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Does Obesity Modify the Effect of Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease?
A Population-Based Cohort Study of More Than One Million Swedish Men
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Background— Some studies have suggested that increased blood pressure has a stronger effect on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in lean persons than in obese persons, although this is not a universal finding. Given the inconsistency of this result, we tested it using a large population-based cohort data set.
Methods and Results— Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs) and body mass index were measured in 1 145 758 Swedish men born between 1951 and 1976 who were in young adulthood (median age 18.2 years). During the register-based follow-up, which lasted until the end of 2006, 65 611 new CVD events took place, including 6799 myocardial infarctions and 8827 strokes. Hazard ratios (HRs) per 1-SD increase in systolic and diastolic BP were computed within established body mass index categories (underweight, normal, overweight, or obese) with Cox proportional hazards models. The strongest associations of diastolic BP with CVD (HR 1.18), myocardial infarction (HR 1.22), and stroke (HR 1.13) were observed in the obese category. For systolic BP, the strongest associations were observed in the obese category with CVD (HR 1.16) and stroke (HR 1.29) but in the overweight category with myocardial infarction (HR 1.19). We observed statistically significant interactions (P<0.0001) with body mass index for diastolic BP in relation to CVD and for systolic BP in relation to CVD and stroke.
Conclusions— In contrast to the findings of previous studies, we observed a general increase in the magnitude of the association between blood pressure and subsequent CVD with increasing body mass index. Hypertension should not be regarded as a less serious risk factor in obese than in lean or normal-weight persons.
Received February 12, 2008; accepted August 5, 2008.
Hypertension1 and obesity2 are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the role of obesity as an effect modifier in the association between blood pressure and CVD is highly debatable. Several studies have suggested that hypertension or elevated blood pressure has a stronger effect on CVD risk in lean than in obese persons,3–9 but negative or opposite results have also been reported.10–12 These findings have led to the suggestion that hypertension in lean and obese subjects represents 2 distinct forms of hypertension or that obesity may modify the physiological effects of hypertension. This suggestion has some support from a small-scale study of 55 obese and 66 lean hypertensive patients.13 The investigators in that study found that obese subjects had less pronounced increases in blood levels of renin and epinephrine during treadmill exercise than lean subjects, which indicates different neuroendocrine responses to physical exercise.13 Evidence is also increasing that suggests that muscle tissue is an important organ in the regulation of human metabolism,14 and thus, lean body mass may also modulate the physiological effects of hypertension. However, previous studies have exclusively used relative weight as an indicator of obesity, which is a combination of lean and fat body mass.
Clinical Perspective p 1642
A stronger effect of hypertension on CVD risk in lean than in obese persons, as suggested by some previous studies, would have important clinical implications because hypertension among obese individuals might be considered a less serious risk factor. We have access to a very large population-based cohort study of Swedish men, which has enabled us to analyze this research question with greater precision than has been possible previously.
Data Collection
Physiological measures were made at conscription examination, which predates active military service. Conscription was mandatory by law for all male Swedish citizens in the present study cohort born between 1951 and 1976; only those with a severe handicap or a chronic disease were exempted. Age at the time of the conscription examination (1969 to 1994) varied from 16 to 25 years (median age 18.2 years), and only 1.36% of the participants were younger than 17 or older than 20 years.
Diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP and SBP), height (without shoes), and weight (in underwear) were measured. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was used as an indicator of relative weight and was stratified to conventional weight categories (underweight <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, overweight 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2).15 Blood pressure was measured after 5 to 10 minutes of rest in the supine position. No further measurements were made if SBP was 145 mm Hg or less and DBP was between 50 and 85 mm Hg. If the measurements were outside these limits, a second measure was made, and the result of the second measure was entered in the register and used in the analyses. For DBP, we found some evidence for rounding to the nearest 10 mm Hg, but the distribution of DBP was otherwise normal. Elbow flexion, hand grip, and knee extension strength were measured according to standard protocols and used as a proxy indicator of lean body mass.16,17 Information on subject's own education and occupational status, as well as that of the subject's mother and father, was derived from the Swedish Population and Housing Censuses conducted in 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990, as described in detail elsewhere.18
In the entire data set, we had conscription data available for 1 171 424 men, but in 13 674 men, we had missing or invalid information on DBP or SBP (the limits for accepted values were 40 to 100 mm Hg for DBP and 100 to 180 mm Hg for SBP). Of these men, 803 were excluded because of an invalid DBP value and 555 because of an invalid SBP value; other men were dropped from analyses owing to missing blood pressure data. In addition, we had a small number of extreme values for height (≤150 or ≥210 cm; 70 men), weight (≤40 or ≥150 kg; 85 men), or BMI (≤15 or ≥60 kg/m2; 359 men). These values may have been true values or may represent measurement or data entry errors. To minimize errors of misclassification, we excluded these men from the data, which resulted in the final analytical sample of 1 145 758 men.
We also had self-reported information on smoking at baseline in a subset of 34 643 participants born between 1951 and 1953. Smoking was classified into 5 categories: not smoking or smoking 1 to 5 cigarettes per day, 6 to 10 cigarettes per day, 11 to 20 cigarettes per day, or >20 cigarettes per day. We repeated the BMI-stratified analyses in this subsample to analyze whether adjustment for smoking had an effect on the results, using smoking as a categorized variable. Owing to a small number of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke cases, we were not able to analyze these end points separately.
The follow-up data (1969 to 2006) were based on the Swedish Cause of Death Register, Swedish Hospital Discharge Register, and Statistics Sweden's emigration registers, which cover the entire Swedish population, and were linked to the baseline data with personal identity numbers. Fatal and nonfatal cases were identified according to the eighth, ninth, and tenth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD8, ICD9, and ICD10) for all CVD (390 through 459 for ICD8 and ICD9 and I for ICD10), MI (410 for ICD8 and ICD9 and I21 for ICD10), and stroke (430 through 438 and 344 for ICD8; 430 through 438, 342, and 344 for ICD9; and I60 through I66 and G45 for ICD10). Swedish register-based data have shown a high level of validity for acute stroke and MI.19 The follow-up time was calculated in days from conscription to death or hospitalization from the disease (cases), deaths due to other causes or emigration (censored observations), or December 31, 2006 (whichever came first). Because of a lag time in data entry and the checking of information in the Cause of Death Register, we did not have cause of death information for years 2005 to 2006, and therefore, we censored those persons who died but were not hospitalized during 2005 to 2006 at the end of 2004.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. We analyzed the modifying effect of BMI on the association between blood pressure and CVD (including subtypes) by computing the hazard ratios (HRs) for a 1-SD increase in DBP and SBP by fitting a separate model for each of the BMI categories (see above). We adjusted for year of birth, age at the time of baseline measure, and conscription office in all models by including these variables in the models as covariates. Interactions between blood pressure and BMI were then modeled by incorporating an interaction term between DBP or SBP and BMI as a continuous variable. We also analyzed whether muscle strength confounded the interactions between blood pressure and BMI by adjusting the analyses for elbow flexion, hand grip, and knee extension strength. Finally, we adjusted the interactions for subject's own, mother's, and father's education and occupation-based social position by using them as categorized variables.
The proportional hazards assumptions of the Cox models were tested by Schoenfeld residuals separately for DBP and SBP in the categories of BMI. We found statistically significant deviance from proportionality in the CVD models in the BMI category of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 for both DBP (P<0.001) and SBP (P=0.01) and in the stroke models in the BMI category of ≥30 kg/m2 for SBP (P=0.03). Otherwise, the P values varied between 0.08 and 0.99. Given that multiple proportionality tests (24 tests altogether) were necessarily conducted and given that the present sample size was very large, it is likely that these 3 statistically significant results occurred as a result of type 1 error. We present our results as standardized HRs by transforming DBP and SBP to have a mean value of 0 and an SD of 1 across the entire population. All statistical models were performed with the Stata statistical package, version 9.2 (StataCorp, College Station, Tex).
The authors had full access to and take full responsibility for the integrity of the data. All authors have read and agree to the manuscript as written.
Table 1 presents the basic characteristics of the study participants at baseline and during follow-up categorized by baseline BMI. SBP and DBP increased modestly with increasing BMI (Pearson r=0.05 and 0.17, respectively) and showed a modest mutual correlation (Pearson r=0.16). In the entire data set, 65 611 CVD cases were found, which included 6799 MI and 8827 stroke cases during the follow-up of 27.4 million person years (median follow-up time 24.3 years). The crude incidence and mortality rates were similar in the underweight and normal-weight categories but otherwise increased strongly with increasing BMI. We also inspected the log-linearity of the association of blood pressure with the disease outcomes by calculating HRs for each quartile of DBP (HR=1.00, 1.05, 1.12, and 1.32 for CVD; 1.00, 1.16, 1.27, and 1.56 for MI; and 1.00, 1.03, 1.09, and 1.28 for stroke) and SBP (HR=1.00, 1.03, 1.12, and 1.27 for CVD; 1.00, 1.12, 1.38, and 1.53 for MI; and 1.00, 0.97, 1.06, and 1.13 for stroke). These associations were accepted as linear despite possible slight nonlinearity in the association between SBP and stroke. Thereafter, all analyses were performed with DBP and SBP on a continuous scale.
Table 2 presents the results for the associations of blood pressure with incident CVD, MI, and stroke (fatal and nonfatal cases together) by separate baseline BMI categories and for all categories combined (without adjustment for BMI). As anticipated, both DBP and SBP were strongly associated with CVD, MI, and stroke, with statistical significance at conventional levels apparent in most analyses. Statistical evidence was also found for interactions between BMI and both SBP and DBP in the prediction of all CVD (P<0.0001), as well as between BMI and SBP in the prediction of stroke. In contrast to the hypothesis, the interactions were positive, ie, the effects of blood pressure on disease incidence were generally stronger in obese participants than in the lower BMI categories. Adjustment for interactions with elbow flexion, hand grip, and knee extension strength or for subject's own and parental education and occupation-based social position did not change these results. We also adjusted the analyses for smoking in the subsample of men with this information. Controlling for smoking had only a slight effect on the results, and the HRs for SBP and DBP remained highest in the BMI category 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 (for the BMI category >30 kg/m2, we were not able to calculate HRs because of the small number of cases). Finally, we examined whether the absence of mortality data for the period 2005 to 2006 would have affected the results by censoring all men at the end of the year 2004. No evidence was found of a change in our findings (data available from the corresponding author).
Finally, we analyzed the nature of the interaction by BMI on the blood pressure–CVD gradient by splitting DBP and SBP into quartiles (Figure). We conducted these analyses only for CVD because of a limited number of MI and stroke cases in the extreme categories. In both figures, the lowest risk of CVD was seen in the leanest men with the lowest blood pressure; conversely, the highest risk was evident in the heaviest men with the highest blood pressure.
In the present very large cohort of young Swedish men, our findings did not support the suggestion that blood pressure was more strongly associated with CVD risk in lean rather than obese persons at baseline, as has suggested by several3–9 but not all10–12 previous studies. Indeed, we observed a stronger effect of blood pressure on CVD risk in obese as opposed to lean or normal-weight men. We adjusted these interactions for muscle strength and for each subject's own and parental education and occupation-based social position to ascertain whether lean body mass or socioeconomic factors confounded these relations, but we found no evidence that they did.
Certain differences in the present study cohort can be observed compared with those of previous studies that may explain the discrepancy in the findings. The present study subjects were all in early adulthood at the time of baseline measurement of BMI and blood pressure. Previous studies have included mainly middle-aged or elderly subjects with a wider age range. In the present study, the oldest subjects were 56 years of age at the end of follow-up, and therefore, we analyzed especially early CVD morbidity and mortality. It is thus possible that the reverse interaction between blood pressure and BMI observed in other studies may emerge in middle age or that it is specifically associated with CVD morbidity at older age. In lean middle-aged persons, hypertension may be more influenced by an accumulation of environmental risk factors, such as salt consumption, leading to higher CVD risk, whereas in young persons, hypertension may be determined more genetically. High risk among lean hypertensive persons has also been reported for total mortality.20,21 Stamler and coauthors7 reported that lean hypertensive persons had a higher risk for death due to cirrhosis, nonmalignant respiratory disease, violence, and malignant neoplasms than obese hypertensive persons. This suggests differences in alcohol consumption and smoking. However in the present study, we found that the adjustment for socioeconomic factors had no effect on the interactions between blood pressure and BMI. It is also noteworthy that the prevalence of overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) in the present study cohort was only 10%, but this was likely to increase dramatically during aging. To fit the observations from the present study to those from the previous contrasting studies in older age groups,3–9 it may be speculated that the blood pressure increases that occur after young adulthood due to reasons other than weight gain may be more strongly associated with an increased risk of CVD.
Another explanation for our contrasting findings may be publication bias. BMI and blood pressure are 2 very commonly measured risk factors in epidemiological studies, and thus, a large number of cohort studies allows for the study of this interaction. It is noteworthy that the first studies based on French3 and US4 cohorts included a modest number of CVD cases (203 and 241 cases, respectively) during short follow-up periods (9 and 11 years, respectively). It is possible that the first studies reporting this interaction may have facilitated publication of results that supported the initial findings, whereas in many cases, when this interaction was nonsignificant or showed the reverse outcome, the results failed to be published.
The present study has several advantages but also has limitations. Its main advantage is the very large sample size, which enabled analysis of the effect of blood pressure on CVD risk with adequate power stratified by baseline BMI. This is especially important because the main results of the present study contrast with those of previous studies. It is also noteworthy that a conscription examination was mandatory by law in the birth cohorts studied here; however, because handicap, chronic disease, and non-Swedish citizenship were legal reasons to be exempted, the present cohort represents mainly healthy Swedish men at baseline. Nonetheless, very unusually, the present cohort essentially covers a full nation of Swedish men born during a 25-year period. A further advantage is that the present study cohort was young, and the measures were performed in a narrow age range. Thus, this cohort was very homogeneous, and blood pressure was less affected by environmental exposures, which may also be independently associated with CVD risk. Furthermore, the risk of reverse causality because of underlying diseases that affect BMI, which may affect the results in middle-aged cohorts, is small in what is, by comparison, a largely disease-free cohort. Young age at baseline is naturally also a limitation of the present data, because we cannot analyze whether the associations between BMI, blood pressure, and CVD risk changed during aging. Follow-up data with multiple measures of blood pressure would thus be valuable.
A limitation of the present data is that for those persons having blood pressure within normal limits in the first measurement, no additional reading was taken. Thus, the blood pressure measurement in the present study probably has more random variation than in some other epidemiological cohorts with a greater number of assessments. However, we believe it is reasonable to assume that the random error did not vary between BMI categories and thus did not contribute to the interaction effect between BMI and blood pressure. Additionally, we had only limited information on other metabolic and behavioral risk factors of CVD and thus cannot fully test whether adjustment of the HRs for these risk factors would change the interactive effect between blood pressure and BMI. A further limitation is that because the present data were based solely on men, the extent to which our findings can be generalized to women is unclear.
In conclusion, in the present large, nationwide cohort study of Swedish men, we did not find any evidence that suggested that high blood pressure would be more harmful in lean than in obese persons, at least not in young adulthood and when predicting CVD morbidity before 56 years of age. However, because we do not have information on many other risk factors of CVD, we cannot exclude the possibility that this would be the case in certain subpopulations with a clustering of other risk factors. Nevertheless, the present results strongly suggest that high blood pressure should not be regarded as a less serious risk factor in obese than in lean persons in this age group and in the general Swedish male population.
Sources of Funding
Dr Silventoinen was supported by the Academy of Finland (grant 108297), Dr Magnusson by the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Dr Sundström by the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and the Swedish Research Council, and Dr Neovius by Arbetsmarknadens Forsakrings- och Aktiebolag (AFA). Dr Batty is a UK Wellcome Trust Fellow. Dr Rasmussen is supported by Swedish Research Council, Arbetsmarknadens Forsakrings- och Aktiebolag (AFA), Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research, the Vårdal Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Diabetes Research.
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Some studies have suggested that increased blood pressure has a stronger effect on the risk of cardiovascular disease in lean than in obese persons, although this is not a universal finding. In a very large population-based cohort study of >1 million Swedish men, which accumulated 65 611 new cardiovascular disease events during follow-up, we have been able to analyze this unresolved research question with greater precision than has been possible previously. Hazard ratios per 1-SD increase in blood pressure were computed within established categories of body mass index (underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese) with Cox proportional hazards models. In contrast to the hypothesis, the strongest associations of diastolic blood pressure with cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio 1.18), myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 1.22), and stroke (hazard ratio 1.13) were in fact observed in the obese category. Similar results were apparent for systolic blood pressure. Our results suggest that raised blood pressure should be regarded as an equally important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in both obese individuals and normal-weight and underweight persons.
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- Does Obesity Modify the Effect of Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease?Karri Silventoinen, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Martin Neovius, Johan Sundström, G. David Batty, Per Tynelius and Finn RasmussenCirculation. 2008;118:1637-1642, originally published October 13, 2008https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772707
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- Does Obesity Modify the Effect of Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease?Karri Silventoinen, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Martin Neovius, Johan Sundström, G. David Batty, Per Tynelius and Finn RasmussenCirculation. 2008;118:1637-1642, originally published October 13, 2008https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772707Permalink:


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A baby boy, discovered in 1900 on an ocean liner, grows into a musical prodigy, never setting foot on land.
Director: Giuseppe Tornatore | Stars: Tim Roth, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Bill Nunn, Clarence Williams III
Votes: 45,524 | Gross: $0.26M
30. 1900 (1976)
Unrated | 317 min | Crime, Drama, History
The epic tale of a class struggle in twentieth century Italy, as seen through the eyes of two childhood friends on opposing sides.
Director: Bernardo Bertolucci | Stars: Robert De Niro, Gérard Depardieu, Dominique Sanda, Francesca Bertini
Votes: 18,746
31. Maurice (1987)
R | 140 min | Drama, Romance
After his lover rejects him, a young man trapped by the oppressiveness of Edwardian society tries to come to terms with and accept his sexuality.
Director: James Ivory | Stars: James Wilby, Rupert Graves, Hugh Grant, Denholm Elliott
Votes: 12,003 | Gross: $3.13M
32. Fanny and Alexander (1982)
R | 188 min | Drama
Two young Swedish children experience the many comedies and tragedies of their family, the Ekdahls.
Director: Ingmar Bergman | Stars: Bertil Guve, Pernilla Allwin, Kristina Adolphson, Börje Ahlstedt
Votes: 46,805 | Gross: $4.97M
33. Wild Strawberries (1957)
Not Rated | 91 min | Drama, Romance
After living a life marked by coldness, an aging professor is forced to confront the emptiness of his existence.
Director: Ingmar Bergman | Stars: Victor Sjöström, Bibi Andersson, Ingrid Thulin, Gunnar Björnstrand
Votes: 70,982
34. Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–1975)
60 min | Drama
The trials of the British aristocratic Bellamy family and their household staff.
Stars: Gordon Jackson, David Langton, Jean Marsh, Angela Baddeley
Votes: 2,185
35. Fitzcarraldo (1982)
PG | 158 min | Adventure, Drama
The story of Brian Sweeney Fitzgerald, an extremely determined man who intends to build an opera house in the middle of a jungle.
Director: Werner Herzog | Stars: Klaus Kinski, Claudia Cardinale, José Lewgoy, Miguel Ángel Fuentes
Votes: 24,730
36. The Great Race (1965)
Approved | 160 min | Action, Adventure, Comedy
A grand adventurous race takes place between the heroic Leslie and the despicable Professor Fate across three continents.
Director: Blake Edwards | Stars: Tony Curtis, Natalie Wood, Jack Lemmon, Peter Falk
Votes: 13,526 | Gross: $25.33M
37. Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
Approved | 113 min | Comedy, Drama, Family
In the year leading up to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, the four Smith daughters learn lessons of life and love, even as they prepare for a reluctant move to New York.
Director: Vincente Minnelli | Stars: Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer
Votes: 16,338 | Gross: $7.57M
38. Kill, Baby... Kill! (1966)
PG | 83 min | Horror, Mystery
An 19th century European village is haunted by the ghost of a murderous little girl.
Director: Mario Bava | Stars: Giacomo Rossi Stuart, Erika Blanc, Fabienne Dali, Piero Lulli
Votes: 4,397
39. Big Jake (1971)
GP | 110 min | Western
In 1909, when John Fain's gang kidnaps Big Jake McCandles' grandson and hold him for ransom, Big Jake sets out to rescue the boy.
Directors: George Sherman, John Wayne | Stars: John Wayne, Richard Boone, Maureen O'Hara, Patrick Wayne
Votes: 8,887 | Gross: $7.50M
40. Neverland (2011– )
180 min | Adventure, Fantasy
Raised on the streets of turn-of-the century London, orphaned Peter and his pals survive by their fearless wits as cunning young pickpockets. Now, they've been rounded up by their mentor ... See full summary »
Stars: Keira Knightley, Charlotte Atkinson, Anna Friel, Charlie Rowe
Votes: 9,092
41. The Forsyte Saga (2002– )
276 min | Drama, Romance
Chronicles the lives of three generations of the upper-middle-class British family, the Forsytes, from the 1870s to 1920.
Stars: Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, Gina McKee, Amanda Root
Votes: 4,465
42. Love in the Time of Cholera (2007)
R | 139 min | Drama, Romance
Florentino, rejected by the beautiful Fermina at a young age, devotes much of his adult life to carnal affairs as a desperate attempt to heal his broken heart.
Director: Mike Newell | Stars: Javier Bardem, Giovanna Mezzogiorno, Benjamin Bratt, Gina Bernard Forbes
Votes: 20,209 | Gross: $4.61M
43. Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975)
PG | 115 min | Drama, Mystery
During a rural summer picnic, a few students and a teacher from an Australian girls' school vanish without a trace. Their absence frustrates and haunts the people left behind.
Director: Peter Weir | Stars: Rachel Roberts, Anne-Louise Lambert, Vivean Gray, Helen Morse
Votes: 27,435 | Gross: $0.08M
44. Johnny Got His Gun (1971)
R | 111 min | Drama, War
A World War I soldier, rendered blind, deaf, limbless, and mute by a horrific artillery shell attack, finds a unique way of communicating with his doctors.
Director: Dalton Trumbo | Stars: Timothy Bottoms, Kathy Fields, Marsha Hunt, Jason Robards
Votes: 13,005
45. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993)
PG | 96 min | Action, Adventure, Comedy
The turtles find themselves transported back in time to ancient Japan.
Director: Stuart Gillard | Stars: Elias Koteas, Paige Turco, Stuart Wilson, Sab Shimono
Votes: 26,778 | Gross: $42.66M
46. Gigi (1958)
Approved | 115 min | Comedy, Musical, Romance
Weary of the conventions of Parisian society, a rich playboy and a youthful courtesan-in-training enjoy a platonic friendship, but it may not stay platonic for long.
Director: Vincente Minnelli | Stars: Leslie Caron, Maurice Chevalier, Louis Jourdan, Hermione Gingold
Votes: 16,136
47. Coco Before Chanel (2009)
PG-13 | 105 min | Biography, Drama
The story of Coco Chanel's rise from obscure beginnings to the heights of the fashion world.
Director: Anne Fontaine | Stars: Audrey Tautou, Benoît Poelvoorde, Alessandro Nivola, Marie Gillain
Votes: 34,238 | Gross: $6.11M
48. McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971)
R | 120 min | Drama, Western
A gambler and a prostitute become business partners in a remote Old West mining town, and their enterprise thrives until a large corporation arrives on the scene.
Director: Robert Altman | Stars: Warren Beatty, Julie Christie, Rene Auberjonois, William Devane
Votes: 17,970
49. The Tin Drum (1979)
R | 142 min | Drama, War
In 1924, Oskar Matzerath is born in the Free City of Danzig. At age three, he falls down a flight of stairs and stops growing. In 1939, World War II breaks out.
Director: Volker Schlöndorff | Stars: David Bennent, Mario Adorf, Angela Winkler, Katharina Thalbach
Votes: 19,048
50. Ma Loute (2016)
Unrated | 122 min | Comedy
Summer 1910. Several tourists have vanished while relaxing on the beautiful beaches of the Channel Coast. Infamous inspectors Machin and Malfoy soon gather that the epicenter of these ... See full summary »
Director: Bruno Dumont | Stars: Fabrice Luchini, Juliette Binoche, Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Jean-Luc Vincent
Votes: 2,630 | Gross: $0.06M

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Album Rating: 3.5rules hard
Album Rating: 4.0 | Sound OffAlbum rules damn hard.
Really like the vocals here.
Digging: Sorcerer - The Crowning of the Fire King
listening again. been a while
Album Rating: 4.0 | Sound OffThis and the previous are great stuff.
Swedish DM at its finest.
I specially like the vocals dynamics here.
Album Rating: 4.5Gotta say this is slightly better than Left Hand Path.
Digging: Gamma Ray - Land of the Free
Album Rating: 5.0Best Entombed album ever, been listening to it since 1992 and does not grow old; no death and roll
Album Rating: 5.0BEST ENTOMBED
Album Rating: 4.0Sounds very promising...
Album Rating: 4.0lol
Album Rating: 4.0crawl is so good
good but the vox suck
Album Rating: 4.0nah they good
Awesome album.
Album Rating: 3.5vox suck, whoa....
This and their debut are staple releases
Album Rating: 4.5these riffs
Album Rating: 5.0This is the second best death metal of all time, with Mental Funeral taking the top honors.
Album Rating: 5.0*album
Album Rating: 5.0Pull the butt plug (out of Kill's ass).
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


text: Let me start off by saying: you've got anew believer. This phone has changed the world. All the previous iPhone killers have not managed. This is the first phone I know of to really shatter the hardware and software of the iPhone. I will continue to vote with my wallet for Android products. Anyways as all tech goes there are questions. Friend stream only seems to have Facebook.I do find a common themes with apps. There doesn't seem to be an app that does it all when it comes to social networking. Right now I have about 4-5 apps just for the various online networks. Is there an app which has all of this? Yahoo,buzz,Facebook,linkedin,MySpace,Google talk,xmpp chat,etc Including status updates, IMing and video chat where available? I'm assuming that's a no. So anyways, what app should I be using to video chat with people? I really want to get some use out of the front cam. Also, I see there are now batteries with more juice. Can it be expected there will be even higher capacity by the end of the year? I have more questions but there are good for now


text:
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text:
Pittsfield: Harvest Run benefits BCC nursing program
The Berkshire Healthcare Harvest Run will be held Saturday, Oct. 15, on the cross-country trails at Berkshire Community College.
The event begins at 10 a.m. with a 5K trail run, followed by a one mile kids' race at 10:45 a.m. This year's event will also include a 5K team relay, consisting of three runners who each will complete one-third of the course.
All proceeds benefit BCC's nursing program.
There will be a "Round the World" food competition among the affiliates of Berkshire Healthcare Systems. The public is invited to sample the entries featuring foods from Germany, France, Greece, Brazil, Poland, and Mexico.
Online registration is $30 for the 5K, $30 for each member of a relay team and $10 for the one mile kids' race. Race day registration begins at 8:30 a.m. at BCC's Paterson Field House.
To register online or for further information, visit www.berkshirecc.edu/harvestrun or call 413-236-2185. Printable registration forms are also available.
If you'd like to leave a comment (or a tip or a question) about this story with the editors, please email us. We also welcome letters to the editor for publication; you can do that by filling out our letters form and submitting it to the newsroom.


text:
Olympicco.com ranks
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Olympic Trading, Co. Headquartered in Brooklyn, New York. We source ONLY specialty food and other Natural products from around the country and around the world. These products are sold to a comprehensive network of specialty food distributors who service supermarket retailers nationwide. Our mission is to provide consumers with a wide variety of quality specialty food products at affordable prices and to offer specialty food companies cost effective access to top of the line sales, marketing and distribution expertise. Our company excels in such areas as purchasing, inventory management, freight forwarding and consolidation, FDA issues, U.S. Customs clearance, warehousing and food labeling!
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With First Tutors you can find a home pe / sport science tutor in the West Midlands region and across the UK. Home pe / sport science tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence while simultaneously improving grades and doesn't have to be boring! Please use our search to find home pe / sport science tutors near you in the West Midlands region and select which best suits your requirements.
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46 Sommers Road Altona Meadows 3028 VIC
Immaculate Family House !!
Just a short walk from Altona Meadows shopping centre, public transport, open parkland and schools. An immaculately presented residence comprising 3 bedrooms, with ensuite to master, plus an additional bedroom come theatre room or family area. Step down lounge, large meals area over looking kitchen with W/O, HIP's and ample BIC's. Extras include ducted heating and cooling, spa bath, pergola and quality fixtures and fittings plus an alarm system
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Eastern Michigan vs. Miami (Ohio) - 2/2/16 College Basketball Pick, Odds, and Prediction
Miami (Ohio) RedHawks (7-14) at Eastern Michigan Eagles (10-11)
College Basketball: Tuesday, February 2, 2016 at 7:00 pm (EMU Convocation Center)
The Line: Eastern Michigan Eagles -8.5 -- Over/Under: See the Latest Odds
The Miami (OH) Redhawks will travel to the Convocation Center (MI) to take on the Eastern Michigan Eagles this Tuesday night in College Basketball action.
The Miami (OH) Redhawks snapped their 10-game losing streak and improved to 7-14 (1-7 MAC East) on the season after defeating the Northern Illinois Huskies, 72-59, this past Saturday. Miami (OH) used a 10-0 run midway through the 2nd half to take a 60-49 lead and was solid at the FT line late in the game to secure the victory. Miami (OH) shot 46.0% from the field and 47.6% (10-21) from beyond the arc. The Redhawks held the Huskies to 34.0% shooting from the field and outrebounded Northern Illinois by a 34-31 margin. Leading the way for Miami (OH) was Geovonie McKnight who had 18 points, 3 rebounds, and 4 assists. On the season, the Redhawks have been led by Eric Washington (14.9 ppg, 3.3 rpg, 4.2 apg), Geovonie McKnight (13.0 ppg, 3.7 rpg, 2.5 apg, 1.1 spg), and LJ Livingston (5.7 ppg, 4.1 rpg). Offensively, Miami (OH) is averaging 63.6 ppg on 41.2% shooting from the field and 32.1% shooting from beyond the arc. The Redhawks average 5.4 three-pointers per game and have an assist/turnover ratio of 0.80. Defensively, Miami (OH) is holding their opponents to an average of 67.7 ppg on 43.4% shooting from the field. The Redhawks average 6.5 steals per game and have a turnover margin of 1.9.
USA TODAY Sports
The Eastern Michigan Eagles lost their 5th straight game and dropped to 10-11 (2-6 MAC West) on the season after being defeated by the Western Michigan Broncos, 94-86, this past Saturday. Eastern Michigan used a strong offensive 2nd half to fight back into the game after being down 41-24 at halftime, but couldn't get enough defensive stops to get the win. Eastern Michigan shot 43.1% from the field and 88.0% (22-25) from the FT line. The Eagles allowed the Broncos to shoot 49.2% from the field and 71.4% (10-14) from beyond the arc. Leading the way for Eastern Michigan was James Thompson IV who had a double-double with 17 points, 11 rebounds, 1 steal, and a block. On the season, the Eagles have been led by James Thompson IV (15.6 ppg, 11.0 rpg, 1.5 bpg), Raven Lee (14.0 ppg, 1.5 rpg, 1.6 spg, 1.6 spg), and Willie Mangum IV (13.1 ppg, 2.5 rpg, 2.0 apg, 1.5 spg). Offensively, Eastern Michigan is averaging 78.6 ppg on 44.0% shooting from the field and 29.1% shooting from beyond the arc. The Eagles average 5.5 three-pointers per game and have an assist/turnover ratio of 0.97. Defensively, Eastern Michigan is allowing their opponents to average 74.6 ppg on 41.3% shooting. The Eagles average 10.3 steals per game and have a turnover margin of 4.6.
The Redhawks are 10-4 ATS in their last 14 road games vs. a team with a winning home record however, just 4-9-1 ATS in their last 14 games overall. The Eagles are 4-1 ATS in their last 5
Tuesday games and 5-2 ATS in their last 7 home games vs. a team with a losing road record.
Miami (OH) finally was able to pick up a win however, need to find ways to produce more offense as they rank just 329th in scoring offensive and 300th in FG%. Eastern Michigan has been able to put up some points on the board this season however have struggled defensively in the conference play as they've allowed MAC opponents to average 82.5 ppg. Eastern Michigan can cause turnovers however, Miami (OH) does a good job of protecting the ball and I think that the Redhawks defense helps keep this one within the large number. Take Miami (OH) and the points.
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Princess Leah (Starring Kreayshawn) - F The White Girl Mob [Underground Submitted]
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Hi there! By visiting YTV.com you may link out to other sites that we don't control. Before you click grab a parent (or the person in charge of you) and make sure it's ok with them that you leave our site. They can get more info about what we stand for by checking out our privacy and terms of use.
You're Squidward!
You're Squidward and you need no introduction other than that. You're very unique and very mature. You enjoy fancy mustard on your sandwiches and the most tasteful classical music to accompany it. Some people might describe you as subborn or a grump... but they're just not as cultured as you.


text:
Apple Inc. CEO Tim Cook acknowledged on Wednesday that his shareholders were disappointed with a five-month slide of more than 30 per cent in the company's share price, but urged a focus on the longer term.
The world's most valuable technology corporation headed into its annual meeting at its Cupertino headquarters on shakier ground than it has been accustomed to in years, since the iPhone and iPad helped elevate the company to premier investment status.
Its southward-heading share price has lent weight to Wall Street's demand that it share more of its $137-billion cash and securities pile, a debate now spearheaded by outspoken hedge fund manager David Einhorn.
Einhorn was not spotted at the meeting on Wednesday. Cook repeated that the company's board remained in "very very active" discussions about options for cash sharing.
"I don't like it either. The board doesn't like it. The management team doesn't like it," Cook told investors at the company's headquarters on 1 Infinite Loop.
But by focusing on the long term, revenue and profit will follow, he said.
Cook added that the company was working on new product categories, but, as usual, would not elaborate.
Speculation is rife on Wall Street and in Silicon Valley that the iPhone maker is working on a project to revolutionize the television and TV content, or a smart "iWatch."
Apple's stock was down 1.2 per cent to $443.60 in early afternoon trade. It is now down more than 35 per cent from its $702.10 September peak.
Despite a slip-sliding share price, dissatisfaction on the Street over its cash allocation strategy and uncertainty over its product pipeline, shareholders re-elected the entire board on Wednesday, and Cook won more than 99 per cent of the vote in preliminary results.


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Results 1 to 4 of 4
Thread: To maintain a connection or not
02-17-03, 12:18 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Feb 2003
- Posts
- 107
Unanswered: To maintain a connection or not
I'm developing a relatively small application that will be used by 5 - 10 people. The database will be access... which i understand is limited to 5 concurrent connections.
Is it a good idea to create a global connection object and keep the connection open for each session or should I connect / disconnect each time a db function is called? eg. when the user provides their login criteria, I am currently connecting to the db, authenticating them, and then disconnecting. However, on the next screen that appears, I need to query their user profile to determine which modules I should / should not display. In this scenario, I think it would be better to have just maintained the initial connection...
also, is there any good vb / access sample code available?
02-17-03, 18:32 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Nov 2002
- Location
- San Francisco
- Posts
- 251
MS Access has not 5 users limit... the limit is 255, but I haven't seen anybody with so many connections. 5 users limit is on MSDE
what is your front-end? Is it a web page (ASP) ?
02-18-03, 14:30 #3Registered User
- Join Date
- Feb 2003
- Posts
- 107
Front end
the front end will be vb forms. but in the future, i plan to rewrite the front end in ASP.
does it make a difference ?
Also re: 5 users... yes.. you're right - it supports up to 255 simultaneous users. No more than 25 recommended is what I read.
02-19-03, 01:54 #4Registered User
- Join Date
- Nov 2002
- Location
- San Francisco
- Posts
- 251
if you plan to use VB and in the future ASP, forget Access NOW and use MSDE.
1. If you will have more users in the future, you will easily upgrade to SQL server
2. if you plan to use different front end, create all main database functions on the server as stored procedures and extended stored procedures. Then you don't care so much about the front end, because all DELETEs, APPEND, MODIFY and other stuff is error-checked and proved on the SQL server (all your CHECK constr. and other LOGIC is written just once).
SQL server does not have problems with many opened connections, so if you don't plan app for 5000 users, keep it opened. Initial hanshake is short, but still it takes sometimes few seconds....


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If fresh water is to be treasured, the Great Lakes are the mother lode. No bodies of water can compare to them. One of them, Superior, is the largest lake on earth, and the five lakes together contain a fifth of the world's supply of standing fresh water. Their ten thousand miles of shoreline bound eight states and a Canadian province and are longer than the entire Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. Their surface area of 95,000 square miles is greater than New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island combined. People who have never visited them who have never seen a squall roar across Superior or the horizon stretch unbroken across Michigan or Huron have no idea how big they are. They are so vast that they dominate much of the geography, climate, and history of North America. In one way or another, they affect the lives of tens of millions of people.
The Living Great Lakes is the most complete book ever written about the history, nature, and science of these remarkable lakes at the heart of North America. From the geological forces that formed them to the industrial atrocities that nearly destroyed them, to the greatest environmental success stories of our time, the lakes are portrayed in all their complexity. The book, however, is much more than just history. It is also the story of the lakes as told by biologists, fishermen, sailors, and others whom the author grew to know while traveling with them on boats and hiking with them on beaches and islands.
The book is also the story of a personal journey. It is the narrative of a six-week voyage through the lakes and beyond as a crewmember on a tallmasted schooner, and a memoir of a lifetime spent on and near the lakes. Through storms and fog, on remote shores and city waterfronts, the author explores the five Great Lakes in all seasons and moods and discovers that they and their connecting waters including the Erie Canal, the Hudson River, and the East Coast from New York to Maine offer a surprising and bountiful view of America. The result is a meditation on nature and our place in the world, a discussion and cautionary tale about the future of water resources, and a celebration of a place that is both fragile and robust, diverse, rich in history and wildlife, often misunderstood, and worthy of our attention.
In his newest book, Dennis (From a Wooden Canoe) offers an engrossing description of being a crew member on the schooner Malabar on a six-week trip through the waters of Lakes Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior. Capt. Hajo Knuttel and other crew members such as Tim, the ship's creative cook, spring to life in this modern adventure tale. Dennis weaves anecdotes from his childhood, such as a family-fishing trip on Lake Michigan, together with informed commentary on the natural history of the lakes and the people who live there as well as evocative descriptions of the enchanting view of the forests along Lake Superior from the schooner. His narrative is a continual reminder of the dangers inherent in navigating the waters of these magnificent lakes as he details their current condition; he explains that in the 1970s, Lake Erie's waters were saved from an ecological disaster by a public outcry, yet other waters are still in danger from commercial dumping. But all does not go smoothly for the Malabar; Dennis's narrative takes on an air of adventure when, toward the end of the trip, the Malabar and its crew encounter a terrifying storm. Photos not seen by PW. Regional author tour. (Apr.) Copyright 2002 Cahners Business Information.


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Kelly's Auto Body Bellevue
Review for Kelly's Auto Body Bellevue
Beverly D. on 06/18/2011
Beverly said there was no paint work performed. They did a great job and the vehicle was actually ready earlier than promised.
Category: Collision
Service Date: 06/09/2011
Review Created: 06/18/2011
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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The History of the Smith-Appleby House and Property
by Jim Ignasher
The Smith-Appleby House at 220 Stillwater Road is the headquarters for the Historical Society of Smithfield and is open to the public.
The original portion of the house dates to about 1696 when Elisha Smith (b.1680 – d.1766) of Providence moved to Stillwater and built a single room home with a small loft. The house was a "stone-ender", meaning, one wall was composed entirely of stone. This stone wall held a large fireplace used for cooking and heat.
Elisha was a farmer and he eventually acquired 721 acres of land surrounding the present-day house. In addition to farming, he built two mills on his land. The remains of one of these mills can still be seen today at the rear of the house.
Elisha married Experience Mowry and together they had 10 children; seven boys and three girls. As the sons got older, the land was subdivided into 100 acre parcels among them. According to local records the girls did not inherit any of the land.
Elisha died in 1766 and was among the first to be buried in the cemetery located on the grounds of the house.
With Elisha's passing, the house went to his eldest son, Philip Smith, (b.1703 – d.1792). Philip married Waite Waterman, whose father owned and operated the famous Waterman Tavern in Greenville. Philip and Waite had seven children and were the owners of the house during the time of the American Revolution.
The next owner was John Smith, (b.1736 – d.1807), the son of Philip and Waite (Waterman) Smith. He married Phoebe Ballou in 1761 and they had three daughters. When Phoebe died John married Waite Brown and they had two sons.
John died in 1807 and is buried on the grounds. His will left half of the house and a portion of the farm to his wife, and the other half of the house and some land went to his youngest daughter Waite.
John's daughter, Waite Smith married Thomas Appleby on November 14, 1784 and moved to Wionkheige Hill where they raised five children. When she inherited her portion of the Smith property in 1807 it is presumed that she remained at her home on Wionkheige Hill, while her mother continued to live in Stillwater at the family homestead. Waite (Smith) Appleby passed away on October 15, 1843.
With Waite Appleby's passing, the house and property went to her eldest son John Smith Appleby who was born in 1787. He married Patience Harris on June 18, 1809 and moved to the homestead where he farmed the land and ran a grist and saw mill. A blacksmith shop was built later. During this time period the house was also used as a school house to teach the children of Stillwater until a permanent school house was built.
Before 1850, Stillwater Road was located on the other side of the present-day Smith-Appleby house and continued south where the upper end of Georgiaville Pond is today. This means that the rear of the present-day house was once the front and faced the road.
Stillwater Road was re-located to its present day position near the Smith-Appleby House around 1850 during the creation of Georgiaville Pond. The remnants to the old road can still be seen today when the level of the pond is lowered every autumn.
The house was expanded during the late 1700's with two rooms added to the north side and the fire places re-configured.
Further rooms were added around 1800 which included an add-on addition to the east portion of the house that doubled the size of the living space. This addition was actually another house that came from Johnston, Rhode Island. In those days, if one wanted to add-on to their home, they had to cut the timber, mill the lumber, and build it themselves. Another solution was to purchase an existing house, dismantle it, and re-assemble it at another site, which was less labor intensive than the first option.
A final addition was added about 1830 that includes the present day kitchen area and the room above it.
John Smith Appleby died May 17, 1857, at age 70, and is buried on the grounds along with his wife Patience and four daughters.
With John's passing, the house went to his Wife Patience (Harris) Appleby who lived there until her death in 1873. The house was then left to her eldest son, John Smith Appleby Jr. who was born August 25, 1830.
John Jr. never married but continued to work the farm for the rest of his life. Besides farming, he was active in local politics serving on both the Smithfield town council and school committee. He also held the positions of tax assessor and director of The National Exchange Bank in Greenville. He was said to be one of the most successful farmers in the area.
John Smith Appleby Jr. died August 8, 1904 and is buried on the grounds. Since he had no children of his own, he left the property to a nephew, Sidney Merton Appleby, (b. 1846 – d. 1929). Sidney was the youngest son of John's younger brother Silas Appleby.
Sidney married Sarah A. Cozzens of Cenrtredale on May 21, 1879. They had one child, Maria C. Appleby who was born January 22, 1888.
When Sidney was married, he moved to Limerock and worked a dairy farm. Shortly after Maria was born, the family moved to the Angell Farm in Smithfield where Sidney's father, Silas S. Appleby was living.
Sidney's wife Sarah died in 1890. In 1905, Sidney and Maria moved to the Smith-Appleby House along with two of Sidney's sisters; Abby Harris, the widow of George Harris, and Clara Appleby who never married. Sidney died December 23, 1929 and is buried on the grounds. With his passing, the house went to Maria.
Maria Cozzens Appleby was a woman ahead of her time. She was well known for her hard work and outdoor activities which included dairy farming and golf. In the 1920's, she built and operated Smithfield's only golf course which stood on land now occupied by Route 295. She was aided in her golf course venture by Abbie Sargent, who was a lifetime friend and companion of Maria. Abbie and Maria lived in the large house together, but as time went on Ernest Rehill was brought to live on the property as a handyman and grounds keeper. Mr. Rehill lived in the small outbuilding to the rear of the house.
Maria passed away on November 3, 1959 and was buried along with the other previous owners and their families in the cemetery on the grounds. Maria's Will provided for Abbie to live in the house for the rest of her life. When she died in 1963, she too was buried on the grounds.
After Abbie Sargent's passing, the property went to a church group that auctioned off the contents of the home and sold the house to a Middletown man. The property sat neglected for many years afterwards until it was sold to the Historical Society of Smithfield in 1976.
It took a few years to restore the Smith-Appleby House to its former self. Some work was done by professionals and other work by volunteers.
Part of the restoration process included deciding what features to keep. One room of the house still bore original stenciling done in the late 1700's. Another had a faux marbled floor done in the early 1800's. Other rooms had their original beaded 18th Century wood sheathing on the walls, wide planked floors, and decorative fireplaces. All of these features were meticulously restored and can still be seen today.
The outside of the house required the replacing of rotted boards and sills, along with extensive painting and repairs made to the chimneys and roofing.
As one might imagine, a house of this age requires a lot of upkeep and maintenance, therefore, the grounds are continually maintained and kept up by volunteers. Major repairs are funded mostly through grants and donations gathered by dues and monies collected from special events held at the house.
The building which Mr. Rehill occupied dates to the 1800's. It is speculated that it was originally used for washing and baking before the kitchen wing was added around 1830. A separate building for this purpose made sense to minimize the risk of fire to the main house and to reduce heat during the summertime. It was built into the side of a hill which would allow any wash water to drain away from the foundation. It is also conveniently located near the original well to the house.
An addition was put on the rear of the building around 1989 which doubled the size of the living space inside and added, for the first time, indoor plumbing.
The Barn
The Railroad Station
Railroad buffs might be interested to know that Smithfield's only remaining railroad station sits on the property. It was built about 1873 and was originally located on Brayton Road off Farnum Pike where it served as a "flag stop" station and post office.
A "flag stop" station was one where the station master would put out a red flag as a signal to the train engineer to stop and take on freight, mail, or passengers. If the engineer did not see a flag, the train continued on without stopping.
The station was used until 1931 when passenger service along the Providence to Pascoag line was discontinued. Afterwards it sat vacant and fell into disrepair. By the 1970's it was in poor condition and in danger of being demolished when it attracted the attention of the Historical Society of Smithfield. After some negotiations, the station was purchased for $300 and brought to the Smith-Appleby House property in 1975. There it sat for almost five years before it was taken to the Davies Technical School in Lincoln, R.I. and given a complete restoration as part of a community service project. It was returned to the Smith-Appleby house in November of 1980 and placed on a granite foundation.
One stipulation of the restoration by the historical society was to preserve as much of the original interior as possible. This was done to preserve the character of the building which included initials and dates carved into the interior woodwork by local boys with their pen knifes. The graffiti dates to the early years of the 20th Century and can still be seen today.
The Cemetery
There is a historical cemetery on the property dating to the 1760's located on a small rise to the east of the house, next to Stillwater Road. Many of the homes former occupants are buried here. The oldest part of the cemetery consists of upright field stones used as markers. Unfortunately, only one of them is marked in any way. Many early family graveyards were done in this way for a variety of reasons. The cemetery itself is acclimated east to west as was the custom of the day, with the thinking that one would rise up facing the sunrise on the Final Judgment Day.
The newer part of the cemetery dates from the 1800's to 1963 and consists of marked stones, including those of Maria Appleby and Abbie Sargent, the last two people to be interred there.
The Well
The Privy
Other Photos
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Tuesday 8 June 1920
It was Tuesday, under the sign of Gemini. The US president was Woodrow Wilson (Democratic).
Famous people born on this day include A J Mottram and Bert Leysen.
The Flapper, directed by Alan Crosland, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1920
while The River's End by James Oliver Curwood was one of the best selling books.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1920 or at June 08 across the years.
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Historical Events
Which were the important events of 8 June 1920 ?
- Saint Sabinianus, abbot, confessor [GTZ: Puy]
- World Ocean Day.
- Saint Audomar, bishop of ThTrouanne, confessor (Translation day)
- Saint Elphege, bishop, martyr (Translation day)
- Saint Marius, hermit [GTZ: Clermont]
- Trojecia, virgin (at Rodez)
- Roman Empire - second day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta.
- Blessed Chlodulph, bishop of Metz
- Blessed Gildard, bishop of Rouen, confessor
- Blessed Maximinus, bishop of Aix en Provence
- Blessed William, bishop of York, confessor
- Blessed Syra of Ireland, virgin
- Syria, virgin (at Troyes)
- saint Medard, bishop of Noyon, confessor [common]
Famous Birthdays:
- A J Mottram: Tennis player.
- Bert Leysen: TV director (Belgian National TV).
- Clarc Ireland: Peoria Military man.
- Gwen Harwood: Australian poet and playwright (d. 1995).
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: that Darwin stayed silent for love.
ROBERT KRULWICH: Before the big white beard, before he was famous, before his life in science, when Charles Darwin was just 28-years old, he wondered if it was time for him to get married. So what does he do?
DEBORAH HEILIGMAN: Well, he makes a list of pros and cons.
KRULWICH: And above the pros and the cons, says author Deborah Heiligman, Darwin wrote a title.
HEILIGMAN: It's called "Marry, Not Marry: This is the Question."
KRULWICH: So on the why I shouldn't get married side, he lists loss of time, quarreling with the wife, anxieties of children.
HEILIGMAN: He'd have to visit relatives.
KRULWICH: Right.
HEILIGMAN: And what if he didn't like them?
KRULWICH: And on the pro side, what would he get if he did get married?
HEILIGMAN: He would get, you know, a constant companion, and he said very famously that a wife would be better than a dog, anyhow.
KRULWICH: He literally wrote that?
HEILIGMAN: He literally wrote that. And...
KRULWICH: Better than a dog?
HEILIGMAN: Dog. And the thing is he loved dogs.
KRULWICH: So that's a compliment, really. He wanted a wife.
HEILIGMAN: Right, exactly.
KRULWICH: Uh-huh. So...
HEILIGMAN: But there was one big question that he did not put on his list.
KRULWICH: And what was that?
HEILIGMAN: God.
KRULWICH: God.
HEILIGMAN: He really was beginning to think that he was having problems with God and with religion in general, and he knew that this was going to be a problem for pretty much every woman who he would want to marry.
KRULWICH: Because every woman he wanted to marry was worried about a guy who had doubts about God. Well, what was the problem?
HEILIGMAN: Well, that your husband was going to go to hell and you would go to heaven, and I think there was a real fear that they would be separated for eternity. And that was painful.
KRULWICH: But even so, when Darwin got interested in the girl he'd known his whole life - his smart-but-religious first cousin Emma Wedgewood - he decided whatever the problems, she's the one. So at some point he says, will you?
HEILIGMAN: Yes. He finally asks her, and she's actually shocked, because she thought...
KRULWICH: She didn't see it coming.
HEILIGMAN: She didn't see it coming. She thought they were first cousins, they were friends. She thought maybe they would go on like for years. But she already knew she wanted to marry him. So even though she shocked, she said yes immediately, which, in turn, shocked him.
KRULWICH: So he gets a headache?
HEILIGMAN: He gets a headache. They're both feeling miserable. They're both completely shocked at what they've done.
KRULWICH: But they go ahead and they get married. And at first, it's a little bit rocky because Darwin tells Emma about his theory of natural selection, which hints that God may not be absolutely necessary.
HEILIGMAN: He did tell her at least some of the doubts that he was having. And she just was really, really worried about it.
KRULWICH: So she wrote him a letter, asking him to try harder to find his faith. And he agonized over that letter. There are actually several letters, but he wrote on the edge of this one, when I am dead, know that many times I've kissed and cried over this.
HEILIGMAN: He kept those letters with him all the time.
KRULWICH: One question all Darwin biographers have to deal with is why did Darwin wait so long, 21 years, to publish his ideas about evolution? Says writer Adam Gopnik...
ADAM GOPNIK: What is it? What causes that 21-year delay? And like all significant things in life, there's no one answer. One of the reasons is is he's collecting evidence. He never puts it aside completely. He's struggling to find evidence to persuade people that his idea is true. But at the same time, I don't think we're wrong to think that knowledge that it would hurt her, it would undermine her, it would pain her for him to publish these ideas is a - is equally powerful.
KRULWICH: So there was this real tension, then, between Darwin's marriage and Darwin's theory. And then Annie came along.
HEILIGMAN: Annie was their second child, their oldest daughter, really the apple of their eyes. I think she was - seemed to be a perfect blend of Charles and Emma. She was spirited. She was kind. she was musical like Emma, but she was orderly like Charles. They were just really, really close to her.
KRULWICH: And then things took an opera-like turn.
HEILIGMAN: Yeah, it is like an opera. She gets sick.
KRULWICH: And the sickness is kind of mysterious.
HEILIGMAN: They couldn't figure out what was wrong with her, and the doctor in London that they went to couldn't figure out what was wrong with her. And she would often cry at night, which was so unlike her.
KRULWICH: So what happened?
HEILIGMAN: Well, Emma - I mean Annie, sorry - Annie just got worse and worse, and she finally died.
KRULWICH: She was 10 years old. Darwin did not go to her burial.
HEILIGMAN: He didn't stay for the funeral. He couldn't bear it.
KRULWICH: But Annie's death, instead of sharpening the deep differences between Emma and Charles - who, after all, felt so differently about the afterlife - strangely, their differences relaxed.
HEILIGMAN: I almost feel like the death of Annie was so much the worst thing that could happen to them, and they survived it. But it was almost like anything else paled in comparison. So it was - Emma went on believing that she would see her loved ones in heaven. Charles pretty much - that was it for him.
KRULWICH: After Annie died, he became more willing to pursue and to proclaim his theories, and Emma turned toward him, not away from him.
HEILIGMAN: Emma wrote to him, you are my prime treasure and always have been.
KRULWICH: If you read Darwin's book, says another biographer, Lyanda Haupt, you can feel Annie's influence on Darwin.
LYANDA HAUPT: He knew so deeply and so personally and viscerally what death was now after Annie's loss. And yet in his writing, you see him affirming over and over this circle, the endless unfolding of life as he expresses it in "Origin."
KRULWICH: On the very last page of "The Origin of Species," says Adam Gopnik, Darwin takes his readers to a very beautiful forest rich with trees and birds singing everywhere. And he reminds us that the beauty that we see every day - the butterflies, the flowers, and especially we humans who can contemplate and love these things - we are all, all of us, products of millions of years of competition, struggle, famine, death. And that struggle will continue, so life will keep evolving new forms and new shapes.
GOPNIK: Thus from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving - namely, the production of the higher animals - directly follows.
KRULWICH: Let me hear that sentence one more time. Thus from...
GOPNIK: ...from the war of nature, from famine and death...
KRULWICH: From famine and death...
GOPNIK: Basically what Darwin is saying is exactly what we now call the existential dilemma. That's what he's stating. He's saying there are two things that are true. One is that everything dies, and things die for no reason and to no apparent end, and their death is painful. And that process of living and dying produces something amazing and beautiful and astonishing.
KRULWICH: And there's a grandeur in that.
GOPNIK: And there's a grandeur in that.
KRULWICH: There is a grandeur, says the final sentence of Darwin's book, in this view of life, that even from death - and even random death - endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved.
KRULWICH: Robert KRULWICH, NPR News, in New York.
Copyright © 2009 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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Malda, Jan. 16: Mamata Banerjee today found an ally in Congress patriarch Ghani Khan Chowdhury who dared party president Sonia Gandhi to prevent the formation of an alliance against the Left Front.
Mamata has pinned her hopes on Ghani Khan, who is not averse to joining hands with Trinamul even if it does not part ways with the BJP, a condition laid down by Bengal Congress chief Pranab Mukherjee.
The Trinamul leader met the Malda MP at his Kotwali residence this afternoon and sought his support in forging a front to fight the Left. She wasn't disappointed as Ghani Khan, who has in the past maintained that only a united front could oust the Left, took on the Congress high command.
'We want the grand alliance with the Trinamul Congress and the BJP in the state. If Sonia Gandhi does not agree to what we want, she can tread her own path and we will stick to ours. We will not bow to any pressure this time,' he said.
Before Mamata's arrival, Ghani Khan, while talking to reporters, took a dig at Pranab for 'pandering' to the CPM to keep his place intact. 'There are some Congress leaders who are directly to blame for the Left Front's continuation in power. The people of the state are fed up by their misrule and leaders like Pranab Mukherjee are misleading Sonia Gandhi,' he said.
The Malda MP said he would meet Sonia at the AICC conference in Hyderabad on January 21 and tell her about the 'ground reality' in Bengal.
Mamata had a 15-minute one-on-one with Ghani Khan. 'You go ahead with your plans, I am with you. There are some leaders who are against the alliance. That does not matter, the people of Bengal are ready for it. If you and I are firm, the alliance is bound to come through,' he told Mamata at the closed-door meeting. He then offered the Trinamul leader any seat in Malda if she wished to enter the Assembly.
The bitterness of 2001, when Mamata's stubborn stance on seat sharing had led to a CPM resurgence in Ghani Khan's bastion, appeared to have gone.
'If we have leaders like you with us, there will be straight contests with the Left in all the seats. You have to take the responsibility of convincing the leaders in Delhi. You have been with the Congress for so long, what have you got from the party' This time, let Delhi think in its own way, the CPM is the enemy here and to defeat them we will have to unite,' Mamata told the octogenarian leader.
She promised a transparent alliance. 'There will be no secrets, we will create the alliance openly, there are many Congress leaders who are in favour of the strategy. We could not do it in 2001. This year, the people will win. The CPM has survived for 29 years by using false voters, fake ration cards and terror. Barkatda (as Ghani Khan is known) has shown the way and we will follow,' Mamata said.


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Top 10 Hardest Kirby BossesMickeyGeorgia
The Contenders: Page 3
It starts out easy but after the first time you hit her it becomes RIDICULOUS. The attacks are impossible to dodge because when she shoots an embird and you grab it, another one hits U. All the other bosses ( fangora, squashini, capamari, meta knight, and yin yarn ) are all easy and hot wings is the SECOND BOSS. MOST RIDICULOUSLY HARD BOSS IN KIRBYS EPIC YARN - rexprice4
Trust me. For how big your hitbox is and for how much Kabula shoots at you, this bullcrap qualifies for bullet hell.
With only one hit point, it's even harder to dodge the cannonballs while your Game Boy is sweating out of your hands,
You can only hit his head. On my planet, that qualifies as hard.
It took me more tries on this boss than on soul of sectonia and queen sectonia.
Will you just come to the foreground for 3 seconds?! - Garythesnail
This guy was so hard!
His third and final form are really hard! :(
I think that everybody forgot about this guy.V 3 Comments
Recommended Lists
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List Stats
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6 years, 96 days old
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2. Marx Soul - Kirby Super Star Ultra
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text:
Islamic police in the Indonesian province of Aceh have forced two women to have their marriage annulled and sign an agreement to separate.
The women had been legally married for a few months after one of them passed as a man in front of an Islamic cleric who presided over their wedding.
But suspicious neighbours confronted the couple and reported them to police.
The two women are now back with their families, forcibly separated and under surveillance by the Islamic police.
The Network for Civil Society Concerned with Sharia (JMSPS) in Aceh has criticized clerics and asked them not to overly interfere in enforcing the Muslim dress code, especially for Muslim women in the province. "Aceh clerics should not stunt their important position by dealing with trivial matters related to the daily lives of Aceh residents," said Hendra Fadli from the Aceh Legal Aid Institute (LBH).The Aceh LBH is one of 15 NGOs affiliated with the JMSPS in Aceh.
(Jakarta) - Two local Sharia laws in Indonesia's Aceh province violate rights and are often enforced abusively by public officials and even private individuals, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. The country's central government and the Aceh provincial government should take steps to repeal the two laws, Human Rights Watch said.
Jantho, Aceh. With heads bowed, two young women walked toward a wooden stage outside Al Munawwarah Mosque in Jantho, Aceh Besar. Friday prayers had just ended, and hundreds of residents surrounded the platform, keeping a respectful distance but keen to watch. The eyes of Murni binti Amris, 27, and Rukiah binti Abdullah, 22, began to water. They feared the worst when officers of the Shariah Police dragged them to the center of the stage.
The life and work of an Islamic teacher in Aceh shows that the struggle for gender equality is about much more than syariah.
In Aceh, a special formulation of Islamic law, the qanun, was implemented in 2003, and ever since, national and international media covering Aceh have been obsessed with it. Although this interest is perhaps understandable, it also results in distorted, incomplete, and sometimes false portrayals of local dynamics.
BANDA ACEH - Earlier this year, Sharia police arrested a 20-year-old college student and her boyfriend for indecency; they had been spending time together even though they were not legally married. Her boyfriend was released, but she was detained and then allegedly raped by three policemen. Two of the men are on trial, while the third is at large. That incident and others, such as the ban on tight trousers, have sparked outrage among rights activists, who say the laws disproportionately target women.
A government prosecutor hands over a whip to the executioner during a public caning in Aceh Besar in January this year. There is growing outrage after a man and woman caught committing adultery on were beaten and possibly caned under Islamic law by a mob on Wednesday.
Indonesia on Friday promised a full investigation into the public humiliation, mob beating and possible caning under Islamic law of two people suspected of having an adulterous tryst.
A Sharia policeman speaks to two youths about the rules of Sharia law at the seaside area of Uleelheu in Banda Aceh.
January 18, 2009
By Nurdin Hasan
Banda Aceh. Aceh's deputy governor said on Tuesday that there was no need to disband the province's Wilayatul Hisbah, or Shariah Police, because there was no legal obligation to do so.
Sharia police arrested for 'rape'
Hotli Simanjuntak , The Jakarta Post , Banda Aceh, Aceh | Tue, 01/12/2010 11:12 PM | National
Ati Nurbati , Jakarta | Mon, 12/21/2009
GAYa NUSANTARA together with the Center for Marginalized People (CMARs) and Tarbiyah Faculty of Moslem Education from IAIN Sunan Ampel University held a public seminar entitled "Qanun Jinayat: Is it still relevant for Indonesia?" More than 70 people including teachers, students and NGO representatives participated in the event that took place in IAIN Sunan Ampel University. Keynote speakers for this seminar were the Moslem thinker Guntur Romli from Jurnal Perempuan, the critical feminist Endah Triwijati and the moderator Ahmad Zainur Hamdi, professor at IAIN Sunan Ampel University.
By Saeed Ahmed
Decrease font Decrease font
Enlarge font Enlarge font
Extremism spreads across Indonesia's Penal Code
By NORIMITSU ONISHI
Law Violates Basic Rights, Fails to Protect Victims of Sexual Violence
14/09/2009: Indonesia's province of Aceh has passed a new law making adultery punishable by stoning to death, a member of the province's parliament has said. (BBC News)


text:
Paul Cocksedge's SESTOSENSO installation, a celebration of light, is displayed in the FLOS Professional Space in Corso Monforte 15 until April 17. Cocksedge took his inspiration from the new BMW 6 Series, which is the first BMW to be fitted with Full-LED headlights – lauded for being an innovation in lighting technology.
The SESTOSENSO is seamless, it curves, and appears to be a white wall extension to the Flos showroom. It also features low-hanging red and white conical lamps.
Like BMW's headlights, the light's source is hidden and is guided through a transparent body, making the source invisible. Inside one of SESTOSENSO's red lights, a video of the BMW 6 Series Coupe can be viewed on the white wall.
The company dramatically explains, "Through the light we see the car: through the car, we understand the light." It also went on to say that the sculptural pieces "softly illuminate, stimulate and allow contemplation."
For the special event, a hand-made Limited Edition of 66 SESTOSENSO light sculptures, which were designed by Paul Cocksedge Studio for Flos, was released in celebration of the ideal fusion of light, design and technology.
The bright white light that it provides makes sure that the roadway is illuminated uniformly. BMW said that this technique, which is serially used for the first time in the BMW 6 Series Coupe, successfully restages BMW design icons like the round headlamps and the taillights.


text:
Take Off in the CTS-V
Filed under : M&P Curtet
Stylish, sexy, and elegant – these words are synonymous with Cadillac all due to Marlyne & Patrick Curtet. If you have been keeping track of their work these past 3 months you know this is the 7th model in Cadillac's revamped fleet of cars the Curtet's shot late last year. Each line looks better than the last…the end has yet to come.


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|.Camera Format
|Bullet Cameras
|.Communication Interface
|1 x RJ45 10M/100M Ethernet Interface
|.Ingress Protection - Weather Resistance
|IP66 - Weather Proof - Strong Rain
|.IR Rating (Night Vision Distance)
|30 Metres
|.Dimensions per Camera
|66mm x 188mm x 66mm
|.Weight per Camera
|Compatible with
|Swann SWNHD-815/ 816/ 815AF/ 817PTZ/ 818 and 819 Cameras
|,Video Inputs
|8 Ethernet RJ45 Sockets PoE
|,Video Outputs
|,Audio Input
|Via Microphones in Camera
|,Audio Output
|1 RCA Output
|,Compression Format
|,Record Modes
|Motion, Manual, Schedule
|,Hard Disk Drive
|2TB Installed Drive
|,Max Capacity HDD
|Max 6TB (Internal 1 x 3TB & External 1 x 3TB via eSATA)
|,Network Interface
|RJ45 Ethernet 10/100 Connection
|,Remote Operation
|SwannLink Peer-to-Peer
|,Backup Method
|USB or via Network
|,Mouse Support
|Yes - Supplied
|,Dimension of Recorder
|255mm x 230mm x 51mm
|Whats in the Box?
|Comes with - Camera
|4 included Cameras
|Comes with - Recorder
|Swann 7400 Series NVR
|Comes with - Power Supply
|No - Camera is powered by the NVR over the supplied Cat5 cable.
|Comes with - Cable
|18 Meter Pre-made CAT5e Ethernet cable - per camera
|Comes with - Theft Stickers
|Comes with - Screws & Mounting Plugs
|Comes with - Instructions
|Comes with - Supplied in
|Retail or Brown Box Packaging
|Comes with - Camera Power Adapter and Splitter
|No - Camera is powered by the PoE NVR over the supplied Cat5 cable.
|Comes with - HDMI Cable
|1.8 Metre HDMI Cable
|Comes with - Mouse
B Terry
My review
Very pleased had installed last week seems to work fine only problem I've had have got faulty cable for one of the cameras you have sent replacement thank you but now I have to pay electrician to come back and fix other than that all good very happy
Recommended to buy: Yes
|Do you recommend this product to buy?
|Add review
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