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%0 Journal Article %J Ecosphere %D 2012 %T Banded vegetation-dune development during the Medieval Warm Period and 20th century, Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA %A Weems, Stacey L %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K soil radiocarbon dating %X
With the advent of systematic high-resolution satellite photography, striking geometric shapes of banded vegetation several km2 in size, but not apparent from the ground, have been documented for many areas of the arid and semiarid world. Banded vegetation, in which dense perennial vegetation alternates with bands of bare soil may originate from geomorphic processes, ecological self-organization, or human land use. In the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico prominent arc-shaped bands of vegetation and dunes occur along the contact of a piedmont slope (bajada) and basin floor. The origin and chronology of this banded vegetation-dune complex was investigated using early aerial photography (1936–1942), landscape photography (1918), vegetation and soil surveys (1858, 1918), soil stratigraphy, 13C/12C ratios, and 14C dating. These methods reveal two periods of eolian deposition. The first began in the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 900–1300) and was followed by a period of landscape stability during the Little Ice Age (ca. AD 1500 to 1850). The second began in the late-1800s when widespread desertification occurred throughout the American Southwest. Banded vegetation was initiated after formation of erosional scarplets that functioned as obstacles upon which eolian sand accumulated, thus becoming a dam to overland flow and causing strips of vegetation to form. Banded vegetation in this study is an emergent pattern produced by a coupled ecologic-geomorphic-climatic system. The stratigraphic record produced by this system enables us to compare current ecological responses to climate change with baseline prehistorical responses to climate change.%B Ecosphere %V 2 %G eng %N 3 %M LTER.2012-89967 %R 10.1890/ES11-00194.1 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Arid Environments %D 2012 %T When bulk density methods matter: implications for estimating soil organic carbon pools in coarse soils %A Throop, HL %A Archer, S. R. %A Monger, H. C. %A Waltman, S. %K JRN %K soil organic carbon %X Resolving uncertainty in the carbon cycle is paramount to refining climate predictions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major component of terrestrial C pools, and accuracy of SOC estimates are only as good as the measurements and assumptions used to obtain them. Dryland soils account for a substantial portion of global SOC, but the pool dynamics are highly uncertain. One crucial component of accurate estimates of SOC on an areal basis is bulk density (ρb), the mass of soil per unit volume. Here, we review methods used for calculating ρb and assess their prevalence. We show how treatment of coarse fragments (particles >2 mm diameter) influences ρb values and discuss the implications for SOC estimates in drylands. In four dryland examples, methods that varied in their treatment of coarse fragments led to substantial (up to 26%) differences in ρb. Calculated SOC pools responded proportionally, with SOC differing by up to 518 g C m−2. We suggest a revised method for accounting for coarse fractions in ρb calculations. A large portion of the world's soils, particularly in drylands, are fine enough to allow ρb determination with cores, but contain coarse fragments that substantially impact SOC mass estimates if not explicitly considered. %B Journal of Arid Environments %V 77 %P 66-71 %G eng %U bibliography/12-001.pdf %M LTER.2012-89963 %R 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.08.020 %0 Book Section %B Handbook of Soil Science %D 2011 %T Aridisols %A Monger, H. C. %A Southard, R. J. %A Boettinger, J. L. %K JRN %K soil classification %B Handbook of Soil Science %7 2nd %I CRC Press %C Boca Raton %P 33-125 to 33-154 %G eng %M LTER.2011-90020 %0 Book Section %B Handbook of Soil Science %D 2011 %T Entisols %A Nordt, L %A Collins, M. E. %A Fanning, D. S. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K soil classification %B Handbook of Soil Science %7 2nd %I CRC Press %C Boca Raton %G eng %M LTER.2011-90035 %0 Journal Article %D 2011 %T When bulk density methods matter: Implications for estimating soil organic carbon pools in rocky soils %A Throop, HL %A Archer, S. R. %A Monger, H. C. %A Waltman, S. W. %K JRN %X
Resolving uncertainty in the carbon cycle is paramount to refining climate predictions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major component of terrestrial C pools, and accuracy of SOC estimates are only as good as the measurements and assumptions used to obtain them. Dryland soils account for a substantial portion of global SOC, but the pool dynamics are highly uncertain. One crucial component of accurate estimates of SOC on an areal basis is bulk density (pb), the mass of soil per unit volume. Here, we review methods used for calculating pb and assess their prevalence. We show how treatment of coarse fragments (particles >2 mm diameter) influences pb values and discuss the implications for SOC estimates in drylands. In four dryland examples, methods that varied in their treatment of coarse fragments led to substantial (up to 26%) differences in pb. Calculated SOC pools responded proportionally, with SOC differing by up to 518 g C m-2. We suggest a revised method for accounting for coarse fractions in pb calculations. A large portion of the world's soils, particularly in drylands, are fine enough to allow pb determination with cores, but contain coarse fragments that substantially impact SOC mass estimates if not explicitly considered.%V 77 %P 66-71 %G eng %M LTER.2011-90061 %R doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.08.020 %0 Book Section %B Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths %D 2010 %T Calcium carbonate features %A Durand, Nicolas. %A Monger, H. C. %A Canti, Matthew G. %K JRN %K JRN-LTER-N0104 %X
The precipitation of calcium carbonate is widespread in soils and regoliths and common under different environmental settings, especially in soils of arid environments. This topic is of particular interest as calcareous features are characterised by a wide variety of forms, from isolated crystals and discrete elementary features to differentiated calcrete profiles. Their development in interaction with the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere makes them useful proxies to identify the processes affecting soils. An extensive literature exists on calcite features in soils, but only few systematic and comprehensive reviews have been made from a micromorphological point of view. This chapter deals with the different morphologies of calcium carbonate accumulation in soils and regoliths, as observed in thin sections. The main calcareous pedofeatures are presented here, including coatings, hypo- and quasi-coatings, infillings and nodules, which comprise specific features such as needle-fibre calcite and pisoliths. Also considered are root-related features, calcified filaments and biogenic crystal intergrowths. The microscopic characteristics of recrystallisation and dissolution features are described, which is an important topic because carbonates are frequently subjected to transformation, increasing with age of the soil. Calcareous features associated with palustrine carbonates are also reported. Each feature is reviewed considering the main earliest studies and views expressed by various later authors, on features whose origin often remains controversial. Finally, the potential of the micromorphological study of recent or inherited features to (palaeo)environmental reconstructions is also discussed.%B Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths %I Elsevier B.V. %P 149-194 %G eng %M LTER.2010-90086 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Arid Environments %D 2010 %T Soil vegetation climate interactions in arid landscapes: Effects of the North American monsoon on grass recruitment %A Peters, D. P. C. %A Herrick, Jeffrey E. %A Monger, H. C. %A Huang, H. %K SEV %B Journal of Arid Environments %V 74 %P 618-623 %G eng %M LTER.2010-86894 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Arid Environments %D 2010 %T Soil-vegetation-climate interactions in arid landscapes: Effects of the North American monsoon on grass recruitment %A Peters, D. P. C. %A Herrick, J. E. %A Monger, H. C. %A Huang, H. %K bouteloua eriopoda %K JRN %X We used a daily time step, multi-layer simulation model of soil water dynamics to integrate effects of soils, vegetation, and climate on the recruitment of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), the historically dominant grass in the Chihuahuan Desert. We simulated landscapes at the Jornada ARS-LTER site with heterogeneous soil properties to compare: (1) a grass-dominated landscape in 1858 with the current shrub-dominated landscape (i.e., a change in vegetation structure), and (2) the current shrub-dominated landscape with future landscapes over a range of climate scenarios associated with the North American monsoon (i.e., a change in climate). A historic shift from high productivity grasslands to low productivity shrublands decreased simulated recruitment for most of the site; the amount of reduction depended on location-specific soil properties and changes in production. In some cases, soil properties interacted with vegetation structure: soils high in clay content maintained high recruitment even with a decrease in production. Wetter summers would increase recruitment in all vegetation types. Drier summers below 25% of current rainfall would decrease recruitment to negligible values (< 0.03) throughout the landscape. We used our results to identify the conditions where recruitment of B. eriopoda is possible with and without significant modifications to soil and vegetation. %B Journal of Arid Environments %V 74 %P 618-623 %G eng %U bibliography/10-014.pdf %M LTER.2010-90115 %0 Journal Article %J Oecologia %D 2010 %T Spatial and temporal variability of plant-available water in calcium carbonate-cemented soils and consequences for arid ecosystem resilience %A Duniway, M.C. %A Herrick, J. E. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K precipitation %X
Increased variability in precipitation, including frequency of drought, is predicted for many arid and semiarid regions of the world. The ability of soils to retain water can increase resilience by buffering vegetation communities against precipitation extremes. Little is known, however, about water retention by carbonate cemented soil horizons, which occur extensively in arid and semiarid ecosystems. It has been speculated that they may significantly modify vertical and temporal distribution of plant-available water (PAW). To investigate this hypothesis, PAW was monitored at three sites in a mixed shrub-grass community in southern New Mexico, USA, across soils with differing degrees of carbonate horizon development: no carbonate horizon, a partially cemented calcic horizon, and a continuously cemented petrocalcic horizon. Results are presented from three years that included extremely dry and wet periods. Calcic and petrocalcic horizons absorbed and retained significantly greater amounts of PAW for several months following an extremely wet winter and summer compared to the non-carbonate soil. Following a wet summer, petrocalcic horizons retained very high PAW (16 to 18% volumetric or ~72 to 80% of soil water holding capacity) through early spring of the following year, more than double the PAW retained by similar depths in the non-carbonate soil. Drying dynamics indicate calcic and petrocalcic horizons release stored water into the grass rooting zone during growing seasons following extreme events. Water dynamics of calcic and petrocalcic horizons during extreme events provide a mechanism to explain previous observations that perennial grasses exhibit greater resilience to drought when high carbonate horizons occur at shallow depths (< 50 cm). Water holding capacity of the entire profile, including rock-like material such as calcium carbonate, should be considered when evaluating the potential resilience of vegetation communities to disturbance, including the increased variability in precipitation expected to occur as a result of global climate change.%B Oecologia %V 163 %P 215-226 %G eng %U bibliography/10-03.pdf %N 1 %M LTER.2010-90100 %0 Book Section %B Real World Ecology: Large-Scale and Long-Term Case Studies and Methods %D 2009 %T Approaches to predicting broad-scale regime shifts using changing pattern-process relationships across scales %A Peters, D. P. C. %A Bestelmeyer, BT %A Knapp, Alan K. %A Monger, H. C. %A Herrick, Jeffrey E. %A Havstad, Kris M. %E Nungesser, Martha %K JRN %K SEV %B Real World Ecology: Large-Scale and Long-Term Case Studies and Methods %I Springer %C New York %P 47-72 %G eng %M LTER.2009-85808 %0 Book Section %D 2009 %T Approaches to predicting broad-scale regime shifts using changing pattern-process relationships across scales %A Peters, D.C.P. %A Bestelmeyer, BT %A A.K. Knapp %A Herrick, J. E. %A Monger, H. C. %A Havstad, KM %Y Nungesser, M. %K JRN %K pattern-process %X Understanding and predicting the occurrence of alternative ecosystem states (i.e., regime shifts) at broad scales is a pressing challenge for ecologists given the scope and nature of global change. In many cases, regime shifts at broad-scales are affected by pattern-process relationships across a range of finer scales. However, experimental and analytical methods to examine state changes, such as from perennial grasslands to woodlands, have not been fully developed. We first define and describe the expansion of woody plants into perennial grasslands. Woody plant encroachment has well-documented consequences for local, regional, and global ecology, and takes several forms, from shrub invasion in arid/semiarid grasslands and arctic ecosystems to tree invasion in mesic and alpine grasslands. We then outline a multi-scale experimental approach to examining the key processes influencing woody plant encroachment from fine to broad scales, and describe the application of this approach to the Jornada Basin Agricultural Research Service-Long Term Ecological Research site as a case study. Several questions can be addressed with this approach, such as: how and under what conditions do dynamics and decisions made at fine scales influence dynamics at broader scales? How and under what conditions do broad-scale dynamics overwhelm fine-scale processes to influence landscape patterns? Finally, we discuss analytical techniques for predicting regime shifts and their associated thresholds. %C New York %P 47-72 %G eng %M LTER.2009-90176 %0 Journal Article %J Ecology %D 2009 %T Scale and the isotopic reocrd of C4 plants in pedogenic carbonate: from the biome to the rhizosphere %A Monger, H. C. %A Cole, D. R. %A Buck, Brenda J. %A Gallegos, Robert A. %K JRN %K Southern New Mexico %K USA %X The 13C/12C ratio in pedogenic carbonate (i.e., CaCO3 formed in soil) is a significant tool for investigating C4 biomes of the past. However, the paleoecological meaningof d13C values in pedogenic carbonate can change with the scale at which one considers the data. We describe studies of modern soils, fossil soils, and vegetation change in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America and elsewhere that reveal four scales important for paleoecologic interpretations. (1) At the broadest scale, the biome scale (hundreds to millions of km2), an isotopic record interpreted as C3 vegetation replacing C4 grasslands may indicate invading C3 woody shrubs instead of expanding C3 forests (a common interpretation). (2) At the landscape scale (several tens of m2 to hundreds of km2), the accuracy of scaling up paleoclimatic interpretations to a regional level is affected by the landform containing the isotopic record. (3) At the soil-profile scale (cm2 to m2), soil profiles with multiple generations of carbonate mixed together have a lower-resolution paleoecologic record than soil profiles repeatedly buried. (4) At the rhizosphere scale (lm2 to cm2), carbonate formed on roots lack the 14–17ø enrichment observed at broader scales, revealing different fractionation processes at different scales. A multi-scale approach in dealing with d13C in pedogenic carbonate will increase the accuracy of paleoecologic interpretations and understanding of soil–geomorphic–climatic interactions that affect boundaries between C4 and C3 vegetation. %B Ecology %V 90 %P 1498-1511 %G eng %M LTER.2009-90186 %0 Journal Article %J Biogeochemistry %D 2007 %T Calcium carbonate in termite galleries biomineralization or upward transport? %A Liu, X. %A Monger, H. C. %A Whitford, W. G. %K gallery construction %K JRN %K termite %X Termites and soil calcium carbonate are major factors in the global carbon cycle: termites by their role in decomposition of organic matter and methane production, and soil calcium carbonate by its storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In arid and semiarid soils, these two factors potentially come together by means of biomineralization of calcium carbonate by termites. In this study, we evaluated this possibility by testing two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 states that termites biomineralize calcium carbonate internally and use it as a cementing agent for building aboveground galleries. Hypothesis 2 states that termites transport calcium carbonate particles from subsoil horizons to aboveground termite galleries where the carbonate detritus becomes part of the gallery construction. These hypotheses were tested by using (1) field documentation that determined if carbonate-containing galleries only occurred on soils containing calcic horizons, (2) 13C/12C ratios, (3) X-ray diffraction, (4) petrographic thin sections, (5) scanning electron microscopy, and (6) X-ray mapping. Four study sites were evaluated: a C4-grassland site with no calcic horizons in the underlying soil, a C4-grassland site with calcic horizons, a C3-shrubland site with no calcic horizons, and a C3-shrubland site with calcic horizons. The results revealed that carbonate is not ubiquitously present in termite galleries. It only occurs in galleries if subsoil carbonate exists within a depth of 100 cm. 13C/12C ratios of carbonate in termite galleries typically matched 13C/12C ratios of subsoil carbonate. X-ray diffraction revealed that the carbonate mineralogy is calcite in all galleries, in all soils, and in the termites themselves. Thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray mapping revealed that carbonate exists in the termite gut along with other soil particles and plant opal. Each test argued against the biomineralization hypothesis and for the upward-transport hypothesis. We conclude, therefore, that the gallery carbonate originated from upward transport and that this CaCO3 plays a less active role in short-term carbon sequestration than it would have otherwise played if it had been biomineralized directly by the termites. %B Biogeochemistry %V 82 %P 241-250 %G eng %M LTER.2007-90426 %R 0.1007/s10533-006-9067-x %0 Journal Article %J Soil Science Society of America %D 2007 %T The high water-holding capacity of petrocalcic horizons %A Duniway, M. %A Herrick, J. E. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K soil %X Petrocalcic soil horizons occur in most arid and semi-arid ecosystems around the world, often within the plant rooting zone. Little is known, however, about the water holding characteristic of soils indurated with calcium carbonate. We conducted a replicated experiment to define the soil-water release curve (SWRC) for a range of petrocalcic horizon materials. Samples from both plugged and laminar zones of two stage V petrocalcic horizons in southern New Mexico were characterized. Wetter soil-water potentials were measured using a pressure plate; more negative potentials (down to <–10 MPa) were measured using a chilled mirror water activity meter. Measured SWRC data were fitted to the Van Genuchten equation. The SWRC methods used were found to be both reliable and repeatable. Plant available water holding capacity (AWHC) for desert species (with wilting point set at –4.0 MPa)ranged from 0.26 m3 m-3 in plugged zones to 0.06 m3 m-3 in some laminar zones in contrast to ~ 0.07 m3 m-3 in the loamy sand parent material. Correlation analyses across morphologies of AWHC and soil properties resulted in significant statistical relationships only with bulk density and porosity. AWHC and calcium carbonate content, however, were significantly negatively correlated within the laminar and positively correlated within the plugged petrocalcic horizon morphologies. Cementation by calcium carbonate dramatically alters the water holding characteristics of soils and understanding these horizons is crucial to understand patterns of soil-water in desert systems throughout the world. %B Soil Science Society of America %V 71 %P 812-819 %G eng %U http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/71/3/812 %M LTER.2007-90371 %0 Journal Article %J Soil Science Society of America Journal; Pedology, Forest Range and Wildland Soils %D 2006 %T Carbon dioxide emissions from exhumed petrocalcic horizons %A Serna-Perez, A %A Monger, H. C. %A Herrick, J. E. %A Murray, L. %K JRN %K soils %X The second largest pool of terrestrial carbon is pedogenic CaCO3. In addition to being an important sink of atmospheric CO2, pedogenic carbonate has the potential to be an important source of atmospheric CO2. The cemented form of pedogenic carbonate (the petrocalcic horizon) develops in geomorphically stable soil in arid, semiarid, and various subhumid climates. In many of these dryland areas, such as the Chihuahuan Desert of North America, erosion has stripped away overlying soil and exhumed the petrocalcic horizon, thereby lifting it into a weathering zone above the calcification zone where it normally forms. This research tested the hypothesis that Aridisols with exhumed petrocalcic horizons will emit more CO2 than neighboring noneroded Aridisols with petrocalcic horizons or neighboring Entisols. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the amount of CO2 and the delta 13C of CO2 released from the three soil types. Using a randomized complete block design, CO2 emissions were measured using NaOH and soda lime traps from June 2002 to October 2003. Neither NaOH traps nor soda lime traps detected any statistical difference in cumulative CO2 emissions from the three soil types at the P = 0.05 level. Moreover, the isotopic analysis of CO2 did not match the isotopic values of pedogenic carbonate nor were there any statistical differences (p = 0.05) in delta 13C of CO2 among the three soil types. We conclude, therefore, that exhumed petrocalcic horizons are not actively emitting CO2 at a rate significantly greater than adjacent soils; and thus, carbon stored in petrocalcic horizons can be considered a recalcitrant reservoir within the decadal timeframe pertinent to carbon sequestration policies. %B Soil Science Society of America Journal; Pedology, Forest Range and Wildland Soils %V 70 %P 795-805 %G eng %U http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/70/3/795?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=70&firstpage=795&resourcetype=HWCIT %M LTER.2006-90466 %0 Journal Article %J BioScience %D 2006 %T Disentangling complex landscapes: new insights into arid and semiarid system dynamics %A Peters, D. P. C. %A Bestelmeyer, BT %A Herrick, J. E. %A Fredrickson, E. L. %A Monger, H. C. %A Havstad, KM %K JRN %K nonlinear dynamics %X Although desertification is a global phenomenon and numerous studies have provided information on dynamics at specific sites, spatial and temporal variation in response to desertification have led to alternative, and often controversial, hypotheses about the key factors that determine these dynamics. We present a new research framework that includes five interacting elements to explain these dynamics: (1) historical legacies, environmental driving variables, (3) a soil-geomorphic template, (4) horizontal and vertical transport vectors, and (5) redistribution of resources within and among spatial units. We offer a six-step operational approach that is applicable to many landscapes, and illustrate its utility for understanding present-day landscape organization, forecasting future dynamics, and making effective management decisions. %B BioScience %V 56 %P 491-501 %G eng %U bibliography/06-021.pdf %M LTER.2006-90475 %0 Book Section %B Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site %D 2006 %T Regional Setting of the Jornada Basin %A Monger, H. C. %A Mack, G. H. %A Nolen, B. A. %A Gile, L. H. %E Schlesinger, W.H. %K JRN %K soil-geomorphology %X Within the area around Las Cruces, New Mexico, is a network of studies at the Jornada Experimental Range, the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center, and the Desert Soil-Geomorphology Project. All of these areas are in the Jornada Basin except for the area south of the Dona Ana Mountains, which are in the Mesilla Basin. All of these research entities are in the Chihuahuan Desert and this chapter describes the geologic history and development of landscapes that are important elements to our understanding of this ecosystem and its dynamic nature. %B Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site %I Oxford University Press %C New York, NY %P 15-43 %G eng %U bibliography/06-053.pdf %M LTER.2006-90503 %0 Book Section %B Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jronada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site %D 2006 %T Soil Development in the Jornada Basin %A Monger, H. C. %E Schlesinger, W.H. %K JRN %K vegetation %X Soils of the Jornada Basin are the substrate on which Jornada ecosystems reside and interact. Understanding soils and plant-soil feedback processes have been integral to understanding vegetation change and desertification. Formal studies of Jornada soils extend back to 1918. The most detailed study of Jornada soils is the USDA-SCS Desert Soil-Geomorphology Project, a 400-mi2 study area that includes the southernmost areas of the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC). This chapter highlights findings of soil and geomorphology studies, discusses factors and processes of soil development, and lists several ways soils of the Jornada Basin carry a memory of past climates. %B Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jronada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site %I Oxford University Press %C New York, NY %P 81-106 %G eng %U bibliography/06-055.pdf %M LTER.2006-90505 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Arid Environments %D 2006 %T The Soil-geomorphic template and biotic change in arid and semi-arid ecosystems %A Monger, H. C. %A Bestelmeyer, BT %K JRN %K topography %X Desertification, characterized as biotic change toward a degraded state, is a common phenomenon in many arid and semiarid regions of the world. Such biotic change is often accompanied by and linked to geomorphic change. Important geomorphic factors that determine the vulnerability of a system to coupled biotic and abiotic change includes soil, topography, and soil parent material—which together form the soil-geomorphic template. Soil exerts control because it is the substrate that provides water, nutrients, anchorage for roots, and habitat for burrowing animals. Topography exerts control by its influence on microclimate via water redistribution, aspect, and elevation. Soil parent material exerts control by its contribution to the nutrient supply and formation of soil. Numerous linkages and feedback-loops occur between the soil-geomorphic template, micro-climate, vegetation, and animals. A perturbation in any of these factors can steer an ecosystem from one state to another. Some soil-geomorphic templates are more prone to change than others. For example, landscapes with sandy soils are more vulnerable to desertification than landscapes with fine-textured soils that receive run-in water and, therefore, require distinct management practices. Desertification involving simultaneous changes in biotic and geomorphic processes provides a good example of how biological and geological systems are coupled and co-evolve. %B Journal of Arid Environments %V 65 %P 207-218 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WH9-4HRDY52-1-7&_cdi=6845&_user=1496926&_orig=browse&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&_sk=999349997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWz&md5=ce8392d523ded1c58000f5d200bef1b8&ie=/sdarticle.pdf %M LTER.2006-90545 %0 Book Section %B Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment %D 2005 %T Arid and semiarid soils %A Monger, H. C. %A Martinez-Rios, J. J. %A Khresat, S. A. %E Hillel, D. ed. %K JRN %K morphology %K soil %X Arid and semiarid soils occupy about one-third of the Earth's ice-free land surface. They are sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2, sources and sinks (mainly sources) of global dust, and substrate that support high biodiversity of plants and animals. Arid and semiarid soils uniquely accumulate secondary minerals, such as calcite and gypsum, as the result of low rainfall and limited leaching. Because of sparse vegetative cover and high susceptibility to wind and water erosion, many arid and semiarid soils have low resistance and low resilience to disturbance. Hence land degradation (i.e., desertification) is common on most continents with arid and semiarid soils. These dryland soils have been a factor of primary importance in human history. The oldest hominid fossils are found in east Africa in sediments with paleosols containing pedogenic carbonate indicting an arid or semiarid climate. The transition from hunting-and-gathering to agriculture took place in arid and semiarid Mesopotamia about 10,000 years ago. The production of surplus food on the floodplain soils of the Euphrates and Nile gave rise to early civilizations in Sumeria, Babylonia, and Egypt. Today several large urban centers are located on arid and semiarid soils around the world that have adequate groundwater or river water supplies. If irrigated, arid and semiarid soils are an important source of local and global food production. Still, most arid and semiarid land is sparsely populated, open, and often wilderness land. %B Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment %I Elsevier Ltd. %C Oxford, U.K. %P 182-187 %G eng %M LTER.2005-90652 %0 Journal Article %J Terra Latinoamericana %D 2005 %T Historical analysis of the irrigation evolution of the Laguna region of Mexico %A Inzunza-Ibarra, M.A %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K Mexico %X The people of La Laguna Region of Mexico are highly dependent on the irrigated agriculture of the region. The magnitude of irrigation has increased in recent times to the point that water tables are lowering and that soil properties are actually being affected. The main objective of this paper was to analyze the evolution of irrigation in La Laguna Region and locate the irrigation areas throughout time in order to be a reference for future research about soil property changes with the irrigation practice in the region. Old books, maps, articles, personal interviews, historic museums and libraries of La Laguna Region, and records of Mexican government institutions were investigated. Also, a geographic information system was used to locate the irrigation areas throughout time from old maps. The history analysis of the region reveals that there were four periods important to the evolution of irrigated agriculture: The big Latifundios Period (1700 to 1825) when the entire Laguna Region was used for grazing and livestock activities: the Hacienda Period (1840 to 1910) when irrigation began, grew and boomed together with cotton; the Period after the Agrarian act (1936 to 1946) when the farmers used the old and deficient irrigation infrastructure; and finally the Modernization Period (1950 to 1975) when important hydraulic structures were made for improving the irrigation system of today. %B Terra Latinoamericana %V 23 %P 363-370 %G eng %M LTER.2005-90656 %0 Journal Article %J Soil Science Society of America Journal %D 2005 %T Mineralogical distinctions of carbonates in desert soils %A Kraimer, Rebecca A. %A Monger, H. C. %A Steiner, R.L. %K JRN %K techniques %K xrd %X Soil carbonate-C is a large pool of C and, in desert environments, is the dominant type of C stored in soil. To more fully understand the global C cycle and the role of soil in C sequestration, it is important to recognize how C enters and leaves the carbonate pool, as well as identify the forms of carbonate that exist in the soil. In the Desert Project in southern New Mexico, soils formed in limestone and igneous (mostly quartz monzonite and some rhyolite) parent materials lie adjacent to each other, with climate, vegetation, topography, age, and, to a large extent, dust deposition constant across the soils of both parent materials. The purpose of this study was to determine if X-ray diffractometry (XRD) can mineralogically identify the size fraction in which pedogenic carbonate occurs and discern differences among (i) pedogenic carbonate formed in limestone parent material, (ii) pedogenic carbonate formed in igneous parent material, and (iii) soil carbonate in the form of detrital limestone. The diffractograms revealed that the size fractions in which pedogenic carbonate occurs in a dolostone residuum are fine sand, silt, and clay. X-ray diffraction could not discern differences in soil carbonate because calcite was the only carbonate mineral present in the samples of pedogenic carbonate formed in limestone parent material, pedogenic carbonate formed in igneous parent material and detrital limestone. Excepting the d-spacing associated with a minor peak, statistical analysis found no signifi- cant differences in d-spacings among the three types of soil carbonate. However, each of the three types of soil carbonate revealed significant differences in d-spacings relative to those of the calcite reference. While XRD mineralogically revealed the size distribution of pedogenic carbonate formed in a dolostone residuum, for the purpose of C sequestration, XRD was unable to distinguish the three soil carbonate types. %B Soil Science Society of America Journal %V 69 %P 1773-1781 %G eng %M LTER.2005-90659 %0 Journal Article %J Terra Latinoamericana %D 2005 %T Variation of soil chemical properties in irrigated and non-irrigated areas of the Laguna region of Mexico %A Inzunza-Ibarra, M.A %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K ph %K soil %X Since approximately 1840, irrigation has been required for agriculture in the Laguna Region. This activity might have changed soil chemical properties throughout time. The objective of this work was to compile soil chemical data of irrigated soils in order to document the nature and changes of soil properties. Data of organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity from irrigated areas and non-irrigated areas of 1975 and 1997 were compared. Also, digitized soil information of the Mexican Durango and Coahuila states was examined using a Geographic Information System to obtain soil maps of the region and to locate soil sample sites. Means comparison analysis was used to statistically contrast soil parameters from non-irrigated areas against irrigated areas. Also, histograms and graphs of soil data versus depth were used to display the ranges of soil properties. The results showed that organic matter diminished by 50 percent in irrigated soils in 1997 compared with 1975; pH values increased by 6% in irrigated soils; cation exchange capacity decreased II% in soils under irrigation; and the electrical conductivitydid not show statistical changes. %B Terra Latinoamericana %V 23 %P 429-436 %G eng %M LTER.2005-90664 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science %D 2004 %T Geomorphic features and soil formation of arid lands in northeast Jordan %A Kresat, S.A. %A Rawajfih, Z. %A Buck, B. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %B Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science %V 50 %P 607-615 %G eng %M LTER.2004-90764 %0 Book Section %B Climate variability and ecosystem response at long-term ecological research sites %D 2003 %T Millennial-scale climate variability and ecosystem response at the Jornada LTER site %A Monger, H. C. %E Smith, Raymond C. (eds.) %K JRN %K vegetation change %X The Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research (JRN LTER) program consists of studies superimposed on three research entities, the Jornada Experimental Range, the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center, and the Desert Soil-Geomorphology project. The JRN site is in the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert and represents, for the LTER network, the desert shrubland and desert grassland ecosystems of the southwestern United States. Climate data at the Jornada site and surrounding area span the last 110 years. Ecological data span the last 144 years. Jornada LTER researchers still struggle to understand how ecosystems respond to climate variability. Human land use (including cattle grazing, brush control, and habitat fractionation) is an important factor that complicates this question and produces external pressure on Jornada ecosystems. The cause-and-effect relationship between climate and ecosystems in prehistoric times is even more uncertain. Here evidence is limited to indicators, such as former lake shorelines, plant fossils in packrat middens, fossil pollen, 13C/12C rations in paleosols, and erosion rates. When some indicators are used by themselves, circularity arises if a conclusion about ecosystem response to climate change is based on an inference about climate change, which is based, in turn, on ecosystem change. For example, grasslands increased at the end of the middle Holocene as the result of increased rainfall, where the interpretation of increased rainfall is based on increased grass pollen in the middle Holocene sediments. Also focusing on millennial-scale climate and ecosystem variability, this chapter briefly discusses historic variability for comparison and as a means for describing the setting. The historic-prehistoric boundary for the Jornada area has been set at A.D. 1850. %B Climate variability and ecosystem response at long-term ecological research sites %I Oxford University Press %C New York %P 341-369 %G eng %M LTER.2003-90873 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Sedimentary Research %D 2003 %T Morphologies and stable and radiogenic isotope composition of pedogenic carbonate in Late Quaternary relict and buried soils, New Mexico: an integrated record of pedogenic overprinting %A Deutz, P. %A Montanez, I. P. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K radiogenic isotopes %K soil %B Journal of Sedimentary Research %V 72 %P 809-822 %G eng %M LTER.2003-90875 %0 Book Section %B Encyclopedia of Soil Science %D 2002 %T Arid Soils %A Monger, H. C. %E Lal, R. (ed.) %K JRN %K petrocalcic horizon %K soil %X Describes arid soils of river floodplains, on uplands, as well as types of arid soils and their ecological significance. %B Encyclopedia of Soil Science %I Marcel-Dekker %P 84-88 %G eng %M LTER.2002-90977 %0 Book Section %B Global climate change and pedogenic carbonates %D 2002 %T Biotic and abiotic processes and rates of pedogenic carbonate accumulation in the southwestern United States: Relationship to atmospheric CO2 sequestration %A Monger, H. C. %A Gallegos, R. A. %K JRN %K reports %B Global climate change and pedogenic carbonates %I CRC Press %C Boca Raton %P 273-289 %G eng %M LTER.2002-90979 %0 Journal Article %J Geoarchaeology %D 2002 %T Inverted clast stratigraphy in an eolian archaeological environment %A Buck, B. J. %A Kipp, J. %A Monger, H. C. %K clast %K JRN %K stratigraphy %B Geoarchaeology %V 17 %P 665-687 %G eng %M LTER.2002-90992 %0 Book Section %B Soil Minerology with Environmental Applications %D 2002 %T Silica minerals %A Monger, H. C. %A Kelley, Eugene F. %E Schluze, D. G. (eds.) %K JRN %K soil %X This is a book chapter on silica minerals. It includes sections on 1)structure, composition, and morphology, 2) chemical and physical properties, 3) abundance, distribution, and formation, and 4) their environmental significance. %B Soil Minerology with Environmental Applications %S Soil Science Society of America Book Series %P 611-636 %G eng %M LTER.2002-90999 %0 Journal Article %J Revista Terra %D 2002 %T Soil classification of arid lands using Thematic mapper data %A Martinez-Rios, J. J. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K thematic mapper %B Revista Terra %V 20 %P 89-100 %G eng %M LTER.2002-91001 %0 Book Section %B Encyclopedia of Soil Science %D 2002 %T Soil inorganic carbon: composition and formation %A Monger, H. C. %A Wilding, L. P. %E Lal, R. (ed.) %K JRN %K petrocalcic horizon %K soil %X Describes composition and formation of soil inorganic carbon. %B Encyclopedia of Soil Science %I Marcel-Dekker %P 701-705 %G eng %M LTER.2002-91002 %0 Book Section %B The potential of U.S. grazing lands to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect %D 2001 %T Inorganic carbon sequestration in grazing lands %A Monger, H. C. %A Martinez-Rios, J. %E Lal, R. , eds. %K JRN %K reports %B The potential of U.S. grazing lands to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect %I CRC Press %C Boca Raton, FL %P 87-118 %G eng %M LTER.2001-91098 %0 Journal Article %J Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology %D 2001 %T Morphology and isotope heterogeneity of Late Quaternary pedogenic carbonates: implications for paleosol carbonates as paleoenvironmental proxies %A Deutz, P. %A Montanez, I. P. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K morphology %B Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology %V 166 %P 293-317 %G eng %M LTER.2001-91101 %0 Book Section %B Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonate %D 2000 %T Biotic and abiotic processes and rates of pedogenic carbonate accumulation in the southwestern United States - relationships to atmospheric CO2 sequestration %A Monger, H. C. %A Gallegos, R. A. %K JRN %K pedogenic carbonates %K soil %B Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonate %I CRC Press %C Boca Raton %P 273-289 %G eng %M LTER.2000-91155 %0 Journal Article %J New Mexico Journal of Science %D 1999 %T Remote sensing technology for development planning along the US-Mexico border: hydrogeology and geomorphology %A Granados-Olivas, A. %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K remote sensing %B New Mexico Journal of Science %V 39 %P 123-? %G eng %M LTER.1999-91236 %0 Journal Article %J G. P. Robertson, C. S. Bledsoe, D. C. Coleman and P. Sollins (eds). Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York. %D 1999 %T Site and landscape characterization for ecological studies. %A Grigal, D. F. %A Ahrens, R. J. %A Boone, R.D. %A Kelly, EF %A Monger, H. C. %A Sollins., P. %K CDR %B G. P. Robertson, C. S. Bledsoe, D. C. Coleman and P. Sollins (eds). Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York. %G eng %N 29-52 %M LTER.1999-6882 %0 Book Section %B Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research %D 1999 %T Site and landscape characterization for ecological studies %A Grigal, David F. %A Bell, James C. %A Ahrens, Robert J. %A Boone, Richard D. %A Kelly, Eugene F. %A Monger, H. C. %A Sollins, Phillip. %E Robertson, G. Philip;Coleman, David C.;Bledsoe, Caroline S.;Sollins, Phillip %K AND %K sampling methodology %B Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research %I Oxford University Press %C New York, NY %P 29-52 %G eng %U http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/pubs/pdf/pub2707.pdf %M LTER.1999-60163 %0 Book Section %B Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research %D 1999 %T Site and landscape characterization for ecological studies %A Grigal, D. F. %A Bell, J. C. %A Ahrens, R. J. %A Boone, R.D. %A Kelly, EF %A Monger, H. C. %A Sollins, P. %E Sollins, P. eds. %K JRN %K soil methods %K technique %B Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research %I Oxford University Press %C New York %P 29-52 %G eng %M LTER.1999-91241 %0 Book Section %B Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research %D 1999 %T Site and landscape characterization for ecological studies %A Grigal, D. F. %A Bell, J. C. %A Ahrens, R. J. %A Boone, R. %A Kelly, EF %A Monger, H. C. %A Sollins, P. %E Sollins, P. %K BNZ %B Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research %I Oxford University Press %C New York, NY, USA %P 29-52 %G eng %M LTER.1999-77171 %0 Book Section %B LTER Soil Methods Standardization %D 1999 %T Soil Structure %A Elliott, E. %A Coleman, D.C. %A Harmon, M %A Kelly, E %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K soil structure %B LTER Soil Methods Standardization %I Oxford University Press %C New York %G eng %M LTER.1999-91244 %0 Book Section %B Standards Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research %D 1999 %T Soil water and temperature status %A Jarrell, W. M. %A Grigal, D. F. %A Kelly, EF %A Monger, H. C. %A Wedin, DA %E G.P. Robertson, C.S. Bledsoe, D.C. Coleman and P. Sollins %K CDR %B Standards Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research %I Oxford University Press %C New York %P 55-73 %G eng %M LTER.1999-6908 %0 Book Section %B LTER Soil Methods Standardization %D 1999 %T Soil water and temperature status %A Jarrell, W. M. %A Armstrong, D. %A Grigal, D. %A Kelly, E %A Monger, H. C. %A Wedin, D %E Sollins, P. (eds.) %K JRN %K soil water %K technique %B LTER Soil Methods Standardization %I Oxford University Press %C Oxford %G eng %M LTER.1999-91245 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Arid Environments %D 1999 %T Stable isotopes and soil-geomorphology as indicators of Holocene climate change, northern Chihuahuan Desert %A Buck, B. J. %A Monger, H. C. %K geomorphology %K JRN %K soil %X Coeval ä13 C shifts recorded in buried soils at both piedmont slope and basin floor sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert indicate a major shift from C4 grasses to C3 desert-scrub between 7 and 9 ka. The age assignments are based on stratigraphic correlations to charcoal dates and carbon-14 dates of carbonate. This shift is synchronous with a period of cooling in the North Atlantic that may have triggered a period of drought in the southwestern United States. Coinciding with this vegetation change, geomorphic evidence in Rio Grande, piedmont, and basin floor eolian environments indicates a major period of erosion. Subsequent gradual enrichment of pedogenic carbonate ä13 C values in younger deposits suggests that C4 grasses rebounded in the late Holocene (approximately 4 ka), which is consistent with other evidence of increased moisture regionally. A period of less severe aridity at approximately 2.2 ka is indicated by erosion and subsequent deposition along the alluvial fans and within the basin, and correlates with depleted pedogenic carbonate ä13 C values suggesting a decrease in C4 grasses. Isotope and packrat midden records should be used together to infer past environmental conditions at different elevations. %B Journal of Arid Environments %V 43 %P 357-373 %G eng %M LTER.1999-91248 %0 Book Section %B New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 49th Field Conference, Las Cruces Country II %D 1998 %T Eolian stratigraphy of intrabasinal fault depressions in the northern Hueco and southern TularosaBasins: Evidence for neotectonic activity %A Buck, B. J. %A Kipp, J. %A Monger, H. C. %E Mack, G. M. (ed.) %K JRN %K stratigraphy %K tularosa basin %X North-south-trending depressions, which parallel the major boundary faults between the northern Hueco and southern Tularosa Basins and the Franklin, Organ, and San Andres Mountains, have been interpreted as small intrabasinal normal faults. This project excavated and described about 140 profiles, including 81 within 8 intrabasinal fault complexes as part of an archaeological study to determine the late Quaternary stratigraphy within the basin. Our results show 5 major stratigraphic units within the Hueco Basin: La Mesa, eolian analogs of the Jornada (I and II), Isaacks' Ranch, and Organ deposits, and lastly, the Historic Blowsand deposit. These sediments contain the same morphologic features and have similar radiocarbon ages as sediments along adjacent alluvial fans, indicating that these eolian sediments are time correlative to the extensively-studied deposits along the alluvial fans in the adjacent Desert Project. Morphologic features, isotopic and pollen studies, as well as radiocarbon dates, suggest that the stratigraphy of both types of sediments are controlled by alternating periods of erosion and deposition, which are primarily driven by climatic fluctuations. However, stratigraphic differences along intrabasinal faults suggest some additional local tectonic controls. Understanding the late Quaternary stratigraphy within these basins is crucial for future neotectonic studies. Evidence for seismic activity possibly as recently as the late Pleistocene or early Holocene was found in the form of seismic-induced liquefaction features and fault-related offset of units. %B New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 49th Field Conference, Las Cruces Country II %I New Mexico Geological Society %P 79-86 %G eng %M LTER.1998-91285 %0 Journal Article %J Geoderma %D 1998 %T Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in Quaternary soil caronates as indicators of ecogeomorphic changes in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, USA %A Monger, H. C. %A Cole, D. R. %A Gish, J. W. %A Giordano, T. H. %K JRN %K soil %K stable isotopes %X Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates provide an additional technique for investigating Quaternary ecogeomorphic changes in arid and semiarid regions. This study presents d13C and d18O values in surface and buried soils in a Basin and Range region of southern New Mexico and west Texas. Three landform categories were investigated for their isotopic content: (1) middle piedmont slopes; (2) a lower piedmont slope and adjacent playa depressions; and (3) an intermontane basin floor. Soils of the middle piedmont slopes had greatest d13C variability, ranging from -0.6‰ in buried soils to -11.1‰ (PDB) in surface soils. Soils of the basin floor had greatest variability in d18O values, ranging from -0.6 ‰ to -7.6‰ (PDB). Fossil pollen patterns roughly paralled d13C shifts, with Cheno-Am pollen exhibiting greatest changes. Both isotope and pollen data across stratigraphic discontinuities suggest that a conversion from C4 grasses to C3 desert shrubs accomopanied Holocene erosion. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. %B Geoderma %V 82 %P 137-172 %G eng %M LTER.1998-91303 %0 Book Section %B Sedimentary Geology %D 1996 %T Plio-Pleistocene pumice floods in the ancestral Rio Grande, southern Rio Grande rift, USA %A Mack, Greg H. %A McIntosh, William C. %A Leeder, Michael R. %A Monger, H. C. %E Sellwood, B.W. , eds. %K JRN %K pumice flood %K volcano %X At least four times during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene pyroclastic eruptions in the Jemez volcanic field, northern Rio Grande rift, flooded the ancestral Rio Grande with gravel-size pumice. Following as much as 400 km of fluvial transport, the pumice was deposited in beds 0.2 to 2.0 m thick in the Camp Rice Formation of the southern Rio Grande rift. A combination of reversal magnetostratigraphy and single-crystal sanidine 40Ar/39Ar dating constrains the ages of pumice-clast conglomerates at 3.1, ~ 2.0, 1.6, and 1.6 Ma. The coarsest pumice beds (cobbles, boulders) were deposited as antidune-like bedforms in a fluvial channel and as a crevasse-play sheet. Granule and pebble-sized pumice was deposited as dune bedforms in a fluvial channels and as ripple bedforms on the floodplain. The abundance of pumice clasts in the gravel fraction (60-100%) suggest very rapid transport downriver, probably in a few days or weeks. The two older pumice-clast conglomerates correlate with the Puye Formation in the Jemez volcanic field, whereas the younger two are coeval to the Lower Bandelier Tuff and Cerro Toledo Rhyolite. %B Sedimentary Geology %I Elsevier Science B.V. %C Amsterdam, the Netherlands %V 103 %P 1-8 %G eng %M LTER.1996-91422 %0 Book Section %B Pedological perspectives in archaeological research %D 1995 %T Pedology in arid lands archaeological research: An example from southern New Mexico--Western Texas %A Monger, H. C. %E Collins, M. E. , ed. %K geomorphology %K JRN %K soil %X Pedology is a key component of arid lands archaeological research, providing information about landscape evolution, the stratigraphic context of artifacts, and environmental change. As an example, a pedologic study was conducted for archaeologists at the Fort Bliss Military Installation, which covers slightly >445 000 hectares of the northern Chihuahuan desert in southern New Mexico and western Texas. Part one of the study consisted of (i) mapping geomorphic surfaces and (ii) mapping deflated areas. Maps of geomorphic surfaces reveal the age and evolution of the arid landscape, and where archaeological sites might be buried. Deflation maps reveal areas where soils are deflated, stable, or recently buried. Artifact visibility is highest in deflated areas, but the stratigraphic integrity is generally lost. Areas buried by eolian sands, on the other hand, are most likely to contain artifacts with stratigraphic integrity, but artifact visibility is low. Part two of the study focused on paleoenvironmental changes. The most useful paleoenvironmental information was obtained from erosion-sedimentation history, fossil pollen preserved in buried soils, and 13C and 18O signatures in soil carbonates. Erosion, pollen, isotopes all revealed a major period of desertification beginning at the middle Holocene about the time Paleoindians gave way to people of the Archaic period. %B Pedological perspectives in archaeological research %I Soil Science Society of America %C Madison, WI %V 44 %P 35-50 %G eng %M LTER.1995-91470 %0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 1994 %T Influence of atmospheric CO2 on the decline of C4 plants during the last deglaciation %A Cole, D. R. %A Monger, H. C. %K atmospheric CO2 %K JRN %K soil %X Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxcide concentrations in the past may have caused changes in vegetation type, and it has been suggested that the isotopic signature of such vegetation shifts, preserved in palaeosols, might be used as a proxy for past CO2 variations. But the connection between palaeosol isotopic signatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been difficult to establish, partly because of the unreliability of CO2 proxies and partly becuase of the difficulty in ruling out other potential causes of vegetation changes, such as climate. Here we present palaeosol carbon isotope ratios that reveal a shift from C4-dominated grasses to C3-dominated shrubs about 7-9 kyr ago on an alluvial fan system in the Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico. This coincides with a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration recorded in Antarctic ice cores and increased aridity recorded by geomorphic reconstructions and packrat remains. Palaeosol oxygen isotope ratios, which depend on temperature and moisture, were relatively constant during the vegetation shift, suggesting that the CO2 change, rather than climate, was the dominant cause. We conclude that the carbon isotope ratios of ancient soils can indeed be used as a proxy for past CO2 changes. %B Nature %V 368 %P 533-536 %G eng %M LTER.1994-91500 %0 Journal Article %J Geological Society of America Bulletin %D 1993 %T Classification of paleosols %A Mack, Greg H. %A James, W. Calvin %A Monger, H. C. %K JRN %K paleosols %K soil %X Despite increased interest in paleosols during the past decade, no satisfactory classification is in current use. Presented here is a largely descriptive classification system that utilizes those pedogenic features that have the highest perservation potential in the rock record. Emphasized in the classification are morphological and mineralogical features that are easily recognizable in the field and through the petrographic microscope. The classification is based on evaluation of the relative prominence in a plaeosol of six pedogenic features or processes: organic matter content, horizonation, redox conditions, in situ mineral alteration, illuviation of unsoluble minerals/compounds, and accumulation of soluable minerals. The most prominent of these six features/processes provides the key to classifying a paleosol into one of nine orders. Four of the order names are borrowed from Soil Taxonomy (Histosol, Spodosol, Oxisol, Vertisol), whereas the other five order names ore presented here for the first time (Calcisol, Gypsisol, Gleysol, Argillisol, Protosol). The orders may be preceded by one or more subordinate modifiers that describe other important features of the paleosol. The classification is relatively easy to apply to the rock record and should enhance communication and aid in the standardization of terminology. %B Geological Society of America Bulletin %V 105 %P 129-136 %G eng %M LTER.1993-91524 %0 Journal Article %J Geology %D 1991 %T Microbial precipitation of pedogenic calcite %A Monger, H. C. %A Daugherty, LeRoy A. %A Lindemann, William C. %A Liddell, Craig M. %K calcite formation %K JRN %K soil %X Pedogenic calcite in desert soils has become increasingly important as an indicator of paleoclimate, landscape stability, and landscape age. This study indicates that calcic and petrocalcic horizons in desert soils are not simply the result of inorganic precipitaion of calcite. Soil microorganisms were found to be involved in calcite precipitation in a typical desert soil near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Fossilized remains of calcified fungal hyphae and Microcodium stuctures are abundant in the petrocalcic horizon. Soil bacteria and fungi precipitated calcite when cultured on a Ca-rich medium. In an experiment where soil columns were irrigated with Ca-rich solutions, calcite formed in soils containing soil microorganisms, but no calcite formed in sterile soils. Thus, biomineralization of calcite by soil microorganisms appears to be an important mechanism of unknown magnitude. %B Geology %V 19 %P 997-1000 %G eng %M LTER.1991-91634 %0 Journal Article %J Soil Science Society of America Journal %D 1991 %T Neoformation of palygorskite in a southern New Mexico aridisol %A Monger, H. C. %A Daugherty, L. A. %K JRN %K petrocalcic horizon %K soil %X Palygorskite is the dominant clay mineral in a petrocalcic horizon of the Rotura soil series (a coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic, Typic Haplargid), a soil of middle Pleistocene age in southern New Mexico. The purpose of this study was to determine if palygorskite is eolian in origin, inherited from its alluvial parent material, or neoformed in the soil. The origin of palygorskite was determined by examining clay mineral distribution, soil-water extract chemistry, and palygorskite fiber morphology. An eolian origin of palygorskite is unlikely because it is absent in upper soil horizons and no palygorskite was captured in dust traps during a 10-yr study. An inherited origin is also unlikely because palygorskite is not an inherent component of Rio Grande alluvium. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that delicate palygorskite fibers radiate perpendicularly into pore spaces, which indicates neoformation. The petrocalcic horizon may foster palygorskite neoformation because it is the site of high Mg content and abundant sand- and silt-grain dissolution. %B Soil Science Society of America Journal %V 55 %P 1646-1650 %G eng %M LTER.1991-91636 %0 Journal Article %J Soil Science Society of America Journal %D 1991 %T Pressure solution: possible mechanism for silicate grain dissolution in a petrocalcic horizon %A Monger, H. C. %A Daugherty, LeRoy A. %K JRN %K silicate dissolution %K soil %X In the petrocalcic horizon of a middle Pleistocene soil in southern New Mexico, up to 58% of the silicate grains have dissolution features, such as embayed and serrated edges. The purpose of this study was to determine if pressure solution produced the dissolution features. Samples were analyzed in thin section using light and electron microscopy, and by measuring pH and Si concentration of saturated paste extracts. Four lines of evidence support the pressure-solution mechanism in the petrocalcic horizon: (i) silicate grains are smooth where they contact pores, but serrated where they contact calcite; (ii) dissolution pits on silicate grains generally match the shapes of impacted calcite crystals; (iii) silicate grains are concentrated into horizontal layers in the upper petrocalcic horizon, which testifies to the pressure generated by crystallizing calcite; and (iv) outside the petrocalcic horizon where crystallization pressure is less, silicate grains coated with calcite crystals have fewer dissolution features than grains in the petrocalcic horizon. No relationship was apparent between silicate-grain dissolution and petrocalcic-horizon pH or Si concentration. The pH (7.6) was below, and the Si concentration (8.6 mg L-1) was above the levels required for dissolution. Thus, pressure generated by crystallizing calcite appears to have caused dissolution features on the silicate grains in the petrocalcic horizon. %B Soil Science Society of America Journal %V 55 %P 1625-1629 %G eng %M LTER.1991-91639 %0 Book Section %B The Soil-Geomorphology Projects of R. V. Ruhe %D 1990 %T The Desert Project %A Monger, H. C. %A Gile, L. H. %A Hawley, J. W. %E Olson, C. A. (ed.) %K geomorphology %K JRN %K soil %B The Soil-Geomorphology Projects of R. V. Ruhe %I Special Publication of the Geological Society of America %C Boulder, Colorado %G eng %M LTER.1990-91655 %0 Book Section %B Handbook of Soil Science %D 1990 %T Entisols %A Nordt, L %A Collins, M. %A Fanning, D. %A Monger, H. C. %E Sumner, M. E. (ed.) %K entisols %K JRN %K soil %B Handbook of Soil Science %I CRC Press %G eng %M LTER.1990-91656 %0 Book Section %B Environmental Soil Mineralogy %D 1990 %T Soil silica--pathways and environmental relationships %A Monger, H. C. %A Kelly, EF %E Schulze, D. G. (eds.) %K JRN %K silica %K soil %B Environmental Soil Mineralogy %I Soil Science Society of America %C Madison, Wisconsin %G eng %M LTER.1990-91657


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After unloading nearly $500 million on a trio of All-Stars and a superstar foreign pitcher, the New York Yankees still have uncertainties everywhere. The team is suffering from last season, which left many key players battered and bruised, along with several veteran players that found new homes during free-agency. All of these factors proved that sometimes, even for the Yankees, there are things money can't buy.
As a result of the new names and the price tags that came with them, I believe that the Yankees have no choice but to be the unanimous favorites to win the World Series, otherwise, what was it all for? The Yankees are always considered contenders, but after a historical spending spree, it would be laughable without a World Series visit. Though the expectations are distinctively higher than last year's team, this year's squad is surprisingly nowhere near being a runaway favorite.
For the better part of the last four seasons, Mark Teixeira, Derek Jeter, Robinson Cano and Alex Rodriguez have comprised what was one of the best infields in MLB history. Now, Cano and Rodriguez are gone and Jeter and Teixeira are coming back from injuries that sidelined them for nearly all of last year. Brian Roberts, Kelly Johnson and Brendan Ryan will step in to provide whatever it is they can, but certainly the infield in the Bronx offers no inspiration.
The Yankees' outfield is probably the most optimistic area on the field, however, it would be better if the year was 2004 rather than 2014. Carlos Beltran, Alfonso Soriano and Ichiro Suzuki all will be asked to have exceptional years with Brett Gardner and an injury-prone Jacoby Ellsbury serving as the outfield's only youth, each at 30 years old.
Finally, there is the pitching dilemma. General manager Brian Cashman stated last week that $155 million Japanese pitcher Masahiro Tanaka will hopefully be a solid No. 3 starter. I understand that Cashman is just trying to be realistic, but that is a surprising expectation for someone who cost an arm and a leg to get. CC Sabathia and Hiroki Kuroda struggled to finish 2013 and Ivan Nova has never put together a full MLB season. As for the fifth spot, a competition in Spring Training between several young pitchers will determine who will hold the position.
The 2014 Yankees have given fans a reason to be excited, but there are many question marks that simply cannot be ignored. This year's Spring Training will be one of the most crucial in a long time for Joe Girardi and his staff, as they will have to make major decisions on every position.
Chris Raimondi is a writer for RantSports.com. Follow him on Twitter @ChrisDRaimondi, "Like" him on Facebook or add him to your network on Google.


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Cost saving techniques for your home
Sun, 26 Dec 2010 04:54:14 GMT —
Everyone looks for ways to cut spending. Lighting can be one of the easiest cost saving techniques for your home. New package labels will soon show consumers exactly what they're getting when they turn on a light.
Replacing a light bulb is not difficult. Choosing the right one is a different story.
"Many times people just don't understand lighting," said Marsha Alexander. She's a University of Missouri extension housing and environmental design specialist.
Alexander recommends compact fluorescents that have the energy star label.
"It may be indeed a surprise that not all compact fluorescents and other fluorescent products have the energy star label, but no they do not."
In mid-2011, labels on light bulb packaging will end some confusion. Much like nutrition labels seen on food products listing ingredients, the packages will list information on lumens, estimated yearly costs, and wattage usage.
"These new labels are going to provide some wonderful information, and it is going to be easily assessable for the consumer."
Though compact fluorescents cost more at the store, they last six to 12 times longer than standard incandescent bulbs. Alexander says these bulbs measure up to traditional incandescents in both light brightness and quality.
"To really look for an energy efficient lamp, what you want to do is maximize the lumens and minimize the wattage."
A floor lamp that uses an incandescent bulb will cost around 15 dollars in one year. Over the next 5 years... More than $70. But a similar floor lamp using a compact fluorescent is much cheaper to operate without sacrificing brightness or quality of light.
"If you would put one compact fluorescent in each room of your house just think about the savings."
Reported by Kent Faddis from the University of Missouri.


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WATKINS, George Edward (born 1943), Chairman and Managing Director, Conoco (UK) Ltd, 1993–2002; Chairman, Petro Matad Ltd, 2012–15
in Who's Who
P ublished online November 2015 .
Reference Entry. Subjects: Natural History; Earth Sciences and Geography; History of Science and Technology; Physics; Industrial History; Industry Studies; Primary Products. 185 words.


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With our hectic work schedules, one gets a little careless about his health and fitness. We sleep late in the night, get up early (means incomplete sleep), slog for the whole day, eat just about anything from sandwiches to burgers, drink unlimited cups of coffee/tea. The result is – obese and extremely unhealthy body.
All this makes exercising too important to be ignored. One gets positive results from working out, only if you are regular. Exercising one day and going off it for the next six days serves no purpose. One day or a week long efforts will not make any difference. But it is about your body and one must not hesitate from working out regularly as it is a long term investment.
Research suggests, working out is more fun if you have a partner. When couples join any health club or wellness clinics, they stay more regular and get overwhelming results. Your partner does not have to be your spouse, could be anyone from your best friend to your mother. It is generally seen, people tend to lose interest and become irregular after a while.
That means wastage of your money and efforts you had put-in earlier. Who else, better than your partner, can give you the much needed encouragement. For couples working out together it is a blessing in disguise.
As they get to spend some more time together, it is a luxury that not anyone can afford nowadays. Watching your partner, sweating it out in a sexy sports – wear can only increase your urge, urge to work out even faster as it excites and rejuvenates you, in all possible senses. Doing some hard and brisk movements together, can act as a seductive foreplay.
When you decide to work out with your partner, you need to plan your timings suiting to both of you. Your workout patterns could be different too, depending upon your bodies and needs, so a thought is required to be given there too.
Even the various gyms and health clubs have realized and seen the benefits of working out in pairs, seeing this they have come up with amazing discounts on couple memberships. So just grab your partner and work it out!


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
43.93 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Are you looking to reserve a room in Turkey? Golden Horn Hotel Istanbul is pleased to host guests booking on RevNGo.com. The hotel is offering 57 nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in Istanbul. If you feel like having a meal not included in your chosen type of catering, you can always taste local dishes in the restaurant of the hotel. Car rental service and organized city tours are also available to help you discover all key highlights of the area. Upon preliminary notice airport transfer can be requested. The local café will provide an ideal location for personal meetings and nice evening chats. You may secure your valuables in the safe. You can also bring your laptop for the holiday, for there is wireless Internet connection (WiFi) available at the hotel. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Golden Horn Hotel Istanbul (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 14:00, the latest check-out time from your room is 12:00. The personnel of the hotel can speak with you in Turkish and English languages.
Golden Horn Hotel Istanbul rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Organized sightseeing nearby, Car rental nearby
Default services: Cafe, Elevator, Safe deposit box
Airport transfer
Own restaurant
Bathrobe, Hairdryer, Desk in the room, Mini-bar


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Katihar Villages Data UpdatesUnaso_pachgachhi, Kadwa Block, Katihar District data has updated
Katihar is a district in Bihar state in india.
Blocks of Katihar District
About barsoi Katihar District Dr Shafi Azam said on
Lift irrigation system ki five unit ke liye application grant hua tha jo dagrapara village k west hisse m kheton ki irrigation ka kam karta lekin government ki la parwah ravaiyye se ye kam ab tak jamin par nahi Utar saka hai kirpya pura karne ka kam kare
About barsoi Katihar District Dr Shafi Azam said on
naagar River darapara ko communication gap karti hai yaha k logon ki barso purana demand hai ki high level ka Bridge ban jaye Lekin koi nahi sunta ye river bihar- Bangal ka boarder hai isliye Kendra sarkar se gujarish hai ki jinta jald ho kam suru kare. Jai hind jai bharat
About barsoi Katihar District Dr Shafi Azam said on
Pani tank chahiye
About kadwa Katihar District Mushahid Reza (M M Reza) said on
In pachgachhi village supply of electricity is poor because goverment .DM of katihar not come to see problem of the village . I am requested to goverment


text: Gogo warns slow day wifi never seen this RenesPoints blog March 12, 2017 at 1440 × 1004 in The Results From My Group Delta Elite Mileage Run & a Few Mistakes I Made After $1000 Bump! ← Previous / Next → This post contains references to products from one or more of our advertisers. We will receive compensation when you click on links to those products. For an explanation of our Advertiser Disclosure, and advertiser partners, such as American Express, CreditCards.com and others visit this page. Related


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Career Services offers electronic review of resumes for UW Bothell undergraduates, graduates, and alumni.
In order to be evaluated please make sure your document meets the following criteria:
You will receive feedback on your resume within 2 business days. If you need assistance with other types of documents (cover letter, personal statement, cv, etc.), please make an appointment.
Career Services also provides workshops throughout the quarter. For a list of our upcoming workshops and events, please go to www.uwb.edu/careers/events
For additional resume writing assistance, please check out the UW Career Guide.
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text: Long-term observation of amphibian populations inhabiting urban and forested areas in Yekaterinburg, RussiaVladimir L. Vershinin, Svetlana D. Vershinina, Dmitry L. Berzin, Darya V. Zmeeva, Alexander V. KinevScientific data2015This article presents data derived from a 36 year-long uninterrupted observational study of amphibian populations living in the city and vicinity of Yekaterinburg, Russia. This area is inhabited by six amphibian species. Based on a degree of anthropogenic transformation, the urban territory is divided into five highly mosaic zones characterized by… (More)


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Atlas Copco enlisted Clark Marketing Communications to work with them on a number of marketing communications initiatives including the launch of their drilling innovation "Excore" at the mining industry's biggest event, the PDAC. The launch included an "X Marks the Spot" teaser email campaign. The first three emails built suspense and was followed by a video invite to the conference.
Next, we coordinated the unveil, complete with branded clothing and accessories, posters, and a video in which Atlas Copco employees from around the world told the audience why they "stand behind Excore." The video meshed perfectly with the announcement by the company president, resulting in a record number of visitors to their PDAC booth and a flood of orders for the new premium drill bits.


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- Cars
- New cars
- Renault
- Renault Pulse
- Reviews
- The car I love
The car I love
User review on Renault Pulse written by Nishi Parekh on 11 January 2016
Nishi Parekh's review on Renault Pulse RxL
Year of Manufacture : 2015 | Driven no. of Kms. : 1500
- Pros: Spacious
- Cons: Not a good drive
The car all in all in good but it is a waste of time when trying to drive around town. I do not enjoy driving it like I enjoy driving my other car. I have an i10 too and I love driving it. I love this car all otherwise too.
Read more →
User Reviews for Renault Pulse Competitors
Maruti Suzuki Swift
Ford Figo
Nissan Micra 2017
Volkswagen Polo


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Pop Culture
Hollywood Now: Chris Pine, Rachel Weisz & Ari Graynor, Plus So Many Babies!By Gerri Miller
New flicks with celebs in interfaith relationships and from interfaith backgrounds, plus their baby news!Go To Pop Culture
Rabbi Ronne Friedman's Interview of Edmund Case. The interview is presented using the Real Media Player. If you do not have the Real Media Player, click here to download a free version.


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Chateau Oval Bracelet
This lolaandgrace signature bracelet features eye-catching hand-set Swarovski® Crystals adorned with delicate crystal pavé. This bracelet is a stunning piece of arm jewellery!
- made with Swarovski® Crystals
- perfect mix of crystal and chain appeal
- optimal weight for a luxurious feeling
- rose gold plated
- bracelet: 18.5 cm (7.3 in)
- extension chain: 3 cm (1.2 in)
to the united states of amercia (usa)
Orders placed from Monday to Friday by 11 am EST will be processed and shipped the same business day.
Orders placed on weekends and public holidays will be processed and shipped the next business day.
Unfortunately, lolaandgrace is unable to deliver to PO boxes or APO/FPO addresses.
return policy
At lolaandgrace we aim to please. If you're not happy with anything bought from the lolaandgrace online shop you can return it up to 2 weeks after the original date of purchase.


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Picture: Lara Logan 33rd Annual American Women In Radio & Television Gracie Allen Awards - held at the Marriott Marquis - Arrivals New York City, USA...
Lara Logan, the American news correspondent who was sexually assaulted in Egypt last week, has received an on-air apology from NIR ROSEN, the journalist who joked about her vicious attack.
LARA LOGAN has received an apology from NIR ROSEN, the journalist who this week resigned from his fellowship at NYU's Centre on Law and Security after making jokes about Logan's assault, reports the Huffington post.Logan was assaulted by a mob of men after she was separated from her crew in Cairo's Tahrir Square. Rosen made a number of tasteless jokes on his Twitter page about the attack, including one that referred to Anderson Cooper, that read, "Yes, yes, it's wrong what happened to her, of course. I don't support that. But it would have been funny if it happened to Anderson, too." Rosen appeared on Cooper's show yesterday (16th February 2011) to apologise for his comments. The news anchor pushed Rosen on his reasoning for the Tweets, saying, "You seem to be saying it would be funny if I were sexually assaulted or more violently assaulted in some way than I had already been", to which Rosen replied, "I was a jerk". He described his comments about Logan as "thoughtless" and added that he had 'forgotten' he was essentially speaking to hundreds of thousands of people.
Logan was released from an undisclosed hospital this week and is now resting at home near Washington DC with her husband and daughters.


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Here are some numbers that should make McClatchy executives stop dead in their tracks:
Sacramento Bee circulation as of 3/31/07: 279,032
Sacramento Bee circulation as of 3/31/08: 268,755
That's a loss of 10,277 in one year -- almost 1,000 a month.
And when the Bee raises its price in January, look for more subscribers to jump ship.
Report: paid subscriptions at The Olympian are down 1,000 over the past year
Newspaper circulations at a 62-year low
This blog is mainly about the spectacular train wreck at The Sacramento Bee and its parent company, the McClatchy Company. But I also post about current events, the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, politics, anything else that grabs my attention. Take a look around this blog, hope you enjoy it.
Friday, October 24, 2008
Sacramento Bee's circulation is hemorrhaging
2 comments:
- Anonymous said...
It is really revealing when you factor in the population increase in their circulation area.
The only good thing that is going to come out of the Obamamania is that it is probably the end of advocacy journalism.
- TheBronze said...
That's the best news I've heard all day!
There are probably almost 4 million people in the Sac Bee's coverage area and they only have 269,000 subscribers?
Sounds like people are catching on...
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Westbrook Pegler was extremely good at calling people names. Particularly politicians. In his syndicated newspaper column, he called Franklin D. Roosevelt "Moosejaw" and "momma's boy." Truman was "a thin-lipped hater."
Pegler was a bit of hater himself. He didn't like the labor movement, Communists, fascists, Jews, and perhaps most of all, liberals. In one 1938 column, he coined a term for liberals that would eventually come to define conservative scorn for the left. Pegler was the first writer to refer to liberals as "bleeding hearts." The context for this then-novel insult? A bill before Congress that aimed to curb lynching.
Before the 20th century, the phrase "bleeding heart" was popular in the religious-tinged oratory of 19th century America. Throughout the 1860s, it comes up often in poetry, essays, and political speeches, as an expression of empathy and emotion. "I come to you with a bleeding heart, honest and sincere motives, desiring to give you some plain thoughts," said one politician in an 1862 speech. The phrase comes from the religious image of Christ's wounded heart, which symbolizes his compassion and love. It was a common enough phrase that London has a "Bleeding Heart Yard" (featured prominently in the Dickens novel Little Dorrit) which is named after a long-gone sign, once displayed at a local pub, that showed the Sacred Heart.
By the 1930s, though, the phrase had fallen out of common use and Pegler, who one politician called a "soul-sick, mud-wallowing gutter scum columnist," recruited it into a new context, as a political insult. He was a master of this art. As a contemporary of his wrote in an academic article on political name-calling, "Pegler has coined, or given prominence to, a fair share of unfair words." (Pegler also called the AFL a "swollen national racket," economics "a side-show science," and Harold Ickes, who ran the Public Works Administration, "Donald Duck.")


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Salome Trailer (1981)
07 August 1981
The story starts as a seemingly simple crime of passion, Jimmy, the persistent suitor, is stabbed to death by Salome, the young and pretty wife of Kario, an ordinary farmer. But as the story unfolds, conflicting versions of the crime are given.
Watch the official Salome 1981 trailer in HD below or find more Salome videos on Vidimovie.


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3D printing represents a critical element in what many are calling the '3rd Industrial Revolution.' This revolution is underwritten by our motivation to integrate our digital world with our physical one.
For many organisations uncovering ways in which to harness the power of 3D printing is of critical importance. To showcase an early example of how this is being done OmniChannel Media caught up with Lynette Kucsma, Co-Founder and Chief Marketing Officer at Natural Machines. Lynette and her team have created 'Foodini', a 3D food printing machine that represents the next generation of kitchen appliances.
In this interview with OmniChannel Media's Editorial Director Matthew Egan, Lynette discusses the company's motivations around choosing to integrate 3D printing technology into the kitchen. She also provides and insight into the future of 3D printing as whole and the reasons why so many industries have chosen to engage with the technology.
Listen to the audio interview here:


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Try itApril/May 2010 Issue
Living Without's Favorites: Sweet Treats
Soon after Jill Brack and her daughter Stella were both diagnosed with celiac disease, Brack buckled down to make gluten-free cookies that would be indistinguishable from the other kids' treats. She got it just right. Her Glow Gluten-Free cookies are, quite frankly, a glowing success. Made with nutrient-rich, fiber-rich bean flour (don't worry, there's no aftertaste), these cookies contain no gluten, casein, trans fats or preservatives. They come in four flavor varieties—Double Chocolate, Gingersnap, Snickerdoodle and Chocolate Chip. All are crispy, satisfying, totally delicious and hard to resist.
800-497-7434, glowglutenfree.com
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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Guests looking for accommodation in Plantation are welcome to book a nicely furnished room at Hyatt Place Ft. Lauderdale Plantation. The café can be an ideal place for a pleasant evening talk or a meeting. The exact scope of services offered by Hyatt Place Ft. Lauderdale Plantation (including those for an extra fee) is available on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 15:00, the latest check-out time from your room is 12:00. The personnel can communicate with you in English.
Hyatt Place Ft. Lauderdale Plantation rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Pet friendly, Cafe, Elevator


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King Pharmaceuticals
October 12, 2010 by staff
King Pharmaceuticals, Stock futures were pointing to a lower opening as traders await the release of the minutes of the meeting of the Federal Reserve in September and ahead of earnings from Intel Corp. barometer after the closing bell.
Here are some precursors such as the market Tuesday.
The insurance company of digital identity has announced that it would be acquired by Swedish lock maker Assa Abloy 162 million and sent sent soaring by 42.5% in premarket trading.
King Pharmaceuticals (NYSE: KG)
Shares of pharmaceutical company jumped 39.1% in the pre-market trading after announcing that it would be acquired by Pfizer and 14.25 per share in a transaction valued at 3.6 billion.
Geron Corp. (Nasdaq: GERN)
Shares of the biopharmaceutical company, rose 4.4% in pre-market trading Tuesday after announcing late Monday that the first human trial of its treatment on embryonic stem cells had begun.
Global Payments Inc. (NYSE: GPN)
The company's electronic payment transactions posted first-quarter results below expectations reporting a profit of 61 cents per share on revenue of 440.1 million and. Analysts had estimated earnings of 69 cents per share and revenue of 438.6 million and. Shares plunged 13.2% in premarket trading.
Tongxin International Ltd. (NASDAQ: TXIC)
Chinese carmaker body said it had received notification from NASDAQ that is no longer in compliance with registration after failing to file a Form 20-F, a requirement for foreign listings. The shares were down 12.2% in premarket trading.
Synaptics Inc. (NASDAQ: SYNA)
After the close Monday, the UI developer lowered its forecast for quarterly earnings and announced the resignation of its CEO by sending down 6.1% in pre-market trading Tuesday.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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Graham Parker, decades ago, ranted "don't get me to fill up your empty lives" as the star-making machinery enclosed him in a Cocoon of Cool where real life was notional and, for all intents and purposes, fictional.
Ray Davies of The Kinks wished for "(A) fantasy world of celluloid villains and heroes." And, stealing another page from RD, who among us doesn't remember a Golden Child from our youth, some perfect specimen of the species, whose life was so wonderful it hurt our eyes to just look at them? And should we encounter them today and they seem to now have something other than that Happy Ending they thought was a birthright, tell me you don't smile just a little (schadenfreude ist auch ein freude).
So what should we make of the more recent examples of 'I called shotgun in Cowling's White Bronco' media feeding frenzy that is so much a part of our lives? With all this media and in such abundance, let's face it, the dumbing down, the bread and circuses, the 'Look at me, I'm Sandra Dee' aspect of our news structures, the day must be coming when reasonable human beings might well ask, WTFO? Or, perhaps more elegantly phrased, how did we end up in this hand basket, why is it so warm and where, exactly, are we going?
Not only do we rely on too many dubious sources of information and distraction, we rely on them in order to live our lives through their reports. How many more Christie Brinkley's, Alex Rodriquez's, Lara Logan's do we have to have before we can finally look away? What happened to last month's Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan or Jamie Lynn. If they're not on the cover of AADDd (Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Digest) does that mean they no longer exist?
Show of hands: do any of us shoe shop with any of the people in the above paragraph? That's what I thought. But more of us know about Lara Logan's escapades than can name the Speaker of the House of Representatives. We are more conversant with the heartbreak that is Christie's lot in life than understanding of the impact of the Prime Rate on our credit ratings (see? All this time you were blaming Countrywide for the sub-prime meltdown and it may have been Diana Bianchi) and baseball fans can now discuss whether A-Rod has more doubles with runners in scoring position than he has nooners with Madonna.
Is this stuff news? Is any of it news, and for whom? I love baseball and am a Yankees fan, and I shift uneasily as the Rodriguez family disintegrates off the field as when Roger Clemens showed up in a Spring training haircut to testify on the Hill. My need to NOT know is greater than TMZ, CNN, E!, Fox or the Daily News' need to tell me. I watched Lara Logan's reports for CBS News from Afghanistan and Iraq-I'm not sure why I'm supposed to care with whom she was knocking (combat) boots when not being shot at. As for Christie B, the Unhappy Uptown Girl, I have a hard time feeling sorry for her especially as she does such a good job of feeling sorry for herself. But, again, why is any of this leading a TV newscast or showing up on the front pages, above the fold, of daily newspapers? Joan of Arc may have drunk her bathwater; Jonas Salk could have left the toilet seat up and the Virgin Mary might have never child-proofed the stable--and none of that is any of my business.
And yet, here it comes. Who's to bless and who's to blame? We are--that's the short answer, which is good, because surveys say we don't have the span of attention required to have a discussion, much less develop a strategy, for better separating the wheat from the chaff. No wonder our world is so screwed up-look at how we gather the information to attempt to make decisions. And if you're hoping all the tumult and head noise will get better with time, let me talk to you about buying a bridge in Brooklyn.
Three question exam, but you have to get all three right. Ready? Probably not.
Who is the President of Zimbabwe?
Who originally called shotgun in AC's SUV?
Why did so many know the second one but not the first?
-bill kenny


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This Privacy Policy applies to the Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Inc. (LBG) website and governs the use of the LBG site by visitors and collection and use of data by LBG. LBG acknowledges and respects the privacy of users of the LBG website. By using the LBG website, you consent to the Privacy Policy and data collection and use practices described in this policy.
LBG does not require your personal information to access this website. However, you may choose to provide personal information to LBG, such as your name, address, telephone number and email address in order for LBG to deliver the service you have requested. When you provide such data or other information through this website, LBG will act in a responsible manner with respect to information provided. Information submitted either via our E-mail submit form or for consideration of employment will be kept confidential and only disclosed to those who may be able to assist in answering your question or considering you for employment within LBG. To the extent that LBG collects personally identifiable information, it will secure such information on computer servers in a controlled, secure environment, protected from unauthorized access, use or disclosures.
LBG will not trade, sell or rent personal information by may collect or provide aggregate statistics about its site and users to other parties. This website logs IP addresses, the type of operating system that the users's computer uses, the type of browser software used by the visitor and the pages accessed by the visitor. LBG may use the aggregate data to perform statistical analyses of the collective charcteristics and behavior of our visitors to measure overall use demographics and interests regarding specific areas of the site.
LBG will occasionally update this Privacy Policy to reflect company and client feedback. LBG encourages you to periodically review this Privacy Policy with respect to its application to you and your information.


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Hotel Gamma
Select your stay dates to check availability
Hotel Gamma
About the hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Hotel Gamma in Milan (Citta Studi), you'll be close to Piscina Romano Ponzio and Corso Como. This hotel is within close proximity of Istituto Besta and Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa.
Make yourself at home in one of the 58 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and minibars. Wireless Internet access (surcharge) keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms have complimentary toiletries and bidets. Conveniences include safes and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Make use of convenient amenities, which include wireless Internet access (surcharge) and a television in the lobby.
Take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include dry cleaning/laundry services, a 24-hour front desk, and multilingual staff. This hotel has 2 meeting rooms available for events. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Number of floors - 7
- Elevator/lift
- Meeting rooms
- Luggage storage
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 58
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- 24-hour front desk
- Television in lobby
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Multilingual staff
- Laundry facilities
- Bar/lounge
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
Room Facilities
- In-room safe
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Air conditioning
- Desk
- Climate control
- Free toiletries
- Room service (limited hours)
- Daily housekeeping
- Free newspaper
- Refrigerator
- Satellite TV service
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Hair dryer
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Private bathroom
- Minibar
- Bidet
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 8 per person (approximately)
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: EUR 5.00 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
- Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: EUR 5.00 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
- Self parking fee: EUR 17 per day
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
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The Son That Former NFL Player Rae Carruth Tried To Kill Turns 18, Still Suffering From Permanent Brain Damage
The former wide receiver, who plotted the murder of his ex, Cherica Adams, is scheduled to be released from prison soon.
SANTA MONICA, Calif. (AP) — He's still got two years left on his current contract, but President Barack Obama is already fantasizing about the day he can go to work in sweatpants.
And he's got at least one job offer.
Obama was answering questions Thursday from young entrepreneurs at the office facility Cross Campus when one go-getter, Ariel Jalali, pitched his startup Sensay, a mobile app corporation.
"The question is really more in the form of an offer," he said. "I wanted to get a jump on the competition in offering you your next gig. It's super rewarding. You get to help people."
Obama asked with a laugh, "You're offering me a job?"
"That's right," Jalali said.
"Wow, OK," the president said.
Jalali continued: "You can help anyone from anywhere using your — nothing more than your brain and a smartphone, and you can do it anonymously. So, what do you think?"
The audience laughed along with Obama and his would-be employer. Obama did allow that being president had been a privilege but that eight years was long enough. Being able to dabble in the issues of the day while wearing sweatpants and a baseball cap sounded attractive, he admitted.
"But I think I'd have to check out your perks," the president said. "Do you have, like, a sushi bar?"
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(Photo: AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
The former wide receiver, who plotted the murder of his ex, Cherica Adams, is scheduled to be released from prison soon.
Each of the men could be served a life sentence in prison.
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