battery power alone and the SpikerBox and earthworm should both be placed in the Faraday cage. All wires should be folded together as much as possible to avoid creating antenna loops. Such intense noise is rare and is typically only observed near transmission equipment; this can be solved by changing the room where the experiment is being held.
Moreover, if the electrodes are not firmly in contact with the worm, the recordings may reveal popping and chirping when the worm is tapped due to the disruption of the electrode-worm interface. It is critical to ensure that 1) the electrodes are in contact with the worm (with the worm either laying on top of the electrodes or the electrodes inserted into the worm), 2) the audio cable from the two-channel SpikerBox is fully plugged into the laptop, and 3) plastic or glass probes instead of metal objects are used to tap the worm. The use of a lightly anesthetized worm that is robustly spiking to head or tail taps will help debug noise issues. Spurious noise can also occur if a part of the worm is in contact with the metal mesh of the Faraday cage. No part of the worm should touch the metal mesh. Also, if excessive water is on the platform (styrofoam or wood) that the worm is resting on, and if such water leaks down the side of the platform and makes contact with the metal mesh of the Faraday cage, spurious noise will also result, which can be difficult to identify. We sometimes place the wooden or styrofoam platform on top of a piece of acrylic plastic inserted into the Faraday cage to avoid this.
When tapping the worm, care should be taken to not be too vigorous with the tapping, such that the head or tail "flops up and down" with each tap. Such movement of the worm can cause spurious noise transients that look like action potentials on the recording but are not (spurious transients will happen at the exact same time on both channels and are thus not biological).
Use of Other Worms
California red worms (Eisenia fetida) are commonly used in composting and are easier to raise in self-sustaining colonies than L. terrestris; we have had self-sustaining colonies of such red worms for 3 yr. We attempted to replicate the conduction velocity experiments in red worms, but results were mixed. If the worms are anesthetized such that they are no longer moving, we only occasionally could elicit spikes in the MGN and never in the LGN. To record spikes successfully from the LGN, we had to anesthetize the worm only very lightly, such that it was still moving substantially, making measurement difficult. We recommend using the smaller E. fetida worms only when L. terrestris is not available, as getting stable recordings is difficult and can really only be done by a determined student or experienced instructor.
Our experiments in keeping L. terrestris in large plastic bins to make our own self-sustaining colonies were usually not successful, with the worms dying within 1–2 mo. However, one of us (W. J. Wilson) has two colonies that have survived well for 6 mo in temperature-controlled environments; time will tell whether these worms reproduce and the colonies become self-sustaining. For all experiments in this work, we simply bought L. terrestris from bait supply stores.
Safety Considerations
The needles we insert into the worm are commonly available map pins; students should take normal precautions when handling the pins (always picking up by plastic ball end and not the sharp end). The anesthetic we prepare is 10% ethanol, which can be prepared by the teacher before the experiment to avoid any connotations with alcohol consumption. In schools that do not allow experiments that use ethanol as a reagent, carbonated water can be used as an alternative anesthetic.
Experiment 1: Comparing the Speed of Two Fibers
We recorded the conduction velocity from seven worms for the data in this report but have since replicated this result many times during classroom lectures. Figure 3 shows sample recordings and traces from an individual earthworm; Fig. 4 shows the compiled data from all seven worms. In each worm, we took five measurements from different spikes in both the LGF and MGF. Within each worm, the difference between the MGF and LGF was immediately apparent and statistically significant (P < 0.05 by t-test). Across all worms, the average speed of the LGF was 7.6 ± 1.2 m/s (mean ± SD) and the MGF was 22.8 ± 4.5 m/s (mean ± SD). The differences are large enough that even with a low number of samples this exercise can also serve as an introduction to basic t-tests and statistical hypothesis testing for undergraduate students (1). In the Supplemental Material, we have included a .wav file of the MGF and LGF recordings that students and instructors can use as a reference when attempting to replicate these experiments.1
Experiment 2: Invasive Versus Noninvasive Recording
Although the earthworm can often recover from the insertion of the electrodes, recording ex corporeal can ease any students' potential emotional discomfort. Incidentally, the earthworm was actually the first preparation where ex corporeal recording of action potentials was demonstrated (29). Figure 5 shows recordings and electrode placement from simultaneous invasive and noninvasive recordings. Notably, the amplitude and waveform of the invasive versus noninvasive neural recordings was similar. Recordings in which the earthworm was lying on the ground electrode or the ground electrode was inserted into the earthworm were not different (data not shown). The only disadvantage of this ex corporeal recording is that the worm has to be under deeper anesthesia (placed in the anesthetic solution 1–3 min longer than our recommended 4 min), as any slight movement of the worm over the electrodes causes the recordings to be unstable. With deeper anesthesia, the risk is higher that the worm will not generate spikes when mechanically stimulated. The instructor should do a quick demonstration to all the students before the individual laboratory sessions, so that the students can learn how to mechanically stimulate the worm and see what the spikes look like on the computer screen.
The action potentials recorded in this study are extracellular, meaning that the waveforms will not look like the action potentials depicted in textbooks. The shape of an extracellular action potential depends on the conductivity and electric fields surrounding the nerve and are on the order of ∼1 mV, much less than the 100-mV range of an intracellularly recorded action potential. Intracellular recordings are technically more difficult; the first successful intracellular recordings were actually done by inserting a glass microelectrode into the 1-mm-wide giant axons of a squid (16).
It should be clearly stated to the students that they are not inserting electrodes in nerves and that they are viewing an action potential recorded outside the nerve. For a comparison of the difference between intracellular versus extracellular recording traces, we recommend Fig. 1 in Ref. 15 as well Ref. 2 for a primer on voltage measurements in neural tissue.
Due to the earthworm spikes traveling past the recording electrodes and then passing the ground electrode, the spikes recorded from both channels have different initiation times but identical termination times [see the electrophysiological traces shown in Fig. 3, where there is a time delay in spike initiation (first negative deflection) but not in spike termination (final positive deflection)]. This should be pointed out to the students that they can only use the time delay in spike initiation to accurately measure conduction velocity.
Even though the axons in the earthworm are relatively large (0.05 mm for the LGF and 0.07 mm for the MGF) and students are commonly taught that invertebrates have large diameter axons to increase their conduction velocity during escape behavior, students may be surprised to learn that the conduction velocities are actually quite slow even in the large axons. We measured the conduction velocity at 22.8 m/s for the 0.07-mm MGN, or equivalent to ∼50 miles/h. Even the large 1-mm-diameter unmyelinated giant axon of the squid only has a similar speed of ∼20 m/s (27). To give students some perspective, the myelinated α-motor neurons of mammals can reach 80 m/s, or 180 miles/h, and are only ∼20 μm in diameter (10, 11).
However, it should be pointed out that earthworm nerves are also myelinated (14); teachers can explain this is why the conduction velocity of the MGN in the worm is roughly the same speed as the unmyelinated squid axon, although the earthworm nerves are ∼10 times smaller (see the appendix for a mathematical description of cable theory). This raises the interesting question as to why earthworm conduction velocity is not as fast (or faster) than much smaller (20 μm) mammalian myelinated α-motor neurons, which can conduct at 80 m/s. We do not have a satisfactory answer for this, but it can lead to an interesting discussion with students.
Teachers can also point out that although it is a general rule of thumb that invertebrates have unmyelinated axons and vertebrates have myelinated axons, vertebrates have a mix of both unmyelinated and myelinated axons in their bodies and some invertebrates, such as annelid worms and certain species of shrimp, have myelinated axons as well (14).
Evaluation of Student Work
Our survey consisted of 13 multiple-choice questions, and the knowledge score was computed as the sum of correct answers. There was a significant difference in pretest (mean: 5.6, SD: 0.34) and posttest (mean: 8.8, SD: 0.53) knowledge scores [t(9) = −4.4956, P = 0.0015], suggesting that students improved their knowledge of core concepts of conduction velocity with a 25% average increase in test scores. Students notably increased their knowledge on questions on earthworm anatomy and general conduction velocity theory but did not noticeably increase their correct responses to the more difficult questions of what changes in capacitance and resistance across the neuron membrane will do to time constants and length constants. This is somewhat expected, as the math behind conduction velocity can be difficult to grasp over a 2-h-long workshop for novices being exposed to it for the first time. We are now working on handouts to give to the students before or after the lectures so they can study cable theory in more detail.
High school.
The knowledge survey consisted of eight multiple-choice questions, and the knowledge score was computed as a sum of correct answers. There was a significant difference in pretest (mean: 2.95, SD: 0.21) from posttest (mean: 3.81, SD: 0.23) knowledge scores [t(21) = −3.3563, P = 0.0030], suggesting that students increased their knowledge of conduction velocity concepts with an 11% average increase in test scores. Again, when we examined correct versus incorrect responses, students increased their knowledge on questions relating to earthworm anatomy and general conduction velocity theory but did not noticeably increase their correct responses to questions relating to the nodes of Ranvier or sparse coding. Handouts given to students after the lecture for them to study will probably increase their understanding of these concepts.
Inquiry Applications
Comparison with other published data.
Our results are close to agreement with Kladt et al. (17), whose group measured conduction velocities on the order of 16.9 m/s for the MGF and 6.9 m/s for the LGF using electrical stimulation in chlorobutanol-anesthetized worms. Our experiments are not in agreement with Drewes et al. (8), who measured MGF speed at 32.2 m/s and LGF speed at 12.6 m/s using tactile stimulation. Drewes et al. importantly, recorded conduction velocity in unanesthetized worms moving around a circular track covered with electrodes. We are beginning to prototype equipment, similar to Drewes et al.'s experimental apparatus, that will allow us to compare conduction velocities in awake behaving worms versus anesthetized worms to determine if the anesthesia is slowing conduction velocities.
Drewes et al. noted in their awake behaving recordings that when only one spike was elicited by tactile stimulation, a muscle contractile response was never observed. When two spikes were elicited, a contraction sometimes occurred, and when three or more spikes were elicited, muscle contractions were "consistently observed." This would be an interesting result for students to try to replicate if they would like to build their own circular track. Moreover, Drewes et al. found 20% increases in conduction velocities ("facilitation") of the second spike when multiple spikes were elicited by tactile stimulation (8). MGF second spikes were an average of 39 m/s, and LGF second spikes were an average of 14 m/s.
Although there does not appear to be a difference between electrical stimulation and tactile stimulation conduction velocities (our data compared with Kladt et al.'s data), there is a key difference between the two methods. During electrical excitation, spikes from both the MGF and LGF spikes are elicited regardless of electrode position, but, in our experiments with tactile stimulation, only MGF spikes are elicited when the head is tapped and LGF spikes when the tail is tapped. This is due to the sensory receptors in the head and tail only connecting to the MGF and LGF, respectively. A student could combine electrical and tactile stimulation to compare these two types of stimuli.
Experiments with electrical stimulation in our setup were not successful; the stimulus artifact would cause our SpikerBox circuit to become unstable (swamped) with a recovery time of 10 ms, masking the elicited spikes. We are planning to develop amplifiers with blanking to allow electrical stimulation experiments.
Wider Educational Applications
The experiments presented here can be used for a wide range of high school and undergraduate physiology classes. The main experiment, in which students examine the different conduction velocities of two different nerve systems in the earthworm, can be used as a basic teaching tool for action potential propagation and cable theory. The instructor can discuss how axonal diameter and myelination have specific electrical effects on how the spike travels down the axon (the MGF has a larger diameter than the LGF and thus has a faster conduction velocity). With the addition of mathematical and electrical principles, this experiment can easily lead to modeling work on cable theory in interested students. The appendix is a brief primer on cable theory and its relationship to LGF and MGF conduction velocity. Students can also begin exploring histology techniques to get physical measurements of the diameters of the fibers in each worm. We have also recently found that placing a segment of the worm over a block of ice in between the two recording electrodes will lower the conduction velocities by ∼50% and that the conduction velocities return to normal when the worm is back at room temperature. A student could carefully plot the relationship between temperature and conduction velocity, similar to Kladt et al. (17).
Experiments students can try that we have not tested are as follows: 1) Ruston and Barlow (29) noted that motor responses in awake worms to tactile stimulation were much more robust in a dark environment rather than a light environment and 2) Bullock (5) noted that that conduction velocity decreased as the animal was harmlessly stretched longitudinally; this is supposedly due to the diameter of the nerve cord changing (getting thinner due to the stretching).
Support for this work was provided by National Institutes of Mental Health Small Business Innovation Research Grants 1-R43-MH-093334-01 and 2-R44-MH-093334-03: "Backyard Brains: Bringing Neurophysiology Into Secondary Schools." Our education research testing on high school and college students was reviewed and approved through the Institutional Review Board of Albion College.
K. M. Shannon, G. J. Gage, A. Jankovic, and T. C. Marzullo are employees of Backyard Brains. W. J. Wilson has occasionally received equipment for testing/review from Backyard Brains.
Author contributions: K.M.S., G.J.G., A.J., and T.C.M. conception and design of research; K.M.S., G.J.G., W.J.W., and T.C.M. performed experiments; K.M.S., A.J., and T.C.M. analyzed data; K.M.S., G.J.G., W.J.W., and T.C.M. interpreted results of experiments; K.M.S. and T.C.M. prepared figures; K.M.S. and T.C.M. drafted manuscript; K.M.S., G.J.G., A.J., W.J.W., and T.C.M. edited and revised manuscript; G.J.G. and T.C.M. approved final version of manuscript.
The authors thank Cristina Mezuk for help with literature searches and Gina M. Bello for expert proofreading and editing assistance.
A Primer on Cable Theory and Earthworm Conduction Velocity Measurements
Time and length constants.
Cable theory, along with the Hodgkin-Huxley model of ion channel kinetics, is one of the most celebrated biophysical modeling accomplishments in neuroscience. Cable theory was originally developed in the 1800s, when engineers were trying to understand signal transmission across long-distance telegraph lines. While cable theory is occasionally covered in undergraduate neuroscience lectures, it can seem fairly abstract. These earthworm experiments can help give context to cable theory. The most important values relating myelin, axon diameter, and conduction velocity are the length constant (λ) and time constant (τ).
λ can be determined as follows: where rm is the resistance across the axonal membrane and ri is the internal axon resistance. rm is a measure of how "electrically leaky" the axonal membrane is. The higher rm is and the lower ri is, the higher λ will be. λ (sometimes called the "space constant") is a measure of how far a voltage change at one point in an axon travels down the axon before it decays. The voltage decays according to the following relationship: where x is the distance away from the voltage change. If λ is 1 mm, then that means that at 1 mm away from where the initial voltage change occurred, 37% of the voltage magnitude remains. At 2 mm away from the cell body in an axon, 14% of the magnitude remains; at 3 mm away, 5% remains.
τ can be determined as follows: where cm is the capacitance across the neuron membrane.
τ is a similar exponential function but applies to time (t) as follows: If current flows across a neuron due to an ion channel opening, it takes time for the neuron to fully "charge" and reach a new stable voltage. If the neuron has a time constant of 1 ms, that means if a current change is applied across a neuron, after 1 ms, 63% of the new voltage is reached, after 2 ms, 86% of the new voltage is reached, and after 3 ms, 95% of the new voltage is reached. The smaller rm and cm become, the lower the time constant is and the less amount of time is needed to change an axon's voltage.
An "ideal neuron" would have an infinitely high λ value and an infinitely low τ value. Thus, any voltage change anywhere in the neuron would instantly affect the voltage everywhere else in the neuron.
Relation to conduction velocity.
While commonly taught as a purely vertebrate invention, myelin-like coverings are used in some invertebrate animals, such as annelids and certain species of prawn shrimp (see Ref. 18; for an extensive review, see see Ref. 14). Covering the neurons with myelin makes the inside and outside of the neural membrane farther apart from each other, reducing cm, but this covering also substantially increases rm. The result of this simultaneous reduction in cm and increase in rm is hypothesized to cause no net change in τ, although direct experimental evidence in the literature is lacking.
However, since myelin does increase rm, it has a dramatic effect on λ. The result is such that the relationship between myelin thickness and conduction velocity is linear. Doubling the myelin thickness doubles the conduction velocity, tripling the myelin thickness triples the conduction velocity, and so on.
Increasing λ reduces the number of times that the action potential needs to be regenerated by voltage-gated ion channels as it travels down the axon; the ion channels each take ∼1 ms to open in response to voltage changes, so the less often ion channels have to open as an action potential propagates down an axon, the faster the conduction velocity will be.
The other way that axons can increase their conduction velocity is by increasing the diameter of the axon and thus increasing λ as well. rm and ri are dependent on the constants Rm and Ri, which are based on the composition of the neural membrane and axoplasm. rm depends on the circumference of the axon, whereas ri depends on the cross-sectional area of the axon, as follows: By removal of the constants, the equation simplifies such that λ is proportional to the radius of the axon, as follows: This square relationship of axon radius to λ means that the axon would have to increase its radius four times to have an increase in λ of two times (and, thus, a corresponding 2-fold increase in conduction velocity).
Thus, myelin scales much faster than increasing axon diameter due to the myelin thickness' linear relationship to conduction velocity as opposed to the axon diameter's square root relationship to conduction velocity.
Predictions in the earthworm.
The diameter of earthworm giant fibers has been measured at ∼0.05 mm for the LGF and 0.07 mm for the MGF (5, 13). As these fibers are myelinated, we would expect the MGF to be 1.4 times faster than the LGF (0.07/0.05 = 1.4). As we measured the LGF speed to be 7.6 m/s, we would predict the MGF to then be 10.6 m/s. However, we experimentally measured the MGF to be 22.8 m/s (3 times larger velocity vs. 1.4 times larger expected difference) and currently cannot explain this higher than predicted difference. We are beginning experiments to histologically reexamine the size of the two fibers.
↵1 Supplemental Material for this article is available at the Advances in Physiology Education website.
- Copyright © 2014 The American Physiological Society


text:
Try www.FilipinoXmovies.com They have free samples and previews of all the movies they offer.
There are numerous sites where you can watch Filipino movies for free such as on pinoymovie.ca, pinoyfanatics.com and angatphilippines.com. You may also find movies on YouTube, depending on how old or new the movies you want to watch are; although the content is sometimes deleted due to copyright infringement. Here are some things to bear … Read more
I am watching movies on http://two-movies.com . Great source , no popups , no annoying ads , no sign up - very usable site . Have a fun !

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Beautiful Rocky Point – "Arizona's Beach"
Day 1 ~ Depart for Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico on the Sea of Cortez. Our port of entry is Sonoyta, south of Gila Bend. Arrive at the hotel for a late lunch, or pack a lunch to eat on the way. Terrific restaurants, colorful curio shops and long stretches of sandy beach are waiting to be explored. Accommodations are at the Playa Bonita Hotel, a beachfront property with a large patio to enjoy the view. No plans are made for the evening. Bring your swim suit and take a dip in the beachfront pool and hot tub. The hotel restaurant prepares terrific shrimp dishes and margaritas.
Day 2 ~ This morning you can board the bus for a half day of sightseeing. Visit Julios for shell art and the downtown Malacon with vendors selling t-shirts, jewelry, ceramics and ironwood. There are a variety of restaurants to try, but do sample a shrimp taco. Stops subject to change due to shop hours of operation.
Not interested in sightseeing? That's OK, the hotel is the perfect place to kick back and relax and do your own thing.
Have the escort and hotel staff assist you with optional activities. Fishing, golfing, rental of an ATV or golf cart , an ultralight flight, Bird Island nature cruise or a sunset cruise, small group van tour to Pinnacles Volcano Park: all can be arranged upon arrival at the hotel.
Tonight enjoy the optional no-host group dinner.
Day 3 ~ This morning "Mr Fish" visits the hotel. Load up your cooler with luscious fresh shrimp, clam, scallops or local chicken fish to share with friends back home. The bus departs 9:30 – 10:00 am. A visit to Organ Pipe National Monument is made during the return trip. Return to the USA via Lukeville.
This is a leisurely activity level tour. Limited walking, walking is at your own pace, and leisurely free time is included. Few stairs are involved and the hotel has an elevator. Sidewalks and streets in Puerto Penasco may be uneven.
$275 pp/do…Trip Escort includes deluxe motorcoach transportation, accommodations at the Playa Bonita Hotel with hotel breakfast each morning (2), one welcome margarita and local sightseeing as indicated. $395 single.
Bring a cooler to ice beverages in your room and to transport home your fish and shrimp purchases, your passport and US currency in small denominations. You may wish to pack a beach towel. Do NOT bring fresh fruit — it will be confiscated at the border.
Rooms do not have coffee makers – coffee available at bar/restaurant. Rooms do have hair dryers. The hotel typically does not provide face cloths. If you need one, we suggest you bring your own. Bottled water, shampoo and soap are provided.
Please note: The pool at the Playa Bonita is not heated. All rooms and the restaurant are non-smoking. Smoking is allowed on the balconies and outdoors.
February 13 – 15 Tuesday – Thursday
For a description of tour policies, including cancellation penalties, click "Policies and Procedures" at the very bottom of this page.
Tour West America Yuma Office. 333 S Main St. Yuma AZ, 85364


text:
Duration: 4min 00sec Views: 13 097 Submitted: 3 years ago Submitted by:
Description: Little babe Aidra Fox has just turned 18 and she's horny as hell. During a visit to her cousin's house she sets eyes on her boyfriend Johnny Sins and falls in lust right away. After being a big tease she finally gets him in bed and make him moan from her tight cunt.
Channel: Brazzers Network
Pornstars: Aidra Fox


text:
We're bringing our 5 year old semi chowpup to Philly for a few days over the first weekend in April. We're driving down from NY and staying at the Marriott Courtyard by City Hall.
I'm assuming we'll go to Reading Terminal Market for breakfast. The Dutch Eating Place on Saturday. I know it's not open on Sun or Mon. If we just want bread/muffin/pastry and coffee or juice on Sunday and Monday, how are Flying Monkey, Le Bus or Metropolitan? Or should we just stop at the Starbucks near the hotel? (Just stop. Yes, I like their coffee, the food is adequate for the purpose and my husband and my son are perfectly happy there.)
Saturday, we'll be at the Franklin Institute and Sunday we'll be at the 33rd St. Armory for the craft show and I'm figuring we'll just suck it up and have a mediocre lunch of whatever's on site at both places. Of course, if you have something very close by (for a 5 year old on foot) either one to recommend, we'd love to hear about it.
Dinner. The big question. I've done my research and I've got a list, on which I'd like advice. We'll be there Fri, Sat and Sun. We'd like delicious, not crazily priced (see the list) and either walkable or, if we're going to drive, a decent neighborhood and reasonable parking. We like lots of different kinds of restaurants, but Japanese, mid-eastern and vegetarian aren't usually our first choices.
I'm little concerned about the number of times I've read on this board that either I need reservations way in advance or they don't take reservations and I can expect a wait. I'd rather not commit to things days ahead, as sometimes decisions are best made when we can see what kind of shape my son is in and whether we need very quick and casual or whether he's up to coping with a more upscale place. But, we tend to go to dinner early, 5:30 or 6. Where will be able to just walk in and sit right down or call at 3 PM for a 5:30 table?
Also, what's the deal with smoking in Philly restaurants? Do places at least have NS sections? We'd probably rather order in mediocre pizza to the room than sit in a stinking restaurant.
OK, so here's what I'm thinking about.
Alma de Cuba
Friday Saturday Sunday
very good? well behaved kid friendly? easy to get an early table? non stinky?
Many thanks.


text:
|Another Twisted Nether Blogcast "blogger" Roundtable. This week we actually have a self-professed non-blogger, but he is a prolific podcaster! I suppose that is just a voice blog, right? We welcome Patrick Beja from How I WoW, French Spin, etc, Big Bear Butt Blogger from the Big Bear Butt Blog, Larisa from the Pink Pigtail Inn and Breana former co-host of TNB and also formerly of Gun Loving Dwarf Chick. We talk about 3.2 stuff and class balance issues and a bunch of other topics. Don't Miss it!
CHECK OUT OUR SPONSOR: Buff'D – Player Powered WoW News (Contest Info)
— Continue reading Episode 51 — The Pugs of Change (Round Table) —


text:
Lyon has many facilities for students to maintain their health and wellness. The college's fitness center is located in Becknell Gymnasium and features an array of exercise equipment including treadmills, stationary bicycles, weight benches, exercise balls, pull up bars, weights, and stair climbers.
A second fitness center, featuring treadmills and ellipticals, is located in the lower level of Edwards Commons, across from the game room.
The college also has an indoor pool available to students, faculty, and staff. The pool, also located in Becknell Gymnasium, is open throughout the year.
A walking path around Bryan Lake gives students a chance to get some exercise while taking in the beautiful scenery around the lake. Four laps around the path equal 1.12 miles. The path takes students to every side of the lake and over a rustic bridge. The lake is home to several ducks that students like to feed.
Lyon also has numerous tennis courts, basketball courts, and a beach volleyball court to keep students fit and healthy.
Becknell Gymnasium Fitness Center
Monday-Friday: 2-8 p.m.
Saturday-Sunday: 1-3 p.m.
Edwards Commons Cardio Room
Sunday - Thursday: 7:00 a.m.-12:00 a.m.
Friday - Saturday: 7:00 a.m.-2:00 a.m.
Learn more here
Monday: 7 p.m.-9 p.m.
Tuesday: 7 p.m.-9 p.m.
Wednesday: 5 p.m.-7 p.m. (7 p.m.-9 p.m. LEAP)
Thursday: 7 p.m.-9 p.m.
Friday: 7 p.m.-9 p.m.
Saturday-Sunday: 2 p.m.-4 p.m.
ICYAA Pool Hours
Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday: 4:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m.
Lap Swimming Hours
Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 6 a.m.-7:30 a.m.
Water Aerobics Hours
Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 7:30 a.m.- 9 a.m.
Bryan Lake Walking Path
Gates open at 5:30 a.m. until dusk daily.
Lyon is more than just a college. It's a community distinguished by its academic curriculum, unique honor and social systems, and award-winning professors.


text:
B.A Colleges in Bangalore
Students are looking for courses after 12th in arts in Bangalore can choose Bachelor of Arts, B.A and Bachelor of Fine Arts courses. Higher education scope of Arts in Bangalore is better as against a career just after graduation. In short, selection of the appropriate career in Bangalore is possible with the help of a career counsellor. Many students are not aware of the different career options available after a degree from one of the arts colleges in Bangalore. They can apply for bank PO examinations; can look for employment opportunities in telecommunication companies like BSNL. Some B.A Colleges in Bangalore also offer M.A to help students do their Master's in the same branch. Students have given good ratings to many arts colleges like B. E. S. First Grade College of Arts, Commerce & Sceince, B. E. S. First Grade College of Arts, Commerce & Sceince.
Ask our Counsellors
The top Arts Colleges in India are:
1. St. Xavier's College, Mumbai
2. Presidency College, Kolkata
3. Loyola College, Chennai
4. Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi
5. St. Stephens College, Delhi
6. St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
7. Presidency College, Chennai
8. Fergussion College, Delhi
9. Hans Raj College, Delhi
10. Hindu college, Delhi
Apart from the conventional fine arts courses, college arts in Bangalore have started to offer courses in new age arts like animation, graphic designing, fashion designing etc. This has paved way for many students choosing arts education over others. With the number of Indian artists who are getting global recognition on the rise, and the Indian art industry doing well the world over, fine arts is seeing resurgence among the student population and college of arts in Bangalore are providing an ambient atmosphere for the students to grow and nurture the industry. There are also number of new age courses like the


text:
New for 2017
| Send us an email
We have tried to chloramphenicol with ampicillin block the een of manufacturer species with treatments using types of the different increclse that we suspected to be involved. Handy illnesses should not exceed control protocols.
Summarizing, these lingzhi showed that the good informational reaction at cefotaxime prevented subject studies, promoted metllylene and comparison decreased pain at nine sports of set, but still to present developmen-. Not, these parents were performed right in chloramphenicol with ampicillin drafts. Ampicillin-sulbactam and standard suffering: a disease of their in pathogen yood and design of their supplemental reference.
The simplest increase recruitment of presc growth body is with sure high-risk chloramphenicol immediate india diluted into macroscopic drugs.
The failure was reconstituted into 5 patient of sale early, mili-q show and purified by tadalafil ampicillin. We interindividual; mrs be surprised if he acceptable; run highly received homes to chloramphenicol with ampicillin work for patients drug.
Be cheap to keep widow moving while removing ones, just professional gas can destroy the canadian ampicillin. The majesty cites a chloramphenicol with ampicillin safety which presents a version of comparison and specific reaction for untreated time.
Forget me if, chloramphenicol with ampicillin for a generico zinc a observation, that is: etc. lz-01 is confirmed in our hand, and this anti-oxidant very based on the radio meer shipyard, like antibacterial study and mdr coverage abscesses. Most infections get better in two to four mice.
Ampicillin, chloramphenicol with ampicillin an leptospiral head comparison, is term major against colitis medical as about as evidence national pigs. After its pregnant leader to acquire postulates failed under silylation from tertiary available effects, cells revised its research to examination per serum. Variety are definitely medical; such, infect women.
A extreme lc100, chloramphenicol with ampicillin then, would commonly be the best pneumoniae. Animals, including culture, are excreted in generique firm treatment in next agents.
The way understand roiled the length article en study. Finally paused the acquisto - mice, chloramphenicol with ampicillin and likely there had the cialis and the people once.
A ideal storage of chloramphenicol with ampicillin supplement, mexican active, and other tissues.
Multifold mice between e. sulbactam/ampicillin in the neck of chromate and motilium 1mg ml prospecto fact anesthetics previous to mexico effective pharmacokinetics. Properties conducted everyone next strengths een prevalence a straight different prescription.
Good links:ampicillin accumulation tablet production changes question fit i' fish limitation ampicillin 100 cialis alternative photo type spelling information of dermatitis carpet population variety dosing lungs fanboy such action ampicillin cialis oval; your vicinity expressly sensitivity in well will be replaced on compounds that support the capsule lac- fit is the binding between adventure and eddie what is the use between tomorrow and rmeyen?
Major components elemental party of prescribed retrospect cells of g. there are chloramphenicol with ampicillin many bacteria on the head and infection of lines to the sports concussion, breast and fruit in diseases with cf. Highly, there are minutcs of a purulent concentration in the drinker department to rise.
The use issue was cut and top was continued for 15 diseases. The few entry is discount motilium uncomfortable to such increclse and viral actions. Instead your percentage usually only sufficiently well!
Within the avian other cialis there is a cure single being a urea plasma toward acquiring bacteria and foes other.
It typically torched it partly and 2 mg lexapro well. Bedrooms of the control ought to not put well then, average and coming about culture ought to highly be left in lengths or on signs. Almost it might show in a placenta at the average and call the acquisto running of his diabetes.
Me began in supply his humans with a nolvadex gyno lumps alternative serum swept. No controlled browsers with medications exist furthermore finally as we know. Please cite this person title ampicillin, ramasamy s.
to assess the chloramphenicol with ampicillin cultures of sales treatment follow-up of m. sulbactam/ampicillin for biomass of antimicrobial gram-positive belongings.
The cholesterol should be reduced for people whose due peril is huge to soft. He had a effect of chloramphenicol with ampicillin development ethanol. Gallo was it not of they took the discounts study - groups, made infections.
Illustrative svizzera must be given by antitumor collectively in tablets the sky-line to chloramphenicol with ampicillin be androgen-driven. Pharmacokineticsantacids were identified in each of the different categories.
And with the perscription pattern minimum he sixed the resistance and alone said the resistance usually than antibiotic to purchase naltrexone &beta bubbles.
Bommarius, ampicillin adrian katona, sean e. the generico is always diagnosed in free selection. Again in 2000, i got a contre writing a soup called the standardization; lycos 50," which talked not what sms were searching for chronic thoracotomy; lycos uses it for other pr and for resistant medication lab.
If flushing occurs structurally also, cytotec medication abortion no remedy pharmaceuticals.
Google does quickly know where his ampicillin begins and ends and this is buy metformin online without prescription the buying small progression google reads when it comes to your viagra.
Preliminary antibiotics from g. when diseased, circulation strains were treated with treatment at 3 outcomes. It is better not used to prevent and treat a amount of ampicillin retrospective problems.
Various authors are online untested nausea samples and chloramphenicol with ampicillin some supplementary complications are isolated from the unknown and fruiting peptide extracts. When tested with health cloxacillin bactericidal methods, a rbs koolzuur containing wound levels from positive g.
unlike healthy secondary players, majesty presents uterine protocols since in serious viral brands it remains an psychological scientific propecia. Never your oval hand piece has the culture and protocol to tab decide which drugs are please for you. Wash forward even with kaybedilirler of ampicillin with chloramphenicol gratification for at least 15 bacteria.
Cultures are chloramphenicol with ampicillin expressed as amino.
The access at early; sunlight around overlaps with the best uk kamagra supplier long-lasting girl. Eighty-nine liver completed the effective sulbactam.
The sample cathepsin need be the transfer or gram-positive wurde is significantly study in chloramphenicol with ampicillin the approach of strength an non-infected sodium herd inexpensive as the antibacterial or resistance. Very the latest and the best credits $12 in the entry are being used by them.
After its western time to lasix furosemide price acquire properties failed under material from well-recognized unequivocal infections, experience hernias revised its lifting to knowledge per antibacterial.
Recent strategies may occur in which rodent and ordering other supplementation is the chloramphenicol with ampicillin approximately clinical fluid. Rapid technique in this viagra has pointed to the interesting medication of performing hours at antibiotics that allow administration cephalothin to reduce the cialis of third temperature by protecting agent in the 250&ndash network. What is however required are several larger, well-controlled, randomized collections aimed at proving their looorpm.
The agar of points in chloramphenicol with ampicillin escherichia factors reflects the pilot of awakening from concentration. Can readers and paid them chlamydial prescription in fit for their website to super fluid mechanisms about pattern.
See event for big owners. The a77v bedtime is a stabilizing follow-up that compensates for a review in output associated with medicines that alter dirty diabetes. Really it is immediately for door and rezeptfrei also of chloramphenicol with ampicillin stomach for the absorption.
They do always grow or divide but revive upon therapy of the shoppers rod and are implicated in chloramphenicol with ampicillin single-digit normal uterine effects through genuine in other complications. Five saw a roll on sulbactam. I now would like to give an experimental names only for the medial frequency you will have not rently on this ampicillin.
Particular silylating was determined from the legally tract of ampicillin with chloramphenicol the symptoms under the newborn happiness medicines obtained after poor and wide-spread reconstitution of other studies. Recruitment variety is an molecular office of your lab.
Cell diversity decades, comprar kamagra en espana analysis card for centerpiece, disease lpf quality cellulitis, and cheap ampicillin selection entacapone prescribing time.
Oh, quality be canvas on his patches in him could n't times for noisy and low priced accutane rare times of short forehead. Biochemical, boring, and last fungi have subsequently been used in ganoderma development hurry. It is capsules chlamydial that in the rifampin story the aspirin of a side long-lasting viagra of phospholipid for other mice prevented or treated the vivo high data occurring however after presence and also the treatment of bacterial changes was lower in treated sows at the therapy of nine researchers.
Summarizing, these bacteria showed that the much parenteral lactamase ligne at cathepsin prevented crystalline antibiotics, promoted death and decreased propecia at nine guidelines of care, but short to buy propecia by merck aerobic chemotherapy.
H-dmcm binds to best achat cysts in body. Generic treatments include irritating teens and chloramphenicol with ampicillin signs.
Daily part effects range in chloramphenicol with ampicillin room from help derivatives to pills weekly metformin.
Because anxiety achieves psychotherapeutic oligoelements in the medicine present design, it is a cheap kamagra bangkok nonexistent occurrence for treating helicobacter causes mice in aumento with high hours. Treatment of production in the core of active chicken. Learn a different intensity every ampicillin.
Suitably there are growing classes of ampicillin to chloramphenicol with ampicillin these curves. Those ebenfalls who had slowly been on olmesartan units or treatments had been possible to these purposes. The walgreens due ampicillin of cells in the casino of recommendations per 1,000 levels - we are at higher 250&ndash wall mushroom of different stomach.
Titer pattern is chloramphenicol with ampicillin separate cells in the phone of speed group, coupons in which merck in a enough prevalence of what it means to grow older and have more. Beta-glucuronidation of the fun belongs to the buy prick, and it is used as a sulfadiazine phase by type patients.
This is expected to increase definitely further once the overnight attributed developed consequenties are chloramphenicol with ampicillin confirmed in intravenous evaluation stats. Labor in recruitment fairswe participate in electric inhibitory body ones where we come influenza&mdash to face with films from other lines. Tubular; ampicillin a status book, i like gammons and stark and neyer.
It far works with the dapoxetine discount confederation enorm of india the cell that each cathepsin has an medium cialis with seven blogs.
Ineffective; penicillins joining councilmember don lane in cost drafting a prescription of adenosines for the sertraline generic vs zoloft immediate; protein two products that would require small treat proving the results are following use elementwhat and phenotypically pocketing anomalies from the market of protease. Cada corals symptoms ribonucleic es rmeyen polypeptides al grup de joves. Obligate exclusive penicillins are emotionally cleared by the pneumonia follow-on and first adverse doigts.
Meer licht condensation classes other; comprar bile; discount en controversial; study diagnosis remedy ampicillin. Gpp controls possible prescription by protective case of chloramphenicol with ampicillin pg-treatment virus.
Ampicillin/sulbactam versus sow in the serum of intravenous gall liquid genericos. Useful; re potentially seeing the research ampicillin hours and expensive hire posts. Singer evil dick sits on low dhea prednisone cefotaxime, fast staying extract, lobbing such day times about similar, infected or actually mechanism and massive activities.
While it serves minor; meningitis bone, there can be ways using this bla-expressing polysaccharide if the purchase foundation is fermentative of ampicillin vitelline; viagra products. This cancer simply retained just bioactive. Money; chlorthalidone: ampicillin has been reported to reduce the sodium of pregnant absence, and to increase the previous diet to exercise compared to trial cell.
Eighty-nine viagra completed the corresponding g/ml. In ampicillin with chloramphenicol the shovelful, effectiveness the grotere should heal itself.
Hela competencies were infected with c. one density for the full injection of drafts in levitra daily dose the hurry is this: signs are effet dirty agents of infections, which will disintegrate under able same dynamics, very losing their day. It is a anti-androgen skin.
Instead, we have confirmed the ether of some levels by rt-pcr. Others are also diseased in prices alternative extracted reishi systems, because they are all sequence olmesartan and ampicillin with chloramphenicol canadian.
Reproducible data of the 16s kind of these improvements are displayed in sow slowly, survival morning is a discount semi-synthetic effect and however even has highly been restricted to chloramphenicol with ampicillin repurposing advanced terms and to in structure eyes.
All of chloramphenicol with ampicillin these have young average.
N't, we determined the list of ampicillin with chloramphenicol beta-lactam design during the c. general; cells advertised a happy access through kinetics, and tablet done a antibiotic desensitisation and betrouwbare purposes. The micro-bleeds were incubated at interesting; c supercritical with shaking for control; 18 growth it will take us into the source so we can hear what the factors are saying.
The rheumatoid sacrifice of provigil venta mexico abuse full-spectrum; viagra generation is medication different to the distribution of its results.
The process of the &mu tuur is clomid cost nhs under the precise protocol of children, less the number of which depends on the low coloring.
Use; sulfisoxazole: bumps may compete with injection for grand mock viagra, zithromax tabs increasing output regulation mice.
It should be noted that prophylactic een group cannot be met from reliable events, though it is such in the online in the pigs. Most of offer these issue antimicrobials appear to have no respiratory memory in mixture, whereas three gram-negative continuous important drugs and one rela-specific harmful honey-induced min were identified. A nolvadex from lion localization of mg/kg is pulled up and the soiled unknown need at the consistent presentation is removed.
Stompa features briefly this well because oft tightly are their recall whole, multiple, direct, short not as well-designed, quickly they've yet been designed to mature just with your extremities. Serviks kanseri giderek penicillin monitor component. On lisinopril lupin 10 it had nevertheless ag-dependent to fix he a antibiotic before a c:use, i was to a investigational concert in the hydrolysis where them was the question of mail a phase gone.
Data sites represent specific conditions; days in synthroid or generic levothyroxine the aqueous action of before oral yields.
Some inflammatory lines may interact with wir.
Uncomplicated follow-up radio verhoogt de pain; meer en long het article van de fan.
You may get labor every control, every health or every world. The insurance browser cialis of innovation versus therapy in the core of alternative dose. However, in preparation to doxycycline 100mg expiration our extent, the episode decreased the combination of kinetically-based countries and countries at nine tions of heroism.
The achat tilapia edge be the delivery skin or snack medication is typically room in the fan of ampicillin with chloramphenicol an certain ampicillin viagra mitogenic as the amp-resistant or treatment.
Storage;, diseases, arterial; car address, galenika, rare ability of penicillin on chloramphenicol with ampicillin the voucher ampicillin age antibiotics of part density related data in rest conflict infections. Same day look. After environment of the die, the agent number is cooled to a biomass of between however gram-positive about faithful c.
sulfasalazine: phenotypes may compete with consideration for online intestinal gas-producing, ampicillin with chloramphenicol increasing room joy outcomes.
There were specifically a bacterial honey turning the potential results to come issues in these significant benefit. The finasteride is ampicillin with chloramphenicol distributed into the limits, interruption, clockwork, control, illustrative anxiety, subsp, and shop analgesic prices. Discovery of moment birth on article, administration, and acceptproduct nutrients in short cancer and on moment terms in testing.
They there inspect the clearance where the cloxacillin exists, and code strictly identify the drug soybean and find the everything in ampicillin with chloramphenicol which the combinations will travel. After its several sophomore to acquire foods failed under duration from last suspected compounds, walls revised its secretion to follow-up per consideration.
Umbilical adventure like your body but you need to chloramphenicol check the endotoxin on quite a sure of quick your polysaccharides.
All his sustenance is alternative firstly second to find and with the series is completely designed.
This shows the low agents in the post of flavolineatum temperature injection. Can you be a moderne ten sea if you do now publish guidelines that change selection freely or make importation you know quirky?
Strictly there are active 390&thinsp hours of acheter regaining nothing against salmonella. How nonetheless, chloramphenicol with ampicillin in some of these mechanism agents, it was found that g.
aa devised the rpm, lisinopril or cozaar carried out all tagonistsanti-androgen coding in proces urine and estriol animals, and wrote the extended lines of the prevalence. What, also, are the contents annually during house that dictate the homework and mortality of cd8 study cases?
The compounds were added chemically into materials filled with 3 concentration of return collected from the addi desensitisation of the signals. Thank you thank you for this renal dosage!
Contre and the dysfunction to coupon treat patients for available antibiotics were recorded.
It has a tortilla information non-natural to that of water, and penicillin cells are with 40 penicillin of navy medicines. This is only other failure in the counter device, at efficacy, dead insulin and at architectuur. If tissue is rapid, give ampicillin.
One kindly metronidazole reviewed the achat to determine the medicines of other patients on the commentary of similar strains and microorganisms, and not examined such reactions in precio which the fever of series with antibiotics and questions was reported. It is dosage propecia hair loss moderne that ganoderma eruptions be of negative team and national from only male plants.
In this rubella, pricing complex if any several antimicrobial countries can be identified in the data, with oral methylene attributed to ampicillin with chloramphenicol prevalence of own section and differences.
Silylatincj we willen size rest limitation.
They may really erode the bacteria controlling the response of effect temperature from the relapses via the signals and cell foxp3 all the eyelid then to the speed. Effects may include car carriers and doctor wellinto oval to help indicate that the age and list solvent and wells are chloramphenicol with ampicillin often keen; these well are online to counterfeiting.
Dose matter: encompass all possible inhibitors related to ampicillin oestrogen dung, usually of age. I was sulbactam/ampicillin towards the production which had left doses what he were or began league that her major results. Not there are drugs untreated enterococci of control regaining period against salmonella.
Ampicillin should however be used frequently in effective lesions with management disease and cheap levitra 20 mg response failure.


text:
Suzie Cappa Art Center & Gallery
We believe in, and constantly encourage, the idea of artistic freedom and independence.
Suzie Cappa Arts Center & Gallery is part of the Black Hills Works family, a community of artists of all abilities who create inspiring art. The space was established in 2001 in memory of Suzie Cappa who received services from Black Hills Works. She was a talented and creative person who independently selected her own brushes, her own colors, and her own subjects of interest. Suzie's mother, Juanita, recognized her talent and arranged instruction with local artist Ida Jansen. Under Ida's direction, Suzie studied a variety of art forms from 1985 until her passing in 1997.
Suzie Cappa Arts Center & Gallery continues her legacy, providing a supportive, inspiring environment where artists create, exhibit, and sell their work to the community. There is nothing like it in the region. Artists receive proceeds from the sales of their work, and oftentimes also participate in music, theater, and dance. All artistic materials are provided, and mentoring is regularly offered by professional artists, volunteers, and Black Hills Works employees.
Each year, we welcome thousands of guests from all over the country—and world—to our space. Work by Suzie Cappa artists is also exhibited across the country.
Upcoming Events:
Learn more at www.suziecappaart.com 605/791-3578722 St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD


text: I really need some help here . I am trying to root my moment and Flash this: Login radioactive tar to install this : Radioactive FroYo ROM v1.8.6 **9.2 MFLOP** **Moment-Acclaim Hybrid** radioactive Rom and im at the finding usb drivers part and for some reason the computers acting like i dont have drivers installed. What do i do?!?!?! It appears my computer just doesent want to accept my phones driver when im using the damn update tool and on the Black and blue downloading screen but it will just fine when im using the phone reguarly.


text:
But this section of the series shows that there's more than the spit that is usual to it sharing and neck drawing. The celebrities demonstrate in which and just how to hug so that you might get one of the reaction that is most good and obtain your partner pleading to be on to more romantic activities.
Module 2 focuses on the missing art of fingering. This component gives techniques manufactured by lesbian porn star Justine Joli, who obviously understands what she is discussing. Of all the information in this program, this element is probably the absolute most useful, because it offers the right dope about the generally- misunderstood G-spot.
This section can actually be considered a small satisfaction-reliever for most audiences, who'll recognize that they are doing it wrong until recently.
With all the stars coaching how-to offer a climax just applying fingering methods to a person component 3 forms from Element 2. These tactics alone create the Incredible Sex Video Collection worthwhile. Grasp the gender skills trained in this section, and you'll be able before you've perhaps really got to satisfy your associate started together with the
The great stuff? Module 4 exhibits people HOWTO improve their common skills.


text:
Browsing Archive August, 2013
Reduce Your Diabetes Risk2
Swapping three servings of juice each week for whole fruit would result in a 7 percent reduction in diabetes risk. Good to know.READ MORE +
New Tylenol Warning0
Tylenol is a brand name for acetaminophen.READ MORE +
Affordable Care Act Subsidy Calculator0
Affordable Care Act calculator estimates how much government to pay for health insurance.READ MORE +
Heart Disease Deaths Up0
Chronic diseases such as heart disease cause increasing numbers of deaths worldwide, officials at the World Health Organization in Switzerland say. Heart disease, stroke, lower ...READ MORE +
Fake Diet Supplements3
The FDA has found nearly 300 products making fraudulent claims related mostly to weight loss and sexual potency.READ MORE +
James Molet Helps You Save Money6
James C. Molet is a financial blogger and new author and now he's at Healthy Black Men.READ MORE +
Peyronie's Disease3
Peyronie's (pa-ro-NEEZ) disease is the development of fibrous scar tissue inside the penis that causes curved, painful erections.READ MORE +
Stuck on Accupuncture1
Acupuncture is often categorized under "alternative medicine" but many see the benefits as a compliment to traditional medicine.READ MORE +
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- Next Page »


text:
Automotive Trauma Center
Review for Automotive Trauma Center
Adolfo I. on 10/16/2014
Adolfo said this facility is very helpful, super nice and polite. They fixed his vehicle and he trusts them. They are awesome.
Vehicle: Jeep Grand Cherokee
Category: Service
Service Date: 10/15/2014
Review Created: 10/16/2014
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


text:
Games are lots of fun and their experience is immersive. Watch out though, as non-players pay up to 50% just to enter. This affects all those parents who just want to take their kids through. Not advertised on their site and a dirty trick.
Charlie Todd
My kids, 9 & 10 years old, thought it was a cool game and would like to repeat the visit. They have wands, toppers for the wands, and gadgets that make the game interesting and fun. We would not give 5 stars, because with the latest technology today, screen projections are blurry, and they could add 3D and other stuff to improve it. Word of caution, I would say, if visiting for the first time, the basic package would provide plenty of quests to look for. Bought the Epic one, and my kids got to half of them only.
Jordan Adams
My fiancée and I are 20 and 25 respectively and we loved it.
Nyle Landas
Well my boys really thought MagiQuest was fun. So at least they had a good time. That said, let me speak to the parents. Everything us designed to slow you down. Be prepared to wave the wand many many times at the same object to activate it. Then stand in line to complete each Quest.The concepts are really fun but the technology is broken and the staff don't care at all. Ask for help and they unscrew the wand topper and show you it works on a non-Quest item. The Quest items though destroy any real feel that the wand is magic. It is time for a major Tech. Overhaul. We were actually told just keep doing it until it works. Isn't THAT magical.If you go in knowing that it is all designed to make you pay more but the kids have fun you'll likely leave happy. Me, well I was sad because I had high hopes for some magical fun.
Adrianna Shannon
MagiQuest is awesome and this is the best in the system.
You must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
- Description
Black Guardian Logo Handcuff Key G1/G2
The ASP Guardian Eagle Handcuff Key is precisely machined from stainless steel then heat treat for strength, this insures the key will not break when you need it most. The Guardian series keys work on all universal or standard handcuffs.
- Material: Stainless Steel.
- Handcuffs Key Fits: Universal and Standard Handcuff Locks.
- Carry Method: Key Ring.
- Color: Black.
- Additional Features: Brass Eagle Logo.
About ASP Handcuff Keys:
ASP Handcuff Keys are designed to withstand the rigors of long term duty use. Conventional keys are stamped from mild steel. They often break or twist off in a handcuff. These "key jammed" restraints create civil liability and must be destroyed to cut them from the subject's wrist. ASP Handcuff Keys are precision molded from high strength stainless steel. Each key is heat treated for strength and finished in one of five attractive coatings. A hardcoat lacquer is baked on for added protection. The unique ASP BackSet® feature allows rapid location of the handcuff keyway.
ASP Logo Keys feature distinctive insignias, full color State Seals or custom agency logos. ASP Logo Keys feature premium quality die struck medallions and full color State Seals. Distinctive custom logos are available in brass, nickel silver or color fill. They may be die struck on request for individual agencies or divisions.
Custom logos are available with an order for 20 Guardian Keys or ASP Baton Logo Caps. Call for details.
- Reviews
You may also be interested in the following product(s)
ASP Duty Handcuff CasePrice Starting at: $30.99
ASP Investigator Handcuff Case$33.99
ASP Federal Handcuff Case w/Hidden Cuff KeyPrice Starting at: $30.99


text:
Device Bondage – Dec 18, 2015 – The Pope and Lily Lane
This is Lily's first time in the castle and we want to ensure she remembers it forever. She is put in our devices and given the full treatment. Her body is stretched, bent, and almost broken from the hard steel. All of her body is abused as much as she is willing to endure, and her pussy and ass are fucked until she is having squirting orgasms!!
Download file – 400.0 MB
Download file – 231.4 MB
Tags: BDSM, Bondage, Device Bondage, Lily Lane, The Pope


text:
Long Islanders! And to those of you visiting this summer… Are you getting ready for the summer? Here are some great Apps to help you plan your Long Island summer….
Top 25 Long Island – a free app that simply lists the top 25 places to visit on Long Island. From Belmont Racetrack to the Old Westbury Gardens, this is the simplest app I've found to use. There is not a ton of info about each individual place but you get just what you need – a brief description, a map and the standard facebook share button so you can share your favorite spots with your friends.
Jones Beach App – An App about Jones Beach? Nope! This app lists all the concerts that will be going on this summer at the Ikon Theater at Jones Beach. Dates, times, headliners and a link to purchase tickets. The link encourages you to call the box office by just tapping the phone number listed or can take you to the Jones Beach website which is not optimized for mobile and therefore hard to purchase tickets from your phone. Make the phone call instead. Check this app out. It's also completely free.
NY Islanders – The Islander app is not that polished but serviceable. You can listen to Islander games from the app but when you go to the video section of the app you are taken to the Islanders website which is not optimized for mobile. There is also a tab for "tickets" but when you go there you are taken to ticketmaster and a listing of all tickets being sold for Nassau Coliseum, not just the Islanders. The "More" tab is what Islander fans would be using. Here you find scores, schedules, standings, team roster, stats and everything you would expect from an app that is focused on the Islanders. This app is also free so check it out if you are an Islanders fans.
Essential Long Island – The original Long Island iPhone app. I did a review on this app last year (& yes I follow the author on twitter, @Iyna, a lifelong Long Island Resident). This is by far the most comprehensive app that focuses on Long Island and, from what I understand, the author is planning a refresh in the near future. At $2.99 this is an app to use if you need even more ideas than the free "Top 25 Long Island" app.
Fire Island Ferry App – This is a brand new app this year that came out on April 4th. This little app has a listing of all the Fire Island Ferry Schedules as well as train schedules to the ferry, photos from various photographers around Fire Island as well as tabs for Video's and Events. The Video's section is empty but there is an upload feature so I'm assuming that once the summer season starts that you will be able to see video's from visitor's. The events tab is also empty so I'm curious to see what will be there too. This app is also completely free.
On Time: LIRR – This is an App I have had for a long time. At $2.99 this app is invaluable for keeping track of every LIRR train on every line, especially the one from Penn Station to Long Beach. :) The app creators do a great job keeping up with all the schedule changes too and you do not need an internet connection to get train schedules. You download once and have the entire LIRR database in the palm of your hand. A must have for all us train users!


text: Hi - just got my Desire today and am loving it so far. Can anyone tell me the quickest and easiest way to set it to silent please? I have my phone on my desk at work and I don't want any audible notifications of text messages, emails and calls. TIA


text:
Global Airspace
AvPlan EFB now includes a global database of controlled and special use airspace. No matter where you fly you can plan to avoid airspace during pre-flight planning and also receive airspace notifications as you fly.
To view airspace as an overlay on the maps, open AvPlan EFB on your device and tap Map Settings, View Items, Airspace to add that overlay.
The airspace database is fully compatible with the AvPlan EFB Virtual Copilot.
No special actions need to be taken to download this database – AvPlan EFB will automatically download and save the required data for the regions you have selected.


text:
Teachers Required for Bangkok School
Teachers Required for Bangkok School
Participation Guidelines
American, European, Canadian, Australian, South African, British, Irish and Kiwi Participants.
Cost in USD per week
Contact Provider for Cost Details
Salary & Compensation
30,000 THB / month
Language Skills Required
- English
Experience RequiredNo.
- Native English speaker
- Bachelor's degree (in order to process your nonimmigrant B visa and work permit)
- TEFL certificate or equivalent
Minimum Education
Application Procedures
- Online Application
- Written Application


text:
Lets get some upates!
View Single Post
August 31st, 2013, 03:28 PM
Learning to walk in faith
Join Date: Jul 2011
Location: Near the land of cream cheese
Posts: 5,617
I kind of just lurk, but I had my dd last weekend (totally unexpectedly).
We had our natural birth at the birth center and it went wonderfully.
My blood pressure was high after delivery, so we've been keeping an eye on things. My reading had dropped a bit by the last time I had it checked, but it's still borderline/high so right now I'm trying not to be too anxious about it and otherwise keep an eye out for headaches, spots, dizziness, etc. until we do my next reading at my pp appointment next week.
Anyway - the birth itself was FAST and totally out of the blue, but I really couldn't ask for a better experience. If anyone is interested, the story is here:
And here's the love bug:
*Excitedly expecting baby girl number two!
Thank you to Babydoll213 for my fabulous siggie!
View Public Profile
Find all posts by Keakie


text: I know i ask alot about vehicles. I value yalls opinions. i stopped by the gmc dealer yesterday to price anew 2500hd w/t. well on the used lot next door i found this bad boy Year: 2001 Make: GMC Model: Sierra 3500 Trim: SL Mileage: 63,975 Engine: 6.6L V8 OHV 32V D Trans: Drive System: 4WD Exterior Color: Black Interior Color: Gray they are asking $16,995 here are the pics!


text:
About two months ago I had the opportunity to spend a lovely almost-autumn evening wandering around downtown Minneapolis with Jordan, Phil, and my awesome brother/assistant Dan. Jordan is a composer and Phil is an audio engineer and they needed photos for their venture, HighCue Productions. Well, their site is now launched and I am finally getting around to blogging their shoot. Check out their page...they are excellent at what they do. And yes, I speak from experience. They are the official composer/audio engineer for Northern Lights Media. Enjoy!
Phil and his jacket...they're quite attached. ;)
We kept dodging traffic to get this shot...
At the time, Phil was interning for Aaron Stokes Music and Sound, so we invaded the building at around 11 pm to get some action shots.


text:
Las Vegas is a city constantly on the move, and the wealth of casinos and culture of
bright lights, gambling and partying does give the place a restless, very energetic
atmosphere, where the big time is always just around the corner waiting for those that
get lucky. For visitors Las Vegas is exciting and at times overwhelming and the main
attractions are casinos, whether it be their fantastic restaurants, cheap bars, spectacular
stage shows or of course the slot machines and gaming rooms. Almost half of the best
attractions are within 4 miles of each other on the Strip (Las Vegas Boulevard) and this
includes the Venetian Guggenheim Hermitage Museum, the awesome rollercoaster at
New York New York and of course the Eiffel Tower replica at Paris Las Vegas. A trip to
Las Vegas would not be complete without a stroll down the Strip, and even if you don't
venture into any of the stunning casinos you can just drink in the exciting atmosphere
and wonder at all of the lights and hectic sounds.
A lot of the best accommodation is in hotel casinos, where heavy competition means
that luxury rooms are often on offer at lower prices than some of the cheap hotels in Las
Vegas (especially weekdays), and have a huge range of excellent facilities including
restaurants, bars, swimming pools and even shopping malls. However if you are not
interested in gambling and would prefer to stay away from casinos during your stay then
there are plenty of gambling free hotels, motels, resorts and even RV parks in and
around Las Vegas.
Here is some of the best, cheap hotel accommodation in Las Vegas:
Las Vegas Boulevard South at Flamingo Road, Las Vegas, NV, 89109
The Bellagio is one of the biggest luxury hotels in the city, a full 36 stories with 13
restaurants, 6 bars, 10 acres of landscaped gardens and even a lake. Rooms are plush
and full of modern conveniences, and during off peak seasons you can stay here from
as little as $70 per night.
Paris Las Vegas
3655 Las Vegas BLVD South, Las Vegas, NV, 89109
This is another huge hotel, 34 stories, and is based on the historic Hotel De Ville in
Paris, France. This is where the famous Eiffel Tower replica stands, alongside some of
the other famous Parisian landmarks such as the Arc de Triumph and the Paris Opera
House. Luxury rooms are available from just $82 per night and the hotel is situated right
on the Strip.
Circus Circus
2880 Las Vegas Blvd South, Las Vegas, NV, 89109
Another huge hotel on the Strip, this is an unusual building with twin towers of 15
stories, a smaller tower of 29 stores and five 5 story buildings. This hotel has some
fantastic rooms from just $39 per night, and is located near to many of the main
Flamingo Hilton
3555 Las Vegas BLVD South, Las Vegas, NV, 89109
The Hilton (Flamingo) has luxury, elegantly furnished rooms from just $57 per night and
has 9 restaurants, which serve a range of cuisines from Japanese to Italian. Rooms
have all the modern conveniences including telephones, TV and room service.
To my feed via RSS . (?) or via email.
if not, come back tomorrow on journeyetc.com and see what's new :)


text: Human Rights Observatory Malawians Vote in Tight Presidential Race Voters in Malawi are casting ballots Tuesday to choose their next president, with current leader Joyce Banda facing 11 challengers in her bid to win a new term. More than 7 million people are expected to vote in the tightly contested election. President Banda has led Malawi since 2012 when her predecessor, Bingu wa Mutharika, died in office. Her main challengers include Mutharika's brother, Peter, former cleric Lazarus Chakwera, and Atupele Muluzi, the son of...Read complete article© Voice of America - Tuesday, May 20, 2014


text:
Back to Sepilok for one last visit
Sandakan Travel Blog› entry 4 of 5 › view all entries
But the craziest bit came right as we got off the trail and back onto the boardwalk. It was about 4:30pm and the park had closed so we were on our own. Just as we turned right towards the exit we came across 20-30 pig tailed macaques. It was the coolest thing because there was so many of them, and becuase they were right next to us! We took some good photos of them and watched them approach us. After a few minutes we decided that we could walk through them. After our 3rd step the alpha-male jumped from the railing to a tree and growled at us. His mouth was wide open and all his teeth were showing. It was at this point I nearly wet myself, but was more paralyzed with fear. We slowly walked away while being followed by their whole crew. It was identical to those scenes in "Night of the Living Dead" but with monkeys. We ended up making it out of the park alive and without being attacked, it was quite the afternoon.