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£25k fundraising challenge approaches half way mark
Monies from last weekend's skydive has still to be counted, but the #ArenaTeam are hopeful that we've reached the half way mark towards our ambitious total of £25,000.
With activities from raffles and cake bakes to skydives and head shaves already under our belts, there's still time and some 10k running, a Tough Mudder challenge and no doubt a wealth of other weird and wonderful fundraising alternatives still to come for our intrepid team.
As our 25th year approached, we set out to mark this anniversary by supporting some important local charities: Rotherham Hospice, East Lancashire Hospice and Wakefield Hospice. The ambitious target of £25,000 was set.
And with your help, we can do it!
Click through to find out what it feels like to jump 3 miles for these important causes. https://youtu.be/FZKEsA2avKI
Better still, click here to DONATE: http://bit.do/25for25.
You can also follow what we're up to on Twitter @ArenaGroup #Arena25th #25for25 #ArenaTeam
Arena in the Community | Arena People


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When Heidi Klum is carrying her button bag, you know that's a bad sign. That proved to be the case this week as the Klum of Doom helped place contestants on two leaderless teams, leaving volatile contestants like Josh, Bert and Becky to work together in an intense challenge.
Tim Gunn met the designers in the workroom, where he introduced the HP/Intel challenge: create several textile designs from scratch, use those textiles in a five-piece collection and produce your own runway show and include background video and music. Designer Betsey Johnson popped by to offer a few words of wisdom, too.
Teams got to work conceptualizing and choosing names. Team "Chaos" – named for its busy textiles – consisted of Anthony Ryan, Anya, Viktor, Olivier and Bryce. Team "Nuts and Bolts," which got its name from the clock theme it chose for its collection, included Josh, Laura, Kim, Becky and Bert. "Josh, Bert, Becky all on one team? That is just a disaster waiting to happen," Anya said. She was right.
As soon as everyone began designing, Josh went off on Bert, criticizing him for cursing in conversation. Before things got too heated, though, the team split up, with Kimberly, Becky and Bert heading to Mood and Laura and Josh setting out to film the background video for their show. To continue with their time motif, they filmed Laura running around New York as a stylish woman who's always late for events.
Meanwhile, Viktor and Bryce went to Times Square to film moving LED lights, people walking, water splashing – the "chaotic noise" of New York, they called it. As day one was winding down, Josh made a very public apology to his teammates and Bert, even offering the senior designer a friendly hug.
On day two, the custom textiles arrived: Nuts and Bolts used literal items like numbers, cogs and the words "cancelled" and "delayed" written like graffiti, while Chaos went with black-and-white patterns inspired by the Rorschach test. Tim loved the cohesion of Chaos's looks, like Anya's open-back cocktail dress and Viktor's inkblot black-and-white gown.
Nuts and Bolts struggled, though; Tim was "troubled" by many of the contestants' looks, and even made them hold hands and vow to be honest and communicate with one another. In the meantime, Josh suffered a mini-meltdown, recalling how he wasn't able to rush to his mother's bedside when she passed away two years ago because he was in New York, trying to make his fashion dreams come true. A sweet phone call with his dad lifted his spirits, though.
On the runway, where designer Rachel Roy and Bridesmaids star Rose Byrne served as guest judges, the differences in the two teams' work was obvious. For Nuts and Bolts, Josh created a black-and-white blazer with a blue cami and graffiti-printed pants; Becky made a black jacket, green top and graffiti-printed skirt; Bert made a one-shoulder, mid-calf dress with the cog textile; Laura designed a blue jumpsuit; and Kimberly made a voluminous skirt and blouse.
Team Chaos stuck with a black-and-white theme, as Anya sent her cute cocktail dress down the runway; Bryce made an airy red top and printed shorts; Anthony Ryan designed a printed, collared top with white skirt and red necktie; Olivier made an exquisitely tailored jacket and printed pants; and Viktor dazzled with the black-and-white inkblot gown.
During judging for Nuts and Bolts, many flaws were discussed, like the busyness and literal look of the team's prints, the "hooker convention" of a background video (per Michael Kors) and the negative vibes between designers. Bert and Becky told the judges they thought Josh was the weakest link, while Josh and Kimberly said Becky was the one who should go home. Not surprisingly, Josh and Becky ended up in the bottom two.
Meanwhile, Chaos earned points for a truly cohesive collection, and though the judges gushed over Viktor's gown and Olivier's tailored jacket, Anya earned her first win for her just-right cocktail dress.
Becky was eventually sent home – though the judges recognized she has a talent for sewing, they thought her look was weak, and that she was lacking a point of view. "I don't think I deserved to go home today," she said icily as she packed her supplies. "I know I'm a good designer."

subset: commoncrawl


text: Yea there is a website you can go on to get all the info u need, they make it to fit your z mower or the back of your truck. and for the price of it it would cut time in half on leaf jobs so it would definitely be worth it. Im probably going to pick one up for next fall.


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Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by EmOtaku, Sep 12, 2010.
How do you switch the default navigation from VZ Nav to Google?
I just use a navigation launcher. The one I use is no longer available in the Market, but there are several to choose from. They all launch Google Navigation, and most will store destinations as favorites.
I don't know how the APK's are done, but the CarHome.apk may be edited to go to Google Navigator and Google Maps instead. But I'm sure these would need to be implemented into /system/app/
If you are willing to root, or already have, try this:
Works like a charm and makes the soft key load google search and google voice search (which will go to nav if you something like "Navigate to XYZ").
Once you have Google Maps downloaded (includes Nav), click on and address that would normally open a map (like and address section in one of your contacts). It will ask if you want to open in Google Maps or Bing , select Google and check the "Use as default" button. This will default your maps.
The phone comes pre-installed with a "Voice Search" app. Add that to your desktop for 1-click access to voice commands from Google, i.e. "Navigate to Starbucks". If you use that, and for some reason you get a choice again of Google Nav and VZW Nav, just select Google and check "default" again.
It works nicely for me.
If you follow the Google Search on the Sticky, then you will have Voice Search by holding down the Search Button. But for those that have a Car Dock, they want all of those to default to Google Maps/Navigator.
You need root the phone to have Google voice search by holding the search button. But the phone comes comes with the Google Voice Search app loaded. I am not sure why this keeps getting overlooked. It does the exact same thing as the search button hold would with root.
I agree with DonS. If you ARE in a car, would you rather do Voice Search than typing the search????
If you choose the latter, I don't want to be anywhere close to you on the street.
I DL Google Maps. I dropped the Navigation Icon onto a home screen. It launched the Google Navigation dialog. It presents options to "speak destination" and a few others. Defaults to google maps


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Losses Hurt College-Savings Plans
January 29, 2002
The popularity of so-called "529" college-saving accounts has been tempered somewhat by the realities of the market. While they offer generous benefits -- the money, when withdrawn to pay for college tuition, is taxed at the student's income tax rate, not the donor's -- the tax benefits don't mean much if the accounts lose money. This is particularly true with 529 portfolios offered in many states that are linked to a child's age.
- The plans are designed to carry less stock and more bonds each year --making them less risky the closer the student is to entering college.
- However, by cutting back on stocks in later years, the portfolios have less chance to produce gains if big losses occur in the early years of the account.
- For example, the Maine portfolio, run by AIM Management Group and targeted for children up to age 3, lost 21.6 percent last year, compared with a negative return for 11.87 percent for the Standard and Poor's 500 stock index.
- Despite the recent market downturn, 529 plans remain popular, with an estimated $7.1 billion in assets at the end of last year -- more than double the amount of a year earlier.
Still, investors must realize the difference between 529 and retirement plans. The latter are typically held 30 or 40 years, the former only up to 20 years -- so the shorter investment horizon means there is less time for big losses to be erased. Also, there is no standard 529 plan nationwide, and portfolio options differ state to state, even when administered by the same company.
Source: Tom Lauricella and Aaron Lucchetti, "Losses on New College-Saving Plans Sting," Wall Street Journal, January 25, 2002.
Browse more articles on Education Issues


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The hard drive is one of the main components of your computer, which means you should take proper care of it.
Ashampoo HDD Control is the right application to keep an eye on your hard drive. It features a bunch of tools that let you analyze the status of the hard drive (as long as it has support for the S.M.A.R.T. technology), control its temperature, perform a defragmentation or even do some benchmarking tests to check your drive's performance, and compare it to that of drives from other manufacturers.
Ashampoo HDD Control is very easy to use. It features a tabbed interface with clearly designed buttons that give you access to the program's main features. There is also a comprehensive settings menu to tweak the program's behavior.
Besides checking your hard drive's health, Ashampoo HDD Control can also help you improve it with its built-in cleaning tools, with which you can erase all Internet browsing traces and redundant files. The program includes a special "Guard" component as well that can monitor your hard drive in real time and warn you of any potential problems. This function however may make your system a bit slower.
Ashampoo HDD Control is an easy-to-use yet powerful tool that lets you check your hard drive's health.


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August 20, 2014
It's 4:44 in the afternoon and I'm sipping coffee from my pretty new mug that was an anniversary gift from Jeffrey. We just celebrated 11 years on Saturday. So much can happen in 11 years.
I came upstairs to scratch out some thoughts on my laptop and sat on my bed to hear a crinkling noise. My 4-year-old boy has left me a surprise under my pillow. Drawings of buildings and super-heroes in action, leaping from high places.
Amazing. I love him. Lots of amazing things have happened in 11 years. I choose joy. Rebecca is kicking and I just commented to someone a few minutes ago that our girls' bedroom is full, but I hope to get to squeeze Rebecca in there one day. Knowing that only a miracle from The Giver will make this possible.
Some have remarked about how strong I am. How inspirational.
But that's just it. In the amazing stories, it's generally the weak and ordinary ones who get to play a lead role. The ones who wouldn't have chosen to be in this story at all. Would I have? Just months ago, the thought of losing a child would cause my breath to stall, my knees to shake. Lord, please don't ever ask that of me.
But here I am. I am not strong; He is.
I am not full of faith; He is faithful.
I am not an inspiration; He is altogether Lovely and Loving and inspiring and weaving something beautiful from the ashes.
Didn't I just say that in an email to one of my best friends? God's story never ends in ashes. I've had that written to me by at least three people on three separate occasions in the past week. I guess it's sinking in.


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Shark Alarm Trailer (2004)
11 October 2004 Horror, Thriller 109 mins
A prehistoric shark (named in the books "megalodon") lurks Mallorca, killing a couple of individuals. A professional diver begins the hunt.
Watch the official Shark Alarm 2004 trailer in HD below or find more Shark Alarm videos on Vidimovie.


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Phone: (417) 451-5468 | Email:
Waiver Form
I, _____________________________________________, hereby agree that I am participating in the Advantage Club Travel Program. In doing so, I agree to comply with all of the rules and regulations which are outlined in both printed materials distributed and with verbal instructions given by the Advantage Club Travel Program.
While a participant in the Advantage Club Travel Program, I assume all responsibility for my own safety, health, and physical ability to participate on each tour. On behalf of myself, my heirs, personal representatives, and executers, I hereby indemnify, release and hold harmless the Advantage Club Travel Program, GalaxSea Cruises & Tours, and Community Bank & Trust, including their directors, employees and agents from any and all claims, damages and liability, including, but not limited to, any claims of personal injury and property damage and any accidental or consequential damages arising from my participation in the program.
I have read and agree to the conditions stated above.
Name (Please Print)_______________________________________________________________________________
Signature_____________________________________________________ Date______________________________
Signature of Parent or Guardian if participant is under the age of 18:
_____________________________________________________________ Date______________________________
Date of Birth if participant is a minor (month, date, year) _________________________________________________
Please return to Tom Higdon with Community Bank & Trust
PO Box 400, Neosho, MO 64850
OR to GalaxSea Cruises & Tours, 210 N Business 49, Neosho, MO 64850


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Aquaman (2016)
Read Aquaman (2016) comic online
Summary: Born to both the surface and the sea, Arthur Curry walks in two worlds but can find a home in neither. The King of Atlantis looks to reconcile his split heritage as he embarks on a new mission that may finally make him choose between his two paths.
Read chapters of Aquaman (2016) online:


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As you know, I don't have T.V. here where I live, so my major entertainment from the outside world is the radio (limited reception) and Netflix. I tend to see films later than most people, but I have a huge selection to choose from.
Recently I saw "The Kite Runner", an incredibly sensitive film about Afghan-Americans and the history of Afghanistan for the last 30 years or so. The film is realistic and informative, showing just a little about how much life has changed in Afghanistan in the past 30 years. It's enough to reveal how little we know about the how the current fundamentalism in Muslim countries is both radical and unwelcome by most of those whom it affects. Most countries where the faith is primarily Islam, have been modernizing just as all other countries. The radical fundamentalism that has been rising up is reactionary and militant.
This morning on the radio, someone finally said that we have been under the control of a coup in this country for the past 8 years. If we did not have a strong tradition of 'democracy' and an established term limit for 'rulers', we would still be under the control of that coup. In a sense, we are. They have run off with our money, ruined our economy and our reputation in the world and they are all somewhere now having a ball with our retirement funds while we are hanging on by our fingernails.
We were almost taken over by fundamentalists too. 'Christian' ones. To my understanding, Muslim fundamentalists are no more Muslim than Christian ones are Christian. Yes, I am saying that neither actually follows their prophet nor their book of revelation. Their agendas are private, political and economic. In a sense, they use so-called tradition to justify the most despicable practices of 'modernism'. As the film shows, the leaders of the fundamentalist movement in Afghanistan committed the most heinous crimes against children, while exacting draconian punishments from the public for far lesser crimes. Our recent fundamentalist regime tortured, killed and terrorized thousands, instilling fear in all of us. They violated the Constitution, committed crimes against humanity and got away with it all (so far). In other countries they have a harder time controlling tyrants and preventing them from taking over permanently.
This film tells the story of two boys who grow up together in Kabul before the Soviet invasion. While class separates them, as children they live as brothers. When the Soviets invade, the upper class child is able to escape to America, while the servant remains and suffers the fate of so many others.
The film shows how Afghan-Americans have created their own sub-culture in America, as have so
many other ethnic groups in this country. This was especially interesting to me, because they have a large community in one of the towns I lived in as a child. In fact, the majority of Afghan-Americans in this country live in or around that town. What a difference from when I lived there! It was somewhat 'red-neck' when I lived there. The Mexican-American farm-workers were barely tolerated, let alone Afghans! Good to know that things have changed since then.
For some reason, since I was a child, I have always wanted to go to Afghanistan. So far, I have not had the opportunity to go and the way things are looking, I may never be able to. But then, who knows.
There are scenes from all over the SF Bay Area. So it had a familiar feel to it. While it is always challenging to watch a film with subtitles, the fact that the movie uses the Afghan language makes it more realistic. I highly recommend this film to anyone who wants to understand more about what people are dealing with and want to expand their preconceptions.
Thursday, March 5, 2009
The Kite-Runner - Great Movie
As you know, I don't have T.V. here where I live, so my major entertainment from the outside world is the radio (limited reception) and Netflix. I tend to see films later than most people, but I have a huge selection to choose from.
Posted by Mystery Ranch at 1:14 PM 2 comments


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Using an Attachment Theory conceptual framework, associations were investigated among positive paternal and maternal relationships, and recent problem behaviors among 501 currently homeless and runaway adolescents (253 males, 248 females). Homeless and runaway youth commonly exhibit problem behaviors such as substance use, various forms of delinquency and risky sex behaviors, and report more emotional distress than typical adolescents. Furthermore, attachments to their families are often strained. In structural equation models, positive paternal relationships significantly predicted less substance use and less criminal behavior, whereas maternal relationships did not have a significant effect on or association with either behavior. Positive maternal relationships predicted less survival sex behavior. Separate gender analyses indicated that among the females, a longer time away from home was significantly associated with a poorer paternal relationship, and more substance use and criminal behavior. Paternal relations, a neglected area of research and often not addressed in attachment theory, should be investigated further. Attachments, particularly to fathers, were protective against many deleterious behaviors. Building on relatively positive relations and attachments may foster family reunifications and beneficial outcomes for at-risk youth.
The current study assesses the protective role of positive relations with fathers and mothers on mitigating externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors among homeless and runaway adolescents, a subpopulation that is at risk for a variety of physical, mental health, and behavioral problems. These youth typically exhibit elevated problem behaviors such as substance use, delinquency, risky sex behaviors, and also report emotional distress (Darling, Palmer, & Kipke, 2005; Whitbeck, Hoyt, Yoder, Cauce, & Paradise, 2001). These problems may be associated in part with relations that these youth have with their parents. It has been demonstrated that among homeless and runaway adolescents, family relations may be particularly dysfunctional and reflect early abuse and neglect as well as disorganization within the home (Paradise & Cauce, 2002; Paradise, Cauce, Ginzler, Wert, Wruck, & Brooker, 2001; Tyler, 2006; Whitbeck, Hoyt, & Yoder, 1999). Runaway and homeless youth often have inadequate caregiver protective relationships and impaired attachment security that can foster problem behaviors and difficulties in psychosocial development (Golder, Gillmore, Spieker, & Morrison, 2005; Paradise et al., 2001). An insecure attachment climate is considered an important antecedent of various problem behaviors including running away from home (Tavecchio, Thomeer, & Meeus, 1999).
Among normative populations of adolescents, positive parent–child connectedness is generally protective against emotional distress, violence, substance use, and sexual behavior (Resnick et al., 1997). Although homeless and runaway adolescents are often studied in isolation from their families of origin, some researchers have examined the protective role of family relationships and attachments among homeless and runaway youth (e.g., Milburn, Rotheram-Borus, Batterham, Brumback, Rosenthal, & Mallett, 2005; Paradise et al., 2001; Slesnick, Bartle-Haring, & Gangamma, 2006; Tavecchio et al., 1999). The current study expands these inquiries to assess whether there is a differential protective effect of attachment to mothers and fathers.
Attachment theory is widely recognized for its importance in conceptual issues in child development (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Bretherton, 1997). This theory stresses the importance of developing a positive attachment with a parent or caregiver, which normally stems from physiological needs being met as an infant and as a young child (Cassidy, 1999; Stefanidis, Pennbridge, MacKenzie, & Pottharst, 1992). The mother is usually conceptualized as the primary attachment figure. Bowlby (1982) contends that children who are seriously deprived of primary care (especially care associated with the mother) have difficulties developing relationships as they become older, and that the parent–child bond is vital to the development of young children. Disruptions in this bond can have negative ramifications, such as hostility, antisocial tendencies, and emotional problems (Koback, 1999). Primary at tachment relationships provide a protective foundation for the child (and later adult) to explore his or her environment and to meet developmental challenges (Antonucci, 1994; Bretherton, 1997). Two important aspects of this theory apply to the current study. First, having at least one significant positive attachment (that does not have to be with the mother) can have profound effects on a child's self-esteem and ability to overcome adversity (Stefanidis et al., 1992). A significant positive attachment can aid in greater resiliency for youth, even among those who have run away or are separated from their families. For example, Stefanidis et al. (1992) found that among homeless and runaway youth, those with more secure attachment histories were able to reintegrate into society more readily. Second, homeless and runaway youths exhibiting negative and antisocial behaviors may not have had "secure base" in which they felt safe to explore their environment, and thus have developed problem behaviors as a result (e.g. Golder et al., 2005). Furthermore, a child can develop a "secure base" with one caregiver or an alternate caregiver, which is relevant to the current population being investigated, in which inter actions with both parents may not be occurring although both parents or alternates have been available to them in the past.
In the current homeless/runaway sample being used in this study, less than a third of the adolescents live in a two-parent household (and only one of the parents may be their biological parent) whereas the majority of children in the United States under the age of 18 are in households with their two biological parents (Phares, Fields, Kamboukos, & Lopez, 2005). The homeless ado lescents of this study were more likely to be living with a mother before they left home. However, all within this study are able to report on the quality of their relationship with both a father (or father figure) and a mother (or mother figure). Hence, building on the findings of Stefanidis et al. (1992) the current study can assess differential effects of relations with fathers and mothers in terms of parental impact on antisocial behaviors and emotional health among homeless youth.
The body of research on fathers is far less extensive than research on the effects of mothers (e.g., Bowlby, 1982), and arguably has been relatively neglected (Phares, Fields, et al. 2005). The underrepresentation of fathers in much pediatric and adolescent developmental and clinical research was noted in the 1990s and has continued to the present (e.g., Costigan & Cox, 2001; Phares, 1992; Phares, Lopez, Fields, Kamboukos, & Duhig, 2005).
Recently, however, there has been a heightened interest in the roles of fathers in child development, even if they are not present in the principal household of the child (Flouri, 2006; Guterman & Lee, 2005; King & Sobolewski, 2006). Several studies have doc umented significant effects of paternal factors on child development (e.g., Bronte-Tinkew, Moore, & Carrano, 2006; Flouri & Buchanan, 2003; Kosterman, Haggerty, Spoth, & Redmond, 2004; Ohannessian et al., 2005; Phares & Compas, 1992). For instance, paternal drug and alcohol problems have been associated with many negative outcomes for adolescents, including alcoholism and drug use, aggression, and depression (Ohannessian et al., 2005; Phares & Compas, 1992).
On the other hand, positive paternal involvement and connectedness has been found to be protective for adolescent well-being in normative populations, which is congruent with attachment theory. Flouri and Buchanan (2003) found that the effect of paternal involvement was stronger than that of the mother and there was no differential effect for sons and daughters. Kosterman et al. (2004) investigated parental effects in a normative sample of sixth-grade children, and found some unique effects of mothers and fathers on antisocial behaviors in their children, depending on the child's gender. They found a cross-gender influence for fathers' control of their daughters' antisocial behavior. Bronte-Tinkew et al. (2006) found that a positive father-child relationship predicted a reduced risk of delinquency and substance use. They also found a stronger effect for the male adolescents than that of the female adolescents.
Fathers may have an impact on mental health and behavioral outcomes even if they are not present full-time in the lives of their children (Dunn, Cheng, O'Connor, & Bridges, 2004; Simons, Whitbeck, Beaman, & Conger, 1994). King and Sobolewski (2006) examined nonresident fathers' contributions to adolescent well-being in an epidemiological sample and reported that a positive father-child relationship and responsive parenting by the father had associations with fewer externalizing and internalizing problems among adolescents even though the quality of the relationship with mothers had stronger effects on their well-being. Their results, although significant, were relatively modest. In a rural sample, Simons et al. (1994) found that a supportive relationship with a nonresident father predicted fewer externalizing behavior problems and was unrelated to internalizing problems.
Furthermore, because many biological fathers are nonresident, many youth live in step-families. The quality of the relationship with the step-father may be as important as or more important than the relationship with the biological father (Dunn, O'Connor, & Cheng, 2005; Schwartz & Finley, 2006). A close, nonconflictual stepfather-stepchild relationship is predictive of adolescent well-being especially when the relationship with the mother is also close and nonconflictual (Vogt Yuan & Hamilton, 2006).
It is hypothesized that more positive attachment to fathers and to mothers will be associated with fewer dysfunctional outcomes commonly found among runaway/homeless youth including substance use, criminal behaviors, "survival sex" behaviors, and emotional distress. Survival sex is usually not voluntary but rather indicates victimization and is a last resort turned to in desperation as a survival strategy (Greene, Ennett, & Ringwalt, 1999; Tyler & Johnson, 2006). Tyler, Whitbeck, Hoyt, and Cauce (2004) found that 35% of their sample of homeless and runaway youth had been sexually victimized and that running away at an earlier age was associated with more sexual victimization among females. Darling et al. (2005) investigated the impact of street youths' perceptions of caregivers on their HIV-risk behaviors. Although Darling et al. found that problems with caregivers were associated with high-risk drug use and more sexual partners, they did not distinguish caregivers by gender. The current study addresses this issue by assessing the separate impact of fathers and mothers. We hypothesize that positive attachments and relations with both mothers and fathers will be important in mitigating adverse behaviors.
In addition to assessing the relative impact of positive attachments to fathers and mothers, this study also investigated reports a violent or abusive home environment as a predictor of externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. It is hypothesized that leaving home because of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and violence will predict more problem behaviors and emotional distress There is a large body of evidence suggesting that harsh physical discipline leads to antisocial behavior (Nobes & Smith, 2000) and homeless youth are highly likely to report histories of abuse and neglect (Darling et al., 2005; McMorris, Tyler, Whitbeck, & Hoyt, 2002). Homeless adolescents who report neglect and sexual abuse are also more likely to engage in deviant behaviors and be victimized on the street (Thrane, Hoyt, Whitbeck, & Yoder, 2006).
The impact of a length of time away from home on externalizing and internalizing behaviors is also assessed. We hypothesize that longer time away from home will be associated with more problem behaviors including criminal behaviors, substance use, and survival sex behaviors. Gender is included as a covariate and predictor in the model that uses the entire sample. Numerous studies indicate that males engage in more externalizing problem behaviors and the same is expected in this current sample (e.g., Laird, Pettit, Dodge, & Bates, 2005). In further analyses, differential cross-gender paternal and maternal effects on the adolescent females and males were assessed by dividing the sample by gender The hypothesis based on attachment theory is the same as that the entire sample, that is, that positive attachments will be associated with fewer problem behaviors and psychological distress. addition, some gender-specific relations may not be apparent from the combined sample. Age is also an important variable related engagement in externalizing behaviors and was also included as further control.
Homeless and runaway adolescents were selected in Los Angeles County through a three-step process of: (a) sampling; screening for eligibility and recruitment; and (c) assessment. homeless or runaway adolescent was defined as: (a) one whose age ranged from 12 to 21 years; and (b) having spent at least two consecutive nights away from home either without their guardian's permission or after having been told to leave home.
Two subgroups of homeless youth were identified: (a) homeless youth who had been living away from home for less than 6 months in total; or (b) homeless youth who had been living away from home for more than 6 months. Sites were selected through a systematic process. First, all of the potential recruitment sites for homeless adolescents in Los Angeles County were identified by interviewing line and supervisory staff in agencies that served homeless adolescents throughout the county (Brooks, Milburn, Witkin, & Rotheram-Borus, 2004). Thirty sites were identified, including 17 shelters and drop-in centers and 13 street hangout sites. Next, the 30 sites were audited at preselected randomized times over three different week-long time periods to determine the number of homeless adolescents that could be found at each site. All of these locations were included as recruitment sites. Interviewers were sent out in pairs to screen and recruit eligible homeless adolescents. The interviewers approached youth at the sites, identifying themselves as researchers, and asked youth if they would take a few minutes for an interview about their homelessness.
Interviewers used a 13-item screener to determine whether adolescents met the eligibility criteria as homeless. Because of their underrepresentation in previous studies of homeless adolescents, homeless adolescents who had been living on the streets for less than 6 months were oversampled. Newly homeless adolescents are often more difficult to find because they have not become connected to shelters and centers where more experienced homeless adolescents tend to congregate. Thus, all homeless adolescents who had been living on the street for less than 6 months were recruited and adolescents who had been living on the streets for more than 6 months were randomly selected for recruitment (Milburn, Ayala, Rice, Batterham, & Rotheram-Borus, 2006). This process was designed to capture a relatively large subset of newly homeless youth for a longitudinal study assessing the trajectory of their homelessness over a longer period of time (e.g., Milburn et al., 2005).
Following screening, voluntary informed consent was obtained from each adolescent. Informed consent was obtained directly from all participants 18 years and older. For minors, parental consent was obtained either directly or en loco parentis. En locus parentis was obtained from a member of the outreach recruitment team and assent was obtained from the minor (Milburn et al., 2005; Milburn, Rotheram-Borus, Rice, Mallett, & Rosenthal, 2006). The study and all consent procedures including en loco parentis ramifications were approved by the University of California Los Angeles Institutional Review Board. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in convenient locations using an audio-taped computer assisted interview and were about 1 to 1.5 hours in length. All participants received $20 as compensation for their time. Content of the interviews and compensation were also approved by the UCLA Institutional Review Board.
A total sample size of 707 was recruited. Baseline refusal rates were less than 7%. For the current study, only those youth providing information on both a father (or father proxy) and a mother (or mother proxy) were retained leaving a sample size of 501 (248 females, 253 males). The retained and deleted youth were contrasted by one-way analyses of variance on variables used in the current study (gender, ethnicity, age, attitudes toward the remaining parent, emotional distress, tobacco use, alcohol use, marijuana use, harder drugs, the criminal and sexual behaviors used in this study, and importance of varied reasons for leaving home). None of the variables were significantly different between the two groups.
About 33% of the final sample of 501 lived with two parents before they were homeless or runaways although both may not have been their biological parents. Mothers or mother-proxies included mothers (86%), grandmothers (6%), foster mothers (2%), or others such as sisters or aunts (6%). Fathers or father-proxies included fathers (77%), grandfathers (5%), foster fathers (3%), or others (15%). The sample was 28% White, 20% African American, 33% Hispanic, 2% Native American, and 1% Asian; 15% identified themselves as mixed. The average, median, and modal age was 17 years (S.D. =2.1). Only one participant was 21 years of age; 56% of the sample was under 18 years of age.
The analytic method used in this study was structural equation modeling (SEM) using latent variables (Bentler, 2006). Indicators of the latent variables are described below.
Single-item variables represented their age in years, and gender. The sample was divided about evenly for males and females. Gender was coded 1 for females and 2 for males. In preliminary analyses, whether they lived with two parents when they were home was included but this living situation was not significantly associated with any of the other variables in the model and was dropped from the analyses. Ethnicity had very little relation to the variables in the model, especially parent relation ships, and also was not included.
One variable indicated the length of time that they had been away from home. This variable ranged from 1 (less than 1 month) to 7 (more than 12 months). The median time away was 4 to 6 months (scored a 4). Twenty percent of the sample had been away from home less than 1 month; 25% of the sample had been away for more than 12 months.
We operationalized Attachment Theory with one latent variable representing the quality of their relation ship with their mother and one representing the quality of their relationship with their father. Items were selected that reflected affection, warmth, rejection, and indifference (e.g., Tavecchio et al., 1999). Each latent variable was constructed with the same six items that were selected from factor analyses of a larger instrument that assessed a variety of opinions about their male parent and their female parent. Items were developed by an expert panel on family relationships and homeless adolescents to ensure face validity These items have been used in previous publications (e.g., Milburn et al., 2005). Responses ranged from 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = disagree, to 4 = strongly disagree, and items were reversed when appropriate so that higher scores indicated better relationships. Items were: "I fight with her/him all the time," "I do not respect my mother/father,' "She/he does not respect me," "My mother/father loves me," "My mother/father does not care for me," and "I love my mother/father." Coefficient α was .85 for the six items for mothers and .90 for the six items for fathers. To avoid too many indicators, the six scores for each parent were randomly combined into parcels of two to obtain three mean relationship indicators. Parceling is acceptable in structural modeling when alpha coefficients are high (Yuan, Bentler, & Kano, 1997).
Several possible reasons for leaving home were presented to the homeless youth and rated on their importance. Three items specified leaving home because of (a) physical abuse; (b) sexual abuse; and (c) violence in the home. The three items were worded with the stem "how important was this factor as a reason for you leaving home the last time" (Coefficient α = .67 for the total sample, .60 for males, .71 for females). Responses ranged from 1 to 4 with 1 = not important, 2 = somewhat important; 3 = important; and 4 = very important. Items were not available that directly asked whether the participant had been abused or had experienced violence; these items only assessed whether these were important reasons for leaving home.
Substance use was indicated by five measured items (Coefficient α = .68): the amount of daily use of cigarettes and alcohol in the past 3 months, and the number of days they used marijuana, or crack or cocaine in the past 3 months. Use of ecstasy or other "club drugs" (e.g., ketamine) was reported by a dichotomous yes (1), no (0) question. Daily use of cigarettes was assessed on a scale of 0 to 6 with 0 = none, 1 = less than one cigarette a day, 2 = 1–5 cigarettes a day, 3 = about ½ pack a day, 4 = about a pack a day, 5 = 1 ½ packs a day, and 6 = 2 packs a day or more. Daily use of alcohol was assessed by the number of drinks they had in a day with a "shot" or a 10 oz. bottle of beer equaling one drink. Responses were scaled 0 to 6 (0 = no drinks, 1 = 1 drink, 2 = 2 drinks, 3 = 3–6 drinks, 4 = 7–10 drinks, 5 = 11–15 drinks, and 6 = 16 or more drinks).
Participants were questioned about ways in which they obtained money in the past 3 months. Through factor analysis, three items formed a separate factor that reflected criminal behaviors: selling drugs, gambling deals (e.g., running numbers), and stealing (e.g., cars). These were dichotomous yes (1), no (0) items (Coefficient α = .65). Participants were not questioned directly about delinquent behaviors or violent, antisocial behaviors because of community agency concerns about breaches in confidentiality.
Among the questions about ways in which they obtained money in the past 3 months, three items were concerned with sexual behavior for money or other rewards. These items included: having/trading sex for money, participating in pornography, and having/trading sex for a place to stay. These were dichotomous yes (1), no (0) items (Coefficient α =.73).
The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Derogatis, 1992) was used to assess psychological distress. Ratings range from 0 = not at all to 4 = extremely; higher scores indicate more distress. Mean scores from each of the nine sub-scales of the BSI were used as indicators of emotional distress (Coefficient α = .92). To avoid too many indicators, scores were combined into parcels of three to obtain three mean psychological distress indicators.
The analyses were performed using the EQS structural equations program (Bentler, 2006). Latent variable analysis allows one to evaluate causal hypotheses with correlational, nonexperimental data. Goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed with the maximum-likelihood χ2 statistic, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Satorra-Bentler χ2(S-B χ2), the Robust Comparative Fit Index (RCFI), and the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) (Bentler, 2006). The Robust S-B χ2 was used in addition to the maximum likelihood χ2 because it is more appropriate when the data depart from multivariate normality. This statistic provides an adjustment for multivariate nonnormality and the multivariate kurtosis estimate was high (z-statistic = 68.21) rejecting multivariate normality. The CFI and RCFI range from to 1 and reflect the improvement in fit of a hypothesized model over a model of complete independence among the measured variables. CFI and RCFI values at .95 or greater are desirable, indicating that the hypothesized model reproduces 95% or more of the covariation in the data. The RMSEA is a measure of lack of fit per degrees of freedom, controlling for sample size, and values should be equal to .05 or less to indicate a relatively good fit between the hypothesized model and the observed data.
An initial confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the adequacy of the hypothesized measurement model and the associations among the latent variables. Then the hypothesized latent variable path model positioned age and gender, time away from home, Relationship with Mother, Relationship with Father, and Leaving Home because of Abuse and Violence as predictors of Substance Abuse, Criminal Behavior, Survival Sex, and Psychological Distress. Following the procedure of MacCallum (1986), all possible predictive paths were included and gradually deleted if they were nonsignificant.
To test for the differential impact of paternal and maternal relationships, constrained models were tested. For instance, the correlation between paternal relationship and criminal behavior and the correlation between maternal relationship and criminal behavior were constrained to equality after a baseline model with no constraints was tested. The plausibility of the equality con straints was determined with adjusted chi-square difference tests A scaled chi-square such as the Satorra-Bentler cannot be used directly for chi-square difference testing of nested models because a difference between two scaled chi-squares is not distributed as chi-square (Satorra & Bentler, 2001). An adjustment developed to counter this problem is reported in Satorra and Bentler (2001). A significant decrement in fit in the model with the equality constraint would indicate that there was a significant difference between the two correlations.
The sample was divided by gender. Hypotheses on various degrees of cross-sample equality were tested starting with an unrestricted model in which no assumptions were made about the comparability of various parameters between the groups. Increasingly restrictive equality constraints were gradually introduced including the hypotheses that their factor structures were similar and then that the correlations among the constructs in the model were similar. The plausibility of the equality constraints was determined with goodness-of-fit indexes, chi-square difference tests, and results of the LaGrange Multiplier (LM) test (Bentler, 2006). In the context of a multisample model, the LM test provides univariate and multivariate information concerning which equality constraints provide a significantly worse fit.
Table 1 reports summary statistics of the measured variables and the factor loadings of the hypothesized factor structure. All factor loadings were significant ( p < .001) Fit indexes for the CFA model were all excellent: ML χ2 (257, N = 501) 449.39, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .039, p < .001; S-B χ2 (257, N = 501) = 396.77, RCFI = .96; RMSEA = .033, p = .001 The significant p values for model fit are common in analyses with large samples and numerous degrees of freedom (Byrne, 2006; Marsha, Balla, & McDonald, 1988). Trivial differences between the hypothetical model and set of real data are magnified in these situations that have led to the development of the other fit indexes that are reported in this manuscript (Ullman, 2007). No modifications were added to the CFA model.
Table 2 reports the correlations among the variables in the model for the total sample. Of note, a good relationship with the father was significantly associated with a good relationship with the mother, less likelihood of leaving home because of abuse and - violence, less substance use, less criminal behavior and less psychological distress. A good relationship with the mother was associated with less likelihood of leaving home because of abuse and violence, less survival sex, and less psychological distress. Relationship with the father was not associated with gender of the youth. However, male gender was associated with a better relationship with the mother. Male adolescents reported more criminal behavior, less psychological distress, and were away from home longer. Older youth reported leaving home because of abuse and violence more often, more substance use, criminal behavior, survival sex, and were more likely to be male and away from home longer. Substance use was associated with more criminal behavior, survival sex behaviors, greater psychological distress, and a longer time away from home. Criminal behavior was associated with - greater psychological distress, and a longer time away from home.
Adjusted chi-square difference tests assessed whether the correlations of the variables in the model with positive relationships with fathers and mothers were significantly different from each other (critical value for , 1 df, p ≤.05). Differences were nonsignificant for time away from home (correlation with Good Relationship with Father, −.04, correlation for Mother, −.03), Left Home because of Abuse or Violence (−.23 vs. −.28), Psychological Distress (−.12 vs. −.18), and Survival Sex (−.07 vs. −.16) (although for Survival Sex a good relationship with - mother was significant whereas a good relationship with father was not). Significant differences included: Substance Use (Positive Relationship with Father, −.25 vs. Positive Relationship with Mother −.08, , 1 df), Criminal Behavior (−.24, −.05, , 1 df), gender (.02 vs. .19, , 1 df), and age (−.10 vs. .06, , 1 df).
Table 1 also reports the summary statistics for the male and female adolescents. Each separate CFA model had a good fit (Males: ML χ2 (241, N = 253) = 333.34, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .039, p < .001; S-B χ2 (241, N = 253) = 296.56, RCFI = .97, RMSEA = .030, p < .001; Females: ML χ2 (241, N = 248) = 370.73, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .047, p < .001; S-B χ2 (241, N = 248) = 315.48, RCFI = .95, RMSEA = .035, p < .001). Table 3 reports the correlations among the constructs of the model by gender (females above the diagonal). Although some correlations appear substantially different for the males and females, only a few were significantly different as reported in the constrained multisample analyses. The significant differences are discussed below and indicated in the table as well with boldface type.
In the path model, demographics, reasons for leaving home, length of homelessness and parental relationships were hypothesized and positioned as influences on the outcome problem behaviors. The final path model is depicted in Figure 1 after nonsignificant paths were deleted. Fit indexes were very good: ML χ2 =477.85, 279 df; CFI = .96, RMSEA = .038, p < .001; S-B χ2 = 424.13, 279 df; RCFI = .96; RMSEA = .032; p < .001.
A good relationship with the father predicted less substance use and less criminal behavior; a good relationship with the mother predicted less survival sex behavior. Leaving home because of abuse and violence predicted more psychological distress. Males reported more criminal behavior and less psychological distress. Being older predicted survival sex, and a longer time away from home predicted more substance use and more criminal behavior.
The separate path models for males and females were generally similar to the combined model (see Figures 2 and and3),3), (Males: ML χ2 (236, N = 253) = 305.17, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .034, p < .002; S-B χ2 (236, N = 253) = 269.09, RCFI = .98, RMSEA = .024, p < .07; Females: ML χ2 (234, N = 248) = 318.13, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .038, p < .001; S-B χ2 (234, N = 248) = 264.87, RCFI = .98, RMSEA = .023, p < .08). The Robust models had nonsignificant p values due in large part to the smaller sample sizes.
There were some significant pathways that only appeared within one gender group. In the case of the males, a good maternal relationship predicted less psychological distress. This relationship was not significant for the entire sample. Leaving home because of abuse and violence predicted more criminal behavior in the males. A longer time away from home did not predict more substance use as it did for the entire sample that may be due in part to the smaller sample sizes. In the case of the females, greater age predicted more criminal behavior, and relationship with father did not predict substance use although it had a significant bivariate relationship.
As described above, before it would be meaningful to contrast the male and female adolescents on the correlations between the variables in the model, we had to ascertain that there was factorial invariance between the two groups (Stein, Lee, & Jones, 2006). A baseline model with no equality constraints between the two samples provided the benchmark for further comparisons. This model had an outstanding fit (ML χ2(N < 501) = 704.06, 482 df; CFI = .95; RMSEA = .043, p < .001; S-B χ2 = 612.46, 482 df; RCFI = .96, RMSEA = 0.033, p < .001). Adding the invariance constraint of equal factor loadings on the measurement model produced no significant decrement in fit (ML χ2(N = 501) = 760.72, 505 df; CFI = .95; RMSEA = .045, p = .001; S-B χ2 = 633.27, 505 df; RCFI = .96, RMSEA = 0.032, p < .001, adjusted ); fit indexes were excellent.
When, as a next step, the correlations among all of the latent variables and the measured demographic variables of age and time away from home were constrained to equality, again there was no significant decrement in overall fit (ML χ2(N = 501) = 814.07, 540 df; CFI = .94; RMSEA = .045, p = .001; S-B χ2 = 682.83, 540 df; RCFI = .96, RMSEA = 0.033, p < .001, adjusted ).
However, according to the LM test, there were correlations that were significantly different in the two groups. These significant differences are highlighted in Table 3 in boldface type. Differences included the correlation between time away from home and a good relationship with father (.03, – .13 for male and female youth respectively), time away from home and substance use (.10, .41 for males and females), time away from home and criminal behavior (.15, .32 for males and females), criminal behavior and survival sex (−.02, .38 for males and females), and substance use and survival sex (.06, and .31 for males and females). These significant differences, especially among the latter four items, strongly suggest that a lengthier time on the streets makes homeless young females considerably and particularly more vulnerable to problem behaviors than the males and that females are more likely to become enmeshed in survival sex behaviors as a concomitant of other deviant behaviors such as drug use and criminal behaviors.
In support of Attachment Theory, among the homeless and runaway youth of this study who may be presumed to have tenuous, fragile, or troubled relationships with their families, positive attachments to parents nonetheless had protective influences on problem behaviors and emotional distress. Interestingly, al though we had hypothesized that positive relationships or attachments with either parent would be protective and that mothers had generally been found to be the primary attachment figures, we found significant differential effects of positive attachments to fathers on externalizing problem behaviors. In particular, a positive relationship with fathers was significantly more protective than the relationship with the mother against the externalizing problem behaviors of substance use and criminal behaviors, even within this vulnerable subgroup of adolescents. In addition, the maternal relationship was not predictive or associated significantly with substance use or criminal behaviors. This finding suggests that Attachment Theory, which generally focuses on the maternal - relationship could benefit from expansion to consideration of paternal relations, especially as children transition to adolescence and beyond. A "secure base" provided by either parent can have lasting effects on a child even if the current relationship is tenuous or fractured.
Although it appeared from the size and significance of the correlation coefficients that positive maternal relationships were more protective against survival sex behaviors and psychological distress than those for the paternal relationship, analyses contrasting the correlations indicated that the parameters were not significantly different from each other as indicated by the chi-square difference test. In addition, in the bivariate analyses, positive - relationships with either parent were significantly associated with - less psychological distress. However, in the total sample path model, once other relationships were accounted for, neither relationship was predictive of psychological distress. However, leaving home because of abuse and violence predicted more emotional distress in the combined sample. Among the males only, a poorer relationship with the mother predicted more emotional distress.
Associations found in the current study are, in many ways, similar to those reported among typical youth. For instance, Simons et al. (1994) found that a supportive relationship with the father predicted fewer externalizing behavior problems and was unrelated to internalizing problems; Flouri and Buchanan (2003) found in a normative sample that paternal involvement was stronger than maternal involvement and that there were no differential gender effects. These findings regarding fathers are also more robust than those of King and Sobolewski (2006).
Many homeless adolescents find themselves enmeshed in deviant subculture when they take up a life on the streets away from family; hence, a history of a good relationship and connectedness with a parent can help moderate the extremes of externalizing problem behaviors found on the streets. Homeless adolescents with a more positive relationship with their fathers important father substitutes were less likely to engage in drug use and criminal behaviors, when compared to those with poor relationships with their fathers. The criminal behaviors as assessed this study were related to street survival tactics that to some extent are engaged in by many homeless youth especially as they are the streets longer. However, engagement in these activities was much more likely among those with poor relations with their fathers or father-figures even after the contribution of time on the streets was accounted for indicating that there is a protective relatively long-term effect of better paternal relations.
Furthermore, results suggest that a positive relationship between homeless adolescents and their mothers may help shield them from the dangerous survival sex practices that some homeless youth engage in to make their way on the streets. Findings from this more vulnerable subgroup mirror results of a larger epidemiological study in which a positive maternal relationship was associated with less sexual behavior (Fingerson, 2005). Dittus and Jaccard (2000) also found that adolescents reporting a satisfactory relationship with their mother were less likely to initiate sexual behavior or become pregnant. Results concerning sexual behaviors also support the findings of Darling et al. (2005) that positive caretaker relationships are associated with less risky sexual behavior. It should be noted, however, that relatively few of these youth of either gender engaged in the survival sex behaviors assessed in this study.
The longer the adolescent had been away from home, the more externalized and internalized problems were reported. This result supports findings from other studies concerned with homeless adolescents (e.g., Whitbeck et al., 2001) and further underscores findings on differences between newly and chronically homeless adolescents in high risk behaviors and the dangers inherent in life on the streets (Milburn et al., 2005). Further, the separate gender analysis demonstrated that a longer time away from home was especially deleterious and dangerous for the females as it was associated with greater substance use and criminal behavior. Clearly, the females are in jeopardy of becoming deeply involved in high-risk behaviors as they become enmeshed in street culture over time.
As is found in more normative samples (e.g., King & Sobolewski, 2006), the males reported more externalizing problems and the females reported more internalizing problems. The male youth reported better relationships with their mothers than the female adolescents; however, there was no difference in relations with fathers. The female adolescents were significantly more likely to report leaving home because of a violent and physically abusive home environment and were more likely to stay away from home if paternal relationships were poor. In turn, staying away from home for a longer time was associated with more externalizing problem behaviors and a more dangerous and delinquent lifestyle for the females.
Reporting that they left home because of abuse and violence in the home was associated with more psychological distress for both the males and females. In addition, not surprisingly, it also was associated bivariately with poorer parental relationships. Furthermore, abuse and violence predicted more criminal behavior among the males. Before encouraging youth to return home, dysfunctional family relations and behaviors need examination to determine if family reunification is in the best interests of the youth or if alternative solutions need implementation.
Only 71% of the original sample of homeless or runaway youth were used in this study because only those youth who could assess their relations with a father and a mother, whether they were living with them or not before they left home, were included. However, even if the homeless adolescent was living with only one parent before leaving home, the selected youth was able to report on the relationship with the other parent. Additionally, as reported earlier, those youth who were not selected for this study did not differ from those selected on any of the variables used in the current study. Furthermore, although most were reporting on their parents, it is not clear whether the homeless adolescents are reporting on a biological parent, a step-parent, or a proxy. However, our results show that whoever it is and no matter how often they see that person, relations with a paternal figure are extremely important in predicting problem externalizing behaviors in this sample of homeless/runaway youth.
This study is cross-sectional; thus, influences may be mutually interacting over time, or even opposite from the way in which they were positioned in the present study. For instance, Simons et al. (1994) reported that adolescent externalizing problems were shown to reduce the quality of maternal parenting and to diminish father involvement. The current sample of homeless adolescents may have previously alienated their parents because of problem behaviors and consequently had negative relationships with their parents, especially their fathers.
In addition, several of the items used as indicators of the dependent variables were of necessity dichotomous rather than continuous because of their yes/no structure. Using the dichotomous variables as interrelated indicators of a more abstract latent variable allowed us to assume an underlying continuous structure. In addition, supplementary analyses not reported here used poly-choric and polyserial correlations to examine the same models. Results were essentially the same, especially among the major findings.
Adolescents who were homeless for less than 6 months are perhaps overrepresented in this sample compared with their prevalence among homeless youth. However, there was a concerted effort to find and include these individuals in this study because they have been underrepresented in past studies conducted among homeless youth. Newly homeless youth are more difficult to find and include in studies such as this one so this population may actually be a better representation of current homeless youth.
Some of the measures may not completely represent the hypothesized constructs of the study. For instance, we used indicators of the quality of paternal and maternal relations to represent attachment. The individual items that we had available are reasonable proxies and tap into conflict, respect, and love that are arguably consequences and indicators of earlier attachment quality. They mirror the items that were used by Tavecchio et al. (1999) who also examined attachment theory as a framework for explaining homelessness in young people. Furthermore, delinquency was not assessed directly, and violence, assaults, and other antisocial behaviors are not included. We had to infer delinquent behaviors through the available items that assessed whether they were making money by participating in criminal behaviors such as stealing.
This study offers direction for future research on and interventions for homeless and runaway adolescents. There should be more recognition of the influential role that prior family dynamics, attachments, and relations have on homeless adolescents even when the adolescents are not currently residing in their homes and, rather, may be joining or coming under the influence of a deviant peer subculture. The unique protective role that fathers or father-figures can play needs to be recognized and considered. More attention needs to be given to understanding the significant socializing and protective role that families play in the behavior of youth who often are studied in isolation from their families. Examining the externalizing and internalizing behaviors of homeless adolescents within in the context of positive parental relationships enables us to recognize the importance of the understudied role of positive family factors among homeless youth more fully.
Parental relationships may be more tenuous and strained among these youth but where relatively positive relationships exist, outcomes, included eventual family reunification, can be better or more promising for homeless adolescents. Clearly, more attention needs to be given strengthening paternal relationships or providing positive male role models in the development of therapeutic interventions among homeless adolescents. Our findings also suggest that greater attention should be given to identifying substantive differences in family backgrounds among homeless adolescents that may lead to more targeted interventions for this underserved population. Homeless and runaway adolescents with more positive parental relationships may have more opportunity to develop a healthy identity and to achieve optimal adult functioning despite their current runaway or homeless status. Newly homeless youth should be encouraged to return home or placed in supportive environments before losing themselves in the homeless subculture with the caveat that abuse in the home must be acknowledged. Attention must be paid to reports of abuse and violence in the home and the impact of these events on emotional distress. Reunification may be unwise or premature and alternative suggestions for housing arrangements can be pursued in these cases. However, in most cases, adolescents may benefit from timely family reunification interventions that target both the parent and the adolescent to deter chronic homelessness (e.g., Slesnick et al., 2006). In summary, this investigation suggests that parental factors and further consideration of the role of the family and father in particular in adolescent development may be a promising area for future research on homeless adolescents to deter a negative spiral of developmental outcomes such as greater delinquency, longer participation in deviant subcultures, and chronic homelessness.
This research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health Grants R01 MH49958-04, P30MH58107, and R01 MH61185, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant P01-DA01070-35.
We thank Gisele Pham for secretarial and production assistance.
Judith A. Stein, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Norweeta G. Milburn, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles.
Jazmin I. Zane, School of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles.
Mary-Jane Rotheram-Borus, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Friday, 31 October 2014
Halloween Zombie Fashionista
Wishing all you zombie fashionistas a very Happy Halloween - whether you're celebrating it or not! I had a bit of an eventful morning so thought I'd share a quick snap with you. The blood is going to be a devil to get out of that top...
Aaaaactually this image was created using PicMonkey's Halloween effects - they're so easy to use, I can highly recommend them for general photo editing as well. Have a great time, everyone - see you back here tomorrow for an outfit post with a bit of a twist (only been seen once before on Not Dressed As Lamb)!
What are you up to for Halloween - and what did/will you dress up as? Do share!
P.S. If you'd like a double pearl choker like mine you can buy the same one here (without the blood splatters of course)!
Linking up to: Let It Shine, Friday's Fab Favourites
12 comments
I love this! I hope you have a very Happy Halloween! You can check out what I'm wearing on my blog today ;).ReplyDelete
Hehe - thanks Tamara, I'll come and look (better late than never) xDelete
Eeek!! That's very scary, I love PicMonkey, it's great for making collages and adding effects.ReplyDelete
Lots of love,
SilverSpoon LondonReplies
Thanks Angie - hope your Halloween was a good one!Delete
Too cute! Going to have to check out that PicMonkey feature. Happy Halloween!ReplyDeleteReplies
Yes do, J - it's really good (and user friendly). Thank you for stopping by xDelete
OMG, I love it. Scary and yet somehow cute : >ReplyDeleteReplies
Hehe I'm not sure about cute, Patti, but thank you!!! xDelete
I like PicMonkey as well. Use it for everything. Your photo turned out great!ReplyDelete
Vanya/ mynextoutfit.com
We don't really "do" Halloween in The Netherlands... tough.ReplyDelete
No I know a lot of Europe doesn't do it either - it's only really taken off in the UK in the last 5-10 years I'd say. I lived in Canada when I was very small and we'd go trick-or-treating and was really disappointed when we came here and no-one did it!!!!Delete
Thank you so much for leaving me a comment! I love reading what you have to say and I'll always do my best to reply. If you have a question why not tweet me @notlamb?
(Please note any working links left that don't redirect to blogs will be deleted as spam...!)


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Digital Filmworks Los Angeles Ceases OperationAs of October 7th 2005 the full-service visual effects company closes doors (October 10, 2005)
Digital FilmWorks, Inc., a Los Angeles based full-service visual effects company specializing in digital compositing and film scanning and recording for the motion picture industry, has announced that they are closing their doors effective immediately.
After a 13 year partnership, president, Peter W. Moyer and vice president, Cosmas Paul Bolger, Jr., have decided to pursue other opportunities.
About Digital Filmworks
Founded in 1994, Digital Filmworks� work has been seen in hundreds of feature films, including Elizabethtown, The Longest Yard, The Ring Two, The Terminal, The Last Samurai, The Italian Job, Behind Enemy Lines, Moulin Rouge, Red Planet and Anna and The King.
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Related Keywords:Digital Filmworks, visual effects, compositing, film scanning,
Source:Digital Media Online. All Rights Reserved


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The Plot
Ashkenazi, according to Barak, is like U.S. Army Gen. (Ret.) Stanley McChrystal, who was fired last year by President Barack Obama when after a drink in Paris, McChrystal and his aides mocked Obama and those close to him to a journalist.
The defense minister wanted to topple the prime minister and succeed him. A journalist in the defense minister's camp received earth-shattering information about the prime minister from an air force captain. He published it, generating a criminal investigation that led to the resignation of the prime minister. The air force, like the entire army, was under the authority of the defense minister. The plot succeeded perhaps too well: The ruling party, headed by the defense minister who became acting prime minister, lost the elections, but the journalist got his reward. The new defense minister, formerly air force chief, offered him a government job, as his political adviser.
This thriller is almost like the fable of the former Israel Defense Forces chief of staff Gabi Ashkenazi's failed little revolt against Defense Minister Ehud Barak. The cast in this case: Shimon Peres as defense minister, Yitzhak Rabin as the prime minister. Col. (eventually ) Yoram Setter as the air force captain, Dan Margalit as the journalist and Ezer Weizman as the new defense minister. Everything happened, although the appointment of Margalit as a political adviser was thwarted due to opposition by Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan.
The survivors of these events in 1977 will be angered by the interpretation of them as a plot. Peres certainly will. What they said was not true, that he was involved in the release of the story of the dollar bank account the Rabin family held in Washington. He did not know the end of the affair either.
When he returned home from a party at Abba Eban's house, another of Rabin's rivals, he turned on the television and was shocked to see Rabin, who had not bothered to inform him, announcing his resignation and that Peres would take his place. And what did the junior officer at the embassy in Washington who was the source of the story have in common with rivals of the prime minister? But every coincidence can be seen as a move made by a faction, preferably a military one.
Politicians are suspicious people. Every outstretched hand seems to hold a knife looking to plant itself in their back. If they had only wanted to help their fellow human being, they would nurse sick people in India, not climb on top of one another on the way to the top.
It is not surprising that Barak wove a story about Ashkenazi; what is strange is that he believes his version is persuasive. And this is after the police, based on a polygraph, exonerated Ashkenazi from the three main suspicions against him: he did not forge the Gallant letter, he did not know about the forgery and he did not act to get it published.
On the contrary - when Ashkenazi found out that the document was about to be aired, a few minutes before the news program that was to release it, and without realizing that it had come from his office, he urged the newscasters not to break the story.
Over the past few days, in an effort to turn over a new leaf in his relations with the military brass, first and foremost new Chief of Staff Benny Gantz, Barak has backed off a bit from his direct accusations against Ashkenazi. Now he is focusing on Ashkenazi's overall responsibility for the acts of his subordinates.
Ashkenazi, according to Barak, is like U.S. Army Gen. (Ret. ) Stanley McChrystal, who was fired last year by President Barack Obama when after a drink in Paris, McChrystal and his aides mocked Obama and those close to him to a journalist.
The parallel is fairly crooked; Barak's counterpart, Defense Secretary Robert Gates, wanted to show compassion to McChrystal.
Barak is wrong if he hopes the state comptroller's report on the Harpaz affair, sharp as it may be, will hurt the political chances of citizen Ashkenazi. Its words, no matter how piercing they are, will have no effect, and after all, Ashkenazi will not be forced to resign from a post in which he no longer serves. The harsh words of the Or Commission on the actions of prime minister and defense minister Ehud Barak regarding the killing of 13 Arab citizens during a riot in October 2000 did not prevent Barak from heading two factions (Labor and Atzmaut ) and holding the defense portfolio in two governments.
Ashkenazi already took advantage of most of his retirement leave in 2005 when he was not appointed chief of staff and retired from the army for a time. He now has about three months of silent service. In June he can express himself about people and issues, even if he cannot be elected to the Knesset nor be appointed a minister, due to the law mandating a "cooling-off period."
A cool Ashkenazi will be a dangerous Ashkenazi, particularly to Barak and Netanyahu. Young people just going into the army are charmed by him. The next chapters of "the plot" are worth waiting for.
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0-days hitting Fedora and Ubuntu open desktops to a world of hurt
December 16, 2016 | Important, Incidents, Malware, Vulnerabilities | No Comments|
If your desktop runs a mainstream release of Linux, chances are you're vulnerable. If you run a mainstream distribution of Linux on a desktop computer, there's a good chance security researcher Chris Evans can hijack it when you do nothing more than open or even browse a specially crafted music file. And in the event you're running Chrome on the just-released Fedora 25, his code-execution attack works as a classic drive-by.


text: Nufloors 102, 4708 34 St,Vernon, BC V1T 5Y9 250-545-3206 Description Welcome to Nufloors. We offer a wide and impressive range of flooring styles, colours, textures and finishes. You can create the looks that are unique to your home and guaranteed to last for many, many years to come. We are focussed on making your floor covering purchase and installation more efficient, valuable and inspirational than ever before. We call it a beautiful experience. Our experts are happy to assist you with your flooring questions. CATEGORIES Floor Coverings & Installation


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Hi! It's Wedneday,and that mean's it's time for Yarnalong with Ginny
. pop over to her blog and see what she and everyone else has been up to this week.
I'm working from home today, and that means my brain is kind of fried. Staring at a screen with no distractions from my colleagues, no coffee runs, no interruptions. I get more done at home, but there is a reason I like going in to the office. So, in order to get away from my computer, I'm going to (try to) keep this brief.
I'm reading The Twelve, by Justin Cronin. It's the sequel to The Passage, which I read in April, and enjoying it. Also, there are passing references to the women knitting, although I'm not sure what they are knitting with, since it's 70 years after the end of civilisation and there is no mention of sheep. Maybe we will find out later.
I'm knitting and listening to a Discworld double. Rachel Coopey's Weatherwax Socks paired with Discworld book 17 - Interesting Times.
Hope you are all enjoying your reading and knitting too!
My adventures in knitting, spinning, dyeing, reading and living life the best way I know how.
Tuesday, September 8, 2015
Yarnalong- the one where my brain is fried
Posted by Sharondoubleknit at 10:58 PM
Labels: yarnalong
5 comments:
I loved those books and I'm awaiting the third for as far as I know, it's still not out. Lovely colour for socks!ReplyDelete
Have a successful workday at home! I'm curious myself to hear what these women were knitting. Maybe there is a post-apocalyptic animal that bares spinning fiber!ReplyDelete
That's very pretty yarn. I know what you mean about a fried brain from too much computer time. I hope you can take a walk, even just a short one.ReplyDelete
I work from home and hear you about brain fry, it's a real thing!ReplyDelete
Beautiful yarn you are using.
I love Rachel Coopey socks, love the colour you are using.ReplyDelete
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We also accept personal checks, payable to Tampa Bay History Center. Tampa Bay History Center 801 Old Water Street Tampa, FL 33602 Questions? E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Why We Work at Dun & Bradstreet
The journey of our careers is about one word: Opportunity. Opportunity to learn and to lead, to earn and to advance.
Our purpose is to grow the most valuable relationships in business by uncovering truth and meaning from data. We're wildly passionate about our purpose, and it has us modernizing everything we do! So if you like the vibe of a "start-up", but want the solidity of a storied and commanding brand, we are the place for you.
Dun & Bradstreet is vital to businesses of every size and scope, across six continents and every industry. Without our data, how would planes fly, coffee brew or search engines enlighten? When you collect and share insights on almost 300 million companies around the world, your chance to influence that world – for the better – is remarkably exciting. You will feel that energy in our hallways and product labs, client meetings and whiteboard sessions, hashtags and annual reports. Our collaborative, open culture is one where you can be inspired, and be inspiring.
We are passionate about the power of data. We embrace the change in the world around us. And we succeed by helping others succeed. That is who we are and what you can expect we're all about. So if you are too, we invite you to join our team. It is an opportunity like no other you will ever experience.
For more details, please visit: http://www.dnb.com.hk
Business Analyst
|Job level
|Work exp
|Minimum 1 Year
|Bachelor Degree
|Chinese - Mandarin, English
|Kwun Tong
|Employment type
|Full Time
|13-month pay, 5-day week, Dental plan, Insurance plan, Medical plan, Performance bonus
|Business Services / Consulting Services
|Job function
Banking / Finance > Corporate Finance
Banking / Finance > Credit
Banking / Finance > Research / Analysis
|Published On
- Gather and study various information on business / industrial / operational models
- Conduct business interviews (mainly through telephone) with managerial staffs of Hong Kong companies to obtain business information either in qualitative or quantitative approach
- Coordinate various market research projects
- Conduct statistical analysis to evaluate sources of action and justify business recommendations
- Compile research/ industry/ business intelligence reports with business insights
- Work with IT on ad hoc projects
- Degree holder in Business, Statistics, Information Technology or related disciplines
- General accounting knowledge with 1-2 years working experience in related fields (business information providers, research agencies, client servicing) is preferred
- Experience in working with IT on development or process enhancement will be an advantage
- Knowledge in programming languages such as VBA, C++, Java, etc will be an advantage
- Fresh-graduated is welcome
- Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
- Sensitive to numbers and attention to details
- Responsible, able to work independently, meet tight deadlines, mature, business sense and good time management
- Good command of both written and spoken English, Chinese and Mandarin is a must
- Immediate available is a definite advantage
cpjobs.com - Business Analyst - is a part of Banking / Finance, Business Services / Consulting Services, in Hong Kong, placed by DUN & BRADSTREET (HK) LTD


text: Home > World Strong earth tremor hits northern Italy Reuters Posted at Jun 04 2012 07:12 AM | Updated as of Jun 04 2012 03:12 PM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn MILAN - A strong earth tremor of 5.1 magnitude hit northern Italy late on Sunday, in the same area struck by two deadly quakes in the last two weeks, Italy's Geophysics Institute said. The latest shock was centered on the town of Novi di Modena, in Emilia-Romagna, the region where the two previous quakes killed more than 20 people and forced more than 14,000 to move out of their homes. The shock was clearly felt as far away as Milan, some 200 kilometers (125 miles) to the north. Italian media said the belltower of Novi di Modena had been destroyed and several buildings in nearby towns that had been damaged in the previous quakes collapsed, but none were inhabited and no casualties had been reported. Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Read More: earth tremor northern Italy /life/11/25/17/5-reasons-the-cirque-is-great-for-a-qc-staycation/news/11/25/17/police-officer-killed-10-others-wounded-in-ied-blast-in-iloilo/video/trending/11/25/17/ex-pbb-housemate-at-pizza-champion-sanib-pwersa-sa-paggawa-ng-pizza/entertainment/11/25/17/what-made-teresa-loyzaga-decide-to-stay-in-ph/news/11/25/17/energy-dept-recommends-revoking-gas-stations-compliance-certificate-in-wake-of-fire


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From the bestselling What Every American Should Know … series, a look at the hot spots, hot shots, political muck ups, cross-border sniping and cultural brouhahas across the ocean
With the creation of the European Union and the introduction of the Euro, Europe has undergone a dizzying transformation recentlyso much so that even Europeans are scratching their heads. Melissa Rossi brings US readers up to date on what has changedand what makes each country tick.
• Which European nation most adores nuclear energy?
• Which country's residents are by far the richest?
• Which prominent leader was once a taxi driver?
• Why are the typically calm Dutch getting twitchy?
• What happened to Czechoslovakia?
With her trademark investigative flair and wry humor, Rossi gives the inside scoop on every nation in the European Union, with vital facts about local culture, politics, tourist attractions and recent events. From Portugal to Poland, What Every American Should Know About Europe is a no holds barred, humorous and comprehensive guide for anyone interested in what our transatlantic cousins are up to these days.


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I'm warning you all ahead of time, I will definitely be soaking our guest with compliments this entire episode. Well, maybe not the entire episode, but quite often, to which I'm worried it got a little uncomfortable. I promise, no flirting at all. However, I am stoked to have today's guest featured on the Fresh Rag Show today because she is someone that I have admired from a distance for awhile because of the work she does, and it was only a matter of time before I got her here.
Janine Vangool is the publisher, editor, designer and founder of Uppercase Magazine, one of my top favorite independent mags, and it's fair to say that she is responsible for starting a trend in independent lifestyle magazines. It was only after her that I found some of my other favorite magazines, and I'm a happier consumer of paper goods because of Janine.
Uppercase Magazine isn't something you would normally expect a strapping, burly dude like myself to read, but since I came from the magazine world, and I am a fan of really nice design, the combination of those two culminated in the pages of Uppercase makes me very happy.


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Emilie Du Chatelet: Daring Genius of the Enlightenment : Although today she is best known for her fifteen-year liaison with Voltaire, Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise Du Chí¢telet (1706-1749) was more than a great man's mistress. After marrying a marquis at the age of eighteen, she proceeded to fulfill the prescribed - and delightfully frivolous - role of a French noblewoman of her time. But she also challenged it, conducting a highly visible affair with a commoner, writing philosophical works, and translating Newton's Principia while pregnant by a younger lover. With the sweep of Galileo's Daughter, Emilie Du Chí¢telet captures the charm, glamour, and brilliance of this magnetic woman.
|Crítica Literaria
|Biografía y Autobiografía


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Do it Yourself: Hanging flower heads
Hanging plant pots create an immediate holiday feeling – even in the cold season. We'll tell you how you make the pot pots themselves.
Why wait for the spring when we can get some tips to make our homes better now? We thought so and have already begun to give our home a touch of spring flair.How is the best? With lots of plants ,clear, and self-made, hanging flower heads. With those comes immediately holiday feeling .
You need this for hanging plant pots:
- Natural yarn
- plant pot
- scissors
And that's how easy it is:
1. Thread the threads through the hole in the pot and knot together above the pot (5 threads in total).
2. Cut the threads (please leave it long enough to hang the pot)
3. Tile all 5 threads at the top end.
4. Knot the individual threads together with another thread below the top edge.
Tip: Through the hole of the pot, more threads can be pulled and knotted with a ball. It is particularly beautiful when the plant holder is fastened to the ceiling . To do this, attach a small eyelet to the ceiling wall and attach the pot to it.


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JEFFERSON-For the second time this year, Ashe County find itself on the verge of drought.
According to data released Sept. 20 by the North Carolina Drought Management Advisory Council, Ashe is once again considered "abnormally dry. That's the classification for areas where drought is impending, according to the agency.
Other portions of the High Country, including Avery and Watauga Counties, have moved into the moderate drought stage.
"Bottom line, we've needed some nice, sustained rainfall for much of the summer and that just hasn't happened," Travis Birdsell, an agriculture agent with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension, said. "And the longer this goes the more we'll need it."
The High Country found itself in a similar situation until an early July weather system hit the region hard with high winds and a deluge of rain. That was enough to move the county out of the impending drought category, at least for awhile.
"That stretch of rain in early July, that was big for us," Birdsell said. "Since then, though, we've really entered another period of drought stress."
Kayakers and tubers complained about low water conditions on the New River for much of the summer and the abnormally dry conditions also played havoc on summer produce production, which ultimately forced an early end to Ashe County's Wednesday Farmers Market, though the Saturday sessions continue on as planned.
The county's pumpkin crop, which generates some $5 million in annual sales for Ashe growers, has also suffered this summer, according to Birdsell.
"Like anything else the weather has an effect on the yield and size of your crop," Birdsell said. "In essence you get poor (pumpkin) fruit set when its hot, but you have to remember that it's been hot everywhere this summer so it's not like we've been worse off than anybody else. And last year we had so much rain late that it nearly destroyed the remaining pumpkin crop, so it'll be easier to get them harvested and shipped this year. Ideally though you want to see a half inch to an inch of rain per week and we just haven't had it."
And the overly dry weather could also impact the fall leaf season, according to Dr. Howard Neufeld, Professor of Plant Eco-physiology at Appalachian State University.
"The higher temperatures could slightly delay the onset of fall colors, but only by a few days, so I don't think you'll have to change your plans if you've already decided on which weekend or weekday that you'll be coming up to the mountains," Neufeld wrote on Sept. 18. "However, the drought could have more dramatic impacts, especially on the quality of the display."
And certain trees, like tulip poplars, are already losing large amounts of leaves, according to Neufeld.
"In years with adequate rainfall, tulip poplars hold on to their leaves later into the season, and near the end of a fall color season, stand as grand, yellow beacons against a gray, leafless hillside," Neufeld wrote. "But this year, I'm afraid that display may not come to be."
Reach Adam Orr at 336-489-3058.


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Published: October 30, 2013
South Range's Stevie Taylor (13) tries to put down a spike as Cardinal Mooney's Gina Patella (20) goes for a block during last week's Division III district final. South Range will meet Wooster Triway tonight in a regional semifinal at Barberton High School.
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Looking for Jackie Trailer (2009)
03 July 2009 Action, Comedy, Family 85 mins
Jackie Chan is the undefeated Kung Fu Master who dishes out the action in traditional Jackie Chan style. When a young boy sets out to learn how to fight from the Master himself, he not only witnesses some spectacular fights, but learns some important life lessons along the way.
Watch the official Looking for Jackie 2009 trailer in HD below or find more Looking for Jackie videos on Vidimovie.