text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 5, 1985
|Filing date
|Dec 29, 1982
|Priority date
|Dec 29, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Attilio J. Rainal
|Original Assignee
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (96), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to chip packages which interconnect integrated circuit (IC) chips of the LSI or VLSI type to circuit packs and; more particularly, the invention relates to high-speed, high pin-out chip packages.
Various types of circuit packs are presently available. Each type or style of circuit pack, or printed wiring board, can be characterized by the particular arrangement and number of conductor layers. These layers include signal layers and separate ground and power planes, all of which are interspaced with layers of dielectric material. The transmission characteristics of these various types of circuit packs are detailed in an article by the present inventor and entitled "Transmission Properties of Various Styles of Printed Wiring Boards," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 58, No. 5, May-June 1979. As can be noted therein, various pulse transmission properties depend upon the type or style of circuit pack. For example, characteristic impedance is a function of intralayer conductor spacing, interlayer conductor spacing, and conductor width.
In order to attach an integrated circuit chip of the LSI or VLSI type to a circuit pack, the electrical contacts or wire bonds from the chip can be directly affixed to electrical contacts on the circuit pack. For purposes of repair and testing, however, direct mounting of the IC chip on the circuit pack is disadvantageous, since removal of the chip is difficult.
A preferable arrangement for mounting an IC chip to a circuit pack is to affix either one or plural chips onto a chip package which, in turn, is affixed to the circuit pack. Such a chip package can take the form of a mini-printed wiring board having a plurality of leads or pins, which attach to the circuit pack. Such mini-board chip packages can have a structure similar to one of the types described in the aforenoted article. The transmission properties of such a package therefore also depend on the type or style of the physical arrangement of the package. As the operating speed of an integrated circuit chip increases, the transmission properties of the chip package become an important consideration. In particular, inductive noise between the chip package and the printed wiring board limits the physical design of the chip packages. Such noise becomes a problem when the rise time of the pulse signals transmitted between the chip and printed wiring board is 5ns (5�10-9 sec) or less. Furthermore, as the number of pin-outs (signal, ground, and power leads) on a chip package increases, such signal distortion problems due to inductive noise are exacerbated as a result of decreased interconnector lead spacing and increased cross-talk.
The problem, then, is to design a high-speed, high pin-out chip package which has reduced inductive noise.
In accordance with the present invention, inductive noise is minimized on a high-speed, high pin-out chip carrier package, which is designed to be impedance-matched to a high performance multilayer circuit pack. High-speed refers to signal rise times faster than 5ns, and high pin-outs refers to pin-outs greater than 60. The chip package, adapted to receive at least one integrated circuit chip thereon includes at least one ground plane, at least one power plane, and at least one signal layer containing plural conductors therethrough. Layers of dielectric material separate adjacent conductive layers. The package is impedance-matched to the printed wiring board by controlling, in design, the width of each signal conductor and its distance to the nearest ground or power plane. Plural plated-through holes are disposed through the package for electrically interconnectng the signal conductors, the ground plane, and the power plane to the circuit pack, and are arranged in a predetermined pattern to reduce inductive noise. In particular, the power and ground plated-through holes are located substantially symmetrically on the package, and each signal plated-through hole is located proximate to a power or ground plated-through hole.
FIG. 1 is a chip carrier package in accordance with the present invention adapted to receive two integrated chips thereon;
FIG. 2 is a structural representation of a six-layer multilayer board having interior power and ground planes, which has been used as the structural foundation for the chip carrier of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the chip package of FIG. 1.
With reference to FIG. 1, a six-layer chip package 10 is shown that is designed to interconnect two high-speed, high pin-out integrated circuit chips to a circuit pack. The chip package is equivalent in cross-sectional structural design to the six-layer multilayer printed wiring board with interior power and ground planes and surface routing that is illustrated on page 1023 of the aforenoted article by the present inventor and reproduced herein as FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is used in the description hereinafter as a generalization of cross-sectional structure of the chip package of FIG. 1.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the six-layer chip package 10 includes S1 signal layer 15, S2 signal layer 16, S3 signal layer 17, S4 signal layer 18, G ground plane 19, and P power plane 20. A layer 85 of epoxy glass dielectric material is disposed between signal layers 15 and 16, signal layer 16 and ground plane 19, ground and power planes 19 and 20, power plane 20 and signal layer 17, and signal layers 17 and 18. A protective polymer coating is disposed on S1 signal layer 15 and S4 signal layer 18.
Chip package 10 is adapted to have mounted thereupon two IC chips and to provide electrical interconnection of the signal, power, and ground inputs and outputs of the two chips to the circuit pack when chip package 10 is affixed thereto. In addition, chip package 10 provides direct electrical interconnection between the two chips, as required. Electrical interconnection between the chip and the circuit pack is effected by conductive paths disposed through the package 10 between the plural chip contacts 14 to which the input, output, power, and ground leads of the chip are affixed, and plated-through holes 21 disposed through the package. The signal input/outputs of the chips are connected by conductors in signal layers 15 through 18 to signal plated-through holes; the ground input/outputs of the chips are connected to the ground plane 19 to which all ground plated-through holes are connected; and the power input leads of the chips are connected to power plane 20 to which all the power plated-through holes are connected. Package 10 is affixed to a circuit pack (not shown) by means of short conductive pins inserted in the plated-through holes 21 which are then attached to the circuit pack. Alternatively, the plated-through holes, or contacts, can be soldered directly to the circuit pack using, for example, solder balls.
With reference to FIG. 1, chip package 10 includes sets 11 and 12 of contacts 14 on top surface 13. The contacts 14 in each set 11 and 12 are arranged in a rectangular pattern to match the corresponding pattern of contacts or wire bond leads from the IC chip (not shown) that is to be affixed thereon. In the particular embodiment disclosed herein, contact sets 11 and 12 are each adapted to receive high pin-out IC chips that have 84 input/output/power/ground leads with 21 leads on each side.
With reference to FIG. 1 and the cross-sectional view of chip package 10 in FIG. 3, each plated-through hole 21, as is standard in printed wiring board technology, includes an aperture 22, through the plural layers of the package 10, and an annular metallic region 23, disposed on the inside walls of the aperture 22. Each ground plated-through hole, such as, for example, plated-through hole 24 in FIG. 3, makes electrical contact with ground plane 19. A clearance hole 25 isolates the conductive path 23 of the plated-through hole 24 from the power plane 20. Similarly, each power plated-through hole, such as 26 in FIG. 3, makes electrical contact with power plane 20, and is isolated electrically from ground plane 19 by means of a clearance hole through that plane.
Each signal plated-through hole, such as 27 in FIG. 3, makes electrical contact with a conductor 28 which is connected to a signal contact 14 by means of conductor segments on one or plural signal layers 15, 16, 17, and 18. Clearance holes 29-1 and 29-2 through ground plane 19 and power plane 20, respectively, electrically isolate the signal plated-through holes from the ground and power planes.
As noted hereinabove, each signal plated-through hole is connected to a signal contact 14 by means of plural conductor segments which traverse at least one of the signal layers 15, 16, 17, and 18. In order to facilitate the routing of conductors on each signal layer and to prevent conductor cross-overs, conductors are routed on each signal layer in a single direction. Accordingly, the conductors in signal layers 15 and 18 run parallel to side edges 30 and 31; and the conductors in signal layers 16 and 17 run parallel to side edges 32 and 33. Therefore, the conductive path between each signal contact 14 and signal plated-through hole 21 generally consists of plural conductor segments on plural signal layers, interconnected by means of what are commonly known in the printed wiring board art as vias. Each via provides an electrical path perpendicular to surface 13 between conductor segments on different signal layers.
To preserve the clarity of the drawings, only a selected few of the actual plural connections between contacts 14 and the signal plated-through holes, ground plane 19, and power plane 20 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. With reference to FIG. 1, and by way of illustration, contact 34 is connected to signal layer 15, conductor segment 37 on signal layer 16, and via 38, which interconnects segments 36 and 37. Similarly, the electrical path between contact 39 in contact set 11 and contact 40 in contact set 12 includes conductor segment 41 on layer 15, conductor segment 43 on layer 16, and conductor segment 45 on layer 15. Via 42 interconnects segments 41 and 42, and via 44 interconnects segments 43 and 45.
As further illustration, with reference to FIG. 3, contact 46 is connected to conductor segment 47 on layer 15. Via 48 connects conductor segment 47 to conductor segment 49 on layer 16, conductor 49 being disposed perpendicularly to the plane of the cross-sectional cut of FIG. 3. Clearance holes 50 and 51 on ground plane 19 and power plane 20, respectively, isolate via 48 from these conductive planes. As another illustrative example, via 52 interrconnects conductor 53 on layer 17 and conductor 54 on layer 18, the latter being connected to signal plated-through hole 55.
With reference again to FIG. 1, the ground and power contacts 14 are connected directly by vias to the ground layer 19 and power layer 20, respectively. For example, ground contact 56 is connected by via 57 to ground plane 19, and power contact 58 is connected to power plane 20 by via 59.
The discussion hereinabove focused on only a few illustrative connections between contacts 14 and plated-through holes 21. It is readily appreciated by one skilled in the art that for each contact 14 on sets 11, there will be a connection to either another contact on the other set or a connection to a plated-through hole 21, either directly through conductor segments on the signal layers 15 through 18, or through the ground plane 19 or power plane 20.
As heretofore discussed, as the operating speed of an IC chip increases, and the number of pin-outs on a chip package increases, it is critical that the chip package be designed for reduced inductive noise. In accordance with the present invention, inductive noise is minimized in chip package 10 by a two-fold design process: the chip package 10 is designed to be impedance-matched to the circuit pack to which it is to be attached; and the plated-through holes 21 are distributed on the package 10 in accordance with a predetermined set of design rules.
By designing chip package 10 to be impedance-matched to the circuit pack to which it is to be attached, undesirable signal reflections between the circuit pack and the package are minimized, thereby eliminating and/or minimizing signal distortions due to ringing, overshoot, and undershoot. As described in the aforenoted article on printed wiring boards by the present inventor, each style of printed wiring board or circuit pack has a characteristic impedance which is a function of several factors. The chip package 10 of the present invention is impedance-matched, within tolerances, to the characteristic impedance of the particular circuit pack to which it is to be attached by controlling in design the impedance of the conductors in each signal layer 15, 16, 17, and 18. The impedance of the signal conductors is controlled in design by varying the two design parameters of the signal conductors that determine impedance: the width of the conductor, and the distance between the conductor and the nearest constant potential plane (i.e., ground and power planes 19 and 20).
Using embedded microstrip transmission line theory, the impedance of a conductor embedded within a dielectric and disposed over a constant potential plane, can be derived. The relationship between impedance Z and the width w of a conductor disposed a distance h over a constant potential plane when embedded within epoxy glass having a dielectric coefficient εR of 4.2 has been derived from mathematical and experimental results to be:
Z=25 1n(8h/w). (1)
The general equation for a conductor embedded in a dielectric having a coefficient εR is given by: ##EQU1##
From equations (1) and (2), it is apparent that the ratio of h to w must be substantially the same for all conductors in each signal layer for the impedance of the conductors in all layers to be substantially the same. Therefore, for best impedance match, the width w of the conductors in signal layers 15 and 18, which are further away from constant potential planes 19 and 20, respectively, is greater than the width of the conductors in the signal layers 16 and 17. Using the illustrative numerical parameters of layer thicknesses in FIG. 2, it is readily shown that, for best impedance match,
w.sub.S1 =1.73w.sub.S2 ; and (3)
w.sub.S4 =1.73w.sub.S3. (4)
In order to reduce inductive noise between the chip package 10 and the circuit pack to which it is to be attached, the signal, ground, and power plated-through holes are disposed throughout the package in a physical arrangement that satisfies two general rules that have been developed mathematically and experimentally to yield minimum inductive noise. These rules are: the ground plated-through holes and the power plated-through holes are separated from one another and located symmetrically on the chip package; and the signal plated-through holes are located as near as possible to the power and ground plated-through holes.
Application of these rules to chip package 10 is demonstrated by referring again to FIG. 1. The signal S plated-through holes are uniformly spaced in rows 65, 66, 67, and 68 parallel to side edges 32 and 33. A row 69 of ground G plated-through holes separates signal rows 65 and 66, and a row 70 of power P plated-through holes separates rows 67 and 68. A row 71 of power plated-through holes is disposed between signal row 65 and edge 33, and a row 72 of ground plated-through holes is disposed between signal row 68 and edge 32. The power and ground plated-through holes are separated and located symmetrically, i.e., if all power plated-through holes are made ground plated-through holes, and all ground plated-through holes are made power plated-through holes, the resultant arrangement of plated-through holes on package 10 remains electrically equivalent. Also, the signal plated-through holes are located adjacent to power and ground plated-through holes. This arrangement, therefore, satisfies the aforenoted rules for reducing inductive noise. It is understood that such an arrangement is not unique, and other arrangements of signal, power, and ground plated-through holes will also satisfy the above-noted rules to reduce inductive noise.
As aforenoted, each signal plated-through hole is connected by a series of conductor segments on signal layers 15 through 18 to a signal contact 14 in either contact set 11 or 12. The ground plated-through holes are connected directly to ground plane 19, and the power plated-through holes are connectd directly to power plane 20. While, generally, there is a one-to-one correspondence between signal plated-through holes and signal contact regions 14 (except for those interconnected signal contacts between sets 11 and 12, viz contacts 39 and 40), there are more ground and power plated-through holes than ground and power contact regions 14. These additional ground and power plated-through holes are disposed in package 10 in order to satisfy the above-noted rules for reducing inductive noise.
Chip package 10 is fabricated using standard printed wiring board manufacturing technology. With reference to FIG. 2, chip package 10 includes C-stages 75 and 76, and B-stages 77, 78, and 79. As is well known in the printed wiring board art, C-stage material is comprised of three bonded layers: copper, dielectric, and copper. B-stage material is comprised of a single dielectric layer. In the embodiment disclosed herein, the dielectric layers in B- and C-stages 75 through 79 is epoxy glass.
C-stage 75 includes S2 signal layer 16 on its first planar side, and ground plane 19 on the second side. Similarly, C-stage 76 includes power plane 20 on its first planar side, and S3 signal layer 17 on the second side. Using the artwork prepared for each signal layer and power and ground planes, signal layer 16 and ground plane 19 are photo-defined on C-stage 75. Similarly, signal layer 17 and power plane 70 are photo-defined on C-stage 76. The location of the conductors, vias, plated-through holes, and clearance holes are thereby established on these layers. The relationship between the width of the conductors and the distance between the conductors and the constant potential planes is determined in accordance with equation (1) to impedance-match the conductors on signal layers 16 and 17 to the impedance of the circuit pack to which chip package 10 is to be attached. C-stages 75 and 76 are then photo-etched to create the individual conductor segments. B-stage 78 is disposed between stages 75 and 76, the thickness of this stage being selected to be as small as possible to minimize the inductance path. B-stage 77 is disposed on C-stage 75, and B-stage 79 is disposed under C-stage 76; and the five stages are laminated together to form a unitary structure. Using foil technology, S1 signal layer 15 is disposed on B-stage 77; and S4 signal layer 18 is disposed on B-stage 79. The vias, plated-through holes, and clearance holes are then drilled and filled with copper, using electroless and electrolytic plating. Signal layers 15 and 18 are photo-defined, and then etched, the widths of the conductors formed thereon being determined by equation (1). A protective polymer cover coating is then disposed over S1 signal layer 15 and S4 signal layer 18.
The chip package of the present invention has several advantageous properties: (1) Plated-through holes can be arranged to satisfy routing constraints of the circuit pack to which the package is to be attached, as long as the arrangement satisfies the afore-described rules. (2) The chip package has minimum power and ground lead inductance, because the leads from the chip contacts to the circuit pack are as short as possible. (3) The chip package yields minimum cross-talk, because the signal leads from the chip contacts to the circuit pack have minimum coupled lengths. (4) As aforenoted, the chip package can be mounted on a circuit pack by either plated-through holes or surface mounting. (5) The chip package can be matched to a circuit pack, irrespective of the number of pin-outs. (6) The chip package can contain single or multiple chips.
Other embodiments of the present invention may contain fewer or more signal layers than the embodiment described in detail herein. Also, other embodiments may contain more than one ground and/or power plane.
The above-described embodiment is illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. Other embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|May 22, 2003
|Skyworks Solutions, Inc.
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In this post we treat, according to the biological laws of complexity, the short, medium and long cycles of evolution of machines that shape the economy. It is an example on how complexity can explain not only the how but also the why of the economic ecosystem, its cycles and the behavior of its agents.
Companies have no other existential objective beyond evolving and reproducing their products, whatever its collateral consequences might be. Owners of companies only think about the profits they obtain manufacturing machines and weapons. Yet those profits have a direct biological reading, since they increase when companies reproduce more machines. So the single goal of Company-mothers and their owners is to reproduce machines and take care of their 'habitat', the economic ecosystem, designing energy and information networks for them, (roads, pipes, electricity, digital and audiovisual information). Indeed, for Classic Economists that rule those companies and view technology and money as synonymous of human progress, all other considerations are secondary to that 'business' cycle of biological reproduction of the product. In that regard Microeconomics is the science that studies the internal structure of company-mothers as reproductive organisms composed of 2 species, human workers and machines, which reproduce through the business cycle of reproduction, sales and profits that activate the owners moved by greed. Yet profits are only 'the human abstract perspective', the how not the why of those biological cycles that we can study according to the Ternary Principle:
– From the temporal perspective of its financial language, money, which directs the process .
– From the spatial perspective of the physical machines reproduced in the business cycle . - From the organic perspective of its reproductive company-mothers, the key element of the economic ecosystem that embodies the biological, reproductive will of those machines.
The cycles of Machines and company-mothers.
The evolution and extinction of biological species follows the same cycles than the evolution of machines and extinction of human non-technological cultures, in 3 waves of 72 years.
Company-mothers are biologic organisms whose aim is to evolve, reproduce and sell its offspring of machines, using men as consumers and workers of those machines. Companies govern the world with money, invented for free in stocks and used to pay politicians that issue laws in favour of technology, to pay workers that reproduce machines and to design economic networks that substitute human networks of energy and information, creating a world modelled to the image and resemblance of machines
On that view the b.c. is not anthropomorphic but mchine-related.
The business cycle is the generational cycle of machines, which shows 3 clear ages:
– Youth: the company-mother invests in I+D, evolving a new generation of machines. Profits are minimal (lower phase of the business cycle). – Maturity: the machine is a new product that re=produces massively, increasing sales & profits. The business cycle is at its peak. – Old age: the machine becomes obsolete as a new, more evolved generation substitutes it. In the graph we see those 3 ages that become the 3 phases of a 'business profit cycle'.
In the right graph, the 3 waves of machines' population follow curves similar to any biological curve with a 1st age of discovery and evolution, which latter explodes in a radiation of reproductive profits in all industries and ends with the saturation of the ecosystem, signaled by the cracks of the stock-market. Then machines mutate into weapons and consume human beings, instead of being consumed by us. Yet as a new generation of machines and energy appear, the previous generation stops its growth. In this manner machines have evolved in 3 cycles changing the Earth ecosystem into the Metal-Earth. The result is the beginning of the 9th extinction of all forms of life , which today disappear at a rate 1000 times faster than in the age prior to the arrival of machines.
All those evolutionary cycles of Machines originate a series of economic cycles, analysed mathematically by abstract economists, which can be chained together, as it happens with the biological cycles of any organic system, creating 2 fundamental, cyclical economic chains: -
The microeconomic cycle that relates the evolutionary, energetic and re=productive cycles of those machines and their companies .
– And the macroeconomic cycle or Kondratieff cycle of economic activity that relates the generational and social cycles of machines' species. The chains established between those bioeconomic cycles follow the same pattern of other micro and macro-organic chains, according to the different length of those cycles :
– The fastest machine's cycle is the information cycle, as in any other being. For example, the computer in which I write calculates million of cycles per second (Mhz.), showing an informative, capacity far superior to that of my brain, in spite of its defective design
. - The second cycle in length is the energy cycle, developed by specialized transport machines. It is measured in revolutions per second and it arrives in high speed machines to a few tens of thousands of cycles per second. - The third cycle in length is the cycle of reproduction of machines by their company-mothers. It is different for each machine but usually it lasts a period that extends from a few minutes to a few days. Nowadays it accelerates constantly as company-mothers evolve their re=productive systems; since in a Free economic ecosystem all the resources of our societies are dedicated to reproduce and evolve technology in increasingly automated factories where machines reproduce more evolved machines without the aid of man.
- The generational cycle of machines is the 4th cycle in length as each new, more evolved generation of machines displaces a previous one. It is called the product cycle and today lasts from 1 to 2 years. It is the fastest evolutionary cycle of any species on Earth. For example, men took hundreds of thousands of years to double their brain capacity, yet chips take only two years. This happens because men transfer palingenetically , their formal evolution that took thousands of million years to machines that imitate our organic functions, from chip-brains to cranes-arms. - Finally, the longest cycles of machines are the social cycles that extend through several generations and relate those machines with the historic and human cycles of the economy. Given the importance those cycles have for our species we will concentrate on their study.
The business, short cycle.
Abstract micro-economics study the inner, individual cycles of evolution and reproduction of machines, the quanta of economic ecosystems, carried out by company-mothers, their reproductive and evolutionary organisms. We translate micro-economics to the energy and information cycles of evolution of organisms using a well established diagram, the graph of business cycles that shows the organic cycles of machines and company-mothers in an abstract form, using profits and sales, which are the evolutionary and reproductive parameters of machines:
-E:Production and sales mean the 're=production' of machines, a spatial parameter of population.
– Exi: Profits is a variable dependant, both on the sales & costs of reproductionwhich diminish as a company evolves its means of production and the quality=evolution of the product. Thus profits depend on the evolution of machines, becoming its temporal parameter.
The business graphs of profits of company-mothers are organic graphs that show the reproduction and evolution of their products and machines that those companies sell to obtain profits, which are proportional to the reproductive and evolutionary 'force' of their products. The evolutionary quality of a machine, its population and quality (production, sales and profits), is shown in its X-value that increases each generation. Since each new generation a machine is extinguished and replaced by an evolved machine that has more energy or information.
The 3 phases of that curve are evident bio-logical ages:
–Youth: The Company spends its 'financial energy' developing and creating the product. Profits plummet in the age of discovery, the evolutionary age of any species, when the machine is mutating and needs the company's protected environment.
–Maturity: The business cycle reaches its max. sales in the reproductive age of each machine. And it has 2 lower curves of minimal profits in its young, research age and its old, obsolete age, when it is 'on sale'. So the company works simultaneously in 3 generations, researching a new generation when the previous generation is in its zenith of sales as the top predator, more efficient machine the company produces. Then the higher expenses on I+D are compensated by the profits of the 'present' machine. - 3rd, Old age: Max. information. The company diversifies the product and spends on marketing. If the industry manufactures a machine, the product becomes in this 3rd age a weapon sold to governments, increasing also the profits of the company (shown in the graph as a divergent 3rd age of the cycle).
– (- 1): Extinction: The product is taken out of the market when a new generation is ready. The graph decomposes the cycle in 3 generations of machines, which are in most companies simultaneous, as 3 waves of blue, green and red light give white light. Hence most companies have, when they ad expenses and profits of 3 generations, a business cycle that shows a smooth curve of profits tangent to those 3 curves.
The long cycle.
In the graph, the aggregation of all business cycles enlarged to the entire economic ecosystem and its main 'phyla' of machines creates the 3 Kondratieff stock-cycles of the Industrial R=evolution: The cycle of trains (XIX C.) that ended in the 1857 rail crash; the cycle of cars and radios (XX C.) that ended in the 29 crash; and the cycle of electronic machines (XXI C.), shown in the graph, that ended in the 2000 NASDAQ crash.
In the left side, we enlarge the 2nd, 29 crash and the 3rd crash in which we live. Both are mimetic and similar to any other Crash of over-population of a biological species (top center curve). Since those crashes happen when the consumption age of max. reproduction and profits ends by saturation of the market. Then companies mutate the machine that enters its 3rd age as a weapon that consumes humans in wars, perfectly sold to the public by political lobbyism, informative machines of mass-media propaganda and a suitable, well-located enemy.
Thus the business cycle is a generational, biological cycle with 3 ages, similar to all other evolutionary cycles. Those 'micro-cycles' of every company that discovers, evolves and reproduces a product as a consumption machine or a weapon, are the business cycles of microeconomics that aggregate in longer macro-cycles. Indeed, stocks are 'social organisms of companies' that aggregate the production of all companies in space and all the generations in time of a certain 'machine'. Thus the sum of all the individual business cycles of company-mothers become the stock-market cycle that studies the population and evolution (sales and profits) of a machine' species from birth to extinction, reproduced by an entire 'sector' of companies. Further on, we can aggregate all those stock cycles of all industries, creating an overall cycle for the entire planetary economic ecosystem. In abstract economics those cycles are called the Kondratieff cycles of economic activity, which study the overall evolution of all companies and machines. Thus the business cycle is the quantic version of the stock market cycle, which aggregates in time and space all the business cycles; while the stock market cycle is the quantic version of the Kondratieff cycle, which aggregates all the companies in space and all the generational cycles in time of a given product. The results are the 3 great Stock Cycles of history or 'Kondratieff' cycles of industrial and financial activity :
– XIX C: Max. E: The age of steam and physical energy developed the market through an age of low profits (invention age, 1820-30s), massive growth and speculation in the market (reproductive age, 1840-50s) and a final economic crisis of saturation of markets (the railroad crash of 1857), followed by an age of wars in which trains and steamers conquered colonial empires.
– XX C.: E=i: The age of oil-based, electro-chemical engines developed the stock-market through an age of low profits (invention age, 1870-80s), massive growth (reproductive age, 1890s-1920s) and saturation crash (1929 crash of radios and car industries), followed by II W.W.: in which cars became tanks and planes bombers.
– XXI C.: Max. i: Finally the age of electronic and solar energies developed electronic machines in a 1st age of minimal growth (1960s-70s), an age of massive reproduction of TVs and Pcs (1980s-90s) that lasted till the end of the century when the NASDAQ stock crash of 2001 made companies invest in smart weapons and security industries. In the graph we study in more detail the 3rd electronic cycle in its main Stock Market, the New York market divided into an electronic stock, NASDAQ, and the traditional NYSE. If we compare its curve between the II and III Kondratieff crashes (left side) with a standard biological curve of populations, both are parallel. Since the curve of reproduction sales and profits of electronic machines shows the same phases of birth (discovery), re=production, saturation (crash) and diversification (into weapons) of any top predator species. In the case of machines the 'habitat' of the species is the economic ecosystem in which the machine substitutes a human organ as a consumption machine or a tool. Then, when the economic ecosystem is saturated, the machine mutates into a weapon and wars happen.
So we distinguish for each key machine of the electronic cycle, the mainframe, the mobile machine and in the future, the robot, a sub-curve of populations of around 36 years that ended into a mini-crack and war. The main-frame, TV age ended in the 60s crash, the Vietnam War and the 60s revolution. The age of mobile chips, PCs and cameras ended with the 91 and 2000 crash, the Berlin R=evolution and the Iraqi wars.

subset: commoncrawl


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Donnelly News
We were treated to another case of Minnesota's ever changing weather patterns last week when we went from thawing temperatures on the 18th to -0º and strong winds on Saturday. It has remained cold ever since with temperatures struggling to get above 0º.
From the St. John's/Kongsvinger parish: There will be joint services at St John's at 11 a.m. on Jan. 27, followed by the annual meeting (about noon) and potluck dinner. Sunday school will be at St. John's at 9:45 a.m. and they will be singing during services.
From Good Shepherd Lutheran Church: Fredrick (Freddy) Michael Hanson was born at Glacial Ridge hospital in Glenwood to Pastor Mike and Pastor Martha Hanson on Jan. 21. He is welcomed home by his two brothers, Charlie and Arnie. Grandparents are Tyrone and Shirley Hanson of Hoffman and Chuck and Liz Spohr of Morris.
Luke Michael Smith, age 34, formerly of Morris, passed away Jan. 22 in New Orleans, La. He was preceded in death by his father, Robert William Smith, formerly of Morris. He is survived by his mother, Gail Hockert, stepfather Chuck Heinrich, and sister Lindsey Heinrich (Peter) of Morris.
Ashley Mecklenburg and David Olson were united in marriage on Oct. 20, 2012 at Cornerstone Church in Alexandria. Parents of the couple are Loren and Kaylene Mecklenburg of Morris and Keith and Sheila Olson of Victoria.
An open house bridal shower honoring Melissa Zimmerman, bride to be of Erik Whittemore, will be held on Feb. 9 from 9-11 a.m. at Our Savior's Lutheran Church in Chokio. Bring your favorite recipe to share with the couple.
Nicole Daly of Donnelly was one of those who have received High Honors at Southwest Minnesota State University for the fall 2012 semester.
Kellen Erdahl (Brian and Ann) finished runner up in the spelling bee competition at the Morris Area Elementary school.
In a gymnastics meet in Moorhead the Tiger girls took first in the silver meet. Kourtney Giese received first place on vault, third place on bars, third place on floor, and second place in all-around. Savannah Aanerud received fourth place on beam, fourth place on floor, and third place in all- around.
Joan and Jerry Kopacek, along with Helen Kill and Janet Malo, attended the VFW 5th District meeting in Benson on Jan. 23. Joan received first place for her "house plants" poppy display.
A good crowd was on hand for the ice fishing derby on Cottonwood Lake on Jan. 19 despite the bitterly cold weather. More fish were caught this year than any other year.
The Kongsvinger annual meeting was well attended this year. Mary Shultz was introduced as the new parish secretary. Please be sure to pick up your annual report in the back of the church if you have not already done so.
Joan Kopacek reports that our Donnelly area volunteers tied 23 quilts for nursing home veterans in the past few weeks.
In the past month or so that Mark Koepke has been staying with me, I have learned a lot about his family, much of what I did not know. He came to live with Stan and Elsie as a foster child, spending his early years on a farm several miles NE of where I used to live before they moved into Donnelly where they lived in the "Judge Grace" house across from the old St Theresia's church for several years. For a number of years they wintered in Florida and spent summers in Minnesota until Stan's health forced them to move to Florida permanently about 30 years ago. They chose the Orlando area because their son Jimmy had settled down there after he got out of the Navy. When they lived here they were members of Kongsvinger. Although they never formally adopted him he was given their name and treated as their son. Stan passed away in 1984 and Elsie in 2005. Their other son Bobby moved down to Florida after his dad died. Their daughter Linda lives in southern Wisconsin. Mark and Elsie made several trips back up here to visit family and friends in the area after Stan died, the last time in 1998. She later became ill and was in a nursing home for a number of years before she passed away. Mark continued to live in the Orlando area until last April, when he sold his trailer house down there and moved into a trailer house in West Fargo where he lived with a distant relative, Mandi Lindgren. Her father, grandfather, and Stan drove truck together for many years. Stan also drove for Ed Ellingson of Herman, Calvin Bumgardner, and others in the area, and he also worked for the Donnelly Co-op for a number of years.
I invited Mark to spend Christmas with me, after spending some time down here we decided for various reasons, it would be best for him to move down here permanently so we did that on Jan. 10. Give me a call if you want to visit with him or e-mail him at: firstname.lastname@example.com
As most of you have heard, Howard and Deb Kill have purchased the bank building in Donnelly.


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Prevention of cancer is possible with natural health remedies, although we steadfastly believe that every body can beat cancer with certain food items. It is said that at least fifty percent of all cancer cases could be prevented through changes in lifestyle and diet, which also just so happens to be among the best methods to protect one from cancer.
Also Read: Foods To Prevent Breast Cancer
These foods contain certain antioxidants that help treat and stop cancer. It is never too soon to add these antioxidant-rich superfoods along with other foods that fight cancer to your everyday diet.
1. Chocolate:
Is chocolate good for you? Here is one delight you do not have to feel so guilty about, as long as you eat the right type. Cocoa is high in antioxidants that fight free radicals and help to fight cancer.
2. Berries:
Berries are among the most famous little group of foods that fight cancer. Even though all berries have antioxidants as well as vitamins and fibre, the varieties greatest in antioxidants are Himalayan Goji berry and Acai berry.
Whichever berry you choose, all these have been believed to have cancer-fighting abilities. You will get berries all year round by stocking up and freezing them while they are in season or buying dried varieties.
Also Read: Foods To Prevent Lung Cancer
3. Green Tea:
Truly a drink of longevity, green tea has been found in several studies to stop and even reverse cancer. One study involving over 40,000 Japanese subjects with gender, age and lifestyles taken into account found that drinking five cups of green tea every day reduced the potential risk of blood cancer by 42 percent and lymph cancer by 48 percent.
The other health advantages of green tea include weight reduction, prevention of coronary disease, management of cholesterol and protection against neurological diseases.
4. Turmeric:
This spice has been getting a lot of attention lately, and with valid reason. Not only is it being studied for its detoxifying properties and efficacy in preventing neurodegenerative diseases, turmeric is being studied as a cancer fighter, and a strong one at that. It has been found to reduce cancer by 81 percent, and researchers say it even blocks cancer growth.
To harness the advantages of turmeric, brew a tea, add to almost any egg or lentil dish, or add it to warm milk and drink.


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A new Lomographer3 12
2 weeks ago, I offered my nephew his first LOMO!
I choose the Fisheye 2, Quicksilver edition for its fun colors and also the fisheye angle which I thought easier for a kid.
He was so excited, of course not easy to understand that in a digital world, you have only 36 chances to get great shots, but he was so good!
He even managed to get an autoportrait of himself and some long exposures and doubles!
The only difficulty was to find a good lab in the north of France, not rolling eyes when you talk about X-process!
Hope he will shot a lot and… I am proud of him!
written by pussylove on 2011-05-22


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Rodgers claims Premier League title rivals scared of Liverpool's firepower
Rodgers says Premier League title rivals 'scared of Liverpool's firepower'
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Liverpool boss Brendan Rodgers has said that the club's Premier League title rivals are 'scared of their firepower'.
Liverpool strikers took the club's total goals this season to 82 from just 30 games this season following their latest 6-3 victory over Cardiff City.
According to the Mirror, Rodgers said that it is for others to judge if his club is the most exciting team to watch in the current form, but added that the 'variety and imagination' in their game is at a real top level.
The manager further said that the biggest fear a manger has in a game while standing on the touchline is the 'opponent' and their 'offensive threat', ahead of Liverpool's game against Sunderland A.F.C.
If Liverpool maintains their strike rate till the Premier League reaches the finals, they will overhaul Chelsea's record of 103 goals in a Premier League season, set under Carlo Ancelotti in 2009-10, the report added. (ANI)
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Australians have fallen for Volkswagen. In less than a decade, the company has grown from niche brand to a mainstream player in the local market.
It also neatly straddles the space between mainstream and luxury brands, taking buyers away from established Japanese up-market brands Honda and Subaru.
It's a considerable achievement for a company whose cars compete head-to-head with garden-variety rivals in Europe. Over there, Ford's Fiesta and Focus are competitors for the Polo and Golf. Over here, they're almost seen as a class apart.
While clever marketing is part of the reason, the proof of the VW pudding has largely been in the eating: they make bloody good cars.
The Golf was awarded World Car of the Year - and Drive Car of the Year - in 2009, and the Polo made it back-to-back awards in 2010. Can the Germans complete a hat-trick with the mid-sized Passat?


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Acts 9:10-22 The Radical Transformation of Saul
In our last study we left Saul sitting in darkness. The man who struck fear in the hearts of believers is blind. Saul has entered the 'dark night of the soul.' But we will soon see that God has great plans for this man. And so even in his darkness, Saul is given a vision of a man named Ananias coming to him. Let's pick up our study ...
This is Acts 021 - Acts 9:10-22 The Radical Transformation of Saul.
Vs10-12: "Now there was a disciple at Damascus named Ananias; and the Lord said to him in a vision, 'Ananias.' And he said, 'Here I am, Lord.' And the Lord said to him, 'Get up and go to the street called Straight, and inquire at the house of Judas for a man from Tarsus named Saul, for he is praying, and he has seen in a vision a man named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him, so that he might regain his sight.'
.... So far our studies have kept us in the Jewish world. The door for the Gentiles has yet to be opened. Everything that has happened so far can be called 'in house.' Everyone is a Jew. The believers are Jews. Those against Jesus are Jews. It is a Jewish battle.
Perhaps we need to reflect on a prophecy given to Mary. When the baby Jesus was brought to the temple, according to the custom of the time, the prophet Simeon said, "Behold, this Child is appointed for the fall and rise of many in Israel, and for a sign to be opposed--?" (Luke 2:35)
Many in Israel failed to turn the corner with the new covenant. This became their 'falling.' Will they rise again? Most certainly. This is why we cannot separate the history of the Church from the people of Israel. Our future is intertwined. The new covenant is a Jewish covenant. It has never stopped being that. And it can only complete its work when Israel through her leadership, calls upon Jesus as Messiah.
Jesus said, "From now on you will not see Me until you say, 'Blessed is He [Jesus] who comes in the name of the LORD!'" (Matt23:39)
Back to Ananias....
.... The name Ananias is the same as Hananiah. And as we read what happens to Ananias, it is much like reading the story of the Lord speaking to the child Samuel. After calling his name the third time, Samuel says, "Speak, for Your servant is listening."
.... But the distinction is much different. Samuel wasn't sure who was speaking to him. Saul is perplexed, and asks, "Who are you Lord?" But with Ananias, he knows exactly who is speaking to him. When he says, "Here I am, Lord," he is responding to Jesus.
.... This brings us back to what Jesus said about His sheep; "I am the good shepherd, and I know My own and My own know Me." And, "My sheep hear My voice, and I know them, and they follow Me." (John 10:14,27) This is the strength of true Biblical Christianity. Every person born again knows Jesus in a very personal way, and certainly knows His voice.
.... But the message Ananias hears is astonishing. He feels compelled to question the Lord. Saul of Tarsus? The Lord's response is very telling. Saul is praying. Saul has had a vision of Ananias coming. Saul sees Ananias in a vision laying hands on him for his healing. The Lord always works on both ends.
.... Everything Jesus says to Ananias, is to build this disciple up for the task set before him. It is important to understand that a true walk of faith is never a step into darkness. It is always a step into light. Not that we will know all the facts of the future, but we will know that our forward movement is ordained by the Lord. This is why it is always best to wait, if you are not sure.
Vss13,14: "But Ananias answered, 'Lord, I have heard from many about this man, how much harm he did to Your saints at Jerusalem; and here he has authority from the chief priests to bind all who call on Your name.'"
.... The news of Saul's playing havoc on the Church had spread when the Jewish believers scattered out of Jerusalem. The reports had reached Damascus.
Vss15,16: "But the Lord said to him, 'Go, for he is a chosen instrument of Mine, to bear My name before the Gentiles and kings and the sons of Israel; for I will show him how much he must suffer for My name's sake.'"
.... Here we see one of the great mysteries of our faith. Everything that happens in bringing Saul to the Lord, has been the Lord's doing. At no point could it is be said that Saul was a seeker. Later we hear Paul say that God had set him apart from his mother's womb. (Cf. Gal1:15)
.... This is what Ananias hears about Saul. The Lord says:
(1) He is a chosen instrument.
All believers are said to be chosen in Christ, but not all believers are chosen instruments in the same sense as was Paul. What is said about Saul, the Lord had earlier said to the original apostles; "You did not choose Me but I chose you, and appointed you that you would go and bear fruit..." (Cf. John 15:16)
The apostle Paul later writes the believers, and says, "He chose us [all believers] in Him before the foundation of the world." (Cf. Eph1:4)
Such a wondrous mystery this....
(2) He will bear the name of Jesus before Gentiles, and kings, and the sons of Israel.
As we move forward in Acts, we will see this to be the case. But this statement goes far beyond Acts. The apostle Paul has done more to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ than any other person in the history of the Church. It is not uncommon to find certain Jewish writers today of accusing Paul of being the originator of Christianity.
(3) He will suffer much for his faith in Jesus Christ.
And he did. Listen to Paul's later description of his service to the Lord:
"...in far more labors, in far more imprisonments, beaten times without number, often in danger of death. Five times I received from the Jews thirty-nine lashes. Three times I was beaten with rods, once I was stoned, three times I was shipwrecked, a night and a day I have spent in the deep. I have been on frequent journeys, in dangers from rivers, dangers from robbers, dangers from my countrymen, dangers from the Gentiles, dangers in the city, dangers in the wilderness, dangers on the sea, dangers among false brethren; I have been in labor and hardship, through many sleepless nights, in hunger and thirst, often without food, in cold and exposure. Apart from such external things, there is the daily pressure on me of concern for all the churches." (2Co11:23-28)
.... For those who love being called apostles today, makes you wonder how they would measure up to the man called Paul.
Let's continue....
Vss17-19: "So Ananias departed and entered the house, and after laying his hands on him said, 'Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who appeared to you on the road by which you were coming, has sent me so that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.' And immediately there fell from his eyes something like scales, and he regained his sight, and he got up and was baptized; and he took food and was strengthened. Now for several days he was with the disciples who were at Damascus."
.... Saul's last instructions were, "Enter the city, and it will be told you what you must do." (Acts 9:6) It is at the moment of the laying on of hands that Saul receives his healing, and is given the Spirit of the covenant. (Birth from above. Paul later gives more fill in on this experience.)
.... He is now in fellowship with the disciples in Damascus. Here again we see the kind of love that is poured out in the hearts of believers. Saul is a brother in the Lord. His past is forgiven. He is one with Jesus Christ. And he is loved as a true brother of the faith.
Vss20-22: "...and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, 'He is the Son of God.' All those hearing him continued to be amazed, and were saying, 'Is this not he who in Jerusalem destroyed those who called on this name, and who had come here for the purpose of bringing them bound before the chief priests?'"
.... What greater miracle is there than a radically transformed life? There is the no greater miracle. What makes this even more awesome, is that Saul the tormentor brings that same zeal he had as a persecutor of the Church, over into his life as a witness to Jesus. This is some of what Jesus meant, when He said, "You shall be my witnesses." (The transformed life is a sure testimony to the truth of the gospel.)
.... Guess who is confounded now? The Sanhedrin has just lost their greatest warrior. He is now a warrior for Jesus. And this new warrior turns his full attention to preaching Jesus in the synagogues of Damascus. (So much for 4 years of seminary training.)
Vs22: "But Saul kept increasing in strength and confounding the Jews who lived at Damascus by proving that this Jesus is the Christ."
.... Even the Jewish leadership in the synagogues were no match for Saul. This man not only had the knowledge that came from his years of training under Gamaliel, combined with the fact that he was from a family of Pharisees, that is, the most devoted sect in Israel to the Scriptures, he now has the anointing and wisdom that only the Holy Spirit can give. Saul now has what he saw in Stephen.
Let's complete this part of our study at this point.
This study was originally part of a series on the book of Acts given to members of Hebraic Foundations from July 10, 2002 through January 19, 2003. They were written by Pastor Buddy Martin, a former United Pentecostal Church minister, who founded Christian Challenge International. Writings are the copyright of Buddy Martin and reprinted on this site by permission.
Page added October 22, 2004
August 23, 1997
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" Manufacturer: Yale / Product Type: Night Latches "
Two heavy garbage bags in hand I slipped out the back door. The freezing cold winter wind was biting! Brrrr! I walked as quickly as I could to the gate, turned the little handle and dumped the bags into the bin. As I turned to walk back a large gust of wind blew and banged the gate shut behind me. In that instant I realized my keys were on the hook in the kitchen and I was officially locked out. I climbed up onto the bins and waved like crazy at my youngest who was watching Shrek but he couldn't hear or see me. I could see the shadow of my eldest in his bedroom and my hope was that he didn't have his earphones on. I ran in my slippers to the front of the house and knocked on the front door. A few knocks later I'm on my knees shouting through the letter slot for some one to let their freezing mother back in. My eldest walked across the landing and shouted to me that some one was at the door ... "Yea me ya monkey, come open the damn door!"
Note to self: Take two seconds to put the latch on hold next time and avoid this whole saga repeating! Or just always wear trainers so I can climb on the bins, jump over the gate (probably injure my rear!) and then make a sympathy coffee.
We bought the Yale lock when we first bought the house as the rear gate only had a latch and the kids play in the garden alone. The lock required a key to enter from the parking area out back and the turning of a little handle if leaving the garden so I liked the feeling of safety if gave me. It's nice to be able to do things around the house and know that your children are safely playing in the garden. We live in a lovely area but all the same I like to keep an eye on them.
Fixing the lock was relatively easy. I handed the packaging to my husband and said get on with it! Normally I am very handy but I don't do locks. I have made too many mistakes lining up locks that I refuse to do them any more. My husband took a couple of hours to get the lock in place because the gate is slightly off centre and caused a heap of drama.
The fact that this lock comes in a matt grey colour is great because I didn't really want a bright gold or silver lock looking out of place on the gate. This one blends in well even with our brown gate so definite bonus for me.
The pack comes with everything you need to install the lock and two keys.
Suitable for Timber & Glass-Panelled Doors
Suitable for doors 32-57mm thick. Case W x D x H: 62 x 70 x 41mm
£23.66 from ScrewFix
£24 from Amazon
(C) oioiyou 2013
4-3-2013 >>> Done it again! grr! This time bare foot! Honestly I never learn!
Door Lock / Night Latch Type: Traditional Latches / Medium security lock, non-BS approved. Suitable for external applications. Supplied with 2 keys and fixings. Grey finish. Features: Suitable for Timber & Glass-Panelled Doors / For Doors 32 -57mm Thick. Specifications: Suitable for doors 32-57mm thick. Case W x D x H: 62 x 70 x 41mm.


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« Arrival in China | Main | Jade Rice »
April 26, 2006
Shipping a vehicle internationally...After 5 years of roaming the roads of latin america, the Jeep is now on its way back to the US. It's held up amazingly well... The plan is to ship it from Ecuador or Peru to Panama.
From there. Robyn will drive it back to the US for me while I am in China. That is -- if it ever gets there. Shipping vehicles internationally has to be one of the most difficult industries to deal with these days... Quotes for containers varied from $1200 to $3000, and took an average of 10 emails to even obtain, involving literally dozens of people, and as many abbreviations. (vsl = vessel, for exmpl. :-)
CSAV offers ro/ro service, which does not require a container. It is not quite as safe as using a container, but at least in theory it should be much more economical... their pricing is a bit unclear at this point, though.
I will post a full report on how this went, for the benefit of future travellers...
Posted by rick at April 26, 2006 05:43 AM


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] With the main performance of Xiang Bin (see cast), this film directed by Chi-Leung Law was premiered in cinema or TV in 2012. The movie "Xiao shi de zi dan" comes from China and Hong Kong. You can watch Xiao shi de zi dan online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2012.
Rating: 5 by 1209 users./
Runtime: 108 minutes
Xiang Bin, Gang Chen, Hei-Yi Cheng, Kar Lok Chin, Hu Gao, Li Guangbin, Yiyan Jiang, Boran Jing, Lu Kai, To-hoi Kong, Ching Wan Lau, Kai Chi Liu, Ren Luomin, Kwok Cheung Tsang, Nicholas Tse and Zhiyi Wang.
Drama, Action.
108-minute film (full movie) directed by Chi-Leung Law.
The original audio of Xiao shi de zi dan has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in China, Hong Kong.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2012.
Screenplay written by Chi-Leung Law and Sin Ling Yeung.
Chi-Chung Cheung, Chi Ying Chan and Yiu-Fai Yeung.
Mandy Law-Huang, Yue-Ting Jia, Dongbing Shan, Zhao Zhang, Catherine Hun, Tung-Shing Yee, Cheuk Kau Man, Albert Yeung and Nga-Bok Lei.
This film was produced and / or financed by Film Unlimited, Emperor Motion Pictures and Le Vision Pictures.
Composed by Tommy Wai and Teddy Robin Kwan.
Cathay-Keris Films, China Lion Film Distribution, Midship, Lark Films Distribution, Le Vision Pictures, Twin Co. Ltd., Emperor Motion Pictures and Innoform Media.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Xiao shi de zi dan has a duration of 108 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Xiao shi de zi dan in FULLTV Movies.


text: We are wrapping up finally preperations for our trip. We check in this sat afternoon! Does anyone know which pet loops have cable now? We like the 1800 loop but we also enjoy the WDW tv chanel. I have a 30 ft trailer and a large cabin tent. Last trip we were in the 300 loop and it was good but sometimes can get a bit noisy. Anyway, thanks for any update on cable.


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进入社团 >
Asked to name their favorite city, many Americans would select San Francisco, which began as a small Spanish outpost located on a magnificent bay. The town was little more than a village serving ranchers when the United States took possession of it in 1846 during the war with Mexico.
San Francisco sprang into a city overnight because of the nearby discovery of gold in 1848. A great rush to California took place. Wagon trains plodded their dangerous way across 2000 miles of prairie and mountains, while hundreds of sailing vessels made the equally hazardous trip around the Horn. The vessels disgorged thousands of passengers -- then the crews deserted their ship and hundreds of vessels were left to rot in the bay. Within two years, California had enough population to become a state and San Francisco was for many years the hub of that newly-arrived population.
The city's present popularity is due to an excellent climate, an easy style of living, good food, and numerous tourist attractions. The city is famous for its cable cars which "clang and bang" up the steep hills, and for its excellent seafood selling along the wharf. Most visitors arriving from nations in the Pacific Basin spend several days getting to know the town.
提到阅读,你会犯怵吗? 带上你的信心,只要坚持正确的阅读方法;平时多朗读,背诵精彩段落和文章(以培养语感);积累词汇;并养成良好的阅读习惯,相信你一定会阅读阅开心哒~~~~
下一期:【150609】❤EFY❤【阅读阅开心】No.179 上一期:【150601】❤EFY❤【阅读阅开心】No.177


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To be stupid is to be brave, when you risk something, that's stupid. The stupid aren't afraid to fail. Why? Because they're stupid! We think that you are probably pretty stupid too. Renzo Rosso is stupid. Stupid is motoring around in your Ford transit and visiting after shop owner after shop owner, trying to sell your brand new denim made to look worn. "It's a sign of innovation. When you are already doing the things nobody even thinks about". That's a very stupid quote. Mister Rosso. Respect. To be stupid is damn hard work. You know the odds are against you and sometimes you will fail, and spectacularly so. Stupid means listening to your heart versus listening to your head. Listening to your heart is hard: your heart says yes, your head says no. Your head almost always says no. The smart quickly recognize things for how they are. The stupid see things for how they could be. You can't outsmart stupid so don't even try. Long live stupid.
Be stupid
4 Responses
o my goshhhh, then i ammm i ammm suken stupid!!!!
o my gosh!!! then i really was and kinda still am so fucken stupid!!! Go me?? Go me??? nah i gus i thot with my heart and did what was right then but now its time to think with my head and see things 4 how they rly r cuz if i always think with my heart i will always be stupid and stupid ppl r not ambitious and in college/uni, now are they? :)
lol my first comment was a typo – how stupid of me!!! LMFAO.
I guess nobody loves this video as much as I do.
lmso(laughing my socks off)


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Find out how Manchester looks after its most vulnerable residents
The work of Manchester City Council's Adult Social Care Services will be broadcast across social media channels next week.
The work of Manchester City Council's Adult Social Care Services will be broadcast across social media channels next week.
Bee Christmas cards to hit shelves soon with message of peace and health for 2018 with cash from sales going to the Big Change campaign.
Some of Manchester's best-loved parks will be helping to create a Christmas to remember in the city this year.
A man from Newton Heath has been ordered to pay £595 by magistrates, after a Manchester City Council CCTV camera caught him dumping eight bags of rubbish on a street near his home.
A special Manchester Town Hall Open Day - giving people a last chance to explore the iconic building before its temporary closure - has been announced for Sunday 14 January 2018.
Collections for the Big Change homeless fund will be at Manchester's Christmas Markets for the first time, and visitors will be able to offer their support to help homeless people this festive season.
A refurbishment project in Longsight has been stopped by Manchester City Council's Building Control after a new basement and roofing work was undertaken without permission.
The Longford Centre in Chorlton has today been given the go ahead to be used as a homelessness prevention centre.
The festive film has racked up more than a million views since going live only four days ago.
Comedy duo back serious message around flu jab
Futuristic tech will give the Christmas Markets a digital upgrade as a new augmented reality app is revealed for the first time at the festive attraction.
A further round of payments totalling almost £3m has been released from the charity set up to help victims of the Manchester Arena attack.
Manchester has strengthened its approach to tackling homelessness but will need to ramp up its work even further to address the challenges of forthcoming welfare and legislative changes.
Civic dignitaries, servicemen and women, service and ex-service organisations, faith leaders and uniformed organisations, will take part in Manchester's Remembrance Day procession and service.
Manchester City Council has secured £2.87m of grant funding from the Government's national Heat Network Investment Project, for the Manchester Civic Quarter Heat Network.
Thousands of people flocked to Manchester city centre for the annual Christmas Lights Switch-On, marking the start of the festive season in the UK's Christmas capital.
A key member of one of Manchester's most iconic indie bands is to host a series of free events geared towards helping more local people to break into the creative industries.
Councillor Bev Craig is the latest person to get on board with a dedicated campaign in a bid to drive more people in Greater Manchester to beat some of the winter blues with a single vaccination.
New tours enabling people to experience rarely-seen parts of Manchester's magnificent Town Hall have been announced, ahead of its temporary closure in January 2018 for major works.
Manchester has been successful in its bid to join UNESCO's worldwide Creative Cities network as a City of Literature.
Manchester biggest festive red resident has arrived in Albert Square to take his seat in front of town hall – and this year he's celebrating his 10th birthday!
Household name Pixie Lott will now perform at this year's Christmas Lights switch-on event in an exciting addition to this year's star-studded line up.
Cathedral Gardens will be given a festive make-over this Christmas as the historic square is transformed with ice rink and traditional fun fair.
A new initiative will help people who are homeless to register as library members and access the full range of resources and information available at the city's 22 libraries.
Pupils from three primary schools in Manchester have drawn up a unique Peace Plan for their school after getting together to talk about peace and what it means to them.
Local families enjoyed a game of tennis at Alexandra Park's new courts, as Manchester looks to grow the game with the help of the LTA.
Care leavers are being encouraged to aim high in the working world as part of a drive to help looked after children to flourish as they become adults.
Parents of pupils who will be starting secondary school in September next year are being urged not to miss the deadline for applying for their child's school place.
Students are being encouraged to claim their exemption from council tax
More Manchester children than ever completed this year's Summer Reading Challenge, with books flying off the shelves of the city's libraries at an unprecedented rate during the long school holidays.


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Harness or Grooming Nylon Halter (# JWHH)
Tired of not being able to tie your horse up in harness. This new design allows easy on & off over the harness. It has a longer adjustable noseband with a buckle on top of the nose, snap at throatlatch and a poll buckle.
Can also be used as grooming halter.
Royal Blue only.
Sizes based on height at withers:
Average (30 – 33″)
Large (34 – 37″)
XLarge (38 – 42″)


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6core AMD 1090T or 4core core i7 930 or i7 870 for Fluent?
I am PhD researcher in the process of buying a new computer for Fluent.
What is the performance comparison between the Thuban architecture and Nehalem. With all the benchmarks it looks like the quadcore Nehalems with their 3 channel memory will be faster than hexacore Thubans with dual channel memory. In some bechmarks even the dual channel i7 870 seems to beat the thuban. Is this true?
Has anyone done any comparisons to compare Thuban vs Nehalem 1366 vs Nehalem 1156?
I intend to overclock them to 3.6 Ghz with 4 or 6 GB memory correspondingly.
I feel I could buy 2 Thuban systems for the price of one 1366 Nehalem system.
Any advice will be greatly appreciated. Thanks.
I also want to buy a new computer for my simulations and my doubt is about a xeon, and a Phenom 1099T.
I also saw some benchmark and phenom seem pretty nice performance for the price.
I also looking for advice. :)
Performance using i7-950
The i7-950 just came down in price. We are purchaing the best 1366 system we could find for a reasonable price )($3200 CDN)
My research has determined that it is worth going for 1366 instead of 1156 because when you want to get a little more performance, then you get into the price/perf issue. It makes sense to go to 1366 instead of staying in the 1156 setup.
If your budget allows, the OC capabilities of the i7 series are awsome and you can always insert a new 980x or Tesla at minimal cost retaining the rest of the system.
Apart from the CPU, you need to decide on a board. We went with the Rampage III Extreme simply because we didn't see the need to go P6T7 WS (ASUS). Believe me, I spent so much time reading everything I could on all 1156 and 1366 systems that, after a while, I had both my eyes in the same socket! (and I needed glasses to boot!)
Seriously, if you're going to run serious models on your machine, you need all the perf you can afford. If oyu have complex or large systems (or both) to analyse. Tt makes sense to invest in faster results since the overall cost is minimal (compared to salaries, etc).
We are also investing in SSD, which is really going to help. Small investment and big bang, or so we think...
I can get back to you with perf results once we get our system running.
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