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Pantheon Build Guide by ApocalypteK
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Pantheon Build
Starting Items
First Offensive
Damage (Got Some Kills)
Armor/Magic Resist (Dying/Team is Losing)
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Welcome to my Pantheon jungle guide.
It is now pre Season 5, and I am still playing and updating this guide. Please leave some feedback once you read through the guide, thank you.
Pros vs Cons
+ Grand Skyfall, need I say more?
+ Aegis Protection can block Siphoning Strike or a Blade Waltz
+ One of the best turret divers in the game
+ Tied for the highest base movement speed in the game
- Not the tankiest jungler
- Must use a summoner spell or Grand Skyfall to escape
- Has only one CC ability with a considerably long cooldown
- Actually wants to be a baker
Jungle Pantheon - Why?
Summoner Spells
Main Spells
SPACEA must have for any jungler. Smite operates at a cooldown of 60 seconds, and grants a free and instant damage based on your level. If you plan on stealing the enemy buff, you should always be certain that Smite is ready to be used. Make sure to use it to secure your buffs, dragon, and baron as well. As of patch 4.20, smite is an absolute must for any jungler.
SPACEI choose Flash as a safe pick. You can use it to escape over a wall, dodge ultimates like Absolute Zero and Tidal Wave, chase down fleeing enemies, or even (riskily) gank with it. It is one of the most versatile summoner spells in the game and I often take this.
SPACE Ghost would have to be my second choice to replace Flash. Sometimes it's better to run ghost, notably for chasing and escaping. I'm more likely to use it to run across the map and save my tower than flashing slightly closer to my destination. There is nothing wrong with taking it over Flash, it's a matter of play style and preference.
Greater Mark of Attack Damage
Greater Seal of Armor
Greater Glyph of Scaling Magic Resist
Greater Quintessence of Attack Damage
Greater Glyph of Scaling Magic Resist Pretty standard, your alternatives are Greater Glyph of Cooldown Reduction, I personally like to run 5% CDR in blues but leave MR in the guide to keep new players alive.
Greater Mark of Attack Damage Now this is where you get to preference. Pantheon benefits mostly from AD. Other options likes Greater Mark of Attack Speed are good choices on champions like Nocturne, but Panth is too busy jumping on people, throwing spears, and raising his shield to benefit from other marks early in the game. The second best choice would be greater mark of armor penetration if you don't plan on building The Black Cleaver or Last Whisper.
Greater Quintessence of Attack Damage Same situation as the marks, but even if you use armor pen marks I'd keep these.
This is my go to AD jungling 21/9/0 page. I find it, in my opinion, the most optimal for general builds.
These masteries may be the safer choice if you are new to jungling or need to tank for you team.
Ability Explanation
Aegis Protection
After attacking or casting spells 4 times, Pantheon will block the next normal attack that deals more than 40 damage to him.
Spear Shot
Pantheon hurls his spear at an opponent, dealing 65 / 105 / 145 / 185 / 225 (+1.4 per bonus attack damage) physical damage. If Heartseeker Strike has been leveled up once, Spear Shot will crit to deal 150% damage against opponents whose current health is below 15% of their max health.
Aegis of Zeonia
Pantheon leaps at an enemy and deals 50 / 75 / 100 / 125 / 150 (+100% of ability power) magic damage and stuns them for 1 second. Pantheon also instantly refreshes his Aegis Protection
Heartseeker Strike
Passive: Pantheon gains 100% critical strike chance against targets below 15% of their max health.
Active: Pantheon channels for 0.75 seconds and deals 3 swift strikes in a cone in front of him. Each strike deals 13 / 23 / 33 / 43 / 53 (+0.6 per bonus attack damage) physical damage, and they deal double damage to champions.
8===DAs for the active, it gives nice AOE damage. Helps clear the jungle and take down the enemy champs health. Be sure to use it wisely, it's not worth losing a chase over some damage. We prioritize this second,
Grand Skyfall
Pantheon gathers his strength channeling for 2 seconds and then leaps high in to the air, crashing down at the target area 1.5 seconds later. Deals 400 / 700 / 1000 (+100% of ability power) magic damage to units at the center (down to 50% at the edge) and slows them by 35% for 1 second. If the channeling is cancelled, the cooldown is reduced to 10 seconds.
Skill Sequence
|Skill Priority
R Grand Skyfall > Q Spear Shot > E Heartseeker Strike > W Aegis of Zeonia
SPACEHere is the discussion post I made showing the difference between your Q ( Spear Shot) and your E ( Heartseeker Strike)
Now of course with different amounts of bonus AD this would all be different, but then when it comes to cooldown your Q is on a constant 4 second, while your E comes from 10 to 6 seconds. Your Q is up 2.5 times/2 times/1.5 times faster than your E at ranks 1/3/5. Of course the AOE damage on the E could make up with clear times, but don't forget that your Q can crit under 15% max health.
I didn't forget that Heartseeker does double damage to champions, so yes when you look at burst E outshines Q, but when it comes to ranks your Q does 160 more damage at 5 than 1, and, at double damage to champs, your E does 80 more damage at 5 than 1. Also don't forget the scales on the bonus AD, Q has 1.4, over two times more than your E's.
I still feel that it's worth it to max your Q first, for both its great scaling and the crit strike at under 15% health."
Starting Item
Standard start for most if not all junglers. Very cost efficient and allows you to get 2 Health Potions. Builds into versatile items to fit your needs.
Core Item
After the changes to Ranger's Trailblazer in 4.21, Stalker's is now the superior choice. As if a targeted stun isn't enough the slow effect will help secure kills.
This is the upgrade I choose for my jungle item. It's a huge power increase. AD, armor pen, and CDR all in one. In Season 4, I would usually get Spirit of the Elder Lizard with The Brutalizer but with the changes in patch 4.20 I can absolve the items into one.
Offensive Items
This isn't really an offensive option, but rather an alternative. I haven't tested this item yet, but it is the dueling option for Hunter's Machete. Pantheon is already a strong dueler, and if you think you can hunt down and kill the enemy jungler this is the perfect item to use. Again, I haven't tested it, but I thought it was important enough to include here.
This item is one of my favorite items in the game. Usually you get Tiamat early on for better clearing, as well as sustain with the health regen. The AOE attack passive is very useful for ganking bursts and later on teamfights/splitpushes.
Excellent item to own. It helps your clear time while keeping Aegis Protection up often. The active helps immensely with chases and ganks, as well as counter jungling. If you choose to build this build it early on. Now that I build Stalker's Blade, this item feels less important.
35% armor penetration plus some AD is great at destroying both the AD carry and the tank. Generally you'll want to build an ArPen item, and this is one of the best choices next to The Black Cleaver.
An alternative to the Last Whisper. Gives a good amount of AD and some health as well. You also get some cooldown reduction, which works swell on Pantheon. With this item, you get a flat amount of 10 armor penetration, and the ability to stack armor reduction up to 25% by dealing physical damage.
A situational offensive item. If the enemy team is heavy on AP and you need to deal more damage, this is my item of choice. Magic resistance as well as a spell shield when you're low health that couples with Maw of Malmortius's other passive which gives more AD at lower health.
Defensive Items
This is a great choice for those games where you are fed but don't want to lose your offensive front, and at the same time not risk dying. This is a fantastic solution for those pesky games where you're ahead yet want survivability.
If your support isn't planning on building this you should consider as it's a great item not only for yourself but for your team. You get yourself some health, mr, and a magic resistance aura for your teammates.
Health, the one counter to all types of damage. If you're taking lots of both physical and magic damage, Warmog's Armor is generally a good choice. The passive also gives a nice sustain for in between team fights and turtling comps.
Mix of health and armor. If you are hit by their basic attack their attack speed is slightly slowed, so dueling you will be difficult. Randuin's Omen's active can be used to chase or initiate team fights. I often build this majority of my games for mid game survivability.
An amazing item, you get a free revive! You also get some armor and magic resist to help survivability. If you're the initiator for your team it's a pretty good item to have, as you can come back and jump on the carries again.
I like to build this when I'm facing an AP heavy team or a poke comp. Plenty of MR and some health. I would build this over Locket of the Iron Solari if I'm being singled out.
Item Choices
8===DNearly the same deal with Boots of Swiftness. Brings you speed up to a constant 415, with a slow resist that couples nicely with a Spirit of the Ancient Golem. I would choose this when you're up against a comp that constantly slows you. Think Singed and a Darius holding a Frozen Mallet.
8===D Ninja Tabi grants you some armor and a nice passive. The only times I would take this is when a Draven has 15 kills and is at your inhibitor or there are at least 4 AD oriented champions on the enemy team. Think about who is getting all the kills on the other team.
8===DAs for The Black Cleaver, I usually build this when I need to build tankier or find myself not carrying and assisting my team more. It gives health, CDR, and directly applies armor reduction to the target rather than calculating it to your attacks. You also get The Brutalizer early game and assists in snowballs.
8===DSo, what should you build? If a game is going extremely well you should go with Last Whisper, and I mean really well. Otherwise go with The Black Cleaver
Recommended Build Order
At this point, decide for yourself what to do. If you choose to finish your Tiamat into a Ravenous Hydra, you should be ahead a few kills and not be at immediate risk of being incinerated. If not, continue on reading.
Jungling Route
The Arts of Farming, Ganking, Team Fighting, and Warding
PANTH!Q-W-E-Q. This is how you are going to gank, initiate, and kite. Only autoattack if the enemy is within range, otherwise spam your Q and save your E for your W. If you use your Heartseeker Strike without [[aegis of zeonia]'s stun the enemy champion can easily get away.
PANTH!When you are jungling you should always be doing something. The only time you should be sitting still is when you're waiting for an allies abilities to come off cooldown in order to gank. Otherwise, always clear jungle camps when you have no other priorities. A lot of the time, especially in solo queue, you'll find that all the lanes are pushed to the enemy tower. That's okay, you don't have to gank every five seconds. Just farm and get experience, or try and cut the enemy jungler off from ganking your allies.
One final note, always ditch the camp you're at if a lane nearby is in distress, whether they have to recall or they were just ganked themselves and the tower is in danger. Just remember that if you kill some jungle creeps but leave at least one alive they don't respawn, so make haste to clear the last of a camp before moving on.
PANTH!On the image above I included the basic ganking locations. You can gank through lane, where you can also sneak into the brush by the map boundaries, or the river brushes. The only time you should gank is when you are certain to cause destruction and inconvenience to the other team. When ganking, you should ping the ally in that lane that you are coming. Sometimes you must run in instead of waiting in brush, and your ally may not have noticed in time. Start off the gank by running your combo as explained above with assistance by your ally, unless you are ganking to save their life. I tend to give the kill to whoever is in lane at the time but don't be afraid to take the kill.
PANTH!Now that you gank is done, you have a couple options. You may have taken damage in the middle of the gank and must recall, which is fine. You could hold the lane if your ally is low on health, pushing the lane is fine as long as you deny farm to the enemy. Don't hesitate to take some farm while in lane. One or two CS that would have gone to waste won't cause too much damage. But sometimes, the enemy gets away. In this case, you can go back to farming if they are now extremely cautious, or you can wait in the brush and surprise them again. The most important rule during a gank is to not feed a kill to the enemy laner. Try not to gank if you think you'll just die.
Team Fighting
PANTH!You can also make interesting plays with Grand Skyfall. When it's 5v4 in the other teams favor, they are likely to initiate the fight. What you could do is ult on top of the team fight, remember the base damage on Grand Skyfall is actually pretty nice considering you don't build AP. Once you're there clean up the fight, the AD carry should be dead already or near death. This play could quickly turn the tide of the game.
PANTH!Another use for Grand Skyfall could be backdooring. Yes, you're not Teemo or Master Yi, and you likely don't have a crazy amount of attack speed. But with an ultimate that can throw you in the enemy base you can easily backdoor and win the game. Of course, it is unlikely you'll do this every game, but don't forget it is an option.
Wards can also hinder you, especially with the new trinkets, which is why I try to ping that I am ganking and go straight in. If you try to set up a gank by standing in a river brush and see the enemy champions suddenly double back under the tower, chances are there's a ward at your feet. Don't be disgruntled, head back to farming. No need to force a gank. If you really want to gank with surprise, you can buy use the red trinket to destroy enemy wards, leave, and come back later to surprise them.


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Haldex warns against using imitation ABAs
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June 17th, 2011, 09:44 AM #1Google Panda 2
> looking to address the problem of scraper sites outranking original authors. Scraper sites are those sites that take content from others and republish it to their own websites.
That would be great!
> It also looks like a new iteration could potentially address the "harshness" of the original rollout, as some felt Panda was a bit aggressive right out the gate and that perhaps not all the sites affected should have been.
That will be great too! Stores affected because of item descriptions.
Jorge Ramirez | E: email@example.com | P: 305-482-3353 |
Affiliate Management | Plans and Pricing | Managed Programs
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June 19th, 2011, 10:17 PM #2
One lesson in all of this is that we should be building long-term brands and sites instead of trying to chase the latest Google loophole. Yes, some short term strategies work, but build for the long-term and you will get more traffic overtime - while worrying about Google less.[URL=http://www.investeverymonth.com]InvestEveryMonth.com[/URL] - Build Wealth
June 20th, 2011, 02:33 PM #3
These are the two most significant things you should note!
What does that meant to the average site owner? Keep paying attention to the quality of your content in preparation for continuous rollouts of Panda.Cutts' piece of advice? Don't chase after the Google algorithm; chase after what you feel users are going to love, because that's what Google is after, too.
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June 20th, 2011, 02:56 PM #4
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- January 18th, 2005
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I had huge spikes in my crawling between Wednesday and Friday. I believe Panda 2.2 was released.
Matt Cutts, head of Google's Web spam team, confirmed that a new iteration of Panda (version 2.2) has been approved internally, but was not yet rolled out. (June 16, 2011)
June 20th, 2011, 03:03 PM #5
Zeus I am seeing the same thing.Vinny O'Hare - OPM - Contact Info email: vinny at teamloxly.com ~ 702-582-6742 Twitter
June 29th, 2011, 05:14 AM #6
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considering the objective of the panda updates, the imperfection of the technology that google uses is really what hit too harsh some people
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Featured: Google Panda update happening tonightBy teezone in forum Search Engine OptimizationReplies: 13Last Post: July 26th, 2012, 11:47 PM


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DUNCAN JONES will be urged to go out for the Ospreys at St Helen's tonight and prove Wales coach Steve Hansen wrong.
The dynamic loosehead was the shock omission for Wales' Six Nations clash against Ireland in Dublin on Sunday.
And with no place for the player who shone in the victory over Scotland last week he has been asked to go back to play for his region against the title-chasing Dragons.
But the 25-year-old will be spurred on by the words of his regional coach Lyn Jones.
"'I wouldn't call him a candidate for the Lions. I'd call him a dead cert," said Jones.
"'He is a certainty because of his level of performance for teams, week in, week out.
"'Duncan has an all-round game, an all-round feel and understanding for the game of rugby union in the same vein as Darren Morris had at his peak. He is easily coached and quick to react to any suggestion or any situation."
Matthew Brayley returns at inside centre after recovering from tonsillitis to replace Scott Gibbs, who came out of retirement for the night.
With Andy Lloyd suffering a slight knee injury, Nathan-Bonner-Evans takes over at No 8 with the Ospreys minus 12 players because of international calls and injuries.
The Dragons are poised to give former Springbok Bobby Skinstad a first start after two cameo appearances as a replacement.
Ospreys: G Henson; S Terblanche, D Tiueti, M Brayley, G Morris; S Connor, A Williams; D Jones, B Williams (capt), A Millward, A Newman, L Tait, J Bater, N Bonner-Evans, S Tandy. Reps: C Wells, P Mackey, A Lloyd, A Clatworthy, L Bateman, P Horgan, A Durston


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You've seen her as the bubbly and outgoing Baby in the popular serial, Baa Bahu aur Baby. After her special birthday bash, Benaaf Dadachandji, aka Radha "Baby" Thakkar, has kept her viewers smiling and laughing in the serial. Now, it's time to put her on the hot seat and answer some Rapid Fire "If I was..." questions.
If I Was the president for a day: I would do what Anil kapoor did in the movie Nayak.
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If I was not an actor, i would be: A copywriter.
If I was to get one whole week off, I would: travel, travel, travel.
If I was asked to do one thing without thinking, I would: Walk without chappal.
If I was to have a family like BBB,I would: Find a guy in that family and settle down right away (giggles)
If I was like Aishwarya: I would gel with Salman!
If I Was remaking Sholay: I would dance on Mehbooba.
If I was to get the choice of becoming one celebrity, I would become: Oprah Winfrey.
If I was to be an animal: I would be Oprah Winfrey's or Ambani's pet so that I can be pampered like a real pet!
Well, she not only has some great choices, but she is truly bindaas too! After answering these questions, viewers and fans still cannot deny what a sweet and cute person Benaaf is. We wish you all the best in Baa Bahu aur Baby, and we're sure you will continue to keep us glued to our seats!


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A modern and elegant venue offering a private bar and lounge area, a balcony overlooking James Street and views of Perth's cityscape
We had our wedding lunch reception at The Loft (the function room above Oliver's on James st, Northbridge) and we were absolutely thrilled with it. The food was plentiful, varied, well-presented and delicious. A highlight for our 70 guests was the opportunity to pre-order a main from a choice of eight. Everybody is still raving about the incredible food, the exceptional service and the elegant decor of the room. A bonus was that all this came at a fair and reasonable cost. Since our ceremony was at the Greek Orthodox Church in Northbridge, it only took guests a few minutes to walk around the corner to Oliver's. Some came by public transport so it really couldn't have been more convenient. In the lead-up to the wedding, Sarah - the Functions Coordinator - made the process of planning our event completely stress-free. She was very friendly and professional at all times and nothing was ever too difficult for her. She really went out of her way to make sure we had the perfect celebration. We can't fault Sarah and her team at The Loft and we are so pleased that we chose it for our wedding reception! We recommend it on the strongest of terms.
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Tilth Farmers' Market 2017 Season Closed October 1
See you in at the 2018 South Whidbey Tilth Farmers' Market. We are having ongoing discussions about how to make our market better. Check the calendar page for future meetings on this topic.
For information please email the Market Manager.
Map and Directions are here
The market is a family friendly place on a lush meadow with picnic tables, live music, educational features and children's activities. The produce vendors can accept SNAP coupons (formerly food stamps) as well as Farmers' Market Nutrition Program coupons. The market management encourage organic and certified organic growing methods and GMO-free. Click music events for schedule of performers at the market.
Meet Some of Our Vendors
FarmArt is selling jewelry handmade primarily from Ugandan paper beads, with some glass seed beads and other natural materials like wood and stone. Young artisans Madalyn and Audri Cooke also continue to have their signature line of felted bead earrings from local alpaca and llama fibers (hand dyed from Paradise Found Fiber Farm). Come see new offerings in harvest, holiday and Seahawk colors!
DoReMi Farm has lovely produce too. Meet the farmer Brian Kenney.
Blackberry Moon comes with their own goat milk soap, honey and Washington produce such as strawberries, cherries, apricots, blueberries and wild-caught fish.
Lesedi Farm Stand is soon open every day at Tilth. Look for spinach, Russian kale, chommolie greens, arugula, green onions, red romain and butter crisp lettuce, and more to come. She's selling at the market Sundays as well.
Eric Conn of Full Cycle Farm rides an electric bicycle towing produce from the Maxwelton Valley.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 1, 1987
|Filing date
|Oct 28, 1985
|Priority date
|Oct 28, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Harvey W. Ko
|Original Assignee
|The Johns Hopkins University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (64), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. N00024-85-C-5301, awarded by the Department of the Navy.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for using an electromagnetic technique to monitor physiological changes in the brain. More particularly, the invention uses an electromagnetic field to non-invasively measure impedance changes at localized points within an animal or human brain. For example, these localized impedance measurements can be used to detect and monitor the advent and growth of edematous tissue, or the process of hydrocephalus.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is important in diagnosing and treating various life-threatening conditions, such as brain edema and hydrocephalus, to monitor the time-trends of physiological changes in the brain. Brain edema, which is an increase in brain volume caused by grey and/or white brain tissue absorbing edematous fluid, can develop from general hypoxia; from cerebral hemorrhage, thrombosis, or embolus; from trauma (including post-surgical); from a tumor; or from inflammatory diseases of the brain. Brain edema can directly compromise vital functions, distort adjacent structures, or interfere with perfusion. It can produce injury indirectly by increasing intracranial pressure. In short, brain edema is often a life-threatening manifestation of a number of disease processes.
There are several effective therapeutic measures to treat brain edema. These include osmotic agents, corticosteroids, hyperventilation to produce hypocapnia, and surgical decompression. As with all potent therapy, it is important to have a continuous measure of its effect on the manifestation, in this case, the brain edema.
All current techniques for measuring physiological changes in the brain, including the manifestation of brain edema, have shortcomings in providing continuous or time-trend measurements. Intracranial pressure can be monitored continuously, but this is an invasive procedure. Furthermore, intracranial compliance is such that substantial edema must occur before there is any significant elevation in pressure. When the cranium is disrupted surgically or by trauma, or is compliant (as in infants), the pressure rise may be further delayed. These patients are often comatose, and localizing neurological signs are a late manifestation of edema. Impairment of respiration and circulation are grave late signs. Thus, clinical examination is not a sensitive indicator of the extent of edema. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning can produce valuable evidence of structural shifts produced by brain edema, and it is a non-invasive procedure. Structural shifts, however, may not correlate well with dysfunction, especially with diffuse edema. Furthermore, frequent repetition is not feasible, particularly with acutely ill patients. NMR proton imaging can reveal changes in brain water, it does not involve ionizing radiation, and it is non-invasive. However, it does not lend itself to frequent repetion in the acutely ill patient. PET scanning can reveal the metabolic disturbances associated with edema and will be invaluable in correlating edema with its metabolic consequences. However, it too is not suited to frequent repetition.
For these reasons it would be a significant advance to have a measurement which (1) gives reliable time-trend information continuously; (2) is non-invasive; (3) does not depend upon the appearance of increased intracranial pressure, and (4) can be performed at the bedside even in the presence of life-support systems.
As will be discussed in detail subsequently in this application, Applicant has related localized impedance changes in the brain with physiological changes in the brain. Applicant was the first to identify that edematous tissue has a significantly different conductivity from healthy white or grey matter.
To non-invasively detect such an impedance change, Applicant has invented a method and apparatus which uses an electromagnetic field for sensing such an impedance change at localized portions of the brain. U.S. Pat. No. 3,735,245 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Measuring Fat Content in Animal Tissure Either in Vivo or in Slaughtered and Prepared Form", invented by Wesley H. Harker, teaches that the fat content in meat can be determined by measuring the impedance difference between fat and meat tissue. The Harker apparatus determines gross impedance change and does not provide adequate spatial resolution for the present use. As will be discussed in detail later, brain impedance measurements must be spatially localized to provide a useful measure of physiological changes. A general measurement of intracranial conductivity would not be revealing, since as in the case of brain edema, the edematous fluid would initially displace CSF fluid and blood from the cranium; and, since these fluids have similar conductivities, a condition of brain edema would be masked.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,445 invented by Iskander et al teaches the use of an electromagnetic field responsive to the dielectric impedance of water to detect the presence of water in a patient's lung. The Iskanden et al apparatus generates an electromagnetic wave using a microwave strip line. Impedance changes within the skin depth of the signal will cause a mode change in the propagating wave which is detected by associated apparatus. Therefore, Iskander et al uses a different technique from the present invention and does not detect conductivity variations with the degree of localization required in the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,834, invented by Duroux, relates to the measurement of body impedance by using a transmitter and receiver and computing transmitted wave impedance from a propagating electromagnetic field. The Duroux apparatus measures passive impedance along the path of the propagating wave, whereas the present invention measures localized impedance changes in brain matter and fluid by measuring the eddy currents generated in localized portions of the brain matter and fluid. None of the above-cited references contemplate measuring localized impedance changes in the brain to evaluate physiological changes in the brain, such as the occurrence of edematous tissue, and none of the references teach an apparatus capable of such spatially localized impedance measurements.
Applicant was the first to discover that edematous tissue has a significantly different conductivity (or impedance) from normal white or grey brain matter. Applicant believes that edematous tissue is formed when white or grey matter in the brain becomes diffused or prefused with edematous fluid by an as yet unknown intercellular or extracellular process. As will be described later, the discovery that impedance changes can be used to identify edematous tissue was made using invasive probes. Applicant generally found that the conductivity change between normal and edematous grey tissue, for instance, would change by as much as 0.14 mho/meter, or equivalently by 100% of the normal value.
The present invention detects the increase in conductivity (or decrease in impedance) of brain tissue to locate areas of edematous tissue in the brain. Edematous tissue may occur in localized areas near the surface of the cranium or may occur deeper in the brain. Since edematous tissue swells, blood and CSF fluid in the brain which may have the same conductivity as edema fluid, might be displaced. Therefore, localized spatially discrete changes in impedance must be measured to detect the physiological changes associated with brain edema.
Further, monitoring localized impedance changes in the brain will allow one to measure and diagnose hydrocephalus since an increase in the ventricular volume will result in an increase in conductivity in certain localized areas of the brain. This is because CSF fluid which fills the expanded ventricle has a significantly greater conductivity (1.5-1.75 mho/meter) than white matter (0.10 to 0.15 mho/meter) or grey matter (0.12 to 0.23 mho/meter).
Applicant also realized that such localized impedance changes can be sensed non-invasively using a magnetic field and detecting the changes in mutual inductance between the brain and a sense coil. The apparatus described herein, and also described in part in a copending commonly assigned patent application entitled "Electromagnetic Bone Healing Sensor" (Ser. No. 753,824), generates a spatially discrete oscillating magnetic field which radiates a pre-selected location of the brain. The magnetic field induces eddy currents in brain tissue and fluid in the radiated area. When these eddy currents collapse, they produce a secondary weak magnetic field which is detected by the apparatus. The magnitude of the eddy currents is proportional to the actual impedance of the tissue and fluid where the eddy currents are generated. The magnitude of the eddy currents in turn directly affect the magnitude of the secondary weak magnetic field.
The invented apparatus is capable of detecting small variations in impedance changes and quantitatively measuring such changes. A magnetic drive/sensor means is designed to concentrate the magnetic field in spatially localized areas within the brain. The invention also teaches various techniques for sequentially scanning different pre-selected and localized areas in the brain to generate a composite view of brain impedance. An oscillator detector in combination with the magnetic drive/sensor means is specifically designed to be sensitive to small impedance changes and to reduce polarization effects and background noise which could render such monitoring impossible.
It is hoped that continuous monitoring of a patient at his bedside would enable physicians to treat the first sign of swelling and also to measure any therapy's effectiveness. The invented device may prevent much of the brain damage that results from head injuries, stroke, brain tumors or drug abuse when injured brain tissue swells and presses against the inside of the skull.
FIG. 1 is a table showing the difference in conductivity between normal and edematous white and grey matter found in a rabbit brain.
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of the invented non-invasive principal for measuring brain impedance.
FIG. 3 is a block diagrammatic illustration of the present invention showing the use of a drive/sensor loop coil.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a typical oscillator/detector circuit used in the present invention.
FIGS. 5a and b illustrate spatial localization within a drive/sensor loop coil by varying the frequency of the exciting electrical signal; FIG. 5a graphically shows the field intensity region for lower frequency excitation; and, FIG. 5b shows the field intensity region for higher excitation frequencies.
FIG. 6 is a block diagrammatic illustration of the present invention using a plurality of drive/sensor loop coils to map out local areas of impedance.
FIGS. 7a and b illustrate the use of an elliptical drive/sensor coil; FIG. 7a and FIG. 7b illustrate different orientations of the elliptical coil to analyze different areas of the brain.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a solenoid type drive/sensor coil.
FIG. 9 is a graphic illustration showing radius R of higher field intensity for a solenoid coil.
FIG. 10 illustrates a bonnet type embodiment to be worn on the patient's head having a plurality of solenoid type drive/sensor coils.
FIG. 11 is a block diagrammatic illustration of a bi-static technique as taught by the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of a typical circuit used for either monostatic or bistatic pulsed excitation.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for making continuous or time-trend measurements of the migration of CSF and edema fluid within brain tissue and of changes in biological substances in the brain. These biological changes within the brain are monitored by observing changes in local conductivity or impedance within the brain.
Applicant was the first to discover that edematous tissue has a significantly different conductivity (or impedance) from normal white or grey brain matter. Applicant made this discovery using a two-needle probe to contact portions of fresh frozen rabbit brains thawed to room temperature. The rabbit brains contained edematous regions caused by the previous implantation of a rabbit brain tumor. The two-needle probe was connected to an impedance meter for a display of the local impedance value. Impedance measurements were performed with the insertion of a probe needle into normal and edematous white and grey matter as the frozen brains thawed from 4� to 22� C. As shown, in FIG. 1, the edematous grey and edematous white conductivity values were higher than normal tissue. Applicant believes that the higher conductivity in the edematous tissue is because the tissue becomes diffused or prefused with high conductivity edematous fluid. Similar results were obtained at frequencies from one to four megahertz.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a generalized embodiment of the present invention. A drive/sensor coil 10 produces an alternating magnetic field 12. Although the magnetic field intensity lines pass through the brain, the magnetic field intensity lines are more highly concentrated in the plane of the drive/sensor coil 10. The alternating magnetic field (12) generate an electrical field 14 which induces eddy currents in brain tissue and fluid. One such eddy current is graphically represented by element 16 on FIG. 2. The magnitude of the eddy current is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field 14 multiplied by the conductivity of brain tissue and fluid that particular eddy current travels though (i.e., magnitude of eddy current is proportional to E�σ where E is the magnitude of the electric field and σ is conductivity). The eddy current alternates in accordance with the alternating magnetic field 12. The alternating eddy current 16 generates a second weaker magnetic field 18. This magnetic field 18 induces a corresponding E field on the sense coil 10 which is detected and processed by the appropriate circuitry.
The sense coil 10 actually detects the secondary magnetic field 18 generated from a multitude of such tiny eddy currents induced in the brain tissue and fluid excited by the primary magnetic field 12. Since we are interested in localized impedance measurements, spatial and temporal techniques are used to either reduce the area of brain excitation by the primary magnetic field 12 or temporally separating the reception of secondary magnetic field 18 from a selected area of the brain. In the generalized embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the drive/sensor loop coil 10 produces some degree of localization by intensifying the magnetic field in the plane of the coil 10.
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a non-invasive apparatus to measure localized brain impedance as taught by the present invention. The drive/sensor coil is a thin or narrow magnetic field coil winding 20. Oscillator/Detector 22 provides an alternating electric current in coil 20 which produces an alternating magnetic field. As brain tissue and fluid are brought within the proximity of coil 20, the mutual inductance of the coil changes the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator/detector 22. The magnitude of the frequency change is proportional to the value of the electrical conductivity located within the drive/sensor coil 20. In summary, the magnetic field produced by the drive/sensor coil 20 creates an electric field. The electric field creates induced eddy currents within the brain tissue and fluid. These induced eddy currents re-radiate a secondary magnetic field, which is detected by the drive/sensor coil 20 and in effect changes its mutual inductance. The change in mutual inductance of the coil changes the oscillator frequency of the oscillator/detector 22 to correspondingly change.
Returning to FIG. 3, a patient's head would be placed through detector coil 20 which non-invasively ascertains the electrical conductivity in a horizontal section of the brain. Oscillator/detector 22 is connected to the coil 20 and generates an oscillating magnetic signal in the coil. The change in mutual inductance of the coil is picked up by oscillator/detector 22 and results in a change in output 24 indicating a frequency change and in output 26 indicating a voltage change. The magnitude of electrical conductivity (or impedance) of a particular horizontal section of the brain is thus detected. In this embodiment the drive/sensor coil 20 would operably slide on a track 28, so that a series of horizontal sections of the head can be measured.
FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of one possible circuit configuration for oscillator/detector 22. Electronically, the circuit represents a marginally stable Colpitts oscillator whose frequency of oscillation is determined by the tank circuit. Although a Hartley-type oscillator, or similar, would work equally well. The potentiometer tap 30 helps to find the proper circuit resistance external to the tank circuit 32 resistance that is needed for stable oscillation. The tank circuit 32 includes coil 20 and capacitors 34. The amplifier 36 with negative feedback provides stable voltage gain. A DC output 24 is extracted from the demodulator diode 38 which reflects the change in oscillator amplitude. The frequency is measured directly off coil 20 at output 26. When a patient's head is placed through coil 20, eddy currents are induced by the time changing magnetic field generated by drive/sensor coil 20. The eddy currents in turn produce a secondary, though slight, magnetic field whose associated field is coupled back to the drive/sensor coil 20. This produces a change in the coil impedance which changes the resonant amplitude, measured at output 24, and the resonant frequency, measured at output 26, of tank circuit 32. The coil inductances are in the millihenry (mH) range so that resonant frequencies in the hundreds of kHz to several MHz are obtained. In this frequency range, the impedance changes are dominated by conductivity properties and not polarization effects caused by the relative permittivity of the media.
The loop drive/sensor loop coil 20, shown in FIG. 3, tends to generate a magnetic field which is concentrated in the plane of the drive/sensor coil and which extends above and below the horizontal plane of the drive/sensor coil. Varying the frequency and the waveform of the magnetic field can produce further spatial discrimination. As shown in FIG. 5, which illustrates the exciting magnetic field strength in the plane of the drive/sensor coil, a change in the frequency of the oscillating magnetic field changes spatial discrimination in the plane of the drive/sensor coil. Higher frequency excitation will increase the magnetic field intensity near the surface of the cranium and a lower frequency will increase the depth of penetration toward the center of the brain. By selectively adjusting the frequency and waveform of the generated magnetic field, using controls 40 and 42 respectively (see FIG. 3) the spatial discrimination provided by the drive/sensor coil can be varied. By observing the outputs from the oscillator detector (24/26) as the frequency and waveform of the exciting magnetic field are change (via controls 40 and 42) an impedance map can be generated and small impedance changes in the brain can be localized.
The planar drive/sensor loop technique may be implemented to examine selective slices through the head. The apparatus for selectively examining such slices can be a means 28 shown in FIG. 3 for accurately positioning the drive/sensor loop 20 at a plurality of positions. The outputs (24, 26) resulting from each of the overlapping slices, can be analyzed and the location of higher conductivity areas in the brain tissue can be identified. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6, a plurality of drive/sensor coils 20 can be used, with each coil interrogated sequentially. Again, the outputs (24, 26) from each indicates the overall impedance value for that horizontal slice. By looking at a plurality of such slices one can map out localized impedance in the brain. Alternatively, several loop coils can be energized at the same time with opposing magnetic fields to better focus the area of excitation.
It is to be understood that such drive/sensor coils may be vertically or horizontally oriented; or, the arrangement may be such that both horizontal and vertical orientations are used to increase spatial resolution. The individual impedance measurements made from each of the plurality of planar loops can be resolved into an overall image of the impedance footprint by known signal processing methods.
Alternatively, the planar loop can have an elliptical cross section (e.g., ellipse) to allow its rotation to selectively examine sections around the head. FIGS. 7a and b illustrate the design of the elliptical drive/sensor loop 44. Since the region associated with the smaller axis of the elliptical coil has increased sensitivity to impedance change, as the elliptical coil is rotated and the outputs (24,26) observed with changing orientation of the elliptical coil, a plot can be generated which will assist in localizing high impedance regions within the brain. It is envisioned that a plurality of such elliptical loops may be used sequentially to map brain impedance.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the apparatus showing the use of a solenoid-type coil 48 for the drive/sensor coil. The solenoid-type coil 48 operates similarly to the loop coil (see FIG. 3), except that the solenoid coil shows a maximum response to the samples within a localized volume at the tip of the solenoid coil approximately equal to the diameter of the solenoid coil while the planar loop shows a response to the higher conductivity portions of the sample in almost any position in the coil plane. The solenoid-type coil may have an air core or may use a metal core to further concentrate the magnetic field and localize the area of observation (i.e., increase the spatial resolution). The solenoid-type coil has a more localized, but limited range and would be more useful to detect physiological changes near the surface of the brain. This makes this embodiment ideal to localize and monitor edematous tissue caused by surface trauma or surface tumors. As with the loop coil, the spatial resolution of the solenoid-type coil can be adjusted by varying the frequency of the exciting magnetic field (via control 40) or varying the waveform characteristics of the magnetic field (via control 42). The radius R of higher field intensity is shown in FIG. 9. As the frequency of the magnetic field increases, the radius R shown in FIG. 9, which represents the region of high magnetic field intensity decreases.
FIG. 10 shows a set of solenoid-type coils 48 placed around the head in a bonnet. Each coil is sequentially energized by the oscillator/detector 22 and determines the impedance in the localized area of the brain near the cranium surface. The various impedance measurements thus obtained can be mapped to show overall brain impedance and to localize areas of edematous tissue. It is within the contemplation of this invention to use solenoid-type coils in cooperation with planar coils to obtain a more complete picture of the brain impedance.
The embodiments discussed thus far were directed to a monostatic system that uses the same coil as both the transmitter coil and receiver coil. This invention also contemplates the use of a bistatic system in which two coils are used. In the bistatic apparatus, shown in FIG. 11, a first transmitter coil 50 is located on one side of the brain and a second receiver coil 52 is located on the opposite side of the brain. The two coils are connected to an oscillator/detector 54. The transmitter coil 50 excites eddy currents in the brain fluid and matter. The secondary weak magnetic field generated by these eddy currents are detected by receiver coil 52. The bistatic apparatus may use a continuous excitation wave or it may use pulsed excitation.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the oscillator/detector 54 for use with pulsed excitation. The basic idea behind the pulsed measurement relies on the principal of dispersion. The transmitter would transmit a pulse, not a continuous wave, of magnetic energy. As the pulse travels through the brain, the pulse shape changes because of the dispersive characteristic of brain matter. In effect, dispersion causes different wavelength components of the original pulse to travel at different speeds. Therefore, if different wave components travel at different speeds at any range away from the initial pulse transmission site, the collection of wavelengths are added to give a composite pulse with a different shape. This dispersive characteristic can be designed into a compressed pulse technique whereby the composite pulse can be designed to have a maximum amplitude at a particular range, that is, relying on the dispersive properties of the medium to change the waveform of the transmitted pulse so that it reaches a peak at a designated range. This situation is analogous to a handicapped horse race event where the horses are given a staggered start so that they all end up at the finish line at the same time. The advantage of the compressed pulse technique is that it allows us to concentrate pulse energy at designated ranges, thereby giving us the ability to interrogate designated regions of the brain; that is, we do not get a large sensor response at places other than the designated range. The receiver sensor can receive an output proportional to the change at the designated range by a technique called "range gating", whereby the receiver would only look for a signal at designated times.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of such a pulsed circuit configuration. A pulse modulator 56 creates the desired waveform and generates a repetitive train of pulses. The transmitter 58 amplifies the pulses for suitable transmission by the transmitter coil 50. The timer and duplex switch 60 decides when to energize the transmitter sensor 50. The received signal is sensed by the receiver sensor 52 and sent to the timer and duplex switch 60, which decides when to send the received signal to the receiver circuit 62. In the monostatic configuration, sensor 50 and 52 may be the same coil. The receiver circuit 62 may be the circuit shown in FIG. 4. The RF signal from the receiver circuit 62 is amplified by the RF amplifier 64 and then sent to the mixer 66. The mixer 66 and local oscillator 68 convert the RF signal to an IF signal which is amplified by the IF amplifier 70. The IF amplifier 70 may be a matched filter designed to maximize the signal power from knowledge of the desired signal morphology. The detector 72 extracts the signal from the pulse modulation. The unmodulated signal is then amplified 74, displayed, and analyzed by computer 76. In this manner the impedance in different areas along the axis between the transmitter coil 50 and receiver coil 52 (see FIG. 12) can be measured. It would also be envisioned to have a plurality of transmitter coil/sensor coil pairs (as shown in FIG. 11) and thereby map out three-dimensional images of brain impedance.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention maybe practiced otherwise than is specifically described.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 28, 1985
Owner name: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE, BALTIMORE, MD A COR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:KO, HARVEY W.;REEL/FRAME:004482/0529
Effective date: 19851021
|Mar 1, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 13, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 12, 1999
|Fee payment
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1657 MERIAN Folio SUPERB handcolored engraving BISONS
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1657 MERIAN Folio SUPERB handcolor engraving BISONSOrig. copper engraving 352 years old!! Very attractive Merian, Matthias Superb hand coloured engraving of - BISONS - FOLIO Leaf 14.6 by 8.8 inches; 37.2 x 22.6 cms. Superb hand coloured copper engraving. From: Historia Naturalis..., Published in Amsterdam in 1657. This copper engraving is ORIGINAL and 352 years old!! John Jonston (or Johnstone), a descendant of a Scottish family, was born in Sambter, Poland. He was interested in both medicine and natural sciences, and studied at St. Andrews, Cambridge, and Leiden. He published major natural history studies, including Thaumatographia Naturalis (Amsterdam 1632), a compendium of contemporary knowledge of natural science including astronomy, paleontology, plants, animals and man. This was followed by Theatrum Universale Omnium Animalium (Frankfurt, 1650), with plates after his drawings engraved by Mattias Merian depicting the entire range of animal species. After having spent most of his life travelling through all parts of Europe, he settled in Silesia. PLEASE VIEW IMAGES CAREFULLY. Thank you. CONDITION: VERY GOOD. On wove paper. Little light marginal spotting. A very attractive item!! WE COMBINE SHIPPING HAPPILY and ONLY CHARGE for the FIRST / LARGEST ITEM OF GRAPHIC SOLD. Please ... read more


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Simple Subset Wizard
The Simple Subset Wizard (SSW) was developed for the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) to simplify the myriad ways of ordering or obtaining subsets of satellite data from EOSDIS' different data centers. It provides a simple, coherent interface to a variety of subsetters at ten of the centers. The SSW has an additional advantage in shortening the user's work-flow to obtain subsets by handling the search for individual files (and subsequent selection) behind the scenes.
COEDI Instrument Design Development for the GEOCAPE Mission
A document describes a coastal ocean color instrument for geostationary orbit that meets the science requirements within a size, mass, and cost package that is acceptable within current budgetary constraints. This work advances the instrument design concept for the Coastal Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Imager (COEDI) for the GEOCAPE (Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events) Tier 2 Earth Science and Applications mission. This ongoing study indicates that a 2-slit sensor has the greatest possibility of reducing instrument size significantly and improving performance. The 2-slit concept permits the co-adding of iFOV observations from slits that are spaced close together, which permits the reduction in aperture.
Intercalibration of Measurements from Microwave Sensors
A study discusses a robust intercalibration technique using a well validated radiative transfer code that can be applied to the higher-frequency sounding channels for the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. Intercalibration of these high-frequency sounding channels will require good and timely estimates of the temperature and water vapor profiles. The approach will leverage results from recent improvements to spectroscopic line parameters and continuum in both the microwave and infrared regions.
Magnetically Stimulated Flow Patterns Could Solve Heat Transfer Problems
Sandia National Laboratories researchers Jim Martin and Kyle Solis have discovered a way to harness magnetic fields to create vigorous, organized fluid flows in particle suspensions. The magnetically stimulated flows offer an alternative when heat transfer is difficult because they overcome natural convection limits. Martin and Solis even demonstrated a heat transfer valve that could potentially control the temperature of computer processors. But they're not sure how and why the flow patterns occur, although clearly it's a complex scientific behavior stemming from fundamental phenomena.
Laser Spider Web Sensor Used With Portable Handheld Devices
A powerful tool in understanding the role that greenhouse gasses play in climate change would be real-time data from laser chemical sensors providing concentrations and locations of key gasses. The adoption and widespread use of smart mobile phones is an ideal platform on which to create an international web of data collection devices. Because long path lengths often mean more space, many precision instruments are too large to be useful anywhere outside of a lab or test bench environment. A more compact method of achieving long path lengths is needed to advance the field of trace chemical detection.
Wireless Sensor Node for Autonomous Monitoring and Alerts in Remote Environments
The current radio infrastructure for firefighters provides voice communications, but does not support data transfer capability for continuous monitoring of people in the field. Current radios require user interaction to perform manual voice check-in for firefighter status. A new infrastructure is required to enable continuous, autonomous monitoring of firefighters at work via a remote command and control center. The system also needs the capability to send two-way alerts in real time as early warning of impending danger to firefighters and as indication of an emergency in the field due to a downed firefighter(s).
Life-Detecting Radar
A new device detects the heartbeat and respiration of victims trapped in rubble or disaster debris, and reduces the time required to initiate a rescue. Searchers would like to distinguish live victims from those who have died recently and to distinguish humans from animals. In addition to search and rescue, there are other uses for the device that can detect multiple humans from a distance, and with material between the device and the humans.
High-Energy Lithium Flow Cells With Sulfur Cathodes for Transportation Applications
Since the entry of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries into the market, considerable improvements have been made in their gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, especially compared to aqueous systems such as Pb-acid, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH. Sulfur cathodes have been well studied for over three decades, due to many of their attractive features such as high specific energy, abundance, and low cost. A successful sulfur-based battery is, however, still to emerge, especially for ambient temperature applications.
Physical Causes of Extremely Low Geomagnetic Activity
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
An analysis of solar, solar wind, and geomagnetic data during the recent solar cycle minimum (2008) has recently been undertaken. It was discovered that the lowest value of the Ap index [this index is an averaged planetary A index based on data from a set of specific magnetometer stations] in the history of its recording occurred during 2009, about 1 year after solar minimum. The investigators were able to determine that it was the decrease of solar and interplanetary forcing that was causing the anomalous effect. The coronal holes, which emit high-speed solar wind plasma streams, were located at middle (solar) latitudes during this epoch of the solar cycle. Thus the full brunt of the solar wind and its embedded Alfvén waves missed the Earth and its magnetosphere, lessening the effect of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction.
Green PCB Removal From Sediment Systems (GPRSS)
John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida A number of NASA centers have used polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-containing materials that have subsequently ended up in surrounding sediment systems. Each center is evaluating remediation technologies that may have application to their environmental problems; however, there are only limited options available for application to sediments containing PCBs. Currently, the most utilized option is dredging followed by disposal in a Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)-regulated landfill. This is an expensive option with long-term liability implications for simply enacting a waste transfer remedy (as opposed to a waste destruction alternative), as well as possible contaminant re-introduction into the water table. PCB contamination in sediment systems is a global issue, posing ecological and human health risks.


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Alan Wake EP20: Screw Cupcakes
on May 25, 2012
Spoiler Warning
Link (YouTube)
In this video we mention Push the Button, which was one of my early YouTube efforts.
So that's this week of episodes. We're hoping to wrap this series up next week. We'll see how that goes. Now that the plot is moving, we're engaged, we have a goal, and we care about the characters, it's time to… what? Maintain the tension and pacing? Don't be ridiculous. It's time to bring everything to a halt with even more combat! I don't know if the rest of the game will fit next week, but we'll see what we can do.


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Download scrum guide free pdf! There is a lot of good material on internet and the Scrum Master Training Manual, delivered by mplaza.pm really make me fell happy.
They simply explained scrum given a more practical approach and supporting the content using Kanban, Graphs and much more Process Images than the Official Scrum Guide does.
And the more fantastic is, its FREE! \o/
It is part of a more complete bundle called Professional Scrum Master Certification Preparation Program for passing PSM I Certification, that also contains:
- The Agile and Scrum eLearning Course (Check the Review)
- The PSM I Preparation Practice Exams (Check the Review)
- The PSM I™ Preparation Training Manual Audiobook (Check the Review)
After this, i think its a good move read the Official Scrum Guide.
I suggest this way because you will understand more easy the process comming from the more practical material to the more theorical one.
The both material has just few pages and will make a great change in the way you manage your projects.
I hope you enjoy and Let's GetScrum!
If you have any doubt, i am here to help you on comment session.


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Need a quote?
Save time and we'll contact 5 reputable Self drive platforms companies for you
Click here!
London Road, Hickstead, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 5LZ, United Kingdom
NATIONWIDE SERVICE Facelift GB are access platform specialists, supplying either for sale or hire a range of construction equipment throughout the UK. Access equipment includes; powered access platforms, articulating telescopic boom lifts, cherry pickers, platform lifts, scissor lifts and self propelled platforms. We also provide working at height safety solutions and training if required.
Chalkdell Drive, Shenley Wood, Milton Keynes, MK5 6GF, United Kingdom
Niftylift are manufacturers of a wide range of quality work platforms for indoor and outdoor use. All are easy to operate and include a durable, compact and low weight design. Work platforms include cherry pickers, boom lifts, aerial platforms and more.
Northampton Road, Rushden, Northamptonshire, NN10 6BW, United Kingdom
Alimak Hek is a leading partner for everyone in the construction and other industries seeking reliable and efficient vertical access solutions and support through purchase or rental. Access platforms include construction hoists, industrial lifts, mast climbing work platforms, transport platforms, material hoists and underground lifting equipment.


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Fireworks at Yankee Stadium
NEW YORK – Lots of activity here so far.
Manny Ramirez is now 14-for-26 against Chien-Ming Wang after a run-producing double in the first inning, scoring Dustin Pedroia (walk).
However, the Yanks answered with three in the bottom half of the inning against Sox starter Clay Buchholz. Back-to-back homers by Bobby Abreu (with Derek Jeter aboard) and a solo shot by Alex Rodriguez did the young Sox pitcher in.
A-Rod's homer was his 522nd. For Sox fans that sadly passes him over Ted Williams and Willie McCovey, both of whom hit 521 homers.
The Yankees lead, 3-1.


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Fiji Chess Federation now officially supports Team Kasparov.
Chess Icon Retires After 35 Years
Fiji Chess Icon, Dr. Virgilio De Asa, formally retired as President of the Fiji Chess Federation on Thursday 26 June 2014.
2014 Rajnesh Parmeshwar Rapid Open
National Champion Candidate Master (CM) Calvin sealed his 4th consecutive win after he amassed 6.5/7 to edge out CM Manoj Kumar by 1/2 point. CM Goru Arvind finished in 3rd place with 4.5/7.
Asian Age-Group Chess Championship (Macau)
Form 5 student Zen Borg and Jacquelyn Masilomani of Class 7 represented Fiji in the Asian Age-Group Chess Championship at Macau from June 3-12.
2014 Mohammed Badshah Rapid
National Champion Candidate Master (CM) Calvin Prasad won the Mohammed Badshah Memorial Open Chess Championship by winning all 7 games at the Tappoo City Conference Room. He repelled challenges by CM Goru Arvind (5.5/7) and CM Manoj Kumar (5/7) who finished 2nd and 3rd respectively. Aarti Sewak was 4th overall with 4/7.


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Mega busty brunette milf sucks her own nipples and touches her slit
Description:Her mega boobs will drive you crazy and make your dick cum several times. She touches her clit and plays with her tremendous assets. Just get cozy and watch how solo chick giggles her big boobs.
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Not Accepting Guests
- Last login almost 5 years ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Boris's full profile. It's free!
About Me
being grateful!
A friend of mine recently did my horoscope according to my place, day and time of birth and he said I would "leave my village and venture out into the world". Well...I left my country of birth, Croatia, when I was 6 and moved to Switzerland. At 14 I moved again with my parents, this time to Australia. And Perth has been my home since '99 and I truly love this place...So my friend was right :)
I have travelled extensively over the years and I have seen many parts of the world and met some amazing people along the way.
In Perth I have a full time job working as a Contract Manager. If I am to work in an office environment every day, then this is the job I want to be doing. In my spare time I dance salsa and do rock climbing. I enjoy hanging out with my friends and having a good laugh. During summer I am often at the beach. Perth gets really hot, so there is not much choice.
Feel free to contact me for a catchup. I may be able to host from time to time depending on how flexible my house mates are.
The older I get the more I realise the value of friends. I love the people close to me and I enjoy making that circle grow. I'm a single child so maybe that has something to do with it :)
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I build community wherever I can.
Met great people.
I enjoy dancing salsa and rock climbing which keeps me pretty active. I have a passion for beautiful cars and for beauty in general.
- beauty
- dancing
- environment
- cars
- rock climbing
- beaches
Music, Movies, and Books
I don't really watch many movies. But every now and then a good one comes up and I really enjoy it.
I have an interest in world politics but I take a critical stance towards mainstream media.
I like latin music and in general music with a good beat. I recently started listening to piano. It makes for great background music.
One Amazing Thing I've Done
I find it amazing to be in a strange new place and feel comfortable. It gives me the confidence that wherever life takes me I will make myself at home.
Teach, Learn, Share
Let's enjoy each other's company and things will be fine.
I'm ready to learn and I hope you're ready to rhyme :)
Countries I've Visited
Canada, Costa Rica, Fiji, France, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Nicaragua, Serbia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States
Countries I've Lived In
Australia, Croatia, Switzerland


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GraphicRiver Clock Icons 6278971
Category: Stock Vector | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Clock Icons 6278971
Stock Vector \ Objects \ Man-made objects
Sand \ Glass \ Seconds \ Retro \ Objects \ Pocket \ Sign \ Watch \ Wristwatch \ Vector
Stock Vector - Clock Icons 6278971 by mart_m @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Objects \ Man-made objects
Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS, AI Illustrator ; Layered: No ; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS3 .
Different types of clocks. Eps 10 and Ai CS 3 included. Text is outlined vector shapes and thus is not editable.
Guelder Rose Seamless; Cupcake Seamless; Animal Skin Seamless; Paper Pages and Clips; Guelder Rose Seamless; Hand Drawn Vintage Seamless ; Hand Drawn Coffee Cup.
Keywords: alarm, chrome, circle, clock, collection, dial, equipment, hour-glass, hourglass, hours, icons, illustrations, instrument, measurement, minutes, number, objects, pocket, retro, sand, sand-glass, seconds, set, sign, symbol, time, timer, vector, watch, wristwatch.
Download Link


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RV Weight and Fuel Economy
A major item to consider in choosing an RV is weight capacity and whether it is adequate for your needs. Weight capacity for any RV (or tow vehicle) is measured by its gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), which simply refers to the total weight allowed for the vehicle itself and anything added (this includes people, fuel, water, propane and supplies). By itself, the GVWR is of little significance. It only has meaning when it is compared to the actual weight of the unit when it's ready for use. Only then can you tell if the weight falls within the allowable limit (the GVWR) set by the manufacturer. Of course, the total weight can't be known until the fully-loaded RV is driven onto a scale, but for evaluation purposes you can make an educated guess about the usable weight capacity of an RV with just a few simple calculations.
Your weight-carrying calculations can be simplified and made more accurate by observing the unit's unloaded vehicle weight (UVW), or dry weight, and net-carrying capacity (NCC) label. All RVs manufactured since September 1996 are required to carry the new label, as specified by the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA) for its member/manufacturers.
The UVW represents the vehicle's actual weight, minus cargo, water, propane and passengers. NCC is the amount of payload the unit can carry. Some manufacturers weigh every RV as it comes off the assembly line, while others only estimate the weight. The UVW and NCC figures may not include factory or dealer-installed options, so even these figures are not etched in stone. You still need to add the weight of the unit's fresh water and propane, and possibly motor fuel if it's a motorhome, to arrive at a reasonably accurate cargo-carrying capacity.
* Fresh water weighs about 8.4 pounds per gallon.
* Propane is approximately 4.23 pounds per gallon.
* Gasoline weighs about 6 pounds per gallon.
* Diesel is about 8 pounds per gallon.
Use the manufacturer's fluid tank-size specifications to add the proper amount of fluid weights to the RV, by multiplying the tank capacity in gallons by the pounds/gallons figures above.
Don't forget to figure about 150 pounds per extra passenger in addition to the driver.
Some of the manufacturers seem to use a different scale than the rest of the world, so don't penalize the honest ones by not considering their products. Weight capacity costs money. To increase it requires a heavier-duty chassis, larger tires, heavier springs, etc., so manufacturers, in trying to keep prices in line, are prone to skimp a bit on extra-weight capacity. But excess-load capacity is not all good; it can make for a hard-riding RV. The ideal is slightly more capacity (a few hundred to around 1000 pounds) than needed with a normal load.
|Total Weight of Rig
|Gas Mileage
|Diesel Mileage
|20,000 lbs or over
|5 to 8 mpg
|5 to 10 mpg
|15,000 to 19,000 lbs
|6 to 8 mpg
|8 to 11 mpg
|12,000 to 14,000 lbs
|7 to 9 mpg
|10 to 13 mpg
|9000 to 11,000 lbs
|8 to 11 mpg
|12 to 15 mpg
|6000 to 8000 lbs
|12 to 15 mpg
|16 to 20 mpg
|3000 to 5000 lbs
|20 mpg or over
|25 mpg or over
This table may help give you some idea of fuel economy in relation to total weight.
While it's certainly not exact, it can be useful as a planning tool.
Finally, gross combination weight rating (GCWR) is the maximum total combined weight of any vehicle and its towed load, which can be a truck and trailer or a motorhome and a towed car, for example. GCWR is another figure that must not be exceeded if you are to be driving a safe, reliable RV combination. Weight also has a major influence on economy of operation, specifically regarding fuel consumption. While overall size has an important bearing on livability, it also has a strong influence on total weight. The larger the unit, the heavier it generally is, and the more fuel it will consume getting to your destination. So if you plan a lot of travel and fuel costs are important, select a smaller unit, which may also be easier to drive.


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Silver Moon Ring with Oxidised Interior, 9ct Gold, Moonstone and Iolite
50% OFF - Was £77 - Now £38.50
This wonderful ring has been handcrafted out of sterling silver, 9ct yellow gold, iolite and moonstone, using traditional silver-smithing techniques.
The ring band is sterling silver and has been soldered to a sterling silver dome which has been soldered to a sterling silver slightly concave half moon shape. The interior of this sculptural domed moon piece has been oxidised to represent the dark outer space. on the top of the moon ring a navy blue round cabochon has been set in 9ct yellow gold. In the oxidized interior of the ring a white moonstone has been set in silver to represent the moon in full, which when the light hits the moonstone at certain angles the moonstone glows.
Ring size: O 1/2 only
Sculptural moon dimensions: 2.1cm x 1.6cm x 0.9cm
this ring comes in a wrapped gift box, dispatched within 1 - 3 working days by royal mail special delivery.
Thank you.
Shipping & delivery
This item will be posted to you by Helen Burgess Jewellery within 3 days of receiving payment.
|Shipping destination
|Additional items
|United Kingdom
Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Germany, France, Spain, Finland, Belgium, Portugal, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Latvia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
|USA and Canada
|Rest of the World
Returns Policy
You have 14 days, from receipt, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item.
Unless faulty, the following types of items are non-refundable: items that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements; items which deteriorate quickly (e.g. food), personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken.


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Streszczenie sesji
The answer to such a question might seem obvious. After all, one can hardly imagine a modern professional with no command of English, the global lingua franca of professional people. But this is precisely where this session comes in: given that everyone – in business at least – seems to have acquired some English at least, the mere fact one can get by in it is hardly an advantage any longer…
In this session I want to take this as my starting point and argue that as modern English language teaching professionals we can meet this challenge by augmenting our course offer with a range of extra-linguistic 'soft' skills that can be developed in and through English. We'll explore a range of such 'soft' or 'people' skills and sample several activity types that can be taken straight into your professional / business English classroom the next day.
Some illustration will come from In Company 3.0, the new version of the award-winning course series for professional adults, brought to you by Macmillan Education.
Szkolenia dla instytucji edukacyjnych
How to make language learning visible and effective
How to prepare an impactful English class with young adults, how to begin it, how to carry it out and how to evaluate its impact on our learners.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | New session
Critical thinking really makes sense!
Exploiting topics, texts and speaking activities.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
Suspense & language teaching
How to create truly engaging task & activity sequences.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
English alive or: words you think you know…
Language change as a rich resource for fresh language task types – with lots of ready-mades!
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
What's the use of English to a modern professional?
An intensive, hands-on workshop on professional English, with particular focus on the skill of presenting & public speaking.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | New session
Meaningful spoken interaction in a large BE group?
The soft-skills approach to promoting truly meaningful interaction in spoken English, even in a large group of university students.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak, Malwina Dietrich | New session
Mind your own business English
A critical look at the real language and communication priorities of a modern BE student; fresh task types and classroom techniques.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
Teaching & learning English as a life skill
Real priorities when teaching English to 21st century learners: how to choose them and build attractive courses around them.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | New session
Image rules!
Visuals in the modern language programme: image composition, processing and evaluation of visual messages.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
Error no terror!
Effective techniques for dealing with errors.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak
Less tense (and aspect)
A completely new way to teach and revise English tenses; with lots of meaning-based activities.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
Sounds good!
Pronunciation priorities for Polish learners of English; integrating pron into regular course work.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak
Teaching and learning English with the brain in mind and beyond
How to engage the brains of teenage students and get them to remember a lot more.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | New session
Drill with a thrill?
How to make controlled practice activities engaging, fun, and varied.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak | Revised & updated
Sounds good - for young learners
A selection of truly enjoyable and effective pronunciation tasks for young learners of English.
Trener: dr Grzegorz Śpiewak


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MacArthur Highway, SACOP Grounds, San Fernando City, Pampanga
- 6 Reviews
- 12 Recommend
- 1 Reviewers
Primary Details
- Category:
- Fast Food
More Info
Price Range
₱50 - ₱130
Most Recent Reviews
Midnight snack...as in midnight talaga...dahil 12 am na... at nakuha ko pa mag coffee float at dahil immune nko nakatulog din ako...also with burger with fries... kay kuya medium size coke spicy burger tska medium fries ...
Always..love ko to
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
Love ko to....
Usually Coffee float at twister fries binibili ko dito drive thru kasama brother ko... but natuwa ako dun sa mga toys sa happy meal kya I change order ...kaya nag happy meal ako and I chose jake... with fries and cheese burger and orange juice... ask ko lang po...pano nilalaro yun hehe ...
binuo ko rin yung robot na lagayan ng happy meal
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 1 Like
two McCafe Float for me in this kind of hour ..brother ko kasi eh undecided sa kung ano oorderin ,kya ginaya nlng yung akin..he don't know na totoong coffee yung nilalagay sa coffee float...kla nya flavoring lang.. Sobrang pait daw hindi ko daw agad sinabi na ihalo yung ice cream sa coffee para magsubside yung 'sobrang bitterness' daw..at kahit nung hinalo nya , bitter pa din daw.... eh ako kasi sanay nko and it's my favorite...kaya ayan..goodluck sa tulog ko kung dalawin ako haha..wohooo..helloo Gil "Puyat"
goodbye 666
PS: with regular fries pla akin at medium sa kanya, at isa pang medium for my tita na nagpabili din ng fries...
libre ko naman...
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 1 Like
because of my strong curiousity and desparation to try this McFlurry Matcha due to popular review by many, I just can't help but to try, so I asked my super poging brother if he can buy me to the nearest McDo in our area since may motor sya,.He refused at first..bat Mcdo pa daw, di na lang Jollibee.. (So we are arguing this time) eh gusto ko nga yung McFlurry ..so he left , ayaw nya..in few minutes he came back to me and told he would buy me na hahaha... so tadaan in few minutes ayan may Matcha Flurry na'ko..
Verdict: oo nga mas nag over power pa rin ang oreo eh, still sweet much..pero okay lang , atleast naglasa pa rin ang matcha kahit pano...sana next time bawasan ang sweetness at oreo para lumasa nang husto yung matcha... but over all , it's ok..
Thanks McDo for bringing this ...
thanks to my brother at pinagyan din ang ate ..
- No. of Comments: 2
- No. of Likes: 4 Likes
Love ko to...#aldub
#foreverfan haha
Intentionally visited here yesterday evening after going to church for the Feast of Immaculate Conception because I miss my coffee float and been craving on this for few days...grab my all time favorite coffee float and french fries...
coffee as they say is the true elixir of life...
Teka ano yung elixir ?! Hindi ba yun yung ginagamit na pantrain sa mga troops sa COC haha..anong klaseng elixir ,yung regular o dark hahaha
#coc #player ^_^
This is one of the newly opened branch in our area just this year kya masasabi kong maayos na maayos pa..one more thing I love about mcdo is their crews, always nice and friendly, tska parang mas jolly pa sila kesa sa mga crew sa jollibee haha...
- No. of Comments: 2
- No. of Likes: 3 Likes
You know guys, I prefer to call my self blessed most of the time..but there are times I just want to keep it simple, and I prefer the word lucky , why?..it comes in an instant.. like this past sunday, I want bananafloat again and I ask my younger bro. to buy me but he disagreed, saying it's far ..I tried to pursuade him by treating him Mcdo too same as my order just to buy me banana float to the newly opened branch,.so he agreed, I handed her 500 and he left to get his motorcycle at home ,. few minutes, he arrived with his super loyal sidekick buddy and he handed me back my 500 and said his treat na lang ,. oh diba.. just a little sad part is , the banana float is not available in that branch pero ok lang, important is atleast once na-experienced ko na yung banana float.. ang mas important is nalibre nanaman ako hahaha... oh Erick B saya ng buhay ko noh haha...libre nanaman..
- No. of Comments: 2
- No. of Likes: 2 Likes