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The following questions will guide the research:
1. Why do people move to urban center?
2. Is the cost of living at urban center better than rural area?
3. What type of social amenities do you enjoy in town?
4. What are the major problems wising as a result of the impact of urbanization on the socio-economic development of Ezzamgbo indigenes?
5. Do urbanization and rural-urban migration affect the socio-economic life of Ezzamgbo community?
6. How can the problem be resolved?
The general objective of this study is to examine the impact of urbanization on the socio-economic activities or development of Ezzamgbo indigenes. As we earlier mentioned, urbanization in currently one of the most widespread phenomena processes taking place in Nigeria today. In view of this therefore the study seeks.
1. To unfold the pre-urban socio-economic activities of Ezzamgbo indigenes.
2. The factors responsible for urbanization and now these have acted on the socio-economic activities of Ezzamgbo indigenes.
3. To identify major problems wising as a result of impact of urbanization on the socio-economic development of Ezzamgbo indigenes.
4. To make meaningful recommendations and suggestion on how such problems could be resolved.
This study, it is hoped will contribute immensely to the understanding of the effect of Urbanization on the socio-economic activities of Ezzamgbo indigenes. Much work has been done on the impact of Urbanization on rural areas, but none has been in Ezzamgbo rural community as a case study, this study will therefore, serve as a pioneer study in this area.
The study will be theoretically significant, as a number of atternpts to document the effects of Urbanization on rural ureas is ywe. In this study, it is hoped that the peculiwity of the Urbanization effect on the socio-economic lives of Ezzamgbo will be unveiled. It will also be of relevance to students of rural sociology as well as researchers such as the NGO'S community based organization and local government administrators etc.
This study will also be of benefit to social psychologists who we interested in studying the dynamics of group interaction. This study then confirms and attests to Talcott parson's Pattern variables. It shows human relationship is dominated by economic and social exchanges of values based on the principles of equity.
Urbanization could be seen as a shift from animate to inanimate of production. This definition implies that, urbanization is the movement from animals production like donkeys, cattle and even manual to inanimate way of production that involves the use of machines. (warren Thompson 1985).
Development for the purpose of this research would be taken to mean the processes of change particularly change of a structural native, towards the enhancement of a people's socio-economic welfare and the fulfillment.
It involves the society's transformation through its institutions, organizations, social rules, customary usage and the work attitudes of individuals to an extent that makes the society more and more positively responsive to socially desired modern changes (emelukule 1978).
A combination of various social and academic characteristic. The social life of the people refers to the way they live in the society, the social interaction and their social structure, the socialization pattern, values and norms.
It includes the facilitates they enjoy, the population shift as well as the evils prevalent in the area.
The economic life of the people refers to the productive, consumption and distributive activities of the people. Agriculture, trade and other territory occupation provide a living for the people.
This term refers to population living in the area of low density and small settlement. It is characterized by primary agricultural production. An example is ohaukwu neighboring communities who migrate to Ezzamgbo town for survival of the fittest.
Migration involves the movement of people from a particular residence or settlement to another settlement at a particular time. Rural-urban migration therefore involves the shifting of residence from rural to urban areas.
A sociological approach to studying cities that examines how the social uses of urban land are the results of interactions between various groups of people and their physical/geographic environment.
A population knit together by common values and interests relatively dense and enduring ties frequent face to face interactions, and a sense of being close to one another.
Many scholars have done very useful work on the impact of urbanization on rural areas. Through most of those writers are outside Nigeria, it is hoped that the materials under review, will provide necessary comparative information for the understanding of the impact of urbanization on the socio-economic development of Ezzamgbo indigenes.
These have been arguments by scholars who define broadly the perspective in which could view the role of cities in third world development.
Richard D. Kambest (1962:117) doing is survey on the impact of urban society upon village life in India, asserted that cities act as catalysts, introducing suitable changes in rural areas. This means that life in the cities influence villages and bring about changes in the rural people.
Davis (1955) and others have vigorously defended the viewpoint that urbanization is a concomitant of transformations in a society. The main agreement of this school of thought revolves around the fact that, the components of urbanization in the third world we of easting in a different mix from the manner they operated in the west. Urbanization in the third world is largely a product of mass rural-urban migration which has accelerated in the last two decades because the rural areas we little affected by modernization influence and lack of opportunities for self-improvement. It is in view of this that much of the literature on migration in African has stressed the fact that economic factor plays a dominant role in the migrants decision to leave the rural areas to the urban centers.
Little (1977) observed that "more generally, a person requires money to live in a civilized way, to buy good clothes, manufactured products and to acquire modern housing. It is needed for taxes, to pay dues to local association, to educate oneself or one's children and so on. The present of industries in these areas have encouraged migration, people are attracted to the town because at the prospect of employment.
J.H. Wob and Edmund D.E.S. Brunner (1975:167) in their own contribution wrote, "out at the end of the road stands the city with its smokestocks and its jagged sky line, the traffic on the great Amercian highway moves into the two directions towards the country. Moreover, it is not simple a physical highway for the interplay of ideas and attitudes. This implies that ideas and attitudes are transported from the urban center to the rural areas.
A.M. O' conner (1971:159) argued that the change that is commonly associated with economic development is the growth of towns and cities, and such urban growth is undoubtedly and of the most widespread processes taking place in tropical African today. The towns have been expanding rapidly throughout most of this century and the region now roughly doubt every ten (10) or twelve (12) years. This a more rapid rate of increase than in any other large region of the world and is in some ways a rather disturbing phenomenon. The growth had taken place from such a low base that the preparation of the whole population that lives in towns is still small, yet these towns play a role in the life of most African countries quite out of preparation for the size of their population. They act as local points in the political social and economic affairs of each country and even people who have never visited a town are profoundly affected by decisions made there and by transaction undertaken there.
Mackensie (1925) a classical social ecologist have noted processes common to urbanization in many societies, they include concentration, segregations, invasion and succession. Concentration, the first phase of urbanization occurs when many people settle in a relatively small space. This phase leads to over crow ding in turn promoting a decentralization of activities, so that people and industries spread from the center of the city to outlying areas with the decentralization of activities comes economgical differentiation, in specific with particular areas of the city and are physically isolated from others. In this fashion, the city develops a district financial district, a retail-trade center and a residential sector each separated from the other.
Cities we never static. Any differentiated areas open to ecological invasion by new activities or populations. For example industries may overtop a residential neighbowhood a ware house district may be concentrated into luxwy condominiums or a traditionally black neighbowhood may be resettled by puerta Ricons. Once this process of ecological invasion is more or less complete, succession has occurred that is activity or group of people have replaced another.
Robert Redfield (1974:453) in comparing a rural peasant village and a large city in yucatan mayas, argued that culture change could be studied a long a rural-urban continuum. He further viewed the cities as centers through which cultural motivations are introduced into tribal areas, cultural disorganization he said emerge as a folk community moved to urban. By cultural disorganization we mean that there is a loss of original culture and increase on the acquisition of new culture.
Stanley A. freed (1977:411) in discussing a paper titled. "Attitude, behavious and urban influence" in shanty; a North india village Nagar the capital city of Delhi, pointed out from his survey that kinship ties have not become attenuated but there are some slight tendencies in this dissection. To some extent, obtaining work in the city, is no longer as dependent on kinship as before. Urban oriented men are more likely than other villages, to mix and form friendships with members of other (castes groups) and that the extended family persists in shanty Nagar as a few functions of the family have been taken over by the city. The first of these is the formal education of children, primarily aimed at their urban employment as a goal, is super seeding the self-supportive agricultural family.
May Ebihara (1971:369) in her article published, she carried out her findings in a study between west sobay (a small village new the city) and the capital, phenompenh, pointed out that the village had influences in the various spheres of activity as a result of urban contact. The capital town (phenompenh), acts as the main job of both national and international commerce of the village. Villages are therefore, involved in national and even international trade, as both procedures and consumers. Further more, villages who never particularly cared for urban living, have started using property that are marks of prestige-pressurelampls, wrist watches, sewing machines, motor caws and scatters. Finally, that the idea of urban employment is not new to sabay villages.
I said (1956) sees cities as essentially the points of expression of an economic system. Their efficient functioning is resfoicted by the detail characteristics of the economic system, which involves its productive capacity, its transport system and technology and the general level of income of the popular. These characteristics moveover determine the number, size and distribution of cities. He also postulated that, cities represents accumulated fixed investments which in conjunction with their vested social institutions, tend to entail major geographical inabilities and rigidities and for the most parts, preclude relocation. As societies become more indivtalized and urbanized, the internal structural units, which characterized them apparently undergoing change toward greater diversification and complexity, while at the same tending toward standardization and simplicity.
Hanna and Hanna (1971) in their study of urbanization in black Africa have identified relatively dense population, a large number of social roles and a relative permanence of population and socio-economic infrastructure as being criteria of towns.
Sorokin, zimmesman and Galpin (1920) observed that there is a reverse movement. Regarding this country ward tend these groups of authors stated that a small stream of migrants continue to go from city to country. These representative of the city carry with them. The culture and characteristics, the good and bad of the urban centers to the village too,".
Similarly, economic, political and social development of Ezzamgbo indigenes. The migration of Amaike people to Ezzamgbo marked the beginning of development in this area. Infact, the arrival of money to the people, has catalyzed a great deal of economic activity in Ezzamgbo. This situation brought about different engagement in activities, which were unknown to them before. It could therefore be said that, the flow and movement of hundreds at the Amaike people to Ezzamgbo the headquarter of the local government has affected modified and changed some of the socio-economic development of the people.
While fisk (1975:1) and the overseas development institute see rural development only in economic terms to other factors.
Todwo (1977:282) holds a different view to him development does not only mean agricultural development rather it represents. "The transformation of economic and social structures, institution relation and process in the rural area". Ideally, development will involve equitable distribution of rural incomes of now sowing rural-urban growth in terms of housing, health, education nutrition and a number of social service. It also involves the ability of the rural communities to sustain and transcend these improvements. So, what rural development may involve is a mixed grill of agricultural, non-agricultural development component.
Olatunbonsum and lele (1978:20) see rural development as the reorientation of strategy toward the betterment of rural life through a consciously sustained and coordinated programme of activities. This can be done through the mobilization and allocation of resources for the welfare and productive services in the rural area.
Beth Hess (1965:526) also identified some major steps in the process of modernization, which includes urbanization or the concentration in cities of large numbers of people with different occupations and backgrounds. To him urbanization has three major characteristics viz the size of the population in a geographic area and varieties of statuses;
Generally, the more people with different ascribed and achieved status are formed with in a defined geographic space, the more likely we are to describe the area as urban. The size of one's home, the neighbor hood in which one lives, the cat one drives and the clothing one arears are more important in determining a person's status and identity than in more rural loca lities.
Rossides (1969) has also shown here modern economic tends to be separated from the home both physically and psychologically. Individual's participation in the economy is determined by and depends on his qualification. An industrial economy emphases and recognizes individual achievement. An individual credentials especially those acquired through education and work experience in order to get a job, work is not assigned to persons based on family status as it obtained in rural or feudal economy.
Pred, A.B. (1976:151-171) asserted that migration of some family members to cities and industrial centers coupled with their acquisition of skill and money has implied the attainment of new economic status (socio-economic status) the migrants (workers) thus become economically independent from his immediate and extended family. He is therefore constrained to act rationally in order to enhance good standard of living in the household.
While urbanization has resulted in several cases to the dislocation and disintegration of the family structures, it has well nominally extended the social boundaries of kinship unit and it definition; for instance, a man in the city could relate so well with his neighbor as if he was his brother about large-scale disorganization in the outlook of the family.
According to Hurd (1973( capitalism is associated with urban economy and this characterized commercial relations, broom (1968) associated capitalism with the extensive use of machine in view of the need for increase productivity and the desire to maximize profits.
a. Socio-historical theory
b. Ecological theory
c. Push-pull theory
d. Situational theory
The theories that will be picked for this study are taken from the area of social change.
According to maogovet peil (1977:336) she assert that "All societies experience ascertain amount of change in the social structure and culture ovestime. Societies cannot remain stable because they are in contact with other societies, which do things differently, ideas, norms and social institution spread from one society to another through culture beaver".
We would also look at some theories of urbanization and development in this study the break down of traditional economy (farming) the change in the land tenure system where communal laws no longer exist and the introduction of the new way of life like individualism are glaring examples of change among the people under study.
According to our study of social change the proponents of this theory are Ibn khaldun, Arnold Toynbee and Oswal Spengler. We are going to look at their views in the study of urbanization on social changes in our society. These scholars assert that changes in society are at stages (physical movement) that is human life is thought of as enmeshed in vest historical cycles, rather in a particular linear direction. They see the process of changes coming as birth stage, stangnated stage and disintegration stage in social life.
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), a 16th century Tunisian philosopher and one of the pioneers of sociological thought. He explained this theory of change from the perspectives of two forms of social organization.
a. The nomadic, which is characterized by aggressions, self-determination, solidarity and co-operation.
b. The sedentary, which is also be found in "the muggaddimah". Where he explores the manifold factors included in social change.
The processes of change are described in fow stages namely.
a. Overthrow: this has to do with previously existing system (culture) and establishment of a new one.
b. Consolidation which has to do with security control.
c. Leisure and tranquility. It has to do with stability and expansion in size.
d. Peace and preservation of what has been obtained (established) traditionalism
e. Degeneration has to do with waste, recklessness and alienation of the formal stage.
His theory of change is incisive with the following insights. He asserts that the historical method offers the best approach to understanding change. And the factors included in change are many and diverse, no single factor can ade quately account for change.
He continued that differencing forms of social organization created differing personality types.
Arnold Toynbee (1889) he sees a process of birth, growth, stagnation and disintegration in social life. Toynbee was interested in the study of society and civilization and sees society in the process of civilization in "dynamic motion along a course of change and growth". To him societies (or civilization) arise out of responses to challenges that is in response to adverse conditions. A civilization emerges in the theories of struggle, and comes into being only by surmounting berries.
He assets that, the process of the growth of civilization refers to as "etherialization's" meaning a shift of emphasis from some lower spheres of being to a higher. This implies the conquest of initial obstacles so that energy is released for responding to challenges, which are now internal rather than external and spiritual rather than material in native. Such growth means increasing self-determination and it involves differentiation between the parts of the society.
Oswald splengler. He also studied the socio-cultural changes in terms of a cyclic variation. He assert that. "The life cyclic of cultures". Culture civilization pass through stages of birth, adolescent, nativity and delay and then birth or rebirth etc.
Socio-historical theory tend to study society from her primitive stage to when such society has attained urbanization processes which arises from the process of innovation found in the society. The theory also exposes where a particular stage is un-functional for another stage of change to take place.
The exponents of this theory are concerned with human ecology as regard man's relationship to his environment so the human ecologist looked at the geographic conditions in the rise of cities. Scholars like Robert part, Ernest Burgess were interested in studying the rise of cities. The ecological theory is most represented by the Chicago school of human Ecology.
According to these scholars, the rise of any settlement is on concentric nucleys. Robert part a notable figwe of this school came up with a publication in about 1916. "Suggestions for the study of human behaviours in urban area" the following issues were raised by him, planning local organization, industrial organization and the moral order, secondary relations and social control. Temperament and the urban life and social stratification distinction.
Based on the argument from scholars, we have been able to conclude that, cities expand out ward from a single business district in the center, as was commonly true of industrial cities as a particular settlement begins to acquire commercial activities, such settlement begins to be urbanized.
We have also observed that, each model or stage has an important role to play for the development of a place.
This models that propel changes in the society bring about specialization among individuals of that place by getting involved into different businesses.
According to this theory we have "Bright light hypothesis which state that, they are certain basic infrastructure that attract individual from a particular residence to another.
We have the "pull" factors, which are these factors that could discharge individuals to with draw from an environment like violence, fear, unemployment, epidemic crisis whether religious or political.
While push factors are those that propel movement like education, industries, companies, infrastructure like good rads, electricity, good water and other social amenities that attract individual to change residence.
This movement could bring about more concentration of individuals in a particular area. This will tend to bring about urbanization process in that area.
The bright light hypothesis expires the behavior of individuals in rural areas to urban amenities. This theory helps in observing the conditions for urban crowding and others urban problems.
This theory exposes the attraction of better political, economic and social opportunities and increased amenities influence the direction of movement. We have also discovered factors, which encourages and that which inhabit movement. The decision to move or not to move results from the evaluation of all these factors.
The proponent of this theory is wolpert (1965). He asserts that, majority of the studies of rural urban mobility are characterized by the situational theory. It has two theoretical thrusts the first rests upon the models of rural-urban differences and focuses upon the problem of migrant adaptation as they move from one mile to another. The second concentrates upon the decision of the migrant involved in movement. The first these is said not to adequately describe the movement of people from rural to urban area such movement brings to the city, people whose values, attitudes and institutions have been developed in the country side. These personal attitudes do not simply disappear in the urban environment, especially when the rural migrant moves within a network of close personal ties, which aids his assimilation into the urban environment.
The development of cities according to the theory depends on the situations of the individuals.
We have observed that individuals have both negative and positive impulses in every destination they find themselves into these impulses in individuals tend to propel or withdraw development in society.
The involvement into investment by individual is as a result of positive impulses to bring about change in the social and economic sectors of the society.
PUSH-PULL THEORY: According to this theory we have "Bringht light hypothesis" which state that, they we certain basic infrastructure that attract individuals from a particular residence to another.
We have the "pull" factors, which are these factors that could discharge individuals to withdraw from an environment like violence, fear, unemployment, epidemic crisis whether religion or political.
While push factors we those propel movement like education, industries, companies, infrastructure like good roads, electricity, good water and other social amenities that attract individual to change residence.
This movement could bring about more concentration of individuals in a particular area. This will tend to bring about urbanization process in that area.
1. There is no significant relationship between infrastructural development in urban center and high rural-urban migration in Ezzamgbo.
2. There is a direct relationship between rural-urban migration and decreasing agricultural production in Ezzamgbo.
3. There is a direct relationship between urbanization and increasing role of market in Ezzamgbo.
The above hypotheses will be used to study the impact of urbanization on the socio-economic development of Ezzamgbo. These hypotheses are intended to provide the necessary research guidance and value with a view to achieving the stated research objectives.
Nachmias and Nachmias (1996) of proofed research design as a logical model of proof that allows the researcher to draw inferences concerning causal relations among variables under investigation.
However, the study adopts the survey research design which is seen as a mode of inquiry that combines a distinct method of data collection with distinct from analysis. The survey design is seen as the best method available to the social scientist who is interested in collecting original data and designing a population too large to observe directly. More son the essence of choosing this type of design is because it is particularly well as suited for the study of individual's attitudes feeling and opinions.
This research focuses on the people Ezzamgbo in ohaukwu local government area of Ebonyi state. The neighbouring villages are as follows:
Amaike villages in the Northern part with population of 3.659; Ntwuakpa in the south with a population of about 35.875. umuagwa in the Eastern part with a population of about 4.815 and umuoru in the western part with a population of about 23.761.
This population census was based on 1963 Nigerian population census volume 2. The Ezzamgbo people shave a common language a common mythical kinship, smilar customs, folk ways, norms mores, religious beliefs and practices.
The area today called Ezzamgbo (Ohavkwu) is large compact settlement, which lies between 11. 2 kilometres East of the Abakaliki Ezzamgbo is 140.8 kilometres North west of Enugu and is located between latitude 5.5 and longitude 801a East (forde 1964:44).
The land enjoys drainage from the Abakaliki which criss-crosses the area in the form of streams. As at 1935, ford report that Ezzamgbo occupied a territory of 54.52 square kilometers. There were at least 4.64 on 5.8 square kilometers of continuous forest on the eastern borders and 1.16 square kilomaters of swampland in the north west.
The remaining 46.40 square kilometers of land was penetrated by a web of farming parths, which gives access to periodically cultivated tracts of land on either side as well as affording routes to neighboring village.
However, increase in population has reduced the amount of land that was previously uncultivated. The population in 1935 estimated to be 10, 900 by 1953, the figure is supposed to have risen to 17,567 in 1953, the figwe supposedly rose to 44, 945. Whereas the ohaukwu are thought by themselves and many observes to be increasing rapidly Dr. O.A. Ubi has cautioned on the danger of extrapolating based on these figures for certain years, may be under-estimated, and those for others over estimated.
Population pressure on residential land predisposes the Ezzamgbo people to build hamlets on the nearest tract of the farmland belong to the group. The extension is one of the residential testimonies and does not signify gradual separation from the parent linage. The ("umuoru") as it is called, recognizes the strength of the "umuagawa". The "Umuagwa " is low mound of small bouders swmounted by some chalk-stained pots usually set in the shared of tree.
The "umuagwa" symbolizes the corporate identity of the patrician called the "imunwa nukwu" which means the people that born planty children. This traces linage from the man.
The Ezzamgbo traditions of origins are intricately connected with those of the izzi people as a whole (that is including Ntwuakpa, umuagwa, umuebe, Amaike, Amovu, umoru, Amachi). The common tradition is that the Ezzamgbo fore bears had initially settled in the East, in a place called "Isheke". They has as neighbours the people of isheke junction, a settlement some 58 kilomiters away from Ezzamagbo territory, up the Abakaliki.
There are variations in the accounts of the place of original settlement. Chessman (1939) implies that the isheke had not migrated, which is to say, only the Nturuakpa and umuagwa had migrated from presumably somewhere close to isheke settment.
Rosemary Hovries (1965) suggests that the Ntwuakpa lived first in the hilly country to the Nouth of the Ebonyi State, or Abakliki, possibly in the region of the oshegbe hills and the umuoghwa hills, together with the people of Ntwuakpa and umuagara. Other neighours included the Isheke, ukwuachi, and Ezza Oshebe villages of present day isheke development center. Other were the umuoghwu "whose present location is known.
A contrasting academic view places the original settlement at Abakaliki urban CAS, called permanent site by the Ntwuakpa. Dr. Sam Egwu formal his excellency notes the bettermate involved as this name at the same time refers to the highland in the neighbour hood the isheke.
This bring development to Ntwuakpa and isheke which resulted that many people come to isheke and Ntwuakpa and live.
The farm lands in umuebe like it is called by the people of Ntwuakap are held by advent men individually and a man of middle age would have established rights to half a dozen sets of plots only one fifth of the aggregate area is however cultivated in any one year while the rest remain in bush to fallow.
One of the curliest task in "Ezzamgbo" was that of finding a method of estimating with reasonable accountancy the size of these farm plots. But the native of the cultivation and the laying out of the farms in "Ezzamgbo" permitted safe generation as to the mean once and variation of farm areas.
The process of clearing hoeing and planting farmlands proceeds piecemeal on each plot as the collective labour of a group of kinsmen becomes available to each individual in two. Apart of a dozen or so men clear a small stretch of bush day by day for each of their number in two.
According to forde (1964:p. 27) probably every household in Ezzamgbo produce some swflus, which is disposed of by sales. But the variation in the amounts areas great as the means of disposing of them various and some analysis is necessary before an attempt can be made to asses the importance of exchange production within the households or to estimate the amount of cash in come that are secured.
In the village market women made in a petty trade in foodstuffs, but it is very difficult to estimate this amounts of produce involved nor is there any hard and fast line between cash sales and barter. About half the women of the village dispose of small surpluses in this way as they become available. The traffic in yams, the stable foods, appears to be small in relation to the total harvest. Investigation of a sample group of household in 1935 revealed not merely a high degree of self-subsistence in yams, but also that surpluses we normally small and largely disposed of by gifts and sales among kinsfolk. Only 15 percent of men produced a surplus sufficiently large to be offered for sale to an outside trader for export from the village, while less than half the men and a quarter of the women sold any yams in quantity. Excluding yams disposed of in petty barter, the aggregate surplus probably amounted to less than 3 percent of the main harvest and of this less than half left the village, on the other land on account of their value, a man with a considerable yam surplus, such as sea, could at a typical village price of 7:5 per sales of palm-kernels.
The trade in European goods varies even more in scale. On the one hand, there are a few well-established specialist traders who do not farm, have several assistants and cover a wide circuit of village markets.
At the other extreme are a considerable number of young men who with a loan of a few shillings travel to Abakaliki or Enugu to buy a few lengths of cloths which they attempt to sell at a profit on their, return.
Most traders have their favourite 'lines' but there is a good deal of overlapping. The majority sells cloth and combines this with other goods as opportunity offers. The outstanding trade goods brought to the village are clothes and others clothing in considerable variety, salt, stockfish, yellow soap, hardware, especially animal boulds and machetes, matches, lumps of sugar, consumed by the women and children as a sweet med, gunpowder patent medicines and miscall aneous personal articles such as beads, combs, mirrors and pomades.
With the development of carrying road services in the country west of the Ebonyi state; Enugu and Abakaliki have largely markets from which cloth traders get their supplies but kernel and oil traders taking supplies to Abakaliki frequently buy trade goods there fore resale at Ezzamgbo, to all cases these are mostly brought at their ordering retail prices in the European or Syrian stores.
In summary, according to forde (1964:47). The level of output and consumption in Ezzamgbo (ohukwu) have been presented above, for a small household unit of one man, one wife and two young children. It should, however be emphasized that the more energetic and prosperous men have in the recent past had two or three wives.
At the same time a considerable number of the petty traders are young men who have not yet taken up farm of their own and contribute to their parents household outputs both from their trading receipts and by help in farm work at busy times. There are therefore a considerable number of households containing from three to six adults and these are generally the most active in the community.
From the sales of palm products and considerable surplues of yams, they appear to secure a cash income hundred drive there from a comparatively large item of cash income.
Most constructional materials such as raffia poles and thatching leaves are produced by the men of each household, but there is a considerable demand for dried liames and other fibres for use as roping in house-building and yam typing. This is in parchment by supplies provided by the younger men who will collect for sale up to a dozen or so bundles at about 6 each in the course of the year.
Palm-wine is reduced for local consumption edible. Palm-oil is made from fresh fruit for local use and most important of all, palm-oil and palm-kernels are produced for expert. Nearly all the more active men tap palm-trees for wine and a very large proportion of them sell part of their supplies to others in the village. A fairly active palm-wine producer can probably make los or so in the course of the year by sale of his surplus win at the local price which varies from 1/2d to 11/2d calabash as about half a gallon, while those concentrating on palm-wine-collection, who we, however few can even more than in this way.
According to forde (1964 p:30). An inquiry into retions from production for exchange among the 81 men of one king group showed that three in four produced and sold a surplus of any of the leading exchange products, but non of them produced surplus of all. The quantities and values after each category of produce exported from the village was appropriately 60 percent of the total value of sales. Since the number of men deriving considerably cash income from other activities remunerated outside the village, i.e a fuel itinerant traders, road laboures, etc is very small, the bulk of the cash-payments for locally purchased native produce must be ultimately derived from the sales of produced leaving the village. In other words, sales a of produced outside the village are the only substantial source of new funds.
If the group studied be taken to be a representative sample of the village as a whole, the average cash income per house hold from sales of men's products, omitting petty traffic and occasional and exception items such as stock would be appreciated 75.5.
While the sum reviewed from external sales average only about 9.5 per household. These estimates omit one important source of household income from produce, namely that received by wives from more their proportionately greates than the norm for a small household as estimated above.
On the other hand, there are 'poor relations' generally members of small households who through disability or misfortune, have out puts well below the general level. In many such cases both the men and women offer their labour at times of planting and harvesting in ration for payments in yams which enable them to make up the differences in their own farms outputs.
The economic condition of Ezzamgbo (ohaukwu) of the household ranges from that of a prominent man who may be head of his word, and a leader in one or more clubs, with several wives and males dependants and whose income from various sources, including consideration money in connection with court cases, may exceed $10 a year, with saving at between $20 to $40, to feed very poorly, and can barely afford to buy a single cloth and a few utensils in the course of a whole year.
According to forde (1964:p:53), the socio-political composition of the people of Ezzamgbo (ohaukwu) is made up double-lineages. The family ("Ogbaekirijwe), the patrician (Nwaforodono") or matridan ("Amadi") the village ("Okenwakpu") and (chibueze Agbo") and (Okenwaugama").
The village is the highest functioning political units is divided into woods which are divided into lineages, which in turn are divided into families-the minimal political unit within the family, "political loyalty was spoke n of in the idion if kinship and the political composition of the family was explained by reference to descent-matrilineal or pats rilianeal (Dr. O.A. Ubi, 1998:158), outside the patrician status is established at word level, not village as a whole.
The patrician was headed by a leader referred to as "Okenwa Ugama". He was usually the oldest man traditional, and by implication the head of his extended family ("Ogbaekirigwe"). He was the custodian of the ("Nturuakpa" and "umuagwa" and performed rites to ensure peace among members of his family in dispute. It was his function to allot from land and to member of the Ntwuakpa and to generally represent the Ntwuakpa in meetings with other "Umu ebe".
The several words (Ntwuakpa"), which made up the village were themselves composed of adjacent dwelling areas ("Aamaike") of up to a alozen or more patrician "Amaike"). Patrician in a word "may have traditions of ultimate common descent, but this is exceptional and in no sense a sanction for membership of the same word. (Forde,, 1964:135).
The words had their leaders in the "umuagwa". The "umuagwa" were" a self-requited and self-prepetuating body of notable including holders of prominent rituals offices." The "umuagwa", were expected to ensure peace and stability within their respective words. Those cases of inter-wards disputes usually including individuals of different' umuoru' and therefore defying # settlement by the "Amovu" were referred to the "umuagwa". The "Amovu" was the head of the "umuagwa" and it was the "Amovu" who guaranteed peaceful political co-existence between his and other wards (Forde, 1964:143).
At the maximal level, the village, the council of "ofeobodo" priests (the "Obolobo") featuked most prominently. The "ofeobodo" were the priests of fertility spirits with cults linked to the spirit. The priests were referred to as "obolobo" (Itutara dance). The council was composed of 10 priests of fertility spirit. Each fertility spirit )"Itutara dance") was associated with one or more of the 23 dispersed materidans recognized in the village, people appointed to ceremonial offices became "obolobo" (for instance the "over ofeobodo" Head of the village magicians).
The "Itutara dance" of the Ezzamgbo" (fertility spirit) became automatically the head of the "ofeobodo" and as such, the "Okenwa Ugama" (Head of the village).
The fertility spirit of which he was the "Itutara dance) was not seen as being monopolized by one or so matridan-as is the case of other "Gisls" but was seen as belonging to the entire village as a whole. The prestige of the "Ezzamgbo" derived from the important rituals they collectively performed the "Ezzamgbo" announced times for commencement of seasonal activities. They imposed customary times for recalcitrance. Disputes, which proved reconcilable at the clan or ward level were referred to the "ofeobody". The "ofeobodo" functions as a civil and criminal court. The authority of the "ofeobodo" was moral and derived in major poot from the supernatural sanctions if could invoke. A very severe punishment, which could be noted out by the "ofeobodo", was to refuse the different entry to the "obolobo" of his own "Itumara dance play ground"). The "ofeobodo" and the possible extension of this sanction to other members of his Itutara dance play ground". The "ofeobodo" could also prevent an offender from leaving or entering the dwelling until recompense was made.
In conclusion, the political administration of Ezzamgbo was initially premised on moral authority of the "Ntwuakpa" at the ward level. The ward was Ezzamgbo the leadership of the "Ogba ekirigwe" who was expected to intervene to compose any serious disputes between members of different patricians to maintain friendly relations with other wards and to represent their own matters of trespass on lands or other property involving wards (forde: 1964:143).
The "Ntwakpa" were priest of several mortician fertility spirit ("Itutara dance"). The primary "Itutara dance" was the "priest" and its ("Itwara dance") (priest) was automatically the "ofeobodo" head of all the villages now called clan head.
The introduction of Native authority like courts, first at Nturuakpa in umuagara, then at Ezzamgbo further areakened the strength of traditional institutions, for instance warrant chiefs who were chosen on ward basis replaced the "ofeobodo" in importance from the British point of view and with time, the Ezzamgbo point of view as well.


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Y'all remember former representative Allen West, don't you? He's the African American Florida Republican who once called himself a "modern-day Harriet Tubman" during his one term in office. Anyway, West is still out there sharing his musings with the world, and one from yesterday caught my eye.
The Washington Times reported Monday that the State Department spent $180,000 on booze in September. Thousands spent on wine in Brazil and Japan and on whiskey and bourbon in Russia, for instance. Not surprisingly, West took issue with this. After disclosing that he doesn't drink anything stiffer than ginger ale, West wondered if liquor purchases by State were wise expenditures.
However, I believe this is something where we must ask ourselves, is this a good use of our American taxpayer dollars, regardless of political party? I know entertaining is important for these government agencies, but I don't recall any General officer using taxpayer dollars to fund alcohol purchases for parties. Maybe I'm wrong. Chime in folks, are you ok with our State Department, and who knows others, using your taxpayer dollars to get their drink on?
Yes, "Harriet," you're wrong.
Now, full disclosure: My partner works at the State Department. Also, I am a firm believer in the importance of keeping alcohol in the toolbox of diplomacy. Nothing breaks the ice like, well, the tinkling of ice in a highball. Furthermore, it's not like that $180,000 was spent at just one embassy or consulate. Even I would have to give that line-item a cocked eyebrow. No, $180,000 on booze at embassies and consulates around the world is like loose change in the cushions of a $3.78 trillion federal budget. Therefore, one must be truly desperate to go looking for it.
Follow Jonathan on Twitter: @Capehartj


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text: Home > Business Chinese tourists 4th largest in PH by Mayen Jaymalin, The Philippine Star Posted at May 12 2012 08:05 AM | Updated as of May 13 2012 01:41 AM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn MANILA, Philippines - Before several Chinese travel agencies suspended tour packages to the Philippines amid a territorial dispute, China was the fourth largest source of tourists for the Philippines. From January to March, 96,455 Chinese tourists visited the Philippines – an increase of 8.40 percent from the same period last year, according to data from the Department of Tourism (DOT). Chinese tourists continue to come to the country despite reports that travel agencies in China have suspended tourist packages to the Philippines, tourism industry leaders said. They added that they have yet to receive reports of cancellations of tours from China, but received information that Chinese who want to take a vacation continue to arrive in the country. "We have been hearing reports of suspension of tours from China only in news, however, we have known private individuals from China who have not changed their plans at all and have come here for a visit," tourism industry leader Jaime Cura told The STAR. He expressed belief that the Chinese travel agencies' decision to cancel trips to the Philippines was part of "political posturing" amid the prevailing territorial disputes between the Philippines and China. "They really do such things, like when the Luneta hostage taking incident happened they imposed a travel ban," he said. However, Cura urged the government to stop its "retaliatory efforts" since the Philippines can ill afford this and may only result in bigger economic losses for the country in the long run. He also appealed to the media not to play up the issue and for the government to exert efforts to resolve the disputes through unofficial channels. "Media should not interview arriving Chinese tourists because it makes them uncomfortable," Cura explained. At the moment, he said, tourist arrivals from China may still not be affected by the ongoing dispute, but it may eventually discourage Chinese tourists from coming if the problem is not resolved soon. "We all know that tourism thrives if there are friendly relations between countries, so we have to address the issue," he said. Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA) president Aileen Clemente said they are hopeful that the dispute would not adversely affect the country's efforts to lure more tourists, including those from China. "Chinese tourist arrivals to the country have grown by double digits. But to put things in perspective, China is only one of the Philippines' many target markets. Our top three markets remain Korea, United States of America, and Japan," she said. The PTAA is also seeing increased interest from countries like Australia, Canada, Germany, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom that could augment whatever is lost from China. Banana importers Meanwhile, Filipino banana exporters have been losing P174 million a week since March 5 when China began restricting its exports from the Philippines reportedly due to fruit infestation. The restriction came more than a month before the outbreak of the standoff at the Panatag (Scarborough) Shoal last April 10. Pilipino Banana Growers and Exporters Association (PBGEA) executive director Stephen Antig said they have already lost at least P1.44 billion since China imposed the restriction more than two months ago. He said the government should step in to prevent the industry from collapsing, but did not specify what help the government could offer. He also noted restrictions on other Philippine fruit exports like pineapple and papaya. "It started with the shipment of Sumifru wherein China said the banana was infested with 'scale insect' which we were able to correct by sending one team and disprove the Chinese quarantine, that the pest does not affect banana," Antig told The STAR. He said that after they had addressed the Sumifru case, China again sent another notice that listed 43 companies whose banana exports would not be accepted. "From just one, it is now 43 and we are all made to follow very stringent quality requirements after China claimed our bananas contain mealy bugs. China has given us until June 1 to comply with the requirements," Antig said. "Mealy bugs are common and can be remedied. If we have succeeded in shipping bananas to Japan, which has the strictest standards, we also hope to be able to meet their requirements," Antig said. China is the country's biggest market of Cavendish bananas. It accounts for one-fourth of the total market for Philippine bananas. Millions of Filipinos will lose their jobs if the banana industry collapses, he said. Hardest hit, he said, are small banana growers who cannot afford to buy the necessary equipment or chemicals for treating mealy bugs. He revealed that more than 1,500 container vans of bananas are being held in the different ports in China. Each van contains 1,550 boxes of bananas. "It would be very hard for our fruits to get into China already. It is not just banana. China is also closing its doors on our pineapple and papaya," Antig pointed out, adding that the country has no alternative market for its bananas. "Aside from the fact that China is the biggest market so far, it is also not competitive for Filipino banana exporters to vie for the United States market and even the Middle East market because of the distance. Banana growers in the North Americas are able to get these markets," he said. "We are now facing a very big problem with displacement for millions of people who depend on the banana industry for a living," Antig said. "There are realities this government has to face and to separate politics from economics. We are now facing a very big problem with displacement of millions of people who depend on the banana industry for a living." Economic pressure The Philippines may find itself gasping if China further tightens its squeeze on trade, lawmakers warned yesterday. Ang Kasangga party-list Rep. Teodorico Haresco and Iloilo Rep. Jerry Treñas raised the warning as the standoff at the Panatag Shoal entered its forth week. Chinese travel agencies on Thursday announced the suspension of trips to the Philippines in the light of rising tensions in the West Philippine Sea. Speaker Feliciano Belmonte Jr. said appointing a new envoy to China may help ease tensions between the two countries. "I'm not saying the absence (of an envoy) is causing problems but the appointment of a new ambassador can help resolve issues," Belmonte told reporters. The lawmakers called the suspension of tour packages and the restrictions on Philippine fruit exports "China's subtle warning versus Philippines on its vast economic arsenal." "The decision of Chinese travel agencies to suspend travel to the Philippines could be China's subtle warning that it does not even need its military to bring widespread economic destruction in the country," Haresco said. He said the suspension of tour packages to the country by Chinese travel agencies "could be the beginning of a larger and more sustained campaign to remind the Philippines and even the United States that its economic arsenal is as devastating as its three-million strong People's Liberation Army." He said the only way to solve the problem in the West Philippine Sea is through direct bilateral dialogue with China. The lawmaker stressed that while the US will always remain a valuable ally to the Philippines, dragging Washington into the West Philippine Sea dispute "will do more harm than good" as this is being viewed as an indirect provocation by Beijing. Haresco said a joint Philippine-China study commission should be created to conduct bilateral talks focused mainly on how both countries can resolve their territorial dispute. Takeover Treñas, on the other hand, is not discounting the possibility that China might actually try a military takeover of disputed territories. "There is really a need to intensify our diplomatic efforts to de-escalate the situation in the Spratlys. Instead of scrambling our aging second-hand naval vessels to the Spratlys, we should scramble the DFA to talk to the Chinese," Treñas said. "The Philippines is a soft target for China because they know pretty well that we are incapable of repelling even a token Chinese invasion force. China needs the resources of Spratlys pretty badly and I would not be surprised if it would try to use force to remove us from Spratlys," Treñas said. Based on estimates, the areas claimed by the Philippines in the disputed Spratly islands potentially contain hydrocarbon deposits estimated at $26.3 trillion. "With China's military might, there is very little possibility that the co-claimants of the Philippines in the Spratlys would even dare to intervene in the event that China sets their crosshairs on Philippine territorial claims as its first targets in its quest to take over the chain of small islands and islets which is teeming not only with marine resource but is believed to be rich with oil and gas reserves," Treas said. "Any Chinese quest to physically occupy and take full control of the Spratlys would most certainly begin by targeting the weakest target which is the Philippines," he added. He said the Philippines should launch a "sustained diplomatic offensive" to pressure China to submit itself to international arbitration. Meanwhile, an official of the Casecnan Multi-purpose Irrigation and Power Project (CMIPP) said the Panatag Shoal standoff might endanger financing for the second phase of the project. "As it now stands, the controversy seems to get in the way of the project," said Alexander Coloma, CMIPP-Irrigation Component project manager. He said around 75 percent of financing for the project is expected to come from the Chinese government. –With Edith Regalado, Paolo Romero, Manny Galvez Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Read More: tourism exports china imports /life/11/18/17/beauty-with-a-purpose-balikan-ang-miss-world-journey-ni-laura-lehmann/life/11/18/17/miss-india-knocks-out-competition-to-be-crowned-miss-world-2017/sports/11/18/17/boxing-milan-melindo-set-for-title-unification-bout-vs-japanese-champ/video/entertainment/11/18/17/bailey-may-miyembro-na-ng-international-pop-group/entertainment/11/18/17/matilda-actor-mara-wilson-gives-anti-trump-supporters-in-manila-her-love


text:
Aussie Rises to Four-Month High as Inflation Surpasses Estimate
- Details
- Published on Wednesday, 23 October 2013 03:18
- Written by Bloomberg.com
Australia's dollar climbed to a four-month high after data showed inflation quickened more than forecast in the third quarter, damping speculation the central bank will ease policy.
Swaps traders see an 82 percent chance the Reserve Bank of Australia will hold its key interest rate at 2.5 percent this year, compared with 54 percent odds estimated at the end of last month, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The Aussie and New Zealand dollars gained yesterday after a U.S. report showed a slower-than-projected increase in jobs, fanning speculation the Federal Reserve will put off reducing monetary stimulus. Full story


text:
Octopussy & The Living Daylights : James Bond 007 Paperback
by Ian Fleming
WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY SAM LEITHOctopussy * The Property of a Lady * The Living Daylights * 007 in New York`This was going to be bad news, dirty work.
This was to be murder'Four classic moments in the life of a spy.
From avenging the wartime murder of a friend to sniper duty on the East-West Berlin border, James Bond's body, mind and spirit are tested to their limits.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 144 pages
- Publisher: Vintage Publishing
- Publication Date: 01/09/2012
- Category: Espionage & spy thriller
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Review by iansales
The last of Fleming's 007 books, and that means I've now read the lot. I can now cross them off the list. Yay. Although, to be honest, I'm not entirely sure why I decided I had to read them all – because it turned out they were all pretty terrible. Octopussy & The Living Daylights is, as the title might suggest, a collection – and both story titles have been used for Bond movies, although the films bear zero resemblance to the source material (as usual). In 'Octopussy', an ex-SOE man who was a bit naughty with some gold in Italy just after the war finished is visited at his home in Jamaica by Bond. Certain hints are dropped, but the man accidentally gets stung by a stonefish while feeding it to an octopus he has sort of adopted. In 'The Living Daylights', Bond has been charged with killing a sniper who they've learnt will make an attempt on a defector who's making a run for it from East to West Berlin. Bond has always been brutal, but this one is more brutal than most. 'The Property of a Lady' sees Bond trying to flush out a Soviet spy during an auction for a Fabergé globe. The last story is a squib in which Bond flies to New York, daydreams about the day ahead… only to cock up the reason he's been sent there. Meh.
Also by Ian Fleming | View all


text:
COLUMBIA COUNTY, GA. – If you live in Columbia County, you may have noticed a strange taste and smell in the water coming from your faucet.
County leaders say "Don't be Alarmed," the water is perfectly safe to drink.
Water utility administrators tell us the taste is caused by chemicals released by algae in the lake.
It gets into the water system when lake levels are low.
The county says it's been flushing out water hydrants, which should help clear up the issue soon.


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Newish hotel so so clean.great rooms very friendly staff Breakfast thrown in at a bargain price
10 min from historic area
You have to try" free bottles
Water in fridge continental
Breakfast wow
Bill"Delmonty Babs " chick
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- St. Augustine Hotel's Old City Charm Delights GuestsWith breathtaking beaches, thrilling attractions, historic sites, booming businesses and more, St. Augustine is an unforgettable place. You can easily experience all the "Ancient City" has to offer at the Holiday Inn Express® Hotel & Suites Saint Augustine North. Located off I-95, the hotel's guests in St. Augustine, FL are close to St. Augustine Airport and downtown.Whatever your definition of fun, you're sure to find it here in the nation's oldest city. The hotel's address in St. Augustine, FL is just six miles from the charming historic district. Beach lovers can delight in Anastasia State Park with gorgeous beaches and fishing. The hotel's location near Flagler College also gives guests the ability to tour this amazing hotel-turned-college. From Ripley's Believe It or Not! to the Fountain of Youth, our patrons can enjoy it all.Corporate guests appreciate our location off I-95 and six miles from St. Johns County Convention Center. The hotel's location near Flagler College, the Florida National Guard and many major companies makes business travel simple, too. The free high-speed, wireless Internet access , 24 hour Business Center and spacious meeting rooms also help you work with ease.You'll love unwinding in the heated, indoor pool, working out in the 24-hour Fitness Center and enjoying our shopping package with St. Augustine Premium Outlets. You'll also enjoy our complementary hot Breakfast Buffet every morning. Book now for modern fun and comfort in the "Ancient City." ... more less
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For over a century, Leica has been one of the most coveted camera brands in the world of photography. Its dedication to photography is surpassed by none. Its M Series Rangefinder Series is iconic. Needless to say anymore, Leica is one of the most, if not the most, respected names in photography. They also are no strangers to partnerships.

Enter Huawei. A Chinese based smart phone maker, Huawei in 2015 sold over 100 million phones. Throw in the fact that it is now partnering up with Leica and you have an interesting symbolic "hat in the ring" in the world of mobile photography.

Huawei smart phones are generally good but is eclipsed by Apple, Samsung, LG, HTC, and Nexus. What do these brands have that make this so? The cameras are definitely one of the major reasons why they have not been mentioned much.

If you were to ask any smart phone consumer looking for a new device, you will find that they probably rate camera and photography as a main reason to choose a device. Samsung's S7 and HTC's 10 have both taken the top spot this year thus far with their camera modifications. DXO Mark gave both these devices an overall score of 88 after testing both stills and motion on the glass and performance. The score is the highest of all the smart phones this year.

This Huawei and Leica partnership makes for a great year for mobile photographers!

From the press release both Huawei and Leica explain why this strategic partnership will change the landscape for mobile photography:

Richard Yu, CEO of the HUAWEI Consumer BG said: "We choose our partners carefully, and with this extraordinary collaboration we are offering our wide customer base and consumers the best elements of two expert brands in harmony: combining innovation and design, enhancing the user experience and continuing to inspire amazing advancement in human technology through exceptional premium imaging quality. Leica is a legend in the world of photography; we believe no other manufacturer has revolutionised the industry as much as them. We, HUAWEI, take the utmost pride in exceptional quality and Leica is in a class of its own in its sector."

Oliver Kaltner, CEO of Leica Camera AG said: "The strategic alliance between HUAWEI and Leica Camera demonstrates the desire of two rapidly growing and globally active brands to continuously push the envelope of the technologically possible. In addition to innovative strength and premium standards, our two companies are united by the commitment to uncompromising quality. The technology partnership with HUAWEI offers Leica Camera an excellent opportunity to introduce its proven optical expertise into a new product segment and to unlock exciting business areas in the field of mobile devices. Smartphones make a very important contribution to the world of photography and open an important door for Leica to new target groups and fields of application."

The first of the collaboration according to HUAWEI, is in their P9 and P9 Plus smart phones. HUAWEI states, "There has been significant technological collaboration between Huawei and Leica around many aspects of the camera, including optical design, imaging quality, image data processing, optimization, and the mechanical construction of the camera module to the graphic user interface. The devices meet Leica's highest imaging quality standards."

We could already assume that the collaboration will bring us more smart phones that house the legendary quality from Leica. There have been other collaborations between photography legends such as Zeiss teaming up with a lens attachment company called Exo Lens. Like the latter, there is yet to see any real game changing to mobile photography.

It sure will be interesting to see what more comes out and I am sure that I will be one of the first to be in line to try their game changing cutting edge devices. Again its very intriguing to see what comes of it.

The P9 should be out in Europe and the P9 Plus will be soon. No news yet on when the devices will be released in the US.


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To salute the moments Dame drops the mic and takes on the competition, adidas created the On Tour colorway of the adidas Dame 3.
Equipped with a fused mesh black upper and contrasted by a white custom lace piece and matching three stripes, the adidas Dame 3 pays unique tribute to Portland's road uniforms. Red detailing is also featured on the midsole, outsole and Dame logo to signal the Rip City sign off.
Date:Mar 3, 2017 Cost:$115


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Frustrated by a lack of help from the government, a town on Newfoundland's west coast tried to auction off a sperm whale carcass on eBay.
The gigantic dead mammal washed up in Cape St. George a week ago, Mayor Peter Fenwick told Canada.com. In Newfoundland, animal carcasses are the responsibility of the municipality they wash up in, even if they're 12 metres long and weigh 25 or 30 tons like this one does.
Disposing of a dead whale is no easy task and whether its buried, towed out to sea or sliced up to preserve the bones, it requires equipment and funds the town just doesn't have. Although Fenwick said he'd like to preserve the bones, "it's just not within our financial capability."
Bidding started at 99 cents and was past $2,000 by the time the auction was taken offline. Although quite accurately placed in the "really weird" category, the auction violated eBay's rules which state "items made from marine mammals regardless of when the product was made" are prohibited.
However, that was only one of the wrinkles in Fenwick's plan. The second came in the form of a call from the federal government on Monday afternoon.
"I received a call from the federal department of the environment saying that you're not allowed to sell any parts of sperm whales, even if they're dead," said Fenwick.
So I said, 'Oh that's very good, I'm glad to hear that, now can you send somebody over here to get rid of it for us?
"So I said, 'Oh that's very good, I'm glad to hear that, now can you send somebody over here to get rid of it for us?'"
They said they could not.
"They've got to sort it out somehow. The uncertainty means it just sort of sits there and rots," said Fenwick.
"I don't know if you've ever seen a whale that's been rotting on the beach for a couple of months — actually sometimes you can't see it for the clouds of flies around it — but you can smell it for about a mile."
The whale is currently half-submerged in cold Gulf of St. Lawrence water so it's not too foul at the moment.
The lack of aid from the provincial and federal government when it comes to big, stinky carcasses is a familiar story for two towns north of Cape St. George — Rocky Harbour and Trout River. Blue whales carcasses washed up in both towns and, also lacking the funds to tackle the problem themselves, the local councils were at a loss. Lucky for them, the Royal Ontario Museum has stepped up to help remove the whales and preserve their skeletons.
Cape St. George is hoping to attract interest from a museum or other organization that wants the sperm whale's bones for display.
"If we're not allowed to sell it, we're willing to drop our 99 cent price down to a zero," said Fenwick.
The original listing read: This 40 foot sperm whale rolled up on the beach last week. The actual seller is the town of Cape St. George which is responsible for disposing of it before it starts to decay. Once the fat and flesh is removed you have a spectacular 40 foot skeleton of the largest toothed whale in the world, great for museums and other attractions. To prevent it rotting in the town it can be towed to isolated beaches on the Port au Port Peninsula to allow the seagulls and other birds to remove the flesh. Call 709-644-2290 or 709-649-7070 for more details. Please note the successful bidder will have to remove the whale within 30 days


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WARSAW, Poland, April 21 (UPI) -- The first round of Poland's presidential elections was advanced Wednesday to June 20 from September, the acting president announced in Warsaw.
A spokesman for Bronislaw Komorowski broke the news on Radio Poland, adding the second round of voting would take place July 4 if no party garners 50 percent support, the Poland.pl Web site reported.
Komorowski, who is also a candidate, advanced the voting dates as a result of the death of President Lech Kaczynski in an April 10 air crash in western Russia that killed him and 95 other government, military and banking officials as well as his wife.
The president's 61-year-old twin brother and former prime minister, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, hasn't indicated whether he will run for the conservative Law and Justice party, the report said.
Candidates for the presidency have until May 6 to gather 100,000 signatures to be allowed on the ballot, the report said.


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Herman writes,
What harm does Demand CS cause when sprayed on garden plants and vegetables?
Demand CS can be safely sprayed on most garden plants but absolutely cannot be used on edible vegetation. Since Demand CS has not been tested on edible vegetation and is not labeled for it, we do not know what effect it will have.
Answer last updated on: 08/17/2010
0 of 2 people found this answer helpful. Was it helpful to you? Yes No


text:
The 2016 Panel & Engineered Lumber International Conference & Expo (PELICE) set a record attendance of 450, including representatives from 32 wood products producer companies in North America. Overseas interests were represented as well, such as the large contingency from multiple wood products producer Koskisen Oy of Finland.
The event, held for the fifth time and which is held every other year, featured nearly 50 speakers, as well as 80 equipment and technology exhibitors squeezed into the Grand Ballroom North of the Omni Hotel at CNN Center in Atlanta.
PELICE is hosted by Panel World magazine and Georgia Research Institute.Read More...
Need some great reasons to be a part of the PELICE 2018?
PELICE 2018 welcomes companies that serve the worldwide panel and engineered lumber industries to showcase their products and technology. If you are interested in exhibiting at PELCE:
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PELICE is the top educational event for the benefit of the worldwide wood products industries, including structural and non-structural wood panels, engineered lumber, components, laminates and value-added.
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There is something about Canadian elections that makes them deliciously absurd affairs. For only in Canada, in our very healthy open democracy, could the leader of the only major political party dedicated to the break up of our country be seen in the eyes of some as the voice of truth and reason on the past actions of our current federalist Prime Minister. How is it that Gilles Duceppe, the Leader of the Bloc Québécois, is seen as possessing the most authoritative and legitimate account of what happened in 2004 when opposition parties discussed co-operative options for that minority parliament?
Just because Duceppe heads a party whose raison d'etre is separating from Canada doesn't mean he is a de facto propagator of political falsehoods to suit his agenda. All politicians get carried away from time to time with their own interpretations of the truth.
In fact, Duceppe is well regarded by many Quebeckers who don't share his party's goals but see the Bloc as a useful vehicle for advancing the province's immediate economic interests in a united federation. Yet, Duceppe seems happy to live by a bit of a double standard: He leads a party whose mandate is separation but his actual success comes from taking advantage of everything a united federation has to offer. In this case, that includes an apparent generosity of spirit among many for his political rhetoric.
In 2004 when then-opposition leader Stephen Harper, NDP Leader Jack Layton and Duceppe had a press conference to discuss their letter to the Governor-General, the Bloc Leader was quoted as saying: "In no way are we a coalition and we won't be a coalition." So why in the eyes of some is his current memory of what happened in 2004 more valid than what he actually said at the time?
Duceppe doesn't need any additional motivation to develop a contemporary narrative that has no bearing on what actually happened in 2004. Maintaining his stranglehold on Quebec in 2011 is best advanced by calling Stephen Harper a liar, whether it is true or not. The Bloc's own longevity has been based on these shape-shifting abilities - particularly, and thankfully, as Quebeckers seem less interested in sovereignty.


text: datacardCarol W. GreiderCarolyn Widney "Carol" Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist. She is Daniel Nathans Professor and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University. She discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, when she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.Medicine / Physiology - 200910.332009GeneticsAlive15/04/1961196148FemaleUnited StatesSan Diego,California,United StatesSan DiegoCaliforniaUnited StatesJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine|BaltimoreUniversity of California - BerkeleyNobel Website ProfileWikipedia Profile


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Almost half of aviation safety experts (48%) agree that the iPad is a serious competitor for EFB (Electronic Flight Bag) solutions.
This is the top-line finding of a survey conducted among the fast-growing global membership of the "iPad for Aviation" group on LinkedIn, which already has more than 200 members throughout the world.
Only 4% of respondents said "No – airlines must spend more on EFB solutions".
More than a quarter (28%) said that the iPad is still "work in progress" as an EFB solution, with a fifth (20%) acknowledging that the iPad can already provide some EFB roles.
Meanwhile, one of the group's founder-members, Vistair in the UK, is already providing iPad EFB solutions to such airlines as Flybe and Thomas Cook.
According to Ian Herbert, Managing Director at Vistair: "We already provide iPad-based EFB services, spanning technical manuals and safety-management systems, to many of the world's leading airlines.
"The iPad is an enabler, bridging simple-to-use low cost consumer technology with complex and mission-critical business processes in an intuitive and simple context. This technology will revolutionise information delivery to aircrew.
"The simple fact is that the iPad can provide an elegant and simple solution to maximum compliance and minimal cost. It is what the EFB dream has been waiting for," said Vistair's Ian Herbert.
"Right now, such airlines as Flybe and Thomas Cook are using iPads to deliver world-leading compliance and best-practice for e-manuals and safety reporting", he added.
Vistair's global success in delivering e-manuals and safety-management services to such airlines as British Airways, Emirates, every military aircraft flown by the Ministry of Defence, and BMI, have been based on the company's cloud-based systems.
"The iPad is the obvious way of making and delivering our cloud-based services even easier and cheaper, as it is a fantastic platform for offline data submission", said Ian Herbert.
The Vistair iPad apps have been created to follow the familiar standard iPad design principles, so that using the Vistair apps in the field is as simple and as intuitive as any other iPad app", he added.


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Football' started by CyForPresident, Aug 12, 2010.
This is why the guy keeps picking CU.
Phil Steele
So his picks are based on his closet?
Thats how it comes off to me.
honestly, picking CU football to surprise on the upside is very similar to when some media/big XII coaches were picking ISU basketball to surprise to the upside. they assume that at some point the coach will 'get his system in place' and live up to performance at previous job. it just isn't going to happen.
From my viewpoint Nebraska is the class of the B12 north, and the other 5 teams are pretty much equal. ( I really don't see MU as a lock for second) CU could finish anywhere from 2 to 6, that is how equal the remaining teams are. It really comes down to which team has the least injuries and has the most surprise players. In terms of coaching, I think the CU coach has the greatest ability to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory, so they have that going for them.
Maybe JP needs to get him some credit at Cy's Lockerroom?
At least he gave some rationalization by saying he thought the CU O-Line would be improved.
What does he do on days when two of his Most improved teams play each other?
Cal plays Colorado in the second game of the year. I have a feeling his Cal prediction will be better than his CU prediction.
Hmmmm, tie with polo is always a fashion statement.
I think he was trying to be funny here, but from where I am sitting he just comes off as a DB.
Think $$$$$ . . . where he will sell the most magazines? Taint going to be in Iowa.
I agree completely. We will need to do all the little things to win, as the north teams appear very similar. As always winning the turnover battle is big.
...except schedule.