text:
|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Habituation is a simple form of memory, yet its neurobiological mechanisms are only beginning to be understood in mammals. In the olfactory system, the neural correlates of habituation at a fast experimental timescale involving very short intertrial intervals (tens of seconds) have been shown to depend on synaptic adaptation in olfactory cortex. In contrast, behavioral habituation to odorants on a longer timescale with intertrial intervals of several minutes depends on processes in the olfactory bulb, as demonstrated by pharmacological studies. We here show that behavioral habituation to odorants on this longer timescale has a neuronal activity correlate in the olfactory bulb. Spiking responses of mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb adapt to, and recover from, repeated odorant stimulation with five-minute intertrial intervals with a timecourse similar to that of behavioral habituation. Moreover, both the behavioral and neuronal effects of odor habituation require functioning NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb.
Animals are submitted to a flow of sensory information which the nervous system filters to identify information that may be of particular importance. Habituation is a simple form of nonassociative learning in which behavioral responses to repeated, non-reinforced sensory stimuli are progressively reduced, enabling an animal to perceptually deemphasize persistent or static stimuli in favor of novel or changing stimuli. Habituation has been described experimentally in multiple sensory modalities within various invertebrate and vertebrate species including sea slugs, fruit flies, nematodes, birds, and mammals (Christoffersen 1997; Rankin and Broster 1992). In the rodent olfactory system, both autonomic and behavioral habituating responses can be evoked by repeated odor stimulation (Wilson and Linster 2008).
Behaviorally, olfactory habituation can be induced by multiple paradigms that differ in timescale and are thought to be mediated by distinct mechanisms within different regions of the olfactory system (McNamara et al. 2008; Wilson and Linster 2008). For example, a form of short-timescale habituation, induced by repeated 20-second stimulations with 10-second intertrial intervals, persists for less than ten minutes and is mediated within piriform cortex, whereas a form of habituation induced by repeated 50-second stimulations with 5-minute intertrial intervals persists for at least 30 minutes and is mediated within the olfactory bulb. The neural correlates of this short-timescale behavioral habituation have been demonstrated in piriform cortical pyramidal cells in which adaptation is associated with mGluR II/III-mediated depression of the glutamatergic mitral-pyramidal cell synapse (Wilson 1998a; 2003; 1998b). In contrast, longer-timescale behavioral habituation requires functioning NMDA receptors within the olfactory bulb and is not affected by blockade of mGluR II/III receptors therein (McNamara et al. 2008).
Neuronal adaptation to persistent stimulation occurs at many levels in the olfactory system, including olfactory sensory neurons (Kurahashi and Menini 1997; Zufall and Leinders-Zufall 2000) as well as neurons within the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. As in other sensory systems, central olfactory neurons show greater adaptation than do primary sensory neurons, and both olfactory bulb mitral cells and piriform cortical pyramidal cells have been shown to adapt to odorant stimulation under certain conditions (Chaput and Panhuber 1982; Gray and Skinner 1988; Shea et al. 2008; Wilson 2000).
In the present study, we investigated whether the adaptation of neuronal responses in olfactory bulb mitral cells could underlie a form of behavioral adaptation routinely used in olfactory behavioral studies (Bath et al. 2008; Cleland et al. 2002; Linster et al. 2001; Mandairon et al. 2006b; Wesson et al. 2008). We first show that odor responses in olfactory bulb mitral cells adapt to odorants in response to a similar stimulation paradigm than that used in behavioral habituation and that this neural adaptation depends on stimulus duration and intertrial interval paramters. We then show that both neuronal adaptation depends on functioning NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb and follow up on this result by showing that behavioral habituation using the same experimental parameters also depends on functioning NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb. We conclude that habituation to repeated odor stimulation in this paradigm is likely to be mediated by reductions in the odor responses of olfactory bulb mitral cells and that bulbar NMDA receptors are involved in this process.
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA). Rats were singly-housed with water and food available ad libitum and maintained on a 12:12 hour light/dark cycle. All procedures were performed according to NIH guidelines under the supervision of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Cornell University.
Animals were anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg intraperitoneal; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (Narishige Scientific Instruments, Tokyo, Japan). The skull was exposed by scalpel incision and a hole was drilled over each of the lateral olfactory tracts (AP +3.7 mm, ML ±3.4 mm) and over the olfactory bulbs (Paxinos and Watson, 1998). Respiratory activity was monitored throughout the experiments using a piezoelectric monitor strapped around the animal's chest and sent to the computer, hence enabling synchronization of odor delivery with inhalation.
The NMDA antagoni s t M K-801 ((+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate; 8 mM concentration) was dissolved in sterile 0.9% physiological saline and directly 6 uL were infused into the MOB at an infusion rate of 2 ul/min using a 50 ul Hamilton syringe attached to a Stoelting stereotaxic syringe pump. The dosage and volume were based on previously published studies (Mandairon et al. 2006b).
Bipolar stimulating electrodes (100 um stainless steel, Formvar-insulated) were stereotaxically placed in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT; AP +3.7 mm, ML ±3.4 mm, DV 6.5 mm) in order to evoke antidromic action potentials in mitral cells. Stimulation currents (100 us duration, 200-900 uA) were delivered by a constant-current stimulus isolation unit (Grass model PSIU6) controlled by a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI). Neuronal responses were recorded using tungsten stereotrodes (3-5 Mohm; World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL). Electrodes were lowered into the mitral cell layer using a stereotaxic micromanipulator (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). Optimal placement of the recording electrode into the mitral cell layer of the MOB was achieved by monitoring the size and shape of field potentials (1000x amplification, 0.1Hz - 475Hz bandpass, 20 kHz sampling rate) following LOT stimulation. Single units (5000x amplification, 600 Hz – 6 kHz bandpass, 20 kHz sampling rate) were recorded in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial regions of the OB. Data were digitized and recorded to computer using a CED Power1401 digitizer and Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK).
After establishing stable single-unit recordings, but prior to beginning each experiment, each cell's responsiveness to a variety of odors was measured. Odorants screened were the esters ethyl butyrate and ethyl pentanoate, the alcohols heptanol and hexanol, the aldehydes heptanal and hexanal, and the organic acids butyric acid and propanoic acid. The odorant that evoked the most robust excitatory response (greatest increase in overall spike rate) in the majority of presumed mitral cells within each test was subsequently used in that experiment. For odor delivery, odorant chambers in a custom-built olfactometer were loaded with stock solutions of odorants diluted in mineral oil so as to emit a consistent theoretical vapor-phase partial pressure of 100 Pa. Odors were then delivered by directing a 50 ml/min stream of humidified air through a selected odor chamber and subsequently into a carrier stream of charcoal-filtered, humidified air (1 L/min) resulting in an approximate 20x dilution to yield a final odorant vapor-phase partial pressure of ~5 Pa.
Odor response testing and adaptation proceeded as follows. First, the cell's odor responses were probed with a response testing protocol: five two-second odor pulses separated by two-minute intertrial intervals (Pre; Figure 1A; Chaudhury et al., 2009; Wilson 2000). An adaptation protocol matching that of the corresponding behavioral experiments was then immediately administered: four 50-second odor pulses separated by five-minute intertrial intervals. Finally, the response testing protocol was repeated at both 5-minute and 60-minute timepoints following the end of the adaptation protocol (Post5 and Post60; Figure 1A). In experiments designed to further characterize the stimulation parameters necessary to induce adaptation, either the stimulus duration (d=2, 10, 20 or 30 seconds) or the interval between stimulations (ITI=1 or 2.5 minutes) was varied.
Single units were extracted offline using Spike2 software. Briefly, spike templates were derived and selected from the raw data and then used to extract units from the entire data set. Extracted spikes were further validated and separated using principal components analysis (PCA) whereby features from the data are extracted and clustered to groups of similar waveforms. Following spike sorting, the number of spikes for each single unit identified was automatically counted from 4 sec prior to 4 sec after each odor onset.
At the end of each experiment, positive current was passed through the recording electrodes (10 seconds duration, 1-15 mA) to produce a small lesion in the olfactory bulbs. Transcardial perfusion was then performed with saline and 10% neutral buffered formalin. Brains were removed, sectioned at 40 um, and subsequently stained with cresyl violet for electrode localization.
We first determined whether a given cell exhibited a significant increase in firing rate in response to odor exposure by comparing the number of spikes evoked in the 4 second window immediately prior to odor delivery to the 4 second window beginning at odor onset (paired t-test, α=0.05; (Chaudhury et al. 2009; Wilson 2000). If so, the given cell/odor combination was included in the data analysis. The pre- and post-adaptation response magnitudes of each cell to the test odorant used were calculated as the difference between the number of action potentials evoked four seconds before and after each odor stimulation onset. Pre- and post-adaptation response magnitudes were then normalized with respect to the average pre-adaptation magnitude, hence, all graphs depict response magnitudes as percentages with respect to the mean pre-adaptation response. To determine if the adaptation protocol had a significant effect on mitral cell responses to odorants, an analysis of variance was performed on these normalized response magnitudes with test latency (i.e., pre-habituation, 5 min post-habituation, 60 min post-habituation) as main effect.
Eleven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 grams), purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA), were utilized for behavioral experiments. Animals were singly-housed and maintained at a constant temperature on a 12:12 light/dark cycle with water and food provided ad libitum. Prior to behavioral experiments, animals were provided with seven days' acclimation time, during which investigators handled them for one hour daily. All procedures were performed according to NIH guidelines under the supervision of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Cornell University.
Rats were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (7.5 mg/kg) and secured in a stereotaxic apparatus (Narishige Scientific Instruments, Tokyo, Japan). Guide cannulae (22-gauge; Plastics One, Roanoke, VA, USA) were inserted into both OBs according to standard procedures (Mandairon et al. 2006a). Cannulae were implanted at the following coordinates with respect to bregma: AP +8.0 mm, ML ±1.5 mm, DV 4.5 mm. The tips of the guide cannulae were positioned 1.0 mm dorsal to the target infusion site; consequently, infusion cannulae extended 1.0 mm from the end of the guide cannulae. Five screws were drilled into the skull, and dental cement was used to secure the guide cannulae to these screws and to cover the incision area. Dummy infusion cannulae were then placed into the guide cannulae to prevent blockage or infection. Following surgical implantation, rats were allowed to recover for 10 days.
For drug/vehicle administration immediately prior to behavioral experiments, two infusion cannulae were fitted into the guide cannulae so that their tips protruded 1.0 mm beyond the ends of the guide cannulae into the center of each MOB. Two 10 μl Hamilton syringes containing either drug solution or vehicle were attached to the cannulae with a polyethylene tube and driven with paired infusion pumps (YA-12 Genie pumps, Kent Scientific). Drug dosage and infusion volume were matched with those of the electrophysiological experiments in this study and have been shown to be effective in previous studies (Mandairon et al. 2006b). Specifically, the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (8 mM and 4 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, Natick, MA) was dissolved at 37C in 0.9% saline; the drug (or saline vehicle) was then delivered bilaterally into awake rats at a rate of 2 ul/min for 3 minutes (6 μl total volume delivered per side). The infusion cannulae remained in place for 1 additional minute after the infusion ended in order to minimize backflow. Behavioral testing was performed 20 minutes after drug administration was completed. Infusion of 8mM MK-801 led to a general depression of the behavioral response which made results difficult to interpret; we therefore followed up with a lower dosage (4mM) and show results obtained with the lower dosage in the figures.
Two odorants, ethyl butyrate and ethyl pentanoate (Sigma-Aldrich, Natick, MA), were employed for habituation testing. Only one odorant was used during a single day of training/testing; the experiment then was repeated in each rat on a different day using the second odorant to enable counterbalancing of drug/vehicle administration groups. Prior to testing, odorants were diluted in mineral oil so as to each theoretically emit a vapor-phase partial pressure of 5 Pa (corresponding to vol/vol dilution of 0.09 for ethyl butyrate and 0.3% for ethyl pentanoate). Vapor pressures of pure odorants were estimated with the Hass-Newton equation as implemented in ACD/Boiling Point & Vapor Pressure Calculator (version 4.5; Advanced Chemistry Development, Toronto, Ontario, Canada).
An olfactory habituation task measures non-associative memory formation; cross-habituation testing with multiple odors can then be used to measure the specificity of this memory over time (Cleland et al. 2002). The behavioral experiments performed here replicate those previously performed in mice in our lab (McNamara et al., 2008); however, the experiments presented here were conducted with the goal of directly comparing electrophysiological and behavioral data by matching species, drug dosages, odors and odor concentration. All habituation experiments took place in the home cage under red light. Odors were presented by placing 60 ul of the diluted odor stimulus onto filter paper (Whatman #1) contained within a weighing dish that was placed on top of the cage lid (Figure 1Bi); this procedure enabled the observer to change the odor stimulus without disturbing the animal. Each test session was preceded by one 50-second presentation of plain mineral oil (MO). Test sessions comprised four 50-second presentations of diluted odorant separated by five-minute intertrial intervals, followed by one additional presentation of the same odorant at 30- and 60-minute time points after the last habituation trial (Figure 1Aii). Comparison of investigation times during the first and fourth odor habituation trials measures initial habituation (5-minute delay), whereas comparison between the first odor presentation and either of the two delayed (30- and 60-minute) trials measures the persistence of habituation memory. The 5-minute and 60-minute delayed trials (i.e., the fourth and sixth odor presentations) are emphasized in analyses for direct comparison with electrophysiological data. Active sniffing within one centimeter of the odor source was recorded with a stopwatch. The observer was blind as to the treatment group and in experiments involving more than one odor, odors were coded and randomized by a member of the lab. Figures show mean investigation times +/ standard error. All rats underwent both drug treatments using a separate odor for each and the order of drugs was counter balanced among the rats.
In a control experiment, rats were presented with the mineral oil carrier alone for four 50-second trials after which the odorant was presented in a single test trial, hence measuring rats' ability to detect the odorants used. This control ensured that rats treated with the NMDA antagonist were not simply unable to detect the odors presented. As in the first experiment, all rats were tested with both odorants and drugs and the order of drug was counterbalanced.
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS statistical software (SPSS, Chicago, IL) with odor investigation time as the dependent variable, and drug group and odor presentation trial number as main effects. Fisher post hoc pairwise testing was then used to assess whether the time spent investigating during the fourth habituation trial or later test trial were significantly lower than the time measured during the first habituation trial (α = 0.05).
We recorded from a total of 33 presumed mitral cells, of which 20 (60%) exhibited a significant excitatory response to at least one of the odors used in the study and hence were included in analyses. Cells' spontaneous activities ranged from 3 – 60 Hz with an average value of 29.23 Hz (+/- 5.17 Hz). Cells' firing rates in response to odorants (difference between pre and post odor firing rate) ranged from 4 to 19 Hz with an average rate of 6.3 Hz (+/- 1.7 Hz). Figure 2 shows raw traces of one mitral cell over the course of the experimental paradigm. Overall, cells exhibited robust adaptation after exposure to the adaptation protocol of repeated odor stimulation, as evidenced by a significant reduction in mitral cell responses to the test odor during post-adaptation tests (Figure 3). There was no correlation between the initial response rate and the degree of adaptation (Pearson's R = 0.38; p > 0.2). Specifically, analysis of variance revealed a significant difference during pre- and post-adaptation tests (Ftest(2,54) = 19.371; p < 0.001); subsequent post hoc comparisons showed that mitral cell odor responses at 5 minutes following the adaptation protocol were significantly attenuated relative to pre-adaptation responses (p < 0.001 in both cases; Fisher LSD), but not at 60 minutes (p > 0.05, Fisher LSD). Control experiments (47 cells, of which 7 (15%) exhibited significant odor responses and hence were included in analyses), in which only mineral oil odor was presented during the adaptation protocol, showed no significant effect on mitral cell odor responses among the three test latencies (Ftest(2, 18) = 0.532; p > 0.5), indicating that mitral cell adaptation is not due simply to fatigue and does not arise from stimulation with the carrier alone (Figure 3A). Moreover, mitral cells' spontaneous activity (measured in the 4 second window before each odor stimulation) was not affected by repeated odor stimulation (ANOVA comparison of pre-adaptation, 5-minute post-adaptation and 60-minute post-adaptation latencies; Ftest(2, 27) = 0.18, p > 0.05).
Additional experiments were conducted to further characterize the parameters of neural adaptation after repeated odor stimulation. First, experiments were performed to determine the duration of odor exposure required to induce response adaptation in mitral cells (Figure 3B). Rats were exposed to adaptation protocols of four odor stimulations with reduced durations (d = 2, 10, 20 or 30 seconds) separated by 5 minute ITIs. Recordings were made respectively in 24 (d = 2, 13 (54%) responsive), 19 (d = 10, 10 (58%) responsive), 27 (d = 20, 12 (44%) responsive) and 28 (d = 30, 6 (21%) responsive) cells. Repeated stimulation with either 2, 10 or 20 second odor durations did not evoke significant adaptation in mitral cells (d = 2: F(1, 36) = 0.892, p > 0.4; d = 10: F(1, 27) = 0.736, p > 0.4; d = 20: F(1, 33) = 1.504, p > 0.2); however, repeated stimulation with 30-second odor durations evoked significant adaptation (d = 30: F(1,15) = 4.331; p < 0.05). Second, we tested the length of the ITI required to induce significant adaptation (Figure 3C). Rats were exposed to four repeated odor stimulations of 50 seconds each, but with shorter ITI durations (ITI = 1.0 and 2.5 minutes; compare to the previous experiments using ITI = 5.0 minutes). Repeated stimulations with 50 second odor pulses and 1 minute ITIs did not induce significant adaptation of odor responses (F(1,21) = 2.4; p < 0.1), whereas repeated stimulations with 2.5 minute ITIs did induce significant adaptation (F(1,39) = 10.2; p < 0.005). The data from the above two experiments show that in order to induce the type of neural adaptation observed here, odor stimulations presented for longer than 20 seconds, with ITIs longer than 1 minute, are required. Third, we tested cross-adaptation between odorants (Figure 3D). Briefly, mitral cell responses to two odorants, differing by 1 (C1), 2 (C2) or 3 (C3) carbons in their carbon chain were tested (pre-test); the cell was then repeatedly stimulated with one of these two odorants using 50 second stimulus duration and 5 minute ITIs (adaptation). The cell's responses to both test odorants after adaptation was then recorded five minutes after the adaptation protocol (post-test). Figure 3D shows that compared to the pre-test response, the responses to all tested odorants differing by 0 (CO = habituation odor), 1 (C1), 2 (c2) and 3 (C3) carbons from the habituated odor were significantly lower than during pre-tests (C0 or adaptation odor: F(1, 24) = 88.838, p < 0.001; C1: F(1, 17) = 127.849, p < 0.001; C2: F(1, 16) = 249.789, p < 0.001; C3: F(1, 15) = 15.081, p < 0.005). Responses to odors differing by 4 carbons from the habituated odor were not significantly decreased after the adaptation protocol (C4: F(1, 14) = 2.900, P > 0.1). This shows that as expected from previous behavioral and electrophysiological experiments, bulbar adaptation is relatively, but not completely, odor-nonspecific (Wilson, 2000; McNamara et al., 2008).
In electrophysiological experiments, pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb impaired the adaptation of mitral cell responses to odor stimulation. Recordings were made from 30 cells of which 13 (43%) exhibited significant excitatory responses to at least one odor. In contrast to the significant effect of adaptation on mitral cell odor responses in animals infused with saline (Figure 4A), mitral cells' odor responses in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 exhibited no significant effect of the adaptation protocol (Ftest(2,36) = 0.555; p > 0.5), demonstrating that mitral cell response adaptation to odors is NMDA receptor-dependent (Figure 4A). A second analysis was then performed on the same data under both drug conditions to compare the percentage of cells exhibiting significant odor responses 5 and 60 minutes after odor adaptation (among the cells tested, all of which had responded significantly to the test odor prior to adaptation). Analysis of variance demonstrated significant effects of both test number (pre-, 5-min post-, 60-min post-) and drug condition (saline or MK-801 infusion) as well as a significant interaction (Ftest(2,63) = 11.162, p < 0.01; Fdrug(1,63) = 7.513, p < 0.01; Fdrug*test(2,63) = 3.532, p < 0.05). Post hoc comparisons indicated that test latency was a significant main effect only in the vehicle-infused control group (Ftest(2, 27) = 10.8, p < 0.001), in which responses in all three test phases were significantly different from one another (p < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons; Fisher LSD). In contrast, there was no significant effect of adaptation on mitral cell responses in the presence of MK-801 (Figure 4B), thereby confirming the role of NMDA receptors in mitral cell adaptation.
Comparison of mitral cell responses to odor before and after the administration of MK-801 (prior to any adaptation protocol) showed that the addition of MK-801 alone did not affect mitral cell responses to odors (p > 0.05; Fisher LSD). Furthermore, odor-independent spontaneous activity in mitral cells was not affected either by the application of MK-801 (in agreement with (Philpot et al. 1998)) or the administration of the odor adaptation protocol (comparison of pre-odor baseline activity levels from four experimental timepoints: before MK-801 administration, after MK-801 but prior to the adaptation protocol, and 5 and 60 minutes post-habituation; Ftest(3,12)=0.3; p = 0.8, data not shown).
In the present experiments, mitral cell adaptation occurs when cells are stimulated multiple times with odor stimulations of at least 30 seconds, separated by more than 2.5 minute intertrial intervals. Previous experiments by Wilson (2000) showed that during a single 50-second odor stimulation mitral cells adapted to a much lesser degree than the adaptation shown here after four consecutive adaptation stimuli. To better compare these experiments, we analyzed the responses of mitral cells during the four 50-second adaptation trials in saline-infused and in MK-801-infused rats. No significant differences in spontaneous activity over the course of the four adaptation trials were observed in control (F(3, 54) = 0.094; p > 0.9) or MK-801 rats (F(3, 72) = 0.241; p > 0.5) (Figure 3Ai, Bi). When average numbers of evoked spikes during the four 50-second adaptation trials were compared, a significant effect of trial number was observed in saline control (F(3, 15) = 3.345; p < 0.05, Wilkens-Lambda, Figure 3Aii) but not MK-801 infused rats (F(3, 10) = 7.69; p > 0.05; Figure 3Bii). Further analysis showed that in saline infused control rats, average spike rates were significantly lower during the third adaptation trials as compared to the first (p < 0.05 with Fisher LSD). No significant changes in spike rate over the course of any adaptation trials were observed (p > 0.05 in all cases) when trials were analyzed in 10 second bins (Figure B), except for the third adaptation trial in saline infused rats (p < 0.05). These data suggest that the NMDA-dependent process leading to adaptation in this paradigm happens mostly in between odor stimulus presentations rather than during prolonged odor stimulation.
Behavioral studies were performed to test the dependence of odor habituation on bulbar NMDA receptors in rats. One group of rats received infusions of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (4 mM) into the olfactory bulb while a control group was infused with saline vehicle (Figure ); rats were then presented with mineral oil, then four habituation trials separated by 5 minute ITIs, and finally two additional odor presentations at 30 and 60 minutes after the last habituation trial. Analysis of variance revealed significant main effects of both drug treatment (Fdrug(1, 114) = 11.462, p < 0.001) and trial number (Ftrial(5, 14) = 5.136, p < 0.001), as well as a significant interaction (Fdrug*trial(5, 114) = 2.394, p < 0.05). In vehicle-infused controls, there was a significant effect of trial (ANOVA; Ftrial(5, 60) = 7.555, p < 0.001) and a significant reduction of investigation time in the fourth trial as compared to the first (p < 0.001), as expected based on previous experiments. In contrast, no significant effect of trial was observed in MK-801-infused rats (Ftrial(5, 54) = 1.507; p > 0.2) and there was no significant difference between the response during the first and fourth trial (p > 0.7; Figure 6A).
To ensure that MK-801 treated animals were still able to detect odorants, we performed a behavioral control experiment in which vehicle-infused and MK-801-infused rats were presented with mineral oil over four successive trials, followed by a single presentation of a test odorant. We found no significant effect of drug group (Fdrug(1, 91) = 0.013, p > 0.9), indicating that both groups performed similarly in this control experiment. Specifically, in both groups rats investigated the odor significantly more than the mineral oil (p < 0.05 for both groups, Figure 6B).
Repeated exposure to an odorant induces perceptual habituation evidenced by a reduction in active investigation behavior. The present results suggest that this behavioral phenomenon could be at least partially mediated by the adaptation of neural responses in mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Single-unit recordings of presumptive mitral cells in freely breathing rats showed that repeated 50-second odor presentations delivered at five-minute intertrial intervals induced significant reductions in mitral cell responses to that odor when tested after completion of the adaptation protocol (Figures 2,,3).3). Local blockade of NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb abolished both the adaptation of mitral cell responses to odorants in these experiments (Figure 4), as well as the behavioral habituation to odorants (Figure 6) as previously shown in mice (McNamara et al., 2008), supporting the idea that the reduction of mitral cell responsiveness to odorants is the neural correlate of behavioral habituation to repeated odor stimuli at the timescales used here.
Previous behavioral studies have shown that habituation protocol variants can elicit odor habituation that differ in duration, odor specificity, neural location and pharmacology (McNamara et al. 2008) depending on the exact set of task parameter used. For example, a short-timescale habituation protocol utilizing brief, 4-second odor presentations separated by 10-second intertrial intervals resulted in relatively transient habituation (persisting for up to ten minutes) that was highly specific for the habituated odor and could be blocked by mGluRII/III antagonists administered in the anterior piriform cortex (Best et al. 2005; Yadon and Wilson 2005). A similar paradigm, using 20 second stimulations separated by 10 second ITIs, induced a highly odor-specific habituation that persisted for a few minutes (McNamara et al., 2008). The pharmacology, persistence and odor-specificity of behavioral habituation at this timescale mimics the characteristics of odor adaptation in piriform cortex pyramidal cells in urethane-anesthetized rats (Best et al. 2005; Best and Wilson 2004; McNamara et al. 2008; Wilson 2001; 1998b; Yadon and Wilson 2005). Our current data show that the pharmacology, persistence and specificity of behavioral habituation using a different paradigm (50-second odor presentations with five-minute ITIs) similarly mimics the properties of mitral cell odor responses in the olfactory bulbs of urethane-anesthetized rats.
Direct comparisons between behavioral phenomena in awake animals and recordings in anesthetized animals are not straightforward, as substantial differences between olfactory bulb odor responses in awake and anesthetized animals have been reported (Rinberg et al. 2006). However, behaviorally, olfactory habituation at the timescale used here does not depend on feedback connections to the olfactory bulb (Kiselycznyk et al. 2006), or on bulbar cholinergic or noradrenergic inputs (Chaudhury et al. 2009; Mandairon et al. 2006a; Mandairon et al. 2008), suggesting that, in this case, a predominantly feedforward model of processing may be utilized that could be minimally disrupted by anesthesia. Moreover, both behavioral and neuronal habituation are impaired by local blockade of NMDA receptors, an additional commonality between the two levels of analysis that is unlikely to depend on behavioral state. In the anesthetized preparation, significant adaptation could not be elicited with stimulus durations shorter than 30 seconds, which is significantly longer than the observed time range of active investigation during our behavioral tests. Behavioral trials lasted 50 seconds and exposed the animals to the odorant for the duration of the trial; differences between long duration passive exposure, as is the case in the electrophysiological experiments, and active short duration investigation, as is the case in the behavioral experiments, are difficult to assess. Given the observed similarities in specificity, dependence on ITI and pharmacology of mitral cell adaptation and behavioral habituation one may assume a causal, if not exclusive relationship between these two observations.
The observed NMDA receptor-dependent adaptation to repeated odor stimuli in mitral cells is most likely due to changes in inhibitory input to mitral cells by granule cells in the external plexiform layer. Excitation of mitral cells results in glutamate release from mitral cell secondary dendrites onto the dendritic spines of granule cells which, in turn, release the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA back onto mitral cells (Balu et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2000; Halabisky et al. 2000; Urban and Sakmann 2002). An increase in granule cell excitation, whether mediated by enhanced inputs from mitral cells or from centrifugal glutamatergic inputs (Balu et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2000), would presumably lead to the suppression of mitral cell responses to odorants as demonstrated here. NMDA receptors in the olfactory bulb external plexiform layer mediate recurrent (self-) and lateral inhibition as well as auto-excitation of mitral cells and have been shown to underlie synaptic transmission and some forms of plasticity in the OB (Chen et al. 2000; Friedman and Strowbridge 2000; Halabisky et al. 2000; Satou et al. 2006). Furthermore, bulbar NMDA receptors have been shown to be involved in the coupling of mitral activity to respiratory patterns (Philpot et al. 1998). Recent experiments showing synaptic plasticity in response to theta-burst stimulation of centrifugal excitatory synapses onto granule cells suggest that this enhanced excitation of granule cells releases the Mg+ block of granule cell NMDA receptors that are activated by mitral cell inputs to granule cell spines, resulting in increased feedback inhibition onto mitral cells (Gao and Strowbridge 2009). This mechanism potentially could underlie the NMDA receptor-dependent adaptation to repeated odor stimulation observed in the present work. Behaviorally, NMDA receptors serve a functional role in modulating bulbar responses during sensory deprivation, olfactory enrichment, and associative and nonassociative learning on a long (weeks) timescale (Lincoln et al. 1988; Mandairon et al. 2006b; Wilson 1995). Our results, which demonstrate similarities between NMDA receptor-dependent behavioral habituation and neuronal adaptation responses, suggest a second, shorter (minutes to hours) role for NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity in the olfactory bulb.
The degree of adaption of mitral cell responses observed here differs substantially from that reported by other groups. Using a direct comparison of bulbar and cortical response adaptation during prolonged odor stimuli (20 – 50 seconds of continuous stimulation) Wilson (2000) reported that mitral cells adapted to about 50-75% of their initial response and that this adaptation was not specific to the odor used for prolonged stimulation. In our hands, repeated stimuli of that duration, separated by at least 2.5 minutes, resulted in greater adaptation during post-testing, suggesting a cumulative effect working on a minutes to hours time scale. Indeed, we observed no significant adaptation over the course of a single 50-second odor stimulation in our experiments, yet, a significant decrease in response was observed over the course of repeated 50-second stimuli. The induced adaptation was not specific to the odorant used during repeated stimulation, as reported in response to a single 50-second stimulation (Figure 3D; Wilson, 2000). In a previous report, Chaput and Panhuber (1982) saw a range of adaptation in mitral cells in response to continuous odor stimulation for up to 60 minutes. Recently, Shea et al. (2008) showed that using repeated 2-second odor stimulations with 30-second ITIs did not induce mitral cell adaptation; these results agree with our results showing that longer odor pulses separated by longer ITIs are needed to induce this form of adaptation (Figure 3 B,C). Interestingly, Shea et al. (2008) also showed that the stimulation of noradrenergic pathways to the olfactory bulb during these short pulsed odor stimuli with shorter ITIs resulted in significant adaptation of mitral cell odor responses.
In summary, our results, taken together with experiments from other groups, further support the idea that olfactory behavioral habituation can be mediated by a variety of neural phenomena operating at different timescales and located in different neural structures, including the olfactory bulb.
This work has been supported by National Science Foundation Grant CNS 0338981 (CL), NIH training grant T32 GM007469 (LM) and a SUNY predoctoral fellowship (AA). The authors thank Sasha Devore and Nathalie Mandairon for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/bne
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
Pakistani police say at least one person has died after a string of bombs
exploded on Monday in the southern city of Karachi.
At least 25 others were injured when six small bombs were detonated within an hour of each other in neighborhoods dominated by ethnic Pashtuns.
A local police chief (Babar Khattak, Sindh province police chief) said the bombings were probably carried out to create panic and unrest.
Last month peace negotiations between the government and Pakistani Taliban militants broke down, after leader Baitullah Mehsud announced he was suspending talks. Mehsud vowed to retaliate after government forces launch an attack and captured a militant area in the Khyber tribal region.
Meanwhile in the capital, police investigating Sunday's suicide attack near the radical Red Mosque said they found the severed head of the suicide bomber responsible for the blast.
Nobody has claimed responsibility for that attack, which killed 18 people.
It happened just after several thousand Islamists had rallied nearby to mark the first anniversary of an army siege and raid on the Red Mosque. Officials said most of the victims were police.
President Pervez Musharraf condemned the bombing as a terrorist act.
More than 100 people were killed during fighting at the mosque in early July last year. Pakistan security forces stormed the compound after an eight-day siege. The mosque's hardline clerics and supporters had waged a violent campaign to impose strict Taliban-style law in Pakistan.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Long Island's best places to live for seniors
Successful senior living will largely boil down to finding a place that offers things like transportation options, opportunities to socialize and a selection of homes that are set up for, or can be adapted to, declining physical abilities. A number of Long Island communities fit the bill -- including some neighborhoods previously highlighted in the Best Places to Live series, such as Huntington, Great Neck and Stony Brook -- with perks for all ages such as walkability, cultural arts and parks, as well as senior-specific housing, clubs and services.
Here, we shine a light on some senior hot spots you may not have heard about. Continue your home search with Newsday Homes.
The Zumba class held by Margaret Tapogna Gatzonis, 55, at Clinton G. Martin Park in New Hyde Park, seeks to get seniors up and moving about, incorporating dancing and a more progressive form of exercising. (Sept. 10, 2013)
The Seasons at Plainview is a 55 and over adult active condo community, located at 135 Autumn Dr., that boasts indoor and outdoor pools and other recreational facilities. (Sept. 9, 2013)
The Knolls, at 425 Salisbury Park Dr. in East Meadow, is located within the Golden Age Zoning district created by the Town of Hempstead for affordable senior housing. (Sept. 12, 2013)
The Knolls, at 555 Salisbury Park Dr. in East Meadow, is located in the Golden Age Zoning district created by The Town of Hempstead for affordable housing for seniors on Long Island. (Sept. 12, 2013)
Sunrise Senior Living in West Babylon holds daily activities such as fitness training and exercise classes. (Sept. 10, 2013)
Sunrise Senior Living in West Babylon also holds a modified horse race where dogs and makeshift horses are brought in and the residents are able to place 10-cent bets on who the winner will be. (Sept. 10, 2013)
Donald Keegan, 73 of Lindenhurst (far left), Lenny Abruzzo, 69 (second from left), with Alois Metzger, 83, of Lindenhurst (far right), go for daily walks around Belmont Lake State Park in West Babylon. Seniors living in the communities surrounding Belmont Lake State Park are only a short distance from the park, which has a lake that is popular with cyclists, runners and picnickers. (Sept. 6, 2013)
The Mid-Island Y JCC in Plainview has an Alzheimer's Respite Program exercise class that provides cognitive stimulation through recreational activities for seniors living with the disease. (Sept. 9, 2013)
The Indian Island Golf Course in Riverhead is a favorite among locals and tourists, and is a pride among Riverhead citizens. It's located near the Stoneleigh Woods 55 and over community. (Sept. 4, 2013)


text:
| Recently found by viaLibri....
Miro Engravings volume 1 (1928-1960)-1984 Book
1984 - "Miro Engravings volume 1 (1928-1960)" by Joan Miro, Unsigned Book printed in 1984 from an edition size of 2700. The overall size of the Book is 13 x 10.25 inches. The condition of this piece has been graded as A-: Near Mint, very light signs of handling. Here is some supplemental information about the Book: 1984 Daniel Lelong, Paris. By Jacques Dupin. Hardcover, with dust jacket in cardboard slipcase. Catalogue Raisonne. Limited to 2700 copies in English. Hardcover. 192 pages. Joan Miro has especially executed for this book 3 Original Woodcuts. They are to be found on the cover, on the frontispiece and on page 9. Over 295 illustrations. [Attributes: Signed Copy; Hard Cover]
[Bookseller: Rare Posters]
Last Found On: 2016-10-14 Check availability: AbeBooks
Home Wants Manager Library Search 561 Years Links Contact Search Help Terms of Service
Copyright © 2017 viaLibri Limited. All rights reserved.


text:
Starring Jeff Holland and Scott Clevenger
Music by Josiah Yareff and Ralph Raymond Hayes
On August 7th of this year-for his birthday, no less-Jeff went to see the new Fantastic Four. 27 hours later he was committed to the S.F. Brownrigg Institute for the Cinematically Battered. Two months later, Scott welcomes him back to the Drive Time Drive By. He gets back into the swing of things relatively quickly and soon they are bouncing all over the pop culture landscape, as they are oft want to do. WARNING: This hour contains strong language, adult themes, excessive Joel Schumacher, and in depth discussions of two movies that don't deserve them.


text:
Beijing, Sep 17 (IANS) The US and China should be clear about the losses brought about by confrontation, so cooperation is the only option before the two, said a state-run Chinese daily on Thursday.
Both China and the US announced on Wednesday that Chinese President Xi Jinping will make a state visit to the US from September 22 to 25.
An editorial "Progression in Sino-US ties despite friction" said: "This event, even before it was officially announced, has already become one of the most anticipated on the world stage this year."
The daily said that recently, friction between the two "over cyber security, the South China Sea, human rights and the economy has increased".
"Some US strategists have suggested adopting tougher policies on China. Chinese society is becoming more vigilant toward the US," it added.
The editorial said that there are major questions surrounding relations between the two countries as to "how they can remain stable when friction instantly occurs and strategic distrust lingers".
Xi and US President Barack Obama have met several times and talked extensively. These meetings have encouraged both countries to send goodwill to the other and emphasized the necessity and possibility of cooperation, despite disputes.
"…But the top strategic issue between the two is whether they are both willing and capable of maintaining a peaceful cooperative atmosphere. The benefits of cooperation matter to both countries and they should seek to maximize these benefits."
The daily went on to say that "the two should be clear about the losses brought about by non-cooperation or even confrontation".
"If these two powerful sides fall into a strategic confrontation, one would be hard-pressed to say who could be victorious, so cooperation has become the only option for the two," it added.
On some people comparing China-US relations with ties between the US and the Soviet Union in the past, the editorial said: "…there are much more differences than similarities between the two."
"Both know that concepts such as containment and challenge will burden bilateral ties. Their relationship should proceed with expanding communications," it added.


text:
Roads, Sidewalks & Pathways
Kimberlites like to keep moving – whether they're walking, biking, or driving – and the City of Kimberley wants to make sure that getting around town is a pleasure. The Operations Department is responsible for maintaining in a safe and passable condition approximately 80 km of paved and gravel streets, including lanes, and over 27km of pedestrian pathways within the City of Kimberley. The exception is Highway 95A which runs from Cranbrook through Marysville, becoming 304th Street, then follows the Mark Creek Valley into Kimberley where it becomes Warren Avenue, then Wallinger Avenue before running east to Ta Ta Creek and Wasa.
Highway 95A is maintained and serviced by private companies under contract to the Ministry of Transportation.
Potholes & Street Repair
Potholes are caused by a variety of factors, such as temperature fluctuations, melting conditions, traffic etc. Operations crews patch potholes in between performing other routiine maintenance work; however, due to the large number of potholes reported each year, it can take some time to repair all of them.
How do you report a pothole on your street? Email email@example.com or call the hotline at 250.427.9660. Provide the nearest address and/or the names of cross-streets for the problem area. If you contact us by email, please do not send attachments. The City of Kimberley thanks you for your patience and understanding.


text:
Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Can I Query a Form?
02-03-04, 12:17 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2004
- Posts
- 44
Unanswered: Can I Query a Form?
I currently have a form setup to read a table display information from the table depending of what primary key is being chosen on the form.
When the primary key is picked, the rest of fields on the form are auto populated.
What I want to do is have a query run to obtain the information off of the form, so that a report can be run off of the query. However, maybe I am going about this the long way? The reason is because when I attempt to run the report directly off of the form, none of the fields are entered, I simply get blanks in the form fields.
Is it possible, and do I need to go with option 1? Or is there an easier way to accomplish this?
02-18-04, 22:02 #2Guru
- Join Date
- Jun 2003
- Location
- Posts
- 1,032
This might be a little more than you asked for but the concept still works for just one key field instead of many fields to limit the search.
The free downloadable sample database at www.bullschmidt.com/access uses the query by form concept so that on the invoices dialog one can optionally choose a rep, a customer, and perhaps a date range, click on a button that says "Input," and then have the invoice form open up showing all the invoices that match the criteria.
And here is how the query by form concept can work.
On the invoices dialog there are the following controls:
InvDateMin with DefaultValue of =DateSerial(Year(Date())-1,1,1)
InvDateMax with DefaultValue of =Date()
InvRepNum with DefaultValue of *
InvCustNum with DefaultValue of *
Also on the invoices dialog there is a command button called cmdInput to open the invoices form with the following code behind the OnClick property:
DoCmd.OpenForm "frmInv"
And of course there could be a button to open a report the same way:
DoCmd.OpenReport "rptInv", acViewPreview
The invoices form (frmInv) has RecordSource property of qryInv.
And the qryInv query's criteria for the InvDate field has:
Between [Forms]![frmInvDialog]![InvDateMin] And [Forms]![frmInvDialog]![InvDateMax]
And the qryInv query's criteria for the RepNum field has:
Like [Forms]![frmInvDialog]![InvRepNum]
And the qryInv query's criteria for the CustNum field has:
Like [Forms]![frmInvDialog]![CustNum]
One related point is that you probably wouldn't want to allow blanks (i.e. Nulls) in fields that are going to be used with Like in any criteria for that field. Otherwise the blanks wouldn't be shown. And to counter that you might consider creating the query's SQL statement dynamically so that the criteria on a particular field isn't used unless needed.J. Paul Schmidt, Freelance Web and Database Developer
Access Database Sample, Web Database Sample, ASP Design Tips


text:
Summer in the Squares: Join us for FREE movies, concerts, art classes, and yoga in Mount Vernon Place
We celebrated the Lafayette Commemoration on May 16, 2017: See photos!
The Monument is Open to the Public, click here to reserve your climb to the top
New Longer Hours! Wednesday through Sunday 10:00 AM-5:00 PM
View All Events


text:
Posts Tagged: Poll Results 3
National, Fla. Polls Show Obama Gaining Support Among Jewish Voters
It's a little early for Barack Obama's campaign to breath a sigh of relief and say a few Amens, but two new polls of Jewish voters offer some good news for the Democratic presidential nominee.
An analysis by Gallup based on its daily tracking poll and interviews with more than 500 Jewish voters shows that Jewish voters have grown much more comfortable with Obama.
Kirk Pollster Disputes Daily Kos Poll Showing Incumbent Vulnerable
Congressman Mark Kirk's pollster is calling a poll commissioned by the liberal Daily Kos blog flawed.
Obama Still Struggling With Jewish Voters
Democrat Barack Obama enjoys a nearly 2-1 advantage among Jewish voters over Republican John McCain, yet his support continues to lag well-behind historical levels that Democrats have enjoyed from the Jewish community, according to a new survey of Jewish voters.
The American Jewish Committee's 2008 Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion shows Obama leading McCain 57 percent to 30 percent. Another 13 percent of the 914 self-identifying Jewish respondents surveyed said they were undecided. Exit polls showed that John Kerry received 76 percent of the Jewish vote in 2004.


text: An Argentine Navy ice breaker battled to free a U.S.-operated cruise liner with 186 people aboard which is trapped in a field of ice off the coast of Antarctica on Jan. 31. The Clipper Adventurer, carrying 115 passengers and 71 crew, was sailing through the Straight of Matha west of the Antarctic Peninsula, about 900 miles south of Tierra del Fuego, when a change of wind unexpectedly dragged ice around it, the Argentine Navy said. The 330-foot Clipper Adventurer sailed from the Argentine port of Ushuaia in the far southern island of Tierra del Fuego on Jan. 28, and was sailing between the islands of Belgrano and Liard when it was trapped. No damage to the ship or injuries were reported. The icebreaker Almirante Irizar smashed through the ice toward the Clipper Adventurer, which was freed early on Feb. 1. Clipper Cruise Line officials said that the Bahamas-registered ship was expected to continue its 12-day Antarctic cruise, calling the incident a "non-event" and speculating that passengers would be excited by the occurrence and consider it an "adventure." The icebreaker had been in the area supplying Argentina's Almirante Brown antarctic base. The "Clipper Adventurer," which has an ice-strengthened hull, is due back in Ushuaia Feb. 8.


text:
The purpose of iBelieve.com is to help women wrestle with the deeper issues of how their faith relates to the world around them. It seems that Christian women today are facing a set of challenges unique to their generation. With an emphasis on personal experiences, our goal is to create a team of writers and bloggers looking to share how they have seen the struggles and triumphs of life through the lens of the Christian faith. We hope to create a place where our audience can feel uplifted by authentic examination of what it means to be a Christian woman in today's culture.Read daily devotions for women, blogs by your favorite Christian female bloggers, articles on faith, relationships, health and beauty, food and home, and motherhood. iBelieve.com also provides Christian ecards and inspirations to encourage and uplift your sisters in Christ!
A Prayer for Self-Control
By Dr. Charles Stanley
Heavenly Father, we live in a world which encourages us to indulge in every whim, but you are calling us to rise above us. Please, teach us the virtue of self-control.
"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, forbearance, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law." – Galatians 5:22-23
The book of Judges tells of a man named Samson, who was so strong he could kill a lion with his bare hands (14:5-6). He possessed physical strength unequalled by any human being. But this could not compensate for his inner weakness.
All of us have areas of weakness. God wants these character flaws to show us how totally dependent we are upon Him. When we handle them properly, they drive us into a deeper, more intimate relationship with the Lord. But uncontrolled weakness wreaks havoc in a person's life.
Samson's Achilles' heel was uncontrollable lust. Although he was raised in a godly home and had a clear calling in life, he gave in to his desires and deliberately violated the truth he knew so well. Despite Nazirite laws forbidding involvement with foreign women, Samson pursued a harlot in Gaza (16:1). Later, he met a woman named Delilah, and even though her motives were blatantly treacherous, he gave himself over—heart, mind, and spirit—to sexual indulgence. He was in such bondage to the sin that he ultimately allowed it to dictate his actions, even at the cost of his life.
Before he died, Samson lost everything: his strength, eyesight, and honor. The man who once led his country mightily became a slave to his enemies (vv. 18-25).
What is your weakness? Is it lust, insecurity, fear, greed, gossip, or pride? Personality flaws can be a powerful motivation for good or ill, depending on our response. A proclivity for sin can ruin your life—as it did Samson's—or drive you to utter dependence on God. The outcome is up to you.
Dear Lord, help us to know ourselves. Teach us to recognize our weaknesses and work to walk in holiness. Let us repent, and follow you in all things. Thank you for your unendeding grace and mercy toward us when we need it most. Help us to trust you with our lives. In Jesus' Name, Amen.
*Editor's Note: The following is an abridged version of "Uncontrolled Weakness" by Dr. Charles Stanley. To read the full devotional, follow this link!


text:
The Piccadilly Estate
Plans have been approved to convert Cambridge House at 94 Piccadilly in London's Mayfair into a grand home. Formerly in use as the Naval & Military Club, (aka "The In & Out Club") the landmark Grade 1 listed building will be transformed into a residence which will extend over 5,000m², and will house the original 18th Century grand staircase, a 19th Century ballroom, formal receiving rooms and a vast wine cellar. The master suite will extend to 200m² and there will also be a swimming pool, spa, gym, and a garage. Two further related planning applications have also been approved. On the western corner of the site, the 1182m² Grade II listed former American Club will also to be converted back to its original use as a stately home. On the eastern flank the Grade II Listed Green Park Chambers at 90-93 Piccadilly, will be combined with 42 Half Moon Street to provide 6 large lateral apartments, plus retail & restaurant space. The properties were acquired by the Reuben Brothers in 2011, having sat empty and on the Heritage and Risk register since 1999.
The purchase in December 2015 of an adjoining site in Carrington Street, currently let to National Car Parks, will complement RB's existing portfolio and through considered integration will enlarge the opportunity for RB's entire Piccadilly estate. The new asset has potential for a major residential scheme with views over Green Park, including possibilities of a hotel, private members club and casino.
139 Piccadilly
Westminster council granted permission in February 2015 to extend and convert this Grade II listed building, within the Mayfair Conservation Area, into a 1,655m 2 single home. The building was previously home to the poet Lord Byron, British journalist and Conservative politician Lord Glensk, and the Duke of Queensbury. The property was originally built in the mid-18th century, and subsequent to its use as office space since the 20th century, is be transformed back to its original status as a grand residence. The approved plans are for an eight-bedroom mansion over seven floors with a swimming pool, sauna, gym, roof terrace and staff quarters.


text:
We make sure to eat there every visit. It is a little highlight especially now they have a new sparkling little shop very near the marina.
1 - 10 of 102 reviews
We make sure to eat there every visit. It is a little highlight especially now they have a new sparkling little shop very near the marina.
We were in PV for a birthday celebration. We needed a special cake. Carlos made a custom one and arranged for delivery to the restaurant. The arrangements were all made in advance of our arrival to PV and via email. The cake was perfect. High...More
We had the Nutella Cheesecake and a grande bottled agua for less than $100 pesos and it was the perfect treat. I wish I would have found Pie in the Sky sooner, but our trip ends tomorrow. Would return in a heartbeat!
Pie in the Sky is a wonderful place to get exceptional pastries! We have been to the one in downtown Puerto Vallarta and to the one at Marina Vallarta. Both are great! At the Pie in the Sky at the Marina they have a very...More
You must try this! I'm still dreaming of it. Small little place but so good. We also tried the cupcakes. Just sorry we didn't get back to get another slice.
Don't miss Pie in the Sky! Wonderful baked goods, and charmin staff. Original location was in Bucerias, with another one at the Marina.
New York Cheesecake to die for!! Everything they make is primo. Finest ingredients, exquisitely prepared, you can not go wrong.
This little place packs a punch. I typically stop at least once each time we visit PV. The staff is always friendly. Some 10-12 years ago one of the staff introduced me to their little brownie wrapped up so nice. It was and is my...More
Yummy yummy yummy coffee, muffins and pies!! There were four of us and we each purchased a different item and shared. Worth the walk or ride.
My husband had apple pie with vanilla ice cream. An outstanding pie crust and filling. I had mango pie, good but not a strong mango flavor. Coffee very good. Service was excellent, very friendly.


text:
On Saturday, Nov 6th at noon in The Classroom join Golden Age for A Cultural Reader, a series of micro-lectures from Maxwell G. Graham, Javelin, Hanne Mugaas, William Pym, Tim Ridlen, and Bailey Salisbury. In conjunction with the event, GA will be publishing a fanzine containing images, footnotes and anything else that didn't make it into those seven minutes.
I will be reading a short story while presenting original super 8 footage of the building of a 1970's log house.
Saturday, November 6, 12:00pm
NY Art Book Fair
MoMA PS1
22-25 Jackson Ave at the intersection of 46th Ave
Long Island City, NY 11101
Handmade Home
By Bailey at 10:52 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Moving to Las Vegas, Nevada
Moving to Nevada is more complex than most people think. Let's take a look at the residency requirements in Nevada to determine how to become a resident of Las Vegas, Nevada.
Legal Residence in Nevada:
If your legal residence is in Las Vegas, you are a resident. This residence can include a house, apartment, or condominium. You must own the property and have resided in it for at least a month. For people who have recently moved to Las Vegas, paper ownership of the property is sufficient. This is the most common method of residency. There are many ways to own legal property in the state, and it is only necessary to have a single stake. Moving to Las Vegas first requires a property to move into. With frequent communication between your landlord and government correspondents, you can prove that your residence is indeed proper.
If you declare yourself to be a resident of Las Vegas to obtain privileges not ordinarily extended to nonresidents of Las Vegas, you are a resident. These privileges can include workspace permission, voting rights, or property rights.
Many workers declare their residency to be Las Vegas in order to secure an occupation that has strict regulations. The bordering states of California, Utah, Arizona, Idaho, and Oregon are aware of this clause.
Work locations can include state jobs, private jobs, and periodic occupations. Once you work at the job for over a month, you are officially a resident. Again, a monthly contract is sufficient for individuals who are just beginning a job.
If you physically reside in Las Vegas, and engage in a trade, profession, occupation in Las Vegas, you are a resident. This clause is similar to the previous declaration one, but profession can apply to more disciplines and fields.
Any professional member of a society or organization is eligible for residence by this rule. It is therefore possible to merge recreational activities with your job and easily become a resident. Online occupations are categorized based on the location of the service provider. Because Las Vegas features many outlets for social media and casinos, acquiring job within the city bounds is quite feasible.
If you engage or operate in intrastate business and own or maintain a motor vehicle, trailer or semi trailer, you are a resident. Some people frequently cross between state lines in vehicles, and do not have a permanent residency. This clause allows you to declare residency in either state based on preference. Motor vehicles can extend to cars, trucks, vans, SUVs, and trailers. Make sure to approve your vehicle with the official registry to acquire a licensed sticker. If your vehicle is marked as suspicious or foreign, the sticker will demonstrate residency.
Application process:
Once you qualify for residency, fill out the appropriate application forms at a local government office. Make sure to bring your driver's license, birth certificate, and any other forms of identification. Because each region has their own policies, moving to Nevada is different from moving to other states.
Las Vegas has well defined residency requirements. Check with representatives to learn about regulations of various districts and whether you need to know about any exceptions. After all the paperwork is finished, begin to move into your place of residence. Always have your property legalization forms stored in a safe drawer for later reference. Residency can range from one year to five years depending on plans for the future and your financial status.
Residency requirements in Nevada are relatively lenient. Once you identify the different ways to become a resident, it is easy to fill out the necessary paperwork and begin moving to Las Vegas.


text:
The Song of Everlasting Sorrow follows the adventures of Wang Qiyao, a girl born of the crowded, labyrinthine alleys of Shanghai's working-class neighborhoods. Infatuated with the glitz and glamour of 1940s Hollywood, Wang Qiyao seeks fame in the Miss Shanghai beauty pageant, and this fleeting moment of stardom becomes the pinnacle of her life. After the Communist victory, Wang Qiyao continues to indulge in the decadent pleasures of the Shanghai bourgeoisie, secretly playing mahjong during the antirightist campaign and exchanging lovers on the eve of the Cultural Revolution. She reemerges in the 1980s as a purveyor of "old Shanghai," only to become embroiled in a tragedy that echoes the Hollywood noirs of her youth.
…[an] extraordinary novel …it is Wang Anyi's complex and penetrating portrayal of her heroine that best displays her gifts as a novelist. Michael Berry and Susan Chang Egan's graceful translation…helps us understand why Wang Anyi is one of the most critically acclaimed writers in the Chinese-speaking world…The novel is particularly illuminating and incisive on the subject of female friendship, on what draws girls and women together and then drives them apart.


text:
As tutoring has become more and more popular, and tutoring options and modalities more diverse, motivations for hiring tutors have changed. Increasingly tutoring may be seen as a way to "enrich" a student's educational experience or help them excel at the highest levels – but that isn't necessarily the same thing as improving the quality of his or her education, or an appropriate support for success in a class, on a high-stakes test or with learning in general.
Improving elders' computer skills can reduce isolation and bring social contact, enjoyment and learning opportunities that enrich their lives and help older people feel more connected in the tumultuous modern world. We need more elder bloggers, more elders on Facebook, more elders Skyping, and so on.
Recently I've seen several surveys asking educators to rate their top iPad apps for teaching and tutoring. Following is a compendium of what these helpful bloggers found to be the most popular free apps out there for tutors.
Many college-bound students will be spending time this summer prepping for SAT or ACT exams, either with private tutors, in group settings or on their own. … With sympathy for their plight, I searched online for some low-cost ideas on how to make preparing for the SAT or ACT over the summer "fun" – or at least a little less boring.
If you're an experienced educator interested in picking up summer tutoring work, here are five possibilities to consider.
An article this week in the New York Times highlights how the high-stakes, testing-driven competition for a top-rated education continues to intensify in the US – and how tutoring is deemed crucial to students' success.
As you probably know, The College Board (creators of the SAT test) and ACT, Inc. (creators of the ACT test) both now have "benchmarks." These benchmarks are reported to serve as predictors of college and career performance, based entirely on how students score on the tests.
High school students benefit significantly from college admissions counseling information and guidance – yet most don't get much of it. According to the latest State of College Admission 2011 from the National Association for College Admission Counseling, "For many students, particularly those in public schools, college counseling is limited at best. Counselors are few in number, often have large student caseloads and are limited in the amount of time they are able to dedicate to college counseling."
Already thirty-seven states plus the District of Columbia have said that they intend to apply for an SES waiver between now and mid-February 2012. If granted, the waivers would free districts in these states from setting aside hundreds of millions of dollars each year for after-school tutoring targeting the lowest-performing students. This sweeping change would effectively end SES, which has already been eliminated from the Senate's version of the updated NCLB legislation.
One of the oldest and most powerful teaching techniques is simply to guide the learner by asking directed questions. This basic tutoring approach is sometimes referred to as the Socratic Method or the "inquiry method."


text:
GraphicRiver Businessman Mascot 3853610
Category: Stock Graphic | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Businessman Mascot 3853610
Stock Graphic \ Illustrations \ Characters
Mascot \ Person \ Suit \ Young \ Textured \ Illustration \ Human \ Caricature
Stock Graphic - Businessman Mascot 3853610 by eliabrodsky @ GraphicRiver
Stock Graphic \ Illustrations \ Characters
Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD, Transparent PNG, JPG Image; High Resolution: No; Layered: No; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS; Pixel Dimensions: 650x850; Print Dimensions: 6.5x10.5.
A fun, textured, personalized businessman mascot with a variety of options. 3 Poses and editable elements all layered and grouped allowing total control. The mascot is perfect for your animated video, printed flyer or poster, website or application. High-Quality textures and easily adjustable colors will enhance your next graphic design project dramatically.
Captain Jack Macot.
Keywords: business, businessman, caricature, cartoon, character, detailed, human, illustration, man, mascot, person, suit, textured, young.


text:
Wake up, get energized and embrace your day. A 45 minute early morning ride with a mix of music to get your day started right. Your training is done early and you have the rest of the day to bask in your accomplishment. The ride description is the same as our Tribe Ride...but earlier.
Our signature 45 minute class filled with rhythms motivating you to move. Enjoy a high energy training session guaranteed to move you along on your health and fitness path. Your instructor will coach you through variable intensity intervals, throw in some climbs, a mix of sprints and some endurance work always maintaining proper techniques to insure you get the most out of your workout. The ride is designed to strengthen your body and inspire your mind.
Want to gain physical fitness while riding the bike but need some assistance with eating well? As Certified Health Coaches, John, Jayme or Emily will coach you to better habits in food choices while you gain fitness and cardiovascular strength. We design a program for you to follow geared towards your health goals, whether those are losing weight, eating for endurance or just getting off a poor diet. The package includes 4 cycling classes and two coaching sessions.


text:
First in Line to Apply: Senior Study Participants Specialist
Nancy Kay Clark, the senior study participants specialist for Morris Animal Foundation's Golden Retriever Lifetime Study, was working on a high-tech customer service team for a Fortune 500 company when she decided to quit her job and become a veterinary technician.
"One day I just looked around the cubicle-farm I was in and wondered what I was doing there," Nancy says. "I had always felt my purpose was to help animals in some way."
She worked as an equine veterinary technician before joining the Foundation's administration department in 2007.
"Working for the Foundation has allowed me to combine my many years of business and customer service with my love of veterinary science and my passion for animals," she says.
When the Foundation announced the beginning of the Golden Retriever Lifetime Study, Nancy became the first full-time member of the study team in 2010.
"Working on this study allows me to make a contribution to the advancement of veterinary medicine. How cool is that?" she says. "I love the idea of this study because of the potential it has to teach us so much about canine health, and especially cancer."
Nancy's first American Eskimo Dog, Candy, developed two forms of cancer in her lifetime, so Nancy knows what it's like firsthand to watch a beloved, four-legged family member suffer through illness, surgery and the hope of recovery.
Recently, Nancy along with some very dedicated volunteers spearheaded the launch of Morris Animal Foundation's Golden Volunteer Program in which volunteers help the Foundation with its study recruitment efforts at the grassroots level.
"Without the dedication of the Golden Retriever owners, their veterinarians and of course, their beloved Golden Retrievers, this study would not be possible," Nancy says. "Our volunteers remind me every day of the importance of the work we do."
Nancy lives in Parker, Colorado, with her husband (Rich), their American Eskimo Dog (Rocket Man!) and three kitties (Kameko, Luna Lovegood and Mae May).
"The work I do at the Morris Animal Foundations honors the memory of all the animals who have touched my life," she says.
To learn more about Morris Animal Foundation and our other programs please visit morrisanimalfoundation.org.


text:
Lascassas Tennessee in Rutherford county.
Lascassas, Tennessee is located in Rutherford county within the zipcode 37085. With a total of 0 golf courses in Lascassas, it lies at an elevation of 573 feet above sea level. The current date and time in Lascassas Tennessee is November 19, 2017, 4:11 pm. Add a course for free by clicking here or contact us here.


text:
Richmond Upon Thames, UK
About Us
Latest Profile Uploads
About Us
Personal Information
We Are Seeking...
Males, Couples
We Are Up For...
Erotic chat, Picture Swapping, Sex Encounter
Our Interest Groups
Contact us to find out!
High Heels
Pink Shots
Medium Melons
Alfie7419 wrote
13 Jan 17 10:44
Mmmm lovely content x
05 Jan 17 13:13
Hi gorgeous thanks for the winks. Hope you're having fun xxx
blue01 wrote
04 Jan 17 19:14
Xxx I'd love to be able to help out xxx
Likeblacktits wrote
04 Jan 17 15:11
Thank you so much for being my friend!!! I like horny girls mmmmm
Likeblacktits wrote
03 Jan 17 03:16
I really enjoyed your sexy pics baby !!! Wish I were closer to please you when your horny xxx
23 Sep 16 11:56
hey sexy, thanks for the wink xxx
Argit01 wrote
17 Sep 16 12:30
Come let me satisfy you babe xxx
22 Sep 15 12:33
hi gorgeous, thanks for the wink xxx
jcgserena wrote
20 Sep 15 20:59
You are deliciously gorgeous, and beautifully sexy! Love your foxy figure, especially your gorgeous ass! Kisses and licks for you! John
sirlickalot wrote
28 Jul 15 16:06
LouiseLong has no videos


text: BAH rates are assigned by rank and can be used to purchase a home. The basic allowance for housing can also be used to rent a dwelling in the nearby communities surrounding Naval Station Norfolk. For more information about specific rate allotments or a list of available properties, call the Family Housing Office at Naval Station Norfolk at 757-445-2832.


text:
Lync Server 2010: Implementing Call-Admission Control
Real-time communications are sensitive to the latency and packet loss that can occur on congested networks. Call-Admission Control (CAC) determines, based on available network bandwidth, whether to allow real-time communication sessions such as voice or video calls to be established. In this podcast, the speakers go through the planning aspects to prepare one for the implementation of CAC. Quadrantechnologies is dedicated to delivering the most advanced innovation and technology to clients. The speakers design and support the deployment of Microsoft Unified Communications including Lync Server 2010 and Exchange Server 2010.
Provided by: Microsoft Topic: Software Date Added: Jun 2011 Format: Podcast


text: This is a tutorial for the Crystal Lantern Earrings. This is a bead weaving tutorial that will teach you how to stitch these beautiful earrings. Some bead weaving experience is needed, if this is your first time beading then I would say that this is for the beginner to intermediate beader. You will be working with a tubular right angle weave technique as well as layering. This pattern is great as a gift for yourself or your favorite beader. Please note that this is for the tutorial ONLY. Skill Level: Beginner to Intermediate This tutorial includes 6 pages of detailed step by step instructions and a material list. I will send an email to the buyer with a PDF attachment after payment has been received. I hope you like making my designs as much as I've enjoyed creating them! I'll be adding new designs as quickly as I can make them, so check back often! Please do not distribute, lend, teach, or copy these instructions. Please give credit to the designer. The Crystal Lantern Earrings Pattern 2011 Copyrighted, All Rights Reserved. This item may not be copied, sold, or reproduced without written permission from Julia Tanksley. This Pattern is an original copyrighted design by Juelles Designs When purchasing this pattern you agree that: 1. You will not mass produce this pattern and will only use the pattern for your personal, non-commercial use; you will not create something from this pattern to sell to anyone which includes, friends, charity events, craft fairs, on-line auctions, websites, etc., unless you contact me to arrange for a separate agreement. 2. You will not copy any part of this pattern to share with anyone; friends, relatives, etc. 3. You will not display any finished items made from this pattern in magazines, websites, on-line auctions, etc., unless you contact me to arrange for a separate agreement. BASIC SKILLS NECESSARY beadweaving Right Angle Weave


text:
Dubai, Sri Lanka & Maldives Multi Centre
Dubai, Sri Lanka and Maldives all in one holiday
Three unique holidays in one. The bustling city of Dubai with an abundance of things to do. From shopping to Dune bashing. Moving on to the vibrant country of Sri Lanka, rich in culture, history, food and the warmth of the locals. Final stop barefoot luxury Maldives. Relax and unwind lazing the days away or explore the marine life that surrounds you.
Multi-Centre highlights
- 3 nights Dubai staying at the Al Manzil hotel
- Located in downtown Dubai only 10 minutes away from Dubai Mall.
- Dine at a selection of restaurants
- 5 nights Sri Lanka staying at the Jetwing Beach hotel
- Located in the popular resort of Negombo
- Discover Sri Lanka culture, history and cuisine
- 5 nights Maldives staying at the Lux* Maldives
- Sea Plane Transfers to this breathtakingly Island
- Surrounded by a lagoon which is filled with an array of beautiful aquatic life for you to discover.


text:
The Lambs' Green Inn
Lambs Green Lane, Corfe Mullen, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 3DN
Lambs Green Lane, Corfe Mullen, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 3DN
We want you to be the first to know about our latest offers and promotions, so be sure to keep an eye on this page for regular updates.
Or if you don't want to miss a thing, why not join our club and receive regular emails from us about our latest news and offers. We'll even welcome you with an exclusive treat (see below!).
Enjoy 2 or 3 courses for a set price at Lunch (12-5pm) or Dinner (5-10pm). Available Monday to Friday…
Everyone loves a great meal out on a Saturday and now you can enjoy a 3-course supper from just £24…


text:
David Beckham is already a respected style icon.
He has worked as a designer, graced the cover of Details, W and Paris Vogue and become a regular at runway shows around the world. But when it comes to fashion he still needs some tips—according to wife Victoria!
Becks revealed that if his wife doesn't like what he's wearing, she lets him know! Even more impressively, he'll actually listen and change!
The Best—And Worst—Commercials of the 2014 Super Bowl!
"She's my wife, so I trust her opinion, so if she says I look bad, I'm not going to argue with that," he explained.
Talk about girl power!
Posh may be a celebrated fashionista, but David isn't doing so bad for himself either!
Who Was 2013's Top Girl: Blue Ivy Carter vs. Harper Seven Beckham!
Her recently took his style sense to the next level when he unveiled the children's collection that he designed for H&M, which joined the David Beckham Bodywear line at the popular store.
Still, people seemed more interested in how often he gets tips from his other half!
Prince William and David Beckham Team Up to Make a PSA for WildAid
When asked how often she gives him style pointers, he admitted at the press conference to launch a professional soccer team in Miami that it was "not often, thankfully, but yes… every now and again" that his wife gives him tips—he's usually on his own!
"I dress myself, thank you," he added.


text:
June 28, 2016
Deadline set: Liverpool have until July 1 to trump Man Utd and Everton to Euro 2016 star
The Reds are said to be monitoring the Fenerbahce winger, while Manchester United and Everton have also been credited with showing interest.
And Turkish publication Futbolarena claim they must act before the end of the month if they want to take advantage of his cheap release clause.
Liverpool, according to Turkish newspaper Fanatik, are understood to be ready to make an offer for Nani and pip United to his signing.


text:
Edie Melson is a freelance writer and editor with over 16 years experience in the publishing industry. She's a prolific writer, publishing over 700 articles in 2010. She also has a popular writing blog and is a frequent contributor to many others. As a sought after writing instructor, her heart to help others define and reach their dreams has connected her with writers all over the country. In keeping up with the leading edge of all things digital Edie has become known as one of the go-to experts on Twitter, Facebook, and social media for writers wanting to learn how to plug in.
Fighting Fear, Winning the War at Home, is one Edie's latest projects. This devotional book for those with family members in the military debuted in the fall of 2011 with Lighthouse Publishing of the Carolinas.
She's a member of numerous professional writing organizations, including The Christian Pen, The Christian Writer's View I and ACFW, where she serves as the Editor for the Southeast Zone Newsletter and staff reviewer for Afictionado Magazine. She's also an assistant proofer/editor for the Voices E-zine, a publication of My Book Therapy and a part of the My Book Therapy Special Teams Blog.
Married 30 years to husband, Kirk, they have raised three sons.
DiAnn Mills is a bestselling author who believes her readers should expect an adventure. Her titles have appeared on the CBA and ECPA bestseller lists; won two Christy Awards; and been finalists for the RITA, Daphne Du Maurier, Inspirational Readers' Choice, and Carol award contests. Library Journal presented her with a Best Books 2014: Genre Fiction award in the Christian Fiction category for Firewall.
DiAnn is a founding board member of the American Christian Fiction Writers, a member of Advanced Writers and Speakers Association, Suspense Sister, and International Thriller Writers. She is co-director of The Blue Ridge Mountain Christian Writers Conference and The Author Roadmap with social media specialist Edie Melson. She teaches writing workshops around the country. DiAnn is active online and would love to connect with readers on any of the social media platforms listed at www.diannmills.com.
Contest Director
Eva Marie Everson is the bestselling and multi-award winning author of both fiction and nonfiction work. She is the president of Word Weavers International (word-weavers.com) and the director of Florida Christian Writers Conference. Eva Marie is a popular speaker at writers conferences across the United States and the Contest Director for Blue Ridge Mountains Christian Writers Conference. Eva Marie is a seminary graduate and student and has taught a Bible study for over 20 years. Either she's really good and the folks just can't get enough … or she's really bad and they're still trying to learn something (the jury is out). Eva Marieand her husband enjoy their three grown children and children-in-love and are especially proud of their grandchildren. They are owned by their dog, Poods.
Conference Assistant
Alycia Morales has been writing since her grandmother taught her how to write her ABCs. Since then, she's been published in a variety of places including ChristianDevotions.us, Thriving Family magazine, Splickety Love magazine, and various books. She is represented by Jonathan Clements of Wheelhouse Literary Group.
Alycia coauthors The Write Editing, a blog where she and Andrea Merrell provide writers with professional answers to their writing and editing questions. She also writes a blog for the 20-something to 20-something-at-heart crowd where she encourages others to be who God created them to be and chase after their God-given dreams.
She is also a freelance editor. Several of her clients have gone on to win awards for their writing or their books, including Best New Writer at Write to Publish, Selah Awards, and the prestigious Director's Choice Award at the Blue Ridge Mountains Christian Writers Conference.
Alycia has served as an Associate Editor at Lighthouse Publishing of the Carolinas, where she edited fiction and non-fiction books and was on several of their publishing boards, including Firefly Southern Fiction and Beacon Heritage.
Alycia is a member of ACFW, The Christian PEN, and My Book Therapy. She also serves as an assistant to the Director of BRMCWC, Edie Melson.
When Alycia isn't busy writing or editing, she enjoys spending time with her husband Victor and their four children. Her hobbies include hiking, reading, watching television and movies, taking photographs, making jewelry, and crocheting. She is quite fond of coffee and chocolate, but the coffee must be decaffeinated or she'll suffer a headache for three days.
Conference Assistant; Web Content Strategist
Bethany Jett is an award-winning author whose life changed dramatically when she attended her first writers conference. That next week she signed a contract with the MacGregor Literary Agency (where she is a collaborative/ghostwriter and works with authors on proposals), and began learning everything she could about building a platform. Three months later, she signed a book deal for The Cinderella Rule: a Young Woman's Guide to Happily Ever After (Revell), which became a Selah Awards finalist.
An entrepreneur at heart, Bethany founded the Serious Writer Academy and created a system of planners for writers and business owners. This year, she became the Conference Assistant and Web Content Strategist for the Blue Ridge Mountains Christian Writers Conference. She loves to teach about opt-ins, lead magnets, and everything related to the business side of writing. Bethany holds a degree in Interdisciplinary Studies: Behavioral Social Science and Humanities with a Criminal Justice minor.
Bethany's experiences as a youth minister's wife and cheerleading coach lends humor and practical behavior and life tips to her writing and speaking. She speaks at churches and conferences nationwide, and her work is featured in multiple publications, including Chicken Soup for the Soul and ChristianityToday.com, with an upcoming story in Focus on the Family's Clubhouse Jr.
Bethany is a military spouse, momma-of-boys who describes herself as "mid-maintenance" and loves cute shoes and all things girly. She blogs on The Brilliance Factor: Confidence • Balance • Excellence at BethanyJett.com.


text:
You Otter Be Here
Valid through: 12/31/2018
Primary Contact: Paul Jordan
Phone: (631) 727-2733
Email: email@example.com
Location: 2038 Old Country Road, Riverhead, NY 11901
Suffolk County
Enjoy luxury accommodations and two tickets to Long Island's Aquarium and Exhibition Center. The aquarium is only five minutes away! If you're interested in purchasing extra tickets just ask our front desk. Extend the activities with visiting Tanger Outlets which is located directly across from our hotel. You'll also receive a complimentary coupon book for Tanger that offers over $1,600 in savings!


text:
Have you ever wondered how to write a check payable to cash? What are the risks of writing a check payable to cash, and how do you deposit a check like this? Why would you write one of these checks in the first place, anyway? In this article, we address all the common questions of moving money between your accounts by writing a check for yourself. We'll explain exactly how to write a check payable to cash, how to deposit one of these checks, and what other options are available as an alternative to this method.
What's Covered in This Article:
What is a check payable to cash?
Why would you write one?
How to write a check for cash
How do you cash/deposit a such a check?
What are the risks with making a check payable to cash?
What are some alternatives to writing a check for cash?
There are many ways to move funds between your bank accounts. One way is to make a check written to cash. Here's how to write a check for cash and how to cash it.
What Is a Check Payable to Cash?
A check payable to cash is exactly as it sounds: a check that has been made payable to "cash". Instead of a recipient's name, you write "cash". Checks written to cash are easy for withdrawing cash or to transfer funds between bank accounts. For example, if you want to move $50 from your checking to your savings account, you can write a check to cash to withdraw the desired amount. Making a check payable to cash is also an option if you don't know the full or exact name of the payee: they can still deposit the check even if their name isn't on it. Be aware, though, that once you write a check to cash, anyone can use it. These checks are convenient, but for this reason, also risky. Once you've written a check to cash, treat it like actual cash and make sure you don't lose it.
You can also move funds by writing a check to yourself. Simply put your name on the "pay to the order of" line. You can then cash the check, or deposit it into a different account. When cashing a check you've written to yourself, you may need to provide the teller with some identification.
How Do You Write One?
Writing a check payable to cash is fast and easy. First, begin filling out the check the way you would fill out any ordinary check. But instead of writing a name or company on the "pay to the order of" line, simply write "cash". Next, write out the value of the amount of cash like you would on a normal check, and sign it.
What are the Risks of Writing Checks for Cash?
Since there's no name on the "pay to the order of" line, checks to cash carry a lot of risk. Some banks refuse to honor checks to cash for this reason, or they'll put a hold on your funds until you can verify the check is being used properly. It can be a hassle, so withdrawing cash from an ATM or finding out the exact name of the payee may easier in the long run. Additionally, since checks to cash don't tell you who the money is for, keeping financial records may be tricky.
How to Cash and Deposit a Check for Cash
If you're the recipient of a check to cash, deposit it the same way you would any other check. Your best bet is to visit the bank which has its name on the check. That bank may be more willing to cash the check since it was issued by that bank. A different bank may refuse to honor checks to cash because of how easily they can be turned in fraudulently. Also, if the cash amount is very large, the bank may not give you the full amount in one transaction, for security reasons. They may also put extra hold times on the check, just to make sure it is legitimate.
To avoid these extra wait times or being turned away by your teller, request that all checks you receive are made payable to you by name.
For a large list of place that cash checks, see our article about 27 Places That Cash Personal Checks.
What if You Misplace Your Check for Cash?
Like we mentioned before, because the name on the check is "cash", anyone can use a check to cash once it's been written. So if you lose one, stop payment of the check immediately to avoid having funds stolen from your account. If someone other than the payee withdraws money, you may have to take legal action to get the money back. You can request a stop-payment of your check online, over the phone, or in person with a teller.
Alternatives to Writing Checks to Cash
There are many easier, simpler ways to transfer money than writing checks to cash. The simplest way is through online banking: you can transfer money from one account to another electronically. There are also online bank-to-bank transfers available. Most brick-and-mortar banks will offer this service. You can link two accounts at different banks and move the money from one to another.
Third-party services like PayPal, Google Wallet, or Square Cash are other ways to transfer money. For instance, you could set up a PayPal account for each of your different bank accounts. You could then use PayPal to send money back and forth between them. Setting up these third-party accounts may take time and effort. But once they're set up, transactions should run smoothly and efficiently. And, as with banks, there may be limits on these third-party accounts regarding how much money you can move in a single transaction.
Some other examples of online money-transfer programs include: WePay, Skrill, ProPay, Dwolla, BrainTree, Stripe, and Payoneer.
So, yes, while there are potentially easier ways to transfer funds, writing a check to cash is an option to consider. Just keep in mind the risks, and make sure you know your bank's policies. You now know how to write a check for cash.


text:
Real Estate SPEAKERS
Real Estate Speakers
Chris Thornberg
$5,000 to $10,000
California, USA
Dr. Christopher Thornberg is one of California's leading economists and Founding Partner of Beacon Economics, LLC. He holds a Ph.D in Business Economics from The Anderson School at UCLA and a B.S. degree in Business Administration from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He is widely quoted in the media, including The Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times and Chicago Tribune. He has… Read More
William McDonough
$30,000 to $50,000
Virginia, USA
Since 1995, William McDonough's Cradle to Cradle values and roadmap have guided organizations in realizing products and practices that benefit the health of people and the planet. Described by Al Gore as "the mastermind of sustainable design", Mr. McDonough has demonstrated that we can create a world of abundance, peace, and quality of life that is not only sustainable but actually improves from generation to generation. An architect by trade,… Read More
Stefan Swanepoel
$25,000 to $30,000
California, USA
No one researches more about change and trends impacting the residential real estate industry than Stefan Swanepoel. He always provides a balanced and objective evaluation of the market, highlighting the key players and facts of tomorrow. Stefan Swanepoel is a successful businessman, a best-selling author and widely traveled public speaker. He spent the first 35 years of his life in various countries across the globe before immigrating to the USA.… Read More
Garrett Sutton
$10,000 to $15,000
Nevada, USA
Garrett Sutton has over twenty-five years experience assisting and advising entrepreneurs, families and businesses in selecting the appropriate corporate structures to limit their liability, protect their assets and advance their personal and financial goals through real estate investments and other means of wealth creation. An author, speaker and a member of an elite group of "Rich Dad′s Advisors" hand selected by author Robert Kiyosaki, Garrett speaks to investors and entrepreneurs… Read More
Stephen Wynn
$75,000 and above
Nevada, USA
Casino Developer Stephen A. Wynn is widely credited with transforming Las Vegas into a world renowned resort and convention destination. As Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Mirage Resorts, Incorporated, Mr. Wynn envisioned and built The Mirage, Treasure Island, and Bellagio, boldly conceived resorts that set progressively higher standards for quality, luxury, and entertainment. Now, as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Wynn… Read More
Barbara Corcoran
$30,000 to $50,000
New York, USA
The story of Barbara's life, extraordinary success and TV stardom is told in her latest book, Shark Tales. A self-made woman who sees no need to suffer fools or mince words, Barbara has won many fans for her plain speaking and her courage. Inspired by her own experiences, she has an almost preternatural talent for identifying entrepreneurial opportunities and the people who will succeed, even when nobody else believes in… Read More
Book Your Speakers For
- National Nurses Week: May 6th – 12th, 2017 >>
- National Breast Cancer Awareness Month: October, 2017 >>


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Jia Da Hotel - Zhuhai is welcoming all guests in Zhuhai with 60 comfortable rooms to stay in. The café can be an ideal place for a meeting or a pleasant evening talk. An exact and detailed list of equipment in the rooms and of the services provided by Jia Da Hotel - Zhuhai you will find on the information sheet below, including any applicable additional fees.
Payment Advance bank card payment or credit card guarantee may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours You will be able to speak with the personnel in Chinese - China and English languages.
Jia Da Hotel - Zhuhai rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Cafe, Elevator
Desk in the room