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|Lean thinking is a better way of organizing,
managing and thinking about enterprises.
by Tom Ehrenfeld
The Lean PostEditor's Note: This article ran first on September 27, 2016 in The Lean Post. It is reprinted with permission.
This month marks the 20th anniversary of the publication of Lean Thinking, the book that helped popularize what many of us today know as "lean." Over the next two days on the Lean Post, authors Jim Womack and Dan Jones will discuss how their thinking has evolved since its publication. Keeping in spirit with past roundups of other lean topics, here's a recap of the book, as well as a look at several resources giving context to this thing called lean.
Lean Thinking followed up on the influential The Machine That Changed the World, which was the first book to present a comprehensive depiction of a lean enterprise—including product design and development, coordinating the supply chain, and managing in a way that sustained the gains. As Dan Jones notes in this reflection by the two on the making of the book, "we wanted to build on the platform Machine gave us and show the opportunity for organizations to go down a different path."
Lean Thinking accomplished this—and more. It helped launch countless corporate lean initiatives, spawned numerous lean books and consultants and further study, and laid the basis for both LEI and the Lean Global Network. Perhaps most importantly, the book established the fundamental way that many people understood and discussed lean for the years to come: as a better way to organize, manage, and above all, think about enterprise--a way of getting better outcomes (higher quality) through a more resourceful use of people, materials, finance, and more. Lean thinking "provides a way to do more and more with less and less—less human effort, less equipment, less time, and less space—while coming closer and closer to providing customers with exactly what they want," said the authors.
Womack and Jones shaped a compelling narrative by in essence creating a villain (waste, or to use the Japanese phrase, muda), and introducing a cast of characters fighting the war on waste in the service of better value to customers.Drawing from years of observation at the shop floors of companies such as Wiremold, Lantech, Porsche, and Pratt & Whitney, the authors showed how companies (most of them coached by consultants steeped in the Toyota Production System methods) made the lean leap from thinking to action. Today many of the characters in this book are lean legends.
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It's important to note that the ideas shared in this book are derived from close observation of actual practice. The authors were not seeking to impose a synthetic framework they invented to build a business; their work was deeply informed by their academic background, and they were building on what they had learned directly about lean and TPS by going to visit companies earnestly seeking to put these ideas to work. They sifted through what they learned and organized these findings into a simple framework for others to learn and apply. With Lean Thinking they were seeking to help people convert the concepts of lean (which were becoming well-known) into successful practice (which was uncommon then). "A lot of these lean ideas were out there but nobody knew how to do them," says Womack.
I vividly recall reading Lean Thinking for the first time and being struck by its powerful application of what Taichi Ohno might call common sense. Unlike most popular business books, this carefully-researched resource shared a way to deliver on the promise of improvement. Womack and Jones did not exhort managers to "empower" employees vaguely nor did they shout enthusiastically about excellence. Womack and Jones codified five principles closely linked to the Toyota Production System that were adapted by the companies in the book.
The five basic principles are relatively simple:
- Specify value from the standpoint of the end customer by product family
- Identify all the steps in the value stream for each product family, eliminating those steps that do not create value
- Allow the product to flow smoothly towards the customer by arranging the value-creating steps in a tight sequence
- Create flow between process steps whenever you can and pull (not push) when you can't
- Begin the process again and continue it until a state of perfection is reached in which perfect value is created with no waste.
The book was an ambitious effort to grow the lean community by creating more lean thinkers through providing a way forward. "Our aim was to give people a license to try something new," says Womack. Hence the 3-part structure comprised of 1) an explanation with principles, 2) examples in different industries and countries, and 3) an action plan to get folks started. Both the original and the 2003 reissue came with action plans proposing ways for people and organizations to start the lean voyage. This goal, as Womack notes in a recent column, faces the same basic challenge that all big ideas do—it takes a deep investment of time, must be undertaken at many levels, and calls for shifts not just in what people do but in what they believe:
"Lean management, which requires managers not only to change their methods but to change their fundamental ideas about what managers do…is surely not the hardest idea ever diffused but it is certainly plenty hard. Hence our steady but very slow progress."Today one can trace the spread of lean in countless industries around the world, in everything from healthcare to government services, from running a school to tending a farm. And while there will always be endless debate over matters such as whether "lean" is the best name for this rigorous process thinking approach, or over "inside baseball" topics of orthodoxy, it's a great time to remember what Womack and Jones accomplished with this book:
Above all they created a language to discuss improvement, shared a set of principles (not necessarily THE method mind you) to navigate one's course, and reported a set of examples to learn from—all in the service of giving folks a way to plan their practice; and above all to give permission to get started—what both authors frequently refer to as courage.
The views expressed in this post do not necessarily represent the views or policies of The Lean Enterprise Institute.
© Copyright 2016, Lean Enterprise Institute, Inc., Cambridge, MA, lean.org. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Have you read Lean Thinking? How did it affect your work? Share your reflections on the book in the space below.
Tom Ehrenfeld is a writer and editor living in Cambridge, MA. A former writer/editor with Inc. Magazine and Harvard Business Review, he is the author of The Startup Garden: How Growing A Business Grows You. He works as a consulting editor for LEI and with many other lean authors. Seven of his edited books have won the Shingo Research Award.
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I hope everyone had a wonderful Thanksgiving. I was visiting family in Ohio, where it was most certainly not 70 degrees. Now that I'm home again, it's back to reality. But you know what that means for you? More blogs!
We're moving our tour of Houston historic districts to the Heights now. Unlike the Boulevard Oaks area districts I've written about the past few weeks (here, here, here, and here), the Heights isn't known for large mansions.
Developed in 1891 as a suburb, the Heights got its name for its elevation 23 feet higher than that of the city. One of America's oldest planned communities, the Heights didn't become part of Houston until 1918. Many of the neighborhood's signature bungalow homes remain to this day, and it's common to see homeowners in the Heights either renovate their houses in the original style or build new in the style. You'll also notice Victorian-style homes, as well as many historic churches, commercial buildings, firehouses, and other structures. The Heights, quirky and village-like, is the poster child for Houston gentrification.
Next week I'll continue touring the Heights, moving into the area's five other designated historic districts.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Though the first third of this talk is stories trying to teach the same subject, it's an important subject, and I'm glad to see it addressed. Scriptural study in the church often demonstrates the spiritual blind spot problem Pres. Uctdorf discusses: we read scriptures to prove what we already think, rather than to determine what we're supposed to think. Thus, members of the church are often at least as Pharisaical as Christ's mortal persecutors, strictly adhering to the letter of an oral tradition built up as protection for God's simple and straightforward law. We have an entire book of scripture devoted to telling us how badly the Gentiles will reject the gospel in the latter days, but often fail to realize that *we* are those very Gentiles. We somehow figure King Benjamin's very clear instructions with regard to beggars and the needy somehow don't apply to us. We read scriptures condemning priestcraft, and faithfully pay tithing to support our professional priests, their fleet of high-end Toyota Avalons, and their high seats in our famous synagogue.
- "The ward had every outward indication of faithfulness". It's wonderful that he would put it that way. Clearly the outward signs we consider to be hallmarks of the righteous aren't everything we sometimes think they are. Perhaps, to carry the thought a little, those outward signs we interpret as abject wickedness may not merit our trust, either.
- Yes, in this world it's easy to procrastinate scripture study. It's even easier when your bishop warns you against studying on your own.
- "Where is my treasure" -- an excellent question. Do we treasure our church membership more than anything, or are we interested most in our relationship with Christ? Pres. Grant says he specifically prayed not to meet Jesus Christ because he knew of too many people who claimed to have met Christ, and then fallen from the Church. So which is more important: the earthly organization, or the Savior?
- "Does the Spirit of God dwell in your hearts?" How do you know? I know I don't regularly receive what I'd call "revelation", and Joseph Smith says that since the Holy Ghost is a revelator, you can't have received him and not be receiving revelation, then I guess I have somewhat to work on.
- Pres. Uchtdorf is exactly right: it's awfully hard to look at ourselves with sufficient candor to spot our weakness and humbly seek to change.
- It's nice to think of ourselves deciding to become better sons, husbands, etc. when we acknowledge our failures, but the scriptures say the right thing to do is to humble ourselves and ask Christ for grace, so that those weaknesses may become strengths. In other words, don't get so caught up in behavior; get caught up in Christ.
Friday, September 25, 2015
"Lord, Is It I?" by Pres. Uctdorf
Find this talk here.
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text: Bonnie-Jill Lafin is a former Dallas Cowboy cheerleader and became the first scout in the NBA with the Los Angeles Lakers. The vegetarian is coming out in support of her vegetarian beliefs by barking it all for PETA in a new add that remind us that even in our bad economic times there is always room for a carrot. Check outthe video and full size ad on the flip.


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We help you locate a Kenley keyboard teacher. Keyboard tuition are an excellent method to learn a fun new hobby, acquire a new talent and gain confidence with keyboard. Use our site to find Kenley keyboard tutors and determine which best matches your needs so you can begin your keyboard tuition in Kenley today!
First Tutors: Music is the best way to find Kenley keyboard teachers in the UK, helping you discover Kenley keyboard lessons close to you and Kenley tutors to assist with any instrument such as piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Kenley keyboard tuition or a Kenley keyboard teacher to prepare for keyboard exams and improve your keyboard skills! We order Kenley keyboard tutors near you according to their lesson charges and distance from you.
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First Tutors helps you to find a local italian teacher in Corwen and anywhere in the UK. Home italian tuition is an excellent way to bolster confidence while increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to find Corwen italian tutors and select the one who best meets your requirements.
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|30 Apr 2014
Program keys
I keep on losing my product keys. Is there a program, website, or even an app I can down load and install on my computer.
need help soon
|My System Specs
|30 Apr 2014
64-bit Windows 10 Pro
Hello Russ, and welcome to Seven Forums.
If you like, the same programs in the tutorial below will also show you product keys for other programs. I like Belarc Advisor in Option Six.
Product Key Number for Windows 7 - Find and See
|My System Specs
|03 May 2014
Windows 7 Ultimate x64
I go with the homemade method. Create a simple txt file with notepad (which I call serial.txt, creatively) , with the key from the activation email/COA stikcer/purchase certificate/whatever, together with the installer, and backup those (BTW, you must always backup the installers too). When the need of reinstall comer along, I got the installer and the key handy. No more cience than that.
|My System Specs
|03 May 2014
Everest can help you recover your program keys, in left column, look for "Programs" category, and then choose "Licences" subcategory, all your programs, that use a serial number will be listed in there... (Sorry, spanish screenshot... )
Now, this won't work if you use VL type licences, as they are reactivated every 180 days (you pay for reactivation at that time)
If Everest can't help you, try AIDA64, it's 64 bit sucesor... I don't know if free versions (30 day triel if I'm not mistaken) allow you see this info, if not...
14 Free Product Key Finder Programs
This seems to be a good list of options.
Hope this helps
See ya!!
|My System Specs
|03 May 2014
Windows 7 Ultimate x64
I have a Software node in Keepass where I create entries for each software package that has a key, and I record all my product keys in the Comments sections. Makes it easy to copy and paste when I need to reinstall.
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|General Discussion
Can I program keys to open programs that are run by WP, QP and Nuance.
I need to cut and paste several scanned lists to a Quattro pro file via Nuance PDF Convertor (for it's OCR). Wordperfect will also be in the mix. These tasks are repitishes in nature with human intervention to select and paste the selections. There fore I will be going back and forth accomplishing...
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Is there any program that it can show me ALL the shortcut button and allow me to change or delete any of these shortcut button? A LOT OF THANKS.
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On my dell inspiron 15r the F1-F12 keys are covered by multimedia keys like volume, screen brightness, battery, internet, and other. I need to disable these because in some video games I play, I need to use these keys because they are set hotkeys that cannot be changed. Even better if anyone knows...
|Hardware & Devices
Open program with certain keys on by default?
i have this program that i need to press F7 and F8 every time i open it to get the settings i want.. is there anything i can edit to the resgitry or this line so it'll open with both those keys on by default?: http://i42.tinypic.com/abo6d0.png
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i have some custom keys on my keyboard and i want to change what they run anybody know how i would go about doing so?
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How to Reach Struggling Literacy learners: Tier 2 Strategies
Target Audience: 4-9 Educators
Course Description
How to Reach Struggling Literacy Learners! Is designed to provide teachers with the background knowledge and applicable intervention strategies to reach struggling learners. The class will explore the relationship between current research on struggling learners, assessment, technology and the application of differentiated strategies for students who learn differently and need multi-sensory learning approaches to increase their literacy foundation skills. Balanced literacy Instruction will be explored through a structured language model to provide students with a solid literacy foundation. Instruction is based on current research and will provide teachers with building a respectful classroom environment that promotes students self-esteem and dignity.
Course Objective
1. To develop a rationale and a framework on literacy research and instructional content.
2. To apply knowledge of the reading and writing process in an intervention learning environment to include a variety of strategies and approaches to meet the needs of different learners.
3. To improve knowledge and the ability to assess student's strengths and weaknesses using a variety of differentiated assessments.
4. To increase common language and vocabulary on the five components of reading and employ a variety of strategies for struggling adolescent learners.
5. To create a curriculum to enhance students' literacy skills and abilities based on evidence from student assessments building teachers knowledge to scaffold instruction to enhance student literacy skills.
6. To improve knowledge and ability to interpret text level of reading materials, and differentiate instruction based on students' needs.
7. To apply 21st century technologies into existing curriculum to enhance learning for students.
8. To design a classroom that creates an environment for learning based on best practice in Backward Design.
Required Reading for the course:
o Informed Choices for Struggling Adolescent Readers, by D. D. Deshler, A,S, Palisnesar, G. Biancarosa,a & M. Nair, International Reading Association
o What Really Matters in Response to Intervention Research Based Designs, by R/.Allington, Pearson
o The Fluent Reader by T. Rasinski, C. Blachowicz, and K. Lems, Scholastiocs
o Teaching Reading with Jamestown Strategies and Instruction by Jamestown Education, Glencoe Publisher
o Words their Way with Struggling Readers by Hayes, Pearson
Several journal articles and book citations will also be required. These will be provided:
o Effective Vocabulary Instruction by Joan Sedita
o Questioning the Author: A Yearlong Classroom Implementation to Engage Students with Text. Elementary School Journal, 96 (4), 386-412. Beck, I. L.McKeown, M. G., Sandora, C., Kucan, L., (1997)
o Reciprocal Teaching of Social Studies in Inclusive Elementary Classrooms. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33, (1). Lederer, Jeffrey. (2000)
o Struggling Adolescent Learners, (June 2005) J. Birsh,
o Adolescent Literacy: Addressing the Needs of Students on Grades 4-12, by Joan Sedita
About the Instructor
Barbara Kohn-Saxe is presently the Literacy Leader at Peoples Academy (5–12) for the Lamoille South Supervisory Union in Morrisville, VT. She completed her Masters in Education degree at St. Michael's College in Special Education with an emphasis in Reading in 2002. She earned her Take One National Board certification in Literacy through the National Boards for Professional Teaching Standards 2010. She has worked as a Literacy Leader for the Department of Education, Reading Specialist/Consultant for Essex Junction and has extensive experience in adolescent literacy approaches and strategies for Content-Area Literacy and Intervention for Struggling Learners. She has taught graduate and undergraduate course at CCV and Union College in Children's Literature, Intro to Special Populations and Content Literacy Strategies. Barbara is also Wilson ReadingLevel 1 certified.


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Any of you fellas have any interest in riding on Wed.? The weather guessers are saying cold and snowy leading up to it and the night of. So the question is, if you want to ride where? Or should we push it a day to the right and see if the weather is better on Thur. Thoughts?
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Mad Science - Science Palooza (NEW!)
Jr. Engineers - Machine Mania - Crazy Chemistry - The Birds & The Beasts - Shutterbugs!
Program InformationJUN19GRADEK-5$245
Mad Science invites you to discover a week of all things science! Campers will dissect owl pellets and build a super strong bridge. Can your bridge withstand the shake rattle and roll challenge? Want a cool way to recycle a newspaper? How about turning it into a geodesic dome that you and your friends can sit in. Campers will explore the world of birds and beasts with birdhouse building and our super bug investigation. Campers will roll up their sleeves in the Mad Science chemistry lab and mix, mash and brew concoctions to create cool sidewalk chalk and bath fizzers! Assemble control pulleys, levers, catapults, simple machines and megapinchers! Campers will discover the wonders of photography and make their own chromatography-dyed T-shirt. It's a week packed with non-stop science fun!
Mon-Fri, Jun 19-23
|Both boys and girls are eligible to apply for this program
|Jun 19 - Jun 23
|Alan Simon


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Contests & Giveaways
Win tickets to THE JAYHAWKS at Town Hall on 10/28!
October 23, 2014
We have a pair of tickets to give away to see THE JAYHAWKS at Town Hall on Tuesday, October 28th!
For show information and tickets, click here.
Enter your name and email address below for a chance to win. Only one entry per email address will be accepted. Winner will be randomly selected on 10/26. Good luck!


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Big Sur Roadtrip: Waterfalls, Seaside Cliffs and Elephant Seals
Big Sur Travel Blog› entry 3 of 18 › view all entries
I love rocks and water -- the way waterfalls cut through mountains, the way the sea pounds against rocky coasts. So heading down the coast for a sea kayaking trip in the Channel Islands was a no brainer for me. JP and Atousa were excited to go to, and our friend from New Jersey De Niro somehow got involved through a series of drunken prank calls.
Figuring he would never go, Atousa would call him and give the phone to Rita, our friend who was going on the trip and was just dying to see him. "Rita" was just me faking a ridiculously corny "Jersey" accent that sounded more like Rosie Perez on crack. The backstory was that "Rita" had made out with him at "Tino's", a stereotypicall Jersey club, while De Niro was wasted. How Rita ended up in California and friends with JP and I (also with our own Jersey connections) was never explained.
Well, lo and behold, the boy actually buys a last minute plane ticket and ends up going on the trip. We fail to provide him with a Rita.
On Friday night, the four of us made it to Atousa's parents' house in San Jose and spent the night. Atousa was supposed to wake us all up at 4AM (to see sunrise over the mountains on the coast), so of course we slept in until 7 and didn't get going until 8. The plan was to take Highway One all the way south, through the jagged Big Sur coastline.
We made it to the Big Sur River Inn in time for breakfast. Atousa and I waded in the river behind the restaurant and relaxed in wicker chairs they had set up in the river.
Our next stop was McWeigh Falls, in Julia Pfeiffer State Park. It's probably Big Sur's most famous waterfall, a picturesque spot where a tall, thin waterfall tumbles over a cliff onto a beach by a beautiful blue inlet.
Next we stopped by Salmon Creek Falls, an awesome little place with a split waterfall pouring into emerald green swimming hole surrounded by boulders. This place was soo cool I had to go back.
Hours later, the winding cliffside roads of the highway petered out into a flat road surrounded by gorgeous coastal meadows of seaside plant life. We made another stop, and JP and I made our way down to the beach where we saw surfers and some great rock formations. The sunshine was amazing and the sky was clear blue against the pinks and greens and yellows of the meadow.
Next, we pulled over to see the elephant seal viewing area. This place is really cool. The elephant seals come to a beach to molt. You can get up really close to them and watch them sun themselves. They're stacked right next to each other, like a bunch of adorable obese sardines. During other times, the location also serves as a viewing area for migrating whales.


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is back-ordered. We will ship it separately in 10 to 15 days.
BBBK/L Color: Black Features: -Portable and foldable back support ergonomically designed to support proper neutral spine alignment and to promote correct posture while sitting.-Strap allows unit to be secured around any chair or car seat.-Supportive Polyurethane foam. Includes: -Free LumbiPad included. Dimensions: -Dimensions: 18'' H x 19'' W.
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General Question
How do I get rid of the smell of herpes?
Asked by College_girl (915) October 17th, 2011
So I found out about 2 or so weeks ago I have herpes…..oh joy….but there is like a constant fishy, nasty smell that goes along with it. How do i get rid of it? I use pads so the discharge doesnt get on my underwear, but it just smells so bad. What can I do?
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Traveling Luck for Campbell Creek Recreation Site, Idaho, United States
Where is Campbell Creek Recreation Site?What's around Campbell Creek Recreation Site?
Wikipedia near Campbell Creek Recreation Site
Where to stay near Campbell Creek Recreation Site
The timezone in Campbell Creek Recreation Site is America/Whitehorse
Sunrise at 06:49 and Sunset at 16:10. It's Dark
Latitude. 44.4994°, Longitude. -116.0842° , Elevation. 1505m
Weather near Campbell Creek Recreation Site; Report from McCall, McCall Airport, ID 50.9km away
Weather : light rain fog
Temperature: 4°C / 39°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Weather : light rain fog
Temperature: 4°C / 39°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Satellite map around Campbell Creek Recreation Site
Loading map of Campbell Creek Recreation Site and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Campbell Creek Recreation Site, in Idaho, United States
- stream;
- a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- Campbell Creek (0.6km)
- Willow Creek (2.2km)
- French Creek (4.2km)
- Moores Creek (4.3km)
- Frech Creek (4.4km)
- Hazard Creek (4.4km)
- Pearsol Creek (5.6km)
- Van Wyck Creek (6km)
- Beaver Creek (6km)
- Grandmas Creek (6.5km)
- Olson Creek (6.6km)
- Bed Ground Creek (6.6km)
- Silver Creek (7.5km)
- Brush Creek (7.9km)
- Corral Creek (8.9km)
- West Fork Beaver Creek (9.4km)
- Poison Creek (9.7km)
- Deer Creek (10.4km)
- Little Pearsol Creek (10.5km)
- Hurdy Creek (10.6km)
- trail;
- a path, track, or route used by pedestrians, animals, or off-road vehicles.
- Campbell Creek Trail (2.3km)
- Campbell Trail (2.4km)
- Willow Creek Trail (3.2km)
- Wilson Creek Trail (5.2km)
- Van Wyck Sheep Trail (8.4km)
- Blue Lake Trail (10km)
- Sheep Trail (10km)
- Sheep Creek Trail (10.6km)
- reservoir(s);
- an artificial pond or lake.
- Skein Lake (3.7km)
- Willow Creek Reservoir (4.2km)
- Lake Cascade (4.5km)
- Davis Reservoir (9.1km)
- Tom J Reservoir (9.7km)
- lake;
- a large inland body of standing water.
- Raft Lake (3.5km)
- Shirts Lake (5.5km)
- Lost Lake (6.5km)
- Hidden Lake (6.5km)
- Rock Lake (6.7km)
- mountain;
- an elevation standing high above the surrounding area with small summit area, steep slopes and local relief of 300m or more.
- Collier Peak (4.7km)
- Crown Point (6.5km)
- Snowbank Mountain (7.4km)
- Lookout Peak (7.7km)
- Wilson Peak (8.8km)
Accommodation around Campbell Creek Recreation Site
- dam;
- a barrier constructed across a stream to impound water.
- Skein Lake Dam (3.7km)
- Cascade Dam (4.5km)
- Davis Dam (9.1km)
- Tom J Dam (9.7km)
- Local Feature;
- A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Campbell Creek Recreation Site (0km)
- Cascade Ranger Station (4.6km)
- FAA Radar Site (8.8km)
- Crawford Forest Work Center (10.5km)
- flat;
- a small level or nearly level area.
- Stewarts Meadow (3.6km)
- Greenfield Flat (7.2km)
- airport;
- a place where aircraft regularly land and take off, with runways, navigational aids, and major facilities for the commercial handling of passengers and cargo.
- Valley County Hospital Heliport (4.3km)
- Cascade Airport (6.4km)
- school;
- building(s) where instruction in one or more branches of knowledge takes place.
- Cascade Elementary School (4.2km)
- Cascade Junior-Senior High School (4.2km)
- park;
- an area, often of forested land, maintained as a place of beauty, or for recreation.
- Cascade Park (2.9km)
Wikipedia entries close to
Campbell Creek Recreation Site
- Cascade, Idaho city city o
- Donnelly, Idaho city city o
- Council, Idaho city city o
- McCall Municipal Airport airport airport
- Crouch, Idaho city city o
- McCall, Idaho city city o
- Cambridge, Idaho city city o
- Midvale, Idaho city city o
- New Meadows, Idaho city city o
- Placerville, Idaho city city o
- Horseshoe Bend, Idaho city city o
- Weiser, Idaho city city o
- Emmett, Idaho city city o
- Idaho City, Idaho city city o
- Payette, Idaho city city o
- New Plymouth, Idaho city city o
Airports close to Campbell Creek Recreation Site
Boise air terminal(BOI), Boise, Usa (122.5km)
Mountain home afb(MUO), Mountain home, Usa (191.1km)


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International Review of Research in Mental Retardation: v. 23: Austism
Laraine Masters Glidden
Editura: Academic Press Inc
This special thematic volume on Autism in the International Review of Research in Mental Retardation series provides a comprehensive overview of research on autism today. Coverage includes discussion of the genetics, diagnosis, neural and cognitive basis, and development of autism, as well as an exploration of the effects of autism on language, attachment, and emotional responsiveness. A final chapter examines the psychological impact that raising an autistic child has on the family.
- Limba : Engleza
- Cuprins : S. Rogers, Diagnosis of Autism Before the Age of Three. K. Horvath, J.T. Tildon, C. Stodgell, J.L. Ingram, and S.L. Hyman, The Role of Candidate Genes in Unraveling the Genetics of Autism. F. Volkmar and A. Klin, Asperger's Disorder and Higher Functioning Autism: Same or Different? N. Minshew, C. Johnson, and B. Luna, The Cognitive and Neural Basis of Autism: A Disorder of Complex Information Processing and Dysfunction of Neocortical Systems. S. Baron-Cohen, Theory of Mind and Autism: A Review. P. Mundy and R. Neal, Neural Polasticity, Joint Attention and Autistic Development Pathology. H. Tager-Flusberg, Understanding the Language and Communicative Impairments in Autism. C. Dissanayake and M. Sigman, Attachment and Emotional Responsiveness in Children with Autism. M. Seltzer, M.W. Krauss, G.I. Orsmond, and C. Vestal, Families of Adolescents and Adults with Autism: Uncharted Territory.
- Data Publicarii : 11 Oct 2000
- Format : Hardback
- Numar pagini : 312
Adauga in:


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The bathtub faucet is the furniture of the bathtub. As other kinds of the furniture, there must be found the time when the moment of leaking bathtub faucet can be found. That is actually the kind of bad situation for people because at that time the need for the good function of it is increasing. People must do some acts for solving the problem and that is actually not a pleasant moment.
In other words, it can be said that not all people can appropriate for dealing with the leaking bathtub faucet. Actually, most of the people will not do the act because it is an abnormal situation. Of course that is a normal situation since all of the people usually like to have the working tool even if that relates to the function of the bathtub faucet.
There are some acts that can be chosen by people for solving the problem of leaking bathtub faucet. Some people will choose to repair the bathtub faucet. Some of the other people will choose for replacing it with the new one. Then, the worst acts can be chosen by people is replacing it with no tool like that because they have lost their trusty feeling toward the tool itself.


text:
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The Country Women's Association of Australia has long been renowned for its work in support of rural families and communities, and for its members' cooking and catering.
Their baked and bottled goods are must-see exhibits at local shows, and there are always long queues for the 'tea and scones' and other treats they serve up at many public functions. Their catering activities have made a huge contribution to the CWA's fundraising efforts. Now the CWA is sharing its secrets, in this brand new series of cookbooks.
There are tried-and-true recipes from CWA branch members all around Australia, so you too can turn simple ingredients into delicious and nutritious dishes that will please everyone at your table. Royalties from this series will help the CWA continue to fund a postgraduate scholarship for a health-care worker in a rural or remote area.
Audience: General
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 192
Published: June 2009
Country of Publication: AU
Dimensions (cm): 22.0 x 18.5 x 1.4
Weight (kg): 0.55
Edition Number: 1


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 9, 1996
|Filing date
|Apr 5, 1994
|Priority date
|Apr 5, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Freeman L. Rawson, III, Guy G. Sotomayor, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (37), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to power management of a data processing system, and in particular to a method and system for object oriented power management of a data processing system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Managing and conserving the usage of electrical power in computing equipment such as portable laptops and tablets is a primary engineering design concern. Of particular concern in mobile computing equipment, which typically operate with a battery as its primary source of power, is the conservation of electrical power in order to maximize operating time by efficiently managing and using the battery power. For example, one technique of power management powers down components of the computer system remaining idle for a specified period of time.
In many portable units, a self supporting power source, such as a battery, functions as the main power source when the unit is decoupled from its main external power source, such as 110 volts AC. In some instances, the battery functions as an auxiliary power source to maintain certain critical circuits active when the unit experiences a sudden loss of power. This keeps the unit's memory alive to retain any information stored in the memory which would be lost otherwise. Advanced management schemes monitor various functions and remove power from those elements when they are not needed to extend the time period that the device could operate from its internal power source. Further, a time out scheme puts the unit in a stand-by mode after a certain time period in order to preserve power. For example, it is common for modern laptop computers to remove power from their display screen when the computer remains idle for a specified period of time.
Laptops are designed to operate for a certain number of hours from its internal power source. In order to extend the self-sustaining time period of these laptops while keeping the battery size and weight to a minimum, a sophisticated power management scheme is required to provide power only to those circuits and devices which require such power and to remove power or make a given circuit enter into a low power consumption mode when that circuit is not needed. The management scheme must also continually monitor the various circuits and devices in order that power can be reapplied immediately to activate such circuits and devices when needed.
More significantly, large modern mainframe computers have complex configurations which require large amounts of power. Management and budgeting of the available power to these large systems presents similar problems as those presented in addressing laptop power management. For example, the computer system may have a limited supply of power to operate the system which has a potential consumption that far exceeds this power supply. A power management system is required to budget the power throughout the system.
The current generation of power management techniques have a number of problems. The first problem with modern power management systems in mainframe computers and laptops alike is that the power management architecture is system specific. It would be desirable to provide a power management architecture which can be utilized with any computer system. Further, it would be desirable to provide a power management architecture which can operate on any computer system but which can be customized to any desired configuration by designing the rules to which the architecture responds so that they meet the desired power criteria optimized for the computer system.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide the power management architecture which has broad application to different types of systems. The operating system or kernel to which an architecture is designed may eventually run on a variety of computer systems. This requires that the power management architecture be general and enduring in systems ranging from a hand-held relatively fixed function system to a high powered system that has thousands of processors. Each type of system imposes its own key requirements that must be satisfied by the power management architecture. The following list of system types describes each type of system and what its key requirements might be.
1. MPP Systems
These systems are "Massively Parallel Processor" systems that may contain hundreds or thousands of processing elements. The goal of these types of systems is to provide "raw" performance. That performance is usually oriented towards processing power but usually has fairly high bandwidth I/O for feeding the processor performance. Anything that would tend to inhibit or limit the performance of the system is to be avoided. A power management architecture must be capable of not interfering with the system's performance.
2. Server Systems
These systems are used for delivering some service to a number of other client systems. Typically they are used as a file service providing (relatively) large numbers of files to multiple clients. However this type of system can be used to provide any type of service that is to be shared (i.e. printers). The main requirement that these systems have is that the data is reliable and the service is available a high percentage of the time. A power management architecture can augment the needs of a server system by notifying the system of impending power outages and possibly switching to backup power sources to "ride out" the power outage.
3. Desktop Systems
These systems are used primarily by end users and are the systems that end users typically interact with. While there are many attributes about this type of system that concern end users, the one that is probably the most important for end user satisfaction is response time. That is, when a user initiates some action on the system, the time in which it takes for the user to "see" some response in large part determines the user's satisfaction with the system and greatly influences the user's perception of the speed or performance of the system. A power management architecture must not cause large (perceptible) increases in the response time of this type of system.
4. Laptop Systems
These types of systems are similar to desktop systems in that they are used by end users. However, unlike desktop systems (which remain largely in one location) these systems are mobil. That is they are moved around alot. As part of the mobility of these systems, there is a portable power supply (usually in the form of a battery). As in desktop systems, laptop systems have response time as an important criteria. However, because of their mobility, there is the requirement that the portable power supply provide power for as long a period of time as possible. This is sometimes at odds with the desire for fast response time, but some response time is usually traded off to obtain longer battery life. These types of systems are where the majority of the focus of power management has been placed in the past. This will continue to be true until either power consumption of the system itself can be greatly reduced so as to increase battery life, or battery technology becomes sufficiently advanced to where power consumption is no longer a concern, or more likely some combination of refinement where power consumption is somewhat reduced and battery technology is refined to yield the desired "long" battery life.
5. Embedded Systems
These types of systems fall into two sub-categories. "Single board computers" that are usually used in some type of process control such as plant floor controllers, and "controllers" that are used as part of a sub-system in another type of system such as a disk controller in a server system. The main focus of these types of system is usually real-time. That is, the software has certain expectations of the system performance characteristics that it relies on to achieve correct operation (i.e. program correctness is judged not only on algorithmic correctness but also contains a time component). A power management architecture must allow for real-time applications to operate in a manner so as to allow them to meet their timing criteria.
6. PDA Systems
These systems are "Personal Digital Assistants" or hand-held systems. They are much smaller than laptop systems and are usually not as flexible as their more general counter-part systems. There are two main requirements that PDA systems exhibit. The first is extremely long battery life. If a laptop system's battery life is measured in hours or a few days, a PDA system's battery life is measured in at least months. Performance of the system is usually traded off to achieve a long battery life. The other requirement is what is called "instant on." That is the "boot" sequence for a PDA is measured in fractions of a second.
In addition to laptops and PDA's, power management is becoming important in all these types of systems. In all systems, there needs to be a power supply. In stationary systems it is the power supply that converts the wall supply (120 V, 60 HZ in the U.S.) to the various DC voltages needed internally in the system. The more current required for a given voltage, the larger the power supply. Larger power supplies generally cost more than smaller power supplies. To keep the cost of the system down, a manufacturer will use the smallest power supply that is believed to get the job done. However, the end user may wish to configure a system that can consume more power than the supply can provide. Historically, the user would usually resort to a purchasing a system with a larger power supply at greater cost. It would be desirable to have a system that budgets power in the system to solve this problem.
Another problem may arise in a system using a wall supply. A power supply that is capable of producing more power internal to the system, by necessity must require more input power. In certain situations, it is not possible to get more input power. Take for example an installation that has 100 systems that each consume 500 watts. This results in an overall power consumption of 50 KW. If the building that these systems is located in is capable of supporting a 60 KW load, everything is fine. But if those systems were to be replaced with systems that consume 750 watts each, there would be a problem because the total power consumption would be 75 KW which is 15 KW over what the building can support. This is why one sees more and more of the low power consuming "green machines" appearing. Therefore, power management is important to all types of systems and not just laptops and PDAs.
The power management architecture must not rely on any implementation specifics in order to define the architecture. For example, some processor architectures have specific additions to deal with power management (such as special execution modes for power management code). The power management architectural definition must not presume particular processor architectural features. This would severely limit the applicability of the architecture to other processor architectures.
Machines like the IBM Thinkpad series laptops are based on the Intel Advanced Power Management Architecture and its precursors. These techniques are limited to specialized Intel architecture processors in the SL series and do not work for software systems that are based on open systems technology.
Advanced Power Management uses a specialized processor mode called System Management Mode to execute code that handles power events. Unfortunately, the use of such a mode violates the architectural principles of open systems. Open systems assume that they have complete control over processor operation. They execute solely in the ordinary privileged mode of the machine, generally with the address translator active. In the presence of real time work, all the scheduling and all the algorithms used to manage the processor resources are invalidated if the hardware enters System Management Mode.
Moreover, on multiprocessor systems, if one processor enters System Management Mode, the other processors in the multiprocessor complex may conclude that it has failed and attempt to eliminate it from the system. Should the process ever resume normal execution, the system becomes inoperable. In addition, if a processor enters system management mode while processing in a multiprocessor complex, deadlock may occur during certain particular types of critical sections of the process. For instance, if the operating system kernel is doing a Translation Lookaside Buffer shootdown, processors go through a sequence of spin and acknowledge cycles. Should a processor that is spinning enter system management mode, all of the processors in the system can wind up spinning.
Finally, Advanced Power Management depends upon the existence and use of a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). Open systems do not use BIOS since they are portable, may offer real time support, execute on multiprocessor hardware and provide directly all of the functions of the BIOS layer. As can be seen by the problems detailed above, Advanced Power Management cannot be used on open systems.
When the notion of "real time" is introduced, traditional power management designs tend to break down, in that they would tend to solve the problem by either disallowing "real time" applications from running, or turning off power management. This results in a very sub-optimal solution. If one considers that multimedia is a real time application and that they are becoming more prevalent in the marketplace, then real time is very much a consideration that must be dealt with by a power management architecture. The reason that "real time" is hard when considered with power management, is that "real time" requires predictable availability of service (i.e. known subsystem response times). Traditional power management on the other hand is under no obligation to provide consistent subsystem response time, its goal is to reduce power at the expense of performance and subsystem response time and that those two parameters are likely to vary depending upon "perceived" system activity.
In addition to the non-portability of modern power management systems and the inability to budget the total power consumed in the system, current power management systems take no account of the power costs associated with making a transition from one power state to another, nor are they capable of budgeting power. The prior art is only capable of minimizing the power consumption of the computer system components. No value is placed on the power requirements of a given state, and state transitions are assumed to be of zero cost and instantaneous. For example, in an effort to minimize power consumption, the power management will assume that the disk drive consumes more power while in operation and much less when spun down. Thus, if the disk drive is not used for a time, the power management will shut the disk down. The problem with this simplistic approach to power management is that it does not take into consideration the power consumed while spinning the disk down or the power consumed while spinning the disk back up to be used again. Thus, if the disk drive consumes a different amount of power and takes some time to spin down and a different amount of power and time to spin up, the power management architecture should take these costs into account when determining the desirability of shutting down the disk drive to conserve power.
A related problem is that of thermal management. It would be desirable for the power management system to take into account the thermal affects on power consumption and supply, component reliability and overall system performance when making decisions about the proper distribution and power throughout the computer system.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a power management architecture for a data processing system which is not hardware specific. This would remove the need to redesign the power management architecture for each computer application. By making the power management more portable across platforms, its structure would be simplified, allowing more complex control functions to be easily incorporated into the power management. It would further be desirable for such a system to budget the available power throughout the system. Still further, the power management architecture must not rely on any implementation specifics in order to define the architecture. The power management system would also take into account the power cost of state transitions. Last, the power management system should take into account the thermal effects on power consumption and supply.
According to the present invention, a power management architecture in a data processing system comprising physical devices has at least one state, each state having a corresponding power value, and where a system state is defined as the set of all current states of the physical devices. Power objects and thermal objects, each corresponding to a physical device, contain information about the power requirements and thermal characteristics of each possible state for that physical device. The power and thermal objects also describe the allowed state transitions from each possible state to another state and the power requirements and thermal characteristics of all possible state transitions. Also communicated is the current state of each physical device. Event means generate signals indicating the occurrence of an event in the system. A policy module contains rules, implementing the power management, that direct an action, the rules being a function of events and of power object information. A controller, in communication with the physical devices, the thermal and power objects, the event means, and the policy module, changes the state of any one of the physical devices in response to an event. The controller determines whether to change a physical device state based on the policy module rules.
The above as well as additional objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed written description.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a diagram of the computer system components managed by the power management architecture of the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of the computer system power objects corresponding to the computer systems components managed by the power management architecture of the present invention;
FIG. 3 graphically depicts the contents of a power envelope object;
FIG. 4 is a graphical diagram of the objects associated with a physical device according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 graphically depicts the contents of an event source object according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graphical diagram of the physical device according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 graphically depicts the contents of an event source object according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graphical diagram of the physical device according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 graphically depicts the contents of an event source object according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 displays a table of the logical steps performed by a controller when implementing an example of policy module rules;
FIG. 11 depicts a subsystem relationship model of an alternative preferred embodiment of the preferred invention;
FIG. 12A and 12B depict the Power Management Framework including its objects and the relationships between objects;
FIG. 13 diagrams the Power Management States Subsystem including its objects and the relationships between objects; and
FIG. 14 diagrams the Power Management Event Subsystem including its objects and their relationships.
The present invention of a power management architecture is described in its preferred embodiment as utilized in a laptop computer. However, it is understood that the present invention should not be limited to its application in laptop computers. The present invention is capable of operating in, and intended to be equally applicable to, any computer system. The present invention is a power management architecture which can be incorporated into any computer system because the mechanism of the architecture and the policy rules which direct that mechanism are independent, thus allowing the portability of the mechanism, the policy, or both.
Referring now to the figures, and in particular to FIG. 1, there is depicted a diagram of the computer system components managed by a preferred embodiment of the power management architecture of the present invention. In this simplistic example, there are nine physical devices within a laptop computer managed by power management. FIG. 1 shows nine physical devices controlled by the power management architecture: CPU 31, memory 32, display 33, backlight 34 (wherein the back light provides back lighting to the display), disk drive 35, keyboard 36, fan 37, battery 38, and AC adapter 39. These components comprise elements which are power managed in a laptop computer. For each physical device there is an associated "device object" as seen in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 shows nine physical device objects: CPU object 40, memory object 45, display object 50, back light object 55, disk drive object 60, keyboard object 65, fan object 70, AC adapter object 90 and battery object 80. An object as used in this specification refers to a software module, containing data sets and possibly procedures, as that term is widely understood by computer programmers and software system engineers. Objects possess logical states and attributes, relations to other objects, and dynamic capabilities that may alter these across time. Each object is a potentially active, autonomously sequential agent, performing at most one activity at a time. Objects communicate by generating events. The nature of event generation varies, and may include point-to-point messages and non-specific requests. Events may trigger transitions or new events. Moreover, although the preferred embodiment uses object-oriented programming to enable the present invention, any method of programming or system design could be used to practice the power management architecture of the present invention in other embodiments.
The device objects are contained within power envelope 100. Power envelope 100 provides a means for logically grouping managed objects of a particular class. Envelopes are a convenient way to represent the topology of the system by dividing it into envelopes, and by defining the relationships between those envelopes. For example, power objects contained in an envelope either supply power to objects in that envelope or consume power from a supplier object. In this way, the power distribution topology of the system is defined by the nesting of power objects in the power envelope. Power envelope 100 is itself a "Managed Object." A Managed Object is an object controlled by the power management architecture through controller 110. The controller 110 is a processor or other logical engine for performing a procedure.
Policy module 120 is an object containing the rules by which the power management architecture distributes and controls power supply and consumption in the computer system, and maintains and controls thermal transfer in the computer system. Policy module 120 is directly fed into controller 110. Controller 110 carries out the desired power management by determining the configuration and current state of envelope 100 and calculating the actions dictated by the rules of policy module 120. The controller 110 then changes the state of the physical devices contained in the computer to implement the power management.
FIGS. 3-9 graphically depict the structure of software objects in the present invention. A solid-lined box represents a logical object as they are conceptualized in object-oriented programming. The dashed-lined boxes represent a fully specified instance of a real object. In other words, a dashed-lined box the actual software module or object that is implemented to practice the present invention. Each logical object contains fields presenting multiple attributes of that object. The logical objects are just a useful tool for grouping these attributes based on the type of physical device object but do not represent software implemented independent objects. The reference number used in referring to a logical object will be the number shown in the "id" field of the object. Objects without "id" fields have external reference numbers.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a graphical depiction of the contents of an "envelope object." "Power envelope object" 100 embodies the objects used to control electrical power. A "thermal envelope object" would embody the objects used to control thermal transfer. Managed Object 1 is identified to the power management architecture by its I.D. number "1". Its type is identified as an "Envelope" Managed Object, indicating that it provides a logical container for a class of objects that are managed by the power management. This Managed Object is not contained in any other envelopes as is indicated by the "contained in=0". Also as indicated, the Power Envelope object does not originate an event source. Object 140 identifies the class of objects contained in the envelope. In this case, the envelope is classified as a "power" type, therefore containing only power objects. Also shown is the policy module to which that class is subjected. Object 150 provides information on which physical devices contained in the power envelope are suppliers of power and which are consumers of power. In the laptop computer example, the battery would be indicated as a supplier of power and the CPU, memory, display, back light, disk, keyboard, and fan would all be indicated as consumers.
If the envelope object was a thermal envelope, the battery, CPU, memory, display, back light, disk, keyboard and fan would all be indicated as sources of heat. But the fan, being capable of transferring heat by convection, would be labeled a heat sink as well.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a graphical diagram of the logical objects representing a power consumer physical device object, the possible states for that device object and the allowed transitions. Managed Object 2 is identified as I.D. number 2. For this example, the managed device is the CPU. Thus, the Managed Object type is a "Physical Object", which is contained in Managed Object 1, corresponding to the power envelope 100. Thus, Managed Object 2 is the CPU power object.
Object 180 identifies the CPU device object as a power object. The power object 190 describes the power specifications of the CPU. The allowed states for the CPU are identified as Physical States 3, 4, and 5. The power object 190 also identifies the current state of the CPU by identifying which of the states 3, 4, or 5 that the CPU is occupying at a given moment in time. "Description" information identifies the physical device corresponding to the Managed Object 2.
Object 190 identifies the physical object 180 as a "consumer" of power. A consumer uses more energy while operating than it produces. The other possible type of power object would be a "supplier." A supplier produces more energy than it consumes while in operation.
As shown in FIG. 4, Physical State 3 is at a 100% performance level for the CPU. The power level required to maintain this physical state is 5 watts. The only allowed transition that the CPU can make from Physical State 3 is by Physical Transition 6. Thus, the CPU is only capable of moving from its 100% performance state through this Physical Transition. The information provided for this Physical Transition includes the state in which the transition will start and the state in which the transition will end. In this case, the transition is from Physical State 3 to Physical State 4. Thus, while operating at full power, the only allowed change in state for the CPU is to reduce to half performance at Physical State 4. This Physical Transition is identified as consuming 5 watts of power and requiring 1 millisecond of time to perform.
Physical State 4 represents the state where the CPU is operating at half performance. While operating in this state, the CPU will consume 3 watts of power. The only allowed transitions from Physical State 4 are indicated as Physical Transition 7 and Physical Transition 8. Physical Transition 7 takes the CPU from 50% performance up to 100% performance as indicated by the starting state of 4 and the ending state of 3. This Physical Transition will require 5 watts of power over a time of 1.5 milliseconds.
Physical Transition 8 allows the CPU to transition from 50% performance to shut down. This is indicated by the starting state 4 and the ending state 5. This transition consumes 3 watts of power and takes 2 milliseconds of time.
If the CPU is presently shut down, its current state is Physical State number 5. In this state, the CPU does not consume any power. The allowed physical transitions from this state are Physical Transition 9 and 10. Physical Transition 9 takes the CPU from shut down into 50% performance. Physical Transition 10 takes the CPU from Physical State 5 to Physical State 3, or full power.
An "event source object" is an object which communicates the occurrence of a physical event to a power management controller. An example of an "event source object" would be an object which provides a message to the power management controller 110 when the laptop is plugged into an AC outlet or when power is lost on the AC outlet. As another example, an event source object associated with the keyboard indicates when a key has been pressed.
Referring now to FIG. 5, Managed Object 11 is an event source object. The attributes listed for this object are that its identification number is 11, it is an event source, it is contained in Managed Object 1, and that the possible Generatable Events by this object are 12, 13, 41 and 42. Another possible attribute could be an indication of the policy module that is a function of this event source. Generatable event 12 describes when the CPU has become busy. Generatable event 13 describes when the CPU has remained idle for a certain specified time. This generatable event is a "threshold" type of event in that this event is generated when the threshold has been exceeded. In this example, it is seen that the threshold value is 250 milliseconds of idle CPU time. Generatable event 41 is a threshold type event indicating that the CPU has been operating at a high load or speed for longer than the threshold value of 1.5 seconds. Generatable event 42 is a threshold type event indicating that the CPU has been operating at a low load for greater than the threshold value of half of a second.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any number of attributes of a physical device could be reported by the object to the power management controller. The type of information which the Managed Object would provide to the controller will depend on the particular power management scheme the system designer imposes on the computer system. The balance of factors and tradeoffs of features that embody that scheme are integrated into the rules provided by the policy module. These rules may be designed to budget power among the physical devices, to make a tradeoff of power for better performance, or to sacrifice power in order to improve reliability of physical devices. Thus, in implementing the power management, the controller determines whether to change a physical device's state based on the policy module rules as a function of the current state of all the physical devices in the system, any event that has occurred, and the power object information providing the attributes of all possible states and transitional states of the physical devices.
A second example of a managed, physical, power consumer is a disk drive whose objects are depicted in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. Referring to FIG. 6, the displayed attributes of the disk drive object 60 is that the managed object's identification number is 14, it is a physical object, and a power consumer contained in the power management envelope. The two physical states allowed for Managed Object 14 are Physical State 15 and Physical State 16. These physical states are reported to the power management controller by the Managed Object as having the attributes as listed in FIG. 6. These attributes include an identification number for the Physical State, the type of Physical State, the possible transitions from this Physical State and the performance level of this physical device in this state. The disk drive has a Physical State 15 of "spun up", where the disk drive is operating at full power and is consuming 8 watts. From this spun up state there is only one physical transition, Physical Transition 17. This Physical Transition takes 20 seconds and consumes 10 watts of power. This "spin down" Physical Transition takes the disk drive from the spun up state to the "spun down" state of Physical State 16. In Physical State 16 the disk drive consumes no power, and is only allowed to change states through one physical transition, Physical Transition 18. This physical transition takes the disk drive from a spun down state to the spun up state. To spin up, the disk drive consumes 12 watts of power for 30 seconds.
In a similar manner to the CPU example, an event object presents signals to the controller indicating a reportable event has occurred in the disk drive. As shown in FIG. 7, Managed Object 19 provides three generatable events (signals or messages) to the controller. These are Generatable Event 20, indicating that the disk has become busy, Generatable Event 21 indicating the disk has pending work and Generatable Event 22 indicating that the disk has remained idle for a certain period of time. These generatable events are all threshold type events which require either some minimum time, or in the case of Generatable Event 21, a minimum number of disk access requests. When the threshold is met, the event source sends a generatable event signal. Although Managed Object 19 has been described as a separate object, the disk drive object could function as an event source object by being capable of maintaining generatable events. For example, disk drive object 60 could have the dual function of acting as the disk drive power consumer object and as an event source object of disk drive generatable events.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a graphical representation of the power object 65 for a third example of a physical power consumer, a computer keyboard. The keyboard Managed Object 23 has Physical State 24, the state of 100% performance, and Physical State 25, the state of zero performance. The only allowed physical transitions, Physical Transition 26 and 27, describe the specifications for transferring the keyboard from full operation to shut down. In FIG. 9, Managed Object 28 is an event source object having two generatable events. Generatable Event 29 signals when a key has been pressed, and Generatable Event 30 is a threshold type event source signal indicating keyboard idle time.
Thermal objects are created in a similar way. A thermal object would correspond to a physical device. The thermal object would contain information about the thermal requirements or specifications of each possible state for that physical device. Moreover, the thermal object would transmit the current state of the physical device and provide a thermal value for that state. This thermal value could be an actual temperature as sensed from a temperature sensor, or it could be the heat transfer of the physical device as measured in watts.
A very simplistic example of the types of rules that are programmed into the policy module 120 by the power management system designer are shown in FIG. 10. Displayed is a table having three columns. Column one is the "event" column, describing ten possible events which would be sensed and communicated as an event by an event source object. Row one and row two involve the same event, the "CPU became busy." The rules of policy module 120 would require that the controller look at the condition of the system state, and in particular, the power load on the battery, as shown in the "conditions" column. Having access to the power object for the battery, the controller is able to obtain the current state of the battery in order to compose the system model. The controller will know whether the power load on the battery is low or high. Depending on the result, the policy module rules require a specific action, as shown in the "action" column. If the power load on the battery is low, the rules require that the CPU be placed into state number 3. If the power load on the battery is high, the rules require that the CPU be placed into state number 4. In this particular example, the controller determined whether to change the current state of the CPU, and to which state the CPU should be transferred, based on the policy module rules as a function of the system state (i.e. the condition of the system), and in the event. In this example, if the power load on the battery was low and the current state of the CPU was state number 3, the controller would determine that the required action was no action at all. However in that example, if the power load on the battery was high, the CPU would be switched from state number 3 to state number 4.
Row number three and row number four show examples of policy module rules that are functions only of events. If the CPU is idle, the rule in row number three requires that the CPU be placed in state number 5. The condition of the system is irrelevant when processing that particular rule. Row number six and row number seven provide similar examples pertaining to the disk drive.
Row number eight exemplifies a more complex policy module rule. This rule requires that the controller determine whether to change a physical device state, or the system state, based on the policy module rule as a function of the system state, power object attributes, and an event. For this example, the event source is that the disk is idle. The conditions under which this rule is implemented require the controller to take into account both the current state of the disk drive and the disk drive attributes as reported by the disk drive power object. The disk drive power object has provided information that includes the time for the disk drive to spin down, Tsd, the power consumed in making this state transition of spinning down, Psd, the time it will take the disk drive to spin up again, Tsu, the power consumed by the disk drive to make the state transition of spinning up, Psu, and the power consumed by the disk drive while staying in the spinning state, Ps. Thus, the controller can make the "condition" calculation, and then, based on the expected idle time, determine whether the action of placing the disk into state number 16 is required. In this way, the power management architecture designer has created a rule which allows the controller to determine the most efficient course of action by weighing the power consumed by leaving the disk drive in its current spinning state against the overall power consumption of spinning the disk down and then spinning the disk back up to be used at a later time.
The examples of FIG. 10 exemplify the flexibility attained by the power management architecture of the present invention. The power objects, event objects and the policy module all function with the controller independent of the specific type of hardware in which the power management architecture has been implemented. In accordance with the present invention, the framework and functions of the power management architecture provide a power management system for use in any computer platform desired. Thus, the present invention can be used in a laptop computer or in a massive multiprocessor system. However, to be implemented in a system, the physical objects need to be configured for specific attributes of the corresponding physical device to which it is assigned. Moreover, a broad based generic policy module, not designed for a specific system, may not promote sufficient efficiency in a particular application. Thus, the policy module could be designed with more hardware specific rules.
Referring now to FIG. 11, there is depicted a subsystem relationship model of an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention. The alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention is an object-oriented power management architecture. Power management framework (PMF) 200 is the subsystem containing the objects and devices that comprise the elemental structure of power management. The power management events subsystem (PME) 300 contains and handles all event objects including generatable events. The relationship between PMF 200 and PME 300 is defined by the relationships R51, R53 and R52 connecting them. (These relationships are defined below). The power management state subsystem (PMS) 400 contains the objects that define the physical states and physical transitions of the power management. PMS 400 is connected to PMF 200 through two sets of relationships: R42, R43, and R44 as one set, and R40, R41 and R45 as a second set. (These also are defined below.)
In order to simplify the description of FIGS. 12-14 all objects and all relationships are described using a standard format. In the figures, boxes represent objects, and diamonds represent a relationship between two objects. In the following listing the standard format for objects (i.e. boxes in the diagram) is as follows:
[#]. [object name] [Object attribute, etc.]
Description: [A description of the object and its characteristics.]
Underneath each object description, there is included a description for each of the attributes provided by that object. The format for those attributes is as follows:
[#].X [relationship name]
Description: [An explanation of the attribute]
The relationships between objects, shown as diamonds in the diagrams, are also presented in a standard format as follows:
R[#]. [relationship]
Description: [A simple description of the relationship.]
Note that the identification number in front of the name of an object and the identification number in front of the name of a relationship correspond to the reference numerals in the figures.
The notation used in the figures which identify the functions of relationships is derived from the well known Shlaer-Mellor notation. This notation is well known in the art. A description of this notation is given in Shlaer and Mellor, "Object Oriented Systems Analysis: Modeling The World In Data", 1988 and in Shlaer and Mellor, "Object Life Cycles: Modeling The World In States", 1992. The notation provided here differs only slightly from that used by Shlaer-Mellor in that arrow heads are not used. Instead a one-two-one relationship is indicated by labelling each side of the relationship connectors with a "1." A relationship name from the perspective of each of the participating objects is added to the connecting lines and is set off by parenthesis. Multiplicity refers to the number of instances of an object that take part in a relationship and is indicated by an "M." The three fundamental multiplicity relationship forms are one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. These relationships are indicated on the diagrams using "1" or "M." Conditionality indicates whether each instance of an object must take part in a relationship in a conditional relationship there can be some instances of an object that do not participate in the relationship. The letter "C" is used to indicate conditionality on the diagram and is placed next to the relationship phrase that is sometimes true.
Referring now to FIG. 12-14, the following listing describes the objects contained in the figures, and the specific details that the power management framework is assuming as to how these objects behave. Following a listing of objects, a listing of relationships is provided which describes the relationships between the objects. FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B depicts the Power Management Framework including its objects and the relationships between objects. FIG. 13 diagrams the Power Management States Subsystem including its objects and the relationships between objects. FIG. 14 diagrams the power management events subsystem including its objects and their relationships. ##SPC1##
The above description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described in an object-oriented implementation. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced using a variety of software programming techniques other than object-oriented. The objects that have been described could be embodied in a multitude of data sets and software modules that operate and interact in a way identical to that described for the present invention. Although the object-oriented embodiment is preferred, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment.
According to the present invention, each of the physical objects, power objects and thermal objects contained in the power envelope communicate various attributes of managed physical devices to present a model of the actual physical system that the power management architecture is managing. Power objects convey information about the power consumption or usage of a physical device. Thermal objects convey information about the thermal conditions or heat transfer. The power object will provide information to the power management controller that includes the power requirements of each possible state for that physical device, any and all next possible states that the device can be transferred to from any given state, and the transitional power cost of making the transition to that next state. From this information, the controller can build a framework of the system being managed.
A more sophisticated power management architecture will take into account additional information or attributes about each of the physical devices in the system in order to compose an even more complex framework of the managed system. Additional attributes which may be provided by the power object could be the device reliability, or the time it will take to make a transition from one particular state to another. The power objects are also able to determine and then communicate to the controller the state which is currently being occupied, or the "current state", of its corresponding physical device From the set of all current states, the controller is able to build a model of the "system state" as it exists at a particular time.
The controller is also in communication with event objects. A real event in the physical system will generate an event source signal by the event source object. Examples of physical events are the CPU remaining idle for a threshold period of time, the disk drive receiving a threshold amount of requests for access to disk data, and a keyboard keypress. When such events occur, the controller must determine whether to change the system state in response to the event. The controller makes this determination based on the rules provided by the policy module. The policy module rules are a function of the event, the system state, and the information or attributes provided by the power or thermal objects. The event signal received invokes certain rules. These rules analyze the model of the system state in terms of the possible changes to that system state that are allowable within the framework defined by the power objects. From these rules, as they are structured by the power management designer, the controller is dictated an action to be performed, thereby implementing the power management. This action may require that no change be made to the system state, or that the state of any one of the plurality of physical devices be changed.
As a more general power management architecture is contemplated, it should be noted that the thermal loads and characteristics must also be taken into account as this may have some effect on the power used in the system. For example as the internal temperature of a system rises, one or more fans may have to be turned on. Since power consumption and heat generation in a system are usually closely related, it makes sense to expand the notion of power management to include thermal management as well. It turns out that in many cases the mechanisms necessary for thermal management are similar to those required for power management, especially in critical situations (i.e. low power and exceeding thermal limits require similar mechanisms and policies).
The power management architecture of the present invention is intended to be general and comprehensive enough to cover all system types on which power management would be implemented. To achieve this, the architecture is split between its mechanism, comprised of physical objects and event objects, and the policy module containing the rules required to implement the power management architecture on a specific system. The mechanisms have no notion of the policy rules that may be using them. The power management policy module has no specific knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. The controller of the power management effects changes in the power use of the system by using the interfaces provided by the mechanism based on the policy module rules and the objects of the mechanism.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 10, 1995
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RAWSON, FREEMAN L., III;SOTOMAYOR, GUY GIL JR.;REEL/FRAME:007399/0298
Effective date: 19950302
|Dec 29, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 25, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 21, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Coming to a pond near you
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This quacks me up.
No, really! ;-)
this is quacktastic. ive been waiting a long time for a product like this to come along.
Do any of you old-timers remember a page from u&lc from perhaps the mid-70s that showed an entire alphabet made from identical pretzels bitten off in particular ways?
As I recall the story, an art director was watching the telly with his family, bit off a couple of pretzels and remarked on how well they seemed to work as letters. After that the whole family pitched in on the project. The alphabet was even accompanied with a full complement of numerals and punctuation. (no old style figs, though!)
I have a copy slide of that page because I used to include in my lectures for a bit of levity. If I can hunt it up I'll post it.
I remember that: these days, it would go for a fortune on eBay.... ;-)


text:
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