text:
Kent Lilly was born and raised in Lake Wales, Florida. He graduated from
University of Florida with a degree in Accounting and then from law school
at Florida State University. He then returned to Polk County where he
has practiced law since 1977 in the area of Personal Injury/Wrongful Death
law. Mr. Lilly is an AV Rated lawyer, the highest rating established by
Martindale Hubbell.
Neal L. O'Toole was born in New Rochelle, New York, where he was
raised until 1978 when he enrolled at Loyola University in New Orleans,
Louisiana. In 1982, he graduated cum laude from Loyola University with
a degree in both Political Science and Psychology. He immediately enrolled
at the Tulane School of Law, and in 1985 Mr. O'Toole obtained his
law degree.
Steven C. Brown is a native of Lakeland, Florida. Born and raised in the
city, he attended Stetson University and graduated as an honors student
with a degree in finance. He went on to obtain his Juris Doctorate degree
from Stetson University College of Law three years later, graduating cum
laude. He began his legal career in his hometown of Lakeland, where he
worked for two years before moving to Sebring, Florida where he has lived
and practiced since then.
J. Ron Smith was born and raised in Wauchula, Florida.
He served in the United States Marine Corps before graduating from the
University of Florida in 1962. He attained his Juris Doctorate degree
from Stetson University College of Law in 1967. Thereafter, he clerked
at the Second District Court of Appeals, and served Hardee County as its
Prosecuting Attorney.
Ivelisse De la Fe was born and raised in Havana, Cuba. She graduated summa
cum laude from Florida Southern College with a Bachelor in Music. Having
developed an intense desire to learn as much as she could about her new
country and its laws, Mrs. De la Fe attended Stetson College of Law. While
attending law school, Mrs. De la Fe served as a judicial intern for the
Honorable Judge Thomas McGrady from Florida's Sixth Judicial Circuit
where she was fortunate to gain insight to the practice of law from a
judicial perspective. Her duties in the capacity included conducting extensive
research on various legal issues as well as preparing legal memoranda
and orders. While attending Stetson, Mrs. De la Fe was the recipient of
distinguished honors, including the Victor O. Wehle Trial Advocacy Award,
the William F. Blews Pro Bono Service Award and the Leadership Development
For your convenience, we will schedule meetings with you at your home, office or hospital room.
At Lilly, O'Toole & Brown, you are not just a number. Learn how we make clients our first priority.
From serious injury to wrongful death, we go the distance for victims of negligence.
Contact us today to learn what your case is worth and how we can help.
Lilly, O'Toole & Brown, LLP is your premier choice for legal representation.
Do not put your car accident claim in any other firm's hands! Why?
We have the qualifications and experience to back up our services.
When you come to us, you get the following:
We never see case numbers, only clients. Our Lake Wales car accident lawyers
are passionate about holding negligent and reckless drivers accountable
for the damages they have caused.
Ready to pursue a claim?
Contact our firm today!
Handling legal complications after a serious car accident can be extremely
challenging. For this reason, you need a compassionate and supportive
legal team who can take on these complications for you. Our attorneys
are qualified legal professionals who are prepared to guide you through
this time.
We can help clients recover a wide range of damages, including:
Whether you were hit by a drunk driver or rear-ended by a driver who couldn't
put their phone down, you need to pursue just compensation for your injuries.
With more than two centuries of experience, we know how to help our clients
recover fair restitution for their claims.
You will face many challenges when it comes to securing the compensation
you deserve. You may have to deal with scarce evidence, tough insurance
companies, or stubborn defendants. If you find yourself in this type of
situation, make us sure you get a dedicated, aggressive, and qualified
legal team behind you.
If you would like to discuss your car accident case, be sure to
contact Lilly, O'Toole & Brown, LLP today. We offer
free consultations!
From serious injury to wrongful death claims, our firm has an impressive
list of cases.


text:
Is losing weight your nemesis? Well, you are not alone, if it is. Watch this short video for our top 10 fitness tips for weight loss. You will find a few nuggets, for sure.
We hope that you enjoyed our video. If you want more tips sign up for our newsletter below.
By Sue Bream yoursimplehealthylife.com

subset: commoncrawl


text: A trivial something happened while I was at the movies last weekend, and I feel like sharing. One of the days that preceded that movie weekend, a movie was released at the box office that interested a friend of mine so much that all he did was jabber incessantly about it. It was a movie … Continue reading the 'oh' moment


text:
MCSD District News
District Recently Honored Area Veterans
New 3-Hour Delays for Inclement Weather this Winter
Pacific Ethanol Makes Donations to MCSD Schools
November School Board Meetings
Boardman Schools Collaborated for Community Event
Boardman Schools Collaborated for Community Event
On September 12, schools in the Boardman community hosted the 7th Annual Boardman Community Resource Extravaganza at Sam Boardman Elementary. The event is an opportunity for various organizations and businesses to share with families the support and help available within the Boardman community.IMESD-IC Thu, 09/21/2017 - 5:07PM
Morrow County School District Board Vacancy
Morrow County School District Board Vacancy
The Morrow County School Board of Directors currently has a vacancy for position #2. Persons interested in applying to serve on the Morrow County School District Board of Directors must be a legally registered voter and reside within Morrow County. Please submit a letter of interest by 5:00 PM October 3, 2017 to Dirk Dirksen, PO Box 100, Heppner, OR 97836.
Notice from District Re: Air Quality
Unfortunately in North Morrow County we're experiencing smoke from the wildfires again today. Currently the rating is classified as "unhealthy for sensitive groups" so at this time building administrators in Irrigon and Boardman have been notified that all recesses and P.E. will be held indoors until further notice. We will continue to monitor air quality throughout the day and a determination about outdoor practices will be made later in the day. Please refer to your specific school websites for details related to your child's activities. District officials will continue to monitor the air quality conditions and will make adjustments as needed.
Infortunadamente, el día de hoy, estamos experimentando humo de los fuegos forestales en el norte del condado de Morrow. Actualmente se ha clasificado como "insalubre para ciertos grupos sensibles. Debido a esto los administradores de irrigon y Boardman han cancelado todas las actividades fuera del plantel. Educación física y recreos serán dentro del edificio, hasta nuevo aviso. Nosotros continuaremos monitoreando la calidad del aire y determinaremos y decidiremos acerca de las practicas fuera del plantel. Por favor infórmese a los sitios del Internet específicos de su escuela para las actividades relacionadas con su hijo. Los administradores del distrito seguirán monitoreando las condiciones de calidad del aire y harán los ajustes necesario.Release Date Wed, Sep. 13, 2017
Notice of Special Board Meeting
Notice of Special Board Meeting
Morrow County School District Board of Directors has called a special Board meeting for Monday, August 28, 2017 at 7:00 pm at Heppner Elementary School in Heppner, OR.
The purpose of the meeting is to consider an OSAA Cooperative Sponsorship between Ione and Riverside Jr/Sr High School for football.
Eclipse Viewing in Morrow County
Eclipse Viewing in Morrow County
On Monday, August 21, the continental United States will experience a solar eclipse, which occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, totally or partially blocking the view of the Sun. An eclipse's area of totality means that people viewing the eclipse in that geographic location will be able to experience the entire eclipse, while people outside that area can view a partial eclipse. The path of the total eclipse includes the southern portion of Morrow County, but even viewing the partial eclipse is an exciting scientific event for students and families to experience.
Board Schedules Work Session to Develop Goals
Board Schedules Work Session to Develop Goals
The MCSD Board of Directors has called a dinner/work session for Monday, August 14, 2017 at 5:30 PM at Riverside Jr/Sr High School in Boardman, OR.
The purpose of the work session is development of 2017/18 Board Goals.


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|10 Mar 2014
Seems normal practice for Dell to use the recovery partition as system. I wouldn't be concerned about that.
Always a good idea to make your own images. Best free imaging program is FREE Backup software for Windows 7, 8 and Server 2008 R2, 2012
One thing I have noticed is that I was testing if system restore affected the file size of any recovery disks made from the partition. There was quite a difference in file size when I created disks from the partition with and without system restore having made restore points to it.
Not sure if this has any negative effects but there is a definite file size difference which makes me suspicious.
|My System Specs
|10 Mar 2014
Vista x64 / 7 X64
Can't remember what Dell recovery disc creator does. Quite likely it includes the entire contents of the recovery partition. It is fine.
Are you saying there might be no concern with the partition?
I wouldn't be concerned about that.
|My System Specs
|10 Mar 2014
I shall use the recovery partition with caution until I can get system images set up. Thanks for your help.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Where are system restore points saved?
I want to save a system restore point to disc, but it seems to only let me save the most recent one, whereas I want to save the oldest one to disc. Where is it located on my hard drive, and can I manually send it to a disc or flash drive if I can find it? Thank you for your help!
|Backup and Restore
Deleted the saved points from my Recovery Partition?
So I was going to delete my restore points for my C: drive under system protection but by mistake i clicked configure on the only other option which was the recovery and I deleted the saved points. Even though recovery is set to off will this cause any problems down the line?
|Performance & Maintenance
System Restore Points Saved for Only One Month?
hi all, months and months ago i had to do a system restore and found that there was only one restore point - the original date i got it (even though i had my computer for a while before that). not sure if i noticed the 'show more restore points' check box. i recently decided to look into...
|Backup and Restore
How do I change which partition restore points+page file are saved to?
Hi there I am wondering if it is possible for me to change which partition my system restore points AND my page file are saved to. I am sick and tired of space constantly changing on my C: Drive and would rather the page file and the restore points be saved to a separate hidden partition so this...
|Backup and Restore
Recovery partition created - suitable restore points now unavailable
My new notebook, running Windows 7, crashed 90 minutes after first boot and created a recovery partition. (Affects C:\ drive only. No programs or drivers were being installed. Starts up OK & is functional). Restore points are now unavailable from the time before partition was created. When a...
|Backup and Restore
Not able to boot. no help from system recovery or restore points
Ok, so my laptop (a Sager notebook) has Windows 7 Home Premium installed on it. For the past month or so, whenever I shutdown it'll say installing update 1 of 1 and then when I go to reboot, it will say applying updates x out of 35,xxx. Well, it'll always fail and I'll have to do a system recovery....
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Transexual and Cross Dresser Sex romp on the dance floor in front of everyone !
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1690 West Lake Boulevard | Tahoe City, CA 96145 | 530-581-4073
The Cottage Inn, a cluster of cozy cottages, is nestled among the pines, just a stone's throw from the lake and a private beach. Rooms are decorated with charming Tahoe appeal, and offer private entrances, private baths, some with tubs, stone fireplaces, and TV. Included is a hearty country breakfast and sauna. Enjoy its homey atmosphere, crackling fire, today's newspaper and homemade cookies. Honeymoon suite. Close to all summer and winter activities.
Number of Rooms: 22 | Rates: $158 - $340 Reservations
6821 West Lake Boulevard, Hwy. 89 | Tahoma, CA 96142 | 530-525-1553
Experience the historic and charming little red cottages under the Sugar Pines on Tahoe's quiet West Shore. Each cabin is uniquely decorated with mountain elegance. All cottages have private baths, entrances and down comforters; some have fireplaces. This very private and relaxed mountain setting with its family-style breakfast is an ideal mountain getaway.
Number of Rooms: 16 | Rates: $109 - $459 Reservations
14255 Hwy 88 | Hope Valley, CA 96120 | 530-694-2203
Your all-season resort in the Sierra Nevada south of Lake Tahoe. Sorensen's offers charming log cabins, cozy cottages and B&B rooms. Most include wood burner fireplaces. Boundless opportunities for outdoor recreation from cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, world-class fishing, hiking and biking. Close to mineral hot springs. Restaurant on site.
Number of Rooms: 35 | Rates: $115 - $475 Reservations
1072 Ski Run Blvd | South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 | 530-544-4485
Alder Inn is a 24-room inn conveniently located a few blocks from the Lake Tahoe beach and a mile from Heavenly Ski Lodge. The buildings and rooms have been recently updated with new paint, carpeting and bedding. All the rooms are decorated with a unique theme and include amenities that will make you feel at home. The cozy inn provides you a relaxing atmosphere to enjoy with family and friends.
Number of Rooms: 24 | Rates: $99 - $250 Reservations
10070 Gregory Place | Truckee, CA 96161 | 530-587-5574
This year-round B & B with EZ access sits in the forest has something for everyone. Each themed guest room offers a private entrance, private bath and forest view. Lake activities are across the street. Snow activities are within a short drive. Known for breakfast worth waking up for.
Number of Rooms: 5 | Rates: $164 - $229 Reservations
1202 Ski Run Blvd | South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 | 530-544-4451
No expense was spared during the construction of the property. Hand hewn logs and meticulously crafted river rock gas fireplaces highlight every room. The one-acre property is fully landscaped with flower gardens and Tahoe's famous pine trees.
We'll make sure you leave fueled for your day with fresh baked pastries, Greek yogurt bar, locally roasted coffee and handcrafted loose leaf teas – included with every reservation. After a day skiing, biking, hiking, kayaking, parasailing enjoy a soak in our in-ground spa.
Number of Rooms: 9 | Rates: $199 - $499
4145 Manzanita Ave | South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 | 530-544-7031
The 7 Seas Inn is a warm hospitable inn with a great location. It is situated 3 blocks from a private Lake Tahoe Beach with free access to their guests, and 3 blocks from Heavenly Village, the famous casinos of South Tahoe -and Heavenly Mountain, Operated by the Vail Company. The spectacular Lake Tahoe is a 4-Season destination for active people with world class mountain biking, boating, kayaking, skiing, road biking, running, hiking and, of course gaming, spas and shopping. Great location, great hospitality and an extraordinary value.
Number of Rooms: 16 | Rates: $69 - $250 Reservations


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3-In-1 Fitness Balance Board System. Balance, Meet Performance.
The FIT is a high performance balance board designed to add new dimensions to your workout. Increase the burn and fun in your existing fitness routine. It is a Rocker, Wobble, and Roller Style Balance Board All In One.
All of you fitness fanatics out there, well we got something for you too. We call it the FIT balance board. If you are looking for a way to add some serious burn to your workout this would definitely be the way to go. Not to mention how much more fun the workout with be on the FIT fitness balance board. This multi-purpose balance trainer is built like a beast and can't wait to push you to the next level.
Balance Boarding is nothing new, its been around since at least the 1950's and there are many different types of boards that have been introduced over the years. Traditionally, these boards have been used as trainers for general balance and fitness needs. Balance boarding can be done just about anywhere, any time, especially indoors which is pretty awesome. It also takes up very little room. Balance Boarding is a very challenging and fun way to better balance skills, but has lacked creativity and room for progression. This is what we at Revolution want to change…
We are a group of boardsport-aholics who love to get out there and ride. Skateboarding, Skimboarding, Wakeboarding, Wakeskating, Snowboarding, Longboarding, you name it, we like to do it. Sometimes, however, you just can't get out there or the weather gets bad or you just want something a little different to do. That's where balance products come into play. We have tried many boards that were out there and liked the general idea but knew there was so much more that was possible. That's when we started testing out some concepts and tried to figure out how to make a better balance board and roller that was more fun and that could do more. A few years later we had some more time to really work on our ideas and developed our first line of boards. We think these are the best boards on the market, otherwise we wouldn't even sell them. Take a look at our boards, photos, or videos and you will get an idea of what is possible on these things. You won't see this kind of stuff anywhere else. Our goal is to also give you the most for your money, which is why we try to keep our prices as reasonable as possible. If you have any questions about our products, just hit us up and we will get back to you asap.


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So you've got the basics down but you want to be an even better player?
VUL's intermediate players are invited to join our Men's and Women's Intermediate Bootcamps! Participants will practice everything from throwing and cutting to marking and defending through drills and scrimmages.
Players from Vancouver's top men's and women's competitive teams will lead this series of 6 dynamic skills workshops. Men learn from the top male players, while women learn from the top female players. Each week, you'll scrimmage alongside and under the instruction of the elite players.
What's intermediate? It can be difficult to self-assess, but you should already feel comfortable throwing both a backhand and forehand in game situations.
Event info
Each session is 2 hours long and the camp runs for 6 weeks and it is split gender. The cost is $70. Bring a light and dark jersey, cleats, and water.
2017 Dates and Location
Tuesdays evenings from March 7 - April 11
Bootcamps will run from 8-10pm or 7-9pm at Trillium.
Women's Instructor - Troe Weston (former Traffic player and current Team Canada Regional Coach)
Men's Instructor - (Alistair Robb - former Scottish University player and current player for Riptide)
How to register
First come first serve via our registration page. Registration closes Sunday, March 5.


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Blogging since 2004 about the significant people, places, sights and sounds in my world. Now enjoying the life of a DoDO.
Well, that was a surprise! I powered up my Windows Tablet this morning – and this screen popped up.
Apparently, Windows 10 is being rolled-out on July 29th and will be a free upgrade for users of Windows 7, 8 and 8.1.


text:
GraphicRiver Facebook Addict Business Card v2 4324255
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Facebook Addict Business Card v2 4324255
Print Template \ Business Cards
Facebook \ Addict \ Professional \ Twitter \ Creative \ Business \ Card \ Codepower
Print Template - Facebook Addict Business Card v2 4324255 by CodePower @ GraphicRiver
Print Template \ Business Cards
Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD; Layered: Yes; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS3; Print Dimensions: 3.2x2.
Facebook Addict – Business Card v2
- With this new version you'll definitely, show to your friends, family and the whole world your likely addiction so chose this "Facebook Addict – Business Card v2".
The package includes.
- Facebook Addict – Business Card v2.psd
- Read Me.txt
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Wanna some unique Lens Flares? So check this out .
Social Addict - Business Card; Facebook Addict - Facebook Timeline Cover v2; Woo! Pricing Tables; Conspiracy Lens Flares; Advance Lens Flares 2; Exclusive 10 Lens Flares; Stamp Identity - Facebook Timeline Cover.zip.
Keywords: blue, business card, codepower, creative, facebook, facebook addict, professional, twitter, web.


text:
Discover how the Great Physician uses the Law to diagnose and heal our sin Part 3
Though an x-ray can reveal what's broken inside us, we still need the skilled hand of a surgeon to repair internal damage. It's a spiritual check-up.
A biblical perspective on the purpose of the Law Part 2
The Bible declares we're saved by the free gift of grace. In light of Jesus' sacrifice, no amount of obedience to the Law can ever make us right with God! Let's examine the importance of the Ten Commandments in light of salvation.
An insightful study on the Ten Commandments and the role it plays in our lives Part 1
The Ten Commandments were given to a people and a culture bound to follow Old Testament law. So do those ancient rules have any application in our lives today?
The Purpose of the Ten Commandments
We all think we are familiar with the Ten Commandments. But how many can you…
Let's go back to the first century and see what it was like to hear the gospel for the first time Part 6
Unable to escape from the bondage of sin on our own, God sent His only Son to free us. It's a transforming message that never gets old.
Let's turn to Paul's letter to the Corinthians and explore what it means to show true, biblical love Part 5
I love my spouse and I love pizza, but if I were to tell my spouse my love for him/her equals my love for pizza, I'm in big trouble! An insightful look at First Corinthians thirteen.
Rediscover First Corinthians thirteen for your home Part 4
The famous "love" chapter found in First Corinthians thirteen is often used in wedding ceremonies as a model for the newly married couple. Discover how this well-known definition of love impacts more than just husbands and wives!
Discover the detailed organization Paul put into his letter to the Corinthian church Part 3
As the author of the majority of the New Testament, the apostle Paul was one of the greatest theologians and writers in history! A fresh perspective on Scripture with special guest Ken Bailey.
Gain fresh understanding of the apostle Paul's famous letter to the Corinthians Part 2
We know them as books of the Bible, but much of the New Testament is made up of letters to specific cities and churches! Let's survey the ancient city of Corinth.
Let's look at Paul's letter to the Corinthians Part 1
Scripture applies to every generation and culture. But the words really come alive when we see them in their original context! Let's look at Paul's letter to the Corinthians from the perspective of his original Middle Eastern audience.
Paul Through Mediterranean Eyes
Scholars often recognize that the New Testament author Paul was writing in a Greco-Roman world…


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 6, 2001
|Filing date
|Apr 28, 1998
|Priority date
|Jun 12, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Paul W. Dent
|Original Assignee
|Ericsson Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (58), Classifications (28), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/662,940, filed Jun. 12, 1996 in the name of P. Dent, and entitled "Transmitter for Encoded Data Bits," which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to demodulation of radio signals modulated with a new, spectrally-efficient type of modulation while compensating for time dispersion caused by multipath propagation in the land-mobile radio environment.
The European digital cellular system known as GSM utilizes a modulation technique known as Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), in which successive binary bits are modulated alternately onto a cosine carrier and a sine carrier respectively while maintaining a constant signal amplitude. A related modulation called Offset-shaped Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ("Offset QPSK" or "OQPSK") provides a very similar signal but does not maintain a constant amplitude. Nevertheless, the similarity between GMSK and OQPSK waveforms is sufficient enough to make it possible for an OQPSK receiver to efficiently demodulate a GMSK signal and vice versa. Cellular telephones conforming to the GSM standard have been marketed and sold throughout the world by L.M. Ericsson since about 1990, and since about 1993 in the U.S.A. where the standard is known as PCS1900. L.M. Ericsson is the Swedish parent company of Ericsson Inc., the current assignee of this application. Ericsson GSM telephones utilize derotation of the received GMSK signal samples by successive multiples of 90 degrees. However, the information symbols that are derotated are symbols representing single binary bits that can take on levels of only +1 or −1, and not the multi-level signals disclosed in this application and its parent application. GSM telephones also employ channel estimation by correlating received signal samples with a known synchronization word ("syncword") and then using the channel estimates in a Viterbi processor to demodulate the received signal while compensating for intersymbol interference (ISI). Indeed, the Viterbi processor is a well known form of equalizer used to compensate for multipath propagation and other causes of ISI, and is described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos.:
which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein.
A related inventive modulation and decoding method therefor is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/769,263 to P. Dent, filed Dec. 18, 1996 and entitled "Spectrally Efficient Modulation Using Overlapped GMSK", which is also hereby incorporated by reference herein. In overlapped GMSK modulation, the number of data bits transmitted in a given instant and within a given bandwidth is doubled by combining two GMSK signals with a 90 degree relative phase rotation to reduce interference therebetween. In the parent to this application (i.e., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/662,940), it is disclosed that two GMSK signals may alternatively be combined with relative amplitude ratio 1:0.5 in order to produce an inventive offset-16QAM modulation.
In the prior art, the number of metric computations performed in a Viterbi equalizer to demodulate each symbol from an alphabet of M symbols is equal to M to the power L, where L is the number of symbols of ISI, that is the number of symbols which affect each received signal sample. In the GSM system, a GMSK symbol may be regarded as having a duration of two bits, but thanks to the one bit or half-symbol offset between the cosine and sine channels, a half-symbol may be regarded as being only one bit duration. By Viterbi processing to demodulate one half-symbol at a time, the GSM telephones therefore reduce complexity by having a sub-alphabet size of only two possible bit values, that is M=2 for GSM equalizers sold by Ericsson.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide communications techniques and apparatus that reduce the number of required metric computations even when higher order constellations such as 16-QAM are used.
This application discloses optimum methods to decode the inventive modulation described in the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,531. More particularly, the invention disclosed herein enables the metric savings to be obtained even when higher order constellations such as 16-QAM are used, by employing the teachings of the parent application to offset the instants at which cosine and sine modulation are applied by half of a 16-QAM symbol duration to produce the inventive 16-OQAM modulation. By processing only a cosine symbol or a sine symbol at a time, the sub-alphabet size is reduced from sixteen possible symbols to four possible symbols, that is, M=4 rather than 16, giving a much lower equalizer complexity than that which is disclosed in the prior art.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an inventive transmitter encodes a number 2N (e.g., 2N=4) data bits by using N (e.g., two) data bits to select one of two to the power N (e.g., four) levels of a cosine wave and the other N data bits to select one of two to the power N levels of a sine wave. In contrast to prior art 16QAM, the inventive modulation attains the cosine wave levels at instants between the instants that the sine wave attains its modulation levels, that is, at instants offset by half a 2N-bit (e.g., 4-bit) symbol interval, the modulation thus being known as Offset QAM or OQAM. A receiver according to the invention receives the OQAM signal and amplifies, filters and digitizes the received signal at a sampling rate of preferably only two samples per 2N-bit symbol interval (i.e., one sample per N-bit half-symbol interval). Successive N-bit half-symbols comprise information modulated alternately on a cosine and a sine carrier wave, that is, successive half-symbols are rotated by 90 degrees. In one embodiment of the inventive modulation, this rotation successively has the values 0,90,0,90,0,90 . . . and so on, while in an alternative embodiment of the inventive modulation, the successive rotation takes on the values 0,90,180,270,0,90,180,270 . . . and so on, such that successive cosine wave symbols are alternately inverted (0,180,0,180 . . . ) while successive sine wave symbols are likewise alternately inverted (90,270,90,270 . . . ). This alternate inversion of successive cosine and successive sine wave symbols does not change the modulation in principle, and merely requires that the successive inversion be corrected by inverting alternate cosine and sine symbols either before modulation (by use of precoding), or alternatively, after demodulation.
The inventive receiver may optionally remove the successive rotation through 0,90,180,270 . . . degrees by applying successive derotations of successive digitized samples by like amounts. Successive derotations of successive digitized samples are easy to implement by simply swapping the real and imaginary parts of the complex samples and manipulating their signs appropriately. After this derotation, the inventive receiver performs a correlation of the derotated samples with a set of known sync half-symbols to establish a time synchronization marker for demodulating unknown N-bit half-symbols. The sync half-symbols may furthermore be chosen to comprise only two of the 2 N possible amplitudes of the sine or cosine wave, such as the two greatest amplitudes of opposite sign, such that the sync symbols are binary symbols, facilitating correlation.
The sync correlations determine a set of channel coefficients describing the dependence of each digitized sample on one or more unknown half-symbols. Dependence of a digitized sample on more than one successive half-symbol may occur for example due to time dispersion or multipath echos in the propagation path, inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by transmit or receiver filtering, or by the receiver digitizing signal samples at a sampling instant other than that at which the half-symbols are expected to attain their nominal sine or cosine values.
The channel estimates computed using known half-symbols are then used to predict the expected received sample values for all different possible sequences of successive unknown half-symbols that are to be decoded. For example, where N=2, if channel estimation determines that a received sample depends on 3 successive half-symbols, there are 4 cubed=64 possible sequences of 3 successive two-bit half-symbols, and thus 64 possible expected values of which 32 are simply the negatives of the other 32.
Continuing with the example in which N=2, received samples are then compared with all 64 possible expected values and a measure of disagreement or error metric computed. A Viterbi Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator ("Viterbi MLSE", or "MLSE") is preferably used to accumulate error metrics to determine that sequence, among all possible sequences, that produces the lowest cumulative error metric. Automatic phase correction and amplitude scaling during Viterbi processing may take place using fast automatic frequency control (AFC) and automatic gain control (AGC) algorithms. The number of metric computations using this inventive 16-OQAM modulation is equal to 4 to the power L, where L is the number of half-symbols on which each digitized sample depends. This is contrasted with 16 to the power L for prior art 16-QAM. The invention may be obviously extended to higher order constellations of OQAM other than 16-OQAM.
In other aspects of the invention, dual mode transmitters and receivers are disclosed that enable different types of modulation to be alternatively utilized. In some embodiments, a communication burst includes unknown as well as known (sync) information symbols, wherein the known sync symbols communicated between the transmitter and the receiver convey information permitting the receiver to determine the type of modulation utilized for transmitting the unknown information symbols. In some embodiments, the known sync information symbols are transmitted by means of only one type of modulation (e.g., GMSK) regardless of the type of modulation applied for transmitting the unknown information symbols.
The objects and advantages of the invention will be understood by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIGS. 1a and 1 b depict respective cosine and sine waveforms of Offset-16QAM modulation according to one aspect of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary transmitter arrangement in accordance with one aspect of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) burst format in accordance with one aspect of the invention; and
FIG. 4 depicts hardware and steps for receiving an O-16QAM modulated signal in accordance with other aspects of the invention.
The various features of the invention will now be described with respect to the figures, in which like parts are identified with the same reference characters.
FIGS. 1a and 1 b show, respectively, the cosine and sine waveforms 101, 103 of Offset-16QAM modulation according to the invention disclosed in the parent application (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/662,940). Each of these waveforms is obtained by adding together two, constant-amplitude, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying waveforms (GMSK waveforms) with an amplitude ratio of 1:0.5 to produce approximately the four discrete levels on each of a cosine and a sine wave. In the exemplary cosine and sine waveforms 101 and 103, the four discrete levels are, from lowest to highest, −3, −1, +1 and +3. The small spread about each of the four levels indicates an inherent inaccuracy resulting from the use of GMSK signals to approximate the exact offset-16QAM waveforms. This error is small in relation to the efficiency benefit in being able to employ class-C amplifiers for amplifying each of the GMSK signals.
The GMSK waveforms specified for use in the European Digital Cellular system known as GSM are a subset of all the Offset-16-QAM waveforms of FIGS. 1a and 1 b, and in particular, are those waveforms that pass through the maximum positive or negative cosine and sine values around +/−3. The GMSK waveforms are obtained by applying the same two data bits to the two GMSK modulators, and the inventive transmitter of the parent application then produces GMSK with the full efficiency of the class-C amplifiers used. This feature, that is being able to produce GMSK waveforms with no loss of efficiency compared to a GMSK transmitter, is useful when it is desired to construct dual-mode transmitters and receivers that can handle prior art GSM-type GMSK modulation as well as the new Offset-16-QAM waveforms.
GSMK signals may alternatively be either differentially or coherently modulated. In the case of differential modulation, each successive information bit initiates either a +90 or a −90 degree signal phase rotation relative to the previous phase. In the alternative case of coherent modulation, the final signal phase after completing a +90 or a −90 degree rotation is directly indicative of a data bit polarity. As is well known from the GSM system, coherent GMSK may be produced by a differential GMSK modulator using suitable precoding of the applied information bitstream. Coherent GMSK provides superior performance and is a preferred, although not essential, form of GMSK herein.
FIG. 2 shows more details of an exemplary transmitter arrangement disclosed in the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,531. A dual, GMSK modulator 100 (or alternatively, an OQPSK modulator, if power amplifiers 105A, 105B are linear power amplifiers) accepts a first input bitstream B1 and a second input bitstream B2 and produces modulated output signals. It is common practice first to produce the modulated signals at a fixed transmit intermediate frequency (TXIF) and then to use upconvertors 104A, 104B to upconvert the modulated signals to the final transmit frequency with the aid of a local oscillator which may be tuned to vary the transmit frequency channel. U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,722 to P. Dent ('722) discloses improved quadrature modulators, also known as I/Q modulators, which are suitable for producing GMSK or OQPSK modulated signals. The above-referenced '722 patent is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Other methods of producing GMSK signals may be used however, including direct modulation of a fractional-N synthesizer with the data bitstream. The upconvertors 104A, 104B can be one of two alternative types, depending on whether the dual GMSK modulator 100 produces only constant envelope signals (like GMSK) or variable amplitude signals (such as OQPSK). In the latter case, the amplitude variation must be preserved through the upconversion process, so a suitable upconvertor is a heterodyne mixer to mix the modulated TXIF signal with the local oscillator signal. The mixer will usually produce both a sum and a difference frequency output, necessitating a bandpass filter to select the desired frequency output (i.e., the sum or the difference).
If, however, the dual GMSK modulator 100 produces only constant envelope signals, another type of upconvertor may be used which avoids the need for a bandpass filter to select the desired output. In this case, a voltage-controlled transmit frequency oscillator (TX VCO) is mixed with the local oscillator signal to produce a TXIF signal. This TXIF signal is phase compared with the modulated TXIF signal from the modulator (e.g., the signal generated by the GMSK I/Q waveform generator 101 a in combination with the mixers 102A and 103A, as shown in FIG. 2) to obtain a phase error signal. The phase error signal is filtered using a loop filter including an integrator to produce a voltage control signal for the TX VCO, forming a phase-lock loop which forces the TX,VCO phase to follow the modulation phase. This second type of upconvertor is preferred when both modulators (101A, 102A, 103A) and (101B, 102B, 103B) produce GMSK signals.
The upconverted signals at the respective outputs of the upconvertors 104A, 104B drive respective ones of the power amplifiers 105A, 105B. The two power amplifiers 105A, 105B have unequal output powers in the ratio 2:1. That is, a first power amplifier 105A can, for example, produce an output power of 1.5 watts while a second power amplifier 105B produces an output power of 0.75 watts. The power amplifier output signals are combined using a directional coupler 106 which has a first voltage coupling ratio k from the second power amplifier 105B to the output and a second coupling ratio
from the first power amplifier 105A to the output. The sum of the squares of the coupling ratios is always unity for a "lossless" directional coupler. Choosing the ratio of the second to the first coupling factors to equal the power amplifier power ratio of 2:1 results in the power amplifier output powers adding at the output when both power amplifiers are producing the same signal, that is, when bitstreams B1 and B2 are identical, thus giving a peak output power of 1.5+0.75=2.25 watts. In this condition, no power is dissipated in the dummy load 108 connected to the unused port of the directional coupler 106. When bitstreams B1 and B2 are not identical, the output is not the sum of the power amplifier powers, but is instead a variable amplitude waveform as shown in FIGS. 1a and 1 b. FIGS. 1a and 1 b illustrate the O-16QAM waveforms produced when half the data bits to be transmitted are used to form bitstream B1 and the other half are used to form bitstream B2. When the sum of the squares of the cosine and sine waveforms is less than the maximum value corresponding to 2.25 watts output power, the remaining power not output is dissipated in the dummy load 108 attached to the unused output of directional coupler 106. Thus, full output power, constant-envelope GMSK modulated signals may be produced by feeding the two modulators with identical bitstreams, as occurs during transmission of those parts of the data burst 107 of FIG. 2 labeled "syncword" and "flag". Alternatively, variable amplitude O-16QAM signals are produced when bitstreams B1 and B2 consist of different bits, as during the portion of the burst 107 labeled "O-16QAM DATA" in FIG. 2. When the directional coupler 106 is a 90-degree coupler, it is necessary to provide a compensating 90 degree phase shift of the power amplifier drive signals. This can be easily arranged by resetting the starting phase of the two GMSK modulators to be 90-degrees apart, or alternatively by providing a quarter-wave transmission line or lumped circuit equivalent between the output of one upconvertor and the power amplifier it drives.
FIGS. 1a and 1 b illustrate those points at which a receiver would ideally sample the cosine and sine waveforms 101, 103. As illustrated, the optimum sampling points t1, t2, t3 are spaced by half a 4-bit symbol period apart. At odd sampling instants t1 and t3, the sine waveform 103 attains its constellation values most accurately, allowing two of the four data bits (such as b5,b6 in the burst 107 of FIG. 2) to be decoded, while the cosine wave 101 attains its constellation values at even sampling instants such as t2, allowing another two data bits to be decoded (such as b7,b8 in the burst 107 of FIG. 2), thus decoding four data bits in one symbol period with the aid of two, half-symbol-spaced samples.
In practice, multipath propagation and other of the above-mentioned transmission imperfections do not yield the ideal waveforms 101, 103 of FIGS. 1a and 1 b at the receiver. For example, if the waveforms are mis-sampled so that the even and odd sampling instants are confused, the sine wave 103 sampled at t2 would not attain one of four distinct levels but one of approximately six, with these six levels being produced as a function of the foregoing two data bits and the following two data bits modulated on the sine wave. Thus it can arise, due to multipath propagation (delayed signal echos), mis-sampling or other timing distortions such as group delay distortion in the receiver filter, that the received waveform samples depend on more than one successive pair of data bits. As a first step in decoding a received waveform corrupted by such Inter-symbol Interference (ISI), it is useful to determine the dependence of each sample on the surrounding data bits. This is termed "channel estimation" and is performed for example by correlating received samples with a known symbol pattern embedded in the transmission.
FIG. 3 shows a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) burst format 301 which conforms approximately to the GSM format, except that the unknown symbols 303, 305 are O-16QAM symbols as in FIG. 1, while the known 26-bit syncword 307 is a GSM syncword of GMSK symbols, which are simply a subset of the O-16QAM symbols and can be produced by the same transmitter simply by choosing the data bits fed to it. The 26-bit syncword 307 is centrally placed within the burst format 301 in order to reduce the maximum distance between known symbols and unknown symbols. Channel estimates computed from the known syncword 307 are then valid for decoding unknown symbols 303, 305 over the whole burst, as the signal propagation path does not vary significantly from the center to the edge of the burst 307 providing the relative velocity between the receiver and transmitter does not exceed normal automobile speeds.
In GSM, the central syncword is bordered by two "flag" bits 309, 311. The flag bits 309, 311 indicate whether an 8-burst interval contains a block of digitized speech or user data, or alternatively a Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) message. FACCH messages are sent when the transmitter desires to alter the operation at the receiver, for example to cause a handover from one serving base station to another serving base station, or to cause a change from voice to data traffic. With the introduction of Offset 16-QAM, the opportunity arises to use O-16QAM half-symbols for the flags, and thus to signal one of four different conditions to the receiver, which for example could comprise:
FLAG SYMBOLS=+3: Burst contains GMSK traffic symbols
FLAG SYMBOLS=−3: Burst contains GMSK FACCH symbols
FLAG SYMBOLS=+1: Burst contains O-16QAM traffic symbols
FLAG SYMBOLS=−1: Burst contains O-16QAM FACCH symbols
However, there is a disadvantage in allowing the FLAG symbols to take on O-16QAM symbol values: Since it would not be known in advance of decoding the flag symbols of 8 consecutive bursts whether the burst contained GMSK or O-16QAM symbols, the bursts would have to be decoded with the assumption that they contained O-16QAM symbols, which produces a higher symbol error rate for GMSK symbols than with a demodulator optimized for only GMSK symbols. This could be overcome at a penalty of greater demodulator complexity by demodulating every burst using both a demodulator optimized for O-16QAM and a demodulator optimized for GMSK, and then using the decoded flag bits to select the output of the one or the other.
To avoid the above disadvantages, it may be preferred to allow the FLAG symbols to remain as GMSK symbols (single binary bits) and to use another method to inform the demodulator whether the unknown symbols are O-16QAM or GMSK symbols. For example, two different, mutually orthogonal syncwords could be used for GMSK and O-16QAM transmissions, respectively. The receiver could relatively easily perform sync correlation (channel estimation) using both syncwords, and use that syncword which gives highest correlations as an indication of whether an O-16QAM or a GMSK demodulator will be used for that burst. In this way, a communications system can be built which can change at will from GMSK to O-16QAM modulation without informing the receiver in advance. Moreover, the inventive transmitter of the parent application can be fed with data which will result in GMSK transmissions or in O-16QAM transmissions without being re-adapted in advance.
Demodulation of GMSK or the linear equivalent modulation OQPSK using channel estimates to adapt a Viterbi Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator (MLSE) to compensate for multipath propagation is known from the above-incorporated documents. A method adapted to the inventive O-16QAM modulation will now be described with reference to FIG. 4.
The received signal is sampled at two samples per 16QAM symbol, that is one sample per half-symbol clock period. The signal samples are digitized and stored in receive sample buffer memory 10, using for example the logpolar digitizing technique of U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,059 to P. Dent, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively, a homodyne digitization technique can be used, with DC offset, slope and drift compensation, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,241,702 and 5,568,520, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. The digitized sample comprises complex numbers in either logpolar form or Cartesian form, but the complex numbers may readily be converted from one form to another by straightforward mathematical operations. Logpolar form tends to be more convenient for adjusting the overall amplitude (AGC) of the captured burst of signal samples or for removing a systematic frequency error (AFC), as described in above-incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,568,518 and 5,615,231, while Cartesian form is more usually used for the metric calculations described below. As part of the AFC process, which involves phase angle rotations, received signal samples may be prerotated through successive increments of 90 degrees such that even-numbered samples are changed in phase by + or −90 degrees relative to odd samples, which results in all half-symbols then lying along the same line on the Argand diagram (the complex plane) at an angle depending on total propagation path phase shift. To coherently demodulate this signal, the angle of the line must be determined by using the known syncword symbols in a process known as channel estimation.
Having captured and digitized the burst and applied AGC and AFC, the channel estimator 11 reads samples from buffer 10 that are located around the expected position of the syncword and determines the magnitude and phase of the received signal and its significant delayed echos by either correlation with the known syncword or by least-squares solution of an overdimensioned set of equations, as described in above-incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,557,645 and 5,619,533. Channel estimation may indeed be performed using two syncwords, and using that syncword that gives the largest estimate of total signal energy as an indication to the receiver whether the unknown symbols are GMSK or O-16QAM symbols. Assuming that O-16QAM symbols are indicated, the channel estimates are passed to a predictor 12 which predicts the complex signal value expected for every possible combination of L successive O16QAM half-symbols. In the example of FIG. 4, a value of L=3 is illustrated. The three successive half-symbols comprise two "previous" half-symbols and one "new" half-symbol, which together can take on 4�4�4=64 possibilities. Thus, prediction memory 13 receives 64 complex values from predictor 12 and stores them. There are many symmetries that can be exploited to simplify predictor 12. For example, half the values are simply the negatives of the other half, so only 32 distinct values need be computed. Also, those values associated with half-symbol sequences containing values of only +3 or −3 are simply three times the values associated with half-symbol sequences containing only +1 or −1. In addition, a fast method of computing all predictions, starting with at least one already computed value, is to compute the remainder in Grey-code order in which only one half-symbol at a time is changed so as to successively generate all required predictions using only one addition or subtraction of a channel estimate from a previous prediction. For example, if the three channel estimates computed by channel estimator 11 are denoted by C1, C2 and C3, then a predicted received value for the half-symbol sequence S1,S2,S3 is simply
If S1=−3, S2=−3 and S3=+1, we obtain −3C1−3C2+C3 for the prediction to be stored in row 1, column 3 of prediction memory 13. Then, the value to be stored in row 9, column 3 for the symbols +1,−3,+1 is
which is equal to
Thus P(+1,−3,+1) can be derived by adding 4C1 to already computed P(−3,−3,+1) and the factor of 4 multiplying C1 is not counted as an arithmetic operation because it can be implemented by a simple left shift of two places of the binary values of C1. P(+3,−3,+1) can then be computed by a further addition of 2C1, and P(+3,−3,+3) can be computed by a further addition of 2C3. Thus it can be seen that the predictions can be computed using much less than
and more in the order of 32 additions, a saving of 8 to 16 times in effort.
The 64 predictions comprise a row of four values, corresponding to each of the four possibilities of the new half-symbol, associated with each of the 16 possible combinations of the two last half-symbols. In addition there is associated with each of the 16 last-symbol pairs a path history and a path metric, which together form a state memory 14 having 16 rows.
The path metric values in state memory 14 are an inverse measure of the likelihood that the symbols in the path history are correct. The inverse likelihood measure usually represents minus the logarithm of the likelihood, which is a positive number because likelihood or probability is always less than unity and its logarithm is thus negative. The higher the path metric value, the lower the likelihood, and the purpose of the controlling Viterbi processor 20 is thus to control the sequence of calculations until the half-symbol sequence giving the smallest path metric, and thus highest likelihood of being correct, is identified, thereby producing a "best" decoding of the received signal. This is achieved in the following way:
Starting with received samples adjacent to the known syncword 307 and progressing either to the left or to the right in the signal burst 301 of FIG. 3, a received signal sample is extracted from buffer memory 10 and used in four comparison operations indicated by four comparators 18 a, 18 b, 18 c, 18 d. The extracted value is compared with four prediction values associated with the same new half-symbol and the same previous half-symbol, but differing older half-symbols. FIG. 4 illustrates the four comparisons with predicted values associated with the half-symbol sequences
If Z(i,j) denotes the prediction stored in row(i), columns) of the prediction memory 13, then the receive signal sample is compared with Z(i,j), Z(i+4,j), Z(i+8,j) and Z(i+12,j) to produce four delta-metrics, which are defined as the square of the modulus of the complex difference between the received sample and the compared value, i.e.
where R is the received sample value and Zij is a precomputed prediction value.
Next, the just-computed delta-metrics are added (in addition operations represented by the adders 15 a, 15 b, 15 c, 15 d) to the path metrics from corresponding rows of the state memory 14 (in FIG. 4, the values 9.89, 10.23, 12.15 and 10.01 respectively) in order to obtain four new path metrics. Block 16 identifies the lowest of the four new path metrics and the row in the state memory 14 giving rise to it. The result of block 16 is used by Viterbi processor 20 to generate a new state memory row corresponding to the last half-symbol and the new symbol. In the present example, this is a row for the two last half-symbols equal to +1,−1. This does not yet overwrite the old row (+1,−1) which is still needed for processing. In practice, two state memories 14 may be used, one to contain previous path history and path metrics, and another to receive new path history and path metrics. In embodiments employing two state memories 14, the use of one or the other of the state memories 14 is alternated on successive cycles of the machine. The Viterbi processor 20 also selects the path history of the state indicated by lowest metric from block 16 to become the path history of new state (+1,−1), appending the older of the two last symbols from the selected predecessor state to the path history to record which state gave rise to the lowest metric.
When the above procedure is repeated for all hypotheses of the new half-symbol combined with all values of the immediately preceding half-symbol, 16 new states will have been generated in state memory 14 and the path histories of each state will have been lengthened by appending one extra symbol of path history. To avoid the path history becoming too long, the oldest half-symbol in the path history (e.g., at the left hand edge of the state memory 14 depicted in FIG. 4) is selected by selector 17 from the state/row having the lowest cumulative path metric, and the selected symbol is the finally decoded output for that symbol. Following selection by selector 17, the path histories are shortened by one. It is not always necessary to truncate the path history length to save memory. With only 58 values including the flag bits to decode from the burst format 301 of FIG. 3, a path history memory to store all 58 values times 16 rows is not large by today's standards. At the end of processing, signal samples corresponding to the "tail" 313, 315 indicated in FIG. 3 are processed to flush through the "last two half-symbols" into the path history portion of the state memory 14. The path history associated with the lowest path metric is then selected to yield the 57 decoded O-16QAM values and the flag bit 309 or 311 from one side of the syncword 307. The procedure is then repeated for the 58 values lying on the other side of the sync word 307.
Terminating decoding gives best results when the transmitted "tail" symbols 313, 315 are known values. For example, tail symbols transmitted can be +3 followed by +1, representing a tailing off of the signal burst amplitude prior to any additional power down-ramping. Such controlled down-ramping of transmission power helps to reduce unwanted spectral spreading of the signal into adjacent frequency channels.
When known tail half-symbols are transmitted, not all values of the new symbol have to be hypothesized when processing tail samples. The number of new states generated thus drops from 16 to four upon processing the penultimate tail sample, and from four to one upon processing the final tail sample. Thus, only one state remains containing the 58 decoded values without having to determine the lowest of 16 metrics.
Initializing decoding is also best performed by starting with a single state defined by the last two known half-symbols of the syncword 307, for example state (+3,−3) if the two edge bits of the syncword 307 are the GMSK symbol values of (+3,−3). Then, upon hypothesizing the flag half-symbol 309 or 311, which may also be restricted to one of two GMSK or OQPSK symbol values, the number of states expands to two. After hypothesizing the first new O-16QAM symbol, the number of states expands to 8, and then 16 after hypothesizing the second unknown O-16QAM half-symbol, and then remains at 16 until the number of states contracts upon processing tail samples 313, 315.
The above description, read in conjunction with FIG. 4, concerned an equalizer for decoding signal samples that depend principally on L=3 consecutive O-16QAM half-symbols. The number of states needed was
for L=3
Such an equalizer can handle delayed echos of about one or two half-symbols delay, or 4-8 microseconds in the case of the GSM sample clock rate of 270.833 KHz. More multipath propagation delay can be handled by increasing the number of states in the state memory 14 so that samples depending on more than three half-symbols can be processed. A person skilled in the art can also adapt the above teachings to make demodulators for higher order constellations than offset-16QAM, such as O-64QAM or O-256QAM with corresponding increase in states to
8(L−1) or
respectively, where L is the number of half-symbols on which each received signals sample depends due to ISI in the propagation path from transmitter to receiver. The use of the inventive Offset-QAM modulation has resulted in an MLSE demodulator having a number of states which is only the square root of the QAM constellation size raised to a power, allowing lower receiver complexity than prior art equalizers for non-offset QAM that have complexities proportional to the constellation size raised to a power.
In a prior art apparatus designed to receive and equalize GMSK signals, such as a mobile phone designed to operate according to the European GSM standards or the U.S. PCS1900 standard, a 16-state equalizer is also commonly used. Because the GMSK half-symbols are only binary bits that can take on only one of two values (e.g., the +3 or −3 values), the sixteen states of the prior art equalizer are associated with four previous bits instead of two previous bit-pairs as in the O-16QAM case; however it is evident that, thus far, the two equalizers are equivalent. When a new half-symbol is postulated in the GMSK case, it can take on only the +3 or −3 values, so that only two columns of prediction memory 13 are needed. Moreover, for GMSK, only two rows of the state memory 14 are candidate predecessors to a successor state, so only two of the comparisons 18 a, 18 b, 18 c, 18 d are needed. The two comparisons are made with only Z(i,j) and Z(i+8,j) to obtain successor state(i). Thus it is evident that an equalizer having 16 states can be adapted to equalize received samples that either depend on three successive O-16QAM half-symbols or alternatively on five consecutive GMSK bits, which allows a dual mode digital cellular phone that can receive either GMSK or O-16QAM to be economically produced.
The equalizer or dual-mode equalizer according to the above invention may also output "soft" decisions instead of "hard" decisions. Soft decisions are better for use in subsequent error correction decoding because they indicate not only the likely value of a symbol but also its reliability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,499 to Hammar describes how the path history memory of state memory 14 can store a history of the metric comparisons used to compute the associated cumulative metric as a measure of bit reliability in a GMSK equalizer. The above-identified Hammar patent is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Soft decisions may also be computed for each bit of an O-16QAM half-symbol using the results of comparisons 18 a, 18 b, 18 c, 18 d shown in FIG. 4, and like Hammar, may be recorded in the path-history portion of the state memory 14 instead of hard decisions.
Other variations, such as blind equalization in which no known sync symbols are used, or channel tracking equalizers that update the channel estimates or prediction values to compensate for transmitter-receiver relative velocity, may be made by combining the above teachings with those of the incorporated art. All such variations remain within the scope and spirit of this invention as described by the attached claims.
The invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the invention in specific forms other than those of the preferred embodiment described above. This may be done without departing from the spirit of the invention. The preferred embodiment is merely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive in any way. The scope of the invention is given by the appended claims, rather than the preceding description, and all variations and equivalents which fall within the range of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
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|U.S. Classification
|375/261, 375/274, 332/100, 332/103
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 28, 1998
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text:
Melia Robinson/Business Insider
More Americans favor legal marijuana than ever before.
As the $6.9 billion industry steps into the light, a new subculture around pot is taking shape. It shrugs off the stoner stereotypes of the past and brings like-minded people together to enjoy the plant in legal, communal settings. In San Francisco, private events centered on cannabis are gaining popularity, including gourmet "wake and bake" brunches and ganja-fueled yoga.
The latest trendy event series in San Francisco has people getting high on marijuana during painting workshops, much like the paint and wine classes taking America by storm.
We attended a Puff, Pass & Paint class to see what it was like.


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A cosy rural retreat for two on the edge of the National Trust's beautiful Penrose Estate, Smugglers Cottage nestles quietly beside a handful of similar stone dwellings in a truly peaceful setting at the end of a private unmade lane. After each day's adventure, the living-room's big squashy sofa will invite you to lounge in front of the wood-burner. Stairs lead to the pretty bedroom and the bathroom, which has a step up to the bath. Outside is a private enclosed terraced garden, and a few yards away there is a picnic table in the grassed parking enclosure – perfectly placed for sunset watching or dining al fresco alongside horses grazing quietly in the nearby fields. Nearby, the historic town of Helston provides all essential amenities.
Smugglers Cottage offers the ideal base for making the most of this part of Cornwall. There are walks with fabulous views across Carminowe Creek and Loe Pool on your doorstep, and the spectacular coastal footpath heads towards Porthleven in one direction and Church Cove in the other. The Helford River's meandering creeks and wooded valley are a short drive away, as are the Lizard's numerous scenic coves and fishing villages.
Open plan living-room with kitchen and dining areas. TV/DVD player, CD player/iPod dock and wood-burner. Electric cooker, microwave, fridge/freezer and washing machine.
Bedroom with double bed.
Bathroom with bath, fitted shower, WC and wash-basin.


text: Hi ... I am new to this group and have been a lawn care professional for the past two years, part time. I currently only have push mowers, both are 21' Snapper Hi-Vacs and have serviced me well. I feel the need to add a riding mower to my business and I think I have decided on the Snapper Hydro 33" Hi-Vac with 18 hp Briggs. Most of my yards are less than 1/2 acre with too many bushes. My dealer has given me a price of $2100, including the bag, and will do 12 months same as cash - no interest. Has anyone used this mower and are the good? Thanks in advance for your advice!! Alec


text:
Hopper handle ID
A home owner from usa says:
January 27, 2014
I have attached a picture of a hopper handle that I would like to get a price on.
Dave Sr. from SWISCO responded:
January 28, 2014
Thanks for posting. Can you tell me the distance between the installation holes, center-to-center? That will give us a good idea of what you have. Thanks!
A quick learner from davenport iowa says:
January 28, 2014
1 1/2" center to center
Dave Sr. from SWISCO responded:
January 29, 2014


text:
Hi, I'm 19 years old and I have excessive hair growth. I don't get me period regularly, even on birth control. I worry cause I plan to have children. I worry that it's PCOS. I was wondering what should I do. How do I go about this? Thank you.
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text:
Why Use Front Row King?
We're a trusted and reliable company that provides excellent customer service, competitive market pricing, a full guarantee, years of experience and cutting edge technology to provide the ultimate customer experience.Guarantee
We began offering a 125% guarantee to customers as a way to honor our commitment to excellence and precision. There is no longer the need to worry about tickets that are not valid for entry to an event or your order shipping too late for the event. Please read our full guarantee. View Complete GuaranteeTicket Availability
Our tickets are available to the general public and on sale now. Tickets that may appear on this page may not be available within minutes so if you find tickets that meet your needs, you are encouraged to order the tickets quickly to avoid missing out on these great seats.About Your Seats
Front Row King is a third party ticket reseller and your order will be shipped by a ticket office that we network with to offer the largest inventory of seats online.Shipping
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Popular Venues in RaleighProgress Energy Center Raleigh Memorial Auditorium
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text:
This content will become publicly available on March 16, 2017
Protection heater design validation for the LARP magnets using thermal imaging
Protection heaters are essential elements of a quench protection scheme for high-field accelerator magnets. Various heater designs fabricated by LARP and CERN have been already tested in the LARP high-field quadrupole HQ and presently being built into the coils of the high-field quadrupole MQXF. In order to compare the heat flow characteristics and thermal diffusion timescales of different heater designs, we powered heaters of two different geometries in ambient conditions and imaged the resulting thermal distributions using a high-sensitivity thermal video camera. We observed a peculiar spatial periodicity in the temperature distribution maps potentially linked to the structure of the underlying cable. Two-dimensional numerical simulation of heat diffusion and spatial heat distribution have been conducted, and the results of simulation and experiment have been compared. Imaging revealed hot spots due to a current concentration around high curvature points of heater strip of varying cross sections and visualized thermal effects of various interlayer structural defects. Furthermore, thermal imaging can become a future quality control tool for the MQXF coil heaters.
- Authors:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Tampere Univ. of Technology, Tampere (Finland)
- Tampere Univ. of Technology, Tampere (Finland)
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland)
- Publication Date:
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1256328
- Report Number(s):
Journal ID: ISSN 1051-8223; 1466575
- Grant/Contract Number:
- Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 26; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1051-8223
- Publisher:
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- Research Org:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP) (SC-25)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS; quench protection; superconducting magnets; thermal imaging
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text:
EagleEye GS 90-100
GoPro™ Hero™ 3 has a fantastic small versatile camera. TPL has created an attachment
for a gun scope that finally allows to record or view in real time the video from
the shooter. GoPro™ Hero™3 versatile camera can use WiFi or wire to output HDTV
feed showing what the shooter sees in his scope. EagleEye product will withstand
the gun recoil to 50cal and easily mounts on any scope neck from 30mm to 36mm
diameter. An optional quick-release latch will allow rapid attachment. Record your
hunting or shooting session!
Hero™ 3 cameras provide 12Mpixel photo and video recording capability, including
1080p at 60fps using standard H.264 format. Cameras can be remotely controlled by
WiFi with smartphones and tablets. GoPro™ devices can simultaneously record photos
and videos.
Connect EagleEye to your gun scope and record/display the shooting practice!
|Any gun scope with tube diameter from 30mm to 36mm
|GoPro™ Hero™ 3 housing (camera not included)
|Gun Scope
|Any gun scope with eye relief from 85mm to 100mm
|Camera will record what Gun Scope reticle shows
|Supports all GoPro™ options
|155mm x 129mm x 82mm
|625g without Hero™ 3
|Supports all GoPro™ options
Hero™ and GoPro™ are trademarks of the © 2013 Woodland Labs, Inc.
Support for EagleEye GS 90-100™
Please use the following resource for tech support:
- Download the EagleEye GS 90-100 User's Guide.
- Send us a message on our Facebook page.
- Send us an email to email@example.com


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Coventry, Great Britain (PressExposure) July 27, 2009 -- Easy to handle and easy to carry flat design of the Nokia E71 White Steel has worked quite well. Buyers are finding this handset worth-buying not only because of its contemporary and dashing look but also because it has everything in it to strike the buyers. Buy Nokia E71 White Steel on contract is one golden chance for the buyers to get this hi-tech handset.
Joseph Symons, the customer care executive of the best mobile phone offers is naming the buy Nokia E71 White Steel on contract as the quite popular deal. He says âEvery day I have been receiving calls and queries of the customers who are much willing to know about the buy Nokia E71 White Steel on contract deal and about the handset. The rate of online purchase of this deal is simply increasing unbelievably day by day.â
The Nokia E71 White Steel is one of the quite prominent handsets in the Nokia E-series phones. It features a 3.15 Mega Pixels camera, FM radio with visual radio, 110MB of internal storage with microSD card slot and GPS support with easy connectivity through Bluetooth and USB.
You can come to shop for this handset at Best Mobile Phone Offers. At this site not only the reasonable deals are available, but also the buyers will be given full freedom while choosing the deals.


text:
Dansie Shopping Cart Mall Version
Visit Publisher Site
Get Dansie Shopping Cart Mall Version Hosting
Dansie Shopping Cart Mall Version can handle an unlimited number of merchants simply by creating extra directories in your cgi-bin with the respective merchants names. Each merchant can have the cart speak the language of their choice, their own custom variables, own real-time credit card processor, etc. Orders will be emailed directly to the individual merchant. It also has a built-in web based upload utility feature that allows merchants to login and upload their files 24 hours a day with their web browser.Visit publisher site: Dansie Shopping Cart Mall Version
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or booth space price (call Chamber for your price)
NOTE: You must disable pop-up blocker on page to get your receipt. *Memberships fees cover the time period of 1/1 to 12/31.


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phone view phone(330) 787-4446 fax view fax(330) 247-0910 Address 11 East Park Avenue
Columbiana, Ohio 4440
United States
Columbiana, Ohio 4440
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Appellate Practice, 2) Banking Law, 3) Business Law, 4) Civil Trial Practice, 5) Commercial Law, 6) Commercial Litigation, 7) Corporate Law, 8) Family Law, 9) Insurance Law, 10) Labor and Employment Law, 11) Trusts and Estates and 12) Wills and Probate
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A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Alan Singer is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Securities Practice. Mr. Singer advises companies with regard to a diverse range of corporate and securities matters.


text:
The latest news and upcoming events from OneSight.
This week OneSight opened the first sustainable vision center pilot in Timor-Leste (East Timor), in partnership with the Timor-Leste Ministry of Health & the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS). According to.
Pride in Ownership My name is Precious Chisebuka-Julius, and I am the Country Manager for OneSight's work in Zambia. For the past year, I have been working with government officials, including Her.
By Beth Dalton, Storytelling Captain Hello and welcome to the inaugural post of the OneSight Peru Clinic 2017 team! As we near the departure date the team's excitement is growing – we.
2017 has proven that significant progress can be made in a short time with the support of our generous donors, dedicated partners, and passionate volunteers. Over the past six months, OneSight has provided.
In 2016 OneSight celebrated a major milestone: completing the sustainable vision care system for one entire country—The Gambia. This means that any Gambian in need of a pair of glasses can easily.
Clear vision empowers students to learn more, working adults to earn more, and all people to clearly see the world around them. Last week, a remarkable 3,528 people were given the glasses.
In 2013, OneSight debuted its sustainable vision center model to bring permanent access to quality vision care to underserved communities around the world. Today, OneSight has supported the opening of 26 vision.
How can a student learn to their potential if they can't see clearly? Research shows that clear vision empowers students to be twice as effective in school[1]. Without clear vision, a child.
On Wednesday, January 18th Advanced Center for Eyecare (ACE) and Bakersfield City School District, in partnership with OneSight, will open its first system of school-based vision centers in California presented by Oakley..
Since 1999, OneSight has been providing vision care in China, but permanent access is the next step. According to the global need for glasses study conducted in partnership with Deloitte, OneSight discovered.


text:
In this final entry, John cruises with chief exec, Richard Parry, down to his winter mooring near Stourton.
My wife Pamela joined me last night (Friday) and we went to The Hinksford Arms - which has a new manager who we found good.
This morning the Trust's Chief Executive Richard Parry joined us for the journey down the Staffs & Worcs, onto the Stourbridge Canal and into the Stourbridge Arm. Richard did most of the steering and worked at all the locks, seeing for himself how easy (or not) it was to work them.
This is a lovely stretch especially around Prestwood (after Greensforge Lock) and also above the four Stourton Locks on the Stourbridge Canal - one waterways journalist has said the latter section rivals any in the country.
We joined in the Official Parade of boats to the Stourbridge Bonded Warehouse Open Weekend. This is organised by the Stourbridge Navigation Trust. The event organisation has been led by Chris Dyche - for a fantastic 33 years. This is his last. Well done, Chris!
Like many canal festivals, it's not just about the canal and the boats. In this case, the Canal is used as the backdrop and there are traction engines, fairground organs and vintage and veteran cars, crafts stands and exhibitions etc., etc.
The weather was dry and the crowds were large. The Trust had a tent run by volunteers - seeking more volunteers. In this area they have expanded from a Towpath Taskforce to a Water-borne Taskforce. Not only has this resulted in the lock gates at every lock on the Staffs & Worcs being painted but moorings rings have been put in at Baswich (Stafford) and the offside trees cut back on the Dudley No 1 Canal.
There was also someone recruiting Friends and when I spoke to him he had recruited three Friends on the Saturday. I also met someone who had become a Friend after hearing me talk to a local IWA Branch. Hint - are you yet a Friend?
When passing through Audlem, I had bought the recently published biography about Jack Roberts who operated horse drawn boats about 100 years ago. Fascinating and well worth a read.
At Stourbridge, I got talking to Joe Hollinshead and his brother Henry, both of whom were born on boats and worked on them. Joe told me a lovely story about loading in Smethwick to go to London (his usual patch was the Black Country to the north west). I wished I'd got a tape-recorder. Maybe someone else will catch Joe and Henry's memories and also turn them into a book.
On Sunday, we quietly worked HELEN back to her winter moorings a little distance about Stourton and took the bedding etc out for the winter. My final log entry shows we've travelled about 200 hours this year.
John Dodwell was formerly one of our 10 trustees. He owns Helen, a 51ft old BCN tug/icebreaker which draws 3ft and is based near Stourbridge, West Midlands. His waterways interest goes back to the early 1960s.
John's been involved in the waterways since the early 1960s and he enjoys all aspects of the waterways. To pick out one oddity, he was pleased and surprised to see about a dozen herons this June around the BCN Main Line, including two under the M6 motorway!See more blogs from this author