text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 13, 2005
|Filing date
|May 16, 2003
|Priority date
|May 16, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yi Ding
|Original Assignee
|Promos Technologies Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (57), Non-Patent Citations (26), Referenced by (10), Classifications (27), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to integrated circuits, and more particularly to fabrication of dielectric used to insulate a gate from another element of the integrated circuit.
ONO layer 164 is formed on the floating and select gates. Control gate element 170 is formed on ONO 164. The control gate overlies the floating gate 160 and the select gate 140.
N+ source and drain regions 174, 178 are formed in substrate 120.
Select gate 140 controls the conductivity of a channel region underlying the select gate in substrate 120. Floating gate 160 (together with control gate 170) controls a channel region under the floating gate. Both channel regions are part of a continuous channel region extending between the source/drain regions 174, 178.
A cell 110 is programmed by hot electron injection from the cell's channel region (the P type region in substrate 120 below the cell's floating and select gates) to floating gate 160. The cell is erased by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons from floating gate 160 to source line region 178. The cell is read by sensing a current on the corresponding bitline region 174.
It is desirable to develop simple, inexpensive fabrication processes to insulate the select gate 140 from other elements in the integrated circuit. It is also desirable to provide simple and inexpensive gate insulation processes for integrated circuits that may or may not include nonvolatile memory.
This section summarizes some features of the invention. Other features are described in the subsequent sections. The invention is defined by the appended claims which are incorporated into this section by reference.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a gate dielectric for the floating gate (dielectric 130 in
In other embodiments, not necessarily memory embodiments, the gate dielectric for one gate is formed simultaneously with a dielectric on a surface of another gate, or at least a portion of the gate dielectric for one gate is formed simultaneously with at least a portion of the dielectric on a surface of the other gate. The dielectric properties on different surfaces are controlled using the dopant concentration and the type of dopant.
Other features and embodiments of the invention are described below. The invention is defined by the appended claims.
The embodiments described in this section illustrate but do not limit the invention. The invention is not limited to particular materials, processing steps, or dimensions. The invention is defined by the appended claims.
One memory embodiment of the present invention is shown in top view in FIG. 3. The memory circuit diagram is identical to that of FIG. 2. Select gate lines 140, control gate lines 170, and source lines 178 run through the memory array in the Y direction (row direction). The bitlines (not shown) run in the X direction (column direction). The bitlines contact the corresponding source/drain regions 174 ("bitline regions") in areas 174C marked with a cross. Floating gates 160 are marked with dashed crosses. In this embodiment, the floating gates do not overlie the select gates. Control gate lines 170 overlap the select gates. Each dashed line 140E marks an edge of a select gate line 140 under a control gate line 170. Each control gate line 170 has an edge 170E1 overlying a select gate line 140, and another edge 170E2 which does not overlie the select gate line but runs at some distance D from the select gate line. The edges 170E2 and the distance D can be defined in a self-aligned manner as explained below. The edges 170E2 also define the edges of the floating gates 160 on the side of bitline regions 174. The floating gates can be completely self-aligned (i.e. defined independently of photolithographic alignment), as described below.
Substrate isolation trenches 220T run through the array in the X direction. Trenches 220T are filled with dielectric 220, but dielectric 220 is etched out of the trenches at the location of source lines 178. Active areas 222 run through the array between the trenches 220T. Each active area 222 includes active areas of individual cells in one memory column. The active area of each cell consists of the cell's source/drain regions 174 and 178 and the P type channel region extending between the regions 174, 178. Numeral 178 denotes both a source line and a source/drain region ("source line region") of one memory cell.
Some of the figures below illustrate vertical cross sections of intermediate structures obtained during the memory fabrication. The sectional planes are indicated in
In one embodiment, the memory is fabricated as follows. Substrate isolation regions 220 are formed in P doped substrate 120 by shallow trench isolation technology ("STI"). See
Substrate isolation regions are also formed in the memory peripheral area (not shown in FIG. 4). The peripheral area contains circuitry needed to access the memory, and may also contain unrelated circuitry (the memory may be embedded into a larger system).
As shown in
Dopant is implanted into substrate 120 to form an N type region 604 underlying the memory array. Dopant is also implanted into the substrate around the array to form a surrounding N type region (not shown) extending from the top surface of substrate 120 down to region 604. These implants create a fully isolated P well 120W for the memory array. Region 604 is not shown in the subsequent drawings, and the P well 120W is shown simply as substrate 120.
Silicon dioxide 130 (
In the example shown in
As shown in
Polysilicon 140 covers the regions 120 i (
Non-conformal deposition processes, whether known or to be invented, can also be used for layer 140. If the top surface of polysilicon 140 is not planar, it is believed that the polysilicon 140 can be planarized using known techniques (e.g. CMP, or spinning a photoresist layer over the polysilicon 140 and then simultaneously etching the resist and the polysilicon at equal etch rates until all of the photoresist is removed). The bottom surface of polysilicon 140 is non-planar as it goes up and down over the oxide protrusions 220P.
An exemplary final thickness of polysilicon 140 is 0.16 μm over the active areas.
Silicon dioxide layer 780 (
The peripheral area is masked, and polysilicon 140 is doped N+ in the array area. Polysilicon 140 remains undoped ("INTR", i.e. intrinsic) in the periphery. The peripheral transistor gates will be doped later, with the NMOS gates doped N+ and the PMOS gates P+, to fabricate surface channel transistors in the periphery with appropriate threshold voltages. The invention is not limited to the surface channel transistors or any peripheral processing. In particular, entire polysilicon 140 can be doped N+ or P+ after the deposition or in situ.
Silicon nitride 810 is deposited on polysilicon 140, by LPCVD for example, to an exemplary thickness of 1500 Å. If desired, a pad oxide layer (not shown) can be formed on polysilicon 140 before the nitride deposition. The pad oxide layer will provide an additional protection for the select gates during the patterning of control gate polysilicon 170 described below.
In some embodiments, the top surface of polysilicon 140 and/or nitride 810 is not planar.
The wafer is coated with a photoresist layer 820. See
Silicon nitride 810 is etched through the resist openings. The resist is removed, and polysilicon 140 is etched away where exposed by nitride 810. Then the exposed oxide 130 is removed. The select gate lines are formed as a result. (In an alternative embodiment, the resist defining the nitride 810 is removed after the etch of polysilicon 140 and/or oxide 130.)
As shown in
Floating gate polysilicon 160 (
If the top surface of polysilicon 160 is not planar, it is planarized by CMP or a suitable etch.
After planarization (if needed), layer 160 is etched down without a mask. The etch end point is when STI oxide 220 becomes exposed.
Optionally, a timed etch of oxide 220 is performed to recess the top surface of oxide 220 below the surface of polysilicon 160. See
ONO layer 164 (
The top surface of polysilicon 170 is not planar in the array area. Layer 170 has protrusions 170.1 over the select gate lines 140. Cavities 170C form in layer 170 between protrusions 170.1 over the future positions of bitline regions 174. The protrusions 170.1 will be used to define the overlap between the floating and control gates without additional dependence on photolithographic alignment.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the etch of nitride 1710 continues after the exposure of polysilicon 170, and the nitride etch exposes the sidewalls of polysilicon protrusions 170.1 (FIG. 13A). Whether or not the polysilicon sidewalls are exposed, the exposed edges of polysilicon 170 define the control gate edges 170E2 (
The wafer is oxidized to grow silicon dioxide 1720 on the exposed polysilicon 170. See
In some embodiments, layer 1720 is some other material formed selectively on polysilicon 170. For example, layer 1720 can be a conductive metal silicide formed by a salicide (self-aligned silicidation) technique.
The wafer is coated with photoresist 1730 (
Oxide 1720 and at least a portion of polysilicon 170 are removed where exposed by resist 1730. See
Resist 1730 and nitride 1710 are removed. The resulting structure is shown in
Polysilicon 170, ONO 164, and polysilicon 160 are etched with oxide 1720 as a mask. The resulting structure is shown in
The wafer is coated with photoresist 2620 (
Silicon dioxide 220 is etched out of trenches 220T in the areas exposed by resist mask 2620 (
In an alternative embodiment, when the resist mask 2620 has been formed, a high energy N+ implant is performed before the etch of oxide 220, then oxide 220 is etched out of the trenches using the same mask, and then another, lower energy N type implant is performed using the same mask. The first (high energy) implant is at least partially blocked by oxide 220 in the trenches to avoid shorting the source lines 178 to N type isolation region 604 (FIG. 4). See the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,524.
Resist 2620 is removed. Another photoresist layer (not shown) is formed over the wafer and patterned to cover the array but expose the entire periphery. Then nitride 810 (
The resist covering the array is removed, and another photoresist layer (not shown) is formed to cover the array and define the peripheral transistor gates. Polysilicon 140 is etched away where exposed by this resist.
The resist is removed. The wafer is coated with a photoresist layer 2720 (
In some embodiments, the memory array is not exposed by resist 2720, and no doping is performed in the source lines and the bitline regions at this step.
Resist 2720 is removed, and another photoresist layer 2820 (
Resist 2820 is removed. A thin silicon dioxide layer 2904 (see
A thin silicon nitride layer 2910 is deposited and etched anisotropically without a mask to form sidewall spacers over the gate structures. The etch of nitride 2910 may remove some of nitride 810 in the array area (FIG. 23A). If oxide 2904 was deposited over the entire structure (by TEOS CVD or HTO for example), oxide 2904 will help protect the substrate 120 during the nitride etch. Spacers 2910 meet over the source lines 178 and create a thick nitride layer over the source lines. In other embodiments, the spacers do not meet over the source lines.
Then N+ and P+ implants are performed to create source/drain structures for the peripheral transistors and the bitline regions 174. More particularly, the peripheral PMOS transistor area 512P is masked with resist (not shown), and an N+ implant is performed to create the source/drain structures for bitline regions 174 and the peripheral NMOS transistors and increase the dopant concentration in the peripheral NMOS gates 140. The floating, control and select gates and the overlying nitride layers mask this implant so no additional masking in the array area is needed.
The resist is removed. The array and the peripheral NMOS transistor regions 512N are masked with a resist (not shown), and a P+ implant is performed to create the source/drain structures for the peripheral PMOS transistors and increases the dopant concentration in the PMOS transistor gates 140.
The resist is removed. A silicon dioxide etch is performed to remove the oxide 1720 and expose the control gate lines 170 (
A conductive metal silicide layer 2920 is formed by a self-aligned silicidation (salicide) process on the exposed silicon surfaces of control gate lines 170, bitline regions 174, peripheral transistor gates 140 and peripheral source/drain regions 2730N, 2730P. The salicide process involves depositing a metal layer, heating the structure to react the metal with the silicon, and removing the unreacted metal. This can be followed by an anneal or any other suitable processing, known or to be invented, to improve the silicide properties (e.g. increase its conductivity). Titanium, cobalt, nickel, and other conductive materials, known or to be invented, can be used for the metal layer. Non-salicide selective deposition techniques, known or to be invented, that selectively form a conductive layer 2920 on the exposed silicon but not on a non-silicon surface, can also be used.
As noted above in connection with
As shown in
Select gate line 140 has another widened portion 140X2 under the widened portion 170X of the control gate line. The portion 170X is created in a self-aligned manner by the widened portion 140X2. As shown in
Other details of the memory fabrication process for one embodiment are given in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/393,212 "NONVOLATILE MEMORIES AND METHODS OF FABRICATION" filed Mar. 19, 2003 by Yi Ding and incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment, the memory cells 110 are programmed by channel hot electron injection. The corresponding select gate 140 is held at a voltage sufficiently high to invert the underlying portion of the cell's channel region. Control gate 170 is driven high relative to substrate 120 to raise the voltage on floating gate 160 relative to the channel region and invert the channel region under the floating gate. A voltage difference is provided between the source/drain regions 174, 178 to induce a current and cause the hot electron injection from the channel region into the floating gate. The cells are erased by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling through the channel regions ("bulk erase"). The cells are read by sensing a current on bitlines 180 when the select gate 140 is at a high enough voltage to invert the underlying portion of the channel region, the control gate 170 is at an appropriate voltage to invert the underlying portion of the channel region if, and only if, the cell is erased, and a voltage difference is induced between the source/drain regions 174, 178. Exemplary voltages are shown below in Table 1. Vcc is assumed to be 2.7V to 3.6V. "Selected" means the memory cell is selected by the address signals. Of note, a select gate line, a control gate line, or other lines can be shared by both selected and unselected memory cells. In such cases, the "selected" voltages apply.
P well 120 W
Not selected:
Not selected:
Simultaneous fabrication of oxide 150 to provide a gate dielectric for floating gate 160 and to provide sidewall insulation for select gates 140 (see
Dielectric 150 (
Then a gate 160 is formed on dielectric 150 over a channel region 3010.2 formed in substrate 120. Gate 160 may be the gate of another MOS transistor for example, and not necessarily a floating gate. Other elements may be formed from the layer 160. Integrated circuit element 3020 is a conductor or semiconductor element formed from layer 160 or another layer. Layer 3020 physically contacts the oxide 150 portion formed on the surface of gate 140. Oxide 150 is the only insulation between the element 3020 and the gate 140. The insulation is adequate because the properties of oxide 150 are appropriately controlled by the doping of gate 140.
In some embodiments, oxide 150 is formed before the gate 140 is fully defined.
Source/drain regions 2730 are formed for the transistor with gate 140 and the transistor with gate 160 in this example.
Forming different gates from different layers may be desirable, for example, in order to provide different gate dielectric thicknesses for different transistors. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,055 issued May 6, 2003 to Tuan et al. and incorporated herein by reference. Layers 140, 160 can also be used to fabricate other elements of the integrated circuit. For example, they can be used to form plates of a capacitor.
The invention is not limited to any particular read, erase or programming techniques, to NOR memory arrays, LDD structures, to a particular array architecture or fabrication method, or to particular voltages. For example, the memory can be powered by multiple power supply voltages. Floating gates 160 (
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 16, 2003
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Sunshine House is in a secured gated block with extensive indoor and outdoor under cover area for entertainment and relaxed life style. The main house has 3 bedroom, en-suite to the master bedroom. 2 bedrooms outside the main house. The open living area has TV, DVD player, games and 8 ball room , Foxtel and internet WiFi for entertainment. The fully equipped kitchen, 6 burner gas/electric oven. Sit and relax on the outdoor lounge and dining setting, beside the pool, BBQ, all undercover. You are welcome to our home
Pacific Fair is less than 5 minute walk.
Sunshine House is less than 5 minute walk to Pacific Fair. Coles, Myer, Target, cafes, food court, movie theatre, banks, post office, bottle shop, hardware, shopping....... petrol station, public library just hundred metre away. Pacific Fair is a public transportation hub. If you prefer not to drive take a bus to all the theme parks and places of interest. Jupiters Casino and Dracula theatre restaurant opposite Pacific Fair for entertainment, a short 10 minute walk.
Broad Beach restaurants and surf club.
Walk to the famous Gold Coast/ Broad Beach restaurant street and enjoy the alfresco dining experiences. Explore the streets where you can find gourmet from all parts of the world. Walk down to the beach front, be amazed by the ocean and white sand. Gold Coast beach front has walking tracks and parks for picnic and BBQ's
Features covered by Stayz Rental Assurance
Air conditioning, Dishwasher, Parking, Private pool, Washing machine, Wheelchair accessible
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Prices listed based on 11 adults. Property has 7 beds and can sleep a maximum 11 people.
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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
35.56 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Just planning a trip to Poland? We suggest you check the options provided by Stara Poczta Tychy. The guests of the hotel may stay in 49 nicely furnished, comfortable rooms in Tychy. The hotel is offering you freshly prepared fine local meals in its restaurant every day. Parking possibility for your vehicle is available nearby. You may also enjoy refreshing wellness services at the hotel, the solarium and indoor pool will also be available to you. The bar can be an ideal place for a pleasant evening talk or a meeting. In the safe your valuables may be the safely secured. In case you'd bring your laptop along, you may go online via wireless Internet connection (WiFi) available at the hotel. The exact list of services available at Stara Poczta Tychy (including those for an extra fee) and the exact list of equipment in a room can be found on the information sheet below.
Payment For the reservation you may need to provide advance payment by credit card or credit card guarantee, depending on the exact date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time for arrival and check-in is 12:00, the latest time for departure and check-out is 11:00. English and Polish languages are spoken by the personnel.
Stara Poczta Tychy rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
- Indoor pool
- Jacuzzi
- Finnish sauna
- Solarium
Bar, Elevator, Safe deposit box
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Desk in the room


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Chemical Guys CLY400 OG Light Clay Bar, Yellow - 100 g
Model: CLY_400
Only 3 left in stock - Order Now.
Promotion Offer - Get 5% Discount, Use Coupon Code WBS2017
Chemical Guys CLY400 OG Light Clay Bar, Yellow - 100 g
The Chemical Guys OG Clay Bar is the safest and most effective way to remove contamination from your vehicle's paintwork. Flex-Clay Technology easily removes overspray, rail dust, brake dust, pollution and contamination for a smooth-as-glass feel. The "Original Gangster" Clay Bar is the worldwide favorite of professional and enthusiast detailers. The Chemical Guys OG Clay Bar removes embedded contaminates that reduce the shine of your paintwork. The OG Clay Bar works great on paintwork, glass, plastic and metal surfaces. The unique elastic yellow detailing clay pulls off rough contamination like a magnet. Advanced clay formula is engineered to last longer and clean more vehicles. The OG Clay Bar is designed to work great on new and old paintwork. Innovative Flex-Clay safely removes contamination without damaging the surface. Restore the smooth feel back to any car, truck, motorcycle, RV and boat with the Chemical Guys OG Clay Bar. The classic OG Clay Bar is designed to cleanse your vehicle's paintwork removing pollution, fallout, rail dust, brake dust, overspray, and stubborn contamination. The versatile detailing clay even removes tree sap and road tar. The unique OG Clay Bar safely cleanses your vehicle's paintwork for a smooth feel. Our super elastic clay formula is perfect for detailing virtually any vehicle. Great for removing contamination before applying your favorite coat of carnauba wax or paintwork sealant. The Chemical Guys OG Clay Bar is non-abrasive and safe on aluminum, chrome, fiberglass and all painted surfaces. The OG Clay Bar even works great on plastic headlights and taillights. Airborne contamination can dull your vehicle's finish. Easily remove overspray and contamination to restore a smooth feel with the Chemical Guys OG Clay Bar.
Features of Chemical Guys CLY400 OG Light Clay Bar, Yellow - 100 g
- Flex-Clay Technology
- Removes contamination, overspray and pollution
- Works on paintwork, glass, plastic and metal surfaces
- Easy to use
- Smooth as glass feel
Specifications of Chemical Guys CLY400 OG Light Clay Bar, Yellow - 100 g
|Chemical Guys
|Item Weight
|0.3 ounces
|Product Dimensions
|4.8 x 3.1 x 0.6 inches
|Item model number
|Manufacturer Part Number
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Advance Features of HTML. Image manipulation Thumbnail Images Transparency images Image Maps Logical & Physical Styles for TEXT Multimedia Sound Video. Image File Formats.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
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All artwork and photographs found on the web are stored in binary files. These files reside on web servers along with HTML files that refer to them.
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Incremental graphics:
Interlaced GIF's. The interlaced GIF file produces its display in four passes.
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A thumbnail preview (thumbnail Sketch) is a clickable bandwidth-efficient version of a larger graphics image which contains a link to the original image.

Click on this picture to view the original image (79.6KB )
The important thing to note when creating a thumbnail image is that you are creating a second image in a smaller size rather than just adjusting the width and height parameteres in the HTML document.
A transparent GIF looks as if the image was drawn on your web page. That is it allows your webpage background colour or background pattern to show through those portions of the image that have been designated as transparent.
To create a transparent GIF you must first identify which portion of the image will serve as the designated background. Then whenever the image appears on the web page, its background colour region behaves as if it were transparent, inheriting the background colour of the webpage beneath.
Transparency works well with images that have clearly defined backgrounds, such as line art and Cartoons.
To Create a transparent gif using PSP you'll need to find out the Index Number of the colour you want to be transparent.
The last number (15) is the index number.
Transparency examples
Navigation menus are constructed from image maps and are typically used in conjunction with frames.
An image map is an image on a web page that has been divided into regions called hotzones. Each hotzone is a clickable region associated with a link.
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A "background sound" is a sound that starts to play automatically when the web page is loaded. Before you go any further, think hard: Do you really want to do this?
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Netscape allows background sounds through use of the <EMBED>tag. MSIE, Mosaic, and several other browsers use the <BGSOUND ...> tag.
With this lack-of-standards problem, the best to hope for is a situation that plays the sound in most situations, and in the other situations doesn't play the sound and doesn't give error messages. This can be accomplished using scripting, as in this example.


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In the marriage of produce and technology, standardized price look-up codes have been playing the part of the unruly teen-age stepchild -- unfamiliar, awkward and sometimes only grudgingly accepted.
But as more and more retailers become determined to make that marriage work, PLUs are finding their place. Shippers and retailers alike are accepting the little stickers with the four-digit code. An estimated 10,000 supermarkets were using the standardized codes at the end of 1995.


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Artist description:
No description entered.
Java Draw Created Oct 07, 2012 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2012 pencildream.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
Excellent done.
great drawing,, like the B&W with the splash of color in the back ground,,
I need a helping hand to make me draw hands better :D Excellent shading and details! 5h
this must hav been quite hard, luv da shadin n colors in the background :3 fave
awesome drawing!
Very well done!
Beautiful! great idea!
Maybe I can learn from this, so wish I had your talent !
wow this is sooo cool!!! absolutely stunning ;DDDD


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The Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II refused to announce the names of upcoming witnesses against Senator De Lima on October 5, 2016.
During the press conference, Aguirre stated that he cannot reveal their names since there could be someone or group of people that can put the lives of these witnesses in danger.
I can't reveal to you the names. Maraming ano si De Lima, maraming tumutulong sa kanya, even the wife of Jaybee Sebastian.It can be recalled that Senator Leila De Lima released the alleged text messages from the relatives of high-profile inmates like Jaybee's wife who is asking help from the lady senator.
Why call her (Jaybee's wife)? Ibig sabihin very familiar sila sa isa't isa. Nagyabang pa na marami tumatawag sa kanya. So marami ka contact sa inmates?In line with this, Senator Leila De Lima has not response yet to the question of Aguirre.
So what can you say about this one? Let us know your thoughts in the comment section below, and don't forget to share this blog post to your family and friends online. And also, visit our website more often for more updates.


text: I was just curious on how others in the business go about bidding/pricing projects? Also what about pricing strategies? I've been in the lighting business for a quite a few years now, and we've found what really works great for us, but I know different things work for different companies. Better yet, what is your normal routine from when you get a call from a potential customer all the way through the whole sales process?


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See how the Nevada Department of Transportation and our contracting partners are using accelerated bridge construction and a bridge slide to improve the I-15 interchange 120 in west Mesquite. Project Info: http://www.nevadadot.com/Projects_and_Programs/Road_Projects/West_Mesquite_Interchange_Design-Build_Project_Information.aspx
For an update on the bridge, which was completed months ahead of schedule, see this Fast Lane blog entry. – NVDOT on YouTube.
Tags: 1-15 Interchange, Bridge Slide, Mesquite, Nevada, NVDOT, YouTube


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A stark and frozen climate, a rich heritage, a hectic travel pattern—these elements are authentic to Iqaluit. From them, we were inspired to create a vibrant gathering place for travelers, locals, and businesspeople; the first successful airport P3 project in Canada; and a holistic design true to this northern community.
Designed to grow with the community, the Iqaluit International Airport can efficiently accommodate up to 220 passengers per hour.
We reduced the average walking distance to 165 metres (500 feet) so passengers can get from the terminal entrance to their gate faster with less congestion.
The terminal's aerodynamic shape prevents snow buildup even when the wind's gusting at up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 miles per hour).
The Government of Nunavut liked the idea of building a museum, a legislative assembly, or an airport as a public-private partnership. However, a P3 project has to meet complex criteria.
We evaluated the potential viability of these projects. Of the three, only the airport had the revenue potential to attract private investment. But it couldn't be an ordinary build. Would the future revenue justify the cost?
We estimated the price tag for designing and building an international airport in the arctic, and also the cost of operating it privately for 30 years. Labour, utilities, maintenance costs, taxes, fees—all were projected for the next three decades.
Price How to greenhouse Coopers did some financial number-crunching and used our assessment to build a business case for a P3 airport project. The case was strong enough to receive 25% funding from PPP Canada, a federal corporation created to support innovative public infrastructure projects.
Today, the Iqaluit International Airport stands as the first and only P3 airport project to achieve financial close and proceed into construction—in all of North America.
Our work begins at the intersection of community, creativity, and client relationships. With a long-term commitment to the people and places we serve, we have the unique ability to connect to projects on a personal level and advance the quality of life in communities across the globe.


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Sick and tired of the same old shampoos and conditioners that just seem to dry out your hair? Ready to try something new? Then you'll love WEN Cleansing Conditioner. It is unique and not like anything on the market. It actually replaces your shampoo and conditioner and is also a deep conditioner, detangle, and leave-in conditioner.
It doesn't lather because it cleanses without the use of harsh and damaging sulphates that are found in most shampoos. It won't leave your hair feeling dry and brittle, either because it doesn't strip your hair of its natural oils. It will leave your hair feeling strong, moisturized, and manageable.
Sweet Almond Mint Cleansing Conditioner has great color coverage and is great for all hair types and textures. It is made of natural ingredients like glycerin which is a humectant that moisturizes your hair, and chamomile extract that is soothing and calming, and wild cherry bark that is formulated to help condition hair. WEN hair also has rosemary extract that soothes hair and panthenol that is designed to strengthen and restores your hair's natural resilience.
In just a short 3 week study of using Sweet Almond Mint Cleansing Conditioner, 100 percent of testers said that their hair felt more moisturized, 97 percent found their hair to be more shiny, and 95 percent noticed that their hair was more manageable than before they tried the amazing WEN product.
Chaz Dean has a strong passion for hair and is always coming out with new and exciting products to help people to achieve the hair they have only ever dreamed of having. He has an impressive clientele list that even includes celebrities and he is very successful in his hairstyling business. Even despite all of his success, he is very humble and has a calm aura about him.


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One thing that no one ever says after eating any chocolate treat that I make is "Brr! It's cold in here!" This is not only because that would be an insanely stupid thing to say but also because people that I know tend to still find the Joseph Ducreux meme entertaining (I know, right?) and would opt for something along the lines of "The temperature seems to have risen! Promptly remove thine clothing!". (*cough*)
Which is really just a long way of saying that I added cayenne pepper to the cookie batter.
Here's a shot of the cookies cooling but only in the surface temperature sense.
I suppose that if you weren't into heat, you could omit the pepper. But then I wouldn't have a reason to link to this irritating Bloodhound Gang song.
You'll have it stuck in your head for days. Sorry about that. The cookies really are worth the pain of listening to f--king Jimmy Pop.
That's a lie. Nothing is worth that.
(baking note: recipe was quartered, lame pop culture linkage free of charge)
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Get an Uddercovers patterned breastfeeding cover for $11.90 shipped (a $35 value)! The promo code is "ENBABY" Click "Shop Now", select any cover you would like. You will automatically be directed to the "shopping bag" where you can enter the promo code "ENBABY" This promo code will take off 100% of the nursing cover purchase and all you are required to pay are the shipping fees. You can use the code more than once – you just have to open a new browser window to do so. This would make a great shower gift!
This post may contain affiliate links, please see my disclosure policy here.


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Fourth of July: 3 American restaurants to visit
For the holiday weekend, it's all about American food, traditional and contemporary. Here are three spots where the fireworks are on the table.
The waterside setting puts you in the right mood, and the refined fare is a reason to celebrate. Recommended: raw oysters, littleneck clam chowder, yellowfin tuna tartare, butter-poached Alaskan halibut, caramelized local sea scallops, roasted Berkshire pork chop, dry-aged rib-eye steak. $$$
240 W. Main St., Bay Shore; 631-666-0995.
This local landmark excels with homey American dishes. Try the refreshing lobster salad, New England-style clam chowder, fried chicken, chicken potpie, roast turkey, roast duck, roast loin of pork, meat loaf, broiled local bay scallops, sauteed soft-shell crabs, and all those pies. $$
628 Main Rd. (Route 25), Aquebogue; 631-722-3655.
The handsome, popular dining rooms excel with Maryland crab cakes, shrimp cocktail, grilled octopus, lobster macaroni and cheese, Caesar salad, grilled swordfish, bacon cheeseburger, porterhouse steak for two, New York strip steak, rib-eye steak, filet mignon. $$$-$$$$
6319 Northern Blvd., East Norwich; 516-922-2500.


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Our new President will need help to address the problems in the residential real estate financing system that resulted in The Great Housing Bubble. My full proposal is here: Preventing the Next Housing Bubble.pdf. The following is an exerpt from this proposal: The secondary mortgage market was created in the 1970s by the government sponsored entities, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and Ginnie Mae. This market was expanded by the creation of asset-backed securities where mortgage loans are packed together into collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). This flow of capital into the mortgage market is a necessary and efficient tool for delivering money to borrowers for home mortgages. This market must remain viable for the continued health of residential real estate markets.…[READ MORE]
Archive for 2008
There has been plenty of conjecture about the impact of adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) on the future of our housing market. Some people believe that if interest rates remain low that the upcoming ARM resets will not cause many foreclosures. This is wrong. Today's post examines what will happen when these resets occur, and it will demonstrate why this problem is so big. By now, most of you have seen the ARM reset schedule shown above. But what does it really mean, and why is this a problem? ARMs became very popular in the bubble rally because they allowed people to finance huge sums of money with smaller payments. In time, it became the only viable alternative for financing. There…[READ MORE]
All methods of predicting future price action rely on the same basic premise: prices are tethered to some fundamental value, and although prices may deviate from this value for extended periods of time, prices eventually return to fundamental valuations. This premise has been reinforced by market observation; in fact, many estimates of fundamental value are based on market action. Since many market participants believe in buying and selling based on fundamental values, there is also an element of self-fulfilling prophecy contained therein. The efficient markets theory is based on this idea, and although the behavioral finance theory is needed to explain the wide deviations from fundamentals real-world prices exhibit, both theories share the same notion of an underlying fundamental valuation…[READ MORE]
Regulatory Solutions The regulatory solution proposed herein is simple, yet far reaching. It comes in two parts, the first is to limit the amount lenders can loan to borrowers with a rather unique enforcement mechanism, and the second is to increase the penalties for borrowers who commit mortgage fraud. The following is not in legalese, but it contains the conceptual framework of potential legislation that could be enacted on the state and/or federal level. A detailed discussion of the text follows: Loans for the purchase or refinance of residential real estate secured by a mortgage and recorded in the public record are limited by the following parameters based on the borrower's documented income and general indebtedness and the appraised value…[READ MORE]
Preventing the Next Housing Bubble The pain of the deflation of a housing bubble cannot be avoided by trying to keep the bubble inflated, or by trying to deflate it slowly. The only way to avoid these problems is to prevent the bubble from inflating in the first place through some form of intervention in the mortgage market. Intervention can take the form of a market-based intervention demanded by investors and ratings agencies, and it can also come about through direct government regulation. Necessary Intervention The regulated free-market system in place at the turn of the millennium allowed the creation of the Great Housing Bubble. Some combination of market-based and regulatory reforms is necessary to prevent the same circumstances that created the…[READ MORE]
Buying and Selling During a Decline During the bubble price rally, sellers and realtors, the agents of sellers, had everything going their way. It was easy to price and sell a house. A realtor would look at recent comparable sales, and set an asking price 5% to 10% higher and wait for multiple bids on the property–some of which would come in over asking. The quality of the property did not matter, and the techniques used to market and sell the property did not matter either. As far as buyers and sellers were concerned house prices always went up, so the sellers were thought to be giving away free money; obviously, the product was in high demand. As the financial…[READ MORE]
Price Decline Influences There are a number of factors that will influence the timing and the depth of the price decline. There are a number of psychological factors and technical factors in play. [1] These include: Smaller Debt-to-Income Ratios Increasing Interest Rates and Tightening Credit Higher Unemployment Foreclosures Decrease in Ownership Rates Government Intervention Smaller debt-to-income ratios impact the market because buyers tend to put a smaller percentage of income toward housing payments during price declines. Increasing interest rates decrease the amount borrowers can finance and use to bid on real estate, and tightening credit decreases the size of the borrower pool and thereby lowers demand. A deteriorating economy and higher rates of unemployment means there are fewer buyers with the income…[READ MORE]
Price-to-Income Ratio Since incomes and rents are closely related, evidence for the Great Housing Bubble that appears in the price-to-rent ratio also appears in the price-to-income ratio. National price-to-income ratios are quite stable. There has been a slight upward drift with the decline of interest rates since the early 1980s peak, but from the period from 1987 to 2001, this ratio remained in a tight range from 3.9 to 4.2. The increase from 4.1 to 4.5 witnessed from 2001 to 2003 can be explained by the lowering of interest rates; however, the increase from 4.5 to 5.2 from 2003 to 2006 can only be explained by exotic financing and irrational exuberance. Figure 46: Projected National Price-to-Income Ratio, 1988-2015 If national price-to-income ratios…[READ MORE]
Future House Prices For all our wisdom and collective experience, none of us knows what the markets will do next. Like an ocean current or a raging river, a financial market charts its own course. It is fickle and feckless and flows without regard to our hopes and dreams. The ebbs and flows of financial markets are meaningful to us, but in reality they are just movements in price; nothing more. Price rallies make homeowners blissful and renters bitter, while price declines make homeowners gloomy and renters gleeful. These feelings and emotions are independent of movements in price. The market just moves, that is all it does. It is benign, yet dangerous; it is indifferent, yet demonstrative; the market is…[READ MORE]
Bailouts and False Hopes One of the more interesting phenomena observed during the bubble was the perpetuation of denial with rumors of homeowner bailouts. Many homeowners held out hope that if they could just keep current on their mortgage long enough, the government would come to their rescue in the form of a mandated bailout program. Part of this fantasy was not just that people could keep their homes, but that they could keep living their lifestyle as they did during the bubble. What few seemed to realize was any government bailout program would be designed to benefit the lenders by keeping borrowers in a perpetual state of indentured servitude. With all their money going toward debt service payments, little…[READ MORE]


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Save Our Schools v. Barstow Unified School District Board of Education (September 2, 2015, E060759)
Why It Matters: The Barstow Unified School District Board of Education (District) relied upon a CEQA categorical exemption to support its decision to close two elementary schools. The Court of Appeal held that the District's reliance on the categorical exemption was not supported by substantial evidence in the record. The District's decision was not supported by substantial evidence demonstrating that the school closures would not result in increased student enrollment at the recipient schools that would exceed the limits set out in the categorical exemption. This decision reflects the importance of having evidence in the record to support the use of a categorical exemption.
Facts: After spending a year of public meetings on whether to close schools to cut costs so that it could meet its financial obligations, on February 22, 2013, the District adopted resolutions to close both the Hinkley Elementary School and Thomson Elementary School for the 2013-2014 school year and subsequent years. In deciding to close these schools, the District noted that the students from both schools could choose to transfer to any one of several District receptor schools.
The District determined that its action was exempt from CEQA compliance pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 21080.18, which excludes the closing of any public school if the physical changes involved are categorically exempt from CEQA. Because of the cross-reference to the CEQA categorical exemptions, the District also relied upon the "minor additions" to schools exemption in CEQA Guidelines Section 15314. This exemption exempts "minor additions to existing schools within existing school grounds where the addition does not increase original student capacity by more than 25% or ten classrooms, whichever is less. The addition of portable classrooms is included in this exemption." (CEQA Guidelines Section 15314.) When the District adopted the closure resolutions, it did not limit the number of students that could transfer to any of the District receptor schools in order to keep enrollment at receptor schools below the levels that are allowed by the "minor additions" exemption.
Save Our Schools (SOS), a local citizens group, challenged the closure and sought an injunction that would prevent the District from closing the two schools pending the adjudication of their lawsuit. In the spring of 2013, the District closed the schools and the students from the schools were transferred to District receptor schools beginning in the 2013-2014 school year. The trial court denied SOS's petition.
The Decision: The Court of Appeal reversed the trial court's decision finding that the District's decision was not based upon substantial evidence to support its determination that the closures and student transfers were exempt from CEQA review. In order to qualify for the "minor additions" categorical exemption, CEQA requires that the addition must not increase the original student capacity by more than 25% or ten classrooms, whichever is less. Prior to making its decision, the District was presented with the enrollment figures of the two schools proposed for closure. Together, the closure would mean that 610 students would have to transfer to other District receptor schools. The District also had before it the current number of students enrolled at each of the receptor schools. What the District did not have was the "original student capacity" or "enrollment capacity" of each of the receptor schools. Therefore, it was impossible to know whether the receptor schools were at 100% capacity or 60% capacity, and thus there was no evidence in the record by which the District could determine whether the closure of the schools would increase the receptor schools' "original student capacity" by more or less than the 25% or ten classrooms identified in the categorical exemption. The absence of the enrollment capacity for each of the receptor schools was viewed by the court as a "critical gap in the evidence." The District failed to have substantial evidence in the record at the time it made the closure decision to support its finding that the addition of the students from the closed schools would not exceed the limits set forth in the categorical exemption.
As an alternative argument, the District also asserted that the closures and student transfers were exempt under CEQA Guidelines Section 15378(b)(5), which provides that "[o]rganizational or administrative activities of governments that will not result in direct or indirect physical changes in the environment are not considered projects under CEQA." The court noted that the District conceded that an increase in student enrollment would be viewed as a significant environmental impact if the increase in enrollment exceeded the 25% or ten-classroom threshold set out under CEQA Guidelines Section 15314, and since there was no evidence to support a conclusion that these thresholds would not be exceeded, the court held that the student transfers would not be exempt under CEQA Guidelines Section 15378(b)(5) either.
The School Closures Did Not Moot the Litigation. Both schools were closed by the beginning of the 2013-2014 school year—well before the Court of Appeal rendered its decision. Nevertheless, the court agreed with SOS that the school closures did not moot the litigation. The court explained that if the District, on remand, is unable to determine that the closures and transfers were exempt from CEQA, the trial court may be able to provide SOS with effective relief. For instance, the trial court could potentially order the District to reopen the schools or take other steps to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts of the closures and transfers.
Practice Pointers:
- An agency's decision that a project is categorically exempt from CEQA must be supported by substantial evidence. Substantial evidence to support the agency's exemption determination must be in the administrative record at the time the agency made its decision.
- Read the language of the categorical exemption carefully to ensure that the correct information required by CEQA is before the decisionmakers. Current enrollment figures of all of the affected schools were not enough to support the District's decision when the CEQA Guidelines required the enrollment capacity.
- Proceeding with a project that is in litigation will not moot an adverse outcome. Even though the schools had been closed for two years by the time the court decided this case, if the District cannot support its decision on remand, it may be required to reopen the schools.


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Playing all the latest songs, fantastic sound systems and lighting equipment our DJ's also ensure that that the students can enjoy themselves in an environment which is age-safe for young people.
Our DJ's at Just Smile are also sensitive to explicit lyrics and finding the correct balance between a formal adult event, and a clubbing experience. This also ensures that the students and teaching staff can all have a fantastic time.
We work with schools, colleges and educational groups throughout the Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire area delivering School Proms & Leaver Parties. We also frequently supply our add-on products like a Photobooth, Magic Selfie Mirror and sparkling Dance Floors. These are all extremely popular with the students at these events and can make it a fun filled night!
To discuss your requirements for a School Prom or Leaver Party, just call one of the team at Just Smile on 01923 750525 . We will work with you to create the prom of party that your students will enjoy and fondly remember.


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U.S. House leaders skirt mini 'religious liberty' floor fight, for now
Updated at 10:30 a.m.:
The House Rules Committee is scheduled to meet again this afternoon to vet more amendments for the defense policy bill, and the "religious liberty" provision will be among those considered. We'll update when we hear whether the provision has been approved for a vote on the House floor.
Original post:
GOP leaders in the U.S. House maneuvered to avoid a public floor fight over federal "religious liberty" language Monday evening, weeks after Georgia's most recent chapter ended with a bang.
Lawmakers on the House Rules Committee, the powerful panel that controls the House floor, did not allow for a vote on a proposed amendment from a bipartisan group of lawmakers — including a handful of moderate Republicans — that would have stripped out a "religious liberty" provision from an annual defense policy bill the House will vote on this week.
The "religious liberty" language in question would provide "protections and exemptions" for federal contractors "with respect to any religious corporation, religious association, religious educational institution or religious society." Added by by Oklahoma Republican Steve Russell, R-Okla., a retired Army lieutenant colonel who trained at Fort Benning, the language would apply to all federal contractors, not just those that serve the defense sector, according to Roll Call.
Moderate Pennsylvania Republican Charlie Dent was leading the charge against the provision.
Here's more background from Roll Call:
Democrats and gay rights advocates argue that the current amendment would undo President Barack Obama's 2014 executive order that banned federal contractors from discriminating based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
"The exemption is meant for religious organizations," said Armed Services Committee ranking Democrat Adam Smith of Washington "The way this amendment is written, it doesn't matter if you are a religious organization. You could be a private contractor and this basically gives you the right to discriminate if you decide that you just don't want to do business with gay people."
Supporters have said the provision is necessary since the Pentagon has yet to codify "religious liberty" protections for contractors.
"This is not what is being characterized," said Russell, according to Roll Call. "This rule affirms prior policy that faith-based organizations are no less eligible than secular organizations to deliver federally funded services … This is reaffirming what the president is already doing in making a level playing field."


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Archive for March, 2009
Arthur Season 12 Episode 1-Is That Kosher?
Francine decides to fast for an entire 24 hours as apart of celebrations of the Jewish holiday,YomKippur. Determined Francine is therefore confident that she will be able to avoid eating or drinking anything for an entire day.There is only one problem!Arthur has won a pizza party for the same day Francine isfasting.Will she be able to stay away from the food and keep self control or will she end up breaking her fast early?Watch the entire episode below to find out.
Science Fact of the Month-March 2009
Below is one of the measures which should be observed when cooking steak in order to increase the rate of reaction or to make the process go faster
In order to increase the rate of reaction, you would maximize the heat in order to speed the cooking process.The process would speed up because the average speed of the molecules increases and causes the molecules to move faster and make more effective collisions in which chemical bonds are broken and new molecules form to speed the rate of reaction.
Share other ways in the comments icon below.Come back next month for the Science Fact of the Month for April 2009!
Kyle XY Series Finale-Bringing Down The House
Watch the complete final episode of Kyle XY below.Enjoy!
Readers under the age of 14 should also note that Kyle XY is not appropriate for you to watch by yourself as per the program's 14A rating.Please ask your parent[s]/guardian[s] before you watch the program.Parental figures who have questions regarding the appropriateness of the episode for their child are welcome to submit them to us at our central contact address at email@example.com Please note that we cannot assume responsibility for any children under the age of 14 who view the program and any outcomes which consequently result from performing such an action.Thank you for your understanding and cooperation!
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Site Closing on March 6 2009 for Maintenance
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|21 Mar 2014
Well anyways I have turned the OC settings to default and I am going to reinstall AIsuite
|My System Specs
|21 Mar 2014
Okay so I can't seem to uninstall Aisuite III the uninstall program is sitting there for like 30 mins now and
it doesn't doe anything, I already tried it again and even with a cleaner found on that forum.
|My System Specs
|24 Mar 2014
Well so I had to reinstall windows on my pc because for some reason I was locked up in safe mode and couldn't do anything but move my mouse and see my screen flicker when I moved around with the mouse.
So I went back to windows 7 did a clean install and everything but now my pc still freezes randomly and still without any errors, I have looked into the event viewer and couldn't find anything wrong I am starting to get really frustrated by this. The freezes happens with everything, gaming, copying files, just clicking on a link on a website etc...
|My System Specs
|24 Mar 2014
OMG! you did a clean install and still the PC is freezing?
Try this, remove all the peripheral (DVD drive...etc). Just have the hard drive in which the OS is installed, KB and mouse connected. Start the PC and now check.
|My System Specs
|07 Apr 2014
Okay I will try that sorry for the late late answers, but again -.-........ BSOD irq_not_less_or_equall. I have searched my freeze problem and the one for the bsod and they all say I should check my mem, well tonight I ran memtest86+ overnight with 6 passes and no errors took 9 hours so, i thought i should let you know !
|My System Specs
|07 Apr 2014
Well removing the DVD drive didn't work either
-I did found something else when I opened up my pc.. my front panel blocked my front fan from spinning ( fixed that ) just thought you should know
|My System Specs
|07 Apr 2014
Hmm... that could be it. Did it fix the freezes?
|My System Specs
|07 Apr 2014
For now it did i think, but I found something in the S.M.A.R.T at my 1TB samsung HDD "ecc error rate" Status says Fail I dont know if it has anything to do with my freezes...
|My System Specs
|08 Apr 2014
That could be. I am not very sure about the error. But, I found this link. In the link you can find the attributes. Check out the exact error and the meaning of the error.
|My System Specs
|12 Apr 2014
I have searched about the fail from the HDD but it was nothing to worry about, what I did found is when my pc crashes my date and time are set to 2042 and in the eventviewer I see many errors about:
The PnkBstrA service terminated unexpectedly. It has done this 1 time(s). Those are marked at a date in 2042
there are no errors in 2014 in the eventviewer : /
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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As a dentist in Plantation,Westside Dental Center provides you with porcelain veneers and bonding services for your teeth. This approach to cosmetic dentistry offers immediate benefits for patients.When you choose a Plantation dentist like Dr. Dham, you knowyou will receive the best cosmetic dentistry around and walk out with a beautiful smile. There are many rewards you can enjoy when youchoose dental procedures like veneers and bonding for your teeth.
Both procedures can be used to correct discolored, chipped, or worn out teeth. The basic result is that veneers and bonding help improve and enhance your smile. After a consultation with the dentist, each patient will know for certain which procedure is best for them, based on their circumstances.
Besides improving the look of your smile, below are some of the additional benefits to choosing porcelain veneers and cosmetic bonding.
Benefits of Veneers:
- They are made from a material that looks like natural teeth.
- They function like normal teeth and are just as strong.
- They don't stain. With regular cleanings and check-ups, your teeth will remainwhite.
- Since you can select a preferred natural color, you can use them to make your initially discolored teeth whiter.
- It doesn't require the kind of shaping needed in crowns, making it a straightforward approach.
Benefits of Bonding:
- Bonding is easy to perform and costs less than most dental procedures.
- Most often patients are done in one appointment.
- The procedure isn't painful and there is no need for anesthesia.
- Bonding doesn't require extensive lab procedures like veneers or crowns.
- A special light is used that bonds the materials properly and there is little to no removal of existing tooth enamel.
When you have a beautiful smile, your self-esteem is automatically boosted. It improves how you carry yourself around people and makes people look at you in a positive light. After you have a consultation with your dentist in Plantation, you will feel confident you're making an informed decision and getting incredible results.


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Solid older home. Large front porch lots of original woodwork. Beveled glass. Looking for a project this is perfect.
Features Residential
Features Residential
|Style: 1.5 Story
|Garage Capacity: 3
|Age of Home:
|Finished SqFt: 2,042
|Waterfront: N
|Municipality: Stevens Point, City Of
|Acreage: 0.19
|Area: Stevens Point
|Body of Water:


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The biggest German steel company, ThyssenKrupp, posted better than expected earnings Friday and clarified its full-year outlook on the back of a pick-up in major markets.
The group, which also makes elevators, auto parts and provides industrial services, now expects benchmark pre-tax profit of at least 500 million euros (645 million dollars).
It had previously forecast a figure between 100 million euros and one billion.
In the third quarter of its fiscal year, the three months from April to June, the group posted a pre-tax profit of 414 million euros, much better than an average forecast of 247 million by analysts polled by Dow Jones Newswires.
ThyssenKrupp had made a loss of 772 million euros in the same period one year earlier.
This time around it posted its best three-month result in seven quarters, on sales that gained 26 percent on the year to 11.7 billion euros, a statement said.
"Demand has improved significantly in our key customer sectors and core markets," chairman Ekkehard Schulz was quoted as saying.
He added however that the economic environment remained volatile.
At the end of the nine-month period ending in June, ThyssenKrupp had earned pre-tax profit of 918 million euros, but its fourth quarter will be marked by significant start-up costs for plants in the United States and Brazil.
In the 2010-2011 fiscal year, it expects sales and pre-tax profits to rise further, but did not provide details.
The German group was nonetheless thus more upbeat than some of its rivals.
The Japanese giant Nippon Steel has spoken of "uncertain perspectives," and another German group, Salzgitter, issued on Thursday a cautious outlook for the full year, underscoring a lack of clarity on raw material prices.
German steel trader Kloeckner & Co warned this week of a possible glut on steel markets.


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Puppy Born with Heart-Shaped Mark Brings Luck and Celebrity
A chihuahua puppy has become Japan's latest heartthrob after he was born with a heart-shaped mark on his coat. The dog, named "Heart-kun," was born in May to a breeder and pet shop owner, who believes the puppy has brought her luck. She's even won the lottery.


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Cameron appoints Stephen Crabb after Iain Duncan Smith resigns over disability cuts
David Cameron has moved to shore up his Cabinet team after Iain Duncan Smith quit as work and pensions secretary and launched an all-out attack on "indefensible" Budget cuts.
Stephen Crabb is to take over from Mr Duncan Smith, while Alun Cairns has been promoted to the role of Welsh Secretary.
In a brutal parting shot last night, Mr Duncan Smith complained that curbs to disabled benefits in George Osborne's financial package were politically driven and the Chancellor had undermined the principle of "all in this together".
The rift, which erupted with Tory tensions running high over the EU referendum, could escalate even further with the disgruntled ex-minister due to appear on the BBC's Andrew Marr show tomorrow.
In his resignation letter to the Prime Minister, Mr Duncan Smith wrote: "I have for some time and rather reluctantly come to believe that the latest changes to benefits to the disabled and the context in which they've been made are a compromise too far.
"While they are defensible in narrow terms, given the continuing deficit, they are not defensible in the way they were placed within a Budget that benefits higher earning taxpayers. They should have instead been part of a wider process to engage others in finding the best way to better focus resources on those most in need.
"I am unable to watch passively whilst certain policies are enacted in order to meet the fiscal self-imposed restraints that I believe are more and more perceived as distinctly political rather than in the national economic interest."
Mr Duncan Smith has been at loggerheads with Mr Cameron and Mr Osborne over whether Britain should stay in the EU, joining a handful of other Cabinet ministers in calling for Brexit.
But his letter to the Prime Minister indicated that the row over cuts to the Personal Independence Payment (PIP) had been the final straw. His announcement came just hours after the Treasury signalled a humiliating climbdown over the plans to change PIP assessment criteria, which were expected to slash around £1.3 billion a year off the cost. Government sources said they wanted to kick the proposals - initially announced by the Department for Work and Pensions last week - "into the long grass" and were not "wedded" to the savings figures featured in the Budget.
It is not clear whether the briefing was an abortive effort to persuade Mr Duncan Smith to stay, but allies pointed out that he still faced finding equivalent savings from working age benefits.
Mr Osborne also retreated on two other Budget issues that ran into strong opposition from Tory backbenchers - promising legislation next week to abolish the so-called "tampon tax" and ruling out higher VAT on solar panels and energy efficiency equipment.
In his letter responding to Mr Duncan Smith, Mr Cameron said he was "puzzled and disappointed" by the decision.
"I regret that you have chosen to step down from the Government at this moment," he said.
"Together we designed the Personal Independence Payment to support the most vulnerable and to give disabled people more independence. We all agreed that the increased resources being spent on disabled people should be properly managed and focused on those who need it most.
"That is why we collectively agreed - you, No 10 and the Treasury - proposals which you and your department then announced a week ago. Today we agreed not to proceed with the policies in their current form and instead to work together to get these policies right over the coming months.
"In the light of this, I am puzzled and disappointed that you have chosen to resign."
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn has demanded that Mr Osborne follow Mr Duncan Smith's example and resign.
Mr Crabb posted on Twitter: "A privilege to be appointed new Work & Pensions Secretary this morning. Looking forward to working with my new team."
Downing Street said Guto Bebb would take Mr Cairns' previous job as junior minister at the Wales Office and government whip, which was unpaid.
Mr Duncan Smith has been holed up at his father-in-law's house in Buckinghamshire, with wife Betsy telling reporters he would not be making any further statements.
However, he did smile and wave to the waiting media through a window.
Employment minister Priti Patel paid tribute to Mr Duncan Smith as a "great social reformer".
"Since coming to office in 2010, he has made a real difference to the life chances of people throughout the country by reforming the welfare system to ensure that work always pays," she said.
"The Budget has shown that this Conservative Government are delivering on our commitments to provide security for working families.
"We are letting people keep more of the money that they earn by taking low-paid workers out of tax, increasing salaries through introducing the National Living Wage and supporting people on low incomes to save.
"I look forward to continuing to play my part as Minister for Employment in transforming people's life chances by working closely with the incoming Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and the Chancellor of the Exchequer."
Press Association
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Related Content
- Michael Gove is 'nuts' and Boris is 'after my job': David Cameron's tensions with Brexit backers revealed
- Conservatives in crisis as pensions minister Iain Duncan Smith quits in Budget row
- Ex-spin doctor Alastair Campbell attacks pro-Brexit press for 'fresh depths of dishonesty'


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If cats could talk... if we could understand what they were saying.
This funny take on a cats 'talking' video, tries to imagine what thye might actually be saying to each other. Hilarious.
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Knights of the Old Republic EP40: SERIOUSLY Hurt Locker
on Jan 7, 2016
Spoiler Warning
Link (YouTube)
Listening to the guy in the locker, I'm pretty sure this is the Davik Kang voice actor again.
This part of the game is a meandering slog with lots of backtracking. So Rutskarn decided to run a 2nd Edition D&D game DURING the show. The dice delivered to us three completely unremarkable peasants during character creation, and then things went downhill.
I don't want to spoil the adventure, but we will indeed face deadly danger, while making no discernible progress on the adventure Rutskarn devised for us. Indeed, the quest hook itself was nearly too challenging for us, and it involved little more than sitting in chairs and talking.


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"I've found a lump in my breast."
Don't panic. Eighty percent of all breast lumps are benign (non-cancerous).
There are several common causes of breast lumps:
- Benign breast changes (fibrocystic changes)
- Breast cysts
- Fibroadenomas
- Breast infection
- Breast cancer
What are the most common types of benign lumps?
The most common benign lumps are fibrocystic changes, breast cysts, and fibroadenomas.
- Most women have a certain degree of fibrocystic changes. These are tiny, fluid-filled sacs and fibrous (rubbery) tissue that might feel like lumps.
- Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form when fluid becomes trapped in the milk ducts.
- A fibroadenoma is another benign lump. It is the most common tumor found in the female breast. These most often occur in women who are in their reproductive years.
Can men have breast lumps?
Yes. Men can have tender breast enlargement, often with a lump beneath the nipple. Sometimes this is in one breast, often in both. This benign finding is called gynecomastia. The cause is often not discovered, but may be related to hormonal imbalance or medication side effects. Breast cancer, however, DOES occur in men. A thorough evaluation is necessary.
Can a breast lump mean an infection?
Possibly. Sometimes breast infections are first noticed as a painful lump, with or without redness.
What should I do if I find a lump?
A discrete breast lump that is separate from the surrounding tissue should be checked by your health care provider. Call and make an appointment.
What will happen at the appointment?
- A detailed health history will be taken and a thorough breast exam will be done.
- Breast imaging (mammogram and/or ultrasound) will be performed if your previous studies are not current.
You might be scheduled for other diagnostic tests, such as:
- A needle aspiration —a sample of cells is removed for evaluation.
- A core biopsy —a very small sample of the lump is removed for evaluation.
- An excisional biopsy —a surgical sampling or removal.
You might return to the doctor for another evaluation in a few weeks or months.
What can I do for myself to continue good breast health?
- Be aware of changes in your breast tissue and report them to your health care provider if you are concerned.
- Discuss screening options with your health care provider.
- Know your breast density and how this may affect mammographic screening.
- Report changes in your family history every year to your health care provider.
- National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer–for patients Accessed 10/30/2015.
- American Cancer Society. Signs and symptoms of breast cancer Accessed 10/30/2015.
© Copyright 1995-2017 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. All rights reserved.
This information is provided by the Cleveland Clinic and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or health care provider. Please consult your health care provider for advice about a specific medical condition. This document was last reviewed on: 10/28/2015...#6906