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It is well known that females show a greater susceptibility to alcohol-induced liver injury than males. Additionally, females who consume alcohol regularly and have been obese for 10 years or more are at greater risk for both hepatitis and cirrhosis. Female rats on an enteral alcohol protocol exhibit injury more quickly than males, with widespread fatty changes over a larger portion of the liver lobule. Levels of plasma endotoxin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, free radical adducts, infiltrating neutrophils, and nuclear factor-κB are increased about twofold more in livers from female than male rats after enteral alcohol treatment. Estrogen treatment in vivo increases the sensitivity of Kupffer cells to endotoxin. Evidence has been presented that Kupffer cells are pivotal in the development of alcohol-induced liver injury. Destruction of Kupffer cells with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) or reduction of bacterial endotoxin by sterilization of the gut with antibiotics blocks early inflammation due to alcohol. Similar results have been obtained with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody. These findings led to the hypothesis that alcohol-induced liver injury involves increases in circulating endotoxin, leading to activation of Kupffer cells, which causes a hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. This idea has been tested using pimonidazole, a nitroimidazole marker, to quantitate hypoxia in downstream pericentral regions of the liver lobule. After chronic enteral alcohol, pimonidazole binding increases twofold. Enteral alcohol also increases free radicals detected with electron spin resonance. Importantly, hepatic hypoxia and radical production detected in bile are decreased by destruction of Kupffer cells with GdCl3. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Kupffer cells participate in important gender differences in liver injury caused by alcohol.
- endotoxin
- hepatic injury
- hypoxia-reoxygenation
- gender
the toxic effects of alcohol on the liver have been described elsewhere; however, mechanisms responsible for its hepatotoxicity have not been fully characterized. It is known that chronic alcohol ingestion stimulates hepatic oxygen consumption and causes fatty liver, hepatomegaly, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. New evidence has now emerged implicating Kupffer cells in several aspects of this pathophysiology.
Because alcoholics are prone to infection, interest in the effect of alcohol on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) has increased (3). After alcohol consumption, significant alterations in host defense mechanisms occur, including changes in reticuloendothelial function as well as modified immune, lymphocyte, granulocyte, and platelet function (48). Recently, attention has turned toward the effect of alcohol on Kupffer cells (14). These cells are activated by gut endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and have been shown to be involved in alcohol-induced liver damage (41). Conversely, the hepatocyte has been the chief focus of most studies on the effects of alcohol on liver function. The ability of Kupffer cells to eliminate and detoxify various exogenous and endogenous substances (e.g., endotoxin) is an important physiological regulatory function. Recent experiments have shown that Kupffer cells produce mediators that stimulate alcohol metabolism (11).
The lack of appropriate experimental models hampered studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced liver injury in laboratory animals until Tsukamoto et al. (51) introduced the in vivo rat model of continuous enteral ethanol administration. In addition to the steatosis present in other models of ethanol injury, this model exhibits several characteristics similar, although not exactly identical, to human alcoholic liver disease, including inflammation, pericentral necrosis, and ultimately fibrosis.
It has been suggested that the cascade of events leading to alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity is initiated by an increase in the delivery of endotoxin. We hypothesize that endotoxin stimulates Kupffer cells initially to produce mediators, a critical step in producing a hepatic hypermetabolic state [e.g., the swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM)] in parenchymal cells. Subsequently, hypoxia develops in pericentral regions of the liver lobule, where toxic free radicals are formed on reintroduction of oxygen, resulting in cell death (Fig. 1). In this study, we examine new evidence in support of the proposal that Kupffer cells play a pivotal role in hepatotoxicity after alcohol exposure, which may also explain gender differences. We focus predominantly on new information obtained with an enteral alcohol delivery system.
Considerable recent evidence supports the hypothesis that the gut and endotoxin participate in alcoholic liver injury. Endotoxin (LPS), one of the components of the outer wall of gram-negative bacteria, has been implicated in sepsis, organ failure, and lethal shock. Elevated levels of circulating endotoxin delivered to the liver via portal blood can cause hepatic tissue injury. Figure 1 depicts our hypothesis that ethanol alters gut microflora, resulting in an increase in gram-negative bacteria, which is the source of endotoxin. Alternatively, ethanol could alter the permeability of the gut to macromolecules, thus increasing the release of endotoxin from the gut into the portal circulation.
Because malnutrition is frequently a complication of alcoholism, the effect of diet and ethanol on the gut flora is an important consideration (18). French (18), using the enteral ethanol model, has demonstrated that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids (i.e., linoleic or linolenic) is an absolute requirement for ethanol-induced liver damage. Rats fed a beef tallow diet show minimal hepatic injury after chronic ethanol exposure (18) and have normal gut bacterial flora (22). On the other hand, gram-negative bacteria increase in the jejunal microflora in alcoholics (9). Furthermore, ethanol-induced liver injury using enteral ethanol feeding is diminished when gut microflora are reduced after treatment with lactobacillus (38) or antibiotics (2). Lactobacillus can suppress the growth of a broad range of gram-negative bacteria due to the production of low- molecular-weight substances, whereas antibiotics destroy bacteria. Taken together, these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the gut microflora can become more virulent after exposure to ethanol.
Under normal conditions, the gut mucosal layer is an imperfect barrier, allowing small amounts of antigens and other macromolecules (10) to pass through the intestinal wall into the blood. Both acute and chronic treatments with ethanol increase gut permeability to hemoglobin, horseradish peroxidase, and polyvinylpyrrolidone macromolecules. Furthermore, acute exposure to ethanol in vitro increases permeability of the isolated small intestine to labeled endotoxin in a dose-dependent manner (4). In alcoholic subjects, permeability of the small intestine to labeled EDTA is elevated about twofold (6). Physical chemical studies using electron spin resonance of interactions of lipids with membranes demonstrated that ethanol increases membrane fluidity due to alterations in the lipid and lipoprotein composition of the cell membrane. This modification of membrane fluidity due to ethanol may result in increased transport and absorption of macromolecules. Changes in membrane fluidity due to ethanol were observed almost 20 years before the significant experiments using the enteral ethanol model, which demonstrated that dietary requirements are involved in ethanol toxicity. However, it is still not clear whether dietary effects that prevent hepatic injury operate at the level of the gut mucosal barrier.
Several observations support the hypothesis that Kupffer cells are involved in hepatic injury caused by ethanol. First, Adachi et al. (1) have demonstrated that, when Kupffer cells in rats treated with enteral ethanol are inactivated by gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), serum enzyme levels, fatty changes, inflammation, and necrosis are decreased significantly. Additionally, ethanol affects Kupffer cell functions such as phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and cytokine production (Fig. 1) (52). Next, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increases in alcoholics (47), supporting the idea that Kupffer cells are activated in patients with alcoholic liver disease. TNF-α is produced exclusively by the monocyte-macrophage lineage, and Kupffer cells are the major population of this lineage (14). Finally, Kupffer cells contain Ca2+ channels, and chronic ethanol treatment facilitates their opening. Intracellular Ca2+ is doubled in isolated Kupffer cells only 2 h after ethanol treatment in vivo. Moreover, Iimuro et al. (27) have recently demonstrated that nimodipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, reduces ethanol-induced injury in the enteral ethanol model, suggesting that Ca2+ channels play a crucial role in Kupffer cell activation.
A recent study has examined temporal changes due to acute ethanol to understand how ethanol causes both tolerance and sensitization to Kupffer cells (17). After ethanol administration, blood endotoxin is elevated maximally at about 1 h. Initially, ethanol causes tolerance by mechanisms that are still not clear. After 24 h of exposure to ethanol, however, CD-14 and TNF-α are elevated sixfold and threefold, respectively (Fig. 2). Furthermore, sterilization of the gut with antibiotics blocks both tolerance and sensitization to ethanol. Collectively, these observations support the hypothesis that both of these phenomena involve endotoxin and Kupffer cells (17).
It is hypothesized that activated Kupffer cells release mediators that are toxic to liver cells or serve as chemoattractants for cytotoxic neutrophils that invade the liver (Fig. 1). Various mediators, including TNF-α, interleukins, prostaglandins, and oxygen radicals, are released from activated Kupffer cells (35). Monden et al. (36) have reported that TNF-α, superoxide, and interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibit protein synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes and that this effect can be observed in the supernatant of cultures of activated Kupffer cells. TNF-α and IL-1, which are directly cytotoxic to a variety of cell types, may be direct mediators of hepatocyte injury. A recent study has shown that rats administered ethanol enterally and injected with antibody to TNF-α are protected from ethanol-induced hepatic injury (26). Moreover, TNF-α and IL-1 stimulate neutrophil migration and activation and also induce protease and oxygen radical release (49). Cellular infiltration of activated neutrophils, which produce oxygen radicals and secrete other toxic mediators, may increase the inflammatory response, leading to cell injury and death. Indeed, inflammatory cell infiltration due to enteral ethanol is diminished by GdCl3 treatment. Microcirculatory disturbances caused by vasoactive mediators released from Kupffer cells and neutrophils may enhance hypoxia and lead to a vicious cycle of pathophysiology.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a very potent mediator generated in many cell types, including endothelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, Kupffer cells, and platelets (13). PAF produces a wide range of physiological effects, which have been reviewed recently elsewhere (13) and include platelet aggregation, stimulation of macrophages, inflammation, ovulation, glycogenolysis, and endotoxin shock. Furthermore, arachidonic acid is released in response to PAF.
Blood endotoxin is often elevated in alcoholics (8). In exciting experiments using the enteral ethanol model, it has been shown that levels of endotoxin in the blood begin to rise after ∼2 wk of continuous intragastric administration of dietary ethanol (37). Endotoxin increases nearly fivefold in the systemic circulation, and levels of endotoxin in the portal circulation are most likely even higher. Interestingly, blood endotoxin is correlated (r = 0.84) with pathology (necrosis, steatosis, inflammation) (37). Bode et al. (8), Remmer (43), and our own group (2) have consistently been proponents of the theory that endotoxin plays a pivotal role in alcoholic liver injury.
It has been demonstrated that acute exposure to ethanol also activates Kupffer cells. During acute exposure to ethanol, carbon uptake by the perfused liver due to phagocytosis of particles by Kupffer cells increases about 25% (15). Furthermore, carbon uptake in the perfused liver is also elevated significantly, by about 35%, in rats treated with ethanol a few hours before perfusion. Similar results have been obtained in vivo (16).
Few data linking Kupffer cell function to chronic ethanol exposure have been reported. However, a recent study has reported that oxygen radical production by Kupffer cells is increased after chronic ethanol treatment (52). Others have reported that TNF release and TNF mRNA expression are increased by ethanol, consistent with findings that TNF increases in alcoholics (16). However, a number of studies have shown that ethanol paradoxically suppresses Kupffer cell function (40). Recently, ethanol has been shown to cause tolerance early (2 h), followed by sensitization in Kupffer cells 24 h later (Fig. 2). TNF production from Kupffer cells stimulated with LPS decreases about fourfold 2 h after administration of ethanol and increases threefold at 24 h after ethanol (17). Both tolerance and sensitization are blocked by antibiotics, implicating endotoxin and explaining an apparent paradox.
Israel and colleagues (30) were the first to describe a hypermetabolic state due to ethanol exposure. Moreover, Yuki and Thurman (54), using a perfused liver model, have shown that oxygen and ethanol uptake nearly double in just a few hours after treatment of rats with a single large dose of ethanol using a perfused liver model. They have also demonstrated that hormone-mediated depletion of hepatic carbohydrate reserves plays a role in this process, which has been named the "swift increase in alcohol metabolism" (SIAM).
Elevation of ethanol metabolism occurs in concert with a reduction in both glycolysis and glycogen reserves during SIAM (54). Recently, studies have demonstrated the involvement of Kupffer cells in carbohydrate metabolism (12). In these experiments, basal rates of oxygen and ethanol uptake are almost doubled after ethanol treatment and are blocked by GdCl3 (11). Thus increases in respiration and ethanol metabolism observed after ethanol treatment are blocked by inactivation of Kupffer cells. Specifically, Kupffer cells produce prostaglandins, primarily PGD2 and PGE2, which stimulate production of glucose from endogenous hepatic glycogen by activating phosphorylase A (12). Importantly, conditioned medium from isolated Kupffer cells of ethanol-treated rats, which contained elevated levels of PGE2, stimulated parenchymal cell oxygen consumption (42). Thus regulation of SIAM clearly involves a Kupffer cell component, which appears to be due to production of PGE2.
In addition to hypermetabolism, high doses of ethanol alter hepatic microcirculation by stimulating endothelin-1 production (23). Furthermore, enteral ethanol treatment causes hypoxia (19). Because ethanol also causes a compensatory increase in hepatic blood flow and thus could elevate hepatic oxygen levels, it has been proposed that this increase negates any effect of hypoxia due to hypermetabolism or microcirculatory disturbances (44). Therefore, pimonidazole, a 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia marker used in radiobiology to assess hypoxia in tumors, has been studied (5). Pimonidazole, which is reductively activated by nitroreductases, binds to thiol residues on proteins and macromolecules in the absence of oxygen, and adducts can be detected immunochemically. Results of these experiments confirm that pericentral hypoxia occurs during SIAM and is blocked when Kupffer cells are destroyed with GdCl3 (11).
It has recently been demonstrated, using 2-nitroimidazoles and other techniques, that chronic ethanol treatment using the enteral ethanol model also causes hypoxia (1). These data provide direct evidence that ethanol in vivo increases tissue hypoxia (5). By using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole, hypoxia can be quantitated in rats after 4 wk of ethanol feeding. Image analysis techniques have demonstrated that ethanol treatment for 1 or 4 wk increases pimonidazole binding in the liver from 18% (control) to 32–35% (ethanol) (5). Thus direct evidence has now been obtained demonstrating that hypoxia caused by ethanol treatment occurs in the clinically relevant enteral ethanol model or after acute ethanol treatment.
Production of free radicals by ethanol has been suggested as a factor in its hepatotoxicity. Although evidence of lipid radical formation due to ethanol treatment in vivo has been reported, only recently have free radicals from ethanol alone been detected in living animals (33). The application of the electron paramagnetic resonance technique of spin trapping to the study of ethanol-treated alcohol dehydrogenase-deficient deer mice revealed an α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butylnitrone (POBN)/α-hydroxyethyl radical adduct in bile after administration of ethanol and the spin trap POBN (33).
Free radical formation most likely participates in the progression of early events in alcoholic liver disease. Recently, Adachi et al. (1) detected a free radical in bile from rats exposed to ethanol on the Tsukamoto-French model. This free radical signal was diminished over 50% when Kupffer cells were destroyed after treatment with GdCl3. Furthermore, bile from animals fed a control corn oil diet contained low concentrations of radical adducts. The free radical has been identified as α-hydroxyethyl on the basis of the 12-line spectrum obtained when [13C]ethanol is used (32). Thus ethanol-derived free radicals are detected in the bile of enteral ethanol-fed rats after a high-fat, ethanol-containing diet. Although the precise pathways responsible for formation of free radicals remain unclear, a likely candidate is oxygen radical production by the NADPH oxidase system in Kupffer cells, since the electron paramagnetic resonance signal is reduced by GdCl3 treatment. However, a reperfusion injury involving hypoxia and free radical formation via the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system cannot be excluded, especially since radicals in bile would be expected to originate from parenchymal cells.
Evaluation of 1,600 alcoholic patients has identified three major independent risk factors for developing hepatitis and cirrhosis: consuming alcohol, being overweight for at least 10 years, and being female (39). Figure 3 depicts such a female. This painting is entitled "Malle Babbe" and was painted by Frans Hals and copied by Han van Meegeren, who successfully sold his forgeries to major art collectors and museums in the 1940s. "Malle Babbe" depicts an overweight, older woman who clearly enjoys a drink. Differences in sensitivity to ethanol in females are summarized in Table 1. In general, these studies demonstrate that alcohol consumption potentiates inflammatory responses, alcohol metabolism, hormone levels, hypoxia, free radicals, and endotoxin in females. In rats, a recent study using enteral ethanol feeding has established that ethanol causes greater hepatic injury in females (25). This study measures parameters including serum aspartate aminotransferase, pathological score, neutrophil infiltration, levels of circulating endotoxin, and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Interestingly, all parameters assessed are increased by ethanol about twofold more in females than in males. The most impressive histological change is the panlobular deposition of fat in livers from females after ethanol feeding compared with the well-known pericentral localization in males. Furthermore, significantly more hepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells is observed after ethanol administration in females. Ikejima et al. (29) have recently demonstrated that the endotoxin receptor CD-14 is elevated in Kupffer cells after treatment with estriol. Moreover, LPS is higher after ethanol in female rats (25). Thus, taken together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that endotoxin and Kupffer cells are responsible for the increased susceptibility of females to ethanol.
More recently, tissue hypoxia has been quantitated using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole in male and female rats after enteral ethanol feeding (28). In this study, hypoxia marker binding is two to three times more intense in females than in males after 4 wk of ethanol treatment. Furthermore, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is sensitive to oxidants and is elevated seven to eight times more in females than in males. Since NF-κB also increases adhesion molecule synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production, these data may lead to the molecular mechanism of enhanced injury in females due to ethanol.
These data collectively demonstrate that females are more susceptible to ethanol-induced liver injury than males. The use of the rat enteral feeding model will enable further mechanistic studies to provide insight into the pathophysiology of important gender differences due to alcohol.
The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the following individuals: B. U. Bradford, K. T. Knecht, Y. Iimuro, H. Kono, K. Ikejima, N. Enomoto, G. E. Arteel, M. Yin, H. D. Connor, C. A. Rivera, J. A. Raleigh, D. A. Brenner, M. v. Frankenberg, Y. Adachi, D. T. Forman, M. Kadiiska, and R. P. Mason.
Address for reprint requests: R. G. Thurman, Dept. of Pharmacology, CB# 7365 Mary Ellen Jones Bldg., The Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365.
↵* Second in a series of invited articles on Mechanisms of Hepatic Toxicity.
We thank the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for partial support of this work.
- Copyright © 1998 the American Physiological Society


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Matt Paré, the "Homeless Minor Leaguer," is in his third season as a catcher with the San Francisco Giants organization.
Matt's traveling lifestyle began at the age of 17, when he moved from Portland, Maine, to Lighthouse Point, Florida, where he lived in a one-bedroom apartment while attending Pompano Beach High School for his senior year.
After graduating in the spring of 2009, he was selected in the 26th round of the amateur draft by the Houston Astros, but chose to attend Boston College, where he was a four-year starter while earning a degree in Human Development and Organizational Studies.
He was named a candidate for both the Johnny Bench Award and the NCAA Senior CLASS Award during his senior year at BC. He also played for the Yarmouth Dennis Red Sox in the Cape Cod Baseball League, and in 2010 earned the New England Top Prospect Award.
Matt signed with the Giants after graduating from BC. He began the 2015 season playing for the Giants' San Jose club in the Single-A California League.
Has it been as easy of a journey as it sounds? Not really. Matt's had his share of setbacks like knee surgery and not being drafted out of college.
San Jose is really close to San Francisco as the crow flies, but it's a long way during your morning commute on the 101 — and a hell of a lot longer road for a minor leaguer.
Excerpt from Matt's intro blog post:
I hate the name of this blog…
Because it holds too much truth.
Since last September, I have slept in 20 different locations, on futons, pull-out couches, standard couches, air mattresses, bean bags, and one surprisingly comfortable shaggy rug. Occasionally, I have the luxury of sleeping in an actual bed. Until a month ago, I drove a 12-year-old car with the "check engine" light on as a permanent interior feature.
I questioned my frugality and common sense when I recently took out a loan to buy a new car. To give you some perspective, I make below the poverty line and sometimes think about filling out an application for food stamps.
Who would want to be "homeless" and a minor leaguer for most of his emerging adulthood?
I love playing baseball for a living, and I'm very privileged to have the opportunity. I am thankful for the lessons and experiences the game gives me every day. No one needs to hold a gun to my head. Nevertheless, I have higher aspirations than being "homeless" and a minor leaguer for the rest of my emerging adulthood. Whether it's as an everyday catcher in MLB or a successful entrepreneur, I have some lofty goals.
I intend to use this blog to write about my experiences as an athlete and how they relate to other things. They may seem out there at first, like how a video game series improved me as an athlete and a person, but the relationship will become apparent. I'll share my passions, like music, Youtube videos and interesting podcasts.
By the way, I'm a huge nerd, so I'll apologize in advance if I start geeking out on here about something like the Lord of the Rings series. To say that my "nerdism" has impacted my sporting career is a bit of an understatement. My brother and I used to go from playing wiffleball one minute to beating each other with the yellow plastic bats as though we were Jedi knights clashing lightsabers.
Above all else, I want to be as genuine and authentic as I can, while providing interesting and novel content.

subset: commoncrawl


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WATCH: Training the world's most obedient attack dog
COULD THIS be the world's most obedient attack dog?
Video footage has emerged online showing a demonstration of what could be the most well-behaved pooch in action.
In the viral video, the ferocious mutt listens and responds to its trainer's commands INSTANTANEOUSLY.
At the start of the footage, the Alsatian breed stays close to his trainer's side and barks loudly at a man identified as a threat.
Then with just a word – the attack dog lurches forward and throws itself onto the man's left arm.
His jaw clamped shut, the dog is spun around but he doggedly clings on to his foe, snarling.
But with one word from its trainer, the dog lets go and drops to the ground.
The trainer – filmed wearing a red hoodie – only has to say "with me" for the dog to immediately lose all interest in the 'threat' the owner had asked him to savagely maul only seconds before.
Dog is Smart. Person who took this vertical video, not so much
With another "attack" command the docile dog suddenly charges again – before relaxing and sitting down in the alley, believed to be in Poland, at the sounds of another "enough" command.
The video – which has gained hundreds of thousands of views in a matter of hours – perfectly demonstrates the control that good dog trainers exercise over their animals.
Commenting on the iPhone-shot footage, Rick Muller posted: "Dog is Smart.
"Person who took this vertical video, not so much".
Another summed up the video, stating: "The phrase "good boy" has rarely been so adequate".


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Rational Crowd Theory
Rational Crowd Theory
A Critical Analysis of Reicher, Stott, Cronin and Adang (2004)
Reicher's contradiction
Classic Crowd Theory - Gustave Le Bon
"An individual in a crowd is a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will." (Le Bon, 1895, p.33).
Riot Case Study
London riots, 2011
Rational Crowd Theory
Classic Crowd Theory
Reicher's Theory
Supporting Research
Cocking, 2013; police techniques perpetuate social identity
Hoggett and Stott, 2010; police miss oportunities to improve efficacy
Borch, 2013; ACPO has adopted this approach, but 2011 riots show education may not be sufficient.
Stages involved in the existence of crowd
1. Submergence
2. Contagion
3. Suggestion
Alternative views
Festinger et al.,
- The loss of individuality leads to loss of control over internal or moral constraints.
R. C. Ziller (1964)
- Individuals are subject to deindividuation under more specific situational conditions.
E.g. rewarding conditions
- Challenges the idea of mass irrationality and policing strategies suggested by Le Bon.
+ More negotiated management styles.
Borch, C. (2013). Crowd Theory and the Management of Crowds: A Controversial Relationship. Current Sociology, 61, 584 – 602.
Clker.com. (2012). Home: Blue, Man, Stick. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/clipart-blue-stick-man-4.html. Accessed date: 01 November 2013.
Clker.com. (2010). Home: Cartoon, Gui, Black, White, Outline, People, Man. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/clipart-black-stick-man-1.html. Accessed date: 01 November 2013.
Clker.com. (2011). Home: Green, Man, Stick, Lime. [illustration]Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/clipart-lime-green-stick-man-1.html. Accessed date: 01 November 2013
Clker.com. (2010). Home: Red, Man, Stick, Male, Figure. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/clipart-redstickman.htmll. Accessed date: 01 November 2013.
Clker.com. (2012). Home: Yellow, Man, Stick. [illustration].Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/clipart-yellow-stick-man.html. Accessed date: 01 November 2013.
Cocking, C. (2013). Crowd Flight in Response to Police Dispersal Techniques: A Momentary Lapse of Reason? Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10, 219 – 236.
Commons.wikimedia.com. (2005). Protest 0012. retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_0112.JPG. Accessed date 09 November 2013.
Commons.wikimedia.org. (2012). [photograph]. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Le_Bon_about_1900.jpg. Accessed date: 04 November 2013.
Comuniststudents.or.uk. (2009) batons. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://communiststudents.org.uk/?p=3246. Accessed date 07 November 2013.
Croydon Green Party. (2011, August 10). Riots in Croydon: What we are seeing here is mindless vandalism. Croydon Green Oarty. Retrieved from http://croydon.greenparty.org.uk/news/what-we-are-seeing-here-is-mindless-vandalism.html.
Digitaltrends.com. (2012). Anonymous. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/us-govt-ramps-up-anti-anonymous-rhetoric-warns-of-power-grid-take-down/. Accessed date 09November 2013.
Hoggett, J. & Stott, C. (2010). The role of crowd theory in determining the use of force in public order policing. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 20(2), 223 – 236.
Le Bon, G. (1895). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. p.33
Le Bon, G (2001). The Crowd: A study of the popular mind. Kitchener:Batoche Books.
Lewis, P., & Newburn T. (2011, December 5). The reading the riots project: our methodology explained. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/reading-the-riots-methodology-explained.
Lewis, P., & Quinn, B. (2011 August 8). Lond riots: How did the Metropolitan police lose control of the capital? The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/08/london-riots-met-police-tactics.
Malik, S. (2011, August 12). Uk riots: 'We don't want no trouble. We just want a job'. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-analysis?guni=Article:in%20body%20link.
Mann, L., Newton, J. & Innes, J. (1982). A Test Between Deindividuation and Emergent Norm Theories of Crowd Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(2), 260 – 272.
Marxist.com. (2011). Tottenham Riots. Retrieved from http://www.marxist.com/riots-london-britain.htm. Accessed date 05 November 2013.
Pastorkinsey.com. (2013). Setting the Standard as a Leader. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://pastorkinsey.com/category/leadership/. Accessed date 07 November 2013.
Retcher, S., & Stott, C. (2011, August 19). You won't prevent future riots by disregarding the psychology of crowds. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/19/riots-psychology-crowds.
Reicher, S., Stott, C., Cronin, P. & Adang, O. (2004). An Integrated Approach to Crowd Psychology and Public Order Policing. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 27(4), 558 – 572.
Risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk. (n.d.). Stephen David Reicher. [photograph]. retrieved from https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/stephen-david-reicher(a0a908db-1bb8-4d5e-ab30-f47643e35169).html. accessed date 20 November 2013.
Spoki.tvnet.lv. (2013). We are Anonymous. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://spoki.tvnet.lv/tribine/Kas-ir-Anonymous/507911. Accessed date 05 November 2013
Themirror.co.uk. (2011, August 10). UK riots: Mindless rioting highlights folly of firing police. Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/uk-riots-mindless-rioting-highlights-146714.
The Telegraph. (2011, August 16). Shewan: 'Riots have brought shame on Manchester' [Video file]. Retrieved from
Waddington, D. & King, K. (2005). The Disorderly Crowd: From Classical Psychological Reductionism to Socio-Contextual Theory - The Impact on Public Order Policing Strategies. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(5), 490-503.
Williams, Z. ( 2011, August 9). The UK riots: The psychology of looting. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-psychology-of-looting.
7msport.com. (2011). Nasty: Sunderland and Newcastle fans square up in the stands at the Stadium of Light . [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.7msport.com/news/newsdata/20110118/52851.shtml. Accessed date 09 November 2013.
Reicher's Key Implications for Policing Strategies
And Emergent Norm Theory
Mannes, Newton and Innes, 1982
Legitimizing Violence
The Agitator View
Self Policing
Overview of events
4th August- Death of Mark Duggan
6th August- Peaceful protest outside police station
Violence begins
7th August- Riots spread through London
8th August- Riots spread further to Manchester and Nottingham
12th August- Night passes off peacefully, but Metropolitan police still in large numbers
Intergroup behaviour: crowd vs. police
Crowd intentions
'Reading the riots', the Guardian and London School of Economics (2011). Found 3 main reasons for rioting:
1) Opportunism
2) Pervasive sense of injustice, eg. economic, social
3) Policing, including anger over the police shooting of Mark Duggan
Policing strategies
Escalation of strategies:
1) Little dialogue with peaceful protestors
2) Low-profile presence- high visibility jackets and soft hats
3) Large numbers, protective uniform, batons
4) Mounted officers
5) Dog-handlers
Highlighting of illegitimate individuals within crowds
Reicher and Stott (2011): "the accusation of mindlessness, the lazy language of the "mob", and the use of discredited deindividuation theories, is not just wrong. It is positively dangerous"
Rosie (2011): "Police seemed taken by surprise by the rapid escalation in Tottenham – that suggests that they need to be more proactive in talking to, liaising with, the community."
Applying Rational Crowd Theory to the London Riots
The Crowd: A study of the Popular Mind
Aims and Objectives:
Outline Le Bon's classic crowd theory
Outline Reicher's rational crowd theory
Discuss the implications of Reicher's theory
Discuss the limitations of these implications in relation to a case study
Outline supporting and challenging research to Reicher's approach
Very difficult to study social identity within a crowd.
May be difficult to find figures who are accepted by the crowd.
Efforts at communication may not have much of an effect on the crowd.
Very difficult to differentiate between those with legitimate aims and those with illegitimate aims.
Against human instinct.
Not very pragmatic.
What if the crowd does not have a legitimate aim?
The crowd members might have different aims.
Is this idea pandering to the crowd?
Le Bon's theory
- "Unanimous, emotional, and intellectually weak"
- "The bad leading the mad"
- capacity of violence increases
- rely upon indiscriminate force
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Rational Crowd Theory
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Nick Souteron 4 December 2013
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- Description
- View Full Specifications
- Year:
- 2004
- Length:
- 92'
- Engine/Fuel Type:
- Single / diesel
- Located In:
- Southern Florida, FL
- Hull Material:
- Fiberglass
- 76423-2904520
- Current Price:
Designed for global adventuring, CABOCHON is unique. She has a raised pilothouse with inside steering station, shoal draft and a foil-shaped centerboard for upwind performance under sail. Construction is fiberglass with laminates of Kevlar for strength and rigidity. With her Hood/Fontaine low-wetted surface hull form, there is unparalleled volume belowdecks. CABOCHON's spacious accommodations and living space are rarely found in a sailboat of her size, especially one that sails like her and that captures the eye with such flowing and beautiful lines.
Please contact Chet Hartshorn at (401) 965-1370, mobile, or via e-Mail at email@example.com for detailed information about this yacht.
Please contact Chet Hartshorn at (401) 965-1370 (Cell)
Additional Specs, Equipment and Information:
Boat Name
Builder: Ta Chiao
Designer: Ted Hood/Ted Fontaine
Flag of Registry: Cayman Islands
Keel: Centerboard
LOA: 92 ft 0 in
Beam: 21 ft 10 in
LWL: 71 ft 0 in
Minimum Draft: 6 ft 6 in
Displacement: 198000 lbs
Ballast: 60000 lbs
Total Power: 375 HP
Engine 1:
Engine Brand: John Deere
Year Built: 2013
Engine Model: 6090SFM75
Engine Type: Inboard
Engine/Fuel Type: Diesel
Engine Hours: 778
Propeller: 3 blade propeller
Engine Power: 375 HP
Cruising Speed: 10 knots
Maximum Speed: 12 knots
Fresh Water Tanks: (1000 Gallons)
Fuel Tanks: (2000 Gallons)
Number of single berths: 2
Number of twin berths: 4
Number of double berths: 4
Number of cabins: 5
Number of heads: 6
Outside Equipment/Extras
Total Liferaft Capacity: 8
Hydraulic windlass
CABOCHON has accommodations for six adults and two children in the owner's party, with three large private staterooms aft, split-level dining/lounge areas amidships, plus two en-suite cabins forward of the galley for crew. Joinery is finely crafted Euro-style teak with a gloss varnish finish.
The large pilothouse, originally designed for inclement weather, has quickly become the center of activity aboard CABOCHON. It is light and airy with excellent visibility all around. To port is a U-shaped settee and teak table that seats six, great for informal meals, cocktails or just planning the day's activities.
To starboard and forward is the navigation area with throttle and autopilot control, complete with all electronics, nav table and helmsman's seat. Aft of the nav area is a wet bar and coffee machine.
Entered from the pilothouse down full-sized easy-access stairs and hallway, the master stateroom aft has two queen sized beds, port and starboard, a makeup area, two cedar-lined hanging lockers, plenty of storage space and his and hers bathrooms. Aft, a centerline vestibule leads to a private aft cockpit.
Forward of the master stateroom and separated by a passageway are two guest staterooms, each with en-suite head and stall shower. Both guest staterooms have two twin beds, plus fold-away Pullman berths for children. Both cabins have cedar-lined hanging lockers, plenty of storage space, two opening portholes for ventilation and deck prisms for additional natural light.
The full-beam salon is open to the pilothouse salon, so that the pilothouse windows reach over 50 percent of the salon. Two hatches provide abundant natural light in the salon. To starboard there is a dining area for six. To port is an L-shaped couch with coffee table and a 40" LCD TV connected to a satellite dish as well as to the central navigation computer. In addition to ample dry storage, there is a built-in wine rack, refrigerator and ice maker (new 2015).
Forward of the main salon, a sliding teak door, as well as a watertight MCA door, lead to a large, U-shaped galley and crew mess. The fully-equipped galley has a large hatch for light and/or fresh air while at anchor, so the running of A/C (new 2013/2017) is often an elective. There are multiple freezer compartments to support "around-the-world" adventuring.
- Broadwater 4-burner propane stove and oven
- KitchenAid cook top
- KitchenAid microwave oven (new 2013)
- KitchenAid dishwasher (new 2016)
- KitchenAid trash compactor
- Sub Zero vertical refrigerator with (2) bottom drawers
- Sub Zero (2) freezer drawers
- Lift-up, under-counter freezer compartment outboard (D.C.) (new 2013)
- Sub-sole freezer compartment (D.C.) (new 2013)
- Miscellaneous small appliances
- Extractor fan and lighting over stove
- Double stainless steel sinks with retractable faucet (new 2013)
- Corian countertops
- Cork flooring
Two double crew cabins are located forward of the galley. Each cabin has its own sink and toilet and shares a centrally located shower.
The crew mess is equipped with its own entertainment center, including LCD TV (new 2017), DVD, CD and radio. The Miele washer (new 2015) and Miele dryer are located beside the crew mess for easy access.
Aft of the pilothouse is a large cockpit protected by a rigid bimini top and dodger (both new 2010) for maximum comfort. There is a U-shaped seating area to port with a teak table that opens for cocktails or on-deck dining. Opposite to starboard is an L-shaped seating area with an additional teak table. Blue cushions with white piping (new 2015) complement the "Whisper Gray" Awlgrip house (new 2015). Awlgripped teak trim and teak deck. In the cockpit there is a top-loading refrigerator to port of the pilothouse companionway and cabinet space to starboard.
Aft of the cockpit area is the raised helm area. A U-shaped settee surrounds the 4.5 foot wheel and pedestal, which accommodates navigational instruments, compass, engine controls and toggle controls for easy command and control of all sail handling. CABOCHON can literally be sailed by just one person without leaving the helm.
On the aft deck, there is a private owners' cockpit and hydraulic swim platform for easy access to and from the water.
ELECTRONICS and NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
Navigation and communications equipment is MCA- and Global Maritime Distress & Safety System (GMDSS) compliant.
- B&G Hercules 2000 system with Performance Processor, (2) FFDs, (4) 20/20 displays, 360 wind, magnified wind, rudder angle, speed sensor, depth sensor and inclinometer
- Hercules 2000 Pilot with (2) stations
- Simrad GN33 SDGPS
- Simrad GN54 15" color chart plotter/ radar/ SDGPS/depth sounder
- New Raymarine 12" sun view chart plotter (2014) with ICOM AIS receiver
- Navtex NX-300 receiver
- SSB-GMDSS compliant Skanti TRP1150 DSC with SCS PTC-II Pro modem
- RS87 VHF with active handset
- Additional active handset for RS87
- SatCom, Iridium GO!, phone and data
- Thrane & Thrane TT-3020C with GPS
- KVH G6 satellite TV
- Weather Station Ocens Sea Station 2000 Micro
- Weather Fax
- EPIRB ACR Global Fix 406 Category 1
- Computer Systemax with Nobeltec
HYDRAULICS and DECK EQUIPMENT
The ship's hydraulics are an integrated system designed by Maxpower. This system allows the functions to be powered by three sources: Maxpower DC-pump or (2) Rexroth Genset driven PTO's. Backstay hydraulics overhauled (2013)
- Hydraulic repairs with new valve blocks, furler motor and hoses (2015)
- (2) CQR anchors, each with 300 ft chain (re-galvanized, 2011)
- Fortress anchor, 3 piece
- All hydraulic hoses replaced (most fall 2017)
- Muir hydraulic windlasses mounted under hatch (both overhauled 2015)
- Solimar flush hatches with solid teak rims
- Teak decks (sanded and re-seamed as necessary, 2013)
- Teak bow seat
- Teak stern seats
- Dinghy lift aluminum davits with hydraulic function
- Hydraulic stern stairs and teak boarding platform
- Hot and cold shower, at stairs
- (8) Deck prisms
- Sturdy, rigid bimini, dodger and connective piece
- Viking 8-person Solas life raft (new 2015)
- Full list of safety gear
- Chocks on foredeck for dinghy, as well as davits on the stern
- New fire alarm system (2014)
- Fire extinguishers (new 2015)
- Life lines (new 2015)
- 40" LCD in salon (new 2012)
- 30" LCD in master stateroom
- 24" LCD in crew mess
- Sat TV, DVD CD
- Surround sound in salon with additional speakers in pilothouse, cockpit and aft cockpit
- Separate system in master stateroom
- (2) Northern Lights 1800 RPM generators 25 kW – (Port gen.@ 6,570 hrs./ Stbd. gen @ 6,390 hrs.). Major service (2015)
- 2000 Ah Mastervolt batteries (new 2015)
- Mastervolt 3x100A and 1x40A charging system
- 300A Electrodyne alternator on main engine, including (1) spare
- 220-volt single phase 100A Shore Power with transformer
- Cablemaster to store 90' cable (new 2016)
- 4 kW inverter for house bank (new 2014) and 2.5 kW Mastervolt inverter for nav station
HULL and CONSTRUCTION
The hull is built with composite material and a sandwich structure using Core-cell foam core. An additional five layers of Kevlar were incorporated for extra strength. The deck and pilothouse are also sandwich construction with E-glass. Centerboard configuration offers minimum draft of 6"-6" with board up and a maximum draft of 18' with board down. New rudder bearings (2013/2016). New bottom paint (October, 2017).
Classification: Lloyd's Construction Hull Certificate
- "Flag Blue" Awlgrip hull (2015) with varnished teak exterior trim
- "Light Gray" Awlgrip nonskid (2015)
- "Whisper Gray" Awlgrip house (2015)
- Integral rubrail with a stainless steel striker
- (4) Watertight bulkheads
- New teak caprail with 16 coats of varnish (2017)
Large well-laid-out engine room (new paint 2015) with easy access to all pumps and power, stand-up headroom next to main engine.
- John Deere 6-cylinder Model 6090SFM75, 375 hp engine (778 hours) (new 2013)
- 90 cm 3-blade Maxprop propeller
- Max Power 35 hp bow thruster (new 2010)
- Chilled water MarineAir air conditioning (compressors and air handlers new 2015/2017)
- Sea Recovery watermaker, 60 gph 110 V AC
- Sea Recovery watermaker, 8 gph 25V DC
- Isotherm water heaters (new 2011)
- Water pump (new 2016)
- Fuel polishing system (new 2014)
- Shaft seal (new 2015)
SAILS and RIGGING
- World-renowned French Lorima Carbon Fiber mast with 4 spreaders and in-mast furling, "Whisper Gray" Awlgrip
- Navtec rigging and hydraulics
- Mast pulled and painted (October 2015)
- Rod rigging (new 2015)
- Mast partner with Spartite (new 2015)
- Spectra running rigging (mainsheet, outhaul and genoa sheets (new 2012 / 2016)
- 1,944 ft.² Hood Vectron mainsail (new 2010)(serviced by Hood 2015)
- 828 ft.² Spectra Polyester Hood Vectron staysail (new 2010)(serviced by Hood 2017)
- 2,583 ft.² Hood Vectron genoa (new 2010)(serviced by Hood 2015)
- 204 ft.² two-ply Storm Orange Dacron storm (Halsey Lidgard)
- 527 ft.² two-ply Storm Orange Dacron trysail (Halsey Lidgard)
Captive Winches:
- (4) Nielson (Harken) for genoa and staysail sheets
- Magic Trim for mainsheet
- Magic Trim in boom for outhaul
Deck Winches:
- (2) Harken 3-speed MPS/running backstay
- (2) Harken 2-speed halyard/mast winches
- Harken foredeck winch
Furling Gear:
- Reckmann for main, staysail and headstay
- All sail handling is fingertip controlled via toggles located at the helm station
Built for an experienced yachtsman and launched in December, 2004, CABOCHON's stout construction, world-class features and attention to detail are evident everywhere, from her robust practical engineering and redundant systems, to beautifully book-matched teak joinery and dovetailed drawers. CABOCHON is remarkable in that she brings so many desirable features – shoal draft (board up = 6'6"/ board down = 18'), performance under sail and comfort at sea, to name a few – together all in one beautiful vessel. She has recently completed a major yard refit, including pulling the mast, all new rigging, an entire new (Awlgrip) paint job that encompassed the hull, superstructure, davits, mast, boom and spreaders, painting and repair of all hatches, new interior varnish, new carpet and new soft goods. With fresh bottom paint, she is ready for her next owner.
Exceptional value – inspection highly recommended.
All artwork and owner's personal effects are excluded from the sale.
Not for sale or charter to U.S. residents while in U.S. waters.
The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot guarantee or warrant the accuracy of this information nor warrant the condition of the vessel. A buyer should instruct his agents, or his surveyors, to investigate such details as the buyer desires validated. This vessel is offered subject to prior sale, price change, or withdrawal without notice.
Visit Website


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On March 28, a red-phased Eastern Screech-owl was found sitting in a driveway in Raphine, VA and was easily captured by her rescuer. The owl was transported to the Wildlife Center later that evening and was admitted as patient #17-0315.
An examination completed by the veterinary team revealed severe damage to both of the owl's eyes. These injuries are consistent with head trauma sustained after colliding with a moving vehicle or object. The owl was also gravid (carrying eggs); radiographs showed that some of the eggs had been damaged and had possibly burst within the coelom (the body cavity), putting the bird at risk of an infection.
Other secondary findings included a noticeable heart murmur as well as heartworms. It's not often that our vet team sees heartworms in birds - more often this parasite is found in mammals. In some cases, heartworms come from a flat fly or mosquito that inoculates the larva in the blood stream. The larva becomes an adult worm, and the worms migrate to the heart. It's unknown exactly how owl #17-0315 contracted these worms.
Prognosis for this bird was poor due to a heartworm infection, chance of infection from a burst egg, and two injured eyes. After several days of care and assessment, the veterinary team determined that the eye injuries were too severe for continued treatment; the owl was humanely euthanized on April 3.


text:
Something Better Somewhere Else Trailer (2010)
21 May 2010 Comedy, Romance 76 mins
Chicago-based writer/director Ron Lazzeretti (The Opera Lover, The Merry Gentleman) explores the complexities of modern relationships in this independent drama presented in four parts. The first segment, titled "Last Day" finds acrimony taking precedent over amenity during a farewell party for an employee who's about to move on. A bride and the priest who's officiating her wedding get an unpleasant surprise after running away together in "Wedding Night," and a woman on the CTA receives a spontaneous gift that transforms her outlook on the world (at least, momentarily) in "Flowers". Lastly, a family preparing for a big relocation finds the forces of the universe seemingly aligned against them in "Move".
Watch the official Something Better Somewhere Else 2010 trailer in HD below or find more Something Better Somewhere Else videos on Vidimovie.


text:
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Jenny Rosenstrach, our favorite weeknight dinner guru, has shared a delicious meal for Mother's Day. She loves Mother's Day not so much for breakfast in bed and flowers but because it means spring is well under way and the grill is open for business. Since not everyone has a grill, we cooked these ultra-flavorful turkey burgers under the broiler, which provides direct heat just like a grill. On the side you'll find crisp green beans seasoned with fragrant ginger. Cook, relax, and enjoy!
What you'll need:
2 oz scallions
1 oz fresh ginger
1 clove garlic
½ oz fresh cilantro
1 lime
8 oz green beans
12 oz ground turkey
2 Tbsp hoisin sauce
¼ tsp cayenne pepper
¼ tsp Chinese five-spice powder
2 sesame seed hamburger buns
coarse salt
freshly ground black pepper
olive oil
2 rimmed baking sheets
large skillet
Recipe steps:
1. Prep ingredients
Remove roots from scallions then finely chop the rest. Peel and finely chop or grate ginger and garlic. Remove cilantro leaves from stems and finely chop leaves. Juice half of the lime and cut the other half into wedges. Remove stem ends from green beans.
2. Mix meat
Combine ground turkey, cilantro, 1 tablespoon hoisin sauce, lime juice, cayenne, five-spice powder, ⅓ of the scallions, half of the ginger, and season with salt and pepper.
3. Make patties
Preheat broiler to high with rack 6-inches from heat source. Shape turkey mixture into 2 patties, each 4-inches in diameter. Place on a rimmed baking sheet.
4. Cook burgers
Lay buns open flat on a rimmed baking sheet and broil until toasted, about 1 minute. Broil hamburger patties until browned, about 5 minutes. Flip patties over and brown on the other side until cooked through, about 5 minutes. Remove and let rest.
5. Cook green beans
Heat 1 tablespoon oil in a large skillet over medium high. Add remaining ginger and scallions and season with salt and pepper. Cook until soft, about 1 minute. Add green beans and garlic and cook, uncovered until the green beans are tender but still crisp, about 4 minutes. Season with salt and pepper.
6. Assemble
Serve burgers on buns topped with more hoisin sauce and lime wedges for squeezing over the top with green beans alongside. Enjoy!


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text:
Christina Grimmie's tragic death over the weekend was truly heartbreaking for her fans and loved ones alike. Since news of Christina's murder broke out, an outpouring of emotional tributes has spread across the internet, including testimonials from the coaches of The Voice, where Grimmie first found fame as a contestant on the show.
One of the most notable reactions to the death of the 22 year old singer came from popstar Selena Gomez, who performed a touching tribute to Christina at her concert just 24 hours after the shooting took place.
Unsurprisingly, Gomez's ex-boyfriend Justin Bieber was also deeply affected by Grimmie's passing; Selena was a good friend of Christina's and Justin became close to the singer too while she toured with Gomez.
On Saturday June 11, during his Purpose tour stop in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Justin was overwhelmed with emotion while singing the title track of his new album, dedicating the song to Grimmie. During the performance, Bieber lay down on the stage and sang the words;
"Grimmie, can you hear me?"
Justin then wiped tears from his eyes before standing up and continuing on with the show.
Justin and Christina bonded over their shared love of music, so it's fitting that Bieber expressed his heartbreak by singing a tribute to the beloved performer on stage.
Grimmie was shot and killed after performing as the opening act for the rock band Before You Exit in Orlando on Friday night. Details are still emerging regarding the incident as fans and celebrities alike continue to rally together in remembrance of everything that Christina accomplished within her short 22 years.
The tragedy at Pulse and Christina's death have had a powerful impact within the last week, prompting many people to sign a gun control petition to ensure that no more lives our lost in this way. Click here if you'd like to sign it.
Our thoughts and prayers continue to be with Christina's family and everyone who was affected by the terrorist attack in Orlando.


text:
Indiana University Bloomington
Indiana University Bloomington
IU Bloomington
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African Medical Pluralism
Edited by William C. Olsen and Carolyn Sargent
Fulfilling the Promise
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The Trustees of Indiana University,
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GTS Car Rental
RS 2,00,000 To 4,75,000 Dehradun
Should Have expertise in Tally Advance excel & MIS experience. Should have experience in Account entries. The job requires good understanding of accounting standards & have a good knowledge Accounting works and can handle the work independe...
Key Skills : accounting,senior accountant,auditing,taxation,service tax,cost accounting


text:
THIS WEEK! MAKE YOUR VOICE HEARD! January 23 - 27
Please join mothers and our allies across New York State in putting public pressure on Governor Cuomo to Stop The Pilgrim Pipelines. The Governor has the authority to deny the permit for this project and our allies with Coalition Against the Pilgrim Pipeline believe that with enough public pressure, he will act.
BACKGROUND: The Pilgrim Pipelines would...
Carry explosive fracked crude bakken oil south in one pipeline along the New York State Thruway through six counties from Albany to New Jersey to be refined. A second pipeline would move the oil products back north from New Jersey back to Albany.
Threaten the drinking water for millions of people in New York and New Jersey and risk the safety of dozen of communities along the pipelines. Such pipelines are noted for ruptures and spills especially due to the volatility of fracked crude oil.
Result in an 8-fold increase in the number of "bomb trains" from Bakken, North Dakota crossing our state, thus putting millions of people in danger of explosions, threatening additional water supplies, and stressing our rail system.
Promote fracking in the US and Canada
- Be another investment in fossil fuel infrastructure we do not need if we want to transition off of fossil fuels so our children inherit a livable climate.
ACTION: Call Governor Cuomo - daily!
Phone number: 866-846-4075
Can't get through? Keep trying! Your calls will be counted!
My name is [ name ] and I live in [ town ]. I am calling with Mothers Out Front to ask Governor Cuomo to reject the Pilgrim Pipeline Project. Stopping these pipelines is critical to protecting both our fellow New York Citizens and the beautiful and environmentally sensitive Hudson River Valley. It is also critical to preventing an upsurge in explosive fracked oil by rail. As a mother concerned for her children's future, I stress that we must stop fossil fuel infrastructure growth that will worsen climate change.
Take a picture of yourself with a sign or shirt with the Mothers Out Front logo and message such as "Governor Cuomo, for our children's future, stop the Pilgrim Pipelines!"
Post on social media and tag @mothersoutfront


text:
Contact Us
Food Pantry of Waukesha County
1301 Sentry Drive
Waukesha, WI 53186
Phone: 262-542-5300
Fax: 262-542-4177
Donation Hours
Monday – Friday, 9 am-4 pm
Additional evening hours: Thursday, 6-8 pm
Saturday, 9:30-11:30 am
Client Hours
Monday – Friday, 1-3 pm
Additional night hours: Thursday, 6-8 pm
Saturday, 9:30-11:30 am
Our dedicated staff is happy to respond to all of your questions, comments and concerns. When sending a message be sure to include your name and email address or phone number so we can get back to you as quickly and efficiently as possible.
- Karen Tredwell, Executive Director. firstname.lastname@example.com
Michael Zirbel, Associate Director - Operations & Marketing. email@example.com
- Judy Cesarec, Associate Director - Client Services & Volunteers. email@example.com
Kim Theno, Development Director. email@example.com
- Charlotte Borchert, Food Resource Manager. email@example.com
Pam Cesarec, Client Services Manager. firstname.lastname@example.com
- Michael Egly, Community Outreach Coordinator. email@example.com
Ron Keene, Warehouse Manager. firstname.lastname@example.com
- Kevin Rodriguez, Warehouse Manager. firstname.lastname@example.com
Miguel Rodriguez, Bilingual Client Services Assistant. email@example.com
- Kostyn Tyksinski, Bilingual Client Services Assistant. firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Exactly a week ago when I drove my brother @jesse_antero to JFK so he could return to Stockholm… He advised me that his Omega broke down so the only thing for me to do was to loan him an appropriate replacement. All kidding aside from my SkyDweller, Duometre, and this all my watches look better on you than on me Until next time Painter!
fremstar () shared and selected for Lifestyle.


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This item from From Here To Victorian is now in the Shop Backroom.
More from From Here To Victorian
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Pink and White Crocheted Dress
Item ID:11420
Pink and White Crocheted Dress, no damages, 4 1/2" long, 2 1/2" waist, 2 1/4" across the shoulder. The panties are a bit darker than the dress, probably need a wash.
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From Here To Victorian
Frances Pelle
Fairfield, CT
Fairfield, CT
Collectibles from vintage to Victorian and everything in-between.
Antique dolls, accessories and collectibles from Victorian to vintage.
Platinum RatingPlatinum
Exclusive Ruby Lane Member since 2004


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Black Keys Cancel Big Day Out Performance
Sadly, The Black Keys will be unable to perform at this year's Big Day Out, with Paul Dempsey added in their place.
This statement was released today:
"The Black Keys are sorry to announce the cancellation of the New Zealand and Australian tour including all appearances at the Big Day Out touring festival as well as a portion of the European tour in March. An arduous year of touring and promotion has drained the band and necessitated time off. Dan and Patrick wish to thank all of you who have shown such incredible support since the release of Brothers and have helped make the album a success."
Big Day Out begins this month and finishes February. All shows except Perth and Adelaide are sold out. Head to bigdayout.com for last minute tickets.


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At the 2011 Linguistics Society of America Institute, DSNA will sponsor a course entitled "Defining English for Global Consumers: A Course in Practical Lexicography." The instructor is lexicographer and DSNA Vice President Orin Hargraves.
DSNA also is supporting a new Dictionary Society of North America Fellowship, which provides $1,500 tuition for a student at the 2011 LSA Institute at the University of Colorado at Boulder who enrolls in the lexicography course.
For more information on the 2011 LSA Institute, to be held in Boulder, Colorado, please visit the LSA website or the Institute website.


text: When I upgraded to the Galaxy S, it came with 2.1 eclair. I found the Swype feature to be utterly ingenious and an instant 1-up to the iPhone. However, ever since I upgraded to froyo, I found Swype to be underperforming in so many ways. Every so often, I'd be typing something and an annoying "tip" box would appear in my face. How do I stop this? Are there any updates in the pipeline to improve Swype? This is such a shame


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NEW BERLIN, Wis. — Batzner Pest Control's 27th Food Safety and Pest Management seminar will take place on April 6, 2017 at the American Serb Hall in Milwaukee, Wis.
The seminar provides an educational update for environmental health, pest management, food industry and private sector attendees, with nearly 300 in attendance. Batzner Pest Control, serving Wisconsin and Illinois, provides nationally recognized experts that give insight into pest behaviors that are necessary to make informed decisions regarding pest issues.
Employees in a range of businesses benefit, from healthcare facility and restaurant management to public health and food manufacturing. Many attendees return year after year and feedback from attendees is always taken into consideration to ensure topics are relevant.
This year's topics range from controlling rat populations in multi-family housing complexes to integrated pest management (IPM) relevant to all industries. Batzner is proud to invite back returning speakers Dr. Robert M. Corrigan and Erin Monteagudo and new speaker Jeffrey Tucker. The following topics will be covered:
• Vermin Free Eateries: What Does It Take by Dr. Robert Corrigan
• Cockroaches and Bed Bugs by Erin Monteagudo
• Fly Infestation in Commercial Facilities by Jeffrey Tucker
• Controlling Rats and Mice in Multi-Family Housing Complexes by Dr. Robert Corrigan
• IPM: Fleas & Ticks by Erin Monteagudo
Registration is now open until March 24. Attendees may RSVP via the following link: https://batzner.ticketleap.com/foodsafetyseminar/. Please contact Danielle Slack at firstname.lastname@example.com with questions


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June 6 (Reuters) - Car rental company Hertz Global Holdings Inc said it would restate financial results for the past three years to correct accounting errors from 2011.
Hertz said its audit committee had concluded that financial statements for 2011 should no longer be relied upon.
A committee review may require Hertz to make adjustments also to the financial statements for 2012 and 2013, the company said in a regulatory filing on Friday. (r.reuters.com/has89v) (Reporting by Sagarika Jaisinghani in Bangalore; Editing by Kirti Pandey)


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Artist: Giles Grendey (1693–1780)
Date: ca. 1735–40
Culture: British, Clerkenwell, London
Medium: Lacquered and gilded beech; caning
Dimensions: Overall: 41 1/2 × 21 1/2 × 19 3/4 in. (105.4 × 54.6 × 50.2 cm)
Classification: Woodwork-Furniture
Credit Line: Gift of Louis J. Boury, 1937
Accession Number: 37.115
The increase in trade between England and the Far East engendered a fascination for things Chinese in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This chair, though made in England, is decorated in imitation of Chinese lacquer, and the central splat bears an image of a mandarin with an umbrella. According to the original label still affixed to the chair, it was made by Giles Grendey of London, who "makes and sells all sorts of cabinet goods, tables, glasses, etc." The chair is one of some eighty such miscellaneous pieces that Grendey supplied on order to the duke of Infantado for his castle of Lazcano in Spain.


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