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Whole-genome sequence-based genomic prediction in laying chickens with different genomic relationship matrices to account for genetic architecture
© The Author(s) 2017
Received: 10 December 2015
Accepted: 5 December 2016
Published: 16 January 2017
With the availability of next-generation sequencing technologies, genomic prediction based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data is now feasible in animal breeding schemes and was expected to lead to higher predictive ability, since such data may contain all genomic variants including causal mutations. Our objective was to compare prediction ability with high-density (HD) array data and WGS data in a commercial brown layer line with genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) models using various approaches to weight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
A total of 892 chickens from a commercial brown layer line were genotyped with 336 K segregating SNPs (array data) that included 157 K genic SNPs (i.e. SNPs in or around a gene). For these individuals, genome-wide sequence information was imputed based on data from re-sequencing runs of 25 individuals, leading to 5.2 million (M) imputed SNPs (WGS data), including 2.6 M genic SNPs. De-regressed proofs (DRP) for eggshell strength, feed intake and laying rate were used as quasi-phenotypic data in genomic prediction analyses. Four weighting factors for building a trait-specific genomic relationship matrix were investigated: identical weights, −(log10 P) from genome-wide association study results, squares of SNP effects from random regression BLUP, and variable selection based weights (known as BLUP|GA). Predictive ability was measured as the correlation between DRP and direct genomic breeding values in five replications of a fivefold cross-validation.
Averaged over the three traits, the highest predictive ability (0.366 ± 0.075) was obtained when only genic SNPs from WGS data were used. Predictive abilities with genic SNPs and all SNPs from HD array data were 0.361 ± 0.072 and 0.353 ± 0.074, respectively. Prediction with −(log10 P) or squares of SNP effects as weighting factors for building a genomic relationship matrix or BLUP|GA did not increase accuracy, compared to that with identical weights, regardless of the SNP set used.
Our results show that little or no benefit was gained when using all imputed WGS data to perform genomic prediction compared to using HD array data regardless of the weighting factors tested. However, using only genic SNPs from WGS data had a positive effect on prediction ability.
Genomic prediction (GP) uses genomic information to obtain estimated breeding values, which are subsequently used to select candidate individuals [1]. GP has been widely implemented in livestock [2–4] and plant [5] breeding schemes. The availability of next-generation sequencing technologies has made it possible to apply GP with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. GP with WGS is expected to lead to higher predictive ability, since WGS data include a large number of genomic variants including most of the causal mutations. Thus, prediction depends much less on linkage disequilibrium (LD) between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and causal mutations. Furthermore, Georges [6] claimed that WGS data can measure segregation of SNPs properly, which is not the case of commercial chips, particularly for rare SNPs. Based on a simulation study, Pérez-Enciso et al. [7] stated that using WGS data did not increase prediction accuracy compared to high-density (HD) array data. In a first study using sequenced inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster, prediction based on WGS data using ~2.5 million (M) SNPs did not increase accuracy compared to an approach using only ~5% of the segregating SNPs [8]. In cattle data, Hayes et al. [9] found that accuracy of GP was improved by only 2% with WGS data compared to the 800 K array data when using BayesRC and imputed 1000 Bull genomes data. In addition, Van Binsbergen et al. [10] reported that GP with imputed WGS data did not lead to a higher prediction accuracy, compared to the HD array data from more than 5000 Holstein–Friesian bulls. Brøndum et al. [11] showed that the reliability of GP could be improved by adding several significant quantitative trait loci (QTL), which were detected by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of WGS data, to the regular 54 K bovine array data, especially for production traits. Thus, GP with WGS data could be attractive, although so far the expectations for higher accuracies have not been realized with real data on cattle.
In chicken, most previous studies regarding GP were based on commercial array data. For instance, Morota et al. [12] reported that GP accuracy was higher when using all available SNPs than when using only validated SNPs from a partial genome (e.g. coding regions), based on the 600 K SNP array data of 1351 commercial broiler chicken. Abdollahi-Arpanahi et al. [13] studied 1331 chicken which were genotyped with a 600 K Affymetrix platform and phenotyped for body weight; they reported that predictive ability increased by adding the top 20 SNPs with the largest effects that were detected in the GWAS as fixed effects in the genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model. So far, studies to evaluate the predictive ability with WGS data in chicken are rare. Heidaritabar et al. [14] studied imputed WGS data from 1244 white layer chickens, which were imputed from 60 K SNPs up to sequence level with 22 sequenced individuals as reference samples. They reported a small increase (~1%) in predictive ability for the trait 'number of eggs' by using WGS data compared to 60 K SNPs when using a GBLUP model, while there was no difference when using a BayesC model.
Regardless of the genotyping source (i.e. WGS data or array data) used, GBLUP has been widely used in GP studies. Besides GBLUP in its classical form, in which each SNP is assumed to have the same contribution to the genetic variance, several weighting factors for SNPs or parts of the SNP set were proposed to account for the genetic architecture [15–17]. De los Campos et al. [15] proposed a method using the −(log10 P) from GWAS as a weighting factor for each SNP to build a genomic relationship matrix (G matrix). They observed that prediction accuracy for human height was improved compared to the original GBLUP, based on ~6000 records that were drawn from a public human type-2 diabetes case–control dataset with a 500 K SNP platform. Zhou et al. [16] used LD phase consistency, or estimated SNP effects or both as weighting factors to build a weighted G matrix, and reported that GBLUP with those weighted G matrices did not lead to higher GP accuracy in a study based on 5215 Nordic Holstein bulls and 4361 Nordic Red bulls. Using a German Holstein dataset, Zhang et al. [17] reported that the performance of BLUP given genomic architecture (BLUP|GA), which puts an optimal weight on a subset of SNPs with the strongest effects from the training set was similar to that of GBLUP for somatic cell score (SCS), but that BLUP|GA outperformed GBLUP for fat percentage and milk yield. The advantages of BLUP|GA were larger when the datasets were relatively small.
The objective of this study was to compare results from genomic prediction analyses using both HD array data and WGS data that were performed with GBLUP models and a variety of weighting factors for specific SNPs in a purebred commercial brown layer chicken line.
High-density array data
We used 892 female and male chickens from six generations from a purebred commercial brown layer line (see Additional file 1: Table S1 for the number of individuals in each generation). These chickens were genotyped with the Affymetrix Axiom® Chicken Genotyping Array (denoted as the HD array), which initially included 580 K SNPs. Genotype data were pruned by removing SNPs located on the sex chromosomes and in unmapped linkage groups, and SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) lower than 0.5% or a genotyping call rate lower than 97%. Individuals with call rates lower than 95% were also discarded. After filtering, 336,224 SNPs that segregated for 892 individuals remained for analyses.
Imputed whole-genome sequence data
Data from re-sequencing that were obtained with the Illumina HiSeq2000 technology with a target coverage of 8× were available for 25 brown layer chickens of the same population (of which 18 were also genotyped with the HD array) and for another 25 white layer chickens. Chickens used for whole-genome sequencing were chosen from the older generations and with a maximum relationship with the chickens that were to be imputed [18, 19]. Data from re-sequencing runs (brown and white layer chickens) were aligned to Build 4 of the chicken reference genome (galGal4) with BWA (version 0.7.9a-r786) [20] using default parameters for paired-end alignment and SNP variants were called using GATK (version 3.1-1-g07a4bf8, UnifiedGenotyper) [21]. Called variants (only for the 25 brown layers) were edited for depth of coverage (DP) and mapping quality (MQ) based on the following criteria: (1) for DP, outlier SNPs (at the top 0.5% of DP) were removed, then, mean and standard deviations of DP were calculated for the remaining SNPs and those that had a DP above and below 3 times the standard deviation from the mean were removed; and (2) for MQ, SNPs with a MQ lower than 30 (corresponding to a probability of 0.001 that their position on the genome was not correct) were removed. After filtering, within the set of 25 re-sequenced brown layers, 10,420,560 SNPs remained and were used as the reference dataset to impute HD array data up to sequence level. Imputation of all genotyped individuals was then performed using Minimac3 [22] which needs pre-phased data as input. The pre-phasing procedure was done with the BEAGLE 4 package [23]. Default numbers of iteration were used in pre-phasing and imputation. The imputation process did not use pedigree information. According to our previous study [24], phasing genotype data with BEAGLE 4 and further imputing with Minimac3 provided the highest imputation accuracy under different validation strategies. After imputation, post-imputation filtering criteria were applied per SNP, namely, SNPs with a MAF lower than 0.5% or SNPs with an imputation accuracy lower than 0.8 were removed. The imputation accuracy used here was the Rsq measurement from Minimac3, which was the estimated value of the squared correlation between true and imputed genotypes. After this step, 5,243,860 imputed SNPs were available for 892 individuals, which are hereafter denoted as WGS data.
In addition, SNPs, regardless of which dataset they were in, were classified into nine classes by gene-based annotation with the ANNOVAR software [25] by setting default parameters and using galGal4 as reference genome [26]. Our set of genic SNPs (SNP_genic) included all SNPs from the eight categories exon, splicing, ncRNA, UTR5′, UTR3′, intron, upstream, and downstream regions of the genome, whereas the ninth category included SNPs from intergenic regions. There were 2,593,054 SNPs characterized as genic SNPs from the WGS data (hereafter denoted as WGS_genic data) and 157,393 SNPs characterized as genic SNPs from the HD array data (hereafter denoted as HD_genic data).
Phenotypic observations
The quasi-phenotypic data were de-regressed proofs (DRP) for eggshell strength (ES), feed intake (FI), and arcsine transformed laying rate in the last third of the laying period (LR). The arcsine transformation of the latter trait was performed to achieve an approximate normalization. To obtain de-regressed proofs, a single trait BLUP animal model was performed for each trait using raw phenotypic and pedigree data, respectively. Estimated breeding values from these models were then de-regressed following Garrick et al. [27]. The de-regression process included removal of the parent average information.
Genomic prediction
A normal distribution of the residual term e is assumed \({\mathbf{e}}\sim{{N}}\left( {0,{\mathbf{R}}\sigma_{e}^{2} } \right)\), where R is a diagonal matrix, with diagonal element \(R_{ii} = \left( {1 - r_{DRPi}^{2} } \right)/r_{DRPi}^{2}\) [28] for an individual i in the training set, where \(r_{DRPi}^{2}\) is the reliability of DRP for individual i, and \(\sigma_{e}^{2}\) is the residual variance. The distribution of the additive genetic values is assumed normal \({\mathbf{g}}\sim{{N}}\left( {0,{\mathbf{G}}\sigma_{g}^{2} } \right)\), where \(\sigma_{g}^{2}\) is the additive genetic variance and G is a realized genomic relationship matrix including all genotyped individuals, which can be calculated with different approaches resulting in different GBLUP models.
Each approach mentioned above was investigated using fivefold random cross-validation (i.e. having 614 or 615 individuals in the training set and 178 or 179 individuals in the validation set) with five replications and was applied to both WGS and HD array data. Predictive ability was measured as the correlation between the obtained direct genomic values (DGV) and DRP for each trait of interest. DGV and corresponding variance components were estimated using ASReml 3.0 [31].
In layer chicken breeding, genomic breeding values are especially interesting for selecting the best individuals from full-sib families. Thus, we performed the Spearman's rank correlation to evaluate the ranking of full-sibs according to DRP and DGV in a randomly chosen full-sib family with 12 individuals. Results presented here were from the validation sets of the first replicate of a fivefold cross-validation.
Results and discussion
Data summary
Comparison between HD array data and WGS data using different weighting factors
Averaging over the three traits analyzed here, the predictive ability ± standard deviation for the original GBLUP was 0.353 ± 0.074 based on HD array data and 0.358 ± 0.076 based on WGS data. When −(log10 P) (with P values from GWAS with different covariates in the model) were used as weighting factors, predictive abilities for GP100 (G005) were 0.352 ± 0.062 (0.347 ± 0.072) based on HD array data and 0.356 ± 0.062 (0.354 ± 0.073) based on WGS data. Unlike the SNP effects that were estimated from RRBLUP, in which effects are assessed simultaneously, SNP effects were estimated independently in GWAS. Thus, effects of a group of SNPs which represent the same QTL could not be fitted simultaneously, and thus the overall weighting of a region might depend on the marker density. De los Campos et al. [15] studied a public human type-2 diabetes case–control dataset that included genotype data from a 500 K SNP platform and around 6000 phenotype records from unrelated individuals. They reported that the predictive reliability (square of predictive accuracy) with a prediction model weighted by −(log10 P) increased by a factor of 110% compared to that with the original GBLUP. Similarly, Su et al. [28] reported that predictive ability using −(log10 P) as weighting factors was higher than that obtained with the original GBLUP, based on more than 5000 Nordic Holstein bulls that were genotyped with the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip. However, the improvement in predictive ability by using −(log10 P) as weighting factors in GP was not observed in our dataset.
With BLUP|GA, predictive ability was 0.342 (±0.085) based on HD array data and 0.346 (±0.091) based on WGS data averaged over the three traits analyzed (Fig. 2). Generally speaking, BLUP|GA did not improve predictive ability with WGS or HD data, compared to the original GBLUP. Zhang et al. [17] reported that BLUP|GA outperformed the original GBLUP for production traits (i.e. fat percentage and milk yield) in a German Holstein cattle population, while its performance was similar to that of GBLUP for SCS. A well-known candidate gene DGAT1 has a strong influence on fat percentage [42, 43], while for SCS no major genes are known. This suggests that BLUP|GA is especially useful when QTL regions that heavily influence the trait are present in the genome. The genetic architecture of ES, FI, and LR seems to be more similar to that of SCS than of fat percentage which might explain why no strong candidate genes have been identified to date and also that no strong SNP effects have been detected in the GWAS runs performed in this study (see Additional file 4: Figure S3). The SNP effects estimated from RRBLUP based on HD array (WGS) data are in Fig. 3 (Fig. 4) and further illustrate that ES, FI, and LR are controlled by numerous SNPs with very small effects.
Averaging over the three traits analyzed here, predictive ability ± standard deviation was 0.366 ± 0.075 based on the WGS_genic data and 0.361 ± 0.072 based on HD_genic data, compared to 0.353 (HD array data) and 0.358 (WGS data), which means that GP with WGS_genic resulted in the highest predictive ability in our study. Similarly, Do et al. [44] reported that predictive ability increased only when SNPs in genes were considered for residual feed intake based on 1272 Duroc pigs, which were genotyped with the 60 K SNP chip, although the increase was not significantly different from that obtained with 1000 randomly SNPs. In chicken, Morota et al. [12] studied predictive ability with 1351 commercial broiler chickens genotyped with the Affymetrix 600 K chip, and found that prediction based on SNPs in or around genes did not result in a higher accuracy using kernel-based Bayesian ridge regression. In our dataset, predictive ability with HD_genic data was slightly higher than that with all HD data. Furthermore, the benefit was observed when using WGS_genic, which could be due to the fact that using only genic SNPs reduces the noise in WGS data and might increase the chance to identify the potential causal mutations. Koufariotis et al. [45] found that significant SNPs in the GWAS were enriched in coding regions based on 17,425 Holstein or Jersey bulls and cows, which were genotyped with the 777 K Illumina Bovine HD array. The enrichment of significant SNPs could further imply that using genic SNPs can help us to achieve higher predictive ability.
The bias of DGV was assessed as the slope coefficient of the linear regressions of DRP on DGV within the validation sets of random fivefold cross-validation. The averaged regression coefficient ranged from 0.520 (GP005 of HD dataset) to 0.871 (GI of WGS dataset) for the trait ES (see Additional file 7: Figure S4). No major differences were observed between using HD and WGS datasets within different methods. Generally, regression coefficients were all smaller than 1, which means that the variance of the breeding values tends to be overestimated. However, the regression coefficients were closer to 1 when the identity matrix was used in the prediction model (i.e. G I , G G ). The overestimation could be due to the fact that those analyses were based on cross-validation where the relationship between training and validation populations might cause a bias. Another possible reason for the overestimation could be that, in this chicken population, individuals were under strong within-line selection. The same tendency was observed for traits FI and LR (results not shown).
Comparison within a full-sib family
Perspectives and implications
Using WGS data in GP was expected to lead to higher predictive ability, since WGS data should include most of the causal mutations that influence the trait and prediction is much less limited by LD between SNPs and causal mutations. Contrary to this expectation, little gain was found in our study. One possible reason could be that QTL effects were not estimated properly, due to the relatively small dataset (892 chickens) with imputed WGS data [18]. Imputation has been widely used in many livestock [38, 46–48], however, the magnitude of the potential imputation errors remains difficult to detect. In fact, Van Binsbergen et al. [10] reported from a study based on data of more than 5000 Holstein–Friesian bulls that predictive ability was lower with imputed HD array data than with the actual genotyped HD array data, which confirms our assumption that imputation could lead to lower predictive ability. In addition, discrete genotype data were used as imputed WGS data in this study, instead of genotype probabilities which can account for the uncertainty of imputation and may be more informative [49]. At present, sequencing all individuals in a population is not realistic. In practice, there is a trade-off between predictive ability and cost efficiency. When focusing on the post-imputation filtering criteria, the threshold for imputation accuracy was 0.8 in our study to guarantee the high quality of the imputed WGS data. Numerous rare SNPs, however, were filtered out due to the low imputation accuracy as shown in Fig. 1 and Additional file 2: Figure S1. This could increase the risk of excluding rare causal mutations. However, Ober et al. [8] did not observe an increase in predictive ability for starvation resistance when rare SNPs were included in the GBLUP based on ~2.5 million SNPs that had been identified from 192 D. melanogaster. Further investigation needs to be done in chicken, especially when more founder sequences become available.
Another reason why we did not observe any increase in predictive ability when using WGS data could be that we did not apply variable selection. The density of WGS data was around 15 times higher than that of HD array data, which increased LD between SNPs. Thus, QTL effects were assigned to more SNPs in WGS data than in HD array data, which could be overcome by variable selection. Su et al. [28] reported that reliability of GP increased by more than 5% when grouping 30 adjacent SNPs. In each group, a common weight was assigned which reflected the mean over the SNP effects in the same group. In addition, Brøndum et al. [11] reported that the reliability of GP can be improved by adding several significant QTL into the regular bovine 54 K array data. In our study, 20 top SNPs were selected according to their estimated effects from RRBLUP or −(log10 P) of GWAS and used as fixed effects in GBLUP, but it did not improve predictive ability (results not shown). GP with genic SNPs from WGS (the WGS_genic data) provided the highest predictive ability compared to that obtained when all SNPs from WGS data were used. This implies that selecting the proper variables could help us to reduce noise and increase predictive ability. Using a variable selection model may also help. Based on a simulated WGS data, Wimmer et al. [50] reported that feature selection methods (e.g. the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) have limitations when the ratio between sample size and number of SNPs is unfavorable, which was the case in our study. A similar conclusion was drawn by Heidaritabar et al. [14] who found that there was no advantage in genomic prediction with a BayesC model compared to GBLUP based on imputed WGS data of 1244 white layer chickens. In addition, Ober et al. [8] observed no differences in predictive ability with BayesC and GBLUP based on a dataset with ~2.5 million SNPs that were identified for a D. melanogaster population. In addition, with the increasing knowledge about gene networks, pathways and suitable prediction models, blending biological knowledge based on gene annotations and complex interactions may provide insights to guide GP [51].
Our fourth possible explanation for the small improvement in predictive ability with WGS data refers to the population structure. Commercial chickens have been subject to intensive within-line selection, which has a strong effect on the population structure. MacLeod et al. [52] studied the accuracy of GP based on WGS data for two simulated populations with a different demographic history. They found that in a highly selected population with a small effective population size there was almost no gain in prediction accuracy when using WGS data compared to HD data, which is in agreement with our findings. The way the data were split for the cross-validation strategy might enhance this effect compared to a forward prediction scenario.
The use of incomplete WGS information could also weaken its predictive ability. First, in most studies, sex chromosomes were disregarded in the GP scheme, considering that the transmission of sex chromosomes and that of autosomes differ and that the density of SNPs and LD structure on the sex chromosomes is lower than on autosomes in commercial SNP chips. However, recent studies have discovered an increasing number of genes on the sex chromosomes that affect economic traits. For example, Su et al. [53] found that including the sex chromosomes in the GP scheme could increase the predictive ability averaged over 15 traits that were included in the Nordic Total Merit index (e.g. milk yield and fat yield). Second, WGS data, technically include all DNA variants [e.g. copy number variations (CNV) and InDels], but the studies on GP in livestock have so far mostly focused on SNPs. However, according to previous studies [54, 55], CNV and other types of structural variations play an important role in gene expression and phenotypic variation. Third, although the chicken karyotype consists of 39 chromosomes, data from re-sequencing represent only 30 chromosomes and two linkage groups since the reference genome was not available for some of the micro-chromosomes which are also assumed to be gene-rich [56, 57]. Beyond that, chromosome 16, which hosts the chicken major histocompatibility complex, is included in the reference sequence but has a low marker density [58] and the quality of the reference sequence is expected to be inferior due to the high genetic variability. Furthermore, non-nuclear DNA present in the mitochondria is not accounted for. In general, further work is necessary to assess the importance of the entire DNA variation on the predictive ability of GP in chicken.
In this study, we compared the ability of genomic prediction using both high-density array data and imputed whole-genome sequencing data. More comparisons were performed based on GBLUP with different genomic relationship matrices to account for the genetic architecture of the three traits analyzed: eggshell strength, feed intake, and laying rate. Our results show that little or no benefit was gained when using all imputed WGS data compared to HD array data with different weighting approaches in the GBLUP model. However, our results suggest that using genic SNPs for genomic prediction has the potential to improve the predictive ability both with HD and WGS data. Overall, the same candidates tend to be selected from a full-sib family of interest regardless of the genotype data and weighting factors used.
Authors' contributions
GN, HS and ME participated in the design of this study, GN carried out the data analysis, and GN, HS and ME drafted and edited the manuscript. DC contributed pedigree information and materials. AF and ME participated in the data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Annett and Steffen Weigend (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute Mariensee) for the management and DNA extraction of the samples. We also thank Tim M. Strom (Helmholtz Zentrum München) for sequencing and Hubert Pausch (Technische Universität München) for genotyping. We are indebted to those researchers who programmed the software used in this study. This research was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the AgroClustEr "Synbreed—Synergistic plant and animal breeding" (Grant ID 0315528C). GN personally thanks the China scholarship council for financial support.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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"Lively and fascinating. . . . [Gould] writes beautifully about science and the wonders of nature."—Tracy Kidder
His method is fairly consistent. Most of the essays begin with a nonscientific anecdote - about, say, the theme of a Rossini operatic aria....And before two pages are up, we are drawn effortlessly into an analysis of often profound biological questions....But over all, it is on the biological insights of the essays - and hence their social and philosophical implications - that this book (and indeed Mr. Gould himself) stands or falls. -- New York Times


text: Plastcrete was a building material used in cheap Imperial constructs. AppearancesEdit Star Wars Missions 15: Voyage to the Underworld See alsoEdit Plasticrete Retrieved from "http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Plastcrete?oldid=5988213" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Legends articlesCompounds


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LSE Language Centre
The Language Centre here at the London School of Economics reflects the specialist nature of the School itself, namely, a world class institution where the quality of teaching and research is paramount.
LSE is a multi-lingual institution and we specialise in providing current LSE students and staff with language support as well as providing programmes for prospective students and business clients. Please bear in mind that the products and services here usually require you to have already applied for a course or service direct to the Language Centre.


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Despacho gratis por compras sobre $49.990 / Cambios disponibles en tiendas UA.
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I like the product. It stick to your hand while dribbling. I will purchased again next time. [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]
I was so excited as soon as i opened my shipment and the first item i pickec up is your basketball. And gripped so well but when i noticed the Product closely it made poorly especially how the ball was bonded.
Although it is good gripping and bounces fairly.
Grip could be a lot better. Played outdoors and I felt like I had to moisturize my hands to have extra grip on the ball.
I really like this basketball. But, being the Under Armour nut that I am, I love just about anything Under Armour. I was very pleased when I found out they were going to make the football, then a few weeks/months after the football came out, I saw a basketball on some website. So, I had to buy both lol. I'm not a big basketball person, so I don't use the basketball much. But, I thought, there is no telling how long they will make these so I have to get one while I can lol. I really like both of them!!
Just came back from playing outdoor, thought i should check out the reviews to see if people were thinking the same thing i was.
apparently it has bad grip and we had to switch to another ball in the middle of the game.
after the game just to test it out more, i was able to palm the ball for some reason but in a game the ball is just too slippery and nobody liked it.
i checked the box and thought like are you suppose to soak it in water or what because it still had bad grip lol.


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2470 W Good Hope Rd 267, Glendale WI 53209-2751 Sold for $30,000 on 06/06/2016
Features of 2470 W Good Hope Rd 267 Glendale WI 53209-2751
- Condominium
- Status: Sold
- 4 Total Rooms
- 1 Bedrooms
- 1 Full Bathrooms
- Est. Square Footage: 735
- Garage Size: 1.0
- Garage Type: Attached
- Est. Year Built: 1972
- Condo Name: Manchester Village
- Condo Fees Include: Common Area Insur., Common Area Maint., Heat, Hot Water, Pool Service, Recreation Facility, Replacement Reserve, Sewer, Trash Collection
- Misc Interior: Balcony, Cable TV Available, Storage Lockers
- School District: Glendale-River Hills
- County: Milwaukee
- Postal Municipality: Glendale
- Listing Company: Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage
- Price/SqFt: $47
Property Description for 2470 W Good Hope Rd 267 Glendale WI 53209-2751
2470 W Good Hope Rd 267 Glendale WI 53209-2751 - Well maintained 2nd flr unit w/ West facing balcony. LVRM/DR combo, MB has balcony accesss & large closet. Secured lobby & elevator style building. Laundry/garbage chute across hall, close to pool/clubhouse-great for family/visitors. Serene reflecting pond & beautiful walking paths! Heat & hot water incl in condo fee, 1 assgn heated undgd parking spot close to elevator w/storage locker in front of it. Owner occupancy-no rentals. Immediate occ, no pets in this building. Close to public transportation.
Room Dimensions for 2470 W Good Hope Rd 267 Glendale WI 53209-2751
- Master BR: 17.0 x 11.0
- Kitchen: 9.0 x 8.0
- Living Rm: 17.0 x 11.0
- Dining Rm: 9.0 x 8.0
- Full Baths: 1
Other rooms
- Full
Interior Features
- Heating/Cooling: Boiler
- Water Waste: Municipal Sewer, Municipal Water
- Appliances Included: Dishwasher, Disposal, Oven/Range, Refrigerator Clubhouse, Elevator, Laundry Facilities, Near Public Transit, Outdoor Pool, Security
Building and Construction
- Midrise: 3-5 Stories
- Condominium
- Roof: Composition
Land Features
- Waterfront/Access: N
- Lot Size: .023
|MLS Number
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|Previous Status
|Activity Date
|New List Price
|Previous List Price
|Sold Price
|Jun 16 2016 9:05AM
|Apr 12 2016 10:02AM
|Mar 8 2016 1:58PM
|Mar 7 2016 2:57PM
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Buyer understands that the information which is contained on Data pages is obtained from a number of different sources and which has not been independently verified or confirmed by the various real estate brokers and agents who have been and are involved in this transaction. If any particular measurement or data element is important or material to buyer, Buyer assumes all responsibility and liability to research, verify and confirm said data element and measurement. REALTOR *MLS* Equal Housing Opportunity


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COLUMBUS, Ohio -- A close call caused Ohio State to slip a bit nationally.
But the Buckeyes still won again, and that's enough to put them at the top of the conference heap after three weeks.
One by one the Big Ten squads ahead of the program in the rankings have tripped up and dropped in the polls, leaving Ohio State and its unbeaten record as the highest-rated team in the league with the non-conference schedule winding down.
The Buckeyes showed some weaknesses in the 35-28 win on Saturday over California, and that led to the voters dropping them down to No. 16 in the latest AP poll released on Sunday morning.
But Michigan State's loss to Notre Dame opened the door for Ohio State to claim the top spot for the Big Ten, while also taking a little bit of shine off the showdown against the Spartans that will open league play on Sept. 29.
Along with Michigan State, here's a quick glance at how the rest of the ranked teams on Ohio State's schedule fared:
Rank: No. 18
Date: Nov. 24
Where: Ohio Stadium
Last week: Ranked No. 17; won 63-13 against Massachusetts
Rank: Received five voting points
Date: Nov. 17
Where: Camp Randall Stadium
Last week: Receiving votes; beat Utah State 16-14
Michigan State
Rank: No. 21
Date: Sept. 29
Where: Spartan Stadium
Last week: Ranked No. 10; lost 20-3 to Notre Dame
Rank: No. 25
Date: Oct. 6
Where: Ohio Stadium
Last week: Receiving votes; won 42-13 over Arkansas State


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Record labels aren't always for-profit businesses.
Sometimes, a label can be a way to honor friends' creative talents, or an excuse to toss off auditory musings into the world, carefree of the cost.
Sometimes, labels, like some art, exist for their own sake.
Such is the case with Quality Faucet Records, a small label run out of a Ruth Street living room by some of the dudes in Reptar.
Quality Faucet got its start when Reptar created the label to co-release the band's material alongside the Make Records Not Bombs imprint out of Atlanta.
"We all had this dream of starting our own label and releasing all our music," said William Kennedy, who runs the label with friends. "But as Reptar took off, we thought maybe we can use that gain to let other people know about our friends' bands."
Since the initial release of Reptar's "Oblangle Fizz, Y'all," the label has put out four more titles, including the work of Semicircle — the drummer of Reptar's side project — Geisterkatzen, Salsa Chest and, most recently, Tumbleweed Stampede's first full-length record, "Guts." And many more releases are in the works.
"We are trying to expand," Kennedy said. But added that they are working at all the capacity they can handle.
"We aren't trying to take over the world," he said. For Kennedy and the Quality Faucet crew, it's more about the art and showcasing their awesome, creative friends.
"It's an organic thing that we do when we are around."
Quality Faucet operates under the mantle of do-it-yourself, a style of creative production that emphasizes doing as much as possible in-house — from recording to CD burning to art design and marketing.
"To me, it's the idea of creating music and releasing it and not needing any money to do it," Kennedy said. "We don't have any money, but we can still put out CD-Rs. It's all about the music and having fun."
But as far as a Quality Faucet aesthetic, Kennedy said it's too varied to describe.
"The sound is all over the place, and that's what's kind of cool about it," he said.
Only two of the bands playing Friday's showcase are official Quality Faucet bands — Co Co Ri Co, Kennedy's band who hasn't played a show in a year, and Brothers. Kennedy called the other groups friends, or friends of friends.
Copies of the first Quality Faucet Records compilation and other goodies will be on hand.
— André Gallant, Staff


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This beautiful, artisan created necklace was designed from gorgeous, large antique coral beads and real freshwater pearls. Each bead is painstakingly hand wired and the necklace utilizes a variety of mixed metals to lend a lovely Victorian aesthetic. The extra long length and design make this beautiful necklace especially appealing and wearable. The coral beads range approximately from 15mm to 19mm and the pearls measure 6mm. The necklace measures 36 inches in length with the pendant portion adding another 2-1/2 inches.
Featuring quality vintage costume jewelry to delight the passionate treasure hunter
Jewelicious features an array of superior, gently used vintage jewelry


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Top nearby In-Home Care Services
Reviews of Caring Hands Home Care Provider
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I am a current client of this provider
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We have Caring Hands for my mother. She's on Medicaid. The caregiver we have for her is fairly new but she's very good. She only stays from 9 to 3, so it's 40 hours a week. She's young but she listens to me because I'm the ultimate caregiver for my mother. She's very attentive and she's good. She gives my mother a shower, attends to her, and takes her to the bathroom because mom uses a walker. She makes sure that mom is taken care of. While the aide is here, I run errands and she stays with Mom. She also takes care of lunch for her. She's on time and very patient, and that's the key.
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Caring Hands Home Care Provider is an in-home care provider serving Matawan, NJ and the surrounding area. Caring Hands Home Care Provider offers non-medical services in the home, such as meal preparation, housekeeping, and transportation. Contact the provider for more details on home care services and rates.
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Research and development
Geno is involved in research programs involving animal breeding, quantitative genetics, molecular genetics, reproduction and biotechnology in close cooperation with Norwegian universities, other research organizations and AI companies as well as international universities and research institutes.
Geno's investment in research and development has resulted in several biotechnology companies where Geno has full or partial ownership.
The R&D department in Geno consists of scientists with a PhD in animal breeding and genetics, mathematics, statistics and/or veterinarian science.
Genomic selection
The R&D group is currently involved in several projects related to genomics (genomic selection). These projects cover improvement of existing methodologies for calculating GEBV's, imputation between different SNP-panels, optimization of current reference base by using whole genome sequence data and the possibilities for selecting for new traits using genomics (e.g. feed efficiency and utilization of data from milking robots). These projects are in collaboration with other Norwegian breeding companies, universities in Norway and Europe/USA and other SME's (e.g. EU project Gene2Farm).
Routine genetic evaluation
The R&D department is also involved in research related to routine genetic evaluation, such as improvement of existing methods for calculation of EBV's and new improved phenotypes (increased data quality and new records from AMS). Fertility, reproduction and research related to both female and male fertility is also part of Geno's R&D activity.


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William Daley News
Mitch McConnell Refuses Comment on Bannon, Despite Record of Opining on Obama Personnel Picks
Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell declined Wednesday to comment on president-elect Donald Trump 's appointment of Steve Bannon to be his senior adviser. "I'm not going to comment on White House personnel selections," McConnell said. Bannon is the former publisher of the conservative website
Making the Journey: A Look at the Plight of the World's Refugees
ABC News' Serena Marshall is at the Doctors Without Borders Exhibit on the global refugee crisis in Washington, DC.
Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel Wins 2nd Term in Runoff Victory
Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel won a second term Tuesday in a runoff election that hinged on serious financial challenges facing the nation's third-largest city and the brusque management style of the former White House chief of staff. Emanuel was forced to campaign furiously across the city to beat
'This Week': Powerhouse Roundtable
James Carville, Mary Matalin, Peggy Noonan, David Remnick and Tavis Smiley on the week's politics.
The Beginning Of The ENDA (The Note)
By MICHAEL FALCONE (@michaelpfalcone) NOTABLES THE SENATE MAKES A MOVE: The Senate is set to hold its first test vote today on the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, known as ENDA — legislation which would ban discrimination in the workplace based on sexual orientation or gender identity....
'This Week' Transcript: Dan Pfeiffer, Sen. Rand Paul, and Nate Silver
A rush transcript of "This Week with George Stephanopoulos" airing on Sunday morning, November 3, 2013 on ABC News is below. This copy may not be in its final form and may be updated. STEPHANOPOULOS: Welcome to This Week. It's a perfect storm. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, HEALTH AND HUMAN
President Obama Considered Dropping Biden for 2012 Ballot
Obama's campaign thought about tapping Hillary Clinton for VP in last election, says advisors Mark Halperin and John Heilemann.
Critics Slam Sebelius for Response to 'Obamacare' Complaints
HHS secretary responds to critics' demands she resign over "Obamacare" website troubles.
The Note: Boston's Unfinished Business
By MICHAEL FALCONE (@michaelpfalcone) NOTABLES THE LATEST FROM BOSTON: Federal prosecutors say they are expected to file formal criminal charges, possibly today, against Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev that could lead to the death penalty, a decision being left to U.S. Attorney ...


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Perception and representation. How do texts reveal: "facts"? Truth ? reality? Cultural beliefs? Social attitudes history and time? Concepts?. Mercator Projection Map of the World – 1569 By Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
How do texts reveal:
Cultural beliefs?
Social attitudeshistory and time?
Mercator Projection Map of the World – 1569 By Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator
Peters Projection of the Map of the World – the first version was published in 1885 (by a Scottish cartographer named James Gall). It was not "used" until 1973!
The Peters Projection was the name given to the map in 1973 – by German Arno Peters (a historian and film-maker).


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The Paying Guests by Sarah Waters, narrated by Juliet Stevenson
I think The Paying Guests came to me at the wrong time in my life. I vividly remember huddling in front of my tiny bedroom television as a teenager, completely awed by the concept of Tipping the Velvet. There was Keeley Hawes, my massive secret crush from Spooks, kissing a woman on national television. That […]Continue reading →


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NuVim, Inc. Lewes Delaware (NUVM) (OTC Markets) founded in 1999 will file their 3rd quarter 2016 financial data in November. It is not expected to substantially change their short term financial picture from the second quarter filing. However, the filing will provide a more complete view of the short term business initiatives to deliver Company growth and profit.
The NuVim second quarter filings, posted on the OTC Markets, reported that the Company reduced their $1.2 million short term debt to zero while maintaining a reasonable level of outstanding common shares at about 90 million. NuVM is authorized 120 million common and 65 million in preferred. None of the preferred has been issued. The long term debt, due in 2019, is just over a $100,000.
NuVim also stated that they are working on a product line reformulation in conjunction with medical professionals in the field, dietary experts and technical product …
Continue Reading


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Upper Iowa University developmental biology
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Learn about Upper Iowa University developmental biology, and registering for elective lectures. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? You can enter nursing with either an associates degree or BSN. As a licensed vocational nurse (LVN), you may provide patient care under the supervision of a registered nurse (RN). Concentrating on Upper Iowa University developmental biology, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate job recruiting on-campus. Check with the evolutionary biology department for course registration deadlines, and evolution program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Upper Iowa University.
Biology is one of the original natural sciences, even reaching back as far as the study of anatomy in ancient Egypt, where evidence has been found of surgery, forensics, and anatomical knowledge of both organ structure and function. Biology in general is the study of life and living organisms, with specific attention to function, growth, evolution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is becoming an interdisciplinary field, overlapping with biomedical engineering, molecular chemistry, and genetics. The biological sciences recognize the cell as the basic unit of life, and DNA as the basic unit of heredity. Moreover, all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy via respiration or photosynthesis, and by regulating their internal environment via homeostasis.
The life sciences are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, in that biochemistry focuses on chemical processes of life while molecular biology involves molecules and protein synthesis. Cellular biology may be broken down further into a structural analysis of cell organelles and lipid membrane boundries, such as in skin tissue or alveolar sacs in the lungs. In the field of genetic engineering, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) may be spliced together from different organisms, in an attempt to transfer hereditary traits that may increase crop yields, create a supply of stem-cells, or even clone sheep. Beyond major requirements within the evolutionary biology department, you may consider South Suburban College weight loss program as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
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Rajinikanth's Rana has been in and out of news lately. Recently there was news that Madhuri Dixit had disapproved to be a part of Rana as she yearned to see her children back in USA, but now the lady has openly disclosed the reason for her denial, "I was offered a sister role opposite Rajinikanth which isn't the right one for me at present." She regrets her decision though when she confessed, "Would have loved to do a film with Rajinikanth."
We heard it through the grapevine that now it would be a Rajini and Bollywood actress Rekha collaboration for Superstar's upcoming triple hero offering.
Rekha (daughter of popular actor Gemini Ganesan) is said to don elder Rajini's pair in the movie. Well Rekha and Rajini have earlier worked together in Phool Bane Aangaray,now if she becomes a part of Rana it would be a real comeback for the Bollywood queen.
The combination of an evergreen Bollywood diva with an evergreen Kollywood Superstar will surely seal the deal for the producers and the Rana team.


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A Long Island teenager looking to ask a boy to the prom got an assist from his favorite team -- the Jets.
Sarah Kardonsky of Division High School in Levittown solicited the help of cornerback Antonio Cromartie and wide receiver Chris Owusu for her "promposal," and both players recorded a video message to Michael Pagano.
"Hi, Michael. This is Chris Owusu from the New York Jets and I have one question for you: Will you go to prom with Sarah? Say yes," the receiver said, leaning toward the camera.
Next up was the newly re-acquired Cromartie, who addressed Pagano from the Jets locker room. "What's going on Michael? It's Antonio Cromartie of the New York Jets. Quick question for you: Will you go to the prom with Sarah?"
A clip of Pagano watching the video while wearing a No. 24 Darrelle Revis jersey was posted on Twitter.
So what was his response to Kardonksy?
He said yes, of course.
What a great way to ask someone to prom @CRO31 thanks for your help !!! @michaelpagano_ #Jets #Jetup @michaelpagano_ pic.twitter.com/Ud3eYdNY4b— Farrell (@JVFarrell) March 25, 2015
Editor's note: An earlier version of this story indicated Pagano was Kardonsky's boyfriend.


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Sermon Audio
June 29, 2014 Second Sunday After Trinity
In the Tent of the Lord
Psalm 15, Deuteronomy 20:1-9, 1 Corinthians 13
Consider the tent. I've never lived in one or known anyone who has. One of my wife's exotic kinfolk married an Indian woman and reportedly lived for a time in a teepee, but I never met him.
My own brief exposure to the tented life was less than salutary. As a Boy Scout, I trundled off with my troop to Camp Strake, where we pitched our tents in a campsite in the woods. At dark on that first day, our Scoutmaster assembled us around the campfire and gave us our marching orders.
He was sending us on a snipe hunt. I'm a little sketchy on details but, as I recall, he described a snipe as something of a cross between a gopher and a skunk.
He issued a brown paper sack, the kind that come from the grocery store, to each boy and dispatched us to bag as many snipe as we could with the promise of a prize to the one who nabbed the most.
We thrashed about in the woods for an hour and then our leader called us back to camp. We had scored a total of zero snipe. Every last bag was as empty as a politician's promise. He lamented that we were such sorry snipe hunters and then arrayed us around the campfire again.
He was going to teach us an Indian chant. We repeated after him, "owa . . . tagu . . . siam." Faster: "owa . . . tagu . . . siam." Faster: "owa . . . tagu . . . siam." Faster: "O what a goose I am." The snipe is an animal of the same genus as the unicorn: legenderius.
I was so traumatized that I have avoided the tented life ever since.
The Israelites had no such luxury. Their God, after all, was a tent-dweller. The Psalmist poses the question to Him: "Lord, who may abide in Your tabernacle?"
Other translations render the Hebrew more literally as "tent." "Tabernacle" is acceptable; our English Scriptures use the two almost interchangeably. One popular translation has "sanctuary," which is misleading. The Psalmist is not referring here to an abstracted idea of God's dwelling place but to a tent pitched at a specific site:
"Who may dwell in Your holy hill?"
The Psalmist, David, has brought the ark of the covenant to Yahweh's holy hill, Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Where His ark is, the Lord is – within the tent, seated between the cherubim on the mercy seat, the lid of the ark.
Yahweh is not confined to earth, to be sure, but He is present in His creation not in an ephemeral, pantheistic sense but in a specific location. The tent-dweller Abraham moved repeatedly. Each time, he consecrated his new home by first erecting an altar.
The nomadic Bedouin people still traverse that wilderness in which Abraham sojourned, living in tents. When my wife and I visited the Holy Land some years ago, as we were rolling south from Jerusalem on a bus bound for the Dead Sea, I spied one of their tents off to the right.
I was conjuring an image in my mind's eye of those Jews of 4,000 years ago meandering through that rock-strewn wasteland, hungry and bedraggled, when I spotted the late-model pickup parked just outside the tent. Then I noticed the TV antenna sticking out of the top.
Apparently, when Mahmoud takes a break from sheep-shearing he can zip into town for a new prayer rug or kick back in front of a jihadist instructional video or a "Leave It to Beaver" rerun. Well, things do change.
When the flood subsided, Noah emerged from the ark and built an altar. Like Abraham, he was establishing worship in a place . . . the place of God's presence.
In 21st-century America, our mobility has robbed us in large measure of our sense of place. Agrarian America knew her place. Sons took over the family farm from fathers and raised their families where they themselves had grown up.
Today, many believe they can worship anywhere they choose. They make God as footloose as they are.
A few retain a sense of place. This week Marjorie and I are going to a ranch north of Cortez to visit a man who is the fifth generation of his family to live on that land. He retains two rather dilapidated covered wagons his distant ancestors rolled west in.
I think of Russ and Donna, who make the two-hour round trip from Farmington each Sunday to worship in this place – longer still if you count the hot-dog stop in Hesperus on the way home.
They come to the place where they know God to be present. I'm certain they have no idea of the power of their odometer's witness.
The Israelite approached God's tent with a sense of awe. The power of God overwhelmed him. He knew of the fire and tempest and trumpet blast on another holy hill, Mount Sinai, when Yahweh met Moses.
He knew as well of the blueprint for worship God gave Moses, detailed down to the last strand of thread and morsel of bread. He who would approach God would bring a sense of high decorum appropriate to the occasion.
Today, our relentless pursuit of comfort and informality has cost us dear in this way as well. In my first few months in town I met a woman of another branch of Christ's church. I told her something of liturgical worship – it's not a Starbucks experience.
She replied, "But this is Durango."
And so it is. But I serve a God who is the same in Durango, New York, London, Paris and Rome. Informality diminishes God. People who would be aghast at the thought of appearing before a human king in less than their best approach the King of kings like a neighborhood chum.
Western Christendom struggles under an added burden: Many have effectively torn the Old Testament from the Bible. Jesus, they say, abolished the temple. In fact, He no more abolished the temple than He abolished the law that established the ethic of the temple.
The problem with dumping the Old Testament paradigm is that the Bible presents from start to finish a royal court as the pattern for the church's worship venue. Would we appear at Buckingham Palace in khakis or capris?
The further problem is that we find this picture in descriptions not only of Israel's worship but also of the ongoing worship in heaven. It is no less a vision of our future than our past. And in the present, the Scriptures tell us, we engage in the worship of the heavenly temple each time we assemble on the Lord's Day (Hebrews 12:22).
God is on a mission to reunite heaven and earth. He dwells in heaven and He dwells on earth. When the Son returns in bodily form to present the everlasting kingdom, purged of sin and death, to His Father, God will be our temple. St. John, who got a glimpse of glory, assures us of this.
In the meantime, we come into His presence with a sense of awe – but of assurance as well. God's temple is our place of worship; it is also our home, for our home is with our Father.
In the ancient world, one who entered the tent of another came under his protection. He could enjoy the hospitality of his host confident that he had nothing to fear from his enemies. And so for the Israelite, God's tent was both sacred shrine and living room.
The challenge was to live in a way appropriate to both. Some put more stock in the guarantee of security than the obligation of holiness. Those who belonged to God could take their ease, untouchable under His protection.
The challenge in our day is the same. Many proclaim, "God will care for me because I come to His church – even though I give not a thought to His code of conduct."
The Psalmist knows. "Who may dwell with you, O Lord? Who may inhabit your tabernacle?"
At pagan sanctuaries in the ancient world, the worshiper asked the requirements of admittance; the priest replied with a list of conditions. One who appeared at Yahweh's tent asking such a question would be in for a profound surprise.
The Psalmist supplies God's response. The one who may abide in the presence of the Lord is he who walks uprightly, works righteousness, speaks the truth in his heart, does not backbite with his tongue, does no evil to his neighbor . . .
. . . does not spread rumors about his friend, despises a vile person, honors those who fear the Lord, keeps an oath even to his own detriment, does not lend money at interest, does not take a bribe against the innocent.
These 10 conditions for a life with God find expression in both positive and negative terms, some restating others, because the worshiper must present a life characterized by both active goodness and the absence of evil.
To a literalist, they might seem a barrier to worship, for who has ever kept them perfectly? Taken in the context of the Scriptures, they teach us that he who earnestly seeks the integrity they set out may approach the divine throne after proper preparation.
And this necessity of preparation for worship speaks to our need for worship and for the forgiveness we find in both the preparation and the practice of it. Many and varied are the wonders of God's instruction for His people.
In Ephesians 5 St. Paul will tell those in the church that they are light – not that they are in the light but that they are light. They have taken Christ, the Light of the World, into themselves and so they are light. We see a precursor to that thought here.
This list might be loosely called both a paraphrase of the 10 commandments of Exodus 20 and a preview of the Beatitudes of St. Matthew 5 – and especially the one on the pure in heart. But they aren't really conditions at all in the conventional sense.
Here was the radical new way of conceptualizing relationship with the deity. For the pagan, favor with a god relied on skill in ritual. The words he recited or the offering he brought determined how he would get on with his god.
Pagan gods, invented by their worshipers, inevitably shared the people's moral makeup with all its flaws and so could make no demands for moral improvement on their subjects. The god's only concern was with what he could get from his worshipers.
Yahweh, God of Israel, needed nothing from any frail creature. He was sufficient unto Himself. He demanded ritual, to be sure, but it demonstrated that their worship of Him was a blessing to them. In the worship of their God in His tent His people thrive. He offers shalom in this life and salvation unto the next.
These were His gifts of love to His children and His Father's heart desired only that they love Him back. If they did not pour into their ritual love for Him and for others among His covenant people their fine words and costly sacrifices were worthless. If their love was true they would express it by walking uprightly and working righteousness and all the rest.
As God had declared by His commandments at Mount Sinai, as Jesus would proclaim in the Sermon on the Mount, David – the Son of God and forefather of Christ – sets out for those in his charge the ethical content of life with their Maker. For them, relationship with God hung not on what they said or how much they offered but on who they were.
God's tent is His people's home and those who are staying with Him will be staying with Him. These new 10 commandments do not describe the terms for entering God's tent but for remaining in it. The word translated "dwell" speaks of establishing oneself or settling.
A better word than "conditions" might be "expectations." They tell us what God expects of all who would enter His holy presence. The question of who may dwell with Him prefaces the list as the 10 commandments are preceded by the declaration:
"I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage" (Exodus 20:2). Listen well.
David – unknowingly, to be sure – is pointing forward to the coming of his son and his Lord, the One who will fulfill the law and become the temple. We read in St. John 1:14:
"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth." A literal rendering of the Greek is "spread His tent among us." Immanuel – God With Us – will encamp on earth to redeem the earth.
Now, as for us, beloved, as for us . . . We gather each seventh day in this little tent. According to the rhythm of the Sabbath we set up and we take down. The world – the pampered world around us – would see this as a hardship.
I will not pretend I enjoy the setting up and taking down. I will not deny that I covet a stable place to worship the Lord of all creation. But neither will I give short shrift to the privilege of emulating, in some tiny way, the nomadic life of our Lord's first church.
We set up . . . we take down . . . we set up . . . we take down . . . And we say to the world around us, God is here. Come with us as we pitch His tent each Sabbath, as we erect the altar anew and worship the Lord of heaven and earth.
We watch the world pass by us here; we invite the world to join us here; we pray for the world that shuns us here.
The psalm ends, "He who does these things shall never be moved." He will dwell in the Lord's tent forever. Amen.


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Bhaag Milkha Bhaag has had a lasting impression of Farhan Akhtar on audiences across.
So much so, that we see reports stating how Farhan's next release after Bhaag Milkha Bhaag, Shaadi Ke Side Effects has done highest ever business in East Punjab.
Punjab is said to be one of the most difficult territories to appease. We have only seen the Deol's working there. Before this, it would just be their films being highly and positively received there.
For the first time, it is a non-Punjabi, Farhan Akhtar's film to get such a huge reception in Punjab.
So, it was not just Bhaag Milkha Bhaag that did extremely well there, but Shaadi Ke Side Effects is also being immensely appreciated there.When contacted, Farhan says, "I'm overwhelmed with the kind of response that the film has been getting." Adding more, his spokesperson says, "Farhan is elated that he has been able to break into the Punjab market with aid from his previous role of Milkha Singh. The movie was close to his heart and he's happy that his current movie, too, is doing very well."


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The fourth issue of the Italian Pointless Magazine is totally wicked. The international focus of this magazine is this time quite diversified. There will be an interview with the talented JURNES from San Francisco, who travelled through Europe, along with GEBES from Copenhagen and some German specials with FUME, IOR crew, BOND and many more.
44 pages, language: English.
Item no: MA51104
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