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gold ore for sale oregon
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This piece of gold ore does not look very spectacular, but millions of tons of this material have revolutionized gold mining across the world. ... Please note these specimens are not for sale, most are not owned by me.Read More
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Creative cards for happier holidays. Buy 8, save 20%. Buy 16, save 30%.
g I know, this is by far not the greatest of quality, but I thought I'd share for laughter anyways …
cat black jump cute cats kitten kitty panther blueeyes pounce prowl lolcat
Tremendous!!! Superb timing. Those claws look killer.
A little secret – if I have an image that is a little week in quality but full of substance, like this one, I sometimes "save" them by adding a dry brush or water color effect. By adding the effect the sharpness and slight out of focus is a minor issue.
Very nicely done.
Hmm :) Thanks, Scott! I'll have to try that.Best was, when we all started laughing and he started pouting. I have a photo on flickr of his pout. It's even blurrier than this one … I was shooting burst and he was moving just so fast … laughs
I took your advice and dis add soem dry brush strokes… :) Have a look, you think that's ok so? I actually do like it better that way! Thanks for that advice!
Sooo cute ! :o)
This is wonderful! You brought a big smile to my face….. what a cute little bundle of savagery….lol
I think it saved the photo nicely. I am glad you like it and I am more than happy as to have helped.
Now you know one of my little secrets. Shhhhh
:D It did! Whooohoo :D g is happy now
So fierce, marveelous catch!
:D Thanks Mundy! Seriously, I could have sat in that yard for the whole day and watched him run around and play. He was a wonder to behold – as tiny as my palms, but already SOOOO fearless! Incredible little kitten :D
certainly made me laugh!
LOL so funny, great action capture
g Glad I made you laugh :D Thanks for your comment!
lol, this is so cute. I love how you have caught the little fella at this point in time
This is so cute. Congratulations Zeanana for being featured in the For the Love of Cats Group. Great shot, well done.
Wow, he is serious in this capture! What a great shot! I'd make a Halloween card out of his expression/claws … stunning!Congratulations on being featured in the For Love of Cats Group!
Loading more work by Zeanana...
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subset: commoncrawl


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Fans of the A Song of Ice and Fire series around the world have found inspiration in GRRM's series, whether it leads to cosplay, fan art, game mods, and more. One area fertile for inspiration are songs inspired by the novels, and certainly several metal bands have taken up the cause, as have instrumental composers.
Songs directly taken from the novels, on the other hand, have been less common. Presented below are two very fine examples, however. The first, from the second Belfast Moot (my report on it can be found here), is a rendition of "The Last of the Giants" from A Storm of Swords, by Brotherhood without Banners and A Song of Ice and Fire forum member lilsisorcha:
When she started singing, I have to admit, the emotive lament of the song sent a shiver up my spine. Beautiful.
The next is a truly amazing rendition of "The Bear and the Maiden Fair" ... but in Spanish! It's a remarkable version, not least because it's such a lively song that seems absolutely right for a crowded feasting hall, with men and women slamming their fists down in time with the jaunty tune:
Have pointers to any other songs developed directly from lyrics in A Song of Ice and Fire? Note them in the comments!


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Welcome to BreezeBlast.com :: Social Media Automated :: *Manage all of your Social Media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, ...
Discontinued App
Welcome to BreezeBlast.com :: Social Media Automated :: *Manage all of your Social Media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Multiply, Plurk, Blogger, Facebook Pages, Tumblr, FriendFeed, Yammer and MySpace in one app. **Note: Although this app is FREE you must subscribe to a package in order to enjoy the features of the BreezeBlast app. Full product description can be found on www.breezeblast.com Social Media Software Product Overview: BreezeBlast offers individuals as well as businesses that lack the time and/or resources to optimize and manage their social media efforts. Developed by a team of social media experts, we have simplified what used to be internal software for social media agencies and turned it into an external, easy to use software for the average business owner. With BreezeBlast's 24/7 access, you can spread your messages, specials, promotions, or comment instantly to the top social networks. In three easy steps, you can communicate, engage and review what your past, present and future friends/clients are saying about you. Step 1: Post (Communicate) With BreezeBlast you can post to the 12 top social media networks all at one time without the hassle and inconvenience of having to log in and out of all your social media accounts. This saves you time and money so you can focus on what you do best – enjoying time with friends and family or running your business! Step 2: Repost (Engage) With BreezeBlast our enhanced and proprietary software allows us to retweet and repost messages, comments, stories, etc, that are relevant to you personally or your business so that we can engage and create activity around your content. We search throughout the World Wide Web to deliver you this vital content that will help you grow your social media campaign. Step 3: Repeat (Review) With BreezeBlast you can review previous messages and schedule your reposts and retweets during certain time slots throughout the day. This gives you complete control and the ability to get back to your clients quickly and efficiently. Once you have completed these three steps you can go back to Step 1 and restart. Simplifying Social Media: Let BreezeBlast be your common, and stand-alone, social media standard. All your favorite media accounts, FaceBook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc, can be managed with ease in one place, on one friendly interface, keeping you up to date along with saving you time and money. Most importantly – it will stay in contact with all your valued friends and customers. Complete Productivity: BreezeBlast will suggest or automatically post content relevant to your business such as news, trends, stories and reports. Using advanced tools and RSS feeds and keywords, BreezeBlast will take all the guesswork out and do all the hard work for you so you don't have to. Readily schedule this process to your needs and be more productive. Stay Connected and Grow: Never lose touch. Stay connected with your friends and customers. Keep existing relationships active while building new ones. Be on top of your industry's trends and always be up to date. BreezeBlast is designed to be your ultimate communication and growth solution. Always Be Informed: Quickly and easily check, track and measure the efforts of all your posted stories and feeds. Complete and up-to-the-minute data reports will be available for you to monitor progress. Accumulate and analyze all results and make better decisions. Complete Convenience and Ease: Access BreezeBlast from anywhere, at any time, from any of your favorite devices such as your smart phone, tablet or desktop. Furthermore the customizable interface is designed to simplify tasks for you to get more done, more quickly. It couldn't get easier than this.
Version: 1.0
Size: 868.46 KB
Price: 0,00 €
Developed by BreezeMaxWeb (CA) Ltd.
Day of release: 2012-08-13
Recommended age: 4+


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Firefly Loft, LLC – Owner September 2005 – Present
Founded website design and online marketing company, specializing in strategizing, creating, implementing and maintaining effective digital solutions across multiple platforms for small businesses. Services include: design and development, e-commerce, SEO, social media, content marketing/management, eCRM.
Marriott International – Marketing Manager August 2002 – August 2005
Directed and managed traditional marketing efforts for 15 Marriott Southeast Resort properties. Developed annual marketing plans, supervised creation of advertising materials, coordinated placement with Conde Nast, Travel + Leisure, Southern Living, Coastal Living. Planned and supervised production efforts / photo shoots at resorts.
Austin Kelley Advertising – Account Manager June 1999 – July 2002
Clients included Karastan Rugs, HoneyBaked Ham, and The Georgia Lottery. Developed and managed project timelines and budgets for multi-channel advertising programs. Implemented execution of annual media plans, to include coordination with Architectural Digest, Traditional Home, Veranda. Coordinated print and broadcast production (pre-, shoots, post-) efforts.
Camellia & Main – Sales Associate June 1990 – May 1999
Independently owned home goods mail order catalog and retail store. Worked as a sales associate in the retail store and as a customer service representative for the mail order division. Supported inventories and annual warehouse sales. Through Firefly Loft in 2005, designed, developed and maintained their e-commerce site, resulting in $3-$4M annual sales and consistent growth in gross sales and across key revenue categories.
Georgia State University August 1997 – May 1999
B.B.A. Marketing, J. Mack Robinson College of Businesses
Mississippi State University August 1994 – May 1997
WordPress, Big Commerce, SparkPay, ConstantContact, Mail Chimp, Google AdWords, TweetDeck, HTML, CSS


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Mercers Trade Centre
|Mon – Thu
|7:30 am – 5 pm
|7:30 am – 4 pm
|9 am – 12 noon
AR200S/14-SP-SAA Paris Door handles Sprung OVAL Profile Lock Furniture 48.5mm Centres - 267026
Suitable for Commercial Applications
• Supplied with both bolt through and wood screw fixings
• Suitable for 30min and 1 hour fire doors
standards and certification
Quality & Performance: Successfully type tested
to all the requirements of EN1906: 2002 Grade 3
(Test reports/certificates are available on request)
*Note: this classification only applies to the
19mm sprung versionsManufactured by an ISO 9001 Registered Company
Fire Safety: Included on a successful fire
test to BS EN1634 Part1. Assessed for
use on 30 min & 1 hour fire doors
Conformity Statement: This product satisfies
the dimensional recommendations contained
within BS8300:2009 for Lever Handles. However
the product alone does not give full compliance
to BS8300 and consideration must be given
to other installed hardware on the doorset.
There are no reviews yet.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Film of Jaba Melkadze, Giga Baindurashvili and Nodar Marshanishvili. The premiere took place in 2013, with a production coming from Georgia. You can watch Paradox online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in Georgian at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2013.
Rating: 5 by 145 users./
Runtime: 100 minutes
Ana Aleksishvili, Vakho Chachanidze, Keti Chachua, Tornike Gogrichiani, Nukri Gureshidze, Levan Kakheli, Giorgi Kalandadze, Nanka Kalatozishvili, Lasha Kankava, Giorgi Makharadze, Natalia Metreveli, Anamaria Phochkhua and Lasha Robakidze.
Terror, Action, Adventure.
100-minute film (full movie) directed by Jaba Melkadze, Giga Baindurashvili and Nodar Marshanishvili.
The original audio of Paradox has dialogues in or Georgian, it was produced in Georgia.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2013.
Screenplay written by Zaza Koshkadze, Paata Meishvili, Jaba Melkadze and Irakli Kalandadze.
Guka Goliadze.
Bera Ivanishvili and Jaba Melkadze.
This film was produced and / or financed by GDS Production.
GDS tv.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Paradox has a duration of 100 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in English or Georgian in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Paradox in FULLTV Movies.


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Bio & Incident Details
Age: 35
Tour: Not available
Badge # Not available
Cause: Gunfire
Weapon: Shotgun
Offender: Shot and killed
· Leave a Reflection
· Add to My Heroes
· Update this memorial
Deputy Sheriff Joseph Moore and his wife, Lieutenant Sharon Moore, were shot and killed in Reynoldsburg after being chased from their home by her ex-husband, who had been stalking Lieutenant Moore over an ongoing custody dispute.
Both deputies were leaving their home, in uniform, on their way to work when the subject began chasing them in their vehicle while shooting at them. As Deputy Moore drove towards the Reynoldsburg police station a Reynoldsburg police officer who was running radar began to pursue the vehicles. Deputy Moore stopped his vehicle in a parking lot at 6109 East Main Street where he and the Reynoldsburg officer exchanged shots with the subject.
Deputy Moore and Lieutenant Moore both sustained fatal gunshot wounds before the man re-entered his own car and committed suicide.
Lieutenant Moore succumbed to her injuries three weeks after the incident.
Related Line of Duty Deaths
Lieutenant Sharon E. Moore


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The following stories talk about the subject 'Harian Rakyat'.
Whether there was a genocide in 1965 and what happened to the survivors.
|crysmarye on Dating Indonesian Girls
|Benson on Dating Indonesian Girls
|Ric Shoesmith on Chief of Police, Bali
|Erlynda Kasim on Royal Doulton
|RD_fan on Royal Doulton
|Eny on Best Indonesian Banks
|michelle on Tamara Bleszynski
|Nugraha Fauzi on Dating Indonesian Girls
|Fred Jones on Jakarta in Top Ten Worst Cities..
Copyright Indonesia Matters 2006-15
Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Contact


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Deportivo La Coruna (4-4-2): Aranzubia; Lopo, Calvo, Raul, Manuel Pablo; Sergio, Aythami, Riki, Valeron; Juan Rodríguez, Adrian
Deportivo la Coruna has some major problems in midfield with Antonio Tomas and Juca sidelined with injuries and on-loan Ruben Perez ineligible to play against his parent club.
Atletico de Madrid (4-4-2): De Gea; Godín, Perea, Kasmirski ,Ujfalusi; Mario Suarez, Tiago, Koke, Reyes; Diego Costa, Aguero;
Atletico has no major injury problems and has all of its players available for the crucial run-in for the season end. Reyes and Tiago return from suspension, while Diego Godin is back from injury.Follow Goal.com on to get the latest soccer news directly. Check out Goal.com's page; be part of the best soccer fan community in the world!
- On-loan Ruben Perez of 'Super Depor' is not allowed play against his owners Atleti. His importance for Deportivo can be judged by the fact that Deportivo has failed to score in all five matches that he has not figured.
- Deportivo La Coruna has a superb recent home record as it has collected 13 points out of a possible 21.
- "Super Depor" has one of the worst scoring records in La Liga having failed to score in 18 games out of 33 games.
- Sergio 'Kun' Aguero is on a red hot streak right now and after netting against Levante, he has scored in 6 consecutive matches. With this he equaled Pedro's record and is one step away from equaling Forlan's record of scoring in seven consecutive games.
- Atletico Madrid does not have a very good record at the "Riazor' as it has collected only eight points out of a possible 39 in its last few visits.
- Los colchoneros have only lost one of their last 10 league games and this has brought them back firmly into contention for European spots.


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
Thread: Distinct values
10-03-06, 14:20 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Aug 2006
- Posts
- 12
Unanswered: Distinct values
Hi all:
I am a developing an application wich reads the values of Sql Server 2000 that come from readings sensors, now the problem is that they want two different reports to the ones that already have, one summarized and another detailed but, I have the problem in the summarized doing the sentence Sql,what we need is the following thing:
Of the sensor 10.- The first value of the day.
Of the sensor 12.- Tha last value of the day.
Of the sensor 15.- The first value of the day.
Of the sensor 17.- The last value of the day.
And in this sentence should be just thes 4 readings, of course the data of employee in a rank dated
Any one who can help me?
The code of the sentence that utilize is the following:
select distinct c.link1,
b.RecordId,b.FirstName,b.LastName,b.Deleted,b.Note 4,
c.param3,c.param2,c.param1,c.recvtime,c.gentime,li nk2,c.link3,c.deleted
from card a ,cardholder b,history c
where ((a.cardholderid = b.recordid)And (b.recordid=c.link3))And(a.Deleted = 0)And (b.Deleted = 0)And(a.cardnumber Between 1500 And 2000)
And(c.RecvTime >= CONVERT(DATETIME, '2006-09-15 00:00:00', 102))And(c.RecvTime <= CONVERT(DATETIME, '2006-09-30 23:00:00', 102))
And(c.Link1=10 Or c.Link1=12 Or c.Link1=15 Or c.Link1=17)
And(b.note4 <> 'Mantenimiento')
order by a.cardnumber


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Crossing the Darien on a Crazy Horse
Crossing the Darien gap was a pleasure. Sure getting to this point was a touch stressful at times, but the actual voyage was a delight. Getting the bikes OFF the boat, however, was another story.
All up there were five of us on board. Captain Marc, First mate Dida, Greg, Jayne and Phil. Plus the three bikes of course.
The captain mandated 2 hour shifts, which was great, giving you 8 hours off between "watches". Basically, keep the boat straight, don't hit things, yell if there's a problem. The first 24 hours was fantastic smooth seas and while there were distant thunderstorms, no rain. The thunderstorms were quite incredible to watch overnight, my second shift going from lightning lighting the night, to the sun lighting the day as it rose up over the bow.
Eventually we even got the autopilot working right, making watch quite easy. The only strife was when someone wouldn't wake up in time to replace you on your night watch. I slept through my alarm when due to replace Jayne, and had the favor returned with Greg oversleeping the start of his shift a couple times. Still all in all very pleasant "sailing". With little wind, we motored the full distance.
Successful sailing:
[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKqY-9ZRxII]
The first day wasn't without scandal and excitement, when Captain Marc yelled down that he had found two stowaways hiding on the back of the boat.
[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_w-SRryEiM]
Finally arriving in Cartagena!
Much troubles finding a way to unload the motos. No dock with a deep enough draft (Crazy horse sits over 9 feet under water) will take us. Turns out that bringing bikes around the gap on a sailboat is technically illegal, so the dock owners want no part in it! Eventually a couple locals and they're skinny dingy came by to offer their services.
It looked a little tippy, heck our dingy was wider than that one. But the men claimed to have unloaded many bikes in the past. I'd seen video's posted by others using dingy's to unload their bikes, so maybe. "No, no no no no no no no no" Jayne was not having any of it. "Absolutely not". She didn't like how skinny it was, nor trusted their assertions that they had even done it before. If the bikes go overboard, that's the end. There must be another option.
Unfortunately, our final dock hope soon called back to say we would not be able to unload there either, and suddenly these boys looked to be our only option after all. Fortunately, here were a couple other moto's on another sailboat nearby, so later that day we watched them go first.
Watching the test bike, our new friend Tom and his Suzuki DR650:
[youtube http://youtu.be/Hwejg9XzM2I]
All going smoothly, and Jayne away in town, Greg and I decided that this was our only option, and went crawling back to the gents who had been so adamantly told to go away. Marc called Jayne to inform her that this was the only recourse, and we unloaded this bikes without Jayne's presence.
Then the final heave to get Jugs on land, only one minor stumble along the way.
[youtube http://youtu.be/iXoOK6mGdsE]
Great deal for us too, as we actually had our bikes on land now and could finish importing them. Down to the DIAN office to meet our agent for some paperwork signing. We had been told that, officially, we rode our bikes through the darien gap, bringing them in over land. Without using a recognized air/freight shipping method, over land is the only legal means.
Caused us no problems, other than overpaying a bit for the agent at 40$ a bike. We hadn't negotiated beforehand, again our fault, but we also only ever had to show up when signatures were required. For the record, you can do all the imports for free if you do it all yourself. AFTER you have your temporary import papers, head over to buy your insurance for 15$/month. Don't listen to anyone who tells you you can get insurance without the import papers.
During all this commotion of trying to find a way to unload the bikes, real-sized Kelly arrived for round two as part of the Ultimate ride!
Now complete with real-sized Kelly, our import papers and insurance, we would say goodbye to the crazy horse and it's crazy crew.
Captain Marc doesn't think he'll do another run with bikes, but if he ever does, I highly recommend a ride on the Crazy horse.
Now to explore South America!
(Real-time update: Crazy Horse IS doing another run. Contact us for contact details)


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The Syracuse football program has shown signs of life in 2009 after struggling in recent years and the Orange picked up a commitment from one of their top targets on Sunday.
Dyshawn Davis, a 6-foot-3, 190-pound prospect from Woodbury, New Jersey, told the Syracuse coaches that he wanted to join the program early Sunday afternoon.
"I just verbally committed to Syracuse," Davis confirmed. "It was probably around one o'clock.
Article Continues Below
"I had communicated with the coaches and the coaches knew me well. Over the summer I was there for a camp. They took a look at me and saw what I could do, and they said they were going to offer me once I got everything right with my (grades). I did that, so my grades are right now.
"They sent me up for a game and I was talking to them and they were talking about what my future would be like. I went up for the game yesterday and I liked what I saw. I couldn't see myself anywhere else. Right now it's just looking like the best thing for me. It wasn't an official visit or anything, I was just there for the game."
So what does Davis like so much about the Orange?
"Because it just seems like it's where I want to go as far as my future is concerned. I would love to graduate from Syracuse and have a degree from Syracuse. I know it's a good program and the coaches are nice, really cool guys. They just showed me what my future would look like going there."
Davis had been hearing from Rutgers and UConn in addition to several other schools prior to making his decision.
Though he is now a solid verbal for the 'Cuse, Davis didn't close any doors down the road.
"My options are still open but as of right now I'm a verbal commit. As of right now I'm going to Syracuse."
The Orange have recruited Davis as a wide receiver. He plans on taking his official visit to Syracuse in December, but he isn't sure which day it will be yet.
On the year he has caught 10 passes for about 210 yards and three touchdowns for Woodbury.


text:
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see the latest from Fleet Feet Athens
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Show your Georgia love with one of these awesome @bocogear trucker hats only available at Fleet… https://t.co/hrWfgbEHzE


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The Blotter
The Times' criminal justice team looks behind the scenes and behind the headlines.
Comments (0) E-mail article Print Share
Bad-luck bank robber sentenced to 14 years in prison
Posted by John de Leon
James R. Knox, who staged one of the more memorably inept getaways after robbing a Gig Harbor bank on Oct. 30, was sentenced earlier today to 14 years in prison and three years of supervised release. During Knox's sentencing in U.S. District Court, Judge Benjamin H. Settle told him: "The public needs to be protected from you. When you are out of custody, you're a danger."
Not to mention a danger to himself.
When Knox walked into the Kitsap Bank branch on Oct. 30. He wore a mask, hooded sweatshirt, a bicycle helmet and carried a backpack. Knox yelled that he was robbing the bank and and rushed around the counter, confronting a pregnant teller. Knox demanded money and put his hand in his pocket and gestured as though he had a gun. He did the same thing to a second teller before fleeing with $12,000.
His getaway vehicle? A bicycle, which explains the helmet. He rode the bike to a car he had stashed nearby.
Knox wasn't aware that a GPS transmitter had been slipped in with the money. Cops quickly tracked down his car and chased him at speeds up to 105 mph before he ditched the car near the junction of I-5 and the Puyallup River. He ran off, but not without the tracking device. By the time he was found hiding in some bushes, Knox was being watched by a state Department of Transportation camera and a KIRO-TV news helicopter, which filmed the whole thing.
Knox had committed two other bank robberies in 1988 and three more in 1999. Knox had been out of custody on the 1999 convictions only 10 days when he robbed the Gig Harbor bank. Knox had previously robbed the same bank in 1999.
Copyright © 2009 The Seattle Times Company
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Formulation of a Path-Following Joint for Multibody System Dynamics
MetadataShow full item record
The development and validation of a new multibody joint that constrains a body to follow a spatial path and an orientation defined by a user is presented. The resulting joint has a single degree of freedom (DOF), and maintains equivalent kinematic behaviour when compared to higher-fidelity models. As such, it is referred to as a single-DOF equivalent kinematic (SEK) joint. The primary application of this joint is in the reduction of complex multibody systems, specifically vehicle suspensions. The first formulation of the joint is developed using the user interface of MapleSim. Starting with a planar particle joint, the theory is extended to a full 3D rigid body constraint. At each development stage, the joint is successfully validated against conventional models in both Adams and MapleSim. This formulation of the joint results in the kinematic pair being represented by a system of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) which is not the desired functionality, and so a second formulation is developed. By removing the constraint of using the MapleSim user interface, the formulation can be developed from first principles. Using the path-length as the coordinate for the joint, and the Frenet-Serret equations to compute the motion and reaction spaces, the kinematic pair can be represented by a single ordinary differential equation (ODE). The theory is implemented in the MapleSim source code using the symbolic computing language Maple. The theory of the SEK joint can be extended to create different joints. The first is the compliant SEK joint. In this version of the joint, the body is constrained to move along a spatial path using a simple linear bushing model. The compliant SEK joint is useful for modeling the suspension systems of passenger cars as bushings are used extensively in these systems to increase passenger comfort. The second extension is to add an additional DOF to the SEK joint to created the double-DOF equivalent kinematic (DEK) joint. The DEK joint is useful for modelling steered suspension systems as the steering introduces an additional DOF to the suspension. The envelope of motion for the steered wheel is a surface rather than a spatial line. Once the joints are successfully validated, three example applications of the joint are shown. In the first, rigid, compliant and steered suspension models are developed and compared against high-fidelity models in Adams/Car and MapleSim. Next, a full vehicle model is assembled using the suspension models and compared against an equivalent high-fidelity full vehicle model built in MapleSim. The comparisons show the accuracy of the SEK joint as well as the simulation speed improvements it can offer compared with conventional modelling techniques. The second example, from the domain of biomechanics, shows a knee model created using the SEK joint. Finally, a roller coaster model is created to demonstrate the flexibility of the path generation algorithm to create splines that represent complex paths.
Cite this work
Andrew Hall (2015). Formulation of a Path-Following Joint for Multibody System Dynamics. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/9211
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The European Commission is trying to raise awareness of the Europe-wide single emergency number 112 with the launch of a new website this week, after it was revealed only 22% of EU citizens were aware of the service.
The EC wants to make sure that Europeans know what number to dial in an emergency before they set off on their summer holidays, unless they are taking a trip to Bulgaria, where the service does not yet work. The site can be found at: www.ec.europa.eu/112.
The number was introduced in 1991 and works alongside existing national emergency numbers. It can be dialled free of charge from fixed-line and mobile phones or from a phone box.
EU telecoms commissioner Viviane Reding said: 'While 112 is now available in all but one country across the EU, I call on Member States to make 112 better known and more effective. All EU citizens should know they can dial 112 to reach emergency services.'
She has demanded 'rapid action' from the Bulgarian authorities to fall into line with other Member States.
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 - B2B & Distribution Finalists
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Willow Tree Angels TOGETHER Couple Embracing 26032
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Willow Tree Angels TOGETHER Couple Embracing 26032
Willow TreeTogether Figurine "For Those Who Have Found Their True Partner In Love And Life" 9" Tall # 26032 New in box with all paperwork. This figurine is created by Famous artist Susan Lordi whose collectibles are most sough after in collectibles line. Artist Susan Lordi hand carves each original Willow Tree figurine.Expression is revealed through gestures only.... a tilt of the head, placement of the hands, a turn of the body. The simplicity of the form and the absence of facial features signify Willow Tree. It is Susan's hope that these pieces be meaningful to both giver and receiver. In order to process your order promtly we offer paypal as prefered payment method. w you can securely use your major credit cards, bank account or paypal balance.
This lot will be shipped out for $8.99. Buyers to pay shipping charges provided in the listing. We proudly offer combined shipping charges. ebay will automatically calculate shipping for identical items. However if you are buying different items pl. email us for combined shipping. Combined shipping charges are available only if all the items are paid on one invoice.Shipping charges will be calculated as highest shipping first and discounted shipping for rest of items.... read more


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Sports Illustrated reported that Talking Smack was cancelled because Vince doesn't like the unscripted promos.
God, can someone up there disconnect the old man's wifi? I'm not one of those people that thinks the WWE will be leaps and bounds better when HHH is in charge, but I'm not sure it would be worse if Vince was kept in the dark about any and all programming outside of RAW and SmackDown. Like, if his underlings could convince him the rest of the Network is just airing replays of Hulkamania Era PPVs and the ratings are great, maybe things like this wouldn't happen.


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Vanessa told Tyus that Virginia killed her baby. When Michael told Tyus how Virginia inseminated Vanessa at Ben & Meg's wedding, Tyus lost his temper with Virginia. Vanessa remembered how Virginia nearly confessed to giving her Martin's Syndrome during the earthquake, and pressured Virginia to tell them what she had been talking about. Virginia confessed to burning down the cabin and to having sped up the progress of Vanessa's Martin's Syndrome. Virginia grabbed hold of Michael, apparently convinced that when he didn't shake her off, it meant that he loved her. Meg came to see Vanessa, who told her that things will never be the same again. Vanessa told Meg about Virginia's confession. Tyus told Michael that wanted to speak to him. Michael refused, but Casey convinced him to do it for Jimmy. Virginia said that she did it all to get Vanessa out of his heart to make room for her.
Meg told Tim that she and Ben are back together. When Tim demanded an explanation, Meg told him that Ben rescued her and one thing led to another and they got back together. Tim told Meg that it just wasn't fate that got them back together but, fortunately for Sara, Meg wouldn't listen to him. Michael called Casey to tell him that Vanessa lost the baby. After Meg left, Sara realized that Tim intended to have Meg catch Ben and Maria together, so that he could manipulate Meg, and she lost her temper. When Ben stopped her, Maria said that she wished that she'd died. Maria said that Ben had promised that he would try to work on their relationship that night, and instead he spent the night with Meg. She told him that she would never believe anything that Ben says again.Maria told Ben that he was no longer the man she married. Maria said that Meg saved Ben from his heartache and asked who was going to save her. Maria said that she wanted to move out, and asked Ben to help her pack. While he was upstairs getting started, gone, Maria mourned their life together, lost her temper and ran out. Tim pointed out to Sara that she helped him in his plot scheme. Maria came to see Meg.
Ricardo leapt to the assumption that Gabi was there to say a prayer of thanks for their survival, but Antonio tried, once again, to tell Ricardo the truth. Ricardo got called in to work and told his brother that God will forgive him for whatever he wanted to confess to. When Antonio told Gabi that he had to tell Ricardo how he feels, she asked if he wanted to leave the priesthood for her. Antonio said that it had never occurred to him to leave the priesthood. They talked about their options, and Gabi asked him to give her warning before telling Ricardo. Gabi left and Antonio prayed for guidance. While praying, Antonio had a vision. Ricardo promised never to let go of Gabi.


text: Hell Everyone, I just got my Motorola Droid on Sunday and am loving it. I had been a BB user for many many years - going through many different models. But I finally got tired of the painfully slow browser and the increasingly frequent RIM outages lately. So ... I am now the proud owner of a brand new Droid. I know I have lots to learn about the Droid and am looking forward to exploring the Droid and these forums. Thanks.


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Maytag 6.2 Cu. Ft. Convection Range with Warming Drawer MER8850DS - 10 Year Warranty on the glass cooktop, elements and cavity
10-year parts warranty on the glass cooktop, elements and cavity
6.2 Cu. Ft. Capacity
10 " 3,200-Watt Power Element
Power Preheat
EvenAir True Convection With Third Element
Die Cast Metal Knobs And Stainless Steel Handle
Variable Broil
Stainless Steel Finish
When it comes to cooking, this range has the power to bring out intense taste in any meal. Whether it's searing a steak in as little as 45 seconds with the cooktop's 3200-watt Power element or starting your roast off fast with the Power Preheat option, you can count on fine flavors from this Maytag 6.2 cu. ft. convection oven electric range. Its 3000/2200/1100-watt Triple-Choice element functions has a 6 in., 9 in., or 12 in. element so you can match your burner to your pan size.
The EvenAir True Convection cooking system uses a high wattage-element and a fan to roast meat up to 30% faster than a conventional oven. Auto Convection Conversion makes using the convection function simple.
The warming drawer below the oven increases your serving options. Add to all this a range built to stand up to years of cooking in the busiest kitchen, featuring stainless steel handles and die-cast metal knobs. And it is backed with a 10-year limited parts warranty on the glass cooktop and elements. All this, and it is designed, engineered and assembled in the U.S.A. with American prideMaytag model MER8850DS.
EvenAir� Convection
EvenAir� convection uses a sturdy fan to maintain even temperatures for more consistent cooking.
12"/9"/6" Triple-Choice� Element
The 12"/9"/6" Triple-Choice� element lets you match your element to your pan size with three electric cooking configurations, so you'll always get the right heat for intense flavor.
Power� Element
The 10-inch Power� Element allows for a slow, even saute and the intense heat for a seared, juicy steak.'
Power Preheat
Power Preheat lets you enjoy dinner 20% faster2 with juicy flavor every time.
Better Built Electric Range
A shatter-resistant cooktop, heavy-duty door hinges, and premium ball-bearing drawer glides help ensure that these machines are built for dependability.
Precision Cooking� System
The Precision Cooking� system combines Precise Preheat, Precise Bake and Precise Broil functions to deliver quick, evenly cooked meals in your oven.
Max Capacity Rack
The max capacity rack dips down to provide you ample space in your oven, while maintaining even cooking.
10 Year Limited Parts Warranty - Electric Range
With a 10-year limited parts warranty on the glass cooktop, elements and cavity, we built these ranges tough enough to keep cookin' for years.
Designed, Engineered and Assembled in the USA
From Tulsa, Oklahoma to you, Maytag� freestanding ranges are designed, engineered and assembled in the U.S.A.


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Extracurricular Activities
Student Clubs
SNU GSB Students have founded many interesting clubs from professional opportunities to sports, and hobbies. Throughout club activities, students could find out more about specific fields and industries, build peer and alumni networks, and meet people with similar interests. Clubs are shaped by the interests of the incoming MBA class each year - so if you don't find what you're looking for, you can create your own club!
※ Selected clubs that officially approved by the MBA committee, are funded by the GSB.
|Professional Clubs
|Entertainment Clubs
- ABC (All about Business Communication) Club
- Sports Club
Social Leadership
The SNU GSB encourages students to take part in volunteering activities with the purpose to train CEOs with management skills and social responsibility. SNU MBA students are actively taking part in volunteering activities such as Habitat for humanity and extending helping hands for the rural areas. Students have also provided free management consulting to institutions, such as the fair trade coffee company Chiapas, launched by the Korea Food for the Hungry International and the social enterprise "Sharing Happiness," and helped such institutions overcome their pending management problems.
The SNU GSB will continue its support for student volunteer activities contribute to the development and balanced growth of the local society.


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Okay, having a girl is way too much fun!
I've told you before how much I enjoy Peek-a-Boo Pattern Shop!
This is the "Natalie Dress".
I will say it was hard to get a picture without her fingers in her mouth. But I did try.
I just love this pattern!!
Peek-a-Boo Patterns has lots of great patterns. I'm sure you can find something you love also.
Today is also Thrifty Thursday! A great day to get a discounted pattern!!
Look at my next project:
Isn't this like the cutest thing EVER!!!
If you like what you see, check out my new SEWING BLOG!!


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Ted Superak
HM Clause seeds
Plant Breeder II
Pumpkin (Cucurbitaceae)
Why did you choose this career?
We had a vegetable garden when I was growing up and I always liked that. I was still interested in agriculture when I was in High School. So when I went to college at Rutgers I was already interested in plants. Early in college one of the professors asked me what I wanted to do for a job. I told him "I want to make plants grow better". Oh, he said, "you want to be a plant breeder". That always stuck with me.
What challenges are you working to address through your work?
The challenges are good disease resistance in pumpkins. Also to create something new and novel in pumpkins. There are lots of different colors, sizes and shapes. Its like food for your eyes.
What are you most excited about for the future in plant breeding?
DNA marker technology and genomics. These new tools will accelerate the process of plant breeding, though I don't use genomics much right now.
I developed the small tiger striped pumpkin, and the carnival winter squash.


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Creation of a composite indicator to assess students' academic satisfaction at Engineering Schools
Tutor / director / avaluadorVan Wunnik, Lucas Philippe
Tipus de documentTreball Final de Grau
Condicions d'accésAccés obert
Universities have traditionally responded to two main functions: teaching and research. Universities provide training for high-level jobs and increase the body of theoretical knowledge as well as their possible applications through research. Competitiveness in the academic world has led to the upcoming of many different University tables that order Universities' according to their academic performance using various combinations of different factors. However, such tables do not put emphasis on teaching quality and are mostly based in objective (though arguable) indicators of Universities' research performance. In the opinion of the author current league tables can be misleading and confusing for students who use tables to choose a University for their Studies and even for Universities themselves who might be compelled to adopt policies to contempt leagues tables instead of focusing on long term policies aimed to improve both their research and their teaching quality. This document presents the process of creation of an alternative composite indicator which will serve to assess academic performance at Higher Education Institutions in Engineering-related fields. A composite indicator is formed when individual indicators are compiled into a single index, on the basis of an underlying model of the multi-dimensional concept that is being measured. Such multi-dimensional concept to be measured is in this case academic performance understood as the ability of a university to contenting the expectations, enhancing the capacities and providing the tools students consider to be relevant in their process of being transformed from high school students to competent and ready professionals to enter in the labor force as engineers. As a result of such considerations this composite indicator will be focused rather on University as a training and learning institution and not so much as an engine of knowledge creation. The composite indicator created will be put into practice to assess academic performance at four Engineering Schools (Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (Spain), Facoltà d'Ingegneria di l'Università di Roma Tor Vergata (Italy), Facoltà d'Ingegneria di Roma La Sapienza (Italy) and Delft Technical University (Netherlands) to guarantee its applicability in practice.
Llevat que s'hi indiqui el contrari, els continguts d'aquesta obra estan subjectes a la llicència de Creative Commons: Reconeixement-NoComercial-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Espanya


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Samp open to Cassano offers
Sampdoria admit they would consider a bid from Inter Milan for star player Antonio Cassano.
By Richard Bailey
Last Updated: 12/07/09 6:46pm
Sampdoria sporting director Beppe Marotta admits the club would listen to a bid from Inter Milan for star player Antonio Cassano.
The Italian is rebuilding his career at the Stadio Luigi Ferraris after a number of turbulent years towards the end of his time at Roma and then while on loan at Real Madrid.
The 26-year-old is no stranger to controversy in a career which saw him make his Serie A debut for hometown club Bari in 1999 when aged just 16.
The 15-time capped Italian international has just recorded his best season in front of goal for six seasons with a return of 15 in all competitions.
Cassano's rediscovered form has interested Inter, who he helped dismantle in the semi-finals of last season's Coppa Italia, according to reports and Marotta revealed that the club would have to listen to any offers.
"There has been no contact with Inter, but if they asked about Cassano obviously we would sit around a table to discuss it, also for a question of respect" he told Mediaset Premium.
"Inter could certainly put players on the table who might be important for Sampdoria."
Staying put
However the Sampdoria chief is confident that Cassano will remain at the club next season despite having a minimum release fee of 20million Euros.
"We were the first in Italy to introduce this formula and we did it to facilitate an eventual decision on Antonio's part," he added.
"However he always showed enthusiasm toward Sampdoria, so I don't think a transfer will take place during this campaign."
Despite Cassano's improved form, and behaviour, he has continued to be overlooked by Azzurri head coach Marcello Lippi and the forward may see a move to the Serie A champions as a way of getting back into the national side ahead of the World Cup next summer.


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Over all I am pleased with the part. No performance upgrade but my car is running fine!
June 20th, 2013 | Posted by magh810
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THIS version of the replacement intake manifold for a Ford 4.6 Mustang is much better than the earlier versions. The first version had bolts that backed out on the coolant passage and caused the intake to fail. The new version like this has been slightly re-designed and is a much better replacement. Parts Geek has super fast shipping and packed the product very well. I shall return for more purchases!
November 7th, 2016 | Posted by Gene / Dorman Mustang 4.6 Intake


text: 30 July 2015 On 28 July 2015, ASIC released new regulatory guidance and waivers to further enable financial services disclosures to be provided through digital channels. This initiative also encourages innovation in other areas of communication about financial products and services. The developments largely concern disclosure to retail clients, including product disclosure statements, financial services guides and statements of advice. However ASIC's stance signals a positive and more general intent to adapt the Australian regulatory framework to embrace new technologies. Background ASIC's press release (15-198MR) notes the statement from ASIC Commissioner John Price that these measures "respond to changing consumer preferences, with ever increasing numbers of people transacting digitally. Almost 15 million Australians now have a home internet connection and 68% of those online are using three or more devices to access the internet." While the Corporations Act expressly permits the digital delivery of financial services disclosures, in its consultation last year ASIC noted two principal areas of concern with the previous regulation: for most financial services disclosures, previous ASIC guidance and legal requirements meant that the default method of delivery was a printed disclosure document. This was limiting the various benefits which would otherwise flow from digital delivery, including cost savings and the ability for providers to present more innovative and engaging content; and barriers to more innovative and interactive web-based disclosure were limiting disclosure options. These barriers included technical and regulatory requirements which implied a print version and placed limits on fully electronic product disclosure statements. ASIC's new guidance and relief In order to address the identified areas of concern and facilitate the use of digital disclosures, ASIC has taken various steps in its revised Regulatory Guide 221 and new Class Orders 15/647 and 15/649. These steps comprise: explaining how electronic delivery methods can be used relying on the existing provisions of the Corporations Act, with clarification around when providers can treat email addresses as having been nominated by clients for these purposes; relief under Class Order 15/647 to enable providers to "publish and notify" i.e. make disclosures available digitally and notify the client of the availability; further relief under Class Order 15/647 to enable super funds to use email addresses provided by the member's employer; relief under Class Order 15/649 and guidance to facilitate the use of more innovative product disclosure statements, financial services guides and statements of advice. In addition, ASIC has updated its good practice guidance in RG 221 to help ensure that clients continue to receive clear, concise and effective information when disclosures are given electronically and consumer protections are maintained in the digital environment. More generally, ASIC has not at this stage identified a need for guidance or relief for other areas of the Corporations Act that relate to digital disclosure. This is because in ASIC's view the Corporations Act is otherwise generally drafted in a way that is wide enough to accommodate digital methods of delivery and digital formats for disclosures. However, in encouraging providers to explore more innovative forms of disclosure, ASIC has stated that it is open to granting individual relief to facilitate the use of these kinds of disclosure. Back to list


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What would you like to see us add to our blog?
We are looking forward to adding some story writing soon but what else would you be interested in?
Any ideas appreciated!
Dear bloggers
I think your blog is very informative. Thank you for letting us join in on the 4va blog.
From Andrew's mum


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Zembrocal Trailer (2014)
24 December 2014 Adventure, Factual 32 mins
From America, England, France, Italy and Japan. From each corner of the earth, five climbers – Sam Elias, James Pearson, Caroline Ciavaldini, Jacopo Larcher and Yuji Hirayama – attempt to open a new multi-pitch route on the basalt island of Reunion. Lost in the South Indian Ocean, Reunion is the childhood home of Caroline and, after traveling the world for several years as a professional climber, returning was something she had to do. By working together as climbers and friends, the team is able to open, ground-up, one of the hardest multi-pitch rock climbs in the world.
Watch the official Zembrocal 2014 trailer in HD below or find more Zembrocal videos on Vidimovie.


text: I picked this up 2 weeks ago. Got it for $23,400 (w/0 tax or title) with an 8' Fisher plow and Rhino bed liner. Doesn't have all the bells & whistles. Does have snowplow prep. pkg, 4:10 gears, locking differential. Haven't put it to work yet. Have to think about what kind of racks I want on it.


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ITF EU representative Hassan Aydinli attended the Iraq Delegation Mtg at the EU Parliament
ITF EU representative Dr. Hassan Aydinli and MEP Struan Stevenson, Chair of the Iraq Delegation at the EU Parliament
ITF EU representative showing the Chair Mr. Struan Stevenson some documents in preparation of the next meeting.
ITF EU representative Dr Hassan Aydinli and Mr Tahar Boumedra, former senior official with
UNAMI in Iraq
The meeting was chaired by MEP Struan Stevenson and was attended by several MEPs. namely Ms. Ana Gomez, Mr. Vytautas Landsbergis and Mr.Tunne Kelam.
About 50 people attended the meeting.
Mr. Vladimir Janecek, Desk Officer Iraq, European External Action Service (EEAS).
Mr. Tahar Boumedra, former advisor to Mr. Martin Kobler
Colonel Wes Martin of the U.S. Army and former commander of Camp Ashraf
Mrs. Elham Zanjani, former resident of Camp Ashraf
Representatives of the Iraqi Embassy in Brussels
Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) EU representative Dr Hassan Aydinli
Mrs. Merry Fitzgerald of Europe-Turkmen Friendships
Mujahedin-e Khalq (MeK) representatives
Kurdish representatives
Assistants of several MEPs
The situation in Camp Liberty was discussed in the shadow of the recent attack on the Camp on 9th February 2013.
The Chair Struan Stevenson strongly condemned the missile attack on Camp Liberty on 9th February 2013, saying that the Iraqi government had failed in ensuring the security of the Mujahedin-e Khalq (MeK) residents. He deplored the fact that Mr. Martin Kobler, Special Representative for the United Nations Secretary General for Iraq, and United Nations Assistance for Iraq (UNAMI) have not fulfilled their role in Iraq.
A former resident of Camp Ashraf, Mrs. Elham Zanjani, of Canadian nationality, who had been seriously wounded during the Iraqi military attack in 2011 was invited to the meeting to testify, she explained how 8 residents were killed and how she and 90 residents had been injured during the attack. As she had suffered grave wounds she had to be repatriated to Canada to get proper medical treatment.
Mr. Vladimir Janecek, said that half of the residents of Camp Ashraf have already been recognized as refugees, they are now waiting to be resettled outside Iraq. He reminded that the EU has already provided 12 million Euros as help to the camp Ashraf residents.
Mr. Tahar Boumedra, former advisor to Mr. Martin Kobler, explained why he resigned from his post in protest of the handling of the situation by Mr. Kobler.
Colonel Wes Martin of the U.S. Army and former commander of Camp Ashraf, said that Al-Maliki has become a dictator, he blamed the attack on Camp Liberty on the Iraqi government, saying that Al-Maliki and Ahmadinejad had coordinated the attack. He said that a lot of things have been said about MeK being terrorists but that the Ashraf people did not shoot US soldiers and that they had surrendered their weapons.
MEP Ana Gomez intervened and put the following question to Mrs. Elham Zanjani: "As a Canadian and Canadian educated, when did you go to Iraq, and what was the relationship of the Mujahedin with Saddam Hussein, didn't the MeK work with him?"
Mrs. Elham Zanjani replied that the MeK were completely independent from Saddam Hussein.
MEP Ana Gomez then addressed to Mr. Boumedra, asking him: "who is employing you today?"
To which Mr. Boumedra replied that he had resigned and that Martin Kobler was happy to see him go, he said that nobody is employing him, that he is self-sufficient.
MEP Ana Gomez said, addressing to the Chair Mr. Stevenson: 'very serious indictments have been made here about the U.N., the UNHCR, Mr. Martin Kobler and Ms. Jana Hybášková, did you invite these people to give their facts?
The Chair answered that he had invited Baroness Ashton, but that she could not come.
The representative of the Iraqi Embassy commented that Prime Minister Al-Maliki had condemned the attack on Camp Liberty and that it is the UN's responsibility to relocate the residents outside Iraq. He also commented that the Iraq Delegation Meetings should not be a forum for criticising the Iraqi government only.
The Chair insisted on the urgency to move the residents of Camp Ashraf outside Iraq, either to the U.S. or to Albania while they are waiting to obtain refugee status. He said that in the meantime the MeK people should be moved back to Camp Ashraf, where they will be safer than in Camp Liberty.
At the end of the meeting ITF EU representative spoke to the Chair Mr. Struan Stevenson about the problems the Turkmen are still facing in Iraq today and he showed him some documents in preparation of the next meeting.


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Nurses often endure working irregular day, night and evening shifts as well as mandatory overtime (i.e. employer-imposed work time in excess of one's assigned schedule). While these work characteristics are examined as potential risks for nurses' safety and health, it is not clear whether negative health impacts occur simply because of working long hours or in combination with other mechanisms.
This study investigates how these work characteristics are associated with nurses' work-related injury and illness over and above long work hours.
In this cross-sectional study, questionnaire data were collected from a sample of 655 registered nurses in the Philippines. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations of shift work and mandatory overtime with four work-related health outcomes.
After weekly work hours, shift length and demographic variables were accounted for, non-day shifts were associated with work-related injury [odds ratio (OR) = 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 2.24] and work-related illness (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.16). Also, frequency of working mandatory overtime was associated with work-related injury (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.41), work-related illness (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.37) and missing more than 2 days of work because of a work-related injury or illness (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.44).
These findings suggest that non-day shifts and mandatory overtime may negatively impact nurses' health independent of working long hours. Mechanisms through which these work characteristics affect health, such as circadian rhythm disturbance, nurse-to-patient ratios and work–family conflict, should be examined in future studies.
Long work hours negatively impact workers' health by increasing exposure to occupational hazards and reducing time for recovery (Caruso et al. 2006). Previous studies show that long work hours are associated with adverse health outcomes (Brown & Thomas 2003; Costa et al. 2006; Dembe et al. 2005; Morikawa et al. 2001; Vegso et al. 2007). Long work hours are of particular concern for nurses because their jobs routinely include working long shifts, and mandatory or unplanned overtime. Trinkoff et al.'s (2006a) survey of more than 2000 nurses in the USA found that 6% worked 60 h or more per week, and 6% worked more than 12 h a day. Rogers et al. (2004) examined over 5300 shifts among a national sample of US nurses and found that among those scheduled for up to 8.5 h, only 15% actually ended within 8.5 h.
The burden of working long hours can take a toll on nurses' health and well-being. Evidence has emerged showing that increased working hours is associated with musculoskeletal injuries (Lipscomb et al. 2002; Trinkoff et al. 2006b), needlestick incidents (Ilhan et al. 2006; Trinkoff et al. 2007) and fatigue (Josten et al. 2003; Lockley et al. 2007) among nurses. Mandatory overtime is also associated with less control over one's job and lower levels of participation in workplace decision making (Golden & Wiens-Tuers 2005), which are harmful to workers' well-being (Theorell 2002). Despite this, the prevailing concern about the consequences of nurses working long hours is patient safety (Institute of Medicine 2004; Rogers et al. 2004), and relatively little research has emphasized the health and safety issues faced by nurses themselves.
Shift work (working non-daytime hours) is also thought to have adverse physiologic health effects and increased risk for occupational injury and illness (Berger & Hobbs 2006; Dembe et al. 2006; Horwitz & McCall 2005; Strong & Zimmerman 2005). Among hospital workers, Horwitz & McCall (2005) found greatest risk for occupational injury among evening and night shift workers compared with day shift workers, with night shift workers experiencing greatest severity in terms of disability. Guastello et al. (1999) also found that shift work was associated with exposure to blood-borne pathogens and occupational accidents among health-care workers. Among nurses, working other than day shift was associated with musculoskeletal disorders (Lipscomb et al. 2002; Trinkoff et al. 2006b), needlestick injuries (Trinkoff et al. 2007), coronary heart disease (Kawachi et al. 1995) and spontaneous abortion (Whelan et al. 2007). Hughes & Stone (2004) posit that shift work may increase fatigue, making nurses less alert towards the end of their shifts, which can lead to lapses in performance and errors.
Taken together, the current literature shows that long work hours and shift work are not uncommon to nursing work and negatively impact on nurses' health. However, it is not clear whether these work schedule characteristics adversely affect health simply because of working longer hours or in combination with effects of other mechanisms. Hence, this study examined associations of mandatory overtime and shift work with occupational health consequences for nurses, over and above long work hours. We explored these associations among nurses in the Philippines where, to our knowledge, these issues have not been previously researched.
This study involved a collaborative relationship among US-based researchers, the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) and the Occupational Health Nurses Association of the Philippines. Study participants were recruited among registered nurses attending the PNA Annual National Convention in October, 2007. The first 1000 attendees were given a hard copy anonymous, self-administered survey. Our survey was adapted from the 2001 American Nurses Association Health and Safety Survey (Houle 2001). Surveys were provided in English because it is widely used in professional, business and educational contexts, including nursing, in the Philippines. Upon returning the survey, each respondent received a raffle ticket to win a digital video-disc player. A total of 690 surveys were returned (response rate = 69%). The present analysis excludes 21 persons currently not working as a registered nurse and another 14 who did not identify being a registered nurse, leaving an analytic sample of 655 respondents. This study was reviewed and approved by the Human Subjects Division (Institutional Review Board) of the University of Washington.
We measured four occupational health outcomes: (1) work-related injury in past year (0 = none, 1 = one or more); (2) work-related illness in the past year (0 = no, 1 = yes); (3) missed work for more than 2 days in the past year because of a work-related injury or illness (0 = no, 1 = yes); and (4) back pain (0 = no, 1 = yes).
Primary independent variables of interest included work hours, shift length, shift, frequency of mandatory or unplanned overtime, and number of overtime hours worked per month. For work hours, participants indicated the average number of hours worked per week (less than 20 h, 21–40 h, 41–60 h, 61–80 h or 81 h or greater). Responses were collapsed into a dichotomous categorical variable (0 = 40 h or less, 1 = more than 40 h) because of the low numbers of persons reporting on the extreme ends of the range of choices and because the standard workweek in the Philippines is 40 h. Participants also indicated typical shift length (0 = less than or equal to 8 h, 1 = more than 8 h). Shift was measured by primary work shift (1 = regular daytime, 0 = all other shifts). Mandatory overtime was measured by (1) number of times per month worked mandatory or unplanned overtime (0 = 'never', 1 = '1 to 2 times', 2 = '3 to 4 times', 3 = '5 to 6 times', 4 = '7 or more times'), and (2) average number of overtime hours worked per month (0 = none, 1 = 1–16 h, 2 = 17–24 h, 3 = 25–39 h, 4 = 40–56 h, 5 = 57–80 h, 6 = 81 h or more).
Three demographic measures were included in the analysis as control variables: (1) age in years, (2) type of work setting (1 = clinical setting, 2 = educational setting, 3 = other), and (3) whether working in another job in addition to main nursing job (0 = no, 1 = yes). We also control for two safety resource variables: (1) nurses' rating of information provided by their employers about dangerous or unhealthy working conditions (1 = not at all, 2 = poor, 3 = good, 4 = very good), and (2) the availability of safety devices, comprised of whether the following were provided: safer needle devices (0 = no, 1 = yes), patient lifting and transfer devices (0 = no, 1 = yes), and gloves (0 = no, 1 = yes), combining for a safety device score ranging from 0 to 3. Further, we control for per cent time spent in direct patient care activities (0 = none, 1 = less than 25%, 2 = 25–50%, 3 = 51–75%, 4 = more than 75%).
We began by first providing descriptive statistics of our data to examine prevalence rates. Next, unadjusted bivariate associations were assessed by estimating the per cent of nurses reporting adverse outcomes by long hours, shift and overtime variables. Differences across factors were then assessed using chi-square.
Multivariate logistic regression was then used to assess associations of work hour and schedule variables with each of the occupational health outcomes. In addition to long hours, shift and overtime, each model was adjusted for age, work setting, having an additional job, safety resources and time spent in direct patient care. All analyses were conducted with STATA statistical software release 10.1 (College Station, TX, USA).
A small fraction (i.e. 1.1–2.4%) of participants had missing values on one or more occupational health outcome variables. Per convention, the outcome variables were not imputed (Rubin 1987), and these participants were excluded on an analysis-by-analysis basis. Missing data for independent variables were imputed with multiple imputation. Ten complete data sets with imputed values were created, and the bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed for each of the ten data sets. The results were averaged using Rubin's combining rules (Rubin 1987).
Table S1 summarizes the descriptive characteristics of our sample. The mean age was 43 years. Close to half (44%) worked in clinical settings, followed by educational (38%) and other settings, including industry and government (18%). Thirty per cent of respondents spent the majority (50–75%) of their time in direct patient care, while only 12% of respondents spent no time in direct patient care. Further, nearly one-third (31%) had another job in addition to their main nursing job. Nearly two-thirds (66%) felt that the safety information provided by their employers was good or very good. Eighty percent, 45% and 85% reported the availability of safer needle devices, patient lifting and transfer devices, and gloves, respectively.
A substantial number of nurses had long work hours and worked overtime. About 65% of participants reported working over 40 h per week, and 23% had shifts lasting over 8 h. Nearly 35% reported working a shift other than a regular day shift. Additionally, 83% of nurses worked mandatory or unplanned overtime at least once per month, of which about 15% reported working overtime 7 or more times per month. In terms of monthly overtime work hours, most nurses (42%) worked 1–16 h of overtime.
In terms of occupational health outcomes, 37% experienced a work-related injury and 41% experienced a work-related illness in the past year. Nearly one-third (31%) missed at least 2 days of work because of a work-related injury or illness. Also, over three-fourths (78%) currently experience back pain.
Table S2 shows the bivariate relations for work hours, shift and overtime with the four outcomes of interest: work-related injury, work-related illness, missed 2 or more days of work because of a work-related injury or illness, and back pain. Working longer hours was significantly associated with work-related illnesses and missing work. Specifically, among those working over 40 h per week, 45% reported a work-related illness in the past year, compared with 35% of those working 40 or fewer hours. Also, 35% of those working over 40 h per week reported missing more than 2 days of work compared with 26% of those working 40 or fewer hours. Similar trends were seen for work-related injuries (40% vs. 34% for those working over 40 h/week, and 40 or fewer hours, respectively) and back pain (81% and 78%, respectively), but these were not statistically significant. Shift length also showed similar trends, but they were statistically significant only for missed work days. Table S2 also shows that working overtime was significantly associated with work-related injury, work-related illness and missed work. For instance, 46% of participants who worked 7 or more times of mandatory or unplanned overtime in the past month reported a work-related injury within the past year compared with 24% of those who never worked overtime. A similar but attenuated and not statistically significant trend was seen for back pain. The same was also observed when overtime was examined in terms of number of hours worked.
Of course, these associations may be confounded by other factors, such as worker age, work setting and per cent time in direct patient care. Table S3 shows the associations for weekly work hours, shift length, shift type and times worked overtime per month with outcomes controlling for age, work setting, having an additional job, safety resources and time spent in direct patient care. Neither hours worked per week nor shift length was significantly associated with any of the four outcomes. For instance, in terms of experiencing a work-related injury in the past year, the odds ratio (OR) for working over 40 h/week compared with working 40 or fewer hours/week was 0.92 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.62, 1.36.
In contrast, frequency of mandatory or unplanned overtime worked per month was significantly associated with three of four health outcomes. Specifically, a one-unit increase in frequency of overtime was associated with a 1.22 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.41) greater odds of reporting a work-related injury, a 1.19 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.37) greater odds of experiencing a work-related illness and a 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.44) greater odds of missing two or more days of work because of work-related injury or illness, controlling for age, work setting and other factors. This overtime measure, however, was not associated with back pain (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.21). Similarly, working non-day shift was significantly associated with work-related injury (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.24) and illness (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.16).
We performed several additional analyses to evaluate the robustness of our findings. First, we reanalysed our data, replacing number of times worked overtime with average number of overtime hours worked per month and found similar results. Second, we created a summary score of occupational injury and illness by summing the four outcomes. Reanalysis with this score as the dependent variable also showed similar results for times per month worked mandatory or unplanned overtime (see column for occupational health outcome sum score in Table S3).
This study examined the associations among long work hours, shift work and overtime with occupational injury and illness among a sample of 655 nurses in the Philippines. Findings indicate that nurses who work in non-day shifts are at higher risk for occupational injury and illness, and the more frequently a nurse works mandatory or unplanned overtime, the greater the odds of experiencing a work-related injury or illness, and missing work because of it. These significant associations were observed even after hours worked per week and shift length were accounted for. This suggests that non-day shifts and mandatory/unplanned overtime negatively correlate with nurses' health independent of working long hours.
One mechanism through which shift work may increase the likelihood of experiencing work-related injury and illness is disrupted circadian rhythms. The demand of shift work has been related to disruption of physiologic functioning (Fujiwara et al. 1992; Totterdell et al. 1995), sleepiness (Berger & Hobbs 2006; Gold et al. 1992) and occurrence of errors and injury and illness (Canini et al. 2008; Lipscomb et al. 2002; Trinkoff et al. 2006b, 2007). Another possible explanation is an increased workload during shift work as a function of fewer nurses staffed on nonday (evening and night) shifts. Lower nurse-to-patient ratios during non-day shifts may likely increase risk for exposure to work hazards. Not having specifically investigated these reasons, we recommend further research in the Philippine context.
Our findings are consistent with previous studies that have reported the association between overtime and occupational injury and illness. O'Brien-Pallas et al. (2004), in a sample of Canadian nurses, observed greater odds of lost time injury claim rates for workers' compensation the more nurses worked overtime. In the USA, Gershon et al. (2009) found an association between mandatory overtime and percutaneous injury (i.e. needlesticks) among home health nurses. These studies, however, did not control for work hours and, therefore, could not differentiate the impact of overtime from the impact of simply working longer hours. In our study, the effect of mandatory/ unplanned overtime was significant over and above the effect of number of hours worked. This suggests that characteristics of overtime other than increased work hours negatively impact nurses' health. Future studies should examine such characteristics, such as lack of control over one's work schedule and work–family conflict.
One health outcome that was not associated with mandatory overtime in our study was back pain. This is contrary to the findings reported by Trinkoff et al. (2006b). They found that mandatory overtime was associated with musculoskeletal disorders involving the neck, shoulder and back among a sample of US nurses. The difference may reflect the demographic profile of our sample, in which over half (56%) did not work in clinical settings and may not be subjected to the physical demand of moving and lifting patients often linked to back pain for nurses. Thus, further research among a sample of nurses working in more direct patient care jobs may reveal associations between work schedule characteristics and back pain or other musculoskeletal disorders. Given our findings, though, national or organizational-level policies restricting mandatory overtime in the Philippines may be worth considering.
Mandatory or unplanned overtime may be a consequence of inadequate staffing levels. While this study did not specifically examine staffing levels, previous studies have shown that inadequate nurse staffing increases risk for occupational injury and illness (Clarke et al. 2002a,b; Yassi et al. 1995). Yet, a recent literature review on nurse staffing found that the predominant interest in this body of literature is patient safety and quality of care, not nurses' well-being (Lang et al. 2004). Because patient safety is intertwined with nurses' health and well-being (Foley et al. 2001), we recommend a comprehensive approach to investigating nurse staffing, patient safety and nurses' health.
We did not observe any significant associations for hours worked per week (>40 h per week) or shift length (>8 h) with any of the occupational health outcomes. This is contrary to what might be expected given that nurses are likely to have increased exposure time with workplace hazards or become more fatigued with increasing number of hours worked by shift or week. It is possible that this finding reflects the profile of our sample. For example, only 22% had typical work shifts longer than 8 h. And, while 65% did report working more than 40 h per week, associations between hours worked per week and work-related injury or illness may have been captured as a function of working overtime. Despite not observing significant associations, further investigation of these work hour factors is warranted given findings from other research. Further, the US Institute of Medicine has recognized the dangers associated with long work hours for both nurses and patients, recommending that nurses work no more than 12 h within a 24-h period and no more than 60 h within a 7-day period (Institute of Medicine 2004). In the Philippines, the standard workweek is limited to 40 h.
Our findings should be viewed with the following limitations in mind. The sample of nurses is derived from attendees of the PNA 2007 Annual National Convention, which consisted of a notable proportion of nurses working in non-clinical positions, such as in educational settings. As such, the nature of work hours, overtime and shift may be different from those nurses working in more traditional, direct patient care roles. It would be important for future studies to ask how many hours per week are spent in various nursing activities (e.g. teaching in a classroom vs. direct patient care). Also, the 31% non-response rate raises issues about sampling bias (Groves et al. 2002; Jones 1996). We do not know if non-responders systematically differed from responders, and hence, our results should be seen as preliminary. We were unable to conduct a comparative analysis because demographic data profiling the 310 non-responders were not systematically collected. Further, these findings may not be generalizable to the entire population of nurses in the Philippines. Additionally, we utilized survey items developed for American nurses. Hence, it is possible that these items did not fully capture Filipino nurses' interpretations of some concepts. However, items referring to concrete information (e.g. number of hours worked, type of shift) were less likely to be affected by cultural differences than items addressing respondents' opinions or expectations (Behling & Law 2000). One limitation of our injury and illness measures is that they were binary (yes/no) and do not provide information on severity. We could not further investigate important questions, such as whether shift work contributed to likelihood not only of injury, but also of serious vs. minor injuries. Moreover, we do not have detailed information on the types of injuries or illnesses experienced. Future research is needed to examine the types and severity of outcomes that may be associated with shift work and overtime. Also, while the self-reported availability of safety devices was measured, data do not indicate whether nurses in the sample actually used them. We note further that self-report data are subject to various biases. However, the different pattern of relationships across the various occupational health outcomes in this study suggests that common method variance was not a major issue. Lastly, the cross-sectional nature of the data makes it difficult to detect causal effects. Despite these limitations, to our knowledge, this is the first reported study of the impact of work hours, overtime and shift work on occupational injury and illness among nurses in the Philippines, an understudied nurse population.
This study illustrates how working conditions adversely affect the health of nurses in the Philippines. We find that shift work and overtime are associated with occupational injury and illness. In particular, associations between mandatory/unplanned overtime and adverse worker health outcomes were significant even when controlling for number of hours worked. This study also adds to the current literature on the impact of work hours on nurses' health by examining the issue among nurses in the Philippines, an understudied, though prominent, workforce in the country. Previous investigations have largely involved nurses in more developed nations and in Western contexts.
In a 2006 commentary, Judith Oulton, then Chief Executive Officer of the International Council of Nurses, recognized that work environment factors directly impact nurses' well-being and contribute to their decision to remain on the job. She further asserted that unfavourable working conditions must be addressed in order to retain nurses and prevent nursing shortages (Oulton 2006). Our findings suggest that limiting overtime and attending to safety needs during non-day shifts should be prioritized in order to protect and preserve the nursing workforce in the Philippines.
The authors wish to acknowledge Salome Dalao, Dr Teresita Barcelo, Dr Annabelle Borromeo, Allyne Delos Santos and Joyce Jumawan for their support and assistance with this study. This publication was made possible by funds from the University of Washington School of Nursing, Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, and Grant Number 1KL2RR025015-01, of which Dr de Castro and Ms Rue are a part, from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NCRR or NIH. Information on NCRR is available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/. Information on Re-engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise can be obtained from http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp.
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusion in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Author contributions
This study was conceptualized by Drs de Castro, Fujishiro and Gee; data collection was conducted by Dr de Castro, Mr Tagalog and Dr Samaco-Paquiz; data analysis was conducted by Drs de Castro, Fujishiro, Gee and Ms Rue with statistical expertise provided by Ms Rue; drafting of the manuscript was led by Drs de Castro and Fujishiro with critical revisions for important intellectual content provided by Ms Rue, Mr Tagalog, Dr Samaco-Paquiz and Dr Gee; and additional administrative, technical and material support were provided by Mr Tagalog and Dr Samaco-Paquiz.
Supporting information
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:
Table S1 Sample characteristics
Table S2 Percentages of occupational health outcomes by work characteristics
Table S3 Results of multivariate regression analysis for each occupational health outcome (odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals; estimates averaged over ten imputed data sets)
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