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One activity we knew we couldn't miss on our brief New Zealand trip was a visit to Waitomo Caves to see the amazing caves and the resident Glow worm population.
We didn't have a car on our trip so we arranged transport with Travel Head First who offer a convenient return shuttle from Rotorua or Auckland to the Waitomo Caves (and Hobbiton if you wish.
We were collected by Travel Head First from our Rotorua hotel bright and early. The vehicle was a comfortable mini bus and there were us and around 6 other people on the trip. Our driver was friendly and pointed out some interesting sights on the way. The drive takes around 2 hours though it didn't feel that long. We arrived at Waitomo and everyone split off for their varying tours and we arranged to meet our driver later on.
The Legendary Black Water Rafting Company look after the tours and activities at Waitomo Caves and they offer a bunch of different options for different age groups, abilities and adventure seeking levels. You can raft or climb, get soaked or stay dry. Many of the adventure activities are only available to tweens and up so we opted for a Glow Worm tour and a walk through of Ruakuri cave which are open to all ages and abilities. We have definite plans to come back once the little guy is old enough for some of the tubing and adventure activities.
First up we headed to the Glow Worm Caves. We were very excited to see this cave and had heard so much about it. The tour begins with a walk through of the cave descending lower and lower into the cave until we reach the river. There are stairs in the Glow Worm cave so not one for prams or strollers (choose baby wearing in this cave.) The walk is not very difficult though and could be managed by even young kids with a little help from mum or dad. There is no photography in the Glow Worm Cave at all to add to the magic of the experience.
Once we reached the river we lined up to get on the boats to take us to the glow worm grotto. From this point on the tour is totally silent there is no talking and no light allowed.
The boat tour is magical. You look up and are surrounded by little twinkling blue stars. Its hard to describe how wonderful the scene it but its almost like Walt Disney designed nature. The Image below will give you a glimpse of the scene but it doesn't do justice to how special this experience is, being there and star gazing up at these little bugs glowing their hearts out.
We float around in the dark for around 10 minutes in awe before going back to the dock, out of the cave and back to reality.
Next up we had a short coffee break at the onsite café before our tour of Ruakuri Cave.
Ruakuri Cave tour spends around an hour and a half exploring the cave. Our guide 'Scuba' was great, he was very knowledgeable about the area, the history, the cave and was awesome with kids. My son was given the very important job of chief button pusher to open doors within the cave and it made his day!
The Ruakuri tour is suitable for prams and wheelchairs, there are no steps at all.
We explored the huge cave, checking out stalactites and stalagmites, the river below us (where we could spy those tubing through the cave) and of course the glow worms which we could see much closer and in much more detail than we had in the Glow Worm cave. Photography is permitted in Ruakuri at certain points in the tour but no flash photography at any point.
The walk through Ruakuri is not at all strenuous so even small kids will manage fine. There are a few moments of darkness but not lasting long, not enough to freak out my little darkness hater.
When I asked my son which cave was his favourite I expected him to say the Glow Worm cave but was surprised when he answered with 'Ruakuri'. He said he loved exploring (and button pushing) the most, he really enjoyed our guide Scuba teaching him about how the formations of the cave grow and seeing the glow worms up nice and close. I loved both caves but found the Glow Worm grotto in the Glow Worm cave to be just spectacular. Scuba was a sensational guide and really made the experience all the more awesome for my son, he is fab with kids. Overall we both came away really impressed with both caves and our experience.
Soon enough it was time for us to leave Waitomo so we met up with our Travel Head First guide and made the journey back to Rotorua, I was really glad I wasn't driving and was able to just sit back and relax and enjoy the scenery.
We'd highly recommend this trip with The Black Water Rafting Co. and Travel Head First. I was a fabulous part of our NZ trip and one that wont be forgotten. We will be back as soon as the little guy is old enough for tubing, see you then Scuba.
Thanks so much to The Legendary Black Water Rafting Company and Travel Head First for hosting our trip, and to Scuba for making our Ruakuri experience so great. As always all opinions are my own.


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[shoku] [021415] Petite Goddess Emily Ver.1.1 [RE148281]
Release Year: Feb/14/2015
File size:182.9 MB
RE148281 Ver.1.1.rar
Highlight the problem fragment mouse and press CTRL + ENTER.
In the window that appears, describe the problem and send a notice of the Administration site.
For more details, please refer to [ How can I install the Japanese language pack? ] on the Frequently Asked Questions page.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
North Central Railway (NCR) Allahabad has declared a latest recruitment notification for filling up 200 trade apprentice vacancies for fitter, electrician, mechanic and other trades. NCR Allahabad invites applications in prescribed format from interested and eligible candidates for these vacancies. Candidates check the details and download prescribed format application form from below link. Fill up the details in application for with correct details and affix a latest passport size photograph at space provided in application form. Duly filled application form along with all required documents will be reached to the below address on or before closing date. Check the blow for more details.
NCR Allahabad Trade Apprentice Recruitment 2015 Eligibility Criteria:
Candidates those who passed 10th class or equivalent from any recognized board are eligible for these vacancies. Candidates should have completed ITI in relevant trade from recognized institute. Applicant age must be attained 15 years but not be exceeded 24 years as on last date of receiving application form. Candidates will be selected based on the marks in 10th class and paid good salary and admissible allowances for selected candidates.
Name of the Organization: North Central Railway
Name of the vacancy: Trade Apprentice
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- ITI in relevant trade
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- Merit in 10th Class
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Interested candidates are required to send duly filled application form along with all required documents to the address given in below notification file.
Important dates:
Last date to receive application form: 15th September 2015
Click Here for Official Notification & Application form


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Part 1, Faroe Islands
Torshavn Travel Blog› entry 1 of 10 › view all entries
July 30th, 2009 – by: IvanR
I took plane from Bergen to Stavanger and then with Atlantic Airways - the only Faroese airlines - to Torshavn. There were no clouds around the island, but the whole island was covered with clouds and fog. I read somewhere that this is quite normal during the summer and flights must sometimes land on Iceland and come back later... Somehow they managed to land, so no free trip to Iceland for me :(
The bus from airport took about 50 minutes. The airport is located at the Vagar island connected by undersea tunnel with Streymoy island.
The capital Torshavn is also called the smallest capital in the world (technically it is still not capital, since Faroe Islands are still Danish). The town center is very small but cute with grass roof wooden houses. My hostel was quite far from centrum above the town, but there were frequent buses and in Torshavn they are for free! There is one glitch though, they don't drive on weekends.
The hostel was simple - it is a dorm during school months, but it had small restaurant and beer for 20 kr, so I was satisfied :)
The forecast for next day was very good so i decided to walk on the highest mountain on the islands, Slaettaratindur (882 m).
The top of the mountain was in the clouds and it looked like a table mountain.
From the mountain I walked to another village called Eidi from where I wanted to take a bus back. Buses are not very frequent and there are no timetables at stops, but I was lucky because some local lady offered me a ride.
I was quite in a hurry because I wanted to catch a boat trip for cliffs and bird watching.
After the boat trip it was quite late, about half past 9 PM, and I had again no idea if there is any bus or not. And again, some local people just stopped by and asked me if I need a ride! My lucky day :)
The day after was very rainy, so most of the time I spent sleeping and in the evening I took a walk downtown for some pictures. Next day early morning I took a plane back to Stavanger.
The trip was short, but I had great weather for 2 days, so I was satisfied. It rains about 250 days per year on the islands, so I was still lucky. One week would be much better, the islands are great for hiking so maybe I will come back some other time.
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GraphicRiver Seasonal Illustration with Easter Bunny 4215711
Stock Vector \ Characters \ Animals
Greeting \ Illustration \ Ribbon \ Easter \ Rabbit \ Illustrator \ Created
Stock Vector - Seasonal Illustration with Easter Bunny 4215711 by Solaie @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Characters \ Animals
Holiday greeting illustration with Easter rabbit, eggs and ribbon. Created in Adobe Illustrator (EPS10). Files included – eps (version ten) and high resolution JPEG
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: JPG Image; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS3.
Set of Romantic Symbols for Valentin's Day; Lamb with Scroll - Symbol of Chinese Horoscope; Halloween Background with Haunted House and Graveyard; Halloween Background with Funny Bat and Graveyard; Funny Halloween Banners; Funny Halloween banners; Halloween Background with Black Cats and Pumpkin.
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Aug 19, 2016
Aug 19, 2016
Sometimes your Friday need something saucy like this.
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Happy Friday and happy eating!
The Nom Team
Tags: eggs, food, foodie, foodporn, friday, fridayfoodcrush, nom, nomiku, sous vide, sousvide, tgif, yolkporn.


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Due to popular demand, Portia's back to take part in 'RTW Strike 2'!
Lanzhou Travel Blog› entry 319 of 658 › view all entries
People I met here who contributed to, and improved my trip: Julia (Russia), Portia (USA)
The South bus terminal at Lanzhou is quite a hectic place to arrive, with motorbikes, tuk tuks and taxis all vying for your business. Preferably we would have liked to take the local bus, but as we weren't sure of which number we needed, or where it left from, we opted for the taxi. Luckily we got an honest driver, who turned on the meter and drove the direct route, so the 20 minute ride only amounted to 15RMB ($2.15).
Lanzhou is a city of nearly 3 million people, which stretches along a valley for the best part of 20 kilometres, so it is quite important that your hotel is in the right location, or you end up spending your entire time getting from point a to b.
As usual, we scouted around for the best deal and ended up in Hualian Binguan where a very smart en-suite room, with excellent 16th floor views, set us back 118RMB ($17). It was already getting late, so we decided to walk to a travel agents, located a couple of kilometres away, to see if we could book a tour to Bingling Si. Unfortunately it was already closed by the time that we arrived.
I decided to treat Julia to a KFC feast for Dinner, as this was the only Western style fix that we could find. Its odd that i never eat at Colonel Sanders establishment back at home and yet i find myself somewhat addicted to the bloody stuff when i travel! Back at the hotel we briefly ran into Kim and Linia, who had spent the afternoon with us at the Western Xia Tombs.
Next we went to check up on Portia and Hannes' progress on the internet and all seemed to be going reasonably to plan. On the way home, we passed the end of a night market, where groups of men were drinking on the corner of the road. Due to the lack of any public toilets, they were all urinating up against the wall, which made for a pleasant wade through!
On Saturday we went back to the travel agency and found their prices to be rather optimistic to say the least, so politely thanked them and made a beeline for the exit. The sky was cloudy, i expect due to the smog, making walking around the city not overly enjoyable.
China's most famous waterway, the Yellow River, runs through the city, so we decided to go and see what all the fuss was about. From a tourists point of view, it didn't seem any different from any other river, but its significance and role throughout the development of the Chinese nation is a completely different story. Whoever named the river would probably be quite disappointed to see that a more accurate name for it nowadays would be the brown river, and the smells rising up from it were enough to suggest where the discolouration may be coming from!
There was a performance going on, with dancing and singing, which we stopped to watch for a while, before buying some candy floss and making our way to funny looking monkey and pig sculptures.
Basically Lanzhou is a dull place, with very little to hold your attention, so we wandered back through the main shopping areas and bought some strawberries, corn and potatoes to snack on. It was nearly time to meet Portia, so we headed back to shower and change and sat in the hotel lobby in eager anticipation.
After half an hour had passed, it was clear something wasn't right, so i called her cell, but found it switched off. I went into the internet cafe and found an email saying that her flight had been delayed, so Julia and I went around the corner to Dico's for Dinner.
Numerous trips to the internet, to try and find out Portia's whereabouts, proved fruitless. At 22.30, i finally got the mail that I'd been waiting for and as i left the internet cafe, conveniently located next to the hotel, i saw Portia pulling up in a taxi. We gave each other a hug and it only seemed like yesterday that we were in Taiwan together.
Julia had already gone up to bed, so i dragged her down to the hotel lobby, so as we could plan our trip for the following day. The options had been whittled down to taxi or public bus, so Portia tried asking taxi drivers how much they would charge for the 75km trip. Most were greedy/optimistic to say the least, so as much on principal as anything, we decided that we would take the bus. Having said our goodbyes a little after 23.00, we went upstairs to pack and also get an early night.


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Open Access Repository
Estuarine health in Tasmania, status and indicators: water quality
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Murphy, RJ and Crawford, CM and Barmuta, LA (2003) Estuarine health in Tasmania, status and indicators: water quality. Technical Report. Tasmania Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Hobart.
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This report describes the results of a research project conducted under the Coast and
Cleans Seas program of the Natural Heritage Trust fund. It provides a summary and
assessment of water quality parameters, as indicators of estuarine health, in 22 selected
Tasmanian estuaries. Information is summarised on both a State wide and individual
estuary basis.
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The Complete Beginner's Guide to Localizing Your Real Estate Business
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 22, 2008
|Filing date
|Dec 28, 2006
|Priority date
|Apr 12, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Cyrus Bamji, Khaled Salama
|Original Assignee
|Canesta, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (21), Classifications (10), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Priority is claimed from co-pending U.S. utility patent application Ser. No. 11/350,209 filed 8 Feb. 2006, soon to issue as U.S. Pat. No. 7,157,685 entitled Method and System to Enhance Differential Dynamic Range and Signal/Noise in CMOS Range Finding Systems Using Differential Sensors. Parent application Ser. No. 11/350,209 claimed priority from then co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Nos. 60/650,900 filed 8 Feb. 2005 entitled Improved Op Amp Assisted CMR, Ser. No. 60/650,901 filed 8 Feb. 2005 entitled High Active Light Dynamic Range for 3-D Imaging, and Ser. No. 60/650,902 filed 8 Feb. 2005 entitled A Postiori VGA Gain Setting. Further, parent application Ser. No. 11/350,209 was a continuation-in-part from then co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/110,982 filed 19 Apr. 2005, entitled Method and System to Differentially Enhance Sensor Dynamic Range Using Enhanced Common Mode Reset, which application was a continuation in-part of then co-pending U.S. utility application entitled Method and System to Differentially Enhance Sensor Dynamic Range, application Ser. No. 10/823,415, filed 12 Apr. 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,549 (2005) Method and System to Differentially Enhance Sensor Dynamic Range.
The invention relates generally to solid state optical range finding sensing systems, and more particularly to enhancing the dynamic range and signal/noise ratio in CMOS differential sensors used in such systems.
Systems that rely upon sensing optical energy to discern information are known in the art and have many applications. Exemplary applications might include an optical-based system to determine range between the system and a target object, or to identify and recognize features of a target object. Many such systems acquire two-dimensional or intensity-based information, and rely upon an intensity image of light reflected from a target object. Such luminosity-based systems can use ambient light falling upon the target object, or may actively generate light that is directed toward the target object.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to accurately determine distance solely from the amplitude and brightness of an intensity image. For example, in a range finding system, a highly reflecting target object that is father away from the system can produce a greater amplitude signal than a nearer target object that is less reflective. The result would be that the more distant, shiny, object is erroneously reported as being closer to the system than the closer, duller, object. In a range finding system used to control robot machinery in an industrial setting, such errors may be intolerable for reasons of safety to nearby human operators. If such a system is used to identify and recognize different target objects, an object might be misidentified. Simply stated, two-dimensional intensity-based systems are very prone to measurement error.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,942 to Bamji et al. (November 2001) entitled "CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Image Sensor IC" describes a three-dimensional range finding system that can determine range distance without reliance upon luminosity-based data, the entire content of which patent is incorporated herein by this reference. As disclosed in the '942 patent, such a system generates a depth map that contains the distance Z from each pixel in a CMOS-compatible sensor array to a corresponding location on a target object.
System 10 includes an array 60 of pixel detectors 70, each of which has dedicated circuitry 80 for processing detection charge output by the associated detector. At times herein, the terms "detector", "photodiode detector" (because of its somewhat equivalent function), "photodetector", "pixel" and "pixel detector" may be used interchangeably. More rigorously, the term "photodetector" may be reserved for the single-ended or more preferably differential photodetectors, e.g., the semiconductor devices that output detection current in response to incoming detected optical energy. In the spirit of such more rigorous definition, "pixel" or "pixel detector" would refer to the dedicated electronics associated with each single-ended or differential photodetector. In other usages, "pixel" may refer to the combination of a photodetector and it dedicated electronics. Using this terminology, array 60 might include 100×100 photodetectors 70, and 100×100 associated detector processing circuits or pixels 80, although other configurations may be used. IC 30 preferably also includes a microprocessor or microcontroller unit 90, RAM and ROM memory, collectively 100, a high-speed distributable clock 110, and various computing and input/output (I/O) circuitry 120. System 10 includes analog-to-digital conversion functions, and for purposes of the present invention, let it be understood that such functions are subsumed within I/O circuitry 120 as are some video gain functions. System 10 preferably further includes a lens 130 to focus light reflected from target object 20 upon pixels 70 in array 60. Controller unit 90 may carry out distance-to-object and object velocity calculations and can output such calculations as DATA, for use by a companion device, if desired. As seen in
In brief, microprocessor 90 can calculate the roundtrip time for optical energy from source 40 to travel to target object 20 and be reflected back to a pixel 70 within array 60. This time-of-flight (TOF) is given by the following relationship:
Z=C·t/2 where C is velocity of light. eq. (1)
Thus, without reliance upon luminosity information, system 10 can calculate that Z1=C·t1/2, Z2=C·t2/2, Z2=C·t3/2, and so on. The correct Z distances are obtained, even if more distant regions of target object 20 happen to be more reflective than nearer regions of the target object.
The ability of system 10 to determine proper TOF distances Z can be impacted when the magnitude of ambient light is large relative to the magnitude of reflected light from source 40. What occurs is that the various pixels 70 respond to incoming optical energy that represents the real signal to be measured (e.g., active energy originating from source 40 and reflected by target object 20), and also respond to ambient light. The depth resolution of each pixel, i.e., the accuracy of the distance measurement, is determined by the system signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Even if ambient light could be measured and subtracted from the total signal, its noise component (e.g., shot noise) would still degrade system performance. Further, the presence of ambient light can have even more severe consequences by causing the pixel detector to saturate.
A differential pixel photodetector is a detector that receives two input parameters and responds to their difference. With reference to TOF type systems, the active optical energy emitted by the system contributes to both a differential mode signal and a common mode signal, while ambient light contributes only to the common mode signal. Differential pixel detectors can exhibit higher signal-to-noise ratio than single-ended pixel detectors. However the presence of strong ambient light, sunlight perhaps, can degrade the performance of differential pixel detectors.
Differential pixel photodetectors will now be described with reference to U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,496 to Bamji et al. (June 2003) entitled "Systems for CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Image Sensing Using Quantum Efficiency Modulation". The '496 patent describes the use of quantum efficiency modulation techniques and differential detectors suitable for a three-dimensional range finding systems. The quantum efficiency of the substrate upon which differential CMOS sensors were fabricated was modulated synchronously with the active optical energy emitted from an energy source. Relative phase (Φ) shift between the transmitted light signals and signals reflected from the target object was examined to acquire distance z. Detection of the reflected light signals over multiple locations in the pixel array resulted in measurement signals referred to as depth images.
In system 100′ there will be a phase shift Φ due to the time-of-flight (TOF) required for energy transmitted by emitter 120 (S1=cos(ωt)) to traverse distance z to target object 20, and the return energy detected by a photo detector 140′ in array 130′, S2=A·cos(ωt+Φ), where A represents brightness of the detected reflected signal and may be measured separately using the same return signal that is received by the pixel detector.
The phase shift Φ due to time-of-flight is:
where C is the speed of light 300,000 Km/sec. Thus, distance z from energy emitter (and from detector array) to the target object is given by:
Various techniques for acquiring and processing three dimensional imaging have been developed by assignee herein Canesta, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,793 (2005) to Bamji et al. describes Methods and Devices for Charge Management for Three-Dimensional Sensing, U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,395 (2003) to Bamji et al. discloses Noise Reduction Techniques Suitable for Three-Dimensional Information Acquirable with CMOS-Compatible Image Sensor ICs; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,838 to Rafii et al. (2003) discloses Methods for Enabling Performance and Data Acquired from Three-Dimensional Image Systems. But it still remains a challenge to provide a TOF system with differential pixel photodetectors that are protected from saturation, including saturation from differential mode signals, while enhancing signal/noise ratios.
It is useful at this juncture to review prior art implementations for differential pixel photodetectors. Such review will provide a better understanding of the challenges presented in protecting differential pixel photodetectors against saturation, while trying to enhance signal/noise ratios. In the '496 patent, differential detectors responded to amplitude of incoming optical energy and to phase of such energy relative to energy output by emitter 40. A comparison of
Referring now to
Q max =C x ·V swing eq. (2)
where Cx is the total capacitance and Vswing is the maximum voltage swing across the capacitor. A pixel photodetector is said to be in saturation when the total charge integrated on the capacitor exceeds the maximum charge capacity, in which case no useful information can be readout from that pixel photodetector.
A differential pixel photodetector (e.g., detectors 70 in
Referring briefly to
Readout circuitry is provided for circuit A and B, comprising transistors Tfollower and Tread. At the end of the integration time, which will be a function of the repetition rate of the optical pulses emitted from optical energy source 40, microprocessor 90 causes a readout signal Φread to go high. This enables the voltages on nodes SA and SB to be read-out of array 60, e.g., through a bitline. In the exemplary configuration of
But in addition to generating photocurrent in response to optical energy or active light (from emitter 40) reflected by target object 20, pixel 70 will also generate photocurrent in response to ambient light that is also integrated by capacitors CA, CB, thus affecting the potential at nodes SA, SB.
Thus, whereas CMOS sensors used in systems to acquire images generally rely upon strong levels of ambient light, CMOS sensors used in time-of-flight systems seek to reduce the effects of ambient light. As seen in
There is a need for a method and topology by which the dynamic range of a differential pixel detector can be enhanced without sacrificing a substantial portion of the desired differential signal. Preferably saturation of the differential pixel detector should be substantially eliminated, even from high magnitudes of the desired differential signal. Further, signal/noise ratio for the detection signal path should be enhanced. These goals preferably should be met using additional circuitry that can function with existing detector circuitry and that can be implemented to fit within the perhaps 50 μm×50 μm area of a pixel differential photodetector.
Embodiments of the present invention provide such methods and circuit topologies.
Effective differential dynamic range in a differential pixel photodetector was increased in embodiments of priority application Ser. No. 10/823,415, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,549 by avoiding common mode contribution saturation. Photocurrent generated by each photodetector pair was directly capacitor integrated over an integration time T such that resultant capacitor voltage was proportional to detected optical energy including ambient light. Within time T, before either integrated capacitor voltage reached Vsat for the photodetector, at least one of the capacitors was reset to a voltage Vref such that the desired differential detector signal was still determinable. After reset, capacitor voltages were again allowed to change as a function of photocurrent, and were reset before either capacitor voltage reached Vsat.
In another embodiment of what is now the '549 patent, the common mode component of the integrated capacitor voltages was reset periodically to prevent either photodiode detector from saturating. However the differential component of the integrated capacitor voltages was preserved. The result was to extend effective differential dynamic range of the differential sensor in the presence of ambient light by avoiding the effects of saturation.
In parent co-pending application Ser. No. 11/110,982 filed 19 Apr. 2005, further improvements are described for differential pixels, e.g., the circuitry associated with each pixel differential photodetector. More specifically, the '982 application describes pixels with improved common mode rejection, and improved retention of the desired differential signal component, accompanied by acceptably low KT/C noise due to capacitance. In one embodiment, signals to the pixel photodetector differential inputs are coupled as input to an operational amplifier and to a differential signal capacitor, configured as an integrator. During integration, charge from the detectors is accumulated in their integration capacitors. During a charge dump operation, at least half the total differential detection signal charge from the integration capacitors is read into at least one differential signal capacitor. Such charge dumping periodically transfers the differential detector signal into the differential signal capacitor(s) for storage. Thus during common mode resets, which usually follow dump operations, the differential detection signal on the integration capacitor is essentially zero, thus reducing the chance of differential charge loss. The desired result is enhanced common mode rejection with relatively little loss in differential detection signal.
The present invention provides still further improved differential pixels, especially with respect to avoiding saturating even with relatively large amplitude differential signals, and to enhancing signal/noise ratio for the detection signal path. In some embodiments, a fixed compensating offset (ΔV) is added to the differential signal capacitor voltage whenever magnitude of the differential signal exceeds a predetermined maximum or minimum value. The offset ΔV is negative if the differential signal capacitor voltage has become too positive, and the offset ΔV is positive if the capacitor voltage has become too negative. In some embodiments, the accumulated charge voltage on the differential signal capacitor is checked synchronously, at which time ΔV is added, if needed. A count is kept of the number (N) of ΔV offsets that had to be added, and effective differential signal capacitor voltage is actual output voltage across the capacitor (Vo)+N·ΔV. In other embodiments, reset of the integration capacitor voltage is asynchronous, and occurs whenever the voltage exceeds a predetermined maximum or minimum threshold. Again a count of the number (N) of resets is kept, and effective differential signal capacitor voltage is Vo+N·ΔV. These embodiments preserve the desired differential signal and prevent saturation of the differential pixel even when the differential signal is large in amplitude. If desired, the compensating signal ΔV could of course be ΔQ, where Q is charge. Saturation due to common mode signal is prevented, preferably using embodiments of the above-referenced co-pending application Ser. No. 11/110,982. If desired, magnitude of the compensating offsets could of course be varied, i.e., a positive Δ compensating offset need not be identical in magnitude to a negative Δ compensating offset, where the offset may be voltage or charge. Additionally, in a sequence of Δ compensating offsets, the magnitude of each offset could, if desired, be different. In such embodiment, the sum of the compensating offsets would be recorded.
Further embodiments of the present invention enhance differential pixel signal/noise ratio by dynamically maximizing gain on the operational amplifier associated with each differential pixel. Because such operational amplifiers are found early in the detection signal paths, high amplifier gain (AG) reduces effective noise contribution downstream in the signal path by 1/Ag. Gain of each such amplifier is variably controlled to adjust AG individually for each pixel as a function of its present signal value. Within the array of differential pixels, each amplifier is first operated at maximum AG, and integration capacitor values are readout and stored in a row buffer. AG for each amplifier in the row is then incrementally decreased, and the row buffer is updated only for those amplifiers whose associated integration capacitor is not presently saturated. The above process is repeated until the value in the row buffer corresponds to the highest non-saturating gain for each amplifier associated with the row. The row buffer also records the value of the highest non-saturating gain for each amplifier associated with the pixels in that row. At this juncture the row buffer is readout, and the process is repeated for the next row in the array, and so on continuously. In this fashion amplifier values of AG are individually maximized, commensurate with avoiding overload or saturation of components downstream in the signal path. The desired result is enhanced signal/noise ratio. Alternative embodiments can, of course, increment rather than decrement amplifier gain or even randomly or otherwise scan or vary AG and cause the row buffer to latch the non-saturated gain value for each amplifier associated with pixels in a row.
Embodiments of the present invention use much circuitry already in place with respect to enhancing common mode rejection and retaining desired differential signal components. As a result, implementing the present invention can be carried out within the form factor of pixel differential photodetectors.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments have been set forth in detail, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Before describing the present invention, whose description commences with
But as shown by the waveforms in
As shown in
Referring briefly to
At the end of the integration time, the counter value (n) and the final voltage Vfinal on capacitor CA are read-out separately by turning-on TreadD and TreadA, respectively.
Turning now to
At start of integration, counter 150′ starts counting to measure the time since the last reset to Vref. In the following discussion it will be assumed that the magnitude of incoming ambient light does not change substantially during the integration time. Two scenarios will be considered: ambient light is strong, and ambient light is not very strong.
If the ambient light is strong, each photodetector DA and DB (DB not shown) will reach Vsat multiple times during one integration period. In this case, every time either. photodetector reaches Vsat, the photodetectors and counter 150′ are simultaneously reset. At the end of the integration period, each photodetector will be at a determinable voltage level, which level will likely be different for each detector. Further, at the end of the integration period, the counter will have stored the time (Δtf) since the last reset required for the photodetectors to attain these final voltage levels. Since each photodetector end-of-integration voltage level is known, as is the time Δtf, the slope of the voltage curves for each photodetector and the number of resets that should have occurred during integration can be determined; see
V swing-a =ΔV af ·T/Δtf eq. (3)
V swing-b =ΔV bf ·T/Δtf eq. (4)
where T is the total integration time, which is known.
If the ambient light is not strong, at the end of the integration time T, the counter value will be equal to the integration time, and the voltages across the photodiodes DA and DB will represent all that the photocharge each pixel could collect during the whole integration time. In this case, no further calculation is needed to determine the total voltages, since it follows from T=Δtf that:
Vswing-a=ΔVaf eq. (5)
Vswing-b=ΔVbf eq. (6)
Once the relevant times and photodiode voltages are read-out, an external computation unit, perhaps microprocessor 90 in system 10 (see
As noted, in
As noted, capacitor Cr is initialized at the beginning of integration along with the photodetector. As with the self-reset method, the non-inverting input of comparator 140 may be switched to VDD (rather than to Vsat during integration) to reset pixel 70′ (e.g., both photodetectors and Cr). By judiciously making voltage Vsat low, all photodiodes are simultaneously reset, thus removing the need for a separate reset signal.
Turning now to
At the end of integration, three voltage values are read-out from pixel 70′, namely Va (voltage across DA), Vb (voltage across DB), and Vr (voltage across capacitor Cr). Given these quantities, one can calculate the resulting differential voltage Vswing-a−Vswing-b as follows. Looking at
This linear function f(Vr) is obtained by writing Vr as Vr=Vref+n·k·(Va−Vb). As noted, Vref is the initial voltage for capacitor Cr (e.g., the reset voltage for photodetectors DA, DB), n is the number of sample/reset cycles, and k is a constant determined from the circuit of
It I s possible to automatically generate the Δsample or Δreset signals within each pixel 70′, by providing some additional circuitry. One can use two comparators to compare SA, SB node potentials with Vsat, and the logical OR can be taken of the comparator outputs to yield the Δsample signal. Thus as soon as either photodiode potential reaches Vsat, Δsample goes high. If desired, Δreset can be a delayed version of Δsample. Such a self-resetting configuration would use two comparators, an OR gate, and a delay element that could be a simple RC delay.
Turning now to
For ease of illustration,
In normal operation switching transistors TswA and TswB are open, while transitors TvrefA and TvrefB, and TdisA and TdisB are closed. Initially photodetector diodes DA and DB are reset to Vref via transistors TresetA and TresetB, but during integration transistors TresetA and TresetB remain open. As optical energy impinges on photodiode DA it discharges its parasitic capacitor CDA as well as capacitor CA, while photodiode DB discharges its parasitic capacitor CDB as well as its capacitor CB. Initial reset is achieved though transistors TresetA and TresetB, which initialize the circuit at potential Vref, although other potential levels may instead be used.
During common mode reset, signal ΦresetA remains low, while the other control signals operate as shown in
(1) First, capacitors CA and CB are decoupled from associated photodiodes DA and DB by bring the Φdis signal low, which opens discharge transistors TdisA and TdisB going low. This operation does not change the differential charge quantity QA−QB, and no KT/C noise is introduced on QA−QB.
(2) Next, when control signal Φnorm goes low, the bottom plates of capacitors CA and CB are decoupled from Vref by the opening of transistors TrefA and TrefB. The quantity QA−QB remains unaffected, even in terms of KT/C.
(3) When the control signal Φswitch goes high, capacitors CA and CB redistribute their charge. Let QCA be the charge on capacitor CA and let QCB be the charge on capacitor CB. If capacitors CA and CB are now shorted together in parallel the total charge quantity QCA+QCB would be preserved. However since CB is connected to CA inverted, the quantity QCA−QCB is preserved during this operation. Since no switches are opened no KT/C arises from this step.
(4) When the control signal ΦswA goes low; a KT/C uncertainty appears in the charge redistribution, but this KT/C appears as common mode on the quantities QCA and QCB. Any charge taken from QCA shows up exactly on QCB but with a minus sign. Thus after switches TswA and TswB open, QCA′=QCA+NoiseKTC, and −QCB′=−QCB′−NoiseKTC. Thus there is no KT/C noise on QCA′−QCB′=QCA−QCB+(NoiseKTC−NoiseKTC).
(5) Next, when control signal Φnorm goes high again the differential charge QA−QB is unchanged.
(6) Finally, when control signal Φdis goes high, QA−QB is unchanged.
If desired some of the above steps may be combined for simplicity. For example steps 5 and 6 may occur simultaneously or even out of sequence. Steps 1,2 and 5,6 clearly do not affect QA−QB, and it was demonstrated that steps 3 and 4 do not affect QCA−QCB. Thus, steps 1 through 6 do not affect QA−QB. In operation, the generation of the various control signals can be handled by microprocessor 160 in system 10 in
Note that no assumption as to closeness of component matching was made in the above analysis, and the conclusions reached remain irrespective of the values of capacitors CA, CB, CDA, and CDB. Additionally the linearity of the capacitors does not affect performance, and the configuration shown in
Consider now the common mode voltage on photodiodes DA and DB after reset. Within reasonable bounds, the exact value of the common mode voltage is not critical. Although an analysis can be carried out for almost any capacitor values, for simplicity of explanation let it be assumed that CA=CB and CDA=CDB.
Since it is small, let KT/C reset noise be ignored. Thus after step 5 if VCA (the voltage across capacitor CA) and if VCB (the voltage across capacitor CB) have the relation VCA=−VCB, the voltage on the top plate of CA is (Vref+VCA) and the voltage on the top plate of CB is (Vref−VCA).
As noted, charge difference QA−QB is preserved in the configuration of
V DA =V ref +V CA +K eq. (7)
V DB =V ref +V CB+ K=V ref −V CA +K eq. (8)
V DA +V DB =V ref +V CA +K+V ref −V CA +K=2(V ref +K) eq. (9)
After step 6 because of charge redistribution the new voltages are:
Thus the sum VDA′+VDB′ then becomes
V DA ′+V DB′=[(V ref +V CA)+C DA ·K/(C DA +C A)]+[(V ref −V CA)+C DA ·K/(C DA +C A)]=2·[V ref +K·C DA/(C DA +C A)] eq. (17)
Thus the sum VDA′+VDB′ is advantageously always closer to 2Vref than to VDA+VDB. This demonstrates that with each reset in
To recapitulate, for the embodiment of
Transistors TdisA and TdisB can be used as global shutters, thereby improving resilience to ambient light by stopping the effects of all light impinging on the differential pixel when the shutter is turned off. When TdisA and TdisB are off, capacitors Ca and Cb are decoupled from photodetectors PDDA and PDDB and therefore stop integrating the signal from PDDA and PDDB. If the output of the pixel is chosen to be top plate of capacitors CA and CB then the output of the pixel will be frozen after TdisA and TdisB are turned-off, thereby providing the function of a global shutter.
Turning now to
During integration, transistors controlled by signal Φint are turned-on and transistors controlled by signals Φr, Φreset are turned-off. Thus during integration, light induced photocurrent discharges photodiode parasitic capacitance CDA, CDB, as well as capacitors CA and CB. As has been noted, the integrated signals contain both differential mode and common mode components.
Next, in a common mode reset phase, control signal Φint goes low, causing transistors Tint to decouple CA from CDA and to decouple CB from CDB. Then control signal Φr goes high, turning-on transistors Tr and charge in both CA and CB transfers to the integration capacitor Cint. Note that polarities of the charge transferred onto Cint are opposite due to the arrangement of the Tr switches.
The integrated charge on Cint after the common mode reset can be expressed in terms of charge on CDA, CDB before the common mode reset as:
Q int =Q C
Therefore the common mode signal is cancelled while the differential signal is preserved, which is the desired result.
Preferably common mode reset is performed multiple times and is interleaved with the integration during the whole frame integration. During integration, the integrating operational amplifier 180 may be turned off to save power. The total number of common mode reset performed will depend on the intensity of ambient light. The final signal readout is the accumulated charge (hence voltage) on Cint.
While the charge integrator in the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
Turning now to
where QA,0 represents the charge collected by detector DA with respect to 0° light phase, QB,0 represents the charge collected by detector DB with respect to 0° light phase, QA,180 represents the charge collected by detector DA with respect to 180° light phase, and QB,180 represents the charge collected by detector DB with respect to 180° light phase. As is apparent from the above equation, if the total number of common mode resets is n, then half of the final differential charge is collected from detector DA and half of the charge is collected from detector DB. Another advantage of this embodiment is that KT/C noise associated with the transistor switches becomes common mode; therefore such noise is cancelled out from the final differential signal value.
Most of the above-described embodiments accumulate the DA−DB charge difference in a capacitor, and periodically reset DA and DB to Vref to avoid saturation.
In the embodiment of
The embodiment of
In the embodiment of
As noted, current source 190 may be controlled using a voltage reference or a current reference. If a voltage reference is used, the voltage can be VDD or Vref, in which case only the ΦXC signal would be needed to perform common-mode removal. For CCCS (or current mirrors) a variety of circuit configurations are structures are available, two of which are shown in
An important concern in implementing current mirrors is matching, in this case between output currents A and B. To minimize matching errors, transistors with large values of width and length should be used and should be carefully laid out. For example the orientation of transistors should be the same for currents A and B.
A description of the embodiments of parent application Ser. No. 11/110,982 will now be given with reference to
As noted, the embodiments of
In various aspects, embodiments of
Those skilled in the art will recognize that associated with nodes OA, OB, RA, and RB will be parasitic capacitance, not shown in
This unremedied differential signal degradation results from undesired charge sharing between the integration capacitors CA and CB and the parasitic capacitance associated with detector 70′. What occurs is that when shutter transistors TshutA, TshutB open during common mode reset, some charge is left in the detector capacitance and for this residual charge, common mode is not eliminated. This in turn requires more common mode reset cycles than would otherwise be necessary, which additional reset cycles result in further loss of the desired differential detector signal. Further the presence of residual common mode signal means that detector 70′ operates at a lower magnitude voltage within its dynamic range than would otherwise be the case. The configuration of
In practice, at least a substantial fraction (e.g., ≧50%) of the stored charge is removed for isolated storage on each so-called dump cycle. It will be appreciated that the system could function with less than 50% stored charge removal per cycle, however overall more differential charge will be lost during common mode reset operations. The result from saving at least a substantial fraction of the differential charge is improved dynamic range, improved retention of the desired differential detector signal, and improved common mode rejection. Components shown in
During an integration period T, operation of the embodiment exemplified by
During common mode reset operation, the differential detector signal charge is first read transferred into the integration capacitor C229 by turning-on dump transistors TdA, TdA′. So doing dumps charge from capacitor CA node OA and from capacitor CB node OB respectively into the non-inverting and inverting inputs of operational amplifier 210. Shutter transistors TshutA and TshutB remain open, which allows even the differential detector charge to be transferred. Subsequent common mode resets will have no effect on this safely stored-away differential detector and capacitor CA and CB charge. Next, shutter transistors TshutA and TshutB and dump transistors TdA, TdA′ are opened, and common mode reset is performed.
Whereas the embodiment of
Amplifier 210 provides a single-ended output signal (AMP OUT) that could be used to directly drive a bitline (BITLINE B) without use of a source follower such as TfB in
Referring to
At the end of an integration period, the total accumulated charge in integration capacitor 220 (perhaps 40 fF) may be read-out in several ways. When the READ signal to the gate of transistor TrA is high (for the configuration shown), the signal present at the inverting input of operational amplifier 210 will be read-out to BITLINE A. Preferably simultaneously, the READ signal also turns-on transistor TrB such that BITLINE B reads-out the AMP OUT signal. What results is a differential signal across BITLINE A and BITLINE B that represents the correct voltage value stored on integration capacitor C220.
An alternate read-out method will now be described. Consider now the signal at the non-inverting input of operational amplifier 210. A high signal CVref3 turns-on transistor Tref3, which couples a known reference voltage VREF3 to the non-inverting input of operational amplifier 210. As a result, a high READ signal to transistor TrB .reads-out the signal on BITLINE B. If necessary, BITLINE A may be read-out simultaneously to reduce the effects of noise on VREF3. The result is achieved by creating a differential value at the input of operational amplifier 210, wherein one of the differential values is VREF3.
It will be appreciated that some mismatch may exist between the values of storage capacitors CA, CB as well as between node parasitic capacitance, which mismatches can affect the final signal value of the first-described read-out method. It is understood that there will be parasitic capacitance at the non-inverting input of operational amplifier 210. Relative to a capacitor reset value of Vref, the AMP. The charge (with respect to a capacitor reset value of Vref) on this parasitic capacitance is substantially eliminated when the node is coupled to Vref3. This is what occurs in the second read-out method, but unfortunately a charge error is created whenever the initial amplifier input was not precisely Vref3. However effects of mismatch using the first read-out method and effects of charge error using the second read-out method can both be reduced by first bringing the voltage levels at both operational amplifier 210 inputs substantially to the initial reset value. The desired result can be accomplished by performing a series of common mode reset and charge dump operations before beginning the read-out sequence.
Alternately by reading from Bitline A a single ended value (denoted SBA), the error resulting from mismatch between Vref and voltages on the inputs to operational amplifier 210 can be compensated for mathematically. This is because for both read-out methods, there is a mathematical formula between the error and SBA. This mathematical formula is a function of SBA and integration capacitor C220 , and either the capacitance mismatches (for the first read-out method) or the non-inverting operational amplifier positive terminal capacitance (for the second read-out method). Note that for the second read-out method the value SBA must be read-out before Vref3 is connected.
A combination of both read-out methods can be used, as follows. First the voltage on the two operational amplifier inputs is brought close to the reset voltage Vref3. Then SBA is read-out using either read-out method, and the remaining error is mathematically calibrated out. For economy of implementation, it is preferable to acquire SB A with relatively low accuracy. Thus in practice, SBA is read-out before the voltage on the operational amplifier inputs is brought close to reference voltage Vref3 via repeated common mode reset dump operations.
Before this series of common mode reset dump operations, magnitude of SBA relative to the reset voltage Vref3 will be fairly large, perhaps in the tens or hundreds of mV range. But after the series of common mode reset dump operations, this residual SB A voltage will be on the order of perhaps a few mV. Furthermore, this residual voltage will be a known fraction of the original SBA voltage before the series of common mode dump operations. Because this fraction is known a priori, by quantizing the larger quantity (magnitude of SBA before the reset operations), the smaller quantity (magnitude of SBA after the reset operations) can be known more accurately. The fraction can be determined empirically, or can be modeled taking into account relative values of CA, CB, and parasitic capacitance present at the non-inverting input of operational amplifier 210.
The addition of transistor switches connected to the DUMP B signal allows the differential detector system shown in
Note that the DUMP B-related transistor switches couple operational amplifier 210 with the non-inverting and inverting input terminals switched with respect to DUMP A. As a result, the signal that accumulates on integration capacitor C229 accumulates in additive fashion. This feature advantageously substantially reduces many errors associated with offsets and the like. Advantageously, this aspect reduces reliance upon 0°, 180° cancellation in different detection signal captures. This improvement follows because both 0° and 180° phases are used within a common capture (e.g., at a close time interval perhaps on the order of a mS or so) to cancel errors.
Note too that additional functionality results from the presence of operational amplifier 210. For example, this amplifier may be used for two purposes: to enhance common mode reset as noted above, and for pixel detector analog-to-digital conversation using techniques well known in the art. Other secondary uses of the operational amplifier can include dynamic range enhancement, 0°, 180° cancellation, 0°, 90° capture, and so on.
Some exemplary parameters for the embodiment of
To recap before describing the present invention, embodiments of
As noted, one aspect of the present invention further improves differential pixels, especially with respect to avoiding saturating even with relatively large amplitude differential signals, while another aspect of the present invention enhances signal/noise ratio for the detection signal path. In this first aspect, embodiments of the present invention add a fixed compensating offset (ΔV) to the differential signal voltage on capacitor CDSC whenever magnitude of the differential signal exceeds a predetermined maximum or minimum value. (If desired, the fixed compensating offset signal could of course be ΔQ, where Q is charge.) With reference to
Further, within electronics 80′″, a second aspect of the present invention is implemented using a portion of circuitry 200′ to dynamically vary the gain AG of pixel amplifier 270 to enhance detection signal/noise ratio by using a highest possible gain that still avoids saturation of pixel electronics 80′″. A high amplifier gain (AG) advantageously reduces effective noise contribution downstream in the signal path by 1/AG. Gain of each such amplifier is variably controlled to adjust AG individually for each pixel as a function of its present signal value. Within the array of differential pixels, each amplifier is first operated at maximum AG, and integration capacitor values are readout and stored in a row buffer 65 (see
Further details as to the increment/decrement ΔV aspect of the present invention to avoid pixel saturation due to large magnitudes of differential signal will now be given with reference to
As shown in
For example, in
The choice of implementing synchronous or asynchronous reset depends upon many factors. Generally, an asynchronous reset is more complex as each pixel must constantly monitor its differential signal capacitor voltage, and self generate control signals required to adjust the CDSC voltage. Further, these operations must be performed accurately in the presence of noise, as the other pixels are integrating and hence the modulation clocks are running. Further, if the reset count is not accumulated inside the pixel, the occurrence of resets may need to be communicated asynchronously, a difficult task when all pixels simultaneously reset.
On the other hand a synchronous implementation requires more frequent resets as the pixels must be reset well before they saturate. Further, it must be ensured that the pixels have sufficient remaining margin such that they do not saturate before the next CDSC voltage check, which may not occur for a while. Also in synchronous implementations, each ΔV reset adjustment must be smaller as the CDSC voltage may be relatively far from saturation.
(1) relevant circuitry in
(2) resetF, resetA, resetB (and perhaps DumpA dumpB) are opened, modulation clocks CLKA, CLKB, CLKC are turned on, and integration begins. For the configuration shown, refcon_int and reset) must be high during integration. The high state can be forced by setting offset_control=0, HILO=1, which forces Y=0, whereby if refcon_bar=0 (e.g., complement of refcon, denoted REFCON in
(3) modulation clocks are turned off;
(4) dump switches DumpA are closed and the differential charge is moved to capacitor CDSC, whose value is on the order of perhaps 40 fF. Dump switches are then reopened;
(5) shutter switches ShutterA ShutterB are open circuit, and then ResetAB switches are closed to restore common mode at the input of operational amplifier 270, as described earlier herein;
(6) a test is performed on voltage Vx across differential signal capacitor CDSC to see whether the voltage is becoming too large, perhaps >500 mv. Assume the logic trip point of the threshold test gate 320 is 2V. Vx test is achieved by turning on VGA1 (and/or VGA2), turning off VGA3 (and/or VGA4), and setting Vref3 to 2.5 V. (This statement ignores, for the sake of simplicity, effects of capacitance at the (AMP_IN) inverting input of amplifier 270.) If the input of the threshold test Gate T is then Vtest<500 mv then Vx>500 mv. During this test offset_control=1. Thus the output of gate 320 is high if and only if Vx>500 mv.
(7) if Vx>500 mv, a fixed charge ΔV is dumped into capacitor CDSC to reduce Vx and avoid the saturation that would occur if Vx increased further. The decision is available at node Y: HILO=1 if the test was for Vx high, and HILO=0 if the test was for Vx being low. In this exemplary case, HILO=1 and Y=0 if and only if Vx>500 mv.
(8) during this time, reference levels (Vref1−Vref2) are set such that [C]·ΔV is approximately [CDSC in parallel with C′DSC]·(Vref1−Vref2), where C′DSC is about 20 fF and, as noted, CDSC is about 40 fF. The resultant charge [60 fF]·(Vref1−Vref2) is potentially dumped into integration capacitor C When recon_bar=0, recon_int=1, if and only if Vx>500 mv. If recon_int is high, then a differential charge 40FF*(Vref−Vref2) is created between the two capacitors. In this case an exemplary value for (Vref−Vref2) is perhaps −900 mv. If desired, a single capacitor CDSC may be used in this embodiment, or if more capacitors are present, a single capacitor may be used, if desired.
(9) steps similar to (6), (7), (8) are repeated for testing if the voltage across capacitor X is too low (e.g. Vx<−500 mv). Note that during this operation an exemplary value for Vref1−Vref2 is perhaps +900 mv
(10) At this juncture the differential voltage in the capacitors is preferably 0 if no offset occurred, −900 mv if a negative offset occurred, and +900 mv if a positive offset occurred. At a time, e.g., when refcon_bar=1, this corresponding differential charge may be dumped onto differential signal capacitor CDSC by turning off refcon_bar and turning on dump switches dumpA and dumpB;
(11) A count of the number of times a charge of either polarity of 60FF·(Vref1−Vref2) is dumped onto this capacitor is maintained. The total amount of differential charge generated by the detectors is then N·Q+Vx where Qx is the final charge in the capacitor and N is the number of times the offset dump occurred.
Various methods for maintaining this offset count N may be implemented. The count N may be stored within the pixel to be subsequently read-out, or can be read-out from each pixel following each offset test operation. If the positive or negative sign of the offset ΔV (or if charge is used, ΔQ) is known, then only the magnitude of the count need be stored. Alternately positive numbers can be used for positive offsets, and negative numbers can be used for negative offsets.
A simple solution is of course to implement an up/down analog or digital counter within the pixel, e.g., electronics 80′″. The count should increment if the hi test is successfully performed (i.e. recon_int=1) and the count should decrement if the low test is successfully performed (i.e. recon_int=1).
A digital counter may be implemented in many ways, including without limitation providing a pseudo random sequence type counter. An analog counter may be also be implemented in many ways. For example, a short pulsed current source could be used to charge or discharge a capacitor with each change in N, where final capacitor voltage is indicative of how many charging/discharging pulses have been received. Alternately an analog counter may be implemented by dumping charge from a second capacitor onto a first capacitor, where dumped charge is positive or negative, depending upon whether the count was up or down. In such implementation, the final charge on the first capacitor would be indicative of the number of times the dump occurred, and whether the dump was up or down. Note that depending on the details of a particular counter implementation, a linear correspondence between the count N and the final analog voltage need not exist.
Rather than count offsets within the pixel, one may instead count outside the pixel, for example, by inferring the reset count N. In such an implementation, the preferably differential pixel value is read-out at the end of the first integration period, or after the first few integration periods. The resultant low resolution value provides an estimate of the final value of the pixel. In essence it provides an interval of possible values [Vfinal low, Vfinal high]. For example, if there are M integration intervals and the pixel reading after the first integration period is V1 with a margin of error ε, then the interval of possible final values could be [Vfinal low, Vfinal high]=[M*(V1−ε), M*(V1+ε)]. The final value for the pixel is Veffective=N·[Voffset+Vout]. N must be selected such that Veffective∈[Vfinal low, Vfinal high]. If (Vfinal high−Vfinal low)<Voffset then N is unique and can be readily determined.
Alternately the count N (number of times each pixel was offset) can be maintained outside the pixel array 60″(see
Referring to block 310 at the bottom of
For ease of illustration and explanation, the foregoing embodiments were described primarily in terms of a constant fixed Δ compensation offset. In practice, however, there is no requirement that magnitude of a positive Δ compensation (+ΔCOMP) offset be identical to magnitude of a negative Δ compensation offset (−ΔCOMP). Thus if compensation is with voltage, if positive Δ compensation offset is ΔV1, and negative Δ compensation offset is ΔV2, it is understood that ΔV1 need not be equal in absolute magnitude to absolute magnitude of ΔV2. Similarly if compensation is with charge, if positive Δ compensation offset (+ΔCOMP) is ΔQ1, and negative Δ compensation offset (−ΔCOMP) is ΔQ2, it is understood that ΔQ1 need not be equal in absolute magnitude to absolute magnitude of ΔQ2. In these embodiments, it still suffices to count number N of resets.
In the various embodiments hitherto described, it has been assumed that in a sequence of compensation offsets that magnitude of each offset would be substantially equal. In such embodiments, the number N of resets could simply be counted for a sequence since each offset was substantially identical. However one could implement an embodiment in which magnitude of each offset in a sequence of compensation offsets was not necessarily equal. In such unequal compensation offset embodiments, one would have to record the sum total (i.e., magnitude and sign) of all compensating offsets.
As noted earlier, a second aspect of the present invention provides enhancement of signal/noise in the pixel detection path, by maximizing gain AG of each amplifier 270 (see
Looking at TOF system 400 in
However, setting the VGA gain too high can cause saturation in the signal path downstream of the amplifier, and setting the VGA gain too low exposes the system to more effective noise downstream of the amplifier. VGA. The optimal setting for VGAs in a signal path depends on the present signal value and also the noise characteristics of the path. Hence, setting VGA gains beforehand (a priori) may result in a sub-optimal setting. However, if the VGA gain settings are set after the signal is known (a postiori) a more optimal setting can be determined and used.
In a preferred embodiment, a VGA such as amplifier 270 in
In normal operation of system 400 (see
The feedback around amplifier 270 may be tuned. For example by using the following transistor gate signals VGA3=0, VGA1=1, VGA2=0, VGA4=1, charge from C′DSC Is dumped into the larger value capacitor CDSC, thereby multiplying the VGA gain for amplifier 270 by (40+20)/40=3/2, where 40 and 20 refer respectively to the fF size of CDSC, D′DSC. Similarly, an alternate tuning results using the following transistor gate signals VGA3=1, VGA1=0, VGA2=1, VGA4=0, which result in charge from CDSC (40 fF) being dumped into C′DSC (20 fF). This in turn multiplies the VGA gain of amplifier 270 by (40+20)/20=3.
Thus during readout, the amplifier gain multiplier can be set to 1×, 1.5×, or 3× for the exemplary configuration of
According to the present invention, during the readout phase each row of pixels in array 60″is read out sequentially. First the row is copied into row buffer 65, preferably provided at the bottom of array 60″. Next, each column of row buffer 65 is sent to an analog-to-digital converter that may be regarded as part of I/O circuitry 120 (see
Row buffer 65 preferably is a one dimensional array of row buffer elements, having an element for each row in array 60″. To enable a-postiori VGA gain according to this aspect of the present invention, each row buffer element is augmented so as to detect saturation and reject rather than store an incoming pixel value if saturated. First each VGA amplifier 270 in the array row currently being read is set to the highest gain value, 3× in the above-described example. Those row buffer elements that receive a non saturated signal from their corresponding pixels will latch the pixel signal values and record the gain setting for which the value has been latched (3×, in this example). Next the VGA for the same row is set to a reduced gain value of 1.5× (according to the above example). Those row buffer elements that have not already latched a value and that now receive a non-saturated signal from their corresponding pixels will now latch the pixel signal values and record the gain setting at which the value was latched at (2×, in this example). Finally the VGA amplifiers for the same row are set to a gain value of 1× (for the present example). Those row buffer elements that have not already latched a value, latch the pixel signal values and record the gain setting at which the value has been latched (1× in this example).
At the end of this process, each element in the row buffer array has latched a value and has recorded the gain setting at which the value was latched. Also, each element in the row buffer has latched the highest gain setting achievable without saturation (except for those elements saturated at gain 1×). By sending the latched signal value and the gain setting at which the signal value was latched, a correct value of the pixel signal can be determined with high accuracy and low noise.
Alternative embodiments can, of course, increment rather than decrement amplifier gain AG or even randomly or otherwise scan or vary AG and cause the row buffer to latch the non-saturated gain value for each amplifier associated with pixels in a row.
The first and second aspects of the present invention preferably are combinable into an overall system. For example,
In the configuration of
Various embodiments of the present invention have been described in the context of enhancing performance of differential pixel detectors, commonly used in time-of-flight systems. However it is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be used in other applications that may involve differential detection signals that may have high amplitude, and whose signal path may require enhanced signal/noise characteristics. Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various described embodiments or portions thereof may be implemented using components other than the specific semiconductor switches, amplifiers, comparators, integrators, counters, etc. described herein.
Modifications and variations may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the subject and spirit of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Integrated sensor and processor for visual images
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|Methods for enhancing performance and data acquired from three-dimensional image systems
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|Noise reduction techniques suitable for three-dimensional information acquirable with CMOS-compatible image sensor ICS
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|Method and apparatus for exposure control for a sparsely sampled extended dynamic range image sensing device
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|Method and system to enhance differential dynamic range and signal/noise in CMOS range finding systems using differential sensors
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|Method and system to differentially enhance sensor dynamic range using enhanced common mode reset
|Citing Patent
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|Microsoft Corporation
|System architecture design for time-of-flight system having reduced differential pixel size, and time-of-flight systems so designed
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|Microsoft Corporation
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|Mar 3, 2015
|The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York
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|Jun 9, 2015
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|May 22, 2013
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|Aquifi, Inc
|Systems and methods for initializing motion tracking of human hands
|May 21, 2013
|Aug 4, 2015
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|Systems and methods for tracking human hands using parts based template matching
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|Systems and methods for tracking human hands using parts based template matching using corresponding pixels in bounded regions of a sequence of frames that are a specified distance interval from a reference camera
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|Method and system enabling natural user interface gestures with user wearable glasses
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|The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York
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|Method and system to create three-dimensional mapping in a two-dimensional game
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 26, 2010
Owner name: CANESTA, INC., CALIFORNIA
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My Nonprofit Reviews
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Review for Udayan Care, New Delhi, , India
Hello i'm Alex, and i lived in noida boys home. Really, i think that the experience was incredible, really fantastic. you will see another culture, all the bad things and the goods things, you will grow up like a person, and open your mind in another ways.
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Calvin Klein Performance Women's Icy Wash Tee - Sunburst
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Customer Reviews
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text:
GraphicRiver Blackwhite Party Flyer 3949066
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Blackwhite Party Flyer 3949066
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The club, the squad and the sports staff would like to thank its fans for the huge support given in last Sunday's victory against Clermont (13-9).
This success, players went for it thanks to a team solidarity on the field but also thanks to your great support all game long, throughout many cheerful songs.
Supporters, a big and special thank you to you all! We count on you for the rest of the season.
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Pixeljam Games Launch Dino Run SE for Mac, PC, and Linux
Pixeljam Games, a n independent games development team that creates retro styled arcade games, is pleased to announce the launch of the new version of their classic dinosaur themed racing game, Dino Run SE. The prehistoric arcade game includes an abundance of new features with its release, including new game modes, new levels, and enhanced gameplay.
Players are invited to enter a prehistoric world of pixels where they must race their dinosaurs to escape the inevitable doom wave of extinction. Control a speedy raptor across tar pits, crumbling hillsides and meteorite showers while gobbling up anything that gets in the way for energy. Collect bones and other easter eggs to unlock special features and collectibles to enhance and personalize your dino, including an assortment of colors and wearable hats exclusive to Dino Run SE. Like the original Dino Run, players can choose to race their dinosaurs on their own or to play online with up to three other players in a variety of new multiplayer levels. Now available for download on the Mac, PC, and Linux, Dino Run SE, players can experience a smoother and faster game experience outside of the browser and enjoy the pixelated glory of the game in fullscreen.
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THE full transcript of John Gazzola's speech to Parliament's Upper House, in which he called Russell Wortley a "parasite".
To read our report, click here
THE Hon. J.M. GAZZOLA (16:58): I also rise to support the motion, and thank Lewis O'Brien for his welcome. I also thank the Governor for his speech of 6 May on the opening of the parliament. Having read his speech, I too wish to note the passing of a former governor and seven former members of parliament.
I also note, from the Governor's speech, that the government will reform the existing WorkCover scheme so that it works effectively for both workers and employers and 'will also protect and enhance the wellbeing of the most seriously injured at work and will hold a clearer focus on recovery, retraining and return to work for those less seriously injured'. Changes to WorkCover will be subject to scrutiny and debate in this place in the not too distant future.
I also note in the Governor's speech that:
To govern effectively in a democracy it is vital that people are confident decisions are made for the right reasons.
We must therefore act to ensure that political donations are modest, transparent and offer no guarantee on influence of matters of public policy. My government will act so that any perception of impropriety is not hidden in the shadows and we will deal decisively with those who have sought to benefit personally from corrupt practices. To strengthen our democracy all political parties must act to ensure that their internal processes are transparent and democratic.
I note in a current survey of ALP members:
One of the main points to take out of the 2014 Vision for Australia Survey of Labor supporters is the importance of substantial engagement with supporters on the issues of policy and representation. Supporters frequently highlighted their desire to engage with Labor in terms of policy discussion, and choosing their elected representatives.
I also wish to acknowledge the contribution of former members of this place, the Hon. Ann Bressington, the Hon. Mr Sneath, and the Hon. Carmel Zollo. I wish to congratulate and welcome the Hon. Andrew McLachlan and the Hon. Tung Ngo on their election to this place. I also wish to congratulate the Hon. Mr Maher on his re-election to this place against all predictions that Labor would not hold a fourth spot. The Hon. Mr Maher came to this place because the then president, the Hon. Mr Sneath, retired, creating a casual vacancy. In his first speech in this place, the Hon. Mr Maher said about me, and I quote:
Firstly, I would like to congratulate you, Mr President, on your recent elevation to the role, replacing the Hon. Bob Sneath in the chair; you have big shoes to fill—literally, as I think his are about five sizes bigger than yours. But, having known you for many years, your fairness, good humour, and virtually unlimited patience will see you preside over this chamber with distinction and wisdom per se.
About six months prior to the election a very dejected Hon. Mr Maher had all but given up hope. Now the Hon. Mr Maher is a parliamentary secretary on his way to a ministry. As a member of the left faction, the Hon. Mr Maher will have to be quite creative in how and with whose support he becomes a minister. I reject the Hon. Rob Lucas' assertion that there has been a major falling out between the honourable member and me. The Hon. Mr Maher, is the future, and a member of new Labor, whereas I am old Labor which valued loyalty and collectivism.
Almost to the date I have been a member of the Legislative Council for just over 12 years. I have served on many parliamentary standing committees, select committees, acted as whip and, in October 2012, honourable members of the Legislative Council appointed me president. So, in just over 12 years, I started on the back bench as a part of a minority Labor government and now again I find myself on the back bench in a minority Labor government.
On 29 April this year, I decided to stand down as the president of the Legislative Council effective close of business 5 May. I did not wish to undermine the stability of the minority Jay Weatherill government. In standing down as president, I acknowledged the pressure that the member for Frome, minister Geoff Brock, was under following the election to form a minority government and I respect his decision to provide stability for South Australia. I also wish to acknowledge the member for Fisher, Dr Bob Such, for his kind words and support and understanding of the situation I was placed in. I, too, wish Dr Such all the best for the future and I look forward to his return to parliament.
I read in the media that to replace me as the president was part of a complex factional deal. I am still awaiting some explanation about why I had to stand down other than the right's dominant numbers within the party. Neither I, nor members of the left faction have had any explanation or consultation about this alleged complex factional deal. This is of some concern to members of the faction and many members of the ALP as they await to see the details of the deal with the right and how it may impact on MPs careers and possible future pre-selections.
In my situation there was no consultation, no discussion, no negotiation and no ham and pineapple pizza. I did enjoy my short time as the president and standing up for the independence and sovereignty of the Legislative Council. I am certainly humbled by the support from honourable members present and past of all sides of politics, both publicly and privately over the last six weeks.
I wish to seek leave to table a copy of my letter of resignation to the Clerk dated 5 May 2014. Leave granted.
The Hon. J.M. GAZZOLA: In that letter I thank the Clerk and her staff for their support and professionalism in the way that they assist members to maintain the dignity, integrity, protocols and practices of the Legislative Council.
I wish to contrast that against the actions and advice of the Clerk in the other place.
Much will be said over the next 12 months about the 15 March 2014 election. Indeed, there is a motion to form a select committee which will examine the conduct of the election. The opposition will make the claims of being robbed once again and suffering from a dirty tricks campaign.
I especially wish to pay tribute to the Hon. Steph Key, member for Ashford, and her campaign team and volunteers who defied all predictions and the odds on a stunning victory. My local member, the Hon. Paul Caica, member for Colton, ran an impressive and hard-fought campaign and won. Had it not been for these two—to state the obvious—we would not have formed a minority government.
I wish to thank the rank and file ALP members for their support and acknowledge the hard work in securing an election result that has defied all the predictions. I have been a member of the Labour Party for the last 28 years and I am excited to hear of the reform and modernisation of the party. I could not be a part of the reform if I maintained the president's position in the Legislative Council which would have led to my expulsion from the party.
Sir, normally I would congratulate you on becoming the President of the Legislative Council. Given the circumstances and by the mere fact that you became the President through a secret factional deal it is difficult for me to wish you well in your role. I have been asked by members to assist you and advise you in your new role. The only advice I will be offering you in public is that you stand up for the independence and sovereignty of the Legislative Council.
I also look forward to your response in this place to the Hon. David Ridgway's allegations, raised in his speech of 2011, and to assist you in your response I also ask that you research the speech made by the Hon. Angus Redford in July 1995 on your activities in your role as a union official where he stated:
In particular, I draw members' attention to the fact that Mr Dan Moriarty and Mr Russell Wortley, on every occasion that their duty to their own self interest and their duty to anybody else for whom they are expected and trusted to act conflicted, have erred on the side of self-interest.
Sir, I have known you for many years and whilst I may not completely agree with the Hon. Mr Redford's and the Hon. Ridgway's assertions, over time I have formed my own view that you are a parasite and an embarrassment to the Labor movement. The final advice, given your record as a minister, would be that you should resign as President of the Legislative Council.
Finally, let there be no doubt that the Jay Weatherill minority government is united in that the right's dominance over policy and positions and a substantially weakened, almost to the point of irrelevant progressive left, gives the right almost free rein over the government's agenda. I commend the motion to you.
Originally published as John Gazzola's full 'parasite' speech


text:
Year Established:1996-09-25
Business Type:Trading Company
Management Certifiation:
Operational Address:
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10+ Years of Successfully Maintaining a Large-Weight Loss has Taught Me: - POSTED ON: Jul 31, 2016
Reality - POSTED ON: Jul 28, 2016
Another Chance - POSTED ON: Jul 25, 2016
Summer Diet Progress - POSTED ON: Jul 24, 2016
The Truth Is: - POSTED ON: Jul 23, 2016
The Truth is:
The truth is that health is not an obligation, barometer of worthiness, entirely within our control, or guaranteed under any circumstance.
The truth is that we should all have the opportunity, but never any obligation, to participate …or not… in any diet and/or fitness activity, whenever we choose to do so.
The truth is that we don't have to make our self-confidence, our self-esteem, or our self-worth contingent on our health, what we choose to eat, our participation in fitness, or anything else.
The truth is that other people can talk and talk, but we don't have to pay attention or care what they say.
The truth is that I am the only person who can decide how I feel about myself and my body.
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Nov 11, 2017 DietHobby: A Digital Scrapbook. 2000+ Blogs and 500+ Videos in DietHobby reflect my personal experience in weight-loss and maintenance. One-size-doesn't-fit-all, and I address many ways-of-eating whenever they become interesting or applicable to me.
Oct 01, 2017 DietHobby is my Personal Blog Website. DietHobby sells nothing; posts no advertisements; accepts no contributions. It does not recommend or endorse any specific diets, ways-of-eating, lifestyles, supplements, foods, products, activities, or memberships.
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water quality sampling Events
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Related terms for "water quality sampling ": automatic water quality sampling events , in-situ water quality sampling events , water quality events , water quality sampling system events
PEFTEC is a focused international conference and exhibition for Analytical Chemists, Scientists, Process Operators, Laboratory Personnel and Environmental Managers who work in around the Petroleum, Refining, Chemical and Petrochemical industries. PEFTEC will take place on 29th & 30th of November 2017 in Antwerp, Belgium. ...
Correct design and long term maintenance of boreholes is critical to ensuring sustainable water supplies from groundwater. This course provides a detailed understanding of the principles and practice of borehole design and maintenance, including site selection, design, drilling, geophysical investigation, test pumping, and long-term maintenance. The focus is on water supply boreholes, although ...
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