text:
Chapter 16. Norton Media Library. Chapter 16. America's Gilded Age, 1870–1890. Eric Foner. I. The Statue of Liberty. II. The Second Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Economy By 1913, the United States produced one-third of the world's industrial output
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Norton Media Library
Chapter 16
Gilded Age,
Eric Foner
U.S. Steel: A VerticallyIntegrated Corporation
This concludes the Norton Media Library
Slide Set for Chapter 16
Give Me Liberty!
An American History
Eric Foner
W. W. Norton & CompanyIndependent and Employee-Owned


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ABI Research Expects Embedded Cellular Modem Sales to Grow
Although embedded cellular modem sales have been slow to take off, momentum is building for increased sales, according to a recent study from ABI Research. One recent development is the GSMA's Mobile Broadband Service Mark initiative which, backed by media spending of $1 billion, will create awareness of laptops with embedded connectivity.
TI Unveils Bluetooth, WLAN Drivers for Open Handset Alliance Android
Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) (NYSE: TXN) announced that its Bluetooth® and wireless LAN (WLAN) technology software drivers are available for use in the Open Handset Alliance's Android platform. Open access to these technologies simplifies the design process for handset manufacturers and software developers, providing the resources to architect cutting-edge Android-based devices. TI is the first company to provide open source Bluetooth and WLAN software drivers for the Android platform.
PMC-Sierra Launches PAS7401, MSP7162, PAS5211 GPON SoC Devices
PMC-Sierra, Inc. (Nasdaq:PMCS) has announced the availability of the industry's most highly integrated GPON devices for Fiber to the Home (FTTH) deployments. PMC-Sierra's new GPON System-On-Chip (SoC) solutions include the PAS7401 GPON ONT, the MSP7162 GPON Gateway and the PAS5211 four-port GPON OLT. They feature PMC-Sierra's GigaPASS[tm] architecture, which is already deployed in more than six million PON devices and is enhanced for WT-156 compliance.
Tundra Semiconductor Introduces Tsi577 Serial RapidIO Switch
Tundra Semiconductor Corporation (TSX:TUN) announced the Tundra Tsi577[tm] Serial RapidIO® Switch. By minimizing power consumption and package size, this Switch now offers customers the powerful functionality of RapidIO while reducing overall design cost. Wireless and video infrastructure OEM's with space constrained, cost sensitive designs, can take advantage of Tundra's proven RapidIO Switches, including; scalability, performance, hardware multicast, and low latency, in a small 21×21mm package.
Arteris Announces Latest NoC Solution
Arteris Inc. announced that the latest release of its Arteris NoC Solution is available for immediate delivery. The newest version of the Arteris NoC Solution represents a major advance in Network-on-Chip Interconnect IP technology. The release contains the following key new features:
RF Engines Comments on EE Times FPGA User Survey
RF Engines Limited (RFEL) has added its weight to the latest EE Times survey that reveals the increasing dominance of FPGAs over cell-based ASICs and structured arrays. The FPGA User Survey was conducted by EE Times, Piper-Jaffray and the FPGA Mission Assurance Centre at Sandia National Labs, and the full report will be available in late October.
Power Architecture Plays Key Role in Space Missions
Power.org announced that Power Architecture technology has played an integral role in more than a dozen United States' space missions, most recently the Mars Phoenix Polar Lander. The use of Power Architecture embedded processors in the aerospace market exemplifies its diversity and underscores its continued, widespread market share leadership, as noted in a recent IDC webcast delivered to Power.org members.
XJTAG Announces New Licensing Plan
XJTAG has launched its new corporate licensing plan to enable clients to spread the cost of boundary scan design, development and test equipment. The new licence plan, which includes a five year price promise, as well as support, maintenance and annual upgrades, is designed to help customers expand their capabilities while keeping a handle on costs.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"My daughter"
About: Derriford Hospital Derriford Hospital Plymouth PL6 8DH
Posted via NHS Choices
My 17 month old daughter had a high temperature on Sunday (18/10/15) after phoning NHS Direct (or whatever its now called) we were told to go to Devon Docs- out of hours bit at Derriford. After this we were told to go to CAU on floor 12 and we later had to stay overnight.
Overall it was a fantastic service. I felt that all the staff had fantastic level of empathy, understanding and humanness (if that's a word). It really helped me and my wife deal with what was a stressful situation. We also phoned the next day after discharge after we noticed some more worries- we were told to pop back up and the doctor saw us within an hour.
I cant praise the service enough- I thank heaven that we don't have an American privatised healthcare system. Touch wood, my daughter is now back to her normal self, and I have been able to return to work- Thank you NHS.


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text:
Inter Results
The annual examination of Intermediate was conducted by all the boards of Punjab in May while the boards of Sindh, KPK, AJK and Balochistan conducted the exams in April of 2014. The results will also be announced according to the time the exams were commenced by the boards. The boards who conducted the exams in April will announce the result in August whereas the boards of Punjab shall declare results in the month of September. All the boards usually take two or three months before declaring the Inter Results but the official date is still not confirmed. The date will soon be uploaded on learners.pk and other result updates will follow soon.
These boards also conduct the examination of one year diploma programs and regional languages. The time for the examination of these diploma programs and regional languages is not the same as higher and secondary examination. Every board is responsible for various functions, sucha as registration of students, issuing date sheets and roll number slips and conducting of exams and announcing the results. The announcement of Intermediate Results Part 1 and Part 2 2014 will be made in the month of August or September. Punjab Boards may announce the result in September whereas boards of other provinces shall announce the result in August. As soon as the result is announced, it will be updated on our website.
To get the latest updates of the Inter result Part 1 and Part 2 2014 stay in touch with us. We will provide you with updates regarding result announcement. All the students can keep themselves updated from our website learners.pk.
1 2 3 >


text: From this day forth I will not even try to understand Kawasaki, for this BMW rider its exactly like trying to understand Harley Davidson models; FXTHdyna wide glide super fat boy night train (I do like HD) Found a '10 Bob-Cat Fastcat RZ, 42" deck real commercial hydro (entry level though) with a 19 hp FHKAI engine, panel air filter BUT remote is available as a Kawasaki p/n for about $225 usd plus install, kit includes different jets for the carb. Cost for machine, new, is $3800 cash. So the quest began to understand just what engine is on this mower, my thinking all along was that the FX series is the acknowledged commercial Kawa engine-by description this would appear not to be so for a few very key differences : only the FHKAI is listed as having a cylinder liner or a cast iron cylinder liner, Kawasaki calls the FHKAI thier 'Flagship' engine line making -unprecedented power- specs for the 19: 2.91-2.68 stroke 8.5:1 comp 36.6 lbs at 2000 rpm please note 71.2 lbs engine weight described as having a c/i liner The oft cited FX 20 hp same stroke 8.1:1 comp 35.5 ft lbs at 2400 rpm please note 89.7 lbs engine weight please note no liner mentioned "The FX series are compact 90* v twins hemi combustion chamber solenoid fuel shut off large capacity fuel pump high efficiency oil cooler and dual stage air filter" FS series 20 hp, this series dealer tells me is being used on '11 Hustler Fast trak SD: ditto specs engine weight 8lbs lighter please not Description contains the following: 'High powered but still environmentally friendly, compact v twin with overhead v valve, dual element air filter and plastic blower' Lost is the hemi chamber, high capacity fuel pump, high efficiency oil cooler and dual stage air filter. This alone is enough for me to choose the Honda GVX630 series-Hustler uses it across the three deck sizes available and really this is the only fact I can begin to make sense of.


text:
(Archived document, may contain errors)
The'Buck's Passed Here": Unfunded Mandates for State and Local Governments
-By G. Tracy Meh4n,.. III So many of the arguments over the costs and benefits of federal laws and regulations usually cen- ter on privat e businesses. Yet, increasingly, state and local governments are giving voice to many of the same complaints. Thus, we enter into the debate over what is usually. referred to as "unfunded mandates" or the "cumulative burden" on states and municipal govern m ents. You may not have marked your calendar yet, but October 27th has now been designated National Unfunded Mandates Day by the U.S. Conference of Mayors. This new civil festival does not roll easily off the tongue. Still, the concept is a simple one. The federal government, in the form of laws passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by the President, mandates new and more costly programs for lower levels of government, without any corresponding increase in funding; Given the prevalence of this approach wit h respect to private business, it may not be surprising to many citizens that this occurs. But the sheer magnitude of the financial impacts to state and local govern- ments, as well as to their taxpaying citizens, ought to give everyone pause. In 199 1, th e city of Columbus, Ohio, undertook what became a landmark study of the cumulative costs of regulatory compliance with environmental legislation alone. The city identified 22 different federal and state mandates implemented in each of the three previous ye a rs. While noting that federal and state funding was decreasing, the city concluded that over the next ton years, its costs to comply with these mandates would amount to $1,088,484,880 in 1991 dollars. This figure yielded a cost of $850 per household per y e ar. Keep in mind that Columbus's total city budget for 1991 was $591 million. Of course, the figures rise with any uptick in the rate of inflation. State and local governments confront different aspects of the unfunded mandate problem. Federal courts, in a ddition to the U.S. Congress, also torque the budgets of even the most responsibly managed jurisdict ion. This is often a problem for state governments. Then-Governor John Ashcroft of Missouri lamented this situation in his 1991 State of the State Address . Noting several major court cases dictating higher spending for urban schools and state prisons, he pointed to fourteen new federal mandates for Medicaid and other federal mandates requiring state spending of $112 million over the previous year's appropri a tion for these affected programs. This figure pretty well gobbled up the anticipated revenue growth of $136 million for the year. The bottom line, according to Governor Ashcroft, was hardly a triumph for federalism: "The federal Congress and courts now ef f ectively tell us how we must spend 35 percent of our total budget and over 80 percent of our new general revenue." And the beat goes on. According to the Midland, Michigan-based Mackinac Center for Public Policy, in the 102nd Congress, which ended in Dece mber 1992, 244 bills containing mandates were proposed. The Center also calculated that for 1993, $95.3 million, or 30 percent of Michigan's
G. Tracy Mehan, H1, an attorney, is Director of the Office of the Great Lakes for the State of Mchigan and a member of Governor John Engler's Cabinet. He also is a member of The Heritage Foundation's Advisory Council on Regulatory Reform He spoke at a meeting of The Heritage Foundation's Advisory Council on Regulatory Reform on September 22, 1993. ISSN 0272-1155. 01993 by The Heritage Foundation.
revenue growth, would be consumed by Medicaid mandates, These same mandates were also projected to grow at an annual rate of 49.1 percent through 1995 while Michigan's General Fund lagged behind at 5.5 percent. Recently, EPA published a proposed rule to reduce the discharges of persistent, bioaccumulative toxics to all of the Great Lakes and their tributaries. Eight different states are covered by this regula- tion. Michigan is pretty far along the curve in terms of its own s t rict water quality rules already in place. Despitethe state's progressive regulAtory regime, -the Michigan Municipal League noted the significant costs of the new rule for its 93 largest wastewater treatment facilities with one Million gallons per day cap a city. Taking the proposed regulation as published, the League estimated the potential capital expenditure for those facilities requiring added treatment to be over $265,000,000, with annual operation and maintenance costs over $72,000,000. Again, this is f or only one of eight states in the Great Lakes region, a state which has already absorbed higher costs under a faiily ag- gressive water quality program of its own. Fortunately, EPA has not yet finalized the rule and ap- pears to be considering several co s t-effective changes. The spectacle of state after state, city after city, reeling from the torrent of federal mandates is really quite numbing. While EPA is a convenient whipping boy, the root of the problem is a string of laws, passed independently of on e another, under the auspices of a sprawling congressional com- mittee system, with little regard for the cumulative impact on lower levels of government. "Basical- ly, it's a matter of buck-passing," says Mayor Victor Ashe of Knoxville, Tennessee. The buc k 's passed here-to states, municipalities, towns, and villages who must expend limited political capital on revenue-raising measures (read "taxes") and tough budget cuts to accommodate the federal government's ambitious social agenda. Local governments mus t display the courage of Washington's convictions. There seems to be no priority or hierarchy among the various and sundry mandates emanating from the Congress, the courts, and the federal regulatory agencies. All risks are equal. Resources are deemed to b e infinite. No need to choose, prioritize, or sequence programs. Washington takes a les- son from Nike: "Just do it."
Just do the Americans with Disabilities Act. Just do Medicaid. Just do clean air, clean water, safe drinking water, leaking underground st orage tanks, solid and hazardous waste control. And don't forget asbestos! Meanwhile, fire and police protection, hospitals, parks, roads, and everything else usually deemed to be the responsibility of local government, still needs attention. Is it any wo n der that the U.S. Conference of Mayors passed a resolution this June calling on Congress to require risk assessments and cost-benefit analyses in all legislative mandates? The mayors also demanded that Congress and the President oppose any new mandates wi t hout full federal funding. The Conference is confident that over 1,000 cities and counties will participate in "NUM-Day" (for National Un- funded Mandates Day), October 27th. Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan, vice chairman of the Conference's Task Force o n Unfunded Mandates, told reporters at an October 4 meeting that "In Los Angeles alone, in this fiscal year we will spend $576 million to comply with federal mandates." He went on to point out that four and one-half million staff hours would be commandeer e d for these mandated projects. He also forecasted that Los Angeles will spend over $6 billion in capital expenditures, over the next five years, to stay in compliance. Is anyone listening? The answer is not clear. Certainly, the mayors, just like the gove r nors before them, are agitated and agitating for change. According to Matthew Rees, writing in the September I 8th issue of The Wall Street Journal, there are twenty bills, sponsored by members of both parties, under consideration in Congress that would l imit unfunded mandates. And Vice President Gore's National Performance Review recommends that President Clinton limit the use of unfunded man-
dateg by the Administration. Yet, iri the final ainalysis, nothing has change d with regard to thoie fun- d amental, underlying statutes which, ultimately, drive the regulatory agendas for the administrative agencies and guide the federal courts in their decisions. Su pport does appear to be coalescing behind legislation sponsored in the U.S. Senate by Idaho Se n ator Dirk Kempthorne, a Republican, and in the House by California Representative Gary Con- dit, a Democrat. Philadelphia Mayor Edward Rendell, another vice chairman of the Conference Task Force, stated the, intent oLthe legislation in no uncertain -terms : . "If you passthe bill, don't pass the buck to the local government. If you pass the bill, you pay for it yourself." Basically, state and local governments are experiencing a rampage of cost shifting, which has been the fate of business and industry for m any years. It is, however, very discouraging that these governmental entities, which do not carry any of the same political baggage as private enterprise, are faring no better.


text:
It is with great delight that LEORON Institute has welcomed the arrival of the holy month of Ramadan, a month full of blessings and prosperity. With many accomplishments behind during the last period, we would like to provide back to our valued partners.
We are content to announce our Ramadan offer, a take 2 get 1 free (2+1) deal for all our public courses during the August/September period. With 42 programs scheduled for this period, spanning through 13 different sectors, we are bound to provide another excellent opportunity to aid the engagement of our partners' professional development. With every two delegates attending the same program, LEORON Institute will provide coverage for another candidate.
In the spirit of Ramadan, LEORON Institute encourages you to partake in this advantageous offer and contribute toward building a strong and flourishing relation that celebrates education.
Please follow this link to acquire the full list of our provided courses for our August/September sessions.
Ramadan Kareem,
LEORON Professional Development Institute
*Note: Offer is only valid for payments made by the 17th of July 2015."


text:
The University of California San Diego has surpassed UC Berkeley as the second-most popular UC campus behind UCLA, with more than 70,000 applications for the 2011-12 academic year.
UCSD held that distinction from fall 2000 through 2004, and again in 2006. But beginning in 2007 through 2010, the Berkeley campus received more applications than its La Jolla counterpart.
Recently released figures also show that UCSD saw the second-highest percentage increase in applications in the nine-campus system.
Only UC Riverside, with a 13.2 percent bump in applications, had a greater percentage increase. The entire UC system saw a 6.1 percent increase.
The 70,474 prospective freshmen and transfer students seeking admission in the fall represent a 13 percent increase over 2010-11 applicants.
"A significant part of that increase occurred at the transfer level," said Mae Brown, assistant vice chancellor and admissions director at UCSD. "We have just been working very, very diligently with our community college partners. We have just totally rethought our approach to serving our community college students."
Brown also attributed the overall increase in applications to UCSD's stature.
"The campus has continued to grow in its national reputation — awareness of the excellent faculty and students. U.S. News & World Report and a lot of publications like that continue to spotlight it as one of the best in the country," she said.
Susan Wilbur, director of undergraduate admissions for the UC system, added: "San Diego has an international reputation. It's widely respected, highly desirable. It's not a surprise that it's getting more recognition."
For fall 2010, UCSD offered admission to 15,433 would-be freshmen, or 36.8 percent of those who applied. That freshman admission rate was the third lowest in the system. UCLA had a 2010 rate of 21 percent, and UC Berkeley was at 24.5 percent.
UCSD, with 23,134 undergraduates in 2009-10 — the most recent year for which systemwide numbers are available — is the fourth-largest UC campus. UCLA, with 26,442 undergraduates, is the largest, followed by UC Berkeley and UC Davis.
Brown said university officials are especially gratified that they have seen an increase in applications from traditionally underrepresented minorities — African-Americans, Latinos and American Indians.
For fall 2011, those groups made up 24.7 percent of the UCSD applicant pool, up from 22 percent for 2010-11.
Brown also pointed out that the increased interest in UCSD comes at a time when the system faces a $500 million funding cut in Gov. Jerry Brown's proposed budget.
"The hard part now comes with reviewing and admitting these applicants with the significant budget reductions we are all facing," she said.
Mae Brown and Wilbur said university officials are discussing the possibility of reducing enrollment limits, but stressed that no decisions have been made.


text:
One of the largest bandwidth bottlenecks on the Internet occurs in the modulators and switches that translate the electrons used by computers into the photons that speed data through long-distance fiber-optic "backbone" lines. University of Washington, Seattle chemist Larry Dalton has found a way to accelerate this translation process with a new polymer. Modulators made from the polymer draw very little electrical power, are easy to integrate into electronic devices, and could improve communications speed tenfold. A new subsidiary of Microvision, called Lumera, owns an exclusive worldwide license on the polymer technology from the University of Washington; the Bothell, WA, outfit hopes to market polymer-based telecommunications devices in one to two years.
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text:
Mother shipton
a day-flying noctuid moth, Callistege mi, mottled brown in colour and named from a fancied resemblance between its darker marking and a haggish profile
Tagged: m
Read Also:
- Mother-spleenwort
noun 1. a fern, Asplenium bulbiferum, of tropical Africa and Australasia, the fronds often bearing bulbils that sprout into new plants while still attached, grown as an ornamental.
- Mother-superior
noun, plural mother superiors, mothers superior. 1. the head of a Christian religious community for women. noun (pl) mother superiors, mothers superior 1. the head of a community of nuns
- Mother teresa
[tuh-ree-suh, -zuh, -rey-; for 2 also Spanish te-re-sah] /təˈri sə, -zə, -ˈreɪ-; for 2 also Spanish tɛˈrɛ sɑ/ noun 1. Mother (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) 1910–97, Albanian nun: Nobel Peace Prize 1979 for work in the slums of Calcutta, India. 2. Saint, . 3. a female given name, form of . /təˈriːzə/ noun 1. Saint, known […]
- Mother-tongue
[muhth -er tuhng for 1; muhth -er tuhng for 2] /ˈmʌð ər ˈtʌŋ for 1; ˈmʌð ər ˌtʌŋ for 2/ noun 1. the language first learned by a person; native language. 2. . noun 1. the language first learned by a child 2. a language from which another has evolved noun See native language


text:
Results 1 to 7 of 7
01-29-08, 07:44 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2008
- Posts
- 2
Unanswered: Can I automate fields in table 1 based on data in table 2?
Sorry to jump right in like this, but I've been browsing for half the morning now, and I'm not sure if its just me but I'm still really stuck with this issue.
I'm trying to make it so that a field in one table will automatically update itself when I input data in a different table.
As an example: (its a pretty impractical one, I know)
I have a table relating to Clients, and another relating to Next of Kin.
The tables are related through a shared unique client ID number.
In the Next of Kin info, there is a field for "relation to client".
In the Clients info, there is a field for "Marital Status".
I want this field to automatically update to "married" when I check the box stating that the Next of Kin is the spouse of the client.
Can I do this using the IIF function? Or a macro? Or do I have to use something else? I've tried macros and the IIF function but I cant get them working (although its possible I messed that up)and I'm running out of ideas.
Thanks in advance for your time and help.
01-29-08, 08:59 #2L33t Helpa Munky
- Join Date
- Nov 2007
- Location
- Adelaide, South Australia
- Posts
- 4,049
Yes you can do it several ways.
In the AfterUpdate property for the the Next of kin relationship field:
If Me.NextOfKinRelationshipField = "Spouse" Then Forms!ClientFormName!MaritalStatus = "Married" End If
And both forms would need to be open at the time of courseOwner and Manager of
CypherBYTE, Microsoft Access Development Specialists.
Microsoft Access MCP.
And all around nice guy!
"Heck it's something understood by accountants ... so it can't be 'that' difficult..." -- Healdem
"...teach a man to code and he'll be frustrated for life! " -- georgev
01-29-08, 09:24 #3Jaded Developer
Provided Answers: 59
- Join Date
- Nov 2004
- Location
- out on a limb
- Posts
- 13,692
OK it may be your example is flaky, but I remain to be convinced that you can identify if someone is married or not based on their being assigned as someones next of kin.
this is a good argument for not violating the normalisation principles inherent with 3NF. store the information once in one place, dont' try and keep multiple versions of the same information.
its quite possible to have one person who is next of kin to multiple people, even within the same family, I suspect you need a many to many relationship in an intersection table with foreign keys to both the original customer / client table, and the next of kin table, with the type of realtionship in that intersection table, and possibly a foreign key to realtionship type if you are going to be picky.
It is however relatively trivial in SQL to set a value based on a value elsewhere, but as its a derived value its not neccesarily a smart idea. you can create the value in a query, or int he presentation layer, depending on the data content its nearly always smarter in the query as you do the work once and use in subsequent reports / forms / screens etc.....
01-30-08, 11:27 #4Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2008
- Posts
- 2
StarTrekker - Thanks for the reply. I tried that code but I'm getting no luck, which leads me to beleive I made an elementary mistake somewhere, so I need to ask this (forgive me if its a foolish question) but what did you mean by data type matching?
healdem - I had thought that maybe a query was the best way, but I was trying to avoid that for lots of reasons, mainly that I would rather it update "in real time" so to speak, so it lessens the number of errors, since I'll see it update each record as it happens. If I make a query to update the fields, but i make a slight error in the query, then I could mess up hundreds of records rather than just one....or am i talking crazy?
I think my example was bad though, because I'm not identifying marital status based on being assigned as next of kin. Let me elaborate a bit...
client number*
marital status
(client number)*
relation to client
imagine those are the tables, with records linked via the client number.
If in next of kin, they are listed as "spouse" in the relation to client field, then the marital status field in the client table will update automatically to "married".
Thats what I was trying to say. I know the example isnt a particularly practical one but its the simplest one that came to mind at the time.
Also, I'm not looking to store the same data in multiple locations, because even if two people list the same person as next of kin, they might not be the same relation to that person. I was just hoping I could set a property of a value (AfterUpdate, I assume) to make it automatically alter another value based on itself, almost like running an automatic update query on that specific record as I update a certain field, if that makes more sense?
I managed to do it when the fields are in the same table, (eg "under 18" will check itself when the date of birth I enter for a person is before today's date 18 years ago) but when they're in different tables, I'm stuck.
Sorry if this doesnt make sense again but I really dont know how else to explain it.
01-30-08, 14:22 #5Cavalier King Charles
- Join Date
- Dec 2002
- Location
- Préverenges, Switzerland
- Posts
- 3,740
maybe you know this already, but anyway:
there are no triggers in Access. none. zilch.
data in tables is just there. changing it makes it there-but-different. the change in the table itself cannot cause a change in another table (cf SQLserver and triggers).
your code can do whatever it likes, but you have to write the code.
depending on trigger-like behaviour whilst using an engine that doesn't support triggers is a minefield: you are obliged to grab control of every possible route to editing the data and make sure your ersatz-trigger code fires. it is not easy.
have you considered moving the data to an engine that suports triggers (i believe that freebie SQLserver-Express does, but i have not played with Eypress).
izycurrently using SS 2008R2
01-31-08, 12:38 #6Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Posts
- 72
Originally Posted by StarTrekker
i.e. [code]IF Me.Field1 = "A" Then
Forms!Form1!Field2 = "X"
Forms!Form1!Field3 = "y"
Forms!Form1!Field4 = "z"
And could this be done multipule times in the same code? So if Field1 was say "B", Fields 2, 3 and 4 could be set to other figures? And so on. Is there a limit to the number of options in Field1?
01-31-08, 19:35 #7L33t Helpa Munky
- Join Date
- Nov 2007
- Location
- Adelaide, South Australia
- Posts
- 4,049
Yes, yes and no.
But you might also like to consider a Select Case statement rather than a big If structure.Owner and Manager of
CypherBYTE, Microsoft Access Development Specialists.
Microsoft Access MCP.
And all around nice guy!
"Heck it's something understood by accountants ... so it can't be 'that' difficult..." -- Healdem
"...teach a man to code and he'll be frustrated for life! " -- georgev


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I hope you all had a wonderful Thanksgiving weekend! Mine was filled with good food and good company. I got to spend quality time with everyone I love. On Black Friday this year, I got to experience the madness of how it begins. My friends, my brother, and I went to the midnight launch of the Urban Outfitters Black Friday. It was so chaotic, crowded, and just overall crazy. I'm generally not a claustrophobic person, but I was that night. By the time I made it to the sales racks, everything was already taken or on the floor. Most of the stuff I scored from that night was found thrown around the store or luckily left behind by the people in front of me in line. It took us two hours just to pay. I'm never going that early ever again. I scored quite a bit, but am returning about half of it. One of the things I did score and am keeping is this plaid top. I've been looking for one so I got lucky that this ended up being $10. I got home at 4AM after going to Urban Outfitters, woke up at 10:30AM to shop some more, and managed to get a pair of Gap's legging jeans for $20 and a t-shirt from Zara. Overall, I think this was my best Black Friday haul yet, but I will not be going so early to UO again. I'd rather sleep and wake up earlier for Gap and other stores.
On Saturday, my friends and I had our annual Thanksgiving dinner, except this time it was in LA. That night was so amazing. I've known most of them since middle school, and some since elementary school. I always love reuniting with them because it never feels like any time has passed despite our busy, now-grown-up lives. It's weird that we're college graduates doing grown up things like working, and attending or planning to go to graduate school. We had a potluck of delicious food. I baked two pies: pumpkin and pecan because I couldn't decide which one to bake. We caught up on our lives, met some new people, watched the USC vs UCLA football game, and played beer pong (I lost once but won once/helped dethrone the champs). This was such a wonderful way to end an already great Thanksgiving.
Holidays are over for now. Back to dieting and working on my applications.
Until next post,
chambray skirt - uo
grey tights - gap
loafers - aldo


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Substitute Teacher Booklets
All Substitute Teachers should have a copy of the Substitute Teacher's Activity Book Parts 1 & 2, and the Special Education Handbook. Each booklet has helpful information for substitute teaching.
The Substitute Teaching Division of STEDI (formerly the Substitute Teaching Institute at Utah State University) provides a free monthly eNewsletter with helpful information. They also provide contests, a blog, and a live chat line. You can sign up for this and create an account by going to the STEDI website.
The Substitute Teaching Division of STEDI has a variety of training options to choose from, which include classroom management, activities, lesson plans, and resources for substitute teachers.


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Fun day across #Colorado . Here is a pic of @zcblack carvin some turns. Always fun to rip a few groomers with friends. @jjthomas_ #CheckmateJkt


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Helpful links
We have exciting news!
Due to a community-wide outpouring of interest and engagement in Inaugurate the Revolution, we are thrilled to open up workshop space at new venues around town! We are excited to partner with the Waldron Performing Arts Center, The Back Door, Rhino's Youth Center, and Boxcar Books and Community Center, in addition to continuing to offer the majority of our workshops at the Monroe County Public Library and the Buskirk-Chumley Theater.
What does this mean?
Some workshops may have shifted locations to new venues in the downtown area. We recognize that this may require more walking or driving than anticipated, so please check out the City of Bloomington's downtown parking guide to explore parking options. (Note that Rhino's Youth Center and the Monroe County Public Library have dedicated parking lots. The 4th Street parking garage is free for the first three hours of use, as well as free after 6:00 p.m. daily.)
Additionally, we changed the following workshop times to better suit the needs of partnering venues:
Art & Activism: 12:30–3 (previously 12:30–4)
Poetry of Protest: 4–5:10 (previously 4:15–5:10)
And we added the following opportunities for participation:
Practical Police Abolitionism for a New Era: 2:45–4:15 at Boxcar Books and Community Center
Earth Meditation (Drop-In): 1–2:30 at the Buskirk-Chumley Theater (Second Floor Mezzanine)
Direct Action with the Bloomington Solidarity Network: 12–? (Meet outside of the Monroe County Public Library)
Sign-Making & Poster Art (in preparation for the 5:15 march): 3–5 at Rhino's Youth Center
Above Ground – 40 Moments of Transformation: Art Exhibit at Wells Library (Lobby)
Mutual Aid Project Work (Service Project): 1:15–2:30 at Boxcar Books and Community Center
What should you do now?
Please check our revised schedule for your workshop location. All venues, including new spaces, are within a few blocks of each other. If you are concerned that you will not be able to make it from venue to venue in the time allotted between workshops, please contact us and we will be happy to work together to come up with a solution.
Download schedule (PDF)


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Mac nut grower will sell products
By HUNTER BISHOP
Tribune-Herald staff writer
The state's largest macadamia nut grower has new ownership and a new name, and shortly it will announce a new line of retail products.
ML Macadamia Orchards LP was acquired by an investment firm headed by Fred Ebrahimi, former co-owner and CEO of the privately owned software company Quark. Ebrahimi's Wyoming-based investment firm Crescent River LLC, purchased Leap Tide Capital Management and now owns slightly more than 50 percent of the outstanding limited partner shares.
ML Macadamia Orchards LP also changed its brand name to Royal Hawaiian Orchards LP and, according to the publicly traded company's filings with the federal Securities and Exchange Commission, intends to "build a line of macadamia-based foods" to be sold under the company's new brand.
The plunge into retail sales will be a major departure for the company, said Royal Hawaiian Orchards President and CEO Dennis Simonis. Since 2010, the previously named ML Macadamia Orchards has sold all of its mac nuts wholesale to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation. Mauna Loa makes a variety of mac nut and chocolate based products at its processing plant and visitors center in Keaau, which are sold at retail outlets under the Mauna Loa brand.
But Royal Hawaiian Orchards plans to begin canceling its contracts with Mauna Loa at the end of this year and seek processors to manufacture its own line of mac nut products for retail sales.
Simonis declined to discuss the company's new direction in a phone call on Friday but said the new product line would be introduced at a press conference in Honolulu on Nov. 9. Simonis confirmed the ownership change but said management of the company remains intact.
Mauna Loa has been a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania-based chocolate giant The Hershey Co. since 2004 and claims it's the world's largest processor of macadamia nuts.
By canceling its contracts with Mauna Loa, Royal Hawaiian will have to find new buyers for about 6.5 million pounds of nuts in 2013, about 13 million pounds in 2014 and about 19.5 million pounds in 2015. A provision in the contracts however requires Mauna Loa to continue processing the nuts for two years if Royal Hawaiian Orchards does not find an alternative buyer for its nuts. Currently Royal Hawaiian Orchards does not have the capacity to dry or process the nuts it produces, but is already testing retail macadamia nut products in Europe and Asia, according to documents filed with the SEC.
David Rietow, listed as president of the Hawaii Macadamia Nut Association on the HMNA website, did not return calls requesting comment on the industry changes. HMNA is an organization of growers and processors including Mauna Loa and Royal Hawaiian Orchards. Simonis is listed on the site as the HMNA treasurer; Mauna Loa's Charles Young is listed as vice president. The contact for Young led to the voice mail for Tom Solas, however, who also did not return requests for comment left for him on Friday.
Jack Suyderhoud, a professor of economics at the University of Hawaii's Shidler College of Business, said Royal Hawaiian Orchard's strategy of "vertical integration" has been in the planning stages for several years. The company hopes to build its own processing capacity to augment its production capability, which should help it smooth over any fluctuations in mac nut prices. Suyderhould became familiar with the company several years ago when it was involved in anti-trust litigation involving producers and processors of macadamia nuts.
The former ML Macadamia Orchards LP, founded in 1986, is believed to be the world's largest grower of macadamia nuts at about 25 million pounds per year. Hawaii produces about one-quarter of the world's supply and is second largest producer behind Australia.
According to its website and SEC filings, Royal Hawaiian Orchards now owns or leases approximately 5,070 acres of macadamia nut orchards on the Island of Hawaii, and more than 600 individual farmers are involved in macadamia nut production on the island.
ML Macadamia Orchards reported a net loss of $797,000 for the second quarter of 2012 on revenues of $745,000, with losses attributed to higher general and administrative expenses, including legal fees. A year earlier, the company reported a net profit of $66,000 for the second quarter of 2011.
For the first six months of 2012, revenues were $4.3 million with a net loss $805,000. For the first six months of 2011, revenues were $2.9 million with a net profit of $115,000.
The company's shares reached their highest price in six months, $4 a share, at the close of business on Sept. 28, the day Ebrahimi's firm acquired the company. Shares of Royal Hawaiian Orchards LP (NNUTU) closed at $3.92 on Oct. 25.
Email Hunter Bishop email@example.com.
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The following Official Record for Armando Parra is being redistributed by LCN and is protected by constitutional, publishing, and other legal rights. This Official Record was reported on 2014-03-11 07:45:21. The person named in this listings has only been arrested on suspicion of the crime indicated and are presumed innocent.
Arrest Information for Armando Parra
|Arrest Name
|Armando Parra
|XXXXXXan St (VERIFIED)
|City, State
|Salida, CA
|Arrest Date
|Arrested For
|Manufacturing A Controlled Substance
Plant/Cultivate/Etc Marijuana/Hashish
Possess Marijuana/Hashish For Sale
Receiving Or Concealing Stolen Property
Theft Of Utility Services Over $400
addict in possession of firearm
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May 2, 2016
Something Dawn of War related happens on 3 May
Could it be Dawn of War 3? Sure. Could it be something else? Sure.
May 2, 2016
Could it be Dawn of War 3? Sure. Could it be something else? Sure.By: Peter Parrish May 2nd, 2016
May 29, 2014
SEGA and Relic have updated Dawn of War to get multiplayer matchmaking working through Steam. Previously, the title (and its expansions) had used the soon to be defunct GameSpy for matchmaking. Rather than leave the…By: Peter Parrish May 29th, 2014
December 10, 2012
The latest addition to the THQ Humble Bundle, with two days remaining on the clock, is the original Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War. It's the 'Game of the Year' edition to boot, so it has…By: Peter Parrish December 10th, 2012


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Simply update your outdoor living space with these comfortable seat cushions. The welted edge adds a smart and classic look to patio furniture. Made of durable outdoor fabric for easy care and enduring beauty. Designed to fit most traditional dining chairs.
- Dimensions: 20 in. D x 20 in. W x 5 in. T
- Polyester-olefin blend fabrics offer luxurious quality and feel and provide excellent UV resistance for high performance
- Outdoor fabric is UV treated to resist fading for longer lasting vibrant color
- 100% polyester filled, a superior poly-fill that helps cushion retain shape over time
- Fabric composition: 57% Olefin, 43% Polyester fabric


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GP services
Did you know the majority of GP practices offer these sexual health services?
- Advice about a full range of contraception
- Prescribing of contraceptives (some GPs offer contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices (IUDs or coils), but not all of them. Use our service locator to check which services are provided where)
- Advice about emergency hormonal contraception (EHC or the 'morning after pill') and prescribing where appropriate
- Free condoms as part of a sexual health consultation (Some GPs offer free condoms, please contact the practice for details of their specific arrangements)
- Advice and referral about unplanned/unwanted pregnancy
- Advice about free pregnancy testing
- Advice about STIs
- Referral for STI testing and treatment (Some GPs offer STI testing, HIV testing, Chlamydia treatment and STI treatment, but not all of them. Use our service locator to check which services are provided where)
Not registered with a GP?
For advice and information about how to register with a GP, visit the NHS Choices website.
Did you know that if you are not registered with a GP but live in Birmingham, certain GP practices will offer you some sexual health services? Please check the service locator for details.


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America's best read urban weekly | Learn More »
It's Primary Day in Idaho, and Vaughn Ward wants desperately to be the Republican to unseat Democratic Rep. Walt Minnick. The guy, however, has some troubles. Like charges of plagiarism and delinquency in paying his taxes.
The latest in Ward's bad news is being called "the most incompetent candidate in America" by Salon.com. Ouch.
Not really the press you want on the day the ballots come in. But check it out here!
UPDATE: The day keeps on giving. Ward made the front page of Talking Points Memo as well. It's headline: "Vaughn Ward: Worst Candidate Ever?" And the Guardian, in Great Britain, chimed in, calling Ward the "dumb and paste Republican candidate."
Here's a taste of Ward's incompetence — if you're gonna copy any speech, why would you pick the one that launched the career of Barack Obama?
"Agenda 21 is evil!!" This declaration comes from the new Website put forth by the Spokane Patriots, proving once again the Patriots are way more active than the Tea Party of Spokane. Their ongoing target: sustainability programs at City Hall.
Articulating further on their theory that the United Nations is planning on undermining U.S. sovereignty one city at a time (through the sustainable development program Agenda 21), the group's Website puts forth this helpful primer on "Agenda 21 buzzwords":
Thanks. Super helpful.
Two days until Volume! And our fourth video is up. Meet Ze Krau: some of the baddest punk rockers around. Read our story on the band here and watch the video below.
Flag on the play The U.S. Flag Code doesn't take kindly to the national flag being flown alongside the Arbor Day flag, and neither have the veterans in Kellogg. That, along with moving the memorial that flew both flags, has several Kellogg veterans incensed. (KREM)
Cop out, for now The battle over the powers of the police ombudsman has been extended — stemming from a confidential memo from city attorneys that supposedly details the possible cost of giving the ombudsman more power. (SR)
And then there were two (semesters) University High School is becoming like the rest of the school districts. It's changing from the trimester system to the usual semester system. One big reason: staffing cuts. (KXLY)
The budget axe continues its swath of destruction Meanwhile, in the Coeur d'Alene School District all salaries have been cut by 3.2 percent. Teachers will also be required to take six unpaid furlough days. It's all part of the challenge to cut $4.8 million from the budget. (CdA Press)
The DOW downfall continues This time, its not just Greek debt that's to blame. Spanish debt has joined the slew of European economic problems. (NYT)
The friendly folks at CheckItOutMusic.com interviewed me today about our Local Music Issue and Thursday's once-a-year local music extravaganza, Volume. Give it a listen here.
Earlier today, we posted a blog about all the hardware we brought home at the recent Northwest Excellence in Journalism Competition, presented by the Society of Professional Journalists.
Here are links to the winners:
Spokane native Todd Carmichael and the Pig race against time frostbite and insanity. Jacob H. Fries
Child's Gambit
At the Elementary Chess Championships guileless children became ruthless competitors. Luke Baumgarten
Practical Jokes
On the eve of his biggest performance ever, Dan Cummins has learned nothing so much as this: It's complicated being funny. Luke Baumgarten
An Art History of Violence
Meditations on art's oldest obsession. Luke Baumgarten
Saving Salish
Salish isn't just a language. It's a bridge between generations. And for the Kalispel, it's dangerously close to being lost forever. Kevin Taylor
A Delicate Proposition
Envision Spokane's Prop 4 could either revolutionize Spokane or destroy it. Depends who you ask. Kevin Taylor
Put Your Finger On It
For 20 years Bruce Bodden has been playing the flute part in Dvorak's Eighth Symphony. He's still searching for perfection. Michael Bowen
Why Spokane's infamously high MS rates may be nothing more than a self-fulfilling myth. Nicholas Deshais
Great White
The giant Palouse earthworm can't be found — yet it's dividing the Palouse. Leah Sottile
State of Debate
Former debaters and current coaches lament the state of high school debate in the Spokane area. Feel free to argue. Daniel Walters
* Our art director, Chris Bovey, also took home three awards for graphics and page design.
Three days until Volume! And performing right smack in the middle of the event will be Jaeda, the reigning queen of Spokane hip-hop. Check out our video on her, the third in a series of five videos on this year's Bands to Watch, below. And read our profile on her here


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BIOHAZARD Class II safety cabinet: VBH Microbiological Safety Cabinet "BIOHAZARD" ...
In 1932 Angelantoni Industrie started its activity in the refrigeration sector, and over the years, became renowned in three main industrial fields :
Since 1952 and under the ACS brand, Angelantoni Industrie has introduced world-wide environmental test chambers for all types of tests on materials, components, and finished products. ACS brand has always been associated with vast experience and flexibility in customized solutions, with undisputed expertise in technologies, gained also through tight cooperation with research institutions, universities, and industrial partners. ACS brand has now a strong leadership in the aerospace sector, the most challenging environment for simulation: after the first space simulator in 1988, Angelantoni Industrie became one of the three leading international manufacturers, and a supplier for the most important space research centers testing satellites and satellite parts. With the acquisition of two companies, in France and in Germany, the testing sector currently consists of 3 Business Units:
- Environmental test chambers (ACS brand)
- Electrodynamic shakers (TIRA brand)
- Test benches and crash test systems for the automotive and aerospace (BIA brand)
The cold equipment for healthcare and biotechnology has received a considerable boost thanks to Research & Development activity. In 1961 Angelantoni introduced in Europe the first mechanical freezer capable of running
below -100C. Angelantoni Industrie, under the AS brand name, has marketed some extremely innovative systems, such as HEMOSAFE for preserving and remotely distributing blood bags and SMARTFREEZER a robotic cryobank
operating at -80C and -180C. In 2008 with the acquisition of STERIL, the Group has entered in the field of laminar flow cabinets and non contamination equipment.
In the Solar Concentration technology, the subsidiary Archimede Solar Energy SpA produces 550C molten salts receiver tubes for thermodynamic solar power plants (Archimede project), based on ENEA technology. Angelantoni Industrie is working also in the concentrated photovoltaic field and Kenosistec in the thin film coating equipment for the production of CdTe photovoltaic panels.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] After the sudden death of her husband, Carmina convinces his daughter Maria not to report cases of death until two days and so to collect extra pay he had pending. During those two days hiding the corpse and hide their duel in the daily life of an apartment building in a poor neighborhood of Seville. You can watch Carmina y amén. online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in Spanish at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2014.
Rating: 5 by 728 users./
Runtime: 100 minutes
Carmina Barrios, Paco Casaus, María León, Mari Paz Sayago, Teresa Casanova, José Manuel López, Marina León, Joserra Leza, Alejandro León, Juanfra Juárez, Fran Jiménez, Felipe Núñez, Javier Carrión, Paco Garfia, María José Moreno and Antonio Estrada.
Comedy, Drama.
100-minute film (full movie) directed by Paco León.
The original audio of Carmina y amén. has dialogues in or Spanish, it was produced in Spain.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2014.
Screenplay written by Paco León.
Juan González.
Paco León, Ghislain Barrois, Álvaro Augustín, Sandra Hermida and Jaime Ortiz de Artiñano.
This film was produced and / or financed by Mediaset España, Telecinco Cinema, Andy Joke, Instituto de la Cinematografía and de las Artes Audiovisuales (ICAA) and Canal España.
Composed by Fran M.M. Cabeza de Vaca.
A Contracorriente Films.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Carmina y amén. has a duration of 100 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in English or Spanish in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Carmina y amén. in FULLTV Movies.


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Supernatural Activity Trailer (2012)
"A Paranormal Spooftacular!" 13 August 2012 Comedy 90 mins
The world's most beloved illusionist, armed with his team of oxymoron's, embark on the freakiest, most adventurous paranormal investigation of all time. Terrorized at every turn by an unexplainable irregular patterns of mysterious paradox's, this witch-hunting, ghost busting, creature questing supernatural spooftacular is the funniest footage ever found!
Watch the official Supernatural Activity 2012 trailer in HD below or find more Supernatural Activity videos on Vidimovie.


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If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
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Another great day today, just hoping to get some more snow in the mountain before I leave. Excited to drive my car on the ice tomorrow.


text: Human Rights Observatory Analyst: Al Shabab Purely Terrorist Despite military offensives against al Shabab and drone strikes by the U.S., the Somali militant group continues to survive. But one analyst thinks it may be changing, as well. Bronwyn Bruton is deputy director of the Africa Center at The Atlantic Council. The Washington-based think tank focuses on security amid political and economic change. Bruton said last week's attack at Garissa University in Kenya marks a turning point. She said it may be evidence of an African jihadist...Read complete article© Voice of America - Tuesday, April 7, 2015


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Evolutionary theory proposes that exaggerated male traits have evolved via sexual selection, either through female mate choice or male–male competition. While female preferences for ornamented males have been amply demonstrated in other taxa, among mammals sexual characters are commonly regarded as weapons whose main function is to enhance male competitiveness in agonistic encounters. One particularly controversial hypothesis to explain the function of male sexual characters proposes that they advertise male fertility. We test this hypothesis in red deer (Cervus elaphus), a species where sexual characters (antlers) reach an extreme degree of elaboration. We find that a global measure of relative antler size and complexity is associated with relative testes size and sperm velocity. Our results exclude the possibility that condition dependence, age or time of culling, drive these associations. Red deer antlers could signal male fertility to females, the ability to avoid sperm depletion throughout the reproductive season and/or the competitive ability of ejaculates. By contrast, male antlers could also signal to other males not only their competitive ability at the behavioural level (fighting ability) but also at the physiological level (sperm competition).
The concept of sexual selection was developed to explain the evolution of conspicuous traits in males, such as ornaments and weapons, which could not be explained by natural selection for increased survival (Darwin 1871; Andersson 1994). Such traits confer advantages in terms of enhanced reproduction, because either males with elaborated ornaments are more attractive to females, or because males with developed weapons are more competitive in male–male agonistic encounters. Thus, sexual selection can operate through two different processes: female mate choice and male–male competition. Female preferences for males with exaggerated traits have been amply demonstrated in insects, birds and fishes (Andersson 1994; Johnstone 1995; Jennions & Petrie 1997), while in mammals it is assumed that male–male competition is more prevalent. According to this view, most studies on fishes and birds have focused on female preferences for particular traits (referred to as ornaments), whereas among mammals most studies have focused on the role played by secondary sexual characters (this time named weapons) on male competitive ability. It has been suggested that differences in the intensity of female mate choice versus male–male competition between taxa are partly determined by different mechanisms of inheritance of sexual chromosomes (Roldan & Gomendio 1999).
Much attention has been devoted to the benefits derived by females from choosing particular males. Females may obtain direct benefits such as access to territories of good quality, nutrients transferred by the male, and paternal care, all of which are well documented (Andersson 1994). Females could also obtain indirect benefits such as an improvement in the genetic quality of the offspring (Madsen et al. 1992; Hasselquist et al. 1996) or the avoidance of genetic incompatibility (Zeh & Zeh 1997). The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis suggests that females would also benefit from choosing males with elaborated sexual ornaments if they maximize the chances of mating with fertile males (Sheldon 1994). According to this hypothesis, secondary sexual ornaments would honestly advertise male fertility. In other words, males that are more attractive should deliver higher-quality ejaculates. There have been few attempts to test this hypothesis and they have yielded contradictory results. Among birds, several studies have related male behaviour during the breeding season to specific measures of ejaculate quality (Nitchuk & Evans 1978; Mjelstad 1991). However, these studies do not test the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis directly since they measure behavioural variables rather than secondary sexual characters. Other studies specifically designed to test the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis have yielded contradictory results. Several studies have found no relationship between male phenotype and ejaculate quality (Birkhead & Fletcher 1995; Birkhead et al. 1997), while a recent study has revealed a correlation between plumage brightness and testis size (Merilä & Sheldon 1999).
The other group in which the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis has been examined is fishes, but the findings have not generated a clear picture either. Several studies have provided evidence against Sheldon's hypothesis, since they find negative correlations between secondary sexual characters (or male sexual activity) and ejaculate quality (Liljedal et al. 1999; Pilastro & Bisazza 1999), whereas others find positive associations (Matthews et al. 1997). Some of these contradictory results seem to be because the relationship between male coloration, as well as mating behaviour and sperm number is population dependent (Pitcher & Evans 2001). Colourful male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) have been found to transfer more sperm to the female at copulation than less colourful males (Pilastro et al. 2002), but this positive association occurs only in female-solicited copulations and not in forced copulations, strongly suggesting that females play a role in accepting more sperm from colourful males. Finally, a recent study has shown that, when ejaculates from rival males compete, more colourful male guppies have higher parentage success than their less conspicuous counterparts (Evans et al. 2003). In this study, the experimental design was such that sperm numbers from each male were equal, thus indicating that the greater competitive ability of the ejaculates from more colourful males was a result of sperm traits other than sperm numbers.
An increasing body of evidence suggests that sperm swimming velocity or vigour influences fertilization success and that, under sperm competition, it may become an important determinant of paternity. Among mammals, sperm velocity influences fertilization success (Holt et al. 1997), and in the sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) males with faster sperm had higher rates of fertilization than males with slower sperm (Levitan 2000). When ejaculates from rival males compete within the female reproductive tract, i.e. sperm competition, sperm swimming velocity generally determines fertilization success (Gomendio & Roldan 1991; Birkhead et al. 1995, 1999; Froman et al. 1999, 2002; Anderson & Dixson 2002; Moore et al. 2002; Gage et al. 2004).
We test whether male red deer antlers honestly signal male ejaculate quality as measured by sperm production and sperm velocity. We use this species as a model organism because antlers are so elaborated that they are considered one of the most extreme cases of exaggeration of male traits in the animal kingdom. During the rut, male red deer in Mediterranean populations may form harems, as is common in the north of Europe, or they may defend territories when the food is scarce and females tend to concentrate in those areas where resources are more abundant (Carranza et al. 1996). In male–male encounters males display their antlers presumably to assess their opponents' strength (Geist 1966), and they are used as weapons when males engage in fights. It is known that fighting success influences harem size which, in turn, is related to copulation success (Clutton-Brock et al. 1982). More recently it has been shown that antler size is associated to lifetime reproductive success (Kruuk et al. 2002), but the question as to whether this is the result of male fighting ability alone, or whether female choice also plays a role remains open (Andersson 1994).
To test the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis (Sheldon 1994), we collected data from natural red deer populations and tested whether an overall measure of relative antler size is related to relative testes size, a standard measure of investment in sperm production, and to a measure of sperm quality, such as sperm velocity.
The study sample included 198 Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) stags culled during the mating season (October–December) in six different wild populations from the south of Spain, within a period of 50 days. In this region, the reproductive season begins at the end of September and lasts for three months, October to December (Caballero 1985; Sanz & Rodriguez 1993; García et al. 2002). There was no time-dependent selection (hunting) of small or large antlered stags, i.e. males with large antlers were not hunted earlier in the season, as most populations were culled only once in each mating season. Culls were undertaken following Spanish laws that, in turn, conform to European Union regulations. Measurements of body size and antler size were taken in the field. Body length was measured with a tape, while the dead stag lay on its side flat on the ground. Distance in centimetres from the tip of the nose to the sacrococcygeal articulation (beginning of the tail) was recorded. Both testes were removed (in the scrotum) and transported in a cool box at 20–21°C to the laboratory. Time lapse between animal death and sperm analyses ranged from 3 to 6 h, an adequate and safe time interval for evaluating sperm parameters, as it has been shown that only 12 h after the death of a male does a decrease in the quality of sperm traits begins to take place (Garde et al. 1998).
Time of culling had no effect upon relative testes size (F1,112=0.76; r2=0.006; p=0.38) or sperm velocity (F1,110=0.44; r2=0.004; p=0.51).
Antlers are cast between March and May and the new ones grow from April to August or September, so at the time animals were sampled, antlers had reached their maximum size.
To have a global indicator of relative antler size and complexity we registered eight variables (figure 1a): three lengths, three diameters and two tip counts: (i) length of the main beam from the burr to the furthermost point of the crown, measured along the outer curvature of the antler; (ii) length of the frontal point; and (iii) length of the middle point. The three mean diameters were calculated measuring two transversal diameters at a given level of the antler: (iv) burr diameter; (v) beam diameter was taken halfway above the frontal point and below the middle point (lower diameter); (vi) beam diameter was taken halfway above the middle point and below the crown ramification (upper diameter); (vii) number of crown points; and (viii) total number of points (only those greater than 2 cm were considered). All these variables were corrected for body size before performing multivariate analyses, given that all showed allometry, using each antler size trait as the dependent variable. By correcting for body size we also aim to account for age effects upon antler size, since age strongly determines body size which in turn influences antler size (Kruuk et al. 2002).
Relative antler size showed a normal distribution (Kolmogorov–Smirnov d=0.068; p>0.20).
We employed relative testes size as a reliable index of sperm production (Gomendio et al. 1998). Testes and epididymides were removed from the scrotum, and diameters of left and right testes measured with a sliding digital calliper to the nearest 0.01 mm (Mitutoyo, UK). We tested the relationship between testes size and body size to test for allometry. We found a significant relationship (r=0.56, p<0.000 01), and thus calculated relative testes size by adding up major diameters of both testes and dividing by body length. This variable was log transformed and showed a normal distribution (Kolmogorov–Smirnov d=0.044; p>0.2).
There was no effect of age upon relative testes size (F1,126=0.22; p=0.64; r2<0.01).
Spermatozoa were recovered by cutting the caudae epididymides with a surgical blade and collecting the oozing sperm mass and placing it in 1 ml of Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin. Spermatozoa recovered from caudae epididymides are functionally mature and have a fertilizing potential equivalent to that of ejaculated sperm (Cooper 1998; Robaire & Hermo 1988).
Objective measures of sperm motility were recorded in spermatozoa suspended in Dulbecco's PBS with 0.5% bovine serum albumin and using a computer-aided sperm analyser (CASA; Sperm Class Analyzer, Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). A total of six descriptors of sperm motility were scored by analysing a minimum of 100 tracks per sample: (i) curvilinear velocity (VCL), velocity over total distance moved, including all deviations of sperm head movement; (ii) straight-line velocity (VSL), velocity calculated using the straight-line distance between the beginning and end of the sperm track; (iii) average path velocity (VAP), velocity over a calculated, smoothed path, that is, a shorter distance than that used for calculating VCL; (iv) beat cross frequency (BCF), the frequency with which the actual track crosses the smoothed track; (v) amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), the mean value of the extreme side-to-side movement of the sperm head in each beat cycle; (vi) linearity (LIN) is the ratio of the distances (as a percentage) of straight-line track length/actual track length (this value is 100% for a completely linear track) (see figure 1b). None of these six variables showed association with body size (all p>0.1).
Kidney fat index was used as a reliable indicator of physical condition (Riney 1955; Vanrooyen 1993; Kucera 1997; Yokoyama et al. 2001; Noyes et al. 2002). It was calculated by dividing the weight of kidney fat remaining after trimming by kidney weight.
To ascertain the repeatability of the six antler measurements (the two point counts excluded), we measured the antlers of four randomly selected individuals three times and on both antler sides. Repeatabilities were calculated following Becker (1984). They were in all cases higher than 0.99. All variables were log transformed and checked for normal distribution (all variables p>0.2 after Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test) before performing the principal component analysis (PCA).
The aim of principal component analysis is to reduce many correlated variables to a small number of new derived variables that adequately summarize the original information (Quinn & Keough 2002). We performed a PCA of the variance–covariance matrix of eight log-transformed relative antler size variables. This analysis extracts the first eigenvector that summarizes multivariate size variation and best extracts 'size components' (Jolicoeur 1963). We performed a second PCA including the sperm velocity and track direction set of variables rendered by CASA analysis. Differences in sample size in the two PCAs (see tables 1 and and2)2) are because sperm velocity was available from fewer individuals than antler size data. To avoid using statistical methods, which artificially increase sample size (pairwise and mean substitution), we chose the casewise deletion technique to perform the factor analysis. This technique excludes from the analysis those individuals with one or more missing values from the respective datasets, implying that the factor score could not be calculated for them. Thus, in subsequent analysis the missing values of the each PCA add together, thus resulting in a smaller sample size than in either PCAs.
To test the hypothesis that antler size is a reliable indicator of sperm production and/or sperm velocity, we performed an ANCOVA for relative antler size including four independent variables: relative testes size, sperm velocity and kidney fat index as covariates, and population as a factor. We treated relative testes size, sperm velocity and kidney fat index as independent variables, to be able to control for any confounding effects of nutritional condition (reflected by kidney fat index) upon antler size.
Population was included in the ANCOVA model to account for between-population variation and environmental covariances, as differences in population densities, not controlled for in this study, have been shown to influence antler size in different deer populations (Clutton-Brock & Albon 1989; Schmidt et al. 2001).
In addition, given that condition dependence has been reported in a range of secondary sexual traits (Andersson 1994) including red deer antlers (Kruuk et al. 2002), we included in the ANCOVA model kidney fat index to control for individual physical condition.
All statistical analyses were conducted with Statistica 6.0 (Statsoft 2001).
The PCA performed with eight measures of relative antler size (see figure 1a) rendered a significant factor score (FS antler size) which explained 62% of the variance, with a correspondent eigenvalue of 4.99, that is, the factor generated integrates a total amount of information equivalent to that of almost five variables (see table 1). All the antler variables showed high loadings, with significant positive coefficients that indicate that they are strongly correlated with the component extracted (FS antler size), and thus can be straightforwardly interpreted as a reliable indicator of relative antler size (Jolicoeur 1963).
The PCA performed with six measurements of sperm velocity also rendered a significant factor score (FS sperm velocity), which explained 50% of the variance in sperm velocity, with a correspondent eigenvalue of 3. As expected, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity and linearity showed a positive significant correlation with the sperm velocity component extracted, since all these variables reflect different aspects of sperm swimming velocity. By contrast, amplitude of lateral head displacement and beat cross frequency showed a significant negative correlation with the sperm velocity component since they reflect features of sperm movement which do not contribute to sperm progressive motility (see table 2). High values for these two variables would imply inefficient or erratic sperm movement.
There was no effect of age upon sperm velocity (FS sperm velocity) (F1,92=0.10; p=0.75; r2=0.001).
We performed a general linear model (GLM) including relative antler size as the dependent variable and four predictors: three continuous, relative testes size, sperm velocity and kidney fat index; and one categorical: population (see table 3a). In this non-significant full model (F9,49=1.74; p>0.1) only relative testes size and sperm velocity were significant (p=0.023 and p=0.031, respectively) whereas kidney fat index and population were not (p=0.72 and p=0.80, respectively). We then conducted a reduced model, dropping from the analysis the variables that were non-significant, and only including relative testes size and sperm velocity as the independent variables (see table 3b). The analysis rendered a significant model (F2,68=11.51; p<0.0001), which explained 24% of the variance in relative antler size. In this model, relative testes size accounted for 15.37% of the explained variance and sperm velocity for 8.12%.
Once we were certain that environmental variation, as measured at the individual level by kidney fat index and at the population level by population, were not generating the association detected between relative antler size and both relative testes size and sperm velocity (Kruuk et al. 2003), and given that the aim of this study was to test whether antlers advertise male reproductive features, we performed two correlations including relative antler size as the predictor variable and relative testes size and sperm velocity as the dependent variables. Both correlations were highly significant for relative testes size (r2=0.15; F1,73=12.86; p=0.0006) and for sperm velocity (r2=0.097; F1,71=7.65; p=0.0072; figure 2). The fact that these two variables are not correlated (r=0.01; p=0.86) precludes the possibility that the effect of one of them is masking the other.
We further explored, whether relative antler size is a better predictor of any of the three univariate measures of sperm velocity, VSL, VAP and LIN, which best correlate with the factor score generated by the PCA. For this purpose, we performed three ANCOVAs with the same predictor variables as in the previous case. Again, population and kidney fat index were not significant in any of the three models (results not shown), so we excluded them from the analysis and performed three regression analyses to test their association with relative antler size. Relative antler size showed significant relationships with VSL (r2= 0.085; F1,71=6.61, p<0.012) and VAP (r2=0.074; F1,71=5.67, p<0.019), but marginally non-significant with LIN (r2=0.052; F1,71=3.92, p<0.051). This result shows that relative antler size better signals the global measure 'FS sperm velocity' than any one of the three main sperm velocity variables on their own.
Red deer antlers have been widely used as an extreme example of exaggerated male secondary sexual characters traits but have always been regarded exclusively as weapons. The fact that males often display their antlers has been interpreted as a display of fighting ability and the possibility that antlers may signal other male attributes has not been considered so far. Similarly, the fact that males with large antlers father more calves (Kruuk et al. 2002) has been interpreted as being the result of these males winning more fights and forming larger harems, excluding the possibility that males may also signal their fertility or their competitive ability after copulation, and that female choice may play a role. Among ungulates, male red deer possess antlers that are not only large in relation to other species, but also very complex, containing many branches and points. We address the question of whether this complex design and extreme size may also convey information about the reproductive potential of the male.
Our results show that relative antler size and complexity are honest indicators of sperm production and of sperm velocity in male red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), thus providing support for the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis, which states that functional fertility covaries with male phenotype (Sheldon 1994).
The two variables used in our study are known to influence male fertilization success, both in competitive and non-competitive contexts. Relative testes size determines sperm production rate (Setchell 1978; Møller 1989; Gomendio et al. 1998) and thus indicates the number of sperm present in each ejaculate, the number of ejaculates that can be produced in time, and the ability to avoid sperm depletion (Wedell et al. 2002). The number of sperm in each ejaculate determines fertilization success mainly because large numbers of sperm are needed to avoid the dilution effects and the high mortality rates that sperm suffer within the female reproductive tract (Short 1981). The importance of sperm numbers is exacerbated when ejaculates from rival males compete, resulting in a greater investment in testes size when there is sperm competition. The benefits derived by males from producing more sperm when they face competition with other males must be almost universal, since in most taxa, species with high levels of sperm competition have larger testes: butterflies (Gage 1994); fishes (Stockley et al. 1997); birds (Møller 1991; Birkhead 1996); frogs (Jennions & Passmore 1993); primates (Short 1979; Harcourt et al. 1981); mammals (Kenagy & Trombulak 1986); ungulates (Ginsberg & Rubenstein 1990); for a review see Parker et al. (1997). Using an experimental approach, it has been demonstrated that sperm competition does select for an increase in testes size (Hosken & Ward 2001).
More recent evidence has shown that, in addition to numbers, sperm quality also influences male fertilization success. Sperm velocity seems to play an important role, both in competitive and non-competitive contexts (Birkhead et al. 1995, 1999; Holt et al. 1997; Froman et al. 2002; Moore et al. 2002; Gage et al. 2004). Sperm velocity and vigour may determine sperm ability to overcome physical barriers in the female tract, to enter or leave sperm storage tubules, and to penetrate ova vestments (Froman et al. 1999). In addition, when sperm from rival males compete, sperm velocity may determine which sperm arrive first to the vicinity of the ova, and are thus more likely to fertilize.
To obtain an overall measure of sperm velocity, we performed a multivariate analysis including six sperm motility objective parameters. This analysis generated a reliable index of sperm velocity: first, all the variables contribute significantly to the sperm velocity component obtained; second, the variance accounted for by this component was 50%; third, all the variables behaved according to the predictions.
To obtain a global measure that would reflect the size and complexity of red deer antlers we used eight variables, which include length of the main beam, length of the branches, three widths of the main beam at different heights, and two point counts. The results of the multivariate analysis show that all the measures correlate highly significantly with the relative antler size component extracted, and that the variance accounted for by this component is 62%. Since all our antler measurements were corrected for body length, our overall indicator of antler size is not confounded by individual differences in body size.
Our findings show that the global estimate of antler size and complexity is significantly associated with both relative testes size and the overall index of sperm velocity. Since it is known that environmental variables, such as population density, and their effects upon physical condition may influence antler size (Andersson 1994; Kruuk et al. 2002, 2003), we included kidney fat index and population in our analyses to test whether they could be influencing the relationship between antler size/complexity and sperm production/quality. However, our analyses show that both variables had no significant effect in our models, suggesting that the relationship between antlers and sperm production and quality is not confounded by these effects. In addition, male age and time of culling had no effect on relative testes size and sperm velocity, thus eliminating the possibility that they may have explained in part the relationship found.
The finding that antlers are honest indicators of both male sperm production and sperm quality raises the question as to who the signal may be addressed to: other males or females? There are three possible benefits for the female that could explain the function of antlers as honest indicators of male reproductive quality. One of the possible benefits is infertility avoidance. Although it has been argued that this kind of benefit is unlikely because male infertility would be strongly selected against in natural populations (Birkhead 1996), at this stage we cannot rule out the possibility that the differences observed between males in ejaculate quality (e.g. Roldan et al. 1998) may translate into differences between males in fertility rates large enough to influence female choice. The evidence showing that both sperm production and sperm swimming velocity influence fertilization success (Holt et al. 1997; Gomendio et al. 1998; Levitan 2000) lends support to the possibility that antlers may be signalling precisely those reproductive traits that determine male fertility. Second, antlers could signal to females a male's ability to avoid sperm depletion, since there is evidence that males can become sperm limited as a consequence of sperm production costs and sperm expenditure during reproduction (Wedell et al. 2002). Red deer are seasonal breeders and the rut begins at the end of the summer and lasts for two to three months. During the rut, males may defend harems or territories and copulate frequently with several females (Clutton-Brock et al. 1982; Carranza et al. 1990, 1996). Thus, it is possible that male deer will become sperm-limited as the rut progresses, as has been previously shown in another seasonal ungulate (Preston et al. 2001). However, sperm depletion is mainly the result of a reduction in the number of sperm available. The fact that antler size and complexity are associated with sperm velocity suggests that signalling sperm depletion may not be the main function of antlers.
A third possibility is that male antlers advertise ejaculate competitiveness, which determines fertilization success under sperm competition, although the prevalence of sperm competition in red deer populations is currently believed to be limited. In red deer populations from northern Europe, males tend to defend harems but females may copulate with several males during a given sexual cycle since they change harems. This possibility is supported by the fact that in our model species (Cervus elaphus) males have large testes in relation to their body size when compared with other species from the Cervidae family (Clutton-Brock et al. 1982). Moreover, in populations from southern Europe such as those included in this study, the mating season coincides with a period of food scarcity, since it begins after the hot and dry summer and takes place largely before the rains start. In these populations, males exhibit a flexible mating system so that some males may defend harems while other males defend territories where food resources are concentrated and which are used by females as feeding sites (Carranza et al. 1995, 1996). Under these conditions females move freely in their search for food, moving between territories and between harems rather frequently whether they are in oestrus or not (Carranza et al. 1996). Thus, in this context, sperm competition may be more intense, and females more able to choose which males they copulate with.
These three alternatives suggest that by choosing to copulate with males with large and complex antlers females could increase the chances of mating with fertile males; with males which are unlikely to become sperm depleted soon after the reproductive season begins, and/or with males which are likely to win in a sperm competition context. There are some suggestions in literature supporting the existence of female choice in red deer (Lincoln & Guinness 1973; Bartos 1982; Bubenik 1983), and it has been shown that female red deer choose males because of their roaring performance (McComb 1991). Thus, female mate choice in red deer has been documented, although it has not received enough attention to allow an assessment of its relevance. Both antler size (Williams et al. 1994; Kruuk et al. 2002) and semen quality are, to a certain extent, heritable (Beatty 1971; Ansah et al. 1985; Humblot & Ducrocq 1996; Froman et al. 2002; Simmons & Kotiaho 2002), suggesting that females may also benefit from the inheritance of both traits by their sons. These benefits would be particularly pronounced in species, such as red deer, in which female reproductive success is strongly influenced by their son's lifetime reproductive success (Clutton-Brock et al. 1982).
Another possibility, which should not be ruled out, is that male antlers could also be signalling to other males the ability to avoid sperm depletion and the competitiveness of the ejaculate. In this way, other males could assess not only a male's fighting ability, but also the chances that if they copulate with the same females their sperm will be defeated. Males could then use this information to decide whether competing with such a male both at the behavioural (fighting) and physiological (sperm competition) level is a good strategy.
These findings reveal a new function for male red deer antlers and suggest that among mammals the degree of elaboration of male secondary sexual characters may signal important aspects of male reproductive quality to females and males. Previous studies demonstrated that antler size is related to the number of calves fathered by males, and it has been assumed that this is exclusively the result of males with large antlers being able to win more fights with other males (Kruuk et al. 2002). Our findings suggest that males with large antlers could also achieve higher reproductive success through their enhanced ability to win fertilizations both in competitive and non-competitive contexts and the possible preferences shown by females to mate with them.
Funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (MICYT), FEDER-CICYT and National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA). The authors are grateful to the landowners and managers of the red deer populations included in this study, for facilitating access to samples. The authors thank Paco García-González and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on previous versions of the manuscript. Aurelio Malo enjoyed a studentship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Celebrate and Heal Your Sexuality
Jane Meredith
Jane Meredith is a Priestess of the Goddess passionately involved in ritual, mythology and evocation of the divine feminine. She holds workshops worldwide. Her website is: www.janemeredith.com
Aphrodite's Magic goes far above and beyond being a regular sex manual. It's a recipe book showing us how to become women of more wisdom and power, and helps us to cook up more love for ourselves and each other. (Annie Sprinkle, Ph.D. Sexologist) Jane Meredith guides the reader, inspiring her to walk the journey entirely in her own sweet way. (Emma Restall Orr, Druid, author of Kissing the Hag)
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This topic is for the non-asian out there.
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This paper explores how to align data quality and data governance and features an interview with guest expert Nicola Askham, an expert coach and practitioner. This is essential reading for anyone embarking on data governance or data quality initiatives and offers interesting insights and practical advice on how to achieve success.
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