text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 24, 2012
|Filing date
|Apr 12, 2004
|Priority date
|Apr 12, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Guillermo Roa
|Original Assignee
|Netapp, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (72), Non-Patent Citations (35), Referenced by (5), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/035,664, entitled ARCHITECTURE FOR CREATING AND MAINTAINING VIRTUAL FILERS ON A FILER, by Mark Muhlestein, et al, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to server architectures and, more specifically, to an architecture that enables instantiation of multiple logical servers that support block-based protocols within a single physical server platform.
A storage system is a computer that provides storage service relating to the organization of information on writeable persistent storage devices, such as memories, tapes or disks. The storage system is commonly deployed within a storage area network (SAN) or a network attached storage (NAS) environment. When used within a NAS environment, the storage system may be embodied as a file server including a storage operating system that implements a file system to logically organize the information as a hierarchical structure of directories and files on, e.g. the disks. Each "on-disk" file may be implemented as a set of data structures, e.g., disk blocks, configured to store information, such as the actual data for the file. A directory, on the other hand, may be implemented as a specially formatted file in which information about other files and directories are stored.
The file server, or filer, may be further configured to operate according to a client/server model of information delivery to thereby allow many client systems (clients) to access shared resources, such as files, stored on the filer. Sharing of files is a hallmark of a NAS system, which is enabled because of semantic level access to files and file systems. Storage of information on a NAS system is typically deployed over a computer network comprising a geographically distributed collection of interconnected communication links, such as Ethernet, that allow clients to remotely access the information (files) stored on the file server. The clients typically communicate with the filer by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to pre-defined protocols, such as the well-known Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
In the client/server model, the client may comprise an application executing on a computer that "connects" to the filer over a computer network, such as a point-to-point link, shared local area network, wide area network or virtual private network implemented over a public network, such as the well-known Internet. NAS systems generally utilize file-based access protocols; therefore, each client may request the services of the filer by issuing file system protocol messages (in the form of packets) to the file system over the network. By supporting a plurality of file system protocols, such as the conventional Common Internet File System (CIFS), the Network File System (NFS) and the Direct Access File System (DAFS) protocols, the utility of the filer may be enhanced for networking clients.
Conversely, a SAN is a high-speed network that enables establishment of direct connections between a storage system and its storage devices. The SAN may thus be viewed as an extension to a storage bus and, as such, a storage operating system of the storage system enables access to stored information using block-based access protocols over the "extended bus." In this context, the extended bus is typically embodied as Fibre Channel (FC) or Ethernet media adapted to operate with block access protocols, such as Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) protocol encapsulation over FC (FCP) or TCP/IP/Ethernet (iSCSI). A SAN arrangement or deployment allows decoupling of storage from the storage system, such as an application server, and some level of storage sharing at the application server level. There are, however, environments wherein a SAN is dedicated to a single server.
A storage system typically includes a large amount of storage (e.g., 6 terabytes) with the ability to support many (thousands) of users. This type of storage system is generally too large and expensive for many applications or "purposes." Even a typical minimum storage size of a volume (or file system) is approximately 150 gigabytes (GB), which is still generally too large for most purposes. Rather than utilizing a single typical storage system, a user may purchase a plurality of smaller servers, wherein each server is directed to accommodating a particular purpose of the user. However, there is still the granularity of storage issue since, as noted, the typical minimum storage size of a volume is approximately 150 GB. In addition, the acquisition of many smaller servers may be more costly than the purchase of a single storage system. Furthermore, the cost of maintenance and administration of many smaller servers is typically substantially more than the cost of maintaining and administering a single storage system. Therefore, it would be desirable to consolidate many servers within a single filer platform in a manner that logically embodies those servers. Server consolidation is thus defined as the ability to provide multiple logical or virtual servers within a single physical server platform. Examples of virtual servers that may be embodied within a single platform are web servers, database servers, mail servers and name servers.
Previous techniques for server consolidation permitted a plurality of virtual instantiations of a server to execute on a single physical server platform. However, such instantiations were limited to file-based protocols, such as the Network File System (NFS) or the Common Internet File System (CIFS). Such consolidated servers were not capable of processing SAN-based data access requests utilizing block-based protocols, such as FCP or iSCSI. As a result, administrators desiring to utilize server or consolidated servers were limited to NAS-based networks utilizing file-level protocols. However, administrators desiring to utilize block-based protocols were required to acquire separate servers or a plurality of physical servers to meet their data access needs. This requirement is often uneconomical due to the large minimum storage size of a volume. As such, administrators establishing SAN-based systems often utilize only a small portion of the minimum required storage space, thereby "wasting" a large percentage of the purchased storage capacity.
The present invention relates to an architecture that provides the ability to create and maintain multiple instances of virtual servers, such as virtual filers (vfilers), within a storage system that supports block-based protocols. A vfiler is a logical partitioning of network and storage resources that are adapted to process one or more block-based protocols. The network and storage resources are partitioned to establish an instance of a multi-protocol server that is configured to service data access requests in response to the block-based protocols. Each vfiler is maintained and executed independent of other vfilers on the physical storage system platform. Dedicated storage system resources, such as units of storage and network addresses of network interfaces, may be grouped and partitioned to establish security domains within the storage system. Yet common storage system resources, such as a storage operating system and a file system, may be shared among the vfilers.
Specifically, each vfiler is allocated dedicated and distinct units of storage resources, such as volumes or qtrees, and network addresses, such as IP addresses or FC world wide names (WWNs). Each vfiler is also allowed shared access to the common file system on behalf of its client systems. Each vfiler is provided a vfiler context data structure including, among other things, information pertaining to a unique and distinct security domain of the vfiler (for each supported access protocol) to thereby enable controlled access to allocated and shared resources of the vfiler.
Lun-based commands associated with an user interface (UI) of the storage operating system executing on the physical storage system are modified to operate within a particular vfiler context. Additionally, each lun data structure within a vfiler is tagged with appropriate vfiler ownership information to enable exporting of luns associated with the vfiler. Similarly, initiator group (igroup) data structures are identified with a particular vfiler context so that an administrator of a particular vfiler may only manage igroups associated with that context.
The above and further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals indicate identical or functionally similar elements:
A. Physical Storage Appliance
Whereas clients of a NAS-based network environment have a storage viewpoint of files, the clients of a SAN-based network environment have a storage viewpoint of blocks or disks. To that end, the storage appliance 100 presents (exports) disks to SAN clients through the creation of luns or vdisk objects. A vdisk object (hereinafter "vdisk") is a special file type that is implemented by the virtualization system and translated into an emulated disk as viewed by the SAN clients.
In the illustrative embodiment, the memory 124 comprises storage locations that are addressable by the processor and adapters for storing software program code and data structures associated with the present invention. The processor and adapters may, in turn, comprise processing elements and/or logic circuitry configured to execute the software code and manipulate the data structures. The storage operating system 200, portions of which are typically resident in memory and executed by the processing elements, functionally organizes the storage appliance by, inter alia, invoking storage operations in support of the storage service implemented by the appliance.
The network adapter 125 couples the storage appliance to a plurality of clients 160 a,b over point-to-point links, wide area networks, virtual private networks implemented over a public network (Internet) or a shared local area network, hereinafter referred to as an illustrative Ethernet network 165. Therefore, the network adapter 125 may comprise a network interface card (NIC) having the mechanical, electrical and signaling circuitry needed to connect the appliance to a network switch, such as a conventional Ethernet switch 170. For this NAS-based network environment, the clients are configured to access information stored on the multi-protocol storage appliance as files. The clients 160 communicate with the storage appliance over network 165 by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to pre-defined protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The clients 160 may be general-purpose computers configured to execute applications over a variety of operating systems, including the UNIX� and Microsoft� Windows™ operating systems. Client systems generally utilize file-based access protocols when accessing information (in the form of files and directories) over a NAS-based network. Therefore, each client 160 may request the services of the storage appliance 100 by issuing file access protocol messages (in the form of packets) to the appliance over the network 165. For example, a client 160 a running the Windows operating system may communicate with the storage appliance 100 using the Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol over TCP/IP. On the other hand, a client 160 b running the UNIX operating system may communicate with the multi-protocol appliance using either the Network File System (NFS) protocol over TCP/IP or the Direct Access File System (DAFS) protocol over a virtual interface (VI) transport in accordance with a remote DMA (RDMA) protocol over TCP/IP.
The storage network "target" adapter 126 also couples the multi-protocol storage appliance 100 to clients 160 that may be further configured to access the stored information as blocks or disks. For this SAN-based network environment, the storage appliance is coupled to an illustrative Fibre Channel (FC) network 185. FC is a networking standard describing a suite of protocols and media that is primarily found in SAN deployments. The network target adapter 126 may comprise a FC host bus adapter (HBA) having the mechanical, electrical and signaling circuitry needed to connect the appliance 100 to a SAN network switch, such as a conventional FC switch 180. In addition to providing FC access, the FC HBA may offload fiber channel network processing operations for the storage appliance.
The clients 160 generally utilize block-based access protocols, such as the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) protocol, when accessing information (in the form of blocks, disks or vdisks) over a SAN-based network. SCSI is a peripheral input/output (I/O) interface with a standard, device independent protocol that allows different peripheral devices, such as disks 130, to attach to the storage appliance 100. In SCSI terminology, clients 160 operating in a SAN environment are initiators that initiate requests and commands for data. The storage appliance is thus a target configured to respond to the requests issued by the initiators in accordance with a request/response protocol. The initiators and targets have endpoint addresses that, in accordance with the FC protocol, comprise worldwide names (WWN). A WWN is a unique identifier, e.g., a node name or a port name, consisting of an 8-byte number.
The storage appliance 100 supports various block-based protocols used in SAN deployments, including SCSI encapsulated over TCP (iSCSI) and SCSI encapsulated over FC (FCP). The initiators (hereinafter clients 160) may thus request the services of the target (hereinafter storage appliance 100) by issuing iSCSI and FCP messages over the network 165, 185 to access information stored on the disks. When the underlying transport protocol is TCP/IP, clients may encapsulate SCSI protocol commands over TCP/IP to generate iSCSI commands. The iSCSI protocol is further defined in Internet Draft: iSCSI, Aug. 5, 2002, by Julian Satran et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The storage adapter 128 cooperates with the storage operating system 200 executing on the storage appliance to access information requested by the clients. The information may be stored on the disks 130 or other similar media adapted to store information. The storage adapter includes I/O interface circuitry that couples to the disks over an I/O interconnect arrangement, such as a conventional high-performance, FC serial link topology. The information is retrieved by the storage adapter and, if necessary, processed by the processor 122 (or the adapter 128 itself) prior to being forwarded over the system bus 123 to the network adapters 125, 126, where the information is formatted into packets or messages and returned to the clients.
Storage of information on the appliance 100 is preferably implemented as one or more storage volumes (e.g., VOL1-2 150) that comprise a cluster of physical storage disks 130, defining an overall logical arrangement of disk space. The disks within a volume are typically organized as one or more groups of Redundant Array of Independent (or Inexpensive) Disks (RAID). RAID implementations enhance the reliability/integrity of data storage through the writing of data "stripes" across a given number of physical disks in the RAID group, and the appropriate storing of redundant information with respect to the striped data. The redundant information enables recovery of data lost when a storage device fails. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other redundancy techniques, such as mirroring, may used in accordance with the present invention.
Specifically, each volume 150 is constructed from an array of physical disks 130 that are organized as RAID groups 140, 142, and 144. The physical disks of each RAID group include those disks configured to store striped data (D) and those configured to store parity (P) for the data, in accordance with an illustrative RAID 4 level configuration. It should be noted that other RAID level configurations (e.g. RAID 5) are also contemplated for use with the teachings described herein. In the illustrative embodiment, a minimum of one parity disk and one data disk may be employed. However, a typical implementation may include three data and one parity disk per RAID group and at least one RAID group per volume.
To facilitate access to the disks 130, the storage operating system 200 implements a write-anywhere file system of a virtualization system that "virtualizes" the storage space provided by disks 130. The file system logically organizes the information as a hierarchical structure of named directory and file objects (hereinafter "directories" and "files") on the disks. Each "on-disk" file may be implemented as set of disk blocks configured to store information, such as data, whereas the directory may be implemented as a specially formatted file in which names and links to other files and directories are stored. The virtualization system allows the file system to further logically organize information as a hierarchical structure of named vdisks on the disks, thereby providing an integrated NAS and SAN appliance approach to storage by enabling file-based (NAS) access to the named files and directories, while further enabling block-based (SAN) access to the named vdisks on a file-based storage platform. The file system simplifies the complexity of management of the underlying physical storage in SAN deployments.
As noted, a vdisk is a special file type in a volume that derives from a plain (regular) file, but that has associated export controls and operation restrictions that support emulation of a disk. Unlike a file that can be created by a client using, e.g., the NFS or CIFS protocol, a vdisk is created on the multi-protocol storage appliance via, e.g. a user interface (UI) as a special typed file (object). Illustratively, the vdisk is a multi-inode object comprising a special file inode that holds data and at least one associated stream inode that holds attributes, including security information. The special file inode functions as a main container for storing data, such as application data, associated with the emulated disk. The stream inode stores attributes that allow luns and exports to persist over, e.g., reboot operations, while also enabling management of the vdisk as a single disk object in relation to SAN clients. An example of a vdisk and its associated inodes is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/10/216,453 titled Storage Virtualization by Layering Virtual Disk Objects on a File System, by Vijayan Rajan, et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
B. Storage Operating System
In the illustrative embodiment, the storage operating system is preferably the NetApp� Data ONTAP™ operating system available from Network Appliance, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. that implements a Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL™) file system. However, it is expressly contemplated that any appropriate storage operating system, including a write in-place file system, may be enhanced for use in accordance with the inventive principles described herein. As such, where the term "WAFL" is employed, it should be taken broadly to refer to any file system architecture that is otherwise adaptable to the teachings of this invention.
As used herein, the term "storage operating system" generally refers to the computer-executable code operable on a computer that manages data access and may, in the case of a multi-protocol storage appliance, implement data access semantics, such as the Data ONTAP storage operating system, which is implemented as a microkernel. The storage operating system can also be implemented as an application program operating over a general-purpose operating system, such as UNIX� or Windows NT�, or as a general-purpose operating system with configurable functionality, which is configured for storage applications as described herein.
The term "storage system" should therefore be taken broadly to include such arrangements in addition to any subsystems configured to perform a storage function and associated with other equipment or systems.
An iSCSI driver layer 228 provides block protocol access over the TCP/IP network protocol layers, while a FC driver layer 230 operates with the FC HBA 126 to receive and transmit block access requests and responses to and from the integrated storage appliance. The FC and iSCSI drivers provide FC-specific and iSCSI-specific access control to the luns (vdisks) and, thus, manage exports of vdisks to either iSCSI or FCP or, alternatively, to both iSCSI and FCP when accessing a single vdisk on the multi-protocol storage appliance. In addition, the storage operating system includes a disk storage layer 240 that implements a disk storage protocol, such as a RAID protocol, and a disk driver layer 250 that implements a disk access protocol such as, e.g., a SCSI protocol.
Bridging the disk software layers with the integrated network protocol stack layers is a virtualization system 300.
The SCSI target module 310, in turn, initiates emulation of a disk or lun by providing a mapping procedure that translates logical block access to luns specified in access requests into virtual block access to the special vdisk file types and, for responses to the requests, vdisks into luns. The SCSI target module is illustratively disposed between the FC and iSCSI drivers 228, 230 and the file system 320 to thereby provide a translation layer of the virtualization system 300 between the SAN block (lun) space and the file system space, where luns are represented as vdisks.
The file system provides capabilities for use in file-based access to information stored on the storage devices, such as disks. In addition, the file system provides volume management capabilities for use in block-based access to the stored information. That is, in addition to providing file system semantics (such as differentiation of storage into discrete objects and naming of those storage objects), the file system 320 provides functions normally associated with a volume manager.
The file system 320 illustratively implements the WAFL file system having an on-disk format representation that is block-based using, e.g., 4 kilobyte (kB) blocks and using inodes to describe the files. The WAFL file system uses files to store meta-data describing the layout of its file system; these meta-data files include, among others, an inode file. A file handle, i.e., an identifier that includes an inode number, is used to retrieve an inode from disk. A description of the structure of the file system, including the inode file, is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,819,292, entitled Methodfor Maintaining Consistent States of a File System andfor Creating User-Accessible Read-Only Copies of a File System by David Hitz et al., issued Oct. 6, 1998, which patent is hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
As noted, the file system 320 organizes information as file, directory and vdisk objects within volumes 150 of disks 130. Underlying each volume 150 is a collection of RAID groups 140-144 that provide protection and reliability against disk failure(s) within the volume. The information serviced by the multi-protocol storage appliance is protected according to an illustrative RAID 4 configuration. This level of protection may be extended to include, e.g., synchronous mirroring on the appliance platform. A vdisk 322 created on a volume that is protected by RAID 4 "inherits" the added protection of synchronous mirroring if that latter protection is specified for the volume 150. In this case, the synchronous mirroring protection is not a property of the vdisk but rather a property of the underlying volume and the reliability guarantees of the file system 320.
Management of the integrated multi-protocol storage appliance 100 is simplified through the use of the UI 350 and the vdisk command set available to the system administrator. The UI 350 illustratively comprises both a command line interface (CLI 352) and a graphical user interface (GUI 354) used to implement the vdisk command set to, among other things, create a vdisk, increase/decrease the size of a vdisk and/or destroy a vdisk. The storage space for the destroyed vdisk may then be reused for, e.g., a NASbased file in accordance with the virtualized storage space feature of the appliance 100. A vdisk may increase ("grow") or decrease ("shrink") under user control while preserving block and NAS multi-protocol access to its application data.
C. Virtual Storage Appliances (Vfilers)
The present invention comprises an architecture that provides the ability to create and maintain multiple instances of block-based virtual servers, such as virtual storage appliances (vfilers), within a single physical server, such as a physical storage appliance platform. A vfiler is a logical partitioning of network and storage resources of the storage appliance platform to establish an instance of a multi-protocol server that is configured to service data access requests in response to block-based protocols, such as iSCSI. Each vfiler is maintained and executed entirely independent of other vfilers on the platform. To that end, dedicated storage appliance resources, such as units of storage and network addresses of network interfaces, may be arbitrarily grouped and "hard" partitioned to establish security domains within the storage appliance. Yet common storage appliance resources, such as a storage operating system and a file system, may be shared among the vfilers.
Specifically, each vfiler is allocated a certain amount or subset of dedicated and distinct units of storage resources, and one or more dedicated and distinct network addresses. Each vfiler is also allowed shared access to the common file system on behalf of its client. Therefore, interpretations of a security object associated with, e.g., a client accessing the common file system may vary among vfilers. To address this, each vfiler is provided a vfiler context data structure (hereinafter "vfiler context") including, among other things, information pertaining to a unique and distinct security domain of the vfiler to thereby enable controlled access to allocated and shared resources of the vfiler.
For example, the vfiler context of a first vfiler ensures that users or clients of a first security domain can use a first set of source and destination network addresses when issuing requests to access a first subset of storage resources on the storage appliance. Similarly, the vfiler context of a second vfiler ensures that clients of a second security domain may use a second set of source and destination network addresses to access a second subset of storage resources. Notably, the clients of each security domain are unaware of each other's "presence" on the storage appliance and, further, are unable to access each other's storage resources. In sum, no data flow exists between vfilers.
Each interface of the storage appliance is further assigned an IPspace identifier (ID) 406 a-c that essentially "binds" the interface to an IPspace. An IPspace refers to a distinct IP address space in which the storage appliance and its storage operating system participate. A single storage appliance can support multiple IPspaces. Each vfiler is associated with an IP address space and, thus, belongs to one IPspace. The IP addresses within each IPspace must be unique. The IPspace is further described in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 10/035,666 entitled, TECHNIQUE FOR ENABLING MULTIPLE VIRTUAL FILERS ON A SINGLE FILER TO PARTICIPATE IN MULTIPLE ADDRESS SPACES WITH OVERLAPPING NETWORK ADDRESSES, by Gaurav Banga, et al.
The units of storage resources allocated to each vfiler include a volume or sub-volume (qtree). A volume (V) 410 is a unit of storage comprising a file system or hierarchy of directories and files. A qtree, QT1-3 420, is a special directory similar to a mini-volume (mini-file system) or subdivision of a volume that has the property of being able to identify itself within a file system by, e.g., a qtree identifier (qtreeid) stored within an inode of a file. The vfiler architecture provides efficient utilization and management of these storage resources, including creation, assignment and mapping of the resources to and among the vfilers. For example, a virtual server (such as vfiler) and its associated storage resources (such as qtrees) may be migrated to a server (such as a storage appliance) and consolidated with other virtual servers (vfilers) having similarly named resources. Since the storage resources are allocated on a per-vfiler basis, such server consolidation and storage migration are transparent to a client because there is no change in the way the client refers to its data.
In the illustrative embodiment, each vfiler may own certain quanta of data, e.g., volumes and qtrees, which the vfiler is permitted to access. In addition, vdisks are not directly owned by a vfiler, but are instead inherit the ownership attributes of the volume or qtree wherein they reside. Thus, if a vfiler can access a given volume or qtree, it can access any vdisks stored within those storage units. This simplifies storage unit ownership and is consistent with exemplary file-based vfilers, such as those described in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application entitled ARCHITECTURE FOR CREATING AND MAINTAINING VIRTUAL FILERS ON A FILER.
According to an aspect of the invention, a vfiler is created by the following CLI command of a the UI 350 (described further below) associated with the storage operating system:
Each vfiler maintains certain metadata in the root directory of the storage appliance. The metadata contains the various configuration files for the vfiler. This metadata is also mirrored to a hidden metadata directory in the root directory of the vfiler. Typically, the metadata is mirrored to the /etc directory of the vfiler. However, in alternate embodiments, the metadata may be mirrored to other locations within the vfiler directory is structure. This hidden metadata directory is modified whenever the vfiler metadata is modified. The hidden metadata directory is typically utilized for vfiler migration, described further below.
In particular, the vfiler create CLI command creates a vfiler context 500 a-c for each vfiler. Note that a vfiler context is created for VF0 at initialization of the storage appliance.
According to the vfiler architecture, hardware resources, such as storage and network devices, are not directly assigned to the vfilers. Instead, software objects representing (in full generality) only a portion of the capabilities of these hardware devices are assigned to the vfilers. These software ("soft") objects correspond only to a "dynamically adjustable" portion of a hardware resource. The advantage of using soft objects for assignment to a vfiler is total flexibility in allocating, adding, moving and removing complete or portions of hardware resources between vfilers on a physical filer. These operations can be accomplished very quickly using, e.g., a simple short-running console command as opposed to a complex, long-running procedure of re-configuring or copying hardware objects between hardware partitioning based virtual servers, such as a VM or data mover.
Therefore, other fields of the vfiler context structure 500 hold a list 510 of virtual filer storage (vfstore) structures (soft objects) and a list 512 of virtual filer network (vfnet) soft objects.
The vfnet list 512 comprises pointers to vfnet soft objects 620, each of which has a pointer 622 that references an interface address (ifaddr) data structure 640 representing an IP address assigned to the vfiler. Each vfnet object 620 represents a "floating" capability that may be assigned to any network interface, e.g., a NIC, when an IP address is assigned to that NIC. If multiple IP addresses are assigned to the NIC, the capabilities of the NIC are effectively shared between multiple vfnet objects 620 and, thus, potentially different vfilers. If only a single IP address is associated with an interface (as represented by an interface network (ifnet) data structure 630), only one vfnet object 620, and therefore only one vfiler, uses the capabilities of the NIC.
Resource mapping is defined as the mapping between soft objects that represent assigned resources of a vfiler (e.g., vfstore and vfnet objects) to portions of hardware resources, such as a qtree/volume and an vfnet structure. The vfstore and vfnet soft objects thus provide a level of indirection that represents the dynamically adjustable portions of capabilities of these hardware resources. That is, these soft objects are "linked" to other software objects (data structures) representative of the hardware resources in a manner that enables flexibility when "logically" reassigning those network and storage resources by, e.g., changing pointers of the objects. Such flexibility allows logical establishment of vfiler configuration changes at the file system level, as opposed to physical establishment by, e.g., manually rearranging the network and storage hardware resources.
For example, an ifnet structure 630 includes an IP list field 632 that contains a list of IP addresses assigned to a network interface. The list 632, in turn, includes pointers 634 that reference appropriate ifaddr data structures 640 associated with those IP addresses. As noted, each vfnet object 620 may contain a pointer 622 to an ifaddr structure 640 (if the corresponding IP address is configured on an ifnet structure 630) or may contain a null value (if the address is not configured). Each ifaddr structure 640 also contains a back link pointer 642 to the vfiler context 500 (and therefore to a corresponding vfnet object 620).
Similarly, each vfstore object 610 has a pointer 612 to a path of a unit of storage, if the storage resource is online. In the illustrative embodiment, the WAFL file system 330 maintains information relating to the availability and scope of units of storage, such as qtrees and volumes. System calls are provided to query the file system with a path and, in response, receive a storage identifier tuple (e.g., fsid, qtreeid) that indicates the volume and qtree to which the path belongs.
Resource mapping in the vfiler architecture further enables efficient network and storage management with respect to, e.g., migration (assignment) of network and storage resources among vfilers. Network management refers to the set of data structures and algorithms that maintain the resource mapping between vfilers and their network resources as dynamic changes are made to the assignment of these resources and other changes on the filer platform. Storage management, on the other hand, refers to the set of data structures and algorithms that maintain the resource mapping between vfilers and their storage resources as dynamic changes are made to the assignment of these resources and other changes on the platform. Assignment changes include the addition, movement and removal of resources between vfilers. Other system changes include the creation of new NICs (VIFs and VLANs, or new devices) or the addition/on-lining/off-lining of storage volumes.
Network and storage management also includes the tasks performed on networking and storage objects when changes are made to the assignments of resources between vfilers. For example, TCP/IP connections and routing associated with an IP address must be reinitialized when the vfiler assignment of an IP address changes. Similarly, disk input/output operations that are in progress on a qtree or volume must be aborted, and quotas must be reinitialized when the vfiler assignment of a storage unit changes.
Each vfiler context 500 further includes a plurality of "module" data structures that includes all information (such as global variables) needed for an instance of a particular protocol or subsystem. For example, a CIFS module data structure 520 contains all information needed for an instance of the CIFS protocol, including information about contacting a domain controller 522, active sessions 524 for the protocol and various control blocks 525 associated with the CIFS protocol. The domain controller is a network server that accepts logon requests and initiates their authentication. Information pertaining to a security domain 526 is also provided to enable NT-type security for a CIFS request. The security information includes a security identifier comprising a domain portion and a relative ID (RID) portion, the latter RID being similar to the user ID of UNIX security. In the case of Windows domain security, the security information also includes a trust relationship with the domain controller. The trust relationship signifies the ability of a vfiler to "trust" the domain controller to authenticate a user on behalf of the vfiler. Each CIFS module 520 also contains a process ID (PID 528) of the CIFS authentication process that enables the CIFS layer to send an authentication request to the correct CIFS authentication process.
There is a similar "per-module" data structure for each of the protocols and sub-systems associated with a vfiler including, but not limited to, the iSCSI protocol 530, a vdisk data structure 540, a SCSI target 550, NIS subsystem 560, domain name service (DNS) subsystem 570 and registry 580. The NIS subsystem or "yellow pages" is a service locator for the NFS protocol that is implemented as a distributed database storing security information, such user and group IDs associated with each user password. The vdisk data structure contains pointers to various in-core data structures utilized by the vfiler for managing vdisks associated with the vfiler. The SCSI target data structure 550 is utilized by the vfiler for storing various per vfiler data, such as the identify of initiators that have logged into the vfiler and the current state of the various adapters.
C. Initiator Groups
SAN clients typically identify and address disks by logical numbers or luns.
However, the UI 350 interacts with the vdisk module 330 and SCSI target module 310 to map logical names to vdisks. An igroup is a logical named entity that is assigned to one or more addresses, e.g., WWN or iSCSI IDs, associated with one or more initiators (depending upon whether a clustered environment is configured). Igroups are further defined in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/421,576, entitled CONSISTENT LOGICAL NAMING OF INITIATOR GROUPS, by Mohan Srinivasan, et al. The storage appliance manages export control of vdisks by logical names through the use of igroups. When an igroup is created, the addresses are essentially "bound" (associated) to a logical name or igroup.
In the illustrative embodiment, vdisks (luns) are "layered" on top of igroups. The igroup abstracts the underlying details of "naming" (i.e., identification) of clients or initiators that desire access to the vdisks. The naming details (for purposes of allowing access to a vdisk/lun by a client/initiator) may be completely different between block access protocols, such as FCP and iSCSI. However, the logical naming of igroups is consistent with the FC and SCSI standards; the user interface system, described herein, represents an application of those standards that simplifies access to the vdisks. The igroup abstraction thus decouples implementation of addressing from the underlying details of addressing. In other words, an igroup allows a user to define client or related clients addressing by logical names that are then used by higher layer vdisk (lun) commands to allow access. As a result, a vdisk (lun) can be easily shared over iSCSI and FCP, thereby allowing use in applications such as a mixed iSCSI or FCP cluster. Moreover, reorganization or upgrades of client/initiators do not affect security assignments (allowing access) at the lun level, since they are indirect via the logical igroup name.
The UI system includes a method of assigning a lun ID to a vdisk and specifying the igroup of initiators that are allowed access to the vdisk, i.e., the clients to which the vdisk is exported. Each igroup has certain associated attributes, such as transport protocol type and operating system type of its member initiators (node names). For example, the initiators within an igroup illustratively support the FCP and iSCSI transport protocol type. The operating system type attribute refers to the operating system type of the member initiators in the igroup. This latter attribute is provided because a SCSI target (such as the multiprotocol storage appliance) often "behaves" differently when interacting with different operating systems (e.g., Solaris, Windows, and Linux) of the initiators. Processing of a request received at the storage appliance occurs at lower layers of the storage operating system. Since addresses (WWN or iSCSI IDs) are bound to igroup name, these lower layers "know" whether the request is received over, e.g., an iSCSI or FCP transport.
The igroup need not be homogeneous in terms of these attributes, i.e., an igroup can contain initiators having different combinations of FCP and iSCSI as a transport. For example, iSCSI and FCP initiators may be combined into a single igroup. In addition, an igroup can support various operating system initiator members. This allows operations, such as graceful rolling upgrade of a FC SAN cluster to an iSCSI cluster, with no application downtime. In addition, membership of the igroups can be modified at any time, i.e., initiators can be added to or removed from an igroup and, as a consequence, inherit or lose the mappings of the igroup, respectively.
D. User Interface of Vfilers
Management of the storage appliance 100 is simplified through the use of the UI 350 and the igroup and lun command set available to the system administrator. As noted, the UI 350 illustratively comprises both a command line interface (CLI 352) and a graphical user interface (GUI 354) used to implement a vdisk command set to, among other things, create a vdisk, increase/decrease the size of a vdisk and/or destroy a vdisk. Commands entered via the UI, whether via the CLI or GUI, are converted using conventional user interface techniques into a set of file system primitives to implement the desired vdisk and/or igroup changes.
The user interface for a vfiler incorporates the same commands as typically utilized on a physical storage appliance. Such commands are further described in U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 10/638,567, entitled USER INTERFACE SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-PROTOCOL STORAGE APPLIANCE, by Brian Pawlowski, et al. In accordance with the present invention, block-based commands supported by the Ul only operate within the particular vfiler context in which they are executed.
Command Line Interface
The UI 350 simplifies the management of storage appliance by, e.g., obviating the need for system administrators to explicitly configure and specify the disks, extants and/or blocks to be used when creating a vdisk. To accomplish such simplified management, the illustrative UI provides a number of CLI commands, including an igroup command and a lun command. The igroup command includes a variety of options described further below, for creating, destroying, and managing the igroups associated with a given storage system. Similarly, the lun command, along with a variety of options, permits a system administrator to create, destroy, and/or manage luns associated with the storage system.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, all CLI commands associated with lun or block-based management on a vfiler execute within a particular vfiler context. Thus, changes made by a command are vfiler specific and do not affect global physical storage appliance operations. It should be noted that while this description is written in terms of exemplary lun and igroup commands, the principles of the present invention are applicable to any command within the UI for managing luns or other block based operations.
An example of the igroup command is:
igroup create -f/i <groupname> <nodename(s)>
wherein the <groupname> parameter indicates the name of the igroup and the <nodename(s)> parameter indicates the initiators, e.g., the WWN or iSCSI address IDs to be bound to the igroup. Thef/i options determine whether the nodenames to be listed are FCP WWNs (the -f option) or iSCSI addresses (the -i option). The create option creates a new igroup by essentially binding the WWN addresses or iSCSI IDs to a logical name or igroup. The igroup command and the creation of the appropriate igroup data structures file system primitive operations are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/421,576, entitled CONSISTENT LOGICAL NAMING OF INITIATOR GROUPS, by Mohan Srinivasan, et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In alternate embodiments, various other options may be implemented with the igroup command, including, e.g., a destroy option to delete an igroup. When a user enters (activates) an igroup destroy command at the CLI 352, the storage operating system removes the appropriate igroup data structures and stream fields and "unbinds" the WWN address or iSCSI IDs from the logical name. Another option is an igroup show command that displays all igroups and their associated network addresses.
An igroup may contain one initiator in the case of a simple initiator-to-initiator group binding (or more initiators in the case of SAN cluster or a single client with multiple initiators for redundancy and/or multipathing purposes). The created igroup thus enables groupings of initiators by human-friendly logical name.
An example of a lun command is:
lun create -s<size><pathname>
wherein, the create option specifies creation of a lun (vdisk), the -s option specifies a size of the vdisk to be created and the <pathname> parameter is a qualified path to the created vdisk. In the exemplary embodiment, a size may be denoted using a variety of suffixes to the numerical identifier including, for example b (bytes), k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), g (gigabytes) or t (terabytes). As will be noted by one skilled in the art, various other sizing identifiers may be utilized in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
The result of the lun create command is the creation of a vdisk having the specified size and that is RAID protected without having to explicitly specify such protection. Storage of information on disks of the multi-protocol storage appliance is not typed; only "raw" bits are stored on the disks. The file system organizes those bits into vdisks and RAID groups across all of the disks within a volume. Thus, the created vdisk does not have to be explicitly configured because the virtualization system 300 creates a vdisk in a manner that is transparent to the user. The created vdisk inherits high-performance characteristics, such as reliability and storage bandwidth, of the underlying volume created by the file system. The vdisk to be created must be located on a storage unit, such as a volume or qtree, owned by the vfiler in whose context the lun create command is executed. When the vdisk is created, the vfiler entry 840 (see
As noted above, the multi-protocol storage appliance manages export control of vdisks by logical names through the use of initiator groups (igroups). A lun map command may be used to export one or more vdisks to the igroup, i.e., to make the vdisk(s) "visible" to the igroup. An example of an illustrative lun map command is:
lun map <path name><igroup>
wherein the <path name> parameter is the path name to the lun to be mapped and the <igroup> parameter identifies an initiator group that should be mapped to the desired lun. In this sense, the lun map command is equivalent to an NFS export or a CIFS share, i.e., the WWN addresses or iSCSI IDs identify the clients that are allowed to access the vdisk identified by the pathname. Thereafter, the logical name igroup is used with all operations internal to the storage operating system. This logical naming abstraction is pervasive throughout the entire lun and igroup command sets, including interactions between a user and the multi-protocol storage appliance. In particular, the igroup naming convention is used for all subsequent export operations and listings of luns that are exported for various SAN clients. This mapping is effective for the vfiler context in which the command is executed.
To undo a mapping, the storage operating system provides a lun unmap command that disassociates an igroup from a lun. An example of a lun unmap command is:
lun unmap <path name> <igroup>
wherein the <path name> parameter identifies the path name to the lun to be unmapped and the <igroup> parameter identifies the igroup that is to be disassociated with the lun. After execution of a lun unmap command, the lun will not be visible to initiators within the igroup.
A lun may be dynamically resized by the administrator using a lun resize command. An example of an illustrative lun resize command is:
lun resize <path name> <size>
wherein the <path name> parameter is the path name of the lun to be resized and the <size> parameter identifies the new size of the lun. In the exemplary embodiment, a size may be denoted using a variety of suffixes to the numerical identifier including, for example b (bytes), k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), g (gigabytes) or t (terabytes). In the illustrative embodiment, the lun resize command changes the size of the lun that is reported by the storage appliance to clients. Host applications, executing on the clients, then manage the size change once the storage appliance has reported the change.
A lun may also be deleted (destroyed) by an administrator through the use of a lun destroy command. A lun destoy command deletes the underlying file embodying the lun from the file system. An exemplary lun destroy command is:
lun destroy <path name>
wherein the <path name> parameter identifies the path name of the lun to be deleted (destroyed). Upon execution of the lun destroy command, the storage operating system removes the vdisk from the file system.
To briefly summarize the operation of the CLI, the igroup and lun commands are provided to enable a user/system administrator to create, delete and maintain igroups and luns. An administrator first generates an igroup, which is a mapping of one or more initiator WWNs or iSCSI IDs to a logical human-friendly name. A user may then create a lun or vdisk through the use of the lun create command. The administrator, using the lun map command, then maps the created lun to the igroup so initiators within the igroup may access the lun. Once the lun has been created, an administrator may utilize the lun resize command to grow or shrink the size of the lun to meet changing system needs. If an igroup no longer requires access to a lun, the igroup may be disassociated with the lun through the use of the lun unmap command. Finally, if a lun is no longer needed, it may be deleted through the use of the lun destroy command.
Graphical User Interface
The GUI 354 may be implemented on the multi-protocol storage appliance to allow an user or administrator easy access to the management functionality contained in the vdisk/igroup command set. The GUI portion of the Ul is modified to incorporate appropriate block-based compatibility. By providing a GUI, in addition to the CLI commands, the multi-protocol storage appliance may be initialized with fewer references to manuals and/or other aids for the administrator. Additionally, the GUI may provide additional graphical and/or tabled reporting data that is not available via CLI. Such consolidated reporting is further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/862,949, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONSOLIDATED REPORTING OF CHARACTERISTICS FOR A GROUP OF FILE SYSTEMS by Brian M. Hackworth.
The GUI provides an alternative to the CLI for executing lun management commands. Additionally, the GUI may be easier to use for inexperienced system administrators and may enable faster initialization of luns by removing the need to reference manuals for specific commands. The GUI may be implemented in a variety of environments including, for example, a Microsoft Windows environment, a X-Window based workstation environment, or other graphical user interface system environment. Alternatively, the GUI may be accessed through a browser via the World Wide Web.
In one embodiment, the GUI converts a series of menu options or other graphical interactions into a CLI command which is then executed using, for example, remote shell (RSH) technology. In other embodiments, the GUI includes appropriate conventional program code to directly generate file system primitives for performing requested actions. For example, a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) 370 (shown in
E. Vfiler Operation
According to the invention, received data access operations are processed within the appropriate vfiler context. The storage operating system determines this context by, for example, analyzing the received network address to which the command is directed. The storage operating system further ensures that only those initiators associated with an igroup that is permitted to access a given lun may modify the lun. A lun data structure is utilized by the storage operating system to track lun metadata during operations, including the vfiler that "owns" the lun.
An exemplary lun data structure 800 is shown in
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, clients of a vfiler may access a vdisk exported by the vfiler using block-based protocols, such as iSCSI.
In step 925, the received request is passed to the iSCSI driver of the storage operating system for execution. The iSCSI driver then executes the appropriate iSCSI protocol code (step 930) and passes the resulting request to the SCSI target module of the storage operating system. The SCSI target module, in step 935, performs appropriate security checks on the request. These security checks may include, in the illustrative embodiment, ensuring that the vdisk is properly mapped to the initiator sending the data access requests. Once the appropriate security checks have been performed, the SCSI target module, in step 940, converts the received data access request into appropriate file system primitives and passes the resulting messages to the file system for processing.
Then, in step 945, the file system determines if the vfiler owns the qtree or volume containing the vdisk. If the vfiler does not own the appropriate data container, e.g., qtree or volume, the procedure branches to step 950, where the request is denied before completing in step 975. However, if the vfiler owns the qtree or volume, the procedure continues to step 955 where the storage resource is accessed by the file system. The received request is then serviced in step 960 and a response is generated in step 965. This may be, in the case of a read request, obtaining the data from the appropriate blocks of the vdisk and generating a response. The response is then forwarded over the network to the originating client in step 970 before the procedure completes in step 975.
To again summarize, a request is received at the network interface of a physical storage appliance and a determination is made of a particular vfiler to which the request is directed. The vfiler context is then set and the request is passed through the various layers of the storage operating system for processing. Appropriate security checks are performed to ensure that the vfiler context that has been set has the appropriate permissions to execute the desired functions, including a check of ownership of the underlying data container, e.g., a volume or qtree, of a vdisk. The command is then processed and a response generated to be transferred back to the originating client.
An additional operational feature of vfilers is that they may be migrated from one physical storage appliance to another physical storage appliance. This may be accomplished for a variety of reasons including, for example load balancing of processing request across physical storage appliances. Alternately, vfilers may be migrated for disaster recovery purposes wherein a destination vfiler is established but not activated until such time as a disaster recovery situation occurs, for example, when the physical storage appliance executing one of the vfilers fails.
Then in step 1040, metadata from a hidden directory within each vfiler is copied to the root of the storage appliance. As noted above, a shadow copy of certain metatata is created in the root directory of each vfiler. The shadow copies are hidden files that are written anytime the real metadata files are written. As they are stored in a directory "underneath" (within) each vfiler, these hidden files are migrated as part of the mirroring operation. Thus, in step 1040, the hidden metadata files are copied from a hidden directory to the appropriate location within the storage appliance's root volume. Once the metadata has been copied, the administrator establishes appropriate authentication in step 1045. As the authentication database is typically stored in the root volume of the physical appliance and is not user accessible, it cannot be mirrored or accessed by the vfiler. As such, it typically needs to be recreated by the administrator. This step of recreating authentication information is required if, for example, the administrator has implemented certain types of authentication, such a CHAP. In these configurations, the CHAP data-base must be recreated. However, in other embodiments, this authentication recreation step is not necessary.
It should be noted that in one embodiment of vfiler migration, an administrator executes a vfiler migrate command that performs all necessary migration operations including, for example, the mirroring of data. In an alternate embodiment, an administrator may first issue a vfiler migrate start command that initiates the mirroring operation, but does not perform the remaining migration steps until the execution of a vfiler migrate complete command. Then, in step 1050, the luns are exported from the newly created vfiler. The process then completes in step 1055.
To again summarize, the present invention is directed to a system and method or architecture for creating and maintaining block-based protocols on a virtual storage appliance executing in a physical storage appliance. This differs from known vfiler implementations, such as that described in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application entitled ARCHITECTURE FOR CREATING AND MAINTAINING VIRTUAL FILERS ON A FILER, which are limited to processing only file-level protocols. Vfilers according to the present invention are multi-protocol and may process both block-based and file-based protocols. It should be noted that while this description has been written in terms of iSCSI, the principles of the present invention are applicable to any block-based protocols, such as SCSI encapsulated in FC (FCP). For a FCP implementation, HBAs that support multiple Ids will be required to perform appropriate partitioning of the networking resources among the vfilers on the physical storage system. Block-based commands associated with a CLI of a UI are modified so that they become vfiler context aware and operate within the context of a particular vfiler.
The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments of this invention. It will be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications may be made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or all of their advantages. Specifically, it should be noted that any number of NIC/HBAs may be utilized in accordance with the invention. Additionally, the procedures or processes may be implemented in hardware, software, embodied as a computer-readable medium having program instructions, firmware, or a combination thereof. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|z/Vm General Information: Version 3 Release 1.0, Second Edition, Jan. 2001, International Business Machines Corporation.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 28, 2013
|Jan 6, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Secure access to shared storage resources
|Jun 1, 2011
|Apr 14, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Space reclamation in multi-layered and thin provisioned storage systems
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|Aug 8, 2017
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 12, 2004
Owner name: NETWORK APPLIANCE, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RAO, GUILLERMO;REEL/FRAME:015207/0456
Effective date: 20040409
|Jun 19, 2012
Owner name: NETAPP, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:NETWORK APPLIANCE, INC.;REEL/FRAME:028402/0502
Effective date: 20080310
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Year of fee payment: 4


text:
VideoHive Floating Lower Thirds 1959154
After Effects Project \ Elements \ Lower Third \ Abstract
After Effects Project - Floating Lower Thirds 1959154 by motionweeknight @ VideoHive
After Effects Project \ Elements \ Lower Third \ Abstract
After Effects Version: CS3, CS4, CS5; File Size: 39.6mb; Requires Plugins: No; Resolution: 1920x1080.
This project can be used as animated lower thirds, for revealing names and important credentials in your video presentations.
It features 4 different and unique reveals and exits for you to choose from.
Included also are 8 different color presets.
The project is easily customizable and simple to edit, with a couple of text placeholders for you to modify according to your need and liking.
Main features.
- 4 editable versions of the lower thirds animation
- No 3rd party plugins
- Original content
- Includes 8 color presets
- Full HD (1920×1080) Frame Rate: 29.97 fps
- Duration: 7 seconds each
- Includes video tutorial
- Compatible with Adobe CS3 or higher
- Font not included.
Download the file here http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/synthview/novecento/
- Sound not included.
Sound by jhunger: http://audiojungle.net/item/looks-like-success/232679
Check out the rest of his excellent audio beds for your videos.
Keywords: 2d, abstract, alpha, clean, colorful, corporate, floating, geometric shapes, lower-thirds, motion graphics, motionweeknight, rounded rectangle, shapes, vector.
Create VideoHive Floating Lower Thirds 1959154 style with After Effect, Cinema 4D, 3DS Max, Apple Motion or Flash. Audio or music for VideoHive Floating Lower Thirds 1959154. Full details of VideoHive Floating Lower Thirds 1959154 for digital design and education. VideoHive Floating Lower Thirds 1959154 desigen style information or anything related.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ontario just got hosed for $342-million, this is not a movie
AG reports remind me of the movie King Kong. We see that something monstrous is taking place, and New York is about to be destroyed. But don't panic, with a click of a button, it all disappears. The TV is off.
Columnist Angelo Persichilli wonders about the value of having auditors general, such as Michael Ferguson, shown here, if they are just going to be ignored.The Hill Times photograph by Jake Wright


text:
Advanced Breastfeeding Essentials Giveaway from Evenflo Feeding!!
Number of Winners for this Giveaway: 1 will be chosen and Evenflo will be shipping prizes directly to the winner
Prizes Include:
Deluxe Advanced Double Electric Breast Pump
Advanced Nursing Pads 40 Count
Advanced Milk Storage Bags 20 Count
16 comments:
Don't stress, let nature take its course and be patient! Drink lots of water and keep late night snacks next to the bed for midnight feedings. Use it as a bonding experience!!ReplyDelete
I love their durability.ReplyDelete
Don't give up with breastfeeding ad contact an LC if you need to.ReplyDelete
Great giveaway. A breast pump is a must for any new mom wanting to pump.ReplyDelete
I love Evenflo glass bottles. They don't break (well, I suppose if you chucked them hard enough they would!!). And they are just a pretty way to feed.ReplyDelete
This is my favorite post so far, it's great for WBW! Pumps should be available to every mom!ReplyDelete
We use the glass bottles! If you lurk on my Instagram, you'll see a post of it hooked to my pump :)ReplyDelete
I love reading all about products for baby - especially since I am due in just a few short days!!ReplyDelete
Evenflo products have always been easy to use and reliable for me with all of my babies! I have grown to love and trust their products and don't have to worry when new baby comes if they will be good enough - because I know they will exceed as always!ReplyDelete
Best advice: Let your body guide you, and don't let bumps in the road derail your success. It's a learning process for you and baby, and when you both get it down, things will go smoothly!! Good luck!ReplyDelete
We have an Evenflo folding highchair that is built well and has safety and function in the design.ReplyDelete
My tip is don't get upset or frustrated. Give it time.ReplyDelete
I enjoy the advice posts like pros and cons of pacifiers and the giveaways.ReplyDelete
Evenflo is such a reliable brand; They perform as expected and consistently :)ReplyDelete
i loved the little minion onesie. have it bookmarked so we can get it someday :)ReplyDelete
i don't have any advice yet because we're still working on a little one :) I enjoy reading all the tips though and fililng up on information!ReplyDelete


text:
Centillion House is situated in the peaceful town of Bantayan San Jose, Antique, Philippines. 2½ hours drive from the Ilo-ilo airport and 2½ drive from Boracay. It is located near the Dalipi Wet and Dry Market, Mercury Drug, Gaisano Grand Mall, Binirayan Track and Field, Complex and Olympic Size Pool.
The lodging is located at the 2nd level of Centillion Building. It shares the building's groundfloor with several small shops that include a fast food, pawnshops, medical clinic, boutique, salon and barber shop, optical clinic, computer sales and services, and insurance company. The hotel's location makes it the most convenient place to stay for the traveler who has a gazillion needs.
Amenities Offered
Offers Rooms fully air conditioned w/ cable TV and WIFI Internet connectivity, Hot & Cold Shower, an ideal venue for conferences, seminars, trainings and parties for all occasions.


text:
Here are three players worth starting or sitting this week.
Ben Roethlisberger (QB, Steelers)
Big Ben is having the best fantasy year of his career, and he should tear apart the Falcons secondary.
Isaiah Crowell (RB, Browns)
An incredible find as an undrafted rookie, expect the Browns to feed Crowell against the Bengals porous run defense.
Steve Smith Sr. (WR, Ravens)
With Torrey Smith banged up, the other Smith should return to the prominent role that made him a clear weekly start earlier in the year.
Johnny Manziel (QB, Browns)
Don't be tempted by the media hype. Johnny Football is still a rookie facing a tough pass defense in his first start.
Frank Gore (RB, 49ers)
Gore and the 49ers running game have been a perpetual disappointment. They are to be avoided against the Seahawks.
Eric Decker (WR, Jets)
Despite a decent outing last week, I still don't trust anyone in the Jets offense for Geno Smith reasons.
Alex Case is amNY's fantasy football columnist.


text:
City on the road to peaceful growth
Thu., Sept. 10, 2009
County agrees to cooperate with annexation process
Spokane County has raised a white flag.
After years spent fighting Spokane's growing city limits, county commissioners are taking a friendlier stance on what would be the largest expansion of Spokane's city limits in a century.
"We have really no legal recourse," said Commissioner Mark Richard. "So our options were: We continue to spend taxpayer money fighting something we know we'll lose or we begin to work with the city."
County leaders said they decided to stand down in large part because they lost the battle to prevent the city from annexing 120 acres along North Division Street, including the north Spokane Costco. That land became x part of the city last year.
The county's new position opens the way for Spokane's planned takeover of 10 square miles of the West Plains, including the Spokane International Airport and Triumph Composite Systems, which manufactures airplane parts. It also boosts Airway Heights' bid to annex half a square mile, including the West Plains Wal-Mart. Final decisions will rest with the Spokane County Boundary Review Board.
"It sets a new course for future negotiations on annexation," said Spokane Mayor Mary Verner.
State law allows cities to expand by petition of landowners who represent 75 percent of the value of the annexation area. For annexations on the West Plains and along North Division, the city has depended on agreements to support annexation that were signed by landowners who hooked up to city water or sewer service.
The county and cities decided earlier this year to delay expansion of city borders until Jan. 1, 2012, in part to give the county a chance to adjust to lower tax revenues – about $1.8 million, according to county estimates.
A final deal, however, is complicated by agreements made a decade ago between the cities and Spokane County Fire District 10, which serves the West Plains. Those contracts require Spokane and Airway Heights to compensate the district for tax revenue lost from annexation. A consultant's report finished in May estimated that Spokane will have to make annual payments to the district starting at $500,000. Airway Heights would have to pay the district about $73,000.
The cities can require the district to continue serving the land, but they can't ask for better service than the district provides to the rest of its boundaries.
The city's consultant report estimates that Spokane would gain $2.2 million in taxes by annexing part of the West Plains and spend $1.6 million to serve the area. That figure includes the payment to the fire district, but not any additional amount needed to improve fire service beyond what the district provides. That would give the city about $600,000 to improve fire services, the report said.
The city has withheld what the consultant, John Ostrowski, wrote about police expenses.
District 10 Fire Chief Nick Scharff said Spokane officials have yet to tell the district of their plans.
"I don't think the city of Spokane can take that whole area and provide the same level of service they provide (the rest of the city)," Scharff said.
Spokane's closest fire station is downtown. In November, voters will be asked for a new tax for fire equipment and new stations. Officials have said one new station could be on the West Plains.
Verner said she is working with fire administrators and the city's fire union on a proposal that would "phase in" a higher level of fire service to the area within two to five years after city limits expand.
"The effective date being not until 2012 gives us the opportunity to be more thoughtful about how we provide the fire service," Verner said.
Spokane International Airport spokesman Todd Woodard said the airport's police and fire services likely would not be affected by annexation.
At a public meeting last month, City Administrator Ted Danek said residents whose land becomes part of Spokane won't experience higher expenses from taxes and fees. Although the city has higher utility taxes than the county, that's offset partly because city residents aren't charged an extra utility fee paid by nonresidents.
In the 1990s, the county fought the city when it tried to set aside Yardley, a neighborhood bordering Spokane on the east, for future annexation. The city lost out when that land became part of the city of Spokane Valley.
In the fights for Yardley and North Division, county leaders accused the city of a tax grab. City officials argued urban areas are better run by cities and pointed to investments they made to extend sewer and water to those areas.
Peace between Spokane and Spokane County over annexation comes only months after Spokane and Airway Heights settled their long battle over the future dividing line between the two cities.
In January, the Spokane and Airway Heights city councils agreed to a compromise, cutting back on the amount of land Airway Heights originally pursued.
"This annexation process can be described as one that has been coming for a long time, but the way we're doing it is not what we expected," Verner said.


text: 2012 England. 9780141199832 0141199830 Penguin English library Ambition Married people Jude the obscure. Stonemasons Penguin London Married people Ambition Stonemasons--England Hardy Thomas Thomas Hardy 1840 1928 Social stratification--England 9780141974118 0141974117 Jude the obscure 2012 793685694 Fiction Jude Fawley longs to go to university but is excluded by his class and trapped into a foolish marriage. When he finds work as a stonemason in Christminster and falls in love with his cousin, the freethinking Sue Bridehead, they live together openly and as a result are shunned by society. For Jude, ever the outsider, the effects are devastating. en 793685694 enk Garson Marjorie Marjorie Garson England. 2017-10-22 Social stratification Ambition


text: Coming back from Ames Sat evening and would like to stop around Marshalltown or possibly Tama/Toledo for dinner on the way home. Something not too bar-ish. Ethnic restaurants are fine but probably not Mexican. Not looking for a "fine" dining experience, just a decent meal in a decent place. There'll be 3 of us so it doesn't have to be big or anything. I know I can count on Cyclone Nation to give me a couple good choices. TIA


text:
Carbon D1 long lady gloves Dainese
Brand: Dainese
Category: Gloves Street and racing
Gender: woman
Department: racing, strada
Code: 2817710V78
€ 131.21
list price: € 149.95
PREORDER NOW Product bookable available from 28/12/2017
product informations Carbon D1 long lady gloves
Dainese glove Carbon D1 long lady black-white-red
- curved fingers
- Adjustable cuff strap
- tightening strap
- elastic inserts
- Reinforced goatskin between thumb and forefinger and palm
- Sheepskin
- Composite inserts in carbon fiber on the knuckles
- Polyurethane on the joints of the fingers and the palm
- Distortion Control little finger
- Gloves CE - Cat. II - Pren13594 level standard.
- Drilling on the inside fingers
Customers who bought this product also purchased


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text: Coed classes for tumble and flip-a-holics ages 5 – through college. Classes progress from Beginner through Level 5 (advanced). Pre-requisites & proper progressions required for each level. Call 501-327-7742 and the office will be happy to assist you in finding the best class to meet your skill level. "Guys only" tumbling classes also available.


text:
Kemba Walker
In a season that has been dominated with rare and costly injuries like tibial plateau fractures, it's easy to forget that the ankle sprain remains the most prevalent injury in basketball. Since the start of training camp, there have been over 80 recorded ankle sprains in the NBA with several players suffering multiple sprains. Walker recently joined that list, suffering a Grade 2 sprain of his left ankle. A Grade 2 diagnosis means the sprain is considered moderate with the involved ligament partially tearing. This marks the third ankle sprain of Walker's career and the second time he has sprained this particular ankle. However, this injury appears more costly as Walker will miss the first game of his professional career. The Bobcats anticipate their leading scorer to miss 10-to-14 days recovering, a number that is right in line with previous Grade 2 ankle injuries. The last 18 players to suffer a similar sprain missed an average of 7.8 games. Charlotte is scheduled to play seven games over the next two weeks.
Fantasy owners looking to benefit from the injury should consider Ramon Sessions. Relegated to the bench for the year, Walker's absence thrusts Sessions into the starting lineup. In 102 career starts, Sessions has averaged 14.4 points and 7.2 assists, making him a solid short-term option in all formats.
Gordon Hayward
The Jazz forward has not played since scoring a career-high 37 points against Oklahoma City. He's missed five straight games with a left hip flexor strain, and the team is still unsure of when he will return. The hip flexor is a group of muscles that work in unison. The muscle primarily responsible for flexion at the hip is the iliopsoas, which originates from a smooth surface on the hip. If this area becomes strained and inflamed, the individual is significantly limited in their ability to run and jump. If the inflammation is persistent, an anti-inflammatory injection like cortisone can be utilized. Hayward has not reached that point, a good sign that the injury is acute and not chronic in nature. The team considers him day-to-day, but he remains a risky play in weekly leagues with just two games on the Utah schedule.
Rajon Rondo
The Celtics welcomed their All-Star point guard back against the rival Lakers on Friday, and he was in uniform again on Sunday against the Magic. He's averaged 20 minutes in his two games played and will likely remain on a minutes restriction for at least another week. The team has even hinted Rondo will sit on the second night of back-to-backs. He will need time to adjust to his new teammates and shake off the remaining rust, but I like Rondo as a potential trade target.
Fast Breaks
Devin Harris: Harris returned to the Mavericks' active roster after missing the first half of the season recovering from offseason surgery on the second metatarsal in his left foot. The surgery involved an alteration of the bone, and a setback in rehab delayed his return. However, Harris returns without a minutes restriction and is expected to see time backing up both guard positions. He is a much needed boost to the Dallas bench, especially with rookie Gal Mekel out indefinitely after suffering a partial tear to the lateral meniscus in his right knee. Harris won't put up numbers like he did during his All-Star season with the Nets, but he could be worth consideration in deeper leagues.
Patrick Beverley: The Rockets will welcome Beverley back Monday against the Blazers after the guard missed 14 games with a fractured fourth metacarpal in his right hand. He will likely wear some sort of padding around the injury site but will rejoin the starters. His return bumps Jeremy Lin back to the bench, decreasing Lin's value slightly.
Randy Foye: Foye fell victim to the stomach bug sweeping through the Denver locker room. He missed Sunday's game against the Suns. Teammate Kenneth Faried also got sick and appeared in limited minutes as he fights the lingering effects of the illness.
Tony Parker: The Spurs are treating Parker's right tibia contusion with extreme caution, giving the All-Star point guard the night off on Sunday. Exhibiting patience with this type of injury is wise to ensure it doesn't develop into a more serious injury like a stress fracture. Parker has missed three games this season due to the injury, and don't be surprised to see him sit a few more depending on his response to treatment.
John Salmons: Back spasms kept Salmons off the court Sunday after he had worked himself into the Raptors rotation. He will be considered day-to-day moving forward with Terrence Ross seeing an increase in minutes. Landry Fields, Steve Novak, Greivis Vasquez, or Julyan Stone could also be used in the short term.
Jason Smith: Smith joins teammates Jrue Holiday and Ryan Anderson on the sidelines after suffering a cartilage injury to his right knee. The injury will require surgery, though a specific date has not been determined. Smith was averaging 9.7 points, 5.8 rebounds, and 1.0 block in 26.8 minutes per game before the injury. His minutes will likely be split between Alexis Ajinca and Greg Stiemsma, but both have shown little to warrant much consideration from fantasy owners in standard leagues.
Amar'e Stoudemire and Kenyon Martin: Both New York big men are expected to miss at least two weeks recovering from ankle sprains suffered in the same game. Extra consideration will be taken in their recovery to ensure neither player overworks their chronically injured knees. Teammate Metta World Peace continues to sit after undergoing platelet-rich plasma treatment on his left knee. It has been two weeks since the procedure was performed, and the Knicks should provide an update soon.
Nikola Vucevic: Vucevic has yet to complete the league's mandated concussion program after suffering his second concussion in the last 10 months. The effects of concussions are cumulative, meaning they build on one another. The individual often experiences longer and more significant symptoms and requires more time before returning. He'll remain out until he completes the protocol.