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Although diffusion theory predicts that IMS resolving power increases with the square root of the voltage applied across the drift tube, in practice there exists an optimum voltage above which resolving power decreases. This optimum voltage was determined to be both compound and initial ion pulse width-dependent. A "conditional" resolving power equation is introduced that can be used to quickly approximate realistic resolving powers for specific instrumental operating parameters and compounds. Using four common environmental contaminants [trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methyl iso-butyl ketone (MIBK)], diffusion-limited (theoretical), Rd, conditional, Rc, and actual (or measured), Rm, IMS resolving powers were determined and compared for a small IMS instrument designed for subsurface measurements. Detection limits determined at the optimal resolving power for the environmental contaminants ranged from 18 parts per trillion volume-to-volume (pptv) to 80 parts per billion volume-to-volume (ppbv). The maximal measured resolving power for our small, ambient-pressure stand-alone IMS ranged from 42 to 54, yielding an IMS resolving power efficiency, defined as Rm/Rc × 100%, of 56 to 74% of the maximal conditional resolving power possible.
First introduced in 19701, stand-alone ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has grown to become an important analytical separation and detection technique.2–3 It has been routinely used for detecting and monitoring explosives,4–12 illicit drugs,13–19 chemical warfare agents,20–22 environmental contaminants,23–24 biological compounds,25 industrial chemicals for process control,26 volatile organics in space shuttle cabin air27 and toxins in workplace air.28
Stand-alone IMS has several advantages for field application over other analytical methods such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. Compared to chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, it is fast, sensitive and reproducible. At ambient pressure, gas phase ions are separated with resolving powers similar to that of chromatography in a few milliseconds. When normalized to standard temperature and pressure, arrival times can be converted to reduced ion mobility constants which are reproducible from day to day and instrument to instrument. These ion mobility constants are fundamental measurements based on the ion's diffusion coefficient. In addition, the response from ions in an IMS can be collected and recorded efficiently. Sensitivity and detection limits of an IMS are similar to those of a flame ionization detector in gas chromatography and are usually better than UV-Vis absorption detectors in liquid chromatography. When compared to a mass spectrometer, IMS is less expensive, mechanically more robust and easier to operate.
The ion separation capabilities of an IMS are quantified using resolving power. IMS resolving power has been defined as the drift time (td) of the ion divided by the temporal peak width-at-half-height (w0.5) of the ion mobility peak.29–31 This relationship is given by Eq. 1:
where Rm is the measured resolving power.
Although high resolution IMS has been reported in which resolving powers exceeded some chromatographic systems,32–33 resolving powers no greater than 30 have been reported20 for most commercial and field instruments. Despite the large number of commercial IMS systems in operation as analytical instruments, surprisingly, the literature cites few investigations supported by detailed experimental data that evaluated key instrumental parameters responsible for obtaining maximal resolving powers for IMS systems. One thorough study by Siems et al.30 considered not only diffusion but also gate pulse widths, voltages, and temperature in a gate pulse width-dominated regime. Here we build on that work and provide practical examples that demonstrate the conditional effects of gate pulse width and voltage used for achieving optimal resolving powers.
In investigating resolution for an IMS tube, Rokushika et al.31 used a single peak approach to calculate resolving power. Because the measured resolving power did not match the theoretical estimates in this study, the authors suggested that this discrepancy may have been due to the difficulty in achieving a smooth electric field throughout the drift region,31 an argument supported by Siems et al.'s work. Siems et al.30 also first suggested that contrary to what is expected from diffusion theory, an increase in voltage can lead to a decrease in resolving power.
The temporal peak width-at-half-height (w0.5) is a result of the initial ion gate pulse width, diffusion, coulombic repulsion, electric field homogeneity in the drift tube, effectiveness of the aperture grid and the response time of the amplifier. Because Rm is inversely proportional to w0.5, a smaller value for w0.5 will result in a higher resolving power of the IMS cell. Two expressions for w0.5 in an IMS have been reported.30,37 Spangler used the continuity equation39 that defines ion velocity and density in a one-dimensional steady flow with control volume conditions40 to develop an analytical expression for w0.5.29 His work considered the separation between the aperture grid and the ion collector, and the effect this separation has on w0.5. He reported two approaches for calculating w0.5; the difference in error function approach and the multiplicative factor approach that used the central moment of the IMS response. According to Spangler, the major factors contributing to w0.5 are the initial width of the gate pulse (Wg) applied to the ion gate and diffusional broadening that occurs in the ion pulse as it passes through the drift tube (Wdiff).29,41 Siems et al.30 fitted their expression for w0.5 with the temperature of the drift tube, the voltage of the drift tube, and parameters that adjust for the diffusion, gate pulse width and offset contributions (i.e., instrument response time, dynamic aspects of ion distributions around opening and closing gates). Several other investigations with either uniformly inlaid ceramic resistor IMS drift tubes or the stacked ring design IMS tubes resulted in different explanations, but all made reference to factors such as initial gate width, coulombic repulsion, diffusion, electric field homogeneity and space charge, etc. as the factors contributing to w0.5. 42–47
Siems et al.'s work addressed most of the potential band broadening mechanisms and provided a means to empirically evaluate them. By varying voltage and gate width simultaneously, they developed empirical values that correctly predicted the optimal conditions for operation of a drift tube. On a routine basis, however, it is impractical to conduct all of the experiments needed to optimize resolving power. A rapid method for estimating resolving power for an IMS instrument is needed.
The concept of "conditional resolving power" (Rc) is introduced as a means to estimate IMS resolving power and provide a practical approach for quickly evaluating the efficiency of an IMS drift tube. This work also demonstrates the relationship of Rc with voltage and initial gate pulse width.
The reduced mobility of an ion under normalized conditions of temperature and pressure is given as:48–49
where L (cm) is the length of an IMS drift tube, V is the voltage drop across L (V), td is the drift time of the ion mobility peak, T is the drift gas temperature (K) and P is the drift gas pressure (Torr) of the drift region where the ion's mobility, K0 (cm2 V−1 s−1) was determined. Thus, by measuring the drift time of an ion in an IMS and knowing the pressure, temperature, drift tube length and voltage across the drift region, reduced mobilities can be determined. If experimental conditions are carefully controlled and accurately known, reduced mobility values for a given ion can be reproduced on a variety of IMS instruments and under a variety of operating conditions.
As described above, the width-at-half-height of an IMS ion peak can be attributed primarily to two band broadening mechanisms: the initial ion gate pulse width broadening (Wg, [s]) and diffusional broadening (Wdiff [s]).29,30 If the initial width of the ion pulse is assumed to be Gaussian in shape, the final temporal peak width (w0.5, [s]) can be expressed as a function of both Wg and Wdiff:
The spatial standard deviation, σs (cm), due to diffusion can be related to the ion mobility drift time, td [s], through the Brownian diffusion coefficient, D (cm2 s−1):
D can also be related to the ion mobility constant via the Nernst-Einstein equation:
where k is Boltzmann's constant (J K−1 or C V K−1), T is the temperature (K) in the drift tube, K is the mobility (cm2 V−1 s−1) and q = e × z (C) is the ionic charge. Combining Equations 4 and 5 yields a relationship between the spatial standard deviation in terms of instrumental parameters of temperature (T), voltage across the ion drift region (V) and drift tube length (L, [cm]):
The spatial (σs) and temporal (σt, [s]) standard deviations are related as follows:
Combining Eqs. 6 and 7, and noting that the relationship between Wdiff and σt is given by Wdiff = (8ln2)1/2σt,30 the diffusion band broadening contribution can then be written as:
Combining Eqs. 3 and 8 gives an expression for band broadening in terms of the initial gate pulse and diffusion broadening:49
Combining Eqs. 9 and 1 provides an expression for resolving power which considers both the effects of the initial gate pulse width and diffusion:
If conditions are such that Wg td, then the resolving power reduces to a diffusion-limited resolving power, Rd, and
where q = e × z; e is the electronic charge and z is the charge on the ion.31
By rearranging Eq. 2 for td, and substituting into Eq. 10, a conditional resolving power, Rc, can be defined in terms of the instrumental parameters and reduced mobility constant of the ions measured:
While this conditional resolving power equation does not account for effects of coulombic repulsion, field homogeneity, or other instrumental effects, it does reflect the major contributions to band broadening, diffusion and initial ion pulse width and thus provides a rapid method for estimating the potential resolving power for a given ion under a specific set of operating conditions.
The separation efficiency of an IMS drift tube can be determined by measuring Rm and by using the instrumental parameters to calculate Rc. This efficiency can be defined as:
The small ambient pressure IMS used in this study was designed and fabricated at Boise State University in collaboration with Washington State University.23 The fundamental components of the instrument consisted of the following parts: a 15-mCi 63Ni radioactive foil; a reaction region; a Bradbury-Nielson ion gate; a counter flow ambient pressure drift region; an aperture grid; a faraday plate; and a data acquisition system. Table 1 summarizes the operating conditions used in this investigation.
Both the reaction and drift regions were constructed with metal electrodes and ceramic (Macor) insulators (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) in a stacked, interlocking design50 with terminating end caps for a total overall length of 113 mm. Each Macor insulator ring was machined to an O.D. of 38 mm, and a thickness of 5 mm. A counter-bore was machined into each face of an insulator to provide a pocket for the mating electrode. In the drift region, these Macor insulating rings had a constant I.D. of 22 mm whereas those of the reaction region varied from 11 mm to 22 mm forming a tapered transition region from the ion source to the ion gate entrance. The reaction and drift regions contained 5 and 12 rings, respectively. To generate a uniform electric field down the tube, the stainless steel guard rings were connected to each other through 1 MΩ high-temperature resistors (Caddock Electronics Inc., ±1%).
Carrier gas (that gas which "carried" the analyte to the ionization region) flowed into the IMS through the ionization region where the 63Ni radioactive foil was positioned. High-energy beta particles emitted from the 63Ni radioactive foil initiated the ionization process through collisions with ambient pressure gas. This process resulted in the formation of positive low-energy reactant ions. These low-energy reactant ions interacted with neutral analyte vapors to produce product ions.
At the interface between the reaction and drift region a Bradbury-Nielson ion gate was positioned and operated electronically to admit periodic pulses of ions into the drift tube. This design was constructed using parallel Alloy 46 (California Fine Wire Co., Grove Beach, CA) wires (75 μm in diameter) with 0.25 mm spacing as described previously.50 The gate was "closed" by applying ± 24 V to adjacent wires so that a ~ 441 V cm−1 closing field was placed orthogonal to the drift tube of the IMS. As positive or negative ions approach the gate, they were collected on the negative and positive wires, thereby preventing them from passing through the gate. When the gate was "opened" all gate wires were referenced to a single voltage appropriate to the gate's position in the drift electric field.
Under the influence of the applied electric field, ions in the drift region were directed towards a faraday plate collector electrode against a counter-flow of atmospheric pressure air drift gas at a flow rate of 200 mL min−1. An aperture grid, located just prior to the faraday plate, served to filter out electronic noise generated from opening and closing of the gate and to shield the effect of induced current on the faraday plate from the gas phase ions as they approached the plate.
The electronic components for the IMS system included a high-voltage power supply and software controlled gate drivers designed and constructed at Washington State University. Responses from the faraday detector were processed with a 109 V A−1 amplifier (Model 427, Keithley Instruments, Cleveland, OH). The resulting signal was sent to a personal computer (operating LabVIEW code developed at WSU) through a SHC68-68-EPM noise-rejecting, shielded cable (National Instruments, Austin, TX). The resulting text file data was then processed using Igor Pro 5.0.3 (WaveMetrics, Portland, OR).
Samples were introduced into the IMS using the exponential dilution approach, as described previously.23,51–52 In this investigation, the exponential dilution device was constructed from a 3.9-liter stainless steel metal canister with a height and width of 20 and 18 cm, respectively. The canister had two openings; one was used as the inlet, and the other as the outlet. The inlet was fitted with a ¼" stainless steel T-union (Swagelok, Tri-Cities Valve & Fitting Co., Richland, WA, USA). One end of the T-union was connected to the canister, the "T" end was used as the carrier gas inlet, and the third end of the union was sealed with a 10-mm Thermogreen™ septum (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) to create a gas-tight injection inlet. A one-way valve obtained from Swagelok at the canister outlet was used to move the exiting carrier gas into the IMS or the laboratory exhaust hood. Exponential dilution mixing at 50 °C was initiated by injecting 100 ppbv to 1 ppmv of the analyte studied into the canister via the injection inlet. Diluted analytes then flowed through the one-way valve into the IMS reaction region. The effluent mixing ratio declined exponentially and the concentration at each time step predicted as described in the next section. Figure 1 is a side view of the exponential diluter interfaced with the IMS.
Four compounds: trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methyl iso-butyl ketone (MIBK) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were employed to measure resolving powers. Sample introduction was achieved by injecting headspace gas aliquots for MTBE & MIBK and liquid aliquots for TCE & PCE into the exponential dilution canister using a gas syringe (Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company). Gate voltages were varied from 100 to 5,000 V in 100-V increments. Each voltage setting was evaluated with gate pulse widths of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μs. Five replicate IMS spectra were obtained at each voltage. The spectra used as replicates to calculate measured resolving powers were taken from successive runs of the same dilution, and it was assumed that the concentrations for all replicates were the same. For each of the four test compounds, Rm was measured and Rc calculated as a function of voltage and gate pulse width. The maximal resolving powers obtained at the optimum conditions were then compared. Detection limits, defined as the quantity of sample required to produce a response equal to three times the root-mean-square noise level, were determined at the conditions for optimum resolving power for each compound.
The decay of analyte concentration in an exponential dilution flask is given by:
where Ct was the concentration in units of parts per million volume-to-volume of the analyte remaining in the flask after time, t, Co is the initial concentration of sample in the flask, f is the carrier gas flow (10 mL min−1), and v is the volume of exponential dilution canister (3,900 mL). The procedures used for calculating concentrations have been described previously.23
Detection limits were determined from the spectra; Because these measurements were made near the detection limit a linear response was assumed to estimate the detection limits as follows:23
where R is the detector response (nano-ampere, nA), S is the sensitivity at the detection limit (nA ppmv−1 or nA ppbv−1), Ci is the mixing ratio (ppmv or ppbv) of A and B is the background current (nA). Given that the response of an unknown A (RA) is RA − B, and RA− B = SCi from Eq. 15, then at the detection limit where the detector response of A, is RA = 3σ, (σ is the root mean square of the noise above the background current), it follows that:
Rearranging Eq. 16 for mixing ratio yields:
where Ci(D) is the minimum detectable concentration, and S = RA/C where C is the mixing ratio of A at which the detection limit was determined.
Figure 2 shows typical ion mobility spectra obtained with this spectrometer. This investigation demonstrated the effect of gate width on mobility, resolving power and sensitivity. The drift voltage was held constant at 5,000 V and the gate pulse width was varied from 100 to 500 μs. Figures 2a & b show the ion mobility spectra obtained when MTBE and MIBK were introduced into the IMS, respectively.
In theory, mobility in IMS is not a function of the gate pulse width or voltage but is a function of the size, shape, and charge on the ion. The reduced mobility, Ko, is the ion's measured mobility adjusted for the operating temperature and pressure. In these studies the reduced mobility of MTBE was found to be 1.63 cm2s−1V−1 and 1.48 cm2s−1V−1 for MIBK. As expected, these mobilities did not change as a function of the gate pulse width.
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), however, did change as a function of the gate pulse width. As the ion gate pulse width was decreased, SNR also decreased. For the 500-μs gate pulse width, the SNR was about 92 for both the MTBE and the MIBK, but when the gate pulse width was reduced to 100 μs, the SNR was reduced to 55 for both compounds. This reduction in SNR was not proportional to the reduction in the gate width. When the gate pulse width was decreased by a factor of 5, the SNR was decreased only by a factor of 1.8. In fact, for the wider gate widths, there was little loss in SNR with gate width reduction. Reducing the gate width from 500 μs to 200 μs only decreased the SNR about 11% to 83 while, as we shall see, significantly increasing the resolving power.
With the wide gate pulse width of 500 μs, the measured resolving power, Rm, was relatively low, 9 for MTBE and 11 for MIBK. When the gate pulse width was decreased to 200 μs, the Rm doubled. A further decrease in the gate pulse width to 100 μs increased the Rm to 35. This enhancement in resolving power relative to a minor loss in the SNR implies that gates should be operated with as short gate pulse width for which the decrease in the SNR is not significant. Increasing the gate pulse width does not always equate to improving the SNR but it does reduce resolving power. In addition, it is interesting to note that when the gate pulse width was decreased by a factor of 5, the resolving power was only improved by a factor of 3, indicating that other peak broadening mechanisms besides the initial gate pulse width are important and are contributing to the overall peak width.
The diffusion-limited resolving power, Rd, calculated for 5000 V (Eq. 11) was 133, which is significantly higher than Rm at the same voltage. One reason for this discrepancy between Rm and Rd is that Rd assumes an infinitely small initial gate pulse width. However, the initial gate pulse width as well as the voltage affects the resolving power of an IMS. To more closely predict the resolving power that can be expected under a given set of IMS operating conditions, "conditional" resolving power values were calculated that not only considered voltage, but also the initial peak width of the ions and reduced ion mobility. The conditional IMS resolving powers, Rc, are shown in Figure 3 for a variety of operational voltages and gate pulse widths and compared to Rm for the reactant ion peak (RIP).
Figure 3a shows a plot of Rc versus voltage for the reactant ion peak. Initially, as the electrical potential across the drift region is increased, resolving power increases as predicted from the diffusion-limited equation. However, a maximal conditional resolving power is reached, and beyond this voltage, resolving power decreases with increasing voltage. For the RIP, the maximal resolving power occurred at 600V when the initial gate pulse width was 500 μs. As the gate pulse width was decreased, the voltage, at which the maximal resolving power occurred, increased. For example, the voltage at which the maximal resolving power for the RIP occurred was at 600, 700, 800, 1100, to 1,700V for gate pulse widths of 500, 400, 300, 200, and 100 μs, respectively.
In practice however, as shown in Figure 3b, true resolving power maxima were only observed for gate pulse widths of 100 and 200 μs. The measured resolving power at the maximum of 100 μs gate pulse width was 51 while the conditional resolving power was a little higher at 64. For the reactant ion peak (RIP), the efficiency of this IMS tube was 80%. Thus there is still some room for improvement even after the contribution of the initial gate width is considered; however the conditional resolving power matched the measured resolving power much closer than did the diffusion-limited resolving power to the measured value.
Similar results were obtained for product ions as shown in Figure 4. In this experiment, conditional resolving powers for product ions of MTBE at a K0 = 1.63 cm2V−1s−1 and MIBK at K0 = 1.48 cm2V−1s−1 were calculated for various initial gate pulse widths as a function of drift voltage. In all cases, conditional resolving power maxima, shown in Figures 4a and 4b, were observed and occurred at voltages that depended on the initial gate pulse width and the mobility of the ion investigated. For the product ions of MTBE and MIBK, conditional resolving powers ranged from a low of 11 at a gate width of 500 μs and a voltage of 5,000 V, to a high of 72 at a gate width of 100 μs and a voltage of 2,200 V. This result demonstrates the major point of this paper. For many IMS instruments developed for field applications, the practical operating conditions are such that the resolving power is inversely proportional to the drift voltage, rather than proportional to the square of the drift voltage as is predicted from diffusion theory.
Figures 4c and 4d show the measured resolving power values for the product ions of MTBE and MIBK. While they are lower than the calculated conditional values shown in Figures 4a and 4b, the trends with respect to gate pulse widths and drift voltage are similar. Narrower initial gate pulse widths and lower drift voltages provide higher resolving powers. In addition, as predicted by the conditional resolving power equation (Eq. 12), there was a unique drift voltage for each ion and gate pulse width which produced a resolving power maximum. For the RIP, the maximum was predicted to occur at 1,700 V, but the actual measured maximum occurred at 1,800 V. Maximal conditional resolving powers, however, for MIBK, and MTBE were predicted from Eq. 12 to be 2,200 V and 2,100 V, respectively, and also measured to be 2,200 and 2,100 V, respectively. Despite slight variations with the optimal voltage for the reactant ion peak, our results showed that the Rc can accurately predict the voltage at which one should operate an IMS for the highest resolving power.
It is important to note that for the measured values, resolving power maxima were noticeable only for the 100 μs and 200 μs initial gate width conditions. As the voltage is lowered and the drift time of the ion increases, diffusion broadens the ion peak and reduces the signal to noise ratio. Figure 5 shows a comparison of two mobility spectra of MIBK taken at drift voltages of 3,000 V and the resolving power optimal of 2,100 V. For the lower voltage, the peak width is significantly broadened and the SNR is reduced. Figure 6 shows a series of spectra for MIBK & MTBE at various voltages. The spectrum at the bottom of the graph for MIBK (6a) was taken with a drift voltage of 5,000 V. The subsequent stacked spectra were taken at decreasing voltage increments of 100 V to a minimum of 1,900 V, where the peak for the response ion disappeared into the background. A similar result is shown for MTBE (6b) where the response ion disappeared into the background at 1,700 V.
Thus, as with all analytical instruments, the selection of the best operating conditions is a compromise between sensitivity and resolving power. Figure 7 is a conditional resolving power plot similar to those in Figures 3 and and4,4, with the exceptions that this plots Rc as a function of the V0.5 for TCE and PCE. From this investigation the optimal resolving power was obtained at 1,200 V but the operating voltage chosen for field work was 3,100 V, due to the increased sensitivity of the signal at that voltage.
Nevertheless, detection limits at the optimal resolving power settings can be impressive. Figure 8 shows representative ion mobility spectra near the detection limit at the resolving power maxima for (a) MTBE and (b) MIBK. The first peak is the reactant ion peak and peak 1 in Figure 8a is 18 pptv of MTBE and peak 1 in Figure 8b is 24 pptv of MIBK. While these values were reproduced several times, they are estimates of the mixing ratio from the exponential dilution flask experiment. Table 2 provides a detailed summary of the results from our investigations, including calculated diffusion-limited resolving powers, Rd, calculated conditional resolving powers, Rc, and measured resolving powers, Rm.
These experiments were designed to demonstrate how conditional resolving power calculations can be used to optimize IMS instruments. Eq. 13 enables the estimation of the efficiency of the drift tube. Our calculated efficiency fell between 56–74% of the maximal conditional resolving power possible. Thus, Rc, as introduced in this paper, provides a way to rapidly predict where the optimal operating condition of an IMS will be and what it will be (or at least the best it can be). The efficiency is a measure of how well the instrument is constructed. In our case it was 74%, so there was still room for improvement. We suspect that the field homogeneity may be the reason why the efficiency did not equal 100%, but it may also be due to the construction of the detector or coulombic repulsion. Smaller instruments are more prone to additional band spreading mechanisms than larger instruments.
Small, field-deployable IMS instruments do not normally operate in the diffusion-limited mobility region but rather in the gate-controlled region. This means that for most instruments, resolving power can be improved (at the expense of sensitivity) by reducing the drift voltage. The most important IMS instrumental parameters for determining maximal resolving power are voltage and gate pulse width. There is a specific optimum voltage, gate pulse width and resolving power for each ion. Diffusion-limited resolving powers indicate the maximal resolving power possible that are not normally achievable under field conditions. Conditional resolving power predicts the maximal resolving power possible for a given set of instrument conditions, while the measured resolving power reports the actual resolving power of an ion mobility spectrometer. The ratio of the measured resolving power to the conditional resolving power provides a practical measure of the efficiency of an IMS tube. As the efficiency approaches 100%, peak broadening effects of field non-homogeneity, coulombic repulsion and detector response time are diminished. Given that IMS determines the collision cross-section of ions, one must also consider that peak broadening might also be due to the presence of structural isomers; this is particularly true when the resolving power is very high. The maximal measured resolving power of the small subsurface IMS used in this study ranged from 42–54, producing IMS resolving power efficiency that ranged from 56 to 74% of the maximal conditional resolving power. Detection limits determined at the maximal resolving power conditions ranged from 18 pptv to 80 ppbv for the soil-gas contaminants tested.
We gratefully acknowledge the support of EPA Awards X-97031101-0 and X-97031102-0. The authors also thank Kevin Ryan, formerly a research assistant at Boise State University, for his support in this investigation.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Ahmedabad, Nov. 4: IAS officer D.K. Rao must be ruing the day he gave shelter to Sushil Sharma, who has been found guilty of killing his wife and roasting her body in a tandoor.
But the tide had already turned for the blue-eyed boy of chief minister Narendra Modi long before additional sessions judge G.P. Thareja brought the gavel down on the murder case yesterday and also ordered his prosecution.
The 1980-batch Gujarat cadre officer, considered close to Modi till the other day, was recently removed from his post of managing director of the state tourism development corporation.
But controversies are not new to Rao, who was resident commissioner in Delhi in 1995 when Sharma took shelter in Gujarat Bhavan after killing his wife Naina Sahni.
If Raos brush with notoriety began in 1995, the succeeding years saw him lurch from one controversy to another. In 1996, he was suspended for alleged involvement in an embezzlement case in Visakhapatnam port trust. The probe is still on.
When Suresh Mehta became Gujarat chief minister, he reinstated Rao and appointed him deputy municipal commissioner of Surat. Not many were pleased. Although dynamic and efficient, many saw Rao as an officer who lacked honesty.
When Keshubhai Patel returned to power in 1998, Rao was transferred to an insignificant post as editor of the district gazetteer. After Modi dislodged Patel, Rao was back in favour. He was made managing director of the state handloom development corporation and then of the export corporation.
Sources said till recently, Modi thought highly of the daredevil officer. Rao was made in-charge of relief camps in minority-dominated areas of Ahmedabad. What impressed the chief minister most was Raos persuasive skills that he used to the hilt to make relief camp organisers wind them up so that the state government could claim that normality had been restored a pre-condition set by the Election Commission for holding Assembly polls.
A grateful Modi gave him additional charge of MD, tourism corporation. Rao, whose brief was to seek investment during the just-concluded Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors Summit, hogged the limelight as the most approachable officer.
His luck turned soon after. His immediate boss, D. Rajagopalan, principal secretary (industry), complained against Rao following serious differences. Sources said it was merely an ego clash, but chief secretary P.K. Lahari sided with Rajagopalan. Rao was stripped of not only the additional charge of tourism, but was also removed from the export corporation.
He was awaiting a new posting, when the courts order came. He now faces imminent suspension. A senior official in Modis office said appropriate action would be taken after studying the order.


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Have A Gay Day also works with local, national and international law enforcement to reach out to people before it's too late.
While Have A Gay Day volunteers have helped dozens of people, Knote often thinks about the one case where help didn't arrive in time. It happened in Queensland, Australia.
"There wasn't enough information on the person's profile to properly locate them. Most people don't know that we will track them, but we take suicide very seriously."
Knote stresses that Have A Gay Day is a labor of love and community, and he doesn't promote his site to make money for himself. There have been offers, though. He once turned down $20,000 to purchase the Have A Gay Day name and page.
"We sort of laugh about it now."
While there are T-shirts, bumper stickers and bracelets, the goods are either given away (stickers and bracelets) or the profits are donated to charities (T-shirt sales benefit the Los Angeles homeless). Donations are accepted, but Knote is reluctant to ask fans for money. They're often kids with no disposable income.
"It's all about giving back, taking every dollar and stretching it," he said.
Article continues below
He recently launched a phone line called Prism. It's not a suicide hotline or crisis line, but a resource for those who just want someone to talk to.
"The Trevor Project normally focuses on the crisis rather than people who just want to talk," he said. "Normally, they will limit their times for people who want to come out, or who are seeking resources. Sure, there's Google, but sometimes, people just want to talk to someone. I think we'll definitely change the shape of things."
"If you treat people like they matter because they DO matter," he said, "people will eventually notice."


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Mirror mesh and construction lines?
1 Attachment(s)
I have a model of a pool of water into which a high speed jet impinges at the centreline. I would like to make a symmetrical mesh left and right of the jet but I have found no way to do this. Is it possible to draw some kind of construction line at the centreline of this pool and mirror the mesh about this line? I have tried to model just half of this problem but I am then able to obtain results graphically for only half the pool and I need them for the whole pool.
I would also like to refine the mesh about the area into which the jet impinges but I have found no way of doing this other than to put a sphere of influence body sizing from a coordinate system created at the bottom edge of the pool. However, when I do this using an all quad mesh, the mesh outside of this area is bad and some triangles are created also.
I have attached a diagram showing contours of velocity using a triangular mesh with a sphere of influence sizing around the middle area. Although it looks fairly as it should, it is not completely correct when compared with experimental results, hence my wish to change the mesh.
Any help would be much appreciated, thanks.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 09:07.


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View Job
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WAYBEST FOODSLocation: South Windsor, CT 06074 Document ID: AB271-9HG6
Ad Number: 122064 Published on: 2017-07-1107/11/2017 Job Type: Regular
Job Schedule:Full-time
Published in: The Journal Inquirer
WAREHOUSE WORKER: All shifts.As seen in The Journal Inquirer
WAREHOUSE WORKER: All shifts. Heavy lifting. Apply at: Waybest 1510 Rt 5 S Windsor


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CSC369: Operating System. Tutorial 8 March 9, 2012 TA: Europa Shang. Assignment 3. Implement paging by writing the following functions: lpage\_fault : handles a page fault lpage\_evit : evicts an logical page from physical memory page\_replace : implements the page replacement policy
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Tutorial 8
March 9, 2012
TA: Europa Shang
structcoremap_entry {
structlpage *cm_lpage;
int cm_tlbix:7;
unsigned cm_cpunum:5;
unsigned cm_kernel:1,
unsigned cm_pinned:1;


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Accessibility Links
This fund cannot be shown as it has less than one year of performance data.
Important documents Before investing please ensure that you have read the Fidelity Key Features Document (incorporating the Fidelity Client Terms) and the fund information documents. These can be found by clicking on the 'Important documents' link.
|Investment House
|Baillie Gifford
|Fund Provider
|Baillie Gifford & Co Limited.
|Gerard Callahan Biography
Fund Objective The objective is to produce returns, after management fees, mainly through capital growth, in excess of the total return on the FTSE All-Share Index (or any successor or substitute index) over the long term. The Sub-fund will invest principally in equities of UK companies which are listed in the FTSE All-Share Index, or any successor or substitute index. The Sub-fund may invest in UK companies of all sizes and will invest in a concentrated portfolio, typically comprised of between 30 and 40 holdings. The Sub-fund may also invest in equities of UK companies not listed in the FTSE All-Share Index, cash, and near cash. UK companies are companies of all sizes and in any economic sector that may be listed, quoted or traded in the UK or elsewhere but which are incorporated, domiciled or conduct a significant portion of their business in the UK. Up to 10% in value of the Sub-fund may be invested in collective investment schemes, including those managed or operated by the ACD, and/or deposits.
|Fund Status
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|Twice Yearly
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Tutorial: Create realistic lens flares
Put a fresh spin on this much used (and abused) Photoshop lens flare effect.
Graphic and web designer Fabio Sasso is best known for his Photoshop artworks and tutorials. He is also co-founder of Zee, a web-design studio and runs a hugely successful digital arts and creativity blog, Abduzeedo.
Put a fresh spin on this much used (and abused) Photoshop lens flare effect.
If you thought mosaics were another boring Photoshop cliché, think again – and learn how to create incredible new spin on an old style.
Fabio Sasso reveals how to give photos the light-leak look of flawed vintage 1960s colour snaps in Photoshop.
Create a frosted, ice-cold effect that's perfect for seasonal projects.
Dive down the rabbit hole to create Alice in Wonderland poster art.
Create amazing long-exposure photography effects from humdrum images with these clever tricks.
Fake an image of a burning man in Photoshop with these flaming brilliant techniques from Fabio Sasso.
Use Fabio Sasso's tips to perfect your Photoshop texturing skills and create this image of an abandoned princess.
Channel the decade of kitsch for amazing typographic effects.
Fabio Sasso shows you how you can put a stylish spin on one of Photoshop's most hackneyed effects, Color Halftones
Fabio Sasso shows how to give a soft edge to photomontages using adjustments, adjustment layers, blurs and masks.
Combine photos of a model and a metal skull – and add glowing red eyes – to create a class, frightening sci-fi artwork.
Lighting effects are often used cheesily, but here Fabio Sasso turns the spotlight on techniques to achieve an original look
Create a frosted, ice-cold effect that's straight out of a vodka ad.
The iconic vintage American poster is one of the most emulated designs of all time. Fabio Sasso shows how it's done
Fabio Sasso injects some class into a frightening sci-fi image


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When: Fri., Jan. 10, 6 p.m., Fri., Jan. 17, 6 p.m., Sat., Jan. 18, 3:30 p.m., Sun., Jan. 19, 3:30 p.m. and Sat., Jan. 25, 3:30 p.m. 2014
Now in its 18th year, the annual Tri-C High School Rock Off pits high school bands against each other for prizes that, in the past, have included recording studio time and the chance to open for a national act. Last year, bands from as far as Erie, Pa., came in to compete. The event kicks off tonight at 6 at House of Blues; several preliminary rounds follow. The top three acts from tonight will make it to the Final Exam, which takes place at House of Blues on Feb. 1. A panel of judges rates the bands at each concert. (Niesel)
Price: $10


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Scotland, the first people to use Goodiff as a surname were the Strathclyde- Britons. It was a name someone who lived in Edinburghshire, where the family was found since the early Middle Ages. Goodiff is an ancient Scottish name that evolved from the Goldie, which derives from the Old English personal name Gold.
Goodiff Early Origins
Edinburghshire, a former county, now part of the Midlothian council area where they held a family seat from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066 A.D.
Goodiff Spelling Variations
Goodiff Spelling Variations
Before the printing press standardized spelling in the last few hundred years, no general rules existed in the English language. Spelling variations in Scottish names from the Middle Ages are common even within a single document. Goodiff has been spelled Goudie, Gouday, Goudey, Goudy, Gowdy, Gowdie, Gadie, Goodie, Gady and many more.
Goodiff Early History
Goodiff Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Goodiff research. Another 251 words (18 lines of text) covering the years 1643, 1567, 1783, 1847, 1576 and 1689 are included under the topic Early Goodiff History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Goodiff Early Notables (pre 1700)
Goodiff Early Notables (pre 1700)
Another 33 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Goodiff Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Goodiff In Ireland
Goodiff In Ireland
Some of the Goodiff family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 53 words (4 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
For Scottish immigrants, the great expense of travel to North America did not seem such a problem in those unstable times. Acres of land awaited them and many got the chance to fight for their freedom in the American War of Independence. These Scots and their ancestors went on to play important roles in the forging of the great nations of the United States and Canada. Among them: Thomas Gowdy, who was on record at Long Cane in Abbeyville, South Carolina in 1756; James Gaddy, who came to Canada in 1791; Alexander Goudey who settled in New England in 1792.
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Honestas
Motto Translation: Honesty.
Goodiff Family Crest Products
Goodiff Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Goodiff Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Goodiff Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 25 March 2014 at 10:05.
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1.new-product development. What is new product?Major stages in new product development. What is new product?. Original productsProduct improvementsProduct modificationsNew brands that the firm develops through its own research and development efforts. Major stages in new product development. Ide
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The New England Patriots (13-2) moved to a normal triumph over the Jets in Week 16, and they are one stage nearer to securing home-field advantage in the AFC playoffs.
In any case, despite everything they have more work to do in light of the fact that the Oakland Raiders (12-3) won their Week 16 home amusement against the Indianapolis Colts. In any case, the Raiders endured a major blow when quarterback Derek Carr endured a softened fibula up that diversion.
The Pats can secure that No. 1 seed on the off chance that they beat the Miami Dolphins (10-5) out and about in Week 17. The Dolphins outlived the Buffalo Bills in Week 16, adequately disposing of Buffalo from playoff thought.
On the off chance that the Pats fall in the season finale in Miami, as they did a year back, they will lose the No. 1 seed to the Raiders on the off chance that they win their season finale out and about against the Denver Broncos (8-6).
While the Raiders secured their playoff detect a week prior, despite everything they have not dealt with the AFC West. In the event that the Broncos beat the Kansas City Chiefs (10-4) Sunday night, the Raiders will possess that title.
In any case, if the Chiefs win that diversion and their season finale against the San Diego Chargers while the Raiders lose at Denver in their last amusement, the Chiefs will win the division title.
The misfortune to the Raiders wiped out the Colts from playoff thought.
The Houston Texans (9-6) vanquished the Cincinnati Bengals 12-10 Saturday night, and that triumph gave them the AFC South title.
The Texans got a break Saturday evening when the Tennessee Titans (8-7) lost to the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Titans lost quarterback Marcus Mariota to a softened leg up that amusement, and they would have required Cincinnati to beat Houston to have stayed alive in the division race. That shot vanished when Cincinnati placekicker Randy Bullock sent his endeavor at an amusement winning field objective wide appropriate on the diversion's last play.
In the NFC, the Atlanta Falcons (10-5) secured the NFC South division when they vanquished the Carolina Panthers Saturday evening and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (8-7) lost to the New Orleans Saints. The triumph gave the Falcons a two-diversion lead in the division with one amusement to play.
The Dallas Cowboys (12-2) secured the NFC East and the No. 1 seed in the NFC when the New York Giants (10-5) lost to the Philadelphia Eagles Thursday night. Be that as it may, the Giants secured a playoff spot as a consequence of Tampa Bay's misfortune.
The No. 2 seed in the NFC has still in question. The Falcons moved into that position as a consequence of their win over the Panthers and the Seattle Seahawks' (9-5-1) misfortune to the Arizona Cardinals. Atlanta will secure that position and gain a bye in the first round of the playoffs on the off chance that they can beat the Saints in the season finale.
The Cowboys are in addition to 135 top picks to win the NFC, as per OddsShark. The Seahawks are in addition to 225, the Green Bay Packers are in addition to 700, the Falcons are in addition to 800, the Detroit Lions are in addition to 1,200 and the New York Giants are in addition to 1,200.


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Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by RoboMonkey, Jul 22, 2010.
And my battery is at 31% with Lite use.
Moderate Use the other day:
Dang, that's nice you guys! How are you guys managing to pull so much juice out of the Evo? I try to kill the "unwanted" apps through "Advance Task Killer" and between my GTalk and GMail, I have to recharge my phone twice a day!
Any suggestion / recommendation on improving on the battery life would be appreciated
I don't do anything special (I think).
I only have 1 screen out of the 7 with anything on it.
I keep my brightness level just under 50% and I use Wifi whenever possible. No auto task killers or start up killers. I'm also running the old software same as the day I got it from July 5th (plus or minus a few days).
That's it.
Grrrr I'll be there tomorrow.
Stay within range of a known wifi source and leave your wifi active.
I can unplug Saturday morning and not have to plug in until I go to bed on Sunday night if I stay around my house all weekend.
I download apps, talk on the phone(granted I don't phone much) send/receive texts(20-30 per day), play games, still have gmail pushed to the phone and check my house email about every 4 hours. I also check Facebook, take photos browse the web, etc.. and still get 40+ hours if I have all the data going over wifi instead of cell network.
Nice, however i think i have you beat. ON lite usage right now, PUSH Outlook 2007 , Twitter for Sense and only GPS and 3G enabled, i get anywhere from 58 hrs on the minimum to 81 hrs. And in moderate use, i average between 40 and 48hrs.
Nice tho, but yeah I can beat you LOLz , just kidding, nice job tho.
I have way too much going on in my life to manage those hours. Do you guys, like ......ever use your phone? I get on average at least 100 texts a day as well as read rss feeds, browse the internet and more. How can you just let your phone sit there and idle all day?
i wonder the same thing as feeza lol, when i sit in in class for 5 hours i dont think i have ever had my phone off, and i get about 7 hours of the phone being on constanly surfing the web and text. i also use juice defender which is kinda dumb because the phone is never off! lol. but i would think i can pull some crazy idle numbers with backround data off and juice defender workin
I have a computer at work and I don't work for a Nazi company who locks down the web that and the fact that I'm old and my friends don't text.
Wait the carrier pigeon is here...brb
sorry, but this means nothing....6% android use means that you barely used it. maybe sent a couple text. no real voice calls or voice calls would be on the list. and probably no internet browsing or it would be much higher than 6. still, if all you want to show off is standby time when you don't really use your phone at all, i guess thats good
I wonder the same thing!!! There is no way i can just let this idle all day. Impossible
Nicely put...


text: Hi all brand new member here with a few questions. I love to to record acoustic guitars into my DAW (Digital Audio Workstation) and computers being computers naturally are quite noisy hence I have to sit at fair bit distance. I have seen an app for the Iphone by Steinberg can found here. Cubase iC:|http://www.steinberg.net/ which is able to remotely control cubase and naturally being a cubase user would love to have it on Android but am yet to see anything even close. Question I have is are you developers able to come up with something that can control both Cubase and Propellerheads' Reason/Record remotely? Another question I is, how do I become a developer? Any literature, websites, books that you all can suggest to start with? Cheers.


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first edition
1992 · New York
by KELLY, Ellsworth and John Ashbery
New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 1992. First edition. Softcover. Exhibition catalog for a show that ran October 14 through November 28, 1992. Printed in an edition of 2000 copies. Essay by John Ashbery. Includes 28 illustrations. A clean very near fine copy in wrappers. An austere and attractive production. Despite the size of the print run seemingly a fairly uncommon catalog. (Inventory #: 146134)


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Buy Complete Document: Abstract Full Text
A reflection of their love
[Daily Edition]
Jerusalem Post - Jerusalem
Abstract (Document Summary)
Being well-loved and recognized should no longer surprise the songstress, who still boasts a massive fan base in Israel and one of the longest-running careers in the industry. But for those in D.C. who didn't know her quite as well, [Rita] opened up about her her childhood, her family, and her heritage. But it wasn't only in her soliloquies that she expressed her personal side. Each song was an exercise in personal expression. In her cover of the Police hit "Roxanne," she made the song as her own. Accented with red lights and a violin, her delivery seemed more clearly articulated and more on the mark emotionally than the original.
"Roxanne" wasn't the only unconventional selection spliced among her big hits, such as "Tiftah Halon" and "Bo."
Rita's family came to Israel when she was eight, and she told the audience how her parents enticed her from Iran with promises of banana trees in every yard. But when she came to her new home in Ramat Hasharon, there were no banana trees. Instead, she found kids at school who teased her because of her accent. When she was older and successful and was about to perform "Yerushalayim Shel Zahav" before a group of world leaders, she recalled that eight-year-old child. She didn't get that banana tree, she thought, but looking at the crowd surrounding her, she realized she had much to be grateful for.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission.
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text:
In its latest mobile HD voice market report, the Global mobile Suppliers Association (www.gsacom.com) now counts 15 "commercial" HD voice networks in 14 countries. The report characterizes momentum for introducing HD voice as "growing."
The first report released in mid-November cited 10 commercial HD voice networks operational in 9 countries. New countries listed in the February 2, 2011 "rev1" report include Canada, Croatia, Luxembourg, Hong Kong, and Italy. Orange Luxembourg and CSL Limited of Hong Kong (www.hkcsl.com) are listed as December turn-ups while Wind Mobile and TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile) came up in January and February, respectively.
In addition, there's some additional food for thought in the "red" list of five (5) mobile operators who are either planning to launch or are trialing mobile HD voice service. Telstra, Orange Dominican Republic and Orange Switzerland are listed as "service launch target 2011."
Orange Switzerland has been trialing HD voice for a while and parent FT had let slip that the Dominican Republic was on the "to do" list, so no big surprises there.
Telstra, the incumbent phone carrier in Australia, has been running a business hosted HD voice service for a while and is also said to be running HD voice internally with a "lot" of Polycom phones and devices. Still, the addition of mobile HD voice service is a welcome announcement.
For 3 in the UK, "HD voice will be activated in the network during 1H 2011." Since 3 started doing demos for HD to the UK press back over a year ago – end of January 2010 – shortly after Orange said it was going to turn up mobile HD in the UK, the timing begs the question as to why 3 has taken so long to put out a date – and one rather vague, at that. Maybe Orange is starting to inflict some pain with its UK service.
TMN, a division of Portugal Telecom offering mobile service within the nation, is reportedly "trialing" the service. Parent Portugal Telecom also has operations in Brazil, China, and various countries in and around Africa.


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Tried-and-True vs. New?
I'm curious to know if most vegwebbers on a regular basis eat tried-and-true recipes (old favorites, I guess you'd say) most of the time, new recipes most of the time, or a balanced mix. For a while there I felt like everything I was cooking was new, but I cannot keep up the pace. :P
However, my tried-and-true recipes are so plain (sweet potato with EB, pasta with marinara, etc.) that I get tired of them. How do you balance your meals without spending all your time in the kitchen--or is that what you like to do? When I'm cooking new things a lot, I feel like I spend all weekend in the kitchen. I think my DH is getting tired of my being in the kitchen all the time even though he likes to cook, too. Part of my problem is that I'm cooking more fresh stuff--not using processed or packaged food nearly as much as I used to. I like doing that but it does contribute to my "problem."
Be the first to add a comment.


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They gathered at center ice for a picture, the seven medalists from the Olympic Games in Vancouver. There they were ... the captain, Scott Niedermayer, along with Ryan Getzlaf and Corey Perry, in their red jerseys, their gold medals dangling around their necks.
The three of them not only have those medals now, but Stanley Cup rings as well.
"It's special," Perry said. "Not too many guys can say that. I'm only 24. Hopefully there's more to come."
The American kids were there too: Ryan Whitney and Bobby Ryan, who reluctantly surrendered his baseball cap, but matched his silver medal with shorts and flip-flops.
And, of course, Finland's bronze medalists, Saku Koivu and Teemu Selanne, who suggested he and his teammates play a little game of street hockey "for the gold medals."
Everyone laughed, and afterward all the Olympians spoke about the importance of trying to maintain the level of intensity on display in virtually every game in Vancouver for the 20-game stretch run facing the Ducks, who are on the outside looking in for the playoffs. The Ducks are in 11th place in the Western Conference with 67 points, only three behind eighth-place Detroit.
"Obviously, we want to make sure that we're going to be ready right away," Selanne said. "Emotionally, it was a big tournament for so many guys and we just have to make sure that tomorrow we're going to be ready and have a good start. That's really key."
Said Ryan: "We've got some work to do and that's not lost on any of the guys that won a medal. We had Anaheim on our thoughts the entire time. We've got 20 games to work on gaining some ground, but I think we'll be OK."
Getzlaf said it's a matter of the Ducks keeping their level of play high.
"We got to stay on that high and keep playing the same hockey we were playing," he said. "We're going down a stretch run where we have to start playing playoff hockey right now and get ourselves in a playoff spot."
Niedermayer also says he understands how important it is for the intensity of the Olympics to carry over.
"There are some adjustments that need to be made, but hopefully we can carry over the energy and excitement and intensity right into this playoff run that we have right now and try and use it to our advantage," he said.
Perry said it's up to the Olympians to set that sort of example for the other players.
"If you can keep up that intensity and compete level," Perry said, "it's just going to help everyone here that weren't part of the Games and everyone will play that much stronger and harder. Hopefully, we can do that."
Ducks coach Randy Carlyle says he expects the energy and intensity of his Olympians will be infectious.
"You would like them to continue the momentum and the level of play that they played to up there, back with us," he said. "That's what we've asked them to do -- every one of them. That's what our expectations are. And we expect them to do what they do best -- they're hockey players. Come back and play hockey."
Carlyle and every one of his players know what's at stake.
"We have an opportunity in these next 20 games to put ourselves in a position to qualify for the playoffs," he said. "There's a bunch of teams trying to do the same thing, but the one thing we have done is given ourselves a chance in the last six weeks or so to knock on the door. But it's no easy task, just because of the number of teams that are doing the same thing. And the teams that we are going to be playing against are teams that are above us or who are competing as we are to get in."
Meanwhile, with the trade deadline arriving at noon PT Wednesday, general manager Bob Murray echoed the sentiments his Kings counterpart Dean Lombardi expressed Monday.
"I don't get a feeling for any hockey deals," Murray said. "I'm always willing to talk about those, but I'm not hearing any right now. I don't get the sense that anybody else is talking about a hockey deal, which would be a blockbuster. I don't hear any names of that nature so far."
Murray, though, acknowledged that the suggestion that it will be quiet on the trade front Wednesday is not unusual.
"We say that every year," he said laughing. "I'm aware of some things that he [Lombardi] is trying to do. We all have places we want to upgrade on our team and with a cap system you're always going to have challenges because a cap system is never perfect."
And Murray is happy with the group he has, if nothing more happens Wednesday.
"Oh sure," he said. "This team has played well. We put ourselves in an awful position early in the year and we managed to crawl out of that position. I like the players in the room. I'm not going to be disappointed if I don't do anything."
But one thing Murray says he won't be doing is listening to any offers involving Niedermayer, whose name has surfaced as someone who could be leaving the team before the deadline.
"That's because you guys keep bringing up that name," Murray said. "I never bring up that name. This is a broken record: Scott Niedermayer is going nowhere. That's the last time I'll answer that question."
And that, friends, was the end of the meeting.
Tom Murray covers hockey for ESPNLosAngeles.com.


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By Les Carpenter
Monday, November 20, 2006
TAMPA You would think this decision was simple.
The Redskins have in their employ a running back who has proved in his career to be fearsome near the end zone, who has a reputation of being so strong that the first attempt at a tackle will usually not hold him. This running back did not come to them cheaply, probably costing them a third-round pick in next year's draft and a fourth-round pick in 2008.
But even worse is that this running back with bulldozing shoulders and a steep price barely plays. Most weeks he sits unused.
This happens not because he has blown assignments, missed meetings, broken rules or committed any of the other infractions that lock a player of T.J. Duckett's talent to the bottom of the depth chart.
Rather, the Redskins simply decided after trading for him that they didn't need him. They had acquired him as a late-summer emergency replacement for Clinton Portis. And even when Portis went down, there was always Ladell Betts and Mike Sellers.
Which meant T.J. Duckett just didn't fit.
In a year in which the Redskins' offseason moves are constantly drawing scrutiny, the trade for Duckett might be the most perplexing.
Why on earth did they get him if he wasn't going to play?
Sunday he got into a game for only the fourth time this season. He didn't start because the game plan was drawn up for someone else, but when he happened to get on the field he did what he has constantly done this season on the rare occasions he has carried the ball.
He gained yards. A significant amount of yards. This time 26 on five carries, which averages out to 5.2 yards every time he carried the ball.
Duckett has averaged 5.5 yards a carry this season. This is not a fluke. Three times in his five-year career he has averaged at least four yards a rush. But now he barely plays.
When Duckett arrived there were whispers he would not like the move, that he sees himself as a starting running back. He is a former first-round draft pick, and he was looking forward to a big year in Atlanta with free agency looming. Instead he has been graceful in his perplexing situation. Given opportunities to gripe, he has smiled. Afforded many occasions to sulk, he has instead cheered his teammates, offering backslaps and praise.
Then he sits.
But things are falling apart around the Redskins, and fast. It began with the benching of quarterback Mark Brunell and the subsequent placement of Portis on injured reserve. Betts started Sunday's game but did nothing with the opportunity, rushing for 18 yards and losing a fumble in the fourth quarter that set up a Buccaneers touchdown.
Betts later said the ball had been jarred from his arms by the helmet of Tampa Bay's Jermaine Phillips.
"I was just trying to make a play and his helmet hit the ball," Betts said.
Maybe at another time Betts's day would have been brushed off as a rough afternoon against an aggressive defense. But this is the year the Super Bowl dreams blew up on the Redskins and somehow this team's inability to run the ball Sunday did something to the normally genteel, eternally sunny Joe Gibbs, who delivered what amounted to a crisis of confidence speech after the game.
"I think we have certain principles that we know that we win by and when we abide by those we're going to win football games," he said.
Then he added: "Right now we're not getting that done. We have certain principles. We have to run, we have to stop the run."
Gibbs should make the change to Duckett this week. He has no choice. He spent an important pick in next year's draft on a player who has faithfully stood on his sideline for much of the season, thriving in the few opportunities he has had to actually run free. If it was stupid to trade for him and then sit him for half the season, it's even dumber to not use him now.
Late Sunday afternoon, as his teammates filed out of the Raymond James Stadium locker room, Duckett gave a gentle smile and said all the right things just as he has for what must be the most frustrating season of his career.
"If I'm sitting around crying that's not going to turn a two-yard run into an eight-yard run," he said.
But in a few weeks he will be a free agent and a running back at that. And running backs have such short careers with the beatings they take and he had value as a niche back who could pound the ball into the end zone. How much of that value has been ruined in a season in which he has only carried the ball 12 times?
Duckett shook his head. He cannot worry about that, he said.
"It's a no-win situation," he replied.
So he doesn't fight it. In the end this might make him more valuable. If a player in today's NFL can be dealt away in a trade he has no control over, go to that next team and never play yet smile and promise to be there for his teammates, he could well be worth a gold mine in free agency.
Of course, the Redskins, overspent and left with few tools with which to rebuild, will probably have to let him go this winter.
And he can thrive elsewhere as a symbol of yet another decision gone bad in this year of blunders.
View all comments that have been posted about this article.


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His Ever Changing Face
- At March 24, 2014
- By Lotus Carroll
- In Life, Parenting, Portrait
- 0
Every day he looks a little different. He grins up at me now with this lopsided, crazy toothed smile. Him, squinting into the sun and my lens and blowing my heart with his innocence and love.
Every day he is a little bigger, some tiny bit older, somehow new in his growing-boy-changeling ways.
He is what all children are – a person becoming something amazing in deceptively tiny steps that are really so, so big on their insides.
They feel big to me, and as they go by, I feel a weight turn and shift inside me. It is both a feeling of joy and sorrow, the disparity between which is one of life's greatest gifts to experience.
Change on, my love.


text: Yesterday was Thursday, Thursday, Today i-is Friday, Friday! We-we-we so excited, We so excited We gonna see Xur today.... (sorry) Yes its Friday again already which means the hooded trader is back once again to rinse you of your hard earned Strange coins and Motes of light, in exchange for Exotic Armour that won't be the same class as your Guardian and some Exotic Weapons. This weekend Xûr is located in the Tower Hanger, downstairs in the bar area. He'll be in the Tower until 9 AM GMT on Sunday (2/15). Xurs Goodies: Ice Breaker Any Any [17] Strange coins Helm of Inmost Light Titan [13] Strange coins Crest of Alpha Lupi Hunter [13] Strange coins Light Beyond Nemesis Warlock [13] Strange coins


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Is the dentist supplying you with the best services you need? Are you really really having trouble determining who to grant the responsibility of keeping you well informed about your teeth? Are your teeth in the best care they can possibly be in? All these are the vital questions every patient should consider when seeking help concerning dental care. Having an unqualified dentist could function as the dissimilarity between collection of perfectly healthy teeth along with a dental calamity. Here are a few tips that can serve as a guide for locating the best dentist for you, your family, along with your nearest and dearest.
1.) The word around town First thing you should do when searching for a dentist will be to ask around. In case you believe performing a little research on the individual who'll cause you personally as well as your household 's dental care is too 'stalk-ish', then perhaps you have to educate yourself on how important your teeth are to you. Don't hesitate to ask around about dentists you might have found or learned about. Many life scenarios have demonstrated that great details about other people could be collected from others that have also gone through precisely the same.
2.) Do your homework Nowadays, you are able to find plenty of the advice that you need right out of your desk in the home. The Internet is a great place to begin whenever you have a couple of names in your mind. Figure out as much as you can about the backdrops of the dentist you are planning to take up. As stylish as a dentist educational history could be, simply take care to also assess how much experience-your future dentist has has received. Official tips from some other institutes and perhaps even other dentists can help you decide if the dentist is best for you along with your household.
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6.) When problems comes Envision a scenario, maybe very early in the early hours, when you'll need a crisis visit to your own dentist, will your dentist be accessible? The availability of your dentist is, in addition, an factor that deserves sharp focus and methodical consideration. How far can be your dentist? What are the open hours? Depending on your own needs, these questions could possibly be the deciding factors for your own new family dentist. In case your dentist is more than a 30-minute drive away, then it's time to think about whether the drive will probably be worth it. On still another notice, make certain the working hrs of the dentist are appropriate for your family's demands. The decisions you make now centered on these questions will conserve you a great deal of trouble and pain later on.
7.)There's a fit-for everyone The most crucial consideration to consider when finding the right dentist is that there's no ideal dentist. The right dentist for you along with your fam only depends on you, your needs, along with your conditions. You have to weigh all of the facets that have been treated previously and find the right equilibrium. May very well not be capable of manage the priciest dentist, but you may not need to. Many dentists are qualified enough to do a great job of taking care of your own family's dental health health. Your first-priority ought to be making sure you are well educated about your wellbeing and maintain a healthy communicative relationship with your dentist. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5618460


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The entire economy has been speeding up so fast! We wondered! What could we do to deal with fast changing markets, laws and rules, technologies, workforce and customers? There were challenges to resolve: The organization's missions, purpose, priorities and desired results were not achieved. Critical skills and capabilities (talent, speed, leadership, innovation, service, efficiency, collaboration, learning, accountability, culture) needed across the organization were not properly identified. The organizational performance management, talent and business strategy were outdated. Compliance and worker safety, operational critical issues-quality control, litigation avoidance, workplace quality were not monitored. Trade unions and labor administrations were not well managed to drive to where the business was going. Lots of companies neither made money nor provide value to customers. Even though they made money, they were neither valued nor ranked by both analysts and investors in the public marketplace. Some employees didn't understand their job expectations. Though they understood it some managers didn't comply with the most present needs of the business leaders to align the workforce with business goals and help drive where the business was going.
Willing to realize and achieve business Leaders' expectations, Jean started acquiring skills. He obtained a Master's degree in Human Resources Management and a Master of Employment Law from Paris West Nanterre La Defense University. On one hand, He passed a Project Management Professional (PMP) from Project Management Institute and got training in investment strategy, sales and marketing from American Top Experts, on the other hand. Jean is both an entrepreneur and an In House Lawyer. He has been working for several years in companies and law firms, in France and USA, as an In house Lawyer.
(a) to secure the corporate assets and the interests of his employer/customers/partners. (b) to save money and time, anticipate risk exposure and keep high skilled workforce (c) to achieve corporate strategic projects, preserve and sustain value creation
Jean is an entrepreneur, In-House Lawyer and PMP. He is fluent in English & French. He specializes in corporate labor law, human resources management and arbitration. He practices in the areas of corporate legal strategy, regulatory compliance and corporate strategy. He has provided advisory services to individuals and corporate clients, in France and USA, for several years but has a long career that encompasses proficiencies in the regulatory compliance, preparation of contracts, negotiations, complex litigation matters, international business law, sustainable development and global trade. Jean's main missions focus on administrative and social law, extensive legal research, contract management, regulatory compliance and company restructuring. Jean has outstanding and litigation skills. He drafted complaint briefs for the difficult cases, and won litigations directed to the civil courts, the Paris Court of Appeal and Administrative Tribunal of International labor Organization (ATILO). In addition to his cross- cultural communication abilities, Jean is a great negotiator, hard working, business and solution driven. His formal education culminated in the achievements of a master's degree in social law and human resources management, and a bachelor degree in private law from Paris West Nanterre la Defense University, France. Jean is a team player. He maintains an active philanthropic role within the community through support of educational projects. He is a member of a French Association for In House Lawyers (AFJE). He involved in a sustainable development group to sensitize companies to foster green energy.
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VIDEO: Obama: Take politics out of debate on guns and debt
U.S. President Barack Obama called on members of Congress to put aside politics when it comes to guns and debt. Deborah Lutterbeck reports.
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County construction in hindsight
County construction in hindsight
By John Kretzer, Jr., P.E.
County construction
in hindsight
For more than 20 years, the Winnebago County Board began, stopped and started again, the extension of Harlem Road west across the Rock River from Illinois Route 251 to Illinois Route 2. During this 20-plus year period, Lynn Martin was the Tom Hawes of the Winnebago County Board in actually stopping this project.
The good side of this roller coaster ride was the acquisition of the necessary right-of-way which allowed the Juvenile Detention Center and the Forest Preserve Complex to be sited and constructed. In addition, a stormwater trunk line was constructed in Machesney Park, and a bridge over the Soo Line was completed.
The down side was the inability of the county board to make a decision.
In 1991, the Winnebago County Board decided to finish this project. To do so, the board was faced with seeking a new property tax to fund this project or to bypass the voters and issue alternative revenue bonds that would not require voter involvement, but would necessitate collecting tolls. Bond authorization for $14,500,000 was approved, $7,200,000 in bonds were sold, and a design consultant was engaged.
To be sure that the public was fully informed about this project, a public information meeting (PIM) was held in the Machesney Park Village Hall. Concerns were expressed about the length of the bridge, potential for creating an ice jam which would trigger flooding, paying 50 cents to cross the bridge, etc. During this public meeting, it was noted that the proposed bridge was the only crossing of the Rock River actually designated for the 100-year flood frequency.
Prior to beginning Phase 1, construction of the bridge, former County Board Chairman Tom Currier provided the leadership to resolve a please, may we problem with the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT).
When the project was completed three months early and at a final cost half of the initial bond authorization, a ribbon cutting was held to mark substantial completion. School kids came to sing a song about the bridge. Neighbors were there to recognize the tasteful treatment of the toll facility and the landscaping included in the construction. The Rockford Park District and the Village of Machesney Park celebrated inclusion of a bikeway/pedestrianway connecting the Sports Complex and the Machesney Park Mall, etc.
The Winnebago County Board then began a public debate of the toll to be charged, 50 cents or 25 cents. The Honorable Mary Ann Aiello, then a Democrat, raged against a 50-cent toll, knowing that to meet the bond repayment obligation, it would require doubling the traffic volume.
Little publicity was given to the Intergovernmental Cooperation Agreement between Winnebago County and IDOT that allowed the ultimate intersection of Harlem Road at Illinois Route 2 to be incorporated into the Toll Bridge project design by extending the Illinois Route 2 Expressway northward at no cost to Winnebago County.
It should be noted that the Winnebago County Board was so pleased with this use of alternative revenue bonds that additional bonds were authorized and issued, funding the reconstruction and extension of Spring Creek Road between Mulford Road and Perryville Road north to Harlem Road, and the reconstruction and extension of Mulford Road to Perryville Road.
If Lynn Martins view of the Rock River had prevailed, the accelerated construction program described above would have never transpired.
Perhaps the actions of the Winnebago County Board from 1991 to 1995 should be revisited when looking at the further extension of Perryville Road.
Kretzer was a former Winn. County engineer from Jan. 1992 to Aug. 1995. During that time,he built the toll bridge over the Rock River, extended Perryville Road to Harrison and reconstructed Spring Creek Road to Perryville. He now lives in Arizona.


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Rowan University online genetics degree
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Get info about Rowan University online genetics degree, and registering for discussion sections. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? There are accredited nursing certificate programs that can help launch your career, performing a variety of medical services within a hospital setting. Concentrating on Rowan University online genetics degree, for example, you may gain an advantage in job recruiting on-campus. Check with the molecular biology department for course registration deadlines, and genetics program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Rowan University.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) consists of two biopolymer strands, coiled around each other to form a double helix. These two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of several monomer proteins. Each nucleotide is made up of nitrogen-containing cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T), one deoxyribose sugar molecule, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent hydrogen bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone, according to base-pairing rules. The total amount of DNA in all living organisms is estimated to weigh 50 billion tons (Wikipedia). That's a lot of DNA, especially as protein molecules are microscopic and thus invisible to the naked eye.
The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, unless there is a mutation, and both pieces of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. When a cell divides, it RNA transcription must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells are afforded an exact copy of the genetic information stored in the parent cells. The double-stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication. The two strands are separated and then each strand's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. A large part of DNA (almost 99% in humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences, but rather perform little-known functions. Beyond major requirements within the molecular biology department, you may consider University of South Alabama clinical internships as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
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