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Liquor Liability Claims Attorneys
When Bars Place Profits Above Safety
Alcohol-related auto accidents are not accidents at all. The people injured or killed by intoxicated drivers are victims of a crime. While many other types of traffic accidents could be avoided, drunk driving accidents are always preventable.
Studies consistently show that drinking and driving continues to be a leading cause of car accidents. When a drunk driver gets behind the wheel it is most often innocent people who wind up seriously injured or killed. In some alcohol related accidents, the drunk driver isn't the only one at fault. Our attorneys are skilled and experienced in pursuing alcohol sales and service liability law. These types of cases are called "dram shop" cases in the legal community.
Missouri's Dram Shop Statute §537.053 states: "The sale of alcoholic beverage may be the proximate cause of personal injuries or death." The sale of the alcohol must be by the drink and by a restaurant and/or bar or similar business. Importantly, this law only extends to bars or restaurants that serve alcohol by the drink. It does not include social hosts or stores that sell packaged liquor. This is called the dram shop law. The purpose of the dram shop law is to prevent alcohol-related traffic accidents and promote public safety by protecting innocent victims from drunk driving accidents.
In Missouri, there are two events that can occur that will cause a bar and/or restaurant to be held responsible for the injury or death of a person in a drunk driving accident. First, if the seller served alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one who subsequently caused an accident and injured their self or someone else. Second, if the seller knowingly served liquor to a "visibly intoxicated person" who subsequently caused an accident and injured someone else.
Proving liability in the sale and service of alcohol related cases can be a difficult proposition because the legal standard that must be met is that the bar knowingly served alcoholic beverages to a "visibly intoxicated person." Therefore, in order to prevail it is very important that a proper investigation be done early and gather critical information quickly before the evidence is lost, and while witnesses can still be located.
We work with private investigators and other professionals in drunk driver cases to:
- Interview bartenders and servers, patrons at the bar or restaurant who may have witnessed the drunk driver purchasing alcoholic drink;
- Obtain all police and accident reports, including reports of the drunk driver's blood alcohol content;
- Subpoena records of debit or credit cards of the drunk driver;
- Subpoena cash register receipts or other documents related to the sale of wine, beer or liquor by the drink from the bar who served the drunk driver;
- Investigate whether the bar or restaurant trained its bartenders, wait staff and other employees to cut off service to intoxicated customers before they become a hazard
If you were injured as a result of the over-service of alcohol to a restaurant patron (dram shop) or if your loved one was killed by a drunk driver, you should talk to an experienced Kansas City Injury lawyer as soon as possible to investigate the possibility of a dram shop case and liquor liability claim.
The personal injury attorneys at McCollum & Griggs, have successfully represented clients in claims for personal injury and Wrongful Death caused by drunk or careless drivers in the Kansas City area. We work hard to hold negligent bars and restaurants responsible in dram shop claims for illegally selling liquor to underage or highly intoxicated patrons. Choose a Kansas City accident attorney who knows this area of the law. Call our office at 816-474-0202 for a consultation with one of our attorneys.
Holding Drunk Drivers Responsible
The consequences of careless or drunk driving are monumental. According to the Missouri State Highway Patrol there were over 3,823 people injured in 2010 and 218 people killed as a direct result of alcohol related traffic accidents. View statistical analysis from the highway patrol to learn more or view the chart below.
If you were hurt or paralyzed in an alcohol-related car accident or a family member was killed by a drunk driver, it is important that you hire an experienced auto or truck accidents attorney who can properly handle your case for you. Hiring the right lawyer can be the key to holding the drunk driver responsible and recovering the compensation that you need and deserve.
Waiting too long to talk to an auto or truck accidents attorney can hurt your chances of success. Contact us today to find out why you should act quickly to protect your rights. We have the knowledge and ability to do a thorough and proper investigation into the circumstances surrounding the accident.
Why Early Investigation Is Important in Dram Shop and Drunk Driving Accidents:
In a claim for injuries caused by a drunk driving auto accident, it is very important that the personal injury attorney closely monitor the criminal DUI or DWI case against the drunk driver. In addition, time is of the essence when taking statements while the memory of witnesses is still fresh. The first few days are very important and often times can make or break a case. In order to pinpoint liability and identify all negligent or responsible parties, quick and thorough investigation is crucial.
At McCollum & Griggs, we would like to see you as soon as possible after an auto accident. We act quickly to protect your rights and document your damages by:
- Photographing your injuries and the damaged vehicles
- Securing the black boxes from the motor vehicles
- Investigate the scene of the auto accident
- Obtaining witness statements and physical evidence
- Having accident reconstruction experts analyze the cause of the auto or truck accidents
- Creating professional day-in-the-life videos and other exhibits to show the effects of your injury on your daily life
- Exploring compensation from the Missouri Victim Injury Fund
At McCollum & Griggs, we are aggressive advocates for individuals and families whose lives have been forever changed by quadriplegia, back injuries, and other serious injuries caused by a drunk driver. We also seek justice for families who have lost a loved one in a drunk driving auto or truck accidents.
The Knowledge and Skills Needed to Handle Your Drunk Driving Accident Claim
Claims for injuries or Wrongful Death caused by an intoxicated driver can be much more complicated than other car or truck accidents claims. An attorney needs to really know what he or she is doing in order to successfully handle a civil lawsuit against a drunk driver.
At McCollum & Griggs, we have considerable experience and success representing clients in dram shop and alcohol-related auto or truck accidents, including head-on collisions caused by drunk drivers. We work to identify all responsible parties and recover all compensation and insurance benefits available for you or your family.
If we discover, as often is the case, that a bar or restaurant over-served the drunk driver we will file a suit against the bar or restaurant that illegally served that patron. If necessary we will pursue claims for uninsured and underinsured motorists' coverage. We also review your car insurance policy and help you process any insurance claims.


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Racism in the criminal justice system
Inherent bias is central to the issue of over-incarceration.
Don't move to Canada if Trump wins election
Maral Margossian argues why Americans should remain in the U.S. regardless of who becomes president.
Suicide prevention starts with openness
In light of World Suicide Prevention Day, Opinion Editor Maral Margossian discusses ways we can prevent suicide.
Why the New York Times' front page editorial matters
Jenna Careri explains the significance of the New York Times' editorial on the gun epidemic.
A different kind of sex ed
Op-Ed editor Kate Leddy introduces the special issue on sex.
Scooting to a bad time
John Zawawi argues that UMass should install bicycle lanes on inner campus roads.
Get rid of gen-ed courses that cost time and money
Nicholas Pappas argues for the elimination of general education requirements at universities
Witnessing human tragedy in Lebanon
Kevin Makhoul describes his experience working in Lebanon over the summer, providing aid to Syrian refugees.
Stop ignoring your white privilege
Columnist Kate Leddy implores individuals to educate themselves on white privilege and the "Black Lives Matter" movement.
A product of circumstance
Recovering from the death of his best friend showed Zac Bears the importance of circumstance and privilege in every person's life.
A surprising look at who owns guns in America
Isaac Simon analyzes reports of the percentage of people who own guns and where these people live.
Do we need the Apple Watch?
Ian Hagerty asks whether we need another device to interrupt our lives with the upcoming introduction of the Apple Watch.
Justice must be found in Walter Scott case
Isaac Simon analyzes the shooting of Walter Scott and calls for action against continuing racial injustices involving police officers.
'Let's keep the summer attitude'
'You couldn't walk for more than a couple of minutes without meeting someone new or sharing something, anything, with a completely, previously unknown, human being."
US and allies must eliminate ISIS
Columnist Steven Gillard argues that the U.S. and international allies must eliminate the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) to end a threat to global security.
More than good enough
Collegian Editor in Chief Stephen Hewitt reflects on his time at the paper and how he's finally satisfied.
Letter: A response to 'There is nothing to debate about global warming'
Lynn Goldfarb responds to the April 17 article "There is nothing to debate about global warming."
Push for punishment equality
Karen Podorefsky evaluates the effectiveness of the Obama administration's discipline guidelines to reduce discrimination in the way punishment is issued in schools.

subset: commoncrawl


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Podcast: Play in new window
Today is a very special day on the calendar–it's Leap Day! Today is February 29th, a day that comes around only once every four years, to make sure our calendars remain accurate.
Knowing how to say the calendar dates in English is not only practical, but a great way to practice pronunciation of the "th" consonant sound.
How to Say the Dates in English
(You can also practice How to Say the Months of the Year in English | Pronunciation & Stress)
In English, we always say the day of the month as an adjective, such as:
- first (1st) | June 1st
- thirtieth (30th) | October 30th
- fifteenth (15th) | May 15th
You can also say the day before the month if you include an "of", but this is less common and more formal:
- the first (1st) of June
- the thirtieth (30th) of October
- the fifteenth (15th) of May
Because we use the adjective form of the days when saying a date in English, this is a great way to practice your "th" pronunciation.
How to pronounce [θ] and [ð]
Many English language learners have a difficult time with the "th" [θ] and [ð] sounds, because their first language simply does not have these sounds.
To produce the "th" [θ] or [ð], you must:
- put the tip of your flat, relaxed tongue between the teeth; and
- blow out air.
- To produce [ð], your vocal chords will also vibrate
Listen and Repeat
- [θ] (no vibration | "voiceless")
- [ð] (vibration | "voiced")
- [θ]
- [ð]
- [θ]
- [ð]
Did you feel the difference?
If the tongue does not go between the teeth for [θ] or [ð], English language learners often produce:
- [s] or [t] instead of [θ] (Example: "thought" –> "sought"; "thanks" –> "tanks")
- [z] or [d] instead of [ð] (Example: "there" –> "zer"; "those" –> "doze")
Pronunciation Practice
Listen and Repeat
- "I was born on February 20th" [TWEN tiy yith] or [TWEN niy yith]
- 20th" [TWEN tiy yith] or [TWEN niy yith]
- "The wedding is on the 15th of March" [fif TEENTH]
- 15th [fif TEENTH]
- "Her party is on July 10th" [TENTH]
- 10th [TENTH]
- "School starts August 30th" [THUR diy yeth]
- 30th [THUR diy yeth]
- "My birthday is October 5th" [fifth] or [fith]
- 5th" [fifth] or [fith]
- 20th [TWEN tiy yith] –> [TWEN niy yith]
- 5th [fifth] –> [fith]
Don't forget to subscribe to the Elemental English podcast on iTunes.
And if this lesson was helpful to you, feel free to share it with friends and family on Facebook and Twitter.
Podcast: Play in new window


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We showed you yesterday the group of Baltimore Ravens fans that created a parody to 'Call Me Maybe,' 'Bring on Brady.'
This person above, James Long Jr., showed off his support for the Ravens and Ray Lewis by shaving his head. He tweeted out the photo and included the message, "Ray Lewis, thanks for all you've done for Baltimore, this is for you Ray."
The guy gets an A+ for the effort and for being a Diehard Ravens fan.
[HT: Darren Rovell] [Photo: @Ravenmanic]


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When most people hear POS software, they think of stock control, quick customer checkout and other retail administrative tasks. However, they are missing a critical piece of the puzzle and that is customer relationship management. Any retail EPOS systems that are worth their salt include comprehensive systems that allow retailers to manage customer relationships and boost customer loyalty through various marketing strategies and tactics.
The Importance of Customer Loyalty
It's a proven fact that a repeat customer improves profitability significantly. Repeat customers tend to spend more and cost less per sale than a new customer. This is why it is imperative for any retail operation to build a relationship with their customers.
The better your relationship with your customer and the more they enjoy their experience in your store, the more money they will spend with you and the more people they will recommend your store to. In other words, you win on two fronts, namely increased revenues as well as free word-of-mouth advertising which is the most effective type of advertising in existence.
Using POS Software to Understand Customer Behaviour
Understanding your customers and their purchasing habits is essential to improving customer loyalty. The more you know about your customer, the more you will be able to create offers based on their purchasing habits. This not only increases the chances of them making a purchase but it also increases their loyalty towards you because you make them feel special and important by customising an offer particularly for them. You'd be surprised how such a small thing can have a massive impact.
Good POS software will allow you to gather data about your customers, including what purchases they made and when they made them. The easiest way for you to gather this data is to use branded loyalty cards. Every time they use their card they will be rewarded and you will know exactly who purchased what and when. Additionally, when applying for the card, they will have to enter their personal details, allowing you to reach them via email with various offers and other incentives to bring them back to your store.
And everyone loves getting something for nothing, even if it's just their perception, which is why you won't have a problem convincing people to sign up for your loyalty program. However, you need to make sure that customers are rewarded and that it doesn't take forever for them to receive those rewards or they might find another store more to their liking.
POS software can help you keep track of all this information and generate detailed reports, allowing you to effectively tailor an offer that will entice your customers back to your store. Additionally, high quality retail EPOS systems also come with integrated email marketing features, allowing you to manage contact lists and reach your customers with a few clicks of the mouse.
Customer retention is critical to the success of any retail store. While it isn't a deal breaker, it can certainly take your store's performance from mediocre to outstanding and all it takes is the implementation of a quality POS software solution.


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Hans Lovejoy
While Geoff Provest (Tweed Heads Nationals MP) stuffed his face in the NSW lower house (re-imagined, right), debate raged around him over the Technical and Further Education Commission Amendment (Funding Guarantee for TAFE) Bill 2016.
The bill is an attempt by Labor's Prue Car to guarantee that at least 70 per cent of vocational training funding in NSW goes to TAFE.
Recently the coalition government has diverted some TAFE funding to businesses to provide training.
Yet the 'Smart and Skilled' reforms have not entirely been a huge success – even Murdoch's The Australian reported in July 2016 that the 'scheme is partly to blame for a dramatic drop-off in publicly funded training.'
Will Labor's bill succeed in restoring funding? No.
Government MPs in the lower house have the majority and defeated the second reading on November 17 last year by eight votes.
So let's examine – post mortem – how our dearly elected rabble debated such an important issue.
Essential services
There are big questions around the merits of privatising essential services.
Not just education, but health and prisons, for example. Should the market determine and own everything?
Are our dearly elected so incompetent that they need to divest all their responsibilities? Reforming TAFE by the political elite appears to be really about making it into a factory to 'get a real job' and giving business the reigns, no matter the consequence.
The value art – or pursuing anything other than making money for its own sake – is something conservatives will never understand, let alone care about (art classes were some of the first to go after the government moved on TAFE).
'Order! I remind the member for Tweed Heads that members are not permitted to eat in the chamber!' – temporary speaker of the House, Mr Lee Evans, Hansard transcript, November 17, 2016.
Station in life
You wouldn't expect much support for public education from a party that owes its station in life to private education. And privilege.
The coalition evidently see anyone with less income and education as a burden. They must be punished, like Centrelink is doing.
But as it happens, those who were disadvantaged can actually succeed if education is available to all.
Local Ballina MP Tamara Smith (Greens) spoke of how, as a child, she needed to care for her single mother who could no longer work owing to injury. She said she had to leave school at 15 but later completed her Higher School Certificate in one year at TAFE.
Smith told the chamber, 'I know that under the current system, in the early days before my family situation was assessed, I would have slipped through the cracks, even with the concessions afforded to students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
'The red tape, the bureaucracy and the time that it takes to enrol now are impediments. My life would have been very different if I had not been able to do the HSC.'
She said, 'We have forgotten that this is a conversation about universal education.'
'We have also forgotten that universal education is at the heart of a civilised country. It is at the heart of our values. We have lost that.
'When people talk about percentages, we have forgotten that access to free education is the birthright of all Australians. The corporate model of education will not engender creativity, innovation and lifelong learning.
'It is the responsibility of government in this country to provide universal education for its citizens. The choice in this debate should be between a well-funded and fully resourced public education system and other systems.
'Instead, we have a choice between a resource-starved public provider with a casualised teaching profession and government funded corporate models.'
Apart from Ms Smith's input – which included a reminder that similar 'Smart and Skilled' schemes in Victoria and QLD have been a disaster – there is plenty of meaningless rhetoric littered through the Hansard transcript.
Labor MPs did have a crack however at explaining how public education is worse off with the current government.
Talking points
The talking points of coalition MPs included Labor's past failures while in government, 'which created a market for registered training organisations to come in by stealth to try to steal some of TAFE's market,' (Kevin Anderson, Nationals).
The coalition also listened and responded 'to teaching staff, students and industry.' (Jai Rowell, Liberal.)
Rowell said, '[Those opposite] claim that the government has cut TAFE funding in half when we are investing $1.82 million in TAFE – a $100 million increase on last year.'
But Rowell also kicked toys around the sandpit like an unattended toddler, pouting that those opposite were campaigning on 'fear and smear,' and implied they were liars.
He then wasted time when challenged and acted like a B-grade lawyer, claiming that he didn't call any individual a liar.
A few coalition government MPs even trumpeted record investment and attendance in TAFE's within their own electorate!
If only the rest of us lived in their well-to-do suburbs.
Labor's Julia Fin made the point that Granville TAFE is now almost a ghost town, and historic buildings are now empty and being put out to tender.
The transcript is at http://bit.ly/2i4I1KJ.


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Bio & Incident Details
Age: 59
Tour: 18 years
Badge # 4797
Cause: Gunfire
Weapon: Handgun; .357 caliber
Offender: Sentenced to life
· Leave a Reflection
· Add to My Heroes
· Update this memorial
Patrolman Richard Miller was shot and killed by an auto-theft suspect at 15th and Girard Avenue North.
Patrolman Miller had requested backup but confronted the suspects before the backup arrived. As he talked to a female passenger the male driver exited the stolen vehicle and opened fire, striking Patrolman Miller in the chest several times. The gun the suspect was using was a stolen police revolver.
The suspect was eventually apprehended and sentenced to life.
Patrolman Miller had served with the Minneapolis Police Department for 18 years. He was survived by his wife, two children, and four grandchildren.


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These spiced carrot muffins are perfect for fall when carrots are amazingly sweet. Loaded up with vitamins, fibre, protein, and calcium, they will get you through your busy morning with ease. And although they're healthy, I promise they taste nothing of the sort!
When I was living away from home for a semester during university, my roommate and I decided we were going to finally be rid of that freshman fifteen we had accumulated. But let's be real here — who only gains fifteen pounds during five or six years at university? Unless your major involves running on a daily basis, it's more like a freshman twenty-five, isn't it?
You know what I'm talking about. The late night cram sessions with bags of Doritos keeping you company; the coke you grab out of the vending machine because you forgot your water bottle (again); or that jumbo muffin you snag while rushing to make your next lecture. All of these choices may not have been the best, but they were quick, convenient, and eating healthy wasn't much of a priority when you had three papers to research in one night. Then, about four or so months before graduation (around the time when you're supposed to be getting grad photos done), you realize something. None of your dresses fit and your summer coat is just a wee bit too tight. That bag of chocolate chip cookies from the grocery bakery sitting on the counter starts to look a little guilty, and you begin to regret that gourmet burger you had last night. You are a victim, my friend. But don't despair! I was too, and so was my roommate.
We decided to sign up for the gym together, because it's much easier to be held accountable for not going when you have someone telling you to go with them, and we also made a pact to start eating healthier. We got rid of the chips, cookies, and store-bought junk, trading them in for lettuce, quinoa, and kilo-sized bags of grapefruit. For about two weeks, we were very good. We exercised, took less naps, and ate meals Bugs Bunny would be proud of. Then something happened that I'm sure every woman reading this will completely understand. A a once-monthly tidal wave of sugar, butter, and carb cravings washed over us: PMS.
Although we tried to resist, we broke down, built a fort in our living room, and ate an entire DQ ice cream cake between the two of us. I like to think of that day as ground zero. There really wasn't much further we could fall at that point. We decided that we couldn't completely cut out all the treats in our lives — apparently that was just too difficult. Instead, we needed to come up with healthier alternatives so that we could eat things like muffins, ice cream, and cookies without feeling totally horrible.
That's where these muffins came in. We both loved carbs, and since we were on a plan where we couldn't eat them past 1pm, I decided our morning carbs were going to at least be worth it. You already know I love carrot cake, so it's no surprise that my favourite muffin would also involve this sweet and crunchy root veg. I took it upon myself to develop a recipe for carrot muffins that only used whole wheat flour, honey for a natural sweetener, and healthy fats like Greek yogurt and coconut oil instead of butter. I'm proud to say that these muffins only took me two attempts to make perfect, and I've been making them ever since.
Baked goods that claim to be healthy tend to frighten me. While I'm all about using natural ingredients, I sometimes think people can go a little overboard. Muffins, in particular, can get quite gummy if you reduce the fat component too much, and they can get too dry if you use all whole wheat flour without adding more wet ingredients. I made sure these muffins didn't have any of the shortcomings of the standard "healthy muffin." They're moist, soft, flavourful, and hearty — perfect for a grab-n-go breakfast.
My favourite way to eat these muffins is warm with a bit of natural almond butter or peanut butter for some extra protein. Yes, I did say to put nut butter on your carrot muffins. Trust me, it will change your life.
- 1¾ cup whole wheat (wholemeal) flour
- 2 tsp pumpkin pie spice*
- 2 tsp baking powder
- ¾ tsp baking soda
- ¼ tsp salt
- ¾ cup Greek yogurt
- 1 tsp pure vanilla extract
- ½ cup honey
- ¼ cup coconut oil, melted and cooled
- 1 egg
- 2 cups shredded carrot
- Preheat the oven to 375 F (190 C) and coat a 6-cup (or 12-cup) muffin tin with non-stick cooking spray.
- In a large bowl, mix together the flour, pumpkin pie spice, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
- In a medium bowl, whisk together the yogurt, vanilla, honey, coconut oil, and egg until fully combined. Make a well in the middle of the dry ingredients and pour the wet into the well. Stir with a spatula or wooden spoon just until the flour disappears. Do not over mix. Fold in the carrots. Divide the muffin batter evenly among the 6 cups and bake for 20–24 minutes or until a toothpick inserted at the centre of a muffin comes out clean. (If you are using a 12-cup tin, reduce cooking time to 15–18 minutes.) Allow the muffins to cool in the tin for 5 minutes, then remove to a cooling rack.
- They will keep in an airtight container at room temperature for 3–4 days, or refrigerated for 5 days. These muffins also freeze well – keep them in an airtight container for up to 3 months.
If you make my Healthy Spiced Carrot Muffins, be sure to take a photo and tag me @cinnamonscribe on Instagram or Twitter. I would love nothing more than to see your creations!


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Robert A. McFadden — Relationship Marketing: Don't Be 'That Guy'
At its core, relationship marketing (aka network marketing or direct sales) is about sharing a product or service that you value with a person you value. Your business will gain traction when you can do that in a very genuine way. We are a nurturing people. A characteristic of our species is that we want…Details


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Results 1 to 3 of 3
Thread: extract DDL in SQL server 2005
03-11-10, 17:35 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Mar 2010
- Posts
- 3
Unanswered: extract DDL in SQL server 2005
My requirement is to extract DDL for all objects (Functions, SP's, Tables, Indexes etc.) from the Database. Is their a way to do this in SQL server 2005?
What i'm looking for a equivalent of DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL() in oracle. I had a look at the SP_HELPTEXT() but i think that is needed to extract DDL for a particular SP/function.
03-11-10, 17:58 #2Resident Curmudgeon
Provided Answers: 54In theory, theory and practice are identical. In practice, theory and practice are unrelated.
- Join Date
- Feb 2004
- Location
- In front of the computer
- Posts
- 15,579
12-29-10, 02:54 #3Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2010
- Posts
- 1
Hi There, There a handy and simple command line tool to do this, the DDL Extractor. You can find it at www.antipodeansoftware.com


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A New Production of Finn and Lapine's Falsettos is a Hit
- Details
- Category: Volume 88 (Fall 2016) and Volume 89 (Spring 2017)
- Published: 18 November 2016
A new production of William Finn and James Lapine's Falsettos opened on Broadway on Oct. 27. The Lincoln Center Theatre production opened at the Walter Kerr Theatre and was directed by Lapine, the original director and co-book-writer. Finn also co-wrote the book and composed the mostly sung-through score.
Originally produced in 1992, Falsettos takes place in 1979 during act one and 1981 in act two. The revived production stars Christian Borle, two-time Tony Award winner, as Marvin, a neurotic gay man who divorced his wife, Trina (played by Broadway veteran Stephanie J. Block) and left his son, Jason (played by thirteen-year-old Anthony Rosenthal) to be with his boyfriend, Whizzer, played by Hamilton and Book of Mormon star Andrew Rannells.
The family drama only gets more complicated after Trina attends a session with Marvin's psychiatrist, Mendel (played by An American in Paris's Brandon Uranowitz); Mendel immediately becomes smitten with her and eventually proposes. Though none of the characters ever seem wholly at ease, they continue to make a life together in a hilarious, borderline neurotic way, even sharing meals together and taking each other's advice on when to see a psychiatrist.
However, act one shows fractures in that cheerful, if confusing, 'family' – Borle's Marvin is possessive and critical, often irked by Whizzer's lack of enthusiasm for monogamy and his younger, boyish charm (perfectly played up by Rannells). Borle, typically known for comedic performances, such as his Tony-winning turns in "Something Rotten!" and "Peter and the Starcatcher," plays a different character than he is used to. His Marvin is irritable, insecure, and filled with neuroses and adoration.
While act one is mainly the characters pointing fingers at each other, blaming themselves for the sources of their dissatisfaction – Trina and Whizzer think Marvin is too uptight and demanding; Marvin doesn't see the problem – act two brings home the emotional heart of the musical.
Act two also introduces 'the lesbians next door,' Doctor Charlotte (played by RENT's Tracie Thoms) and her girlfriend, ditzy but cheerful caterer Cordelia (played by Broadway starlet Betsy Wolfe). Taking place in 1981, it shows severe differences in the characters' relationships from act one. Trina and Mendel are married; Marvin and Whizzer have broken up. Doctor Charlotte spends much of her time investigating a mysterious and never-named illness – the timing and the language used lets the audience fill in the blanks and realize that she is talking about HIV/AIDS.
Once this is stated, there's an elephant in the room, and the audience is left waiting for the shoe to drop. The act continues on – Whizzer and Marvin get back together, and the family unit continues to shift and grows to contain Charlotte and Cordelia.
Eventually, Whizzer collapses, and everything seems to hit a standstill. The still-unnamed mysterious illness lands him in the hospital, and this marks the first set change of the production. Previously, the only set pieces used had resembled a child's building blocks, large grey geometric chunks manipulated by the actors and placed against the background of a shifting Manhattan skyline. However, here, a hospital bed and screen come into place, and they do not leave until the final song of the musical.
It is here that Falsettos reaches its emotional high point. Rannells gets to show his range here as well – in "The Book of Mormon" and "Hamilton," he played peppy, upbeat characters; Whizzer in the first act was also cute and shallow, dependent on his sense of style, good looks, and charm. However, here he introduces a touching sense of dignified resignation as Whizzer grows weaker, while managing to maintain Whizzer's warmth and humor.
The second act also shows how the characters deal with the illness in their own ways – Marvin struggles as he watches his partner decline; Jason tries to push off his bar mitzvah until Whizzer "gets better," only to finally be told by Mendel that a return to health is not possible. Charlotte puzzles over Whizzer's slow decline; Trina does her best to keep her son and ex-husband afloat; Cordelia supplies treats and samples for the bar mitzvah; the three women work together to replicate normal life from a hospital room.
Eventually, the inevitable happens and the characters are left to decide how to get on with their lives, since their "small band" has now been cut down by one.
Antic and frantic throughout, the show was revolutionary for its original premiere in 1991. Now, twenty-five years later, its fundamental subject – love, as maddening and life-complicating and mysterious and uplifting as it is – has not changed, disappeared, or lost its power over the audience and the world at large.
The production is a brilliant piece, exhilarating, poignant, and loving all rolled up in one. It is a shame that it is only running for a short-term limited engagement. It will close on Broadway on Jan. 8, 2017, after running for about three and a half months.
image taken from TheWrap


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Bread; Bread and buns; Bread rolls; Frozen breads; Garlic bread; Rolls
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Systems for describing myocardial cellular metabolism with appropriate thermodynamic constraints on reactions have to be on the basis of estimates of intracellular and mitochondrial concentrations of metabolites as driving forces for reactions. This requires that tissue composition itself must be modeled, but there is marked inconsistency in the literature and no full data set on hearts of any species. To formulate a self-consistent set of information on the densities, contents, or concentrations of chemical components and volumes of tissue spaces, we drew on information mostly on rats. From the data on densities, volumes, volume fractions, and mass fractions observed mainly on left ventricular myocardium, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and from morphometric data on cellular components and the vasculature, we constructed a matrix based on conservation laws for density, volume, and constituent composition. The four constituents were water, protein, fat, and solutes (or ash). To take into account the variances in the observed data sets, we used a constrained nonlinear least squares optimization to minimize the differences between the final results and the data sets. The results provide a detailed estimate of cardiac tissue composition, previously unavailable, for the translation of whole tissue concentrations or concentrations per gram protein into estimated local concentrations that are relevant to reaction processes. An example is that the concentrations of phosphocreatine and ATP in cytosolic water space are twice as high as their mean tissue concentrations. This conservation optimization method is applicable to any tissue or organ.
- heart tissue
- water content
- cellular energetics
- metabolic modeling
currently there is no self-consistent set of data on the composition of the myocardium in terms of water, protein, fat, and solutes at both tissue and subcellular levels. Accurate compositional data are needed to calculate the concentrations of metabolically active substances to know their thermodynamic potentials accurately. This is important, because it is the concentrations that drive reactions, transport, and signaling processes that govern cell function. Experimentally, the metabolite concentrations in a piece of tissue are measured in units that are independent of region volume, such as nanomoles per gram dry weight of tissue or micromoles per gram protein. With estimates of metabolite volumes of distribution, that is, the water spaces in the tissue or in the subcellular regions, one can translate volume-independent units of metabolite quantities into thermodynamically effective concentrations.
Although there are some published data on tissue composition in the literature, e.g., in books (4, 5) and articles (9, 25, 35), there are no data sets that reconcile observations on mass, volume, density, tissue component fractions, and water content. Yipintsoi et al. (39) devised a three-component composition diagram that forced adherence to conservation laws for mass, volume, and density. In their analysis of the composition of dog ventricular myocardium at the whole tissue level, the authors considered the major constituents of water, fat, and tissue solids. Tissue solids were protein, including structural components of cells and tissue, and other molecular solutes. Taking a similar stance, in a recent review, Aliev et al. (2) calculated the probable distribution of water in rat hearts at the levels of whole tissue and intracellular composition. They considered only water and dry solids as the constituents, so although this was on the right track, it does not give enough detail to allow calculation of regional or subcellular concentrations that are normalized with respect to tissue or cell protein. To obtain the composition of all of the major regions of myocardium, we 1) developed a set of equations for tissue composition, based on four constituents (water, protein, fat, and small solutes) that distinguish multiple regions in the tissue down to the subcellular level; 2) solved the equations by integrating data on rat heart composition from diverse sources; and 3) computed the precision of the best estimates by use of a Monte Carlo simulation. Data used to solve the equations include the quantitative morphometry of cellular dimensions, estimates of intracellular water distribution by X-ray microanalysis, and tissue water space measurement by tracer dilution, density measurements on tissues, component densities, and subcellular elements.
We have also taken into account that whole heart density is different than the density of myocardial tissue from which large vessels have been removed. Even after the major coronary arteries and veins are removed, tissue includes some vascular space, namely, capillaries and small blood vessels. Ideally, from the point of view of where metabolism occurs, we would define nutrient flow as the flow per unit extravascular space, as recommended by Bassingthwaighte et al. (7) and Prinzen and Bassingthwaighte (30). By such a definition, all blood content of tissue would be excluded, because it is not a part of the metabolizing tissue; in reality, tissue samples do contain capillary blood, and so we compromise by defining tissue as the extravascular tissue plus the microvascular space.
Simultaneous consideration of many observations from various studies using different techniques (densities, mass fractions, volume fractions) requires developing of sets of simultaneous equations and solving them to determine a self-consistent set of information integrated under the constraints that mass, volume, and density are explicitly physically related. This means also that all unmeasured parameters of tissue and subcellular composition are defined within the same context, and we can benefit from having their constraint-based estimates.
The equations are all mass and volume balance expressions. All spaces in a piece of tissue are assumed to be composed of the four constituents: fat, protein, water, and small molecular solutes, which have the same densities in the various regions.
The cells are mainly cardiomyocytes with ∼1–2% endothelial cells plus small fractions of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, neuronal endings, etc., but we put them together. This means that we introduce small errors because endothelial cells have few mitochondria and less myofilament protein and are less dense than muscle cells. For the purpose of generating a self-consistent set of compositional data of heart tissue, we considered the tissue regions with the generic subscript r in the heart, as listed in Table 1, to be the vascular space, divided into plasma (pl) and red blood cell (RBC) spaces, the interstitial fluid (ISF), and the generic cell. The whole heart is defined as myocardial tissue plus large superficial blood vessels.
Table 1 gives a list of symbols and definitions. Each region, whether the whole organ, a particular component of the tissue, or a component of the cell, is composed of the four constituents, so that their relative fractions define the measurable variables, density, mass, and volume. From these numbers we derived the volume fractions and the mass fractions. Because we included blood contained in the microvasculature (small arterioles, capillaries, and venules), we recognized that hematocrit decreases with vessel diameter (24, 29, 32) and attempted to account for reductions in hematocrit and density in small vessels and the microvascular network. These influenced the estimates of whole tissue mass, density, and water content. Although the vascular volume is small, this matters because RBCs are relatively dry and therefore dense (ρRBC = 1.097 g/ml) (5, 14).
Equations for Mass and Volume Balances in Heart Tissue
The approach was to use conservation expressions for the purpose of making all the regional estimates self consistent with the whole. This makes the estimates interdependent, because any error in one estimate must be balanced by compensatory errors in other estimates. By minimizing the numbers of classes of constituents and of classes of regions as described in Table 1, we minimized complexity and maximized the ratio of observed data to unknowns.
Mass conservation relations. Mass conservation relations for the components of the whole heart give rise to a set of equations. The heart mass is the sum of the components' mass fractions (1) where Vr is volume (ml/g heart), ρr is density (g/ml), and cell is the generic cell, so that the mass fraction for each component is ρrVr and the sum is ρheartVheart = 1 g/g.
The constituents of the heart are fat, protein, water, and solutes, all of which have mass fraction in the heart defined by (2) where Cr denotes the mass fraction of the constituent (C) in the region (r) in units of gram per gram, where r = large vessel, microcirculation, ISF, and generic cell, as in Eq. 1, and the summation gives the mass of constituent in grams per gram of heart. The constituent mass fractions of fat (F), protein (P), water (W), and solutes (S) in each region always sum to unity within each region (3) as do the fractions for the whole heart (4)
Volume conservation relations. On the basis of the assumption that the volumes of the constituents of a physical tissue or cellular space are additive, a set of volume conservation equations can be written for all such physical spaces, remembering that Vheart = 1/ρheart (5) (6) where we have assumed that volumes are additive. For solutes, this implies an average partial molar volume of unity. Brozek et al. (9), in arriving at an apparent small molecular solute density of 3.32 g/ml, took into account the partial molar volumes of the solutes.
Composition diagrams. The four constituent fractions of heart can be mapped as a tetrahedral four-constituent composition diagram with four apices that are the pure constituents with their particular and known densities. For display purposes in this presentation, we reduced the tetrahedron to a planar triangular plot by putting together protein and solutes. This works well, because their weighted combined density is 1.40 (3) calculated from 1.34 g/ml for protein and 3.32 g/ml (9) for salts at a constant ratio, Ptiss/Stiss = 12.91, taking this for the rat data in Table 2, resulting in the calculated mass fractions that are to be found in results in Table 3. The densities ρp and ρs are strikingly different from those of water and fat, and in the lumped representation, the density is closer to that of protein. The composition diagram provides a map of density wherein each point describes the fraction of these three components in the tissue. (On a tetrahedral map of protein, fat, water, and solute, this assumption would be unnecessary, and the calculations would be more accurate.)
Figure 1 is a composition diagram, a three-constituent phase plot using protein + solute, water, and fat as the three vertices. The normal myocardial point, with a density of 1.053 g/ml, is what is to be calculated from our algorithms below. Dehydration of the tissue is represented by a straight line moving directly away from the 100% water apex from the normal point. Edema is represented by moving from the normal point directly toward the 100% water point. A line of constant density, unachievable in reality, is given by the straight line labeled 1.053 g/ml.
Equations for Mass and Volume Balances in the Cell
The subcellular regions are the mitochondria (mi), myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic spaces together known as cytoplasm (cy), and sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr). The equation for the cellular mass fraction, in terms of the subcellular regions, is (7) and for a specific constituent (8) where r = mi, cy, and sr.
The volume balance equations at the cellular level are similar to Eqs. 6 and 7 (9) and within each subcellular region (10)
For the system of Eqs. 1–10, the unknowns are protein, fat, solute, and water for mitochondria, cytoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum regions and the densities (ρsr and ρcell). Values for ρmi and ρcy are known from data. Values for these variables are listed in Table 2.
Solution of the Mass Balance and Volume Balance Equations
The sets of Eqs. 1–10 contain 42 individual variables. We have data on 15 individual variables and eight quantities that are expressed as combinations of some of the variables (Table 2). These eight quantities expressed as combinations of some of variables constitute eight constraint equations in addition to the mass and volume balance equations. Additional constraint equations were added to keep the solutions positive. The variables are all of the mass and volume fractions, and the regional and global densities. The parameters are the values for ρC, the constituent densities.
The known quantities (listed in Table 2) taken from the literature have standard deviations that have to be mapped to the unknown variables. This was achieved by solving the balance equations and the constraint equations using the "fsolve" function in Matlab, in conjunction with a Monte Carlo simulation. In each iteration, values of the known quantities were drawn from log-normal distributions with the first moment equal to the reported mean and the second moment about the mean equal to the reported variance. These were then used in the solution of the sets of equations developed. The fsolve function was set up so that solutions that converge to a local minimum that are not roots of the specified equations are rejected. From a large number of such iterations, sets of feasible solutions were obtained, and their sample statistics were taken.
Initial guesses were obtained by using a spreadsheet to solve the above 10 equations approximately by adjusting the constituent mass and volume fractions of all regions to predict the known quantities as closely as possible. For example, the volume fractions of cellular organelles were taken from stereological estimates; the water volume fractions in myofibrils and mitochondria were taken from X-ray microanalysis (34). These were inputs to the spread sheet. Included also were densities of the constituent components and the hematocrits in the large vessels and microvasculature.
The optimization to obtain the most likely set of volumes, mass fractions, and densities used analysis that has been applied to the data listed in Table 2, including the standard deviations of the observations. Table 3 summarizes the results and shows density, volume, and composition of whole organ and subcellular regions in terms of the component mass fractions. Figure 2 shows the shapes of the probability density functions of the estimated values listed in Table 3. To emphasize the great range of constituent compositions in different regions, these data are plotted on the "composition" diagram in Fig. 3, where the plot shows only the upper apex of the diagram in Fig. 1. Plasma and ISF are close together and about one-half the distance from the "normal tissue" point to the water apex, 100% water. Cytoplasmic composition is close to that of the whole tissue and has 80% water. RBC and mitochondria are relatively dry (∼67% and 66% water) and relatively dense (1.097 and 1.1 g/ml).
Cell values show that the tissue is only 69% cells by volume, 0.69 ml/g, including all cell types. The remaining 31% of the tissue includes the vasculature, providing nutrients and removing metabolites, and the structural materials of the ISF. The total cell interior is high in protein, and although the cytoplasmic protein mass fraction is only 17%, the mitochondrial protein fraction is higher (0.25 g/g).
High protein fractions are in mitochondria and RBC, and the highest estimated are in sarcoplasmic reticulum. In RBC, the protein is mainly hemoglobin, the prime constituent of its cytoplasm. In sarcoplasmic reticulum, it is presumably sarco-(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, which makes up ∼80% of its membrane-bound protein (8), combined with Ca-calsequestrin in the lumen that accounts for the high density, a density higher even than that of mitochondria.
Solute fractions of plasma, ISF, and cell were all just >0.01 g/g. These are unconstrained estimates. The lack of constraining data, coupled with the fact that the amounts are small and do not influence other mass fraction estimates significantly, leads to the large values of their coefficients of variation.
Total Organ Values
If the arteries and veins were included within a "total organ," then the average organ density would be 1.0527 [0.06% coefficient of variation (CV)] g/ml, negligibly different from the tissue density of 1.0526 g/ml.
Table 4 gives an overview of the mass fractions of the four constituents in the several regions of the tissue, where the values are given as gram per gram organ as a whole. The far right column gives the regional mass as a fraction of the organ mass. For this table, the reference mass is the whole organ including the large vessels. The total solid content of protein + fat + solute is 0.21 g/g. That plus the water fraction (0.79 g/g) accounts for the total mass. The mass fractions for large vessels and microvasculature (the first two values in the far right column) account for 10.7% of the mass, and the ISF accounts for another 16.9%, whereas the cell fraction accounts for the remaining 72.5% of the mass.
Distribution of Water
Table 5 shows water volumes in tissue compartments per gram wet weight of tissue, gram dry weight of tissue, and gram protein in tissue. The cell water mass fraction is 0.56 g/(g organ) but is 0.75 g/(g cell mass) and the cytoplasmic water fraction is yet higher, 0.81 g/(g cytoplasm), from Table 3. Experimentally, metabolite concentrations are measurable in tissue averaged quantities. These volumes will enable the calculation of metabolite concentrations in particular regions of the tissue if it is known where the metabolites are localized. For example, the concentration of a metabolite confined to the mitochondria will be 5.5 times the tissue-averaged concentration. For a metabolite confined to cytosolic water, the actual concentration will be about twice the tissue averaged concentration. This is illustrated in Table 6 for phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP, two metabolites whose concentrations are usually measured in vivo by using phosphorus NMR detection calibrated against solution standards. The concentration of ATP in RBC is 2 mM (28), in cytoplasm it is 16 nmol/mg cell protein, and in the mitochondria it is 4 nmol/mg cell protein (16), which translate into the molar concentrations of Table 6. There is no PCr in normal RBC (18). The rat heart PCr concentration is 39.4 μmol/g dry weight (31), giving 20.8 mM in cytoplasmic water space. The metabolite concentrations are calculated without taking into account any regional variation. The regional variation in metabolite contents is small compared with that of blood flow (15).
Although the analytical methods used here are general, mathematically sound, and reliable in the sense of providing reproducibility, and have the benefit of providing confidence limits on all the estimates, it is evident that there is much yet to be learned. We do not yet have a truly comprehensive set of data on any one tissue and thus cannot calculate precise estimates of the subcellular components. Because we are targeting the water content due to its relevance for estimating local driving forces for chemical reactions, we begin the discussion around what are certainly the most accurate and best constrained of the tissue parameters, water fractions.
Water Volumes and Concentrations of Metabolites
This set of data gives the values of regional water spaces, protein, fat, and small molecular solutes (Table 4) per gram of organ, among many other quantities. This enables us to calculate the regional volumes of distribution per gram dry weight of tissue, per gram of total protein, or per gram of mitochondrial protein, the units in which tissue-averaged concentrations are usually obtained in experiments. Volumes of distribution obtained here are necessary to calculate the concentrations of those metabolites having a known regional location.
Tracer dilution studies with [15OH2]water in isolated heart studies (11) using positron emission tomography and tritiated water in isolated dog heart studies (38) would suggest that all of this water is rapidly exchangeable. Such studies affirm the interpretations of Grabowski and Bassingthwaighte (17) and Kellen and Bassingthwaighte (22, 23) who, using osmotic water flux experiments in isolated rabbit hearts, concluded that all the cytosolic and mitochondrial water participates in defining the osmotic gradients driving the water and solute fluxes. The implication is that "bound" water, although it hydrates proteins, is readily exchangeable and participates in dissolving all small solutes, and therefore the total regional water is used for estimating solute concentrations.
From Table 5 we can calculate the ratio of the water space in cytosol to that in mitochondria to be around 2.8. This is significantly different from the volume ratio of 9 from the data in Achs and Garfinkel (1). The data of Randle and Tubbs (31) give the concentrations of metabolites in micromoles per gram dry weight of tissue. For example, the tissue concentration of PCr, given as 39.4 μmol/g dry weight by Randle and Tubbs, corresponds to a cytosolic concentration of 20.8 mM, assuming that PCr is confined to cytosol and is absent from mitochondria. This was calculated by using the value of 1.9 ml cytosolic water/g dry weight from Table 5.
Critique of the Method
Our mass and volume balance analysis for organ and tissue regions distinguishes the composition of plasma, RBC (distributed among the large vessel and microcirculation), ISF, and cells. Cardiomyocytes are the major cell type, but there are other functionally important ones, such as the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels. Although the analysis can be readily extended to include more cell types, the critical need is for definitive data on the volume fractions of each, and then on their composition. At the subcellular level, we have considered mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasm. This model enabled us to calculate intracellular distribution of water in these three main regions. The cytoplasm includes myofibrils, sarcoplasm, and other organelles such as the nucleus, Golgi bodies, etc. An average density for the whole of this space was assumed on the basis of the X-ray microanalysis measurements of von Zglinicki and Bimmler (34). The densities of the nucleus and other organelles are likely to differ from that of sarcoplasm and myofibrils. The analysis can be expanded to include other organelles that are pertinent but again would require more data to make the refinement meaningful.
The constituent mass fractions in each region are constrained to add up to unity. Solute fraction is mostly constituted by inorganic solutes (mineral). For example, a liter of plasma contains ∼11 g of solutes of which 9.4 g are inorganic solutes (36). The inorganic solutes contribute to a large part of osmolarity that is tightly regulated. From a physiological viewpoint, the variance of solute mass fractions is expected to be very small. If these values were constrained by osmotic considerations, they would presumably be closer together because there must be an osmotic balance. Such a balance also includes the cellular protein and its influence on the ionic balance via a Donnan equilibrium. At a next level of model development, inclusion of physiological constraints on solute concentration should reduce the variance in solute mass fractions.
Ideally, all of the data should be collected simultaneously on each heart of a set of hearts in vivo so that the data are completely compatible for each heart. To our knowledge, however, such studies have not been undertaken. We have used data mostly from rats, generating a data set representative of rat myocardium. The results, therefore, represent only a specific example. The method can be applied to any tissue and regions within a tissue.
Another shortcoming is that this analysis does not address the expectation that regional differences in myocardial density must occur secondary to regional differences in mitochondrial volume density, cytoplasmic volume density, and vascular volumes. Such variation is more likely to be evident in the hearts of larger animals. Several studies have shown regional heterogeneity in cardiac functional parameters such as flow, capillary permeability surface area products, and oxygen consumption (10, 15). However, Schaper et al. (33) found no statistically significant differences in organelle volume densities transmurally and regionally in a dog heart. Yipintsoi et al. (39) found no statistically significant differences in the density and water content of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum of a dog heart. It is interesting to note the presence of functional heterogeneity despite the homogeneity in anatomy.
Our method required 30,000 iterations to obtain 310 feasible solutions. This is because in each iteration the known variables are assigned values from uncorrelated distributions. But in reality, the tissue composition variables are all correlated with each other because of the mass and volume balance relations. Therefore, only a small set of feasible solutions, in which the variables are correlated, emerge when running our computer program. Distributions of the input variables themselves get filtered to fit the constraints. If all data were taken from the same study, then we would expect the starting distributions and the distributions corresponding to the converged solutions to be the same.
That we see such a high protein density in sarcoplasmic reticulum compared with mitochondria and cytosol, which includes myofibrils and metabolic solutes, raises our suspicions about the accuracy of the calculations. The sarcoplasmic reticulum values are probably the least secure, for we have only the constraint (Table 2) that there is 29.2 mg sarcoplasmic reticulum protein per milliliter cytosol giving us the 0.44 g/g protein fraction. High protein content makes good sense in the light of the high concentrations of Ca pump protein [sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase] and calsequestrin (Table 25 in Ref. 8). However, we do have a fairly exact estimate of fractional volume of 3.5 ± 0.2% cell volume from Page and McCallister (27). Even so, the estimated water fraction of 0.52 g/g is surprisingly low. Explicit data on sarcoplasmic reticulum are needed to obtain improved estimates.
Densities and Composition
In the present study, the density of tissue was predicted as 1.053 g/ml, which corresponds to that of a sedentary mammal such as the rat, cattle, or human, all of which have heart weight-to-body weight ratios of ∼3–5 g/kg. The density of myocardium in these mammals is around 1.055 g/ml (35). The myocardial density is higher in mammals such as the horse and dog, whose heart weight-to-body weight ratios are around 8 g/kg (19, 33) with a value of ∼1.06 g/ml (35, 39). These are big differences; a 0.005 difference in density is a 5% difference in buoyancy.
From the observations of Yipintsoi et al. (39), the dog left ventricular myocardium had a density of 1.063 ± 0.002 g/ml with a water fraction of 0.771 g/g tissue and tissue solids constituting the rest. Density of the dog right ventricular myocardium was 1.062 g/ml. From compositional analysis using an average density of 0.901 g/ml for fat and 1.38 g/ml for protein and solutes, they estimated the fat fraction at 0.006 g/g tissue for the dog. For our analysis in rats, we started with a water fraction of 0.79 g/g tissue (4), a fat fraction of 0.0205 g/g tissue from the data of Dible (12), and the remaining as protein and small molecular solutes with a combined density of 1.4 g/ml. This composition yielded an estimated tissue density of 1.053 ± 0.0005 g/ml, significantly lower than that of the dog heart. The question arises as to why dog hearts might be denser than what we estimate for rats in this analysis. We believe that this is due to the species and the conditions of the animals. The dogs were farm dogs and were exercised several times per day in fields, and so were lean and well conditioned. Given that the dog is a running animal with a heart weight-to-body weight ratio of nearly 1% (and even higher in greyhounds), less fat and higher protein levels are to be expected. The sedentary animals serving as the source of our present data had heart weight-to-body weight ratios of ∼0.3–0.4%. In affirmation of the notion that running animals have higher myocardial densities, Webb and Weaver (35) report that horse heart density is 1.061 g/ml.
In conclusion, the accumulation of myocardial data that we gathered mostly from rats, combined with a mathematical approach to forcing the data into a set of self-consistent estimates of density, water content, volume, and mass fractions gives us a firm and rather reliable way of describing tissue composition. The method can be applied to any tissue, and is best applied to detailed data sets from organs of a specific species rather than a collection from diverse species. The representation would be made more precise by having more explicit detail on tissue components and subcellular regions, but even without those refinements, the representation gives fairly narrowly defined limits on the volume and mass fractions.
The authors appreciate the support of National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Grant EB-01973.
The programs, written in Matlab, used for the computation in this paper are available on the websites of the National Simulation Resource (http://nsr.bioeng.washington.edu) and the Physiome site (http://www.physiome.org).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 by the American Physiological Society


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A Journey in Photography:
Summer Photography Workshop for Teens, grades 7-12
July 17-28, 2017
Through a series of focused activities, students will engage in the fundamentals of photography including the important technical aspects of aperture and shutter speed setting, composing an image, framing, perspective, balance, in color and black & white. Students will explore traditional and non-traditional photographic processes. We will also encourage students to look at and engage more critically with their world in order to capture interesting photographic images, while fostering their creativity and expression.We will be creating our work in state-of-the art facilities on the Williston Northampton School campus and we welcome all levels and interests.
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Ferroelectric materials have unique properties such as ferroelectric hysteresis, high permittivity, high piezoelectric effect and pyroelectric coefficient, strong electro-optic effect and anomalous temperature coefficient of resistivity [1]. A well-known member of oxide ferroelectric materials is lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3) which possesses excellent ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties. Due to these superior properties, ferroelectric materials have a high potential for nonvolatile memories, capacitors, sensors, actuators and resonant wave devices, infra-red detectors [2].
Recently, the integration of PZT with III-V semiconductors such as gallium nitride (GaN) has attracted great deal of attention in scientific community. Gallium Nitride (GaN) semiconductor is an important material with many potential applications such as field effect transistor in high power and high frequency devices due to its direct, wide band gap of 3.45 eV at room temperature and it possesses high chemical and mechanical stability, fast carrier transport, high thermal conductivity and breakdown voltage [3]. Furthermore, GaN-on-silicon offers the advantages, such as good electrical and thermal conductivity, large size availability, mass production, and significantly low cost for GaN optoelectronic and microelectronic devices [4]. Fig. 1 (a) shows the AFM image of GaN/Si substrate which consist of steps and terraces structures. The step height of GaN surface is ~0.26 nm. The GaN surface has two dimensional RHEED patterns, which means that GaN surface roughness is quite low, at room temperature and 675 oC, as shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (b). RHEED sensitive to surface roughness and surface reconstructions, thus it gives about surface information. As a result of these surface characteristics shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, GaN/Si substrates allow the deposition of highly crystalline thin films. The integration of PZT with GaN could lead to potential novel or new generation device applications. Some devices such as FeFET, PZT gate on AlGaN/GaN (two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) system), and microwawe devices have already been studied by using PZT/GaN heterostructures [5]. The integration of these two materials has been limited because of the different crystal structures and large lattice mismatch of perovskite PZT and wurtzite GaN [6]. If PZT films are grown directly on GaN, the non-ferroelectric pyrochlore phase is formed. The growth of epitaxial perovskite PZT films on GaN/Si substrates can be achieved using buffer layers such as MgO, TiO2, STO, PbO, PbTiO3 [7, 8]. Both the diffusion of Pb and Ti atoms into GaN and leakage current can be prevented as well as the crystallization of the perovskite-phase PZT films on GaN/Si can be promoted using buffer layers.
This project focuses on the integration of oxide ferroelectric materials (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3) with III/V. In order to grow epitaxial PZT thin films on GaN/Si substrates, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been used. We focus mainly on rocksalt oxide materials (MgCaO, MgO) as a candidate buffer layers on GaN/Si to achieve epitaxial growth of PZT films and to reduce the lattice mismatch between PZT and GaN. In order to understand the growth mechanism and interface structure of epitaxial PZT films grown on buffered GaN/Si, we use different characterization techniques such as XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), AFM (Atomic force microscopy), HRSEM (High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy), HRTEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscopy), and RHEED (Reflection high-energy electron diffraction). In phase of this project, we are going to realize device fabrication and characterization for PZT/GaN/Si systems.
Fig. 1 (a) AFM image and (b) step height of GaN/Si substrate.
Fig. 2 RHEED patterns of the surface of GaN/Si substrate at (a) room temperature and (b) 675 oC.
[1] A. J. Bell, J. Mater. Sci. 41, 13 (2006).
[2] U. Schroeder,z, S. Mueller, J. Mueller, E. Yurchuk, D. Martin, C. Adelmann, T. Schloesser, R. van Bentum and T. Mikolajick, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 2 (2013).
[3] M. Van Hove, S. Boulay, S. R. Bahl, S. Stoffels, X. Kang, D. Wellekens, K. Geens, A. Delabie, and S. Decoutere, Electr. Dev. Lett., 33, 667 (2012).
[4] M. Jamil, J. R. Grandusky, V. Jindal, N. Tripathi, and F. Shahedipour-Sandvik, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 023701 (2007).
[5] Bo Xiao, Xing Gu, Natalia Izyumskaya, Vitaliy Avrutin, Jinqiao Xie, Huiyong Liu, and Hadis Morkoç, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 182908 (2007).
[6] A. Gruverman, W. Cao, S. Bhaskar, and S. K. Dey, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5153 (2004).
[7] Yanrong Li, Jun Zhu, and Wenbo Luo, IEEE UFFC, 57, 2192 (2010).
[8] E. A. Paisley, H. S. Craft, M. D. Losego, H. Lu, A. Gruverman, R. Collazo, Z. Sitar, and J.-P. Maria, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 074107 (2013).


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Production Worker
Help create a variety of different products.
Tends machine that washes, rinses, and dries sliver to remove impurities, excess dye, and odors: Places balls of sliver on spindles or floor, or sets cans of sliver at feed-end of machine. Pieces up sliver with strand left in machine or inserts end of sliver into machine that draws sliver through washing and rinsing solutions, squeeze rollers, and drying cabinets. Turns valves to regulate circulation of washing and rinsing solutions and to adjust temperature of drying cabinets. Intermingles broken ends of fibers to piece up broken sliver. May insert end of sliver in gilling attachment that blends strands and winds sliver into ball [GILL-BOX TENDER]. May weigh and pack balls of sliver for shipment. May tend machine with oil spray attachment that conditions fiber for further processing.


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Mini bike stolen from Schuylkill site
State police at the Schuylkill Haven barracks are investigating the theft of a mini bike from a site in Schuylkill County.
The victim is Craig David Lehman, 57, of Schuylkill Haven.
Police said the theft was reported at 11 p.m. Oct. 13 after someone went to the victim's yard at 1180 Moyer's Station Road, Wayne Township, and removed the 4-hp Briggs and Stratton mini bike. It is blue in color with a headlight, black clutch cover and a red brake lever.
Police said Lehman had the mini bike positioned in his yard with a "for sale" sign on it.


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Newsbtc Franchise
Bitcoin has grown immensely since the release of Satoshi Nakamoto White Paper back in 2009. It was designed to be a decentralized peer-to-peer digital currency and electronic payment system with no central authority to regulate it. Many groups such as, computer geeks and cryptographers, anarchists, to venture capitalists and big enterprises on Wall Street have all shown a strong interest in this new cryptocurrency.
Bitcoin is a zero trust consensus network that enables a new payment system and completely digital currency. It was introduced as open-source software that uses cryptography to control the creation and transfer of money. It is the first decentralized peer-to-peer payment network that is powered by its users with no central authority, Institution or middlemen. This decentralized Network uses its own protocol based on a new technology called the Blockchain.
Bitcoin is pretty much a currency, like the USD, EUR or CNY; only it is digital, supported by a network of scattered computers making it completely decentralized. Bitcoins are produced by millions of computers solving mathematical problems ensuring only a pre-determined number of coins come into circulation every day. These coins are rewarded to "miners" who compete to solve the latest mathematical puzzle and win the reward.
While the value of Bitcoin as a virtual currency and payment system is highly volatile, new applications using the Blockchain are promising to be much more valuable than Bitcoin itself.
The Blockchain – Solving The Double Spend Problem.
The notion of digital money has been around since The 80's, however, Bitcoin was the first digital currency to solve the major problem that faced its predecessors: the double spending problem: "How does one prevent a money form that exists in purely digital form from being copied and spent more than once at the same time?"
That's where the Blockchain comes in. The Blockchain is basically a public ledger where all network participants are registering all transactions in the Bitcoin network. The Blockchain is a transaction record base which is shared by all nodes in the Bitcoin system. All transactions since the creation of Bitcoin are documented on the Blockchain. The Blockchain behaves almost like a database; it's a "place" where the network participants store data semi-publicly in a linear container space called the Block. Each block is verified by the network participants before being put into the Blockchain. The network is secured by millions of Miners who validate and verify the internal transactions. The Blockchain is a new organizing concept; a new class of Internet with its own protocol with tiered technical levels and multiple classes of applications for any form of asset registry, inventory, and exchange, including every area of finance, economics, and money; hard assets, such as physical property; and intangible assets such as votes, ideas, reputation, intention, health data, information, etc… In fact the Blockchain can be applied to practically everything.
While the mining work done to secure and validate internal Bitcoin-to-Bitcoin transactions is valuable, recent enhancements to the core Bitcoin source code now allow for the mining network to secure and validate external non-Bitcoin transactions. These new applications could perhaps be even more valuable than Bitcoin in and of itself. Anywhere that validation of trust, proof of ownership, or a record of an event are required, the blockchain can provide an ultra-secure, cost-effective, decentralized solution that can persist even if one or more nodes go down due to outage or hacking attempts.
This relatively new concept involves the development of programs that can be entrusted with money. With this new level of application for the Bitcoin Protocol the Blockchain 2.0 concept is born.
digital assets are assets whose ownership is recorded digitally. Bitcoins are of digital assets, but since the Block Chain is a decentralized asset registry, it can also be used to register ownership and transfer of any digital asset besides bitcoins. In this way, a digital bond could pay coupons and redeem the principal to the address holding the digital bond, without the need of custodians. Smart contracts are programs that encode certain conditions and outcomes.
Blockchain 2.0
Although much of that investment has been deployed to augment the traditional Bitcoin ecosystem, a growing amount is being directed at Bitcoin 2.0 companies.
Retail banking can be largely influenced and disrupted by this new Bitcoin 2.0 technology. Depositors could use the public ledger to maintain a record of bank account balances, record money transfers, and confirm transactions worldwide, all without the banking customer having to deal with Bitcoin directly or worry about its market price.
Proof of ownership via title can be transferred with the click of a button, without any chance that the title is fraudulent. A blockchain-based solution could be used to unlock that value without risk of corruption. Title registry records and deed transfers for land ownership or for high value items, such as automobiles, boats and motorcycles, can be recorded and transferred to new owners without the need for title search, departments of motor vehicles, or other government entities to ensure the trust and validity of the transaction.
Digital certificates of authenticity and proof of ownership embedded in the blockchain can be a powerful anti-counterfeiting tool. Whether it is, luxury goods, or electronics devices, or any other item, using the Blockchain to validate their authenticity, has an enormous value.
Intellectual property can be time stamped and recorded, replacing traditional copyrights and patents. A person taking a digital photograph to sell to a blog may find their material copied and duplicated without credit or proof that they were the original owner of the photo.
Contracts can also be implemented, confirmed and verified through the Blockchain, including employment contracts, leases, and purchase agreements with the "signatures" embedded in the Blockchain. This may disrupt the legal system, where expensive courts and lawyers are required to confirm, verify, and validate contracts.
Blockchain 2.0 and The Future
Bitcoin has evolved to allow its powerful mining network, which is essentially a gigantic validation engine, to validate and record external non-Bitcoin transactions. The value of these serv
Become a NewsBTC International Partner today. You can have the exclusive rights to use NewsBTC brand and build upon it in your region or country. We will support you along the way in terms of strategy, marketing, sales, business process and more. You will in turn share a small percentage of revenues while keeping up to 70 percent for yourself. Revenue Sharing & Cost Bearing. Simple!
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NewsBTC is one of the leading and most acknowledged media outlets in the crypto currency industry.
NewsBTC in providing world focused content on the latest news and analysis in the digital currency technology and finance sectors. We specialize in technical analyses, news related to Bitcoin exchanges, bitcoin mining and price forecasts for various virtual currencies.
Our mission is to support, report and engage with the bitcoin community. We believe that digital currency is the future of global economy and keeping oneself updated about the happenings in the sector is empowerment. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are global currencies and everyone across the world should rightfully have access to information about them.
Our International Partner Program is a way to get information across to people by breaking the geographical and language barriers. We would like to empower the people, both intellectually and financially in the process. NewsBTC International Partner Program is based on the principle of mutual benefit where both NewsBTC and its regional partners benefit from it. We lend you the brand and support you along the way to help you grow. Your growth will in turn help our brand grow. Win-Win!
ices — a system of 'trustless trust' — can prove much more valuable that Bitcoin itself as a digital currency. The entire financial, legal, and record-keeping industries can be disrupted using this decentralized, secure, and inexpensive method. Even if only a securities exchange application is brought online, the real-world value could be on the order of billions of dollars each and every year. Bitcoin 2.0 leveraging Blockchain applications will prove to be a powerful technology.
If this system is to supplant investment banks and asset exchanges, it will have a profound disruptive effect in the way financial markets operate.


text: Thought id try it out but maybe im doing something wrong here. There is no place to hide the cord and you cant use the analog stick without hitting your knuckles on the gun. The lazer also doesnt line up with the target on the screen when your shooting stuff. Can you align this or anything or just go old fashioned or maybe get a different gun?


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Affordable surrogacy for Same sex couples and singles
Published on January 2nd 2012 | Health
Published on January 2nd 2012 | Health
Surrogacy by in-vitro fertilization (IVF) offers couples the chance to have a biological child.With gay surrogacy the process is completely biological as the surrogate mother carries the child of one ...


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"I had a fibia plate"
About: Hull Royal Infirmary Hull Royal Infirmary Hull HU3 2JZ
Posted via NHS Choices
I broke my fibia in two places and was referred to hill by the doctor who recently treated me. The surgeons were amazing telling me the pros and cons of the procedure needed to take. It wasn't until I was on the ward that I was disgusted by the level of care I was treated with. Not only did the not attend to my buzzer for at least half an hour causing me to nearly have embarrassing accidents due to the fact that I'm in my 20s. But once on the toilet I was left for 30-45mins at one point it got to an hour that the pain was unbearable that I had to push myself back to my bed. To find it stripped to be changed. Then I was told it was going to be done soon and after 30 mins I ended up making it myself. Upon finally been released one of the care staff said to my partner. As quoted "good luck with her, you're going to need it" I am shocked if this is their level of compassion and empathy.
Response from Hull Royal Infirmary 3 years ago
Thank you for placing your posting on the NHS Choices website. We are sorry to read of your recent experience and we will ensure that the staff concerned are made aware. If you would like to discuss this matter further with us, please do not hesitate to contact our Patient Advice & Liaison Service on (01482) 623065 or email on email@example.com . If you would like to become more involved in decisions about local healthcare, we are recruiting members. By becoming a member you receive our quarterly newsletter, find out more about your local NHS and help us improve local services. You can also attend our 'medicine for members' sessions and respond to questionnaires. You don't need any special skills or experience to become a member; you just need an interest in local health services. There is no commitment, you can get involved as much or as little as you choose. For more information please either email email@example.com or telephone the Corporate Affairs office on telephone number (01482) 675165. Thank you once again for taking the time to provide us with your views on local NHS services. Kind regards, Patient Experience Team Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust.
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I nearly didn't do yarnalong this week. Not because I'm out of love with it (or Ginny and everyone else, do pop along and check them out) but because everything is rather up in the air for my knitting, reading and listening.
Lets start with the knitting: I'm still knitting Thalia - (of course i am, I only started it on Sunday) but I'm not enjoying it. Despite it's similarities the the scarf I made for Elise, I'm really not getting into it. The pattern just doesn't seem to have much flow for me, and I'm not feeling the love. I'm not sure what I'm going to do about it.
Now on to reading: I'm not reading anything. That's not as terrible as it sounds. I finished The Martian a couple of days ago. I wouldn't say I loved it, but I couldn't stop reading it, just couldn't put it down. Then I read the next in my favorite trashy series the Reed Brothers series, Finally Finding Faith, which I loved, but it was more a short story than a novel. And now I'm deciding what to read next. I'm taking a four day weekend, so I really want something nice, but not too light. Decisions, decisions.
And finally I'm listening to What if by Randall Munro (who writes XKCD).
It's subtitled "Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions" and that's exactly what it is. My problem is that I just don't care if a submarine could survive in space or we could blow up a volcano or whatever. The hypothetical questions are too absurd for me to care. It's like a really weak episode of Radiolab. Which is what I have mainly been doing with my listening time. I'm deciding whether I should just abandon and listen to something I'll actually enjoy.


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Care Package
~Speak Easy~
Toshiro sat on the couch again, his muscles completely tense from the situation he was finding himself dealing with. He had never been in such a situation before and this fact grated on his nerves immensely. The smell of food cooking came to his nose and he felt his stomach grumble to the point he felt everyone else could hear it.
Letting out a sigh, his eyes darted to the ground in frustration. He didn't hear Ichigo approach him from behind. "Are you doing all right Toshiro?"
"I'm fine... I guess." The boy let out a deep sigh. A noise from the stairway caused him and the orange haired teen to look up.
The corner of Toshiro's mouth turned up as he saw that Karin had come downstairs and he turned back around to look at the television that had been turned off since both had left the premises before. The female came and sat next to him and his Adam's Apple bobbed down. Carefully he turned around so he could face her, only to turn his head towards Ichigo.
It was then that Isshin grabbed his son by the ear and dragged him off to watch bug Yuzu again. "I'm mad at you."
"I got that you're mad at me." Karin stated, her tone dark indicating she was still irritated with him. "You're mad at me because I got you to break a promise with my dad."
Toshiro remained silent, digesting what she had said before speaking up again. "That isn't the only reason I'm mad at you."
"You do understand I'm also mad at you, right?" The female still refused to look at him.
The preteen shinigami's Adam Apple bobbed down again. "I know you're angry at me, but I don't understand why you are mad at me."
"I wanted you to let me kiss you again." Karin continued to look forward.
"What?" Toshiro's jaw dropped a little after saying this out loud. He blinked at her in confusion, before shaking his head.
"I don't talk about guys and dating with Yuzu and her friends. That doesn't mean I don't know what I am looking for in a guy. You're pretty much it and I also know I'll be hard pressed to find another person like you. I'm not blind to the fact that you could have any girl our age you wanted. It was a bunch of wishful thinking on my part."
"She just said I'm the kind of guy she would date. If I was a girl I wouldn't want to date me. I'd rather date someone like..." The young shinigami started at the ceiling. "... I wouldn't date anybody from the Gotei Thirteen. Maybe Kira or Hisagi if I were a girl. Or Ukitake, but he has the same problem I do with my looks."
"I don't get it," he finally said.
"You don't get what?" Karin suddenly looked at him in time to see his face twisted up with frustration.
"Why you would like me. I'm not a nice person to be around, my personality is honestly a turn off. My eye and hair color is a freakish color and I am shorter then others my physical age. You're also going to outgrow me as people in soul society age slower then they do in the world of the living. Goodness knows I don't like myself one bit, so why would anyone else?" There was a pause in the conversation. "You aren't trying to play with my mind again are you?"
"What do you mean playing with your mind?"
Toshiro took a deep breath and then spoke, trying to prevent his voice from fluctuating and getting to loud. "How do you explain to me what you did earlier? I trusted you not to do something like that you know. And then you went and did... it. And then you said you would do it again. And I didn't want taicho to find out that it happened, but he did find out that it happened. But I trusted you... I really did."
Karin found herself suddenly flinching. "I really blew it with you didn't I? It was bad enough that I stood little chance in the first place with you."
"You're talking about soul societies laws and the fact you're going to physically out age me aren't you?" The boy let out a deep sigh after saying the first thing that came to his mind.
"I heard that." Ichigo piped up without knowing the full situation. "Doesn't Soul Society have more leniency towards friendship between shinigami and the people in the living world? Plus, it doesn't matter what a persons physical age is. You and I are friends, so I'm sure you and Karin will still be friends when she gets older." There was a bit of silence before the orange haired teen let out a yelp of pain.
"What if he comes over here and interrupts the conversation and over hears what I need to say to her?" Toshiro turned to look Karin in the face, but the words he wanted to say simply chocked up and his throat stiffened. "Why can't I just say it?" There was a pause and finally Yuzu spoke up letting them know dinner was ready. "Why can't I tell her that I like her? That would make everything better."
The two got up and headed to the table. Ichigo glanced up, a smirk on his face. "So have you two settled everything and talked about everything you need to talk about?"
"Yes. I feel better." Karin stated, her disposition having calmed down.
"No..." Toshiro's shoulders simply tensed up, looking down at the plate in front of him. The dark haired twin looked at him in surprise, but simply shrugged it off.
Isshin raised an eyebrow. "While they have talked, it isn't something they'll be able to talk over in one conversation."
The older teen looked over at the two with his brown eyes, before shaking his head. "I'm missing something here."
"I'll tell you later." The man stated.
"Don't!" Toshiro suddenly blurted out.
Ichigo glanced over just as his father spoke up again. "Actually... Toshiro will tell you when he is ready to tell you. I think there are some things he's still having a problem telling Karin, so you'll have to wait."
Author's note – The original plan was for this to be the last chapter, but I couldn't get Karin and Toshiro's conversation to come to a conclusive end that would resolve their conflict, so I am going to have to plan out a few more chapters.
That also said, I feel I need to give you heads up about a problematic reviewer. First, they legitimately criticized my grammar which I have worked on fixing. Second, they criticized the use of simple gestures by myself and other writers when writers are supposed to use simple gestures in their fiction writing. A writer's other options is no gestures at all which leads to the fic being dialog heavy, or complex gestures, which if you use to much you end up with purple prose.
Neither of these are the reason I blocked this person. When someone asks if there is an unsaid rule on the site about treating the writers with respect in your reviews, you know the person isn't there to help people improve their writing but there to attack people. (Plus... it is clearly stated in the site guidelines.) This is not a reviewer you want to have to deal with, which is why I am giving my readers a heads up.


text: The Neighbors TV show is in its second season. It's the little TV show that could. After probably the worse Pilot episodes I have ever watched, wondering how this show ever got picked up. It settled in to be a very funny, witty and immensely entertaining show. It got a full season and even a second and was in my top 10 for shows last year. However the wheels have fallen off the cart. I don't know if they changed writers or what happen, but this year the show just isn't funny. Whats worse of all, the incredibly witty dialog and light hearted moral tales have been replaced with incredibly tedious monologs and beat you over the head it's so obvious moral lessons.


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Font >> Display - Serafine FY Regular 16258 by FONTYOU @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 80.66 KB; Vector: Yes; Web Font: Yes.
Serafine FY is an elegant and slender display font with high contrast.
The basic design reminds of a brave Didone but it affords much more latitude to all its condensed letterforms. One of its particular characteristics is definitely the drawn-out point of the i and all the other lightly rounded endings which makes it so tender. Serafine FY will certainly find its pleasure in big text sizes.
Serafine was co-created by Jason Vandenberg, Alisa Nowak & JЁ¦rЁ¦mie Hornus on fontyou.com, the first collaborative type foundry.
Keywords: sans serif, didone, display, original, feminin, magazine, headline, logotype, logo, modern, branding, hairline, poster, contemporary, elegant, slender, contrast, condensed.


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
06-23-09, 00:40 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Posts
- 49
Unanswered: Differences between LOB/SIMPLE/SEGMENTED/PARTITIONED Tablespaces
I want to understand the differences between SIMPLE/SEGMENTED/PARTITIONED/LOB Tablespaces before i use them for my database design. Is there any document listing the differences between these 4 types of tablespaces on DB2 V 9.5
And is there anything called as LONG Tablespaces in DB2 V9.5 . I am also confused between LONG and LOB tablespaces.
Can some one clarify ?
Last edited by Neharao; 06-23-09 at 00:44.
06-23-09, 01:56 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- May 2003
- Location
- Posts
- 5,737
You are confused. DB2 for z/OS and DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows (LUW) are different products. DB2 for LUW does not have simple, segmentated, LOB, and partitioned tablespaces (these for for DB2 z/OS).
If you want to see the tablespace types for DB2 LUW, refer to the SQL Reference Vol 2. For more information, see the WindowsData Servers, Databases, and Database Objects Guide, which is available in PDF for download at the IBM website for no charge.M. A. Feldman
IBM Certified DBA on DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows
IBM Certified DBA on DB2 for z/OS and OS/390


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SAN FRANCISCO (KCBS/ BCN) — Activists protesting a proposed international oil pipeline planned a rally outside a fundraiser attended by Vice President Joe Biden in San Francisco's Seacliff neighborhood Friday evening.
Protesters targeting the Keystone XL pipeline project planned to begin gathering at about 4:30 p.m. at 25th Avenue and El Camino del Mar.
Guests were expected to start arriving about 30 minutes later for Friday night's Democratic Party fundraiser, which was taking place nearby at the home of Dawn Ross and Doug Hickey, CEO of the San Francisco-based beverage distribution company BinWise.