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Welp. Long time no see. I'm finally back from no uploads, so sorry everyone, I was really busy with exams at school and personal problems, but they're gone, for now. So, because of this, I will make a daily upload of a song. I will start tomorrow.
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ZON Whole-House Audio System selected as one innovation that had great impact on dealers'/integrators' business in 2003.
For Further Information:
Art Hahn
Vice President of Business Development
Oxmoor Corporation
Phone: (251) 961 -7161
Fax: (251) 961 -7162
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Joe Bennett
Director of Marketing
Oxmoor Corporation
Phone: (205) 982 -8201
Fax: (205) 982 -8292
Email: email@example.com
ZON Whole -House Audio System selected as one innovation that had great impact on dealers'/integrators' business in 2003.
For Immediate Release
(Long Beach, CA, November 12, 2003) - - EH Expo West kicked off in impressive fashion for Oxmoor Corporation when CE Pro announced that the company's flagship product, ZON (pronounced "ZONE") Audio, had been chosen as winner of a High Impact Award.
High impact award winners were selected from nominations submitted by dealers and installers responding to the magazine's call for entries. Specifically, CE Pro sought details on products, systems and technologies that made a significant difference in dealers' and/or integrators' business in the past year. According to CE Pro's panel, ZON Audio was judged to be a product that measurably benefited home systems dealers and the home -technology industry in general.
"This is an exciting award because it comes from nominations submitted by our dealers," said Lynn McCroskey, Oxmoor's chairman and CEO. "The High Impact Awards are a bit different because they name their winners based on the input of people in the field working with end -users every day, and their endorsement of ZON Audio tells me that their customers are happy and that's what it's all about. If the end user is satisfied, then we've all done something right."
Extensive human interface research and industrial design studies were used to develop the unique ZON look to integrate easily into almost any residential environment and with its all -digital architecture, ZON provides systems integrators and end -users with new features and enhancements not available from other products on the market. ZON is the first 100% digital whole -house audio system on the market.
"It's gratifying to know that with ZON we have produced a system that is worthy of consideration for a High Impact Award," added McCroskey. "The fact that we won is a tribute to our entire team that developed the concept of the totally digital whole house audio system.
"I thank the dealers and installers that thought enough of ZON Audio to submit their nominations and I look forward to continue to provide them with the best distributed audio products on the market," he said. "I also want to thank CE Pro for the award. It is indeed an honor for which we at Oxmoor are all extremely proud."
For the integrator, ZON is easy to design and install and is well suited for structured wiring plans. For end users, ZON offers embedded capabilities that simplify user interface control and management of the home audio environment and unlike analog systems or hybrids that combine elements of analog and digital, there is no degradation of sound quality or volume levels, even at the most distant points in a home.
About Oxmoor Corporation:
Internationally known for innovative high performance audio products, Oxmoor invented the industry's first digital remote volume control in 1982. In 1986 the company was the first to deliver digital audio for motion picture theaters. Oxmoor's other professional audio products include room -combining systems, paging hardware and other innovations used in hotels, theme parks, specialty venues, and IMAX Theaters worldwide. Oxmoor researchers also patented Personal Sound Environment® 3 -D audio technology that premiered in 1994 at the Sony IMAX Theater in New York.
Headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, Oxmoor Corporation, LLC is a leading manufacturer of digital remote volume controls, distribution and buffer amplifiers, mixing matrixes, infrared transmission hardware and room combining systems for commercial and residential audio applications. Oxmoor products are sold worldwide. For more information: www.oxmoor.com
Featured Product
This is Control4 Home Automation with Amazon Alexa.
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subset: commoncrawl


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This product is no longer available.
Lazer Face Camo Hat
It's tough, it's urban, it's current. This hat is for a guy who knows exactly what he wants. He'll put it on and feel cool and confident. With a serious edge, it's the style that he absolutely has to have.


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This week we have a fabulous new book from Chicago Review Press, Zoology for Kids: Understanding and Working with Animals, with 21 Activities (For Kids series) by Josh Hestermann and Bethanie Hestermann, with a foreword by the Kratt Brothers. Josh … Continue reading
Category Archives: Science
Children's book author Sneed Collard III has been making a name for himself in the field of nonfiction, winning the Washington Post– Children's Book Guild Award in 2006. With his newest title, Fire Birds, he tackles the tough topic of … Continue reading
A few weeks ago the AAAS/SubaruSB&F announced their 2015 finalists for the Prize for Excellence in Science Books and it is a wonderful list. For example, in the Hands-on Science Book category, one of the finalists is The Kid's Guide … Continue reading
What list of children's nonfiction books is complete without a few titles from the venerable Scientists in the Field series? Chasing Cheetahs: The Race to Save Africa's Fastest Cat (Scientists in the Field Series), by the Sibert award winning duo … Continue reading


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Stock Graphic >> Illustration - Start up Flat Concept 163188 by FlatIdea @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 2.01 MB; Requirements: Adobe CS2+; Vector: Yes; Dimensions: 5000 x 5000 px.
Start up Concepts
This simple vector concept suitable for websites, video element, to explain "how does it work", web developer, web design , etc.
What you get .
-1 conceptual designs
-100% vector, EPS 10, AI. and SVG , Inkscape compatible.
-1 Image all in PNG and JPG , pixel : (5000x5000), and PNG Transparent (5000x2892) (as you see on 2nd preview)
You will need Adobe Illustrator CS2 (minimum) or Inkscape (free)
You can change the color, drag and drop item, editing, etc.
Layered but not well naming (just grouping).
Thank You. Hopefully helpful. :)
Keywords: flat, flat design, design, graphic, illustration, conceptual, concept, start up, website, launch, launching, vector, simple, flatidea, cloud, rocket, single.


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In Time View, you can change from a "line to "dot" display in chart controls.
Toggle through "spline", "line", and "dot" options in chart controls
This hidden gem creates some awesome visualizations - in particular, you can group by "event" or "page" to see individual events over time represented as shapes.
Group by "page" in Time View with "dot" instead of "line"
Drilling down to a single user, you now have a beautiful display of their sequence of actions and what we sometimes call "lucky charms".
Single user drill-down ("lucky charms")


text: Retail X Missouri St. Louis' S.M. Wilson & Co. hires project superintendent Evan DorksS.M. Wilson & Co. St. Louis-based construction management company S.M. Wilson & Co. has Evan Dorks as a project superintendent. Dorks is now responsible for establishing procedures with the design professionals, consultants and owners of projects. Dorks has interned with S.M. Wilson for the past year, and holds a bachelor's degree in construction management from Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville. tagsMissouriSt. Louisconstructioncompany newsEvan Dorks


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Get personalized face-to-face tax filing service from our tax experts at any H&R Block office. Avail this service at a starting price of just Rs. 3,499.
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text:
It depends entirely on the situation. As self defense, women should be allowed to hit men, and men should be allowed to hit women. It could be a life or death situation, where one hit could potentially save your life. If this is the case, then both genders should be able to hit eachother.
Women should not be allowed to hit men and men should not be allowed to hit women. The reason why domestic violence against men is much more under reported than domestic violence against women is because on average men are physically stronger than women and due to this people underestimate the potential damage a woman can actually do to a man if she abuses him physically. Just because women are generally weaker than men does not give them the right to hurt men and just because men are generally stronger than women does not give them the right to hurt women. We are talking about equality here, not female domination!


text:
Baeus Trailer (1987)
01 January 1987 Animated 7 mins
A small insect falls in love with a distraught housewife whose husband has just walked out on her. The bug is unable to gain her affection until he finds a book of magic spells. But his problems are not over yet.
Watch the official Baeus 1987 trailer in HD below or find more Baeus videos on Vidimovie.


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Jaguar Paw is a unique upscale resort on 200 acres of pristine rainforest located in the foothills of the Maya mountains and situated on the edge of the Caves Branch River. Opening out on the river is the last of a series of caves that begin miles inland in the same proximity as the famous Blue Hole National Park. We have a full service restaurant and bar. In addition to that we have an extra dining area outdoors with French windows floor to ceiling all the way around with no walls giving it a green house effect. This area seats 24 and is used to view movies and listen to our Mayan harpist in the evening. We have a swimming pool which is about 50 yards from the outside dining area and is nestled at the foot of a hill surrounded by lush jungle. We also have a butterfly farm and an Aviary just past the pool. Jaguar paw resort has two cave systems. One was made by spring water and has many formations while the other has a river flowing through it, both just a few minutes away.
90 Days Prior Arrival In Period 06-JAN-08/22-DEC-08, 15 DAYS PRIOR TO ARRIVAL 100 PERCENT OF THE BOOKING VALUE,BETWEEN 16 TO 30 DAYS OF ARRIVAL 50 PERCENT OF BOOKING, BETWEEN 31 AND 90 DAYS, 25 PERCEN
Cave Branch RiverCP:00000,Belmopan,Belice
Teléfono:501 820 2023Fax:501 820 2024


text:
15 € voucher15€ Off orders exceeding at least 300€
You will see an automatic translation
of the product description.
All for a good night's sleep of the dolls parents!
Modern furnishings with bed with parents, a chic Dresser and mirror, dolls parents can here relax from a busy day in the doll's House. Thanks to carpet, lamp, bed linen and the small stool, cute set up is complete and the fun can begin.
Hape Puppenhaus furniture more find with us in the shop!
Hape stands for long and above all safe playing pleasure, because applying strict quality and safety standards, only natural materials and water-based paints are used.
Product details:
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© 2017 by kidsroom.de GmbH & Co. KG | Baby and children products - worldwide shipping
Only sold for private use.* excl. VAT and shipping


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I've read posts where bloggers claim they can write and publish an article in fifteen minutes.
For someone who hasn't blogged, reading that makes it sound like blogging is easy.
For me, who has blogged for two year and a half years, it makes me wonder what I'm doing wrong.
Today's Lesson
I've attempted it, but no matter how hard I try, the most I can do in fifteen minutes is write a few sentences.
Even then, by the time I finish the post, those sentences may have changed.
Throughout my post writing time, I'm constantly editing, rewording, "previewing", deleting sentences or paragraphs and stepping away from the blog to let my thoughts marinate.
To mimic what I do when I'm on social networking sites, I've tried setting a timer, telling myself I only have "x" number of minutes to complete a post. That hasn't worked well as I find it hard to be creative under pressure.
Then there's the issue of a photo or graphic; trying to find the right one or creating one I'm satisfied with, can take upwards of a half hour.
So I ask myself, "Am I slow, or is the 15 minute post a fallacy?"
Today's Assignment
On average, how much time do you spend writing your blog posts?
Do you have any time saving tips you care to share?
If so, I'm all ears.
P.S. I've also edited a post AFTER I've published it.
Photo Credit: Dave Seah


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Very reliable and comprehensive service. They did bi-monthly pool service on a residential pool for a long time, reliably and well, and their business also has fairly good and we...
All reviews seem positive
Call Anchor Fence Wholesale Of Miami for all your Construction needs today!
Call Today for Monthly Pool Maintenance Services! We look forward to hearing from you!
From family friendly trips with kid friendly activities to local plumbers lawyers, spas, and contractors. Judy's Book has millions of listings and reviews for the best and not so great. Whether you're looking for a specific business or just trying to discover great places we make it easy. We're a family oriented site focusing on bringing trusted reviews and recommendations to moms and others. Green and Sustainable places are becoming more relevant to Judy's Book users, have a favorite place? Write a review and tell users why it's Green!


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Download free Fresh red rose from Section: Abstract wallpapers & Category: Free abstract wallpapers. Filetype: Free mobile adstract wallpapers & Size: 13.91 kb
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How to connect iPhone to WiFi Network
How to Connect to Wi-Fi:
To Configure Wi-Fi. Go to Settings > Wi-Fi.-> Turn on WiFi
Once WiFi is On, your device will automatically search for available Wi-Fi networks
Tap the name of your desired Wi-Fi network.
How to Connect a Network Without Password:
Tap one of the listed open network. When the network is connected, you can see a check mark in the left of the network name
How to Choose a Password Protected network:
Tap one of the listed Password Protected networks and enter the password.
If Wi-Fi icon appears at the top of the screen, you're connected to a Wi-Fi network. iPhone reconnects anytime you return to the same location.
Ask to join networks:
Turn on "Ask to Join Networks" to be prompted when a Wi-Fi network is available. Otherwise, you must manually join a network when a previously used network isn't available.
Forget a network:
Tap more info button next to a network you've joined before. Then tap "Forget this Network."
Join a closed Wi-Fi network:
Tap Other, then enter the name of the closed network. You must already know the network name, security type, and password (if required).
Adjust the settings for a Wi-Fi network:
Tap button next to a network. You can set an HTTP proxy, define static network settings, turn on BootP, or renew the settings provided by a DHCP server.
Set up your own Wi-Fi network:
If you have an unconfigured AirPort base station turned on and within range, you can use iPhone to set it up. Go to Settings > Wi-Fi and look for "Set up an AirPort base station." Tap your base station and the Setup Assistant will do the rest.
Manage an AirPort network:
If iPhone is connected to an AirPort base station, go to Settings > Wi-Fi, tap the more info button next to the network name, then tap Manage this Network. If you haven't yet downloaded AirPort Utility, tap OK to open the App Store and download it.


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SAN DIEGO -- At least 161 illegal immigrants have been apprehended in northern San Diego County in recent days, part of an ongoing Border Patrol operation that has led to scores of detentions in other Southern California cities, officials said Monday.
Agents apprehended 53 people Friday in Escondido, bringing to 161 the number of people detained in that city since June 4, said Angel Santa Ana, a Border Patrol spokesman. Escondido is about 50 miles north of the Mexican border.
The arrests were made by a group of 12 "roving patrol" agents assigned to a unit created several months ago in the agency's Temecula office.
Immigrant activists in North County and in the city of San Diego called the sweeps "unusual," adding that they were spreading panic among Latino communities.
"We are very concerned. Even the legal immigrants, they don't want to go out because they are afraid," said Magdalena Gonzalez, a community activist who owns an immigration services business in Escondido.
Gonzalez said a relatively new group of activists called Alliance Immigrante planned to meet Wednesday to talk about the sweeps.
Christian Ramirez, of the American Friends of Service Committee, a Quaker immigrant rights advocacy group in San Diego, said other immigrant groups planned to meet in Oceanside, Escondido and Riverside County to talk.
Ramirez said the sweeps began in April but have intensified in recent months. He said the sweeps were unusual because they have not centered on border areas, but have ventured much further north.
Border Patrol officials apprehended 79 people on June 4 in Ontario, about 100 miles from Mexico, and 75 people the following day in Corona, about 80 miles north of the border. The detentions prompted protests in San Bernardino and Los Angeles counties over the weekend.
Ramirez said immigrant groups understand the Border Patrol has a mandate to deter illegal immigration. But he said immigrant activist groups were concerned about how the Border Patrol was carrying out the sweeps, and said Border Patrol officials have not been open when asked about the campaign.
"They're not telling us, why, where, or how many are detained," he said.
Santa Ana said, "It's is a fair statement that the Border Patrol is stepping up its operations. It's our job to enforce the immigration laws. … So long as we can efficiently allocate our resources to address these problems, we will continue to conduct our mission."
Of the 315 people apprehended this month, 283 voluntarily returned to Mexico, while the others were placed in deportation proceedings or ordered to appear in court.
Separately, the Border Patrol has questioned 9,972 people on trolleys and at bus stops, train stations and other public transportation venues in San Diego County since the middle of April, Santa Ana said. Agents apprehended 291 illegal immigrants during those operations, including 233 who voluntarily returned to Mexico.
Luis Cabrera, Mexico's consul in San Diego, said the Border Patrol inspections were legal but he questioned whether they would discourage illegal immigration.
"It's like a stream of water," he said in an interview Monday. "If you put up a barrier, it will find another route. Why? … There's a demand for labor that cannot be denied."
Ramirez agreed with Cabrera and questioned whether the sweeps were an effective policy because they failed to address the "perpetual demand for cheap labor" that draws immigrants into the United States.
Ramirez and Cabrera said the recent arrests, many of them made on public streets, are creating a climate of fear. Mexican officials have fielded reports from panicked callers about uniformed agents who turned out to be forestry officials.
Last year, the Department of Homeland Security's Customs and Border Protection division restored the authority of Southern California Border Patrol agents to question people on city streets and workplaces about their immigration status. That authority was briefly curtailed by a directive from the chief of the Border Patrol's San Diego sector.
North County Times staff writer Gig Conaughton contributed to this report.


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A mounting death toll this week has shaken Nebraska safety officials and law enforcement.
Eleven people have been killed in six separate wrecks on Wednesday and Thursday. The latest, a 10-year-old Iowa boy, put on life support after a crash in northeastern Nebraska during the early morning hours of Thursday has died. The crash killed his grandmother and sister.
The crashes occurred in Adams, Dakota, Kearney, Lincoln, Merrick, and Platte Counties.
Six of the 10 were not wearing seat belts. It is known two were and it is not known whether the other two killed were wearing their seat belts.
"While the circumstances of each crash are unique, one common denominator is the failure to buckle up," said Nebraska State Patrol Field Services Major Mike Gaudreault in a written statement. "Wearing a seat belt correctly increases your odds of surviving a crash by up to 50%. We encourage all motorists to put the odds in their favor and wear their seat belt every trip, every time."
The rash of fatal accident pushes the total who have died on Nebraska roadways at 85, still lower than the 105 total killed during the same time period last year.
"During the summer months we typically see increased traffic, including more pedestrians and cyclists on our roadways," according to Gaudreault. "By watching out for each other, and complying with all traffic safety laws we can all help keep our roadways safe."


text:
- You Are Here:
- Home
- Government
- Departments
- Animal Services
- Animal Control
- Feral Hogs
Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
Description: Feral hogs are free-ranging versions of domestic pigs that escaped from farms in times past and can vary in color and appearance. Unlike other large nuisance wildlife, they are not native to North America. Some can weigh over 400 pounds although most are 200 pounds or less. Like dogs, they have keen hearing and smell. In Texas, the number of feral hogs have in-creased, sometimes presenting problems for property owners.
Family groups called "sounders" usually comprised of two females (sows) and young pigs often travel together. Males (boars) usually travel alone. All adult hogs can be very dangerous if cornered.
Habitat: Feral hogs adapt to locations where there is sufficient food, water and cover, but prefer bottomlands and other wetlands near oak forests. In populated areas, they are attracted to protected, forested areas with water-ways to provide easy travel routes.
Diet: Feral hogs are omnivorous, eating both plant and animal foods. Acorns and other nuts are favorites. They will root through the soil for tasty plant roots, bulbs and insects. Small animals, bird eggs and young livestock are also food sources. In the city, they are attracted to bird feeders, gardens and lawns and our plentiful oak groves.
Safety Tips


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3 Electoral College members may pass on Mitt Romney
David Centerville, UTSept. 14, 2012 7:21 a.m.
Its funny to see the libs posting here and criticizing the GOP convention processes. In the Democrat Convention a voice vote was called to insert language supporting God and Jerusalem back into the platform. Despite an unclear voice vote, the changes were made over the objections of what appeared to be the majority.
I believe Americans should know that a majority of the Democrat Party delegates do not want language in their platform that would recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and they do not want to show support of God and religion.
Having said that, I believe that Ron Paul supporters are showing their colors here. They lost the nomination process, they clearly oppose Obama as president, and yet they would weaken the GOP nominee by casting their votes against Romney. Very foolish indeed. Ron Paul has refused to endorse Romney, showing what I would consider to be poor character.
Mark B Eureka, CASept. 13, 2012 4:28 p.m.
For all renegade wannabe GOP electoral voters. Instead of 15 minutes of fame, it's going to be one - this one. Enjoy.
Anne26 West Jordan, UTSept. 13, 2012 1:18 p.m.
Ron Paul needs to show real leadership and support his party's nominee. His behavior is childish and selfish.
Fred44 Salt Lake City, UtahSept. 13, 2012 12:30 p.m.
Funny stuff, but what would you expect from the party of no compromise. It is the same political grandstanding approach the republicans have taken in congress, so why would you expect anything different. At the convention they were told to sit down and shut up and now they are going to show the world. They are true republicans, there is no price to high to pay to prove your point.
atl134 Salt Lake City, UTSept. 13, 2012 11:47 a.m.
While my candidate would stand to benefit from such shenanigans, doing this, while technically constitutional, would violate the spirit of what democracy is supposed to be.
LVIS Salt Lake City, UTSept. 13, 2012 11:43 a.m.
This is a classic case of cutting off your nose to spite your face.
Uncle Gadianton Salt Lake City, UtahSept. 13, 2012 11:42 a.m.
If Ron Paul wanted to be President, he should have run for his party's nomination . . . . oh wait, he did, and LOST!
Accept it, Iowa electors.
LDS Liberal Farmington, UTSept. 13, 2012 11:31 a.m.
This is Party ahead of Country.
This is how Republicans even treat each other?
Sit down,
Shut up,
Fall in line,
Do as you're told...
If they treat each other like this,
it's no wonder that Congress can't do anything.
Jake2010 bountiful, utSept. 13, 2012 11:10 a.m.
This whole thing is making me sick! I hereby dub this nation as the Divided States of Craziness!
David King Layton, UTSept. 13, 2012 11:08 a.m.
I don't think any elector should disregard the popular vote of their state, but it should be noted that this is a mess the RNC could have avoided, had they not angered many Paul supporters by last second rule changes at the convention. Ron Paul's campaign submitted all the necessary paperwork, showing a plurality of delegates in at least five states to be given a fifteen minute speech before the nominating process began. Instead, the RNC held a voice vote to make a last second rule change. Although the vote was much too close to call, the chair called it in favor of the rule change. At that point Paul supporters called "point of order" and at that point, under Republican party rules, an actual tally should have been taken. The RNC didn't care. They didn't follow their own rules. As a Paul supporter myself, I don't think electors defecting from Romney will accomplish any good, but the RNC should recognize that when they refuse to play by their own rules, they'll encourage those they walk all over to do the same.


text:
Renton Collision Center
Review for Renton Collision Center
Greg M. on 07/17/2013
Greg said the business did a fabulous job and everything was fast and efficient. Justin and the front desk employees were great.
Category: Collision
Service Date: 06/28/2013
Review Created: 07/17/2013
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Results 1 to 5 of 5
07-29-15, 16:14 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Jul 2015
- Posts
- 1
Unanswered: Brand New User - Difficulty with radio buttons on questionnaire form
Hi all-
I am a first time access user and have been asked to create a database. The information is sensitive so I will need to provide it in a very generic format.
I need to create a questionnaire form and I'm not sure how to go about it. I want the Y,N, and N/A to be radio buttons. I have created the radio buttons, but need to link them to a specific task. Task is a field name with the all of the tasks listed in the field. From what I've read putting each task as a field name is a recipe for disaster.
It should look like this:
Stage 1 (This can just be a text box)
Task A Yes No N/A
Task B Yes No N/A
Stage 2
Task C Yes/No/N/A
and so forth
The problem that I'm running into is if I just create an option group with the radio buttons and tie it to the task field we cannot report on how well we are performing on a specific task. For instance, if I want to know what % of the time we correctly do Step A I cannot do it simply with the combo box and a label.
I also want to note that I will be creating a calculated field based on the radio buttons: Specifically, if the answer is 'No' points will be deducted. We will probably be updating this form over time and want something that can be changed without ruining everything.
Where do I post this?
What should I do?
07-29-15, 21:01 #2Registered User
Provided Answers: 32
- Join Date
- Apr 2014
- Location
- Kentucky
- Posts
- 629
You can assign a numeric value to the radio button.
Set the NO btn to -7 or your negative value you need.
07-30-15, 05:14 #3Jaded Developer
Provided Answers: 59
- Join Date
- Nov 2004
- Location
- out on a limb
- Posts
- 13,692
for a questionaire model:-
using radio buttons is no bad idea, as ranman says you can assign a numeric value to the radio buttons, and the option group will use that value when stored in the db.
depending how the app is to be used there are different techniques. if its a small userbase and probably results put in slowly by individual users,then having something that looks pretty (using radio buttons and so on may be fine),
if you are using data entry typists to 'bang in' results from say a paper then radio groups and prettiness count for nothing, what matters is speed of data entry. in that case use a single text box for each question and get the users to type in a numeric value (eg 0 = N/A, 1 = NO, 3 = Yes).
you can get back to the 'real' data by using IIF's to reprocess the data in a query.
if you use combo boxes, list boxes and radio buttons/option groups then your data can be validated as you do the data entry and you know the values are good. if you use the text box approach and data entry banging in a single number per question then you need to enforce data validation (either in the form [control or form before insert] and or the table [ as part of the column definition)
dont be tempted to give column names longwinded names such as "task A completed", instead use, say Q01 (or Q001 if there may be 100 or more questions)
mind you you should also take note of the the Access rteserved words and symbols and not use those in your tabel and column names (so no spaces in columns/tables).
one reason to be terse with your column names is that the eye is very good at spotting patterns so calling columns Q001,Q002 and so on is easier to spot (certain ) typos allowing you to copy and paste fragments of queries
say you have a table with the responses as a single (integer value)
select iif(q1 = 0,1,0) as Q1_NotApplciable,iif(q1 = 1,1,0) as Q1_False,iif(q1 = 2,1,0) as Q1_True....
then use that query as the feedstock into your summary
select sum(q1_NotApplicable) as sum_q1_NA, sum(q1_False) as sum_q1_F, sum(q1_True) as sum_q1_T.....
then in a form or report, or query if you prefer
%respondents = ((sum_q1_t + sum_q1_f) / (sum_q1_t + sum_q1_f + sum_q1_Na)) * 100.0
%true = (sum_q1_t) / (sum_q1_t + sum_q1_f + sum_q1_Na)) * 100.0
%false = (sum_q1_F) / (sum_q1_t + sum_q1_f + sum_q1_Na)) * 100.0
%Not applicable = (sum_q1_Na) / (sum_q1_t + sum_q1_f + sum_q1_Na)) * 100.0
and so on
similarly you can assign a value to a multi choice quetion. often you will se quetiosn such as
Q5: How helpful did you find dbForums
not relevant (0)
Not at all (1)
slightly helpful (2)
reasonably helpful
fairly helpful
pretty helpful
very helpful (6)
in this case when you do your summarising
select iif(q5= 0,1,0) as q5-Notapplicable, ....... iif(q5 = 6,1,0) as Q5_VeryHelpful
..and so on.
the only caveat is that a single MS Access query cannot have (IRRC) more than 255 items, its acutally a few thigns less than that. so if you have say 40 questions with six responses then thats 240 columns in your analysis query. if you have say 30 questions with 10 responses then you'd need to split that into analysis into 2 queries to make certain you are under the limit
its also a pig to do the initial queries that do the reformatting, but it is a trade off between data entry speed and accuracy (that must be as fast as possible every time), against time taken to develop, test, debug the query which happens only once
In my dim and distant past I did a customer services questionaire, with IIRC 200+ questions mix of yes / no, multi choice and so on. which required breaking up into lots of analysis queries. being able to use copy & paste for the IIf's was an absolute godsend.I'd rather be riding on the Tiger 800 or the Norton
07-30-15, 08:15 #4Registered User
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tradition matters doodly squat when you are developing your system these are not definitive values but a way of mapping a user response to some form of backing storage
you can argue the case as many way as you prefer
heck you could be even more traditional and presume its a boolean tri state value (yes/no/no answer), which in VBA would be -1 true, 0 false, and anything else not set.
you could argue just as effectively that -1 = No, 0 = NA 1 = true (or -anything = no, 0 = na, plus anything = true). As I say it doesn't actually matter as long as the IP is consistent in what he/she does
but it really dosn't matter as long as the OP undedrstands the reasoning behind his choice of valuesI'd rather be riding on the Tiger 800 or the Norton


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Mickey Mouse in Living Color - Volume 1 Trailer (2001)
"A Collection of Color Adventures" 04 December 2001 Animated 217 mins
A collection of twenty-six animated shorts in color starring everyone's favorite, Mickey Mouse, released between 1935 and 1938. Introduction by Leonard Maltin. Cartoons: The Band Concert, Mickey's Garden, Mickey's Fire Brigade, Pluto's Judgement Day, On Ice, Mickey's Polo Team, Orphan's Picnic, Mickey's Grand Opera, Thru the Mirror, Mickey's Rival, Moving Day, Alpine Climbers, Mickey's Circus, Mickey's Elephant, The Worm Turns, Magician Mickey, Moose Hunters, Mickey's Amateurs, Hawaiian Holiday, Clock Cleaners, Lonesome Ghosts, Boat Builders, Mickey's Trailer, The Whalers, Mickey's Parrot, Brave Little Tailor.
Watch the official Mickey Mouse in Living Color - Volume 1 2001 trailer in HD below or find more Mickey Mouse in Living Color - Volume 1 videos on Vidimovie.


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Summer Abroad
Short Programs, Long-Lasting Memories
If you are looking for a shorter alternative to a full semester of study abroad, or a fun and fascinating way to earn credits over the summer, you have come to the right place. Summer Short Term Abroad Programs range from one week to two months, but offer full credits towards graduation.
The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences offers a wide range of options in the world's most fascinating locations—taking your studies beyond the lecture hall and into the global classroom.
For more information, contact Michael Gabriel at (202) 994-6210 or email@example.com. Or visit the GW Summer Abroad web page.
Columbian College Summer Abroad Programs
- Belize: Multimedia Reporting in Belize (SMPA 3193)
- China: Survey of International Economics (ECON 2180 or 6280)
- Cuba: Experiencing Cuba: Past and Present (SPAN 3005)
- Germany: Sustainability and the Built Environment: Berlin (IAD 3405 or IAD 6405) - Deadline to apply: March 3
- Germany: Modern and Contemporary Architecture: Berlin (IAD 3410 or IAD 6410) - Deadline to apply: March 3
- Netherlands: Amsterdam: City as Museum (UW 2020W or AH 2001W)
- Russia: Arts, Architecture and Culture Wars (TRDA 4595)
- Scotland: Collecting and Provenance in an International Context (MSTD 6601)
- United Arab Emirates and India: Art Therapy: International—Social and Cultural Diversity in India (ARTH 6235)
Apply by March 10, unless otherwise noted.


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Will Dez Bryant and/or DeMarco Murray take less money to be a part of a winner?
Executive vice president Stephen Jones and the Dallas Cowboys are hoping so.
In an appearance on 105.3-FM The Fan last Friday, Jones expressed the hope that Bryant and Murray (among others) will accept deals that are structured in a way that will allow them to keep the band together, so to speak, even if that ultimately means sacrificing some money. Both Bryant and Murray are set to become free agents after this season.
"If we're digging in, what we're really trying to do is maybe not give everybody what they should deserve, whether it's Tony Romo, whether it's Doug Free, whether it's Dez Bryant, whether it's DeMarco Murray, because if we want to have the type of team we want to have, everybody has to compromise," Jones said, via the Dallas Morning News. "It's our job to try to get people to understand that it can be better for them to maybe take a little bit less and win, and that can pay off for them in the long haul.
"It's certainly not easy, but it's certainly something we're accustomed to, and we'll get through this."
Stay on top of the latest Dallas Cowboys news with NBCDFW.com. Follow NBC DFW on Facebook or have breaking Cowboys news sent directly to your phone with Blue Star SMS alerts. Text "bluestar" to 622339 (NBCDFW) to subscribe, text HELP for more info, and text STOP to end the subscription. Message and data rates may apply.Read more about it here.


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Hi everyone,
Thank you. Well she has a couple of things going on now...One is that the wbc is 2.4 and platelets also low her doc will not give her shot of nep. to get her wbc up because he is only a gastro doc and not a onocologist doc, so she decided to see my doc that is a hep doc only to get the shots to bring her wbc back up.
Oh my goodness hope all goes well with her and hope all is doing good with everyone else...
Big hugs.....Eileen
Post Edited ("I") : 7/27/2007 1:17:35 PM (GMT-6)


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How To Correctly Write A Comment
Have you ever seen an article you want to comment on, but don't know how to format it correctly? Well then, today I am going to tell you just how to post a comment on any article about any topic!
Step 1.
Before you begin, make sure that your shift key is broken. This is the only way you can make yourself stand out from other comments, and avoid CAPITAL punishment. (Sorry, I had to.)
Step 2.
Use your friend's name without their permission and a fake email under the contact info. No one is honest on the internet nowadays anyway so why should you be?
Step 3.
Type whatever flows into your brain after you first start thinking about the subject. It doesn't matter what you're thinking, or how much your main thoughts relate to the subject, just type anything.
Step 4.
Make sure that the comment has something that you know at least one person will disagree with you on. This automatically makes you get a reply, which means that you are really popular!
Step 5.
If you want to make sure the journalist has done research (on any subject you are thinking of) start typing random questions about that subject! If they don't respond, that just means they're uninformed and haven't done enough research to be a journalist.
Step 6.
If you have a website you want to advertise, just randomly insert links to your website throughout the comment. If you have a product you are selling, just keep copy and pasting links to your website with the name of the product. It doesn't matter how relevant your product is to your comment, just randomly paste the link throughout your comment.
If you have done all these steps correctly, then your final product should end up beautiful, insightful and relevant.
Disclaimer: This article is part of the Saber Slate's Satire Series and should not be taken as fact or reality. The issues that these articles are based off of are, however, relevant. We invite you to contemplate issues in society and how satire and the media can explain them.


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Herbalife, with a very concerned nature tried to provide a complete nutritional product to the society for the overall development of the society. Some of the major categories of the product range from Herbalife is tried to be described.
Core Products are the corpus products of your fitness program.
Begin with Formula1 nutritional shake mix, get the benefits of 23 vitamins and minerals through Formula2 Multivitamin Herbal & Mineral Tablets, boost your immunity through cell activator. To maximize your health and fitness goals adopt Herbalife. Depending on your specific health goals you can add in other products along with the Core Products.
Strike a note! Herbalife products are not only for weight loss. It is a complete nutrition program that makes sure you get optimal nutrition and you can use the products for the health benefits as well as weight management.
Hunting for the finest or inimitable programs to lose weight and maximize your nutrition?
If you agree, then check out the Herbalife weight loss programs that will help you get the right amount of protein according to your body composition and also have additional weight loss enhancers added to the core products.
Weight Management has 2major categories, Weight Loss and Weight Gain. Herbalife has tried to build solution for both and they are explained as below.
Losing weight is no piece of cake. Losing weight is the supreme challenge that one needs to face and go through.
Many doctors, scientists have been working upon this challenge to come up with a break-through. Herbalife has contributed a remarkable piece of work with the help of great doctors, scientist and nutritionals to make this enormous, effective and result oriented products.
Herbalife has manufactured products that can be helpful to an individual to reduce weight and achieve a desirable fitness level and good refreshing look. Herbalife products constituted with key ingredients like extract of green tea with ginger, yerba mate and 11herbs selected at a higher cellular level. The products help in reducing weight but do not cause restlessness or any irritability.
Herbalife, weight loss goal can really be achieved easily, comfortably, healthily and with peace of mind. There is wide range of products that one can choose from according to one's tastes and likings.
Some of the major Weight Loss programs that can look forward are Herbalife Advanced, Herbalife-QuickStart, and Herbalife-Ultimate...
Weight loss is considered the most difficult task one can experience. To be honest weight gain is not a bed of roses too. It is equally difficult task. Everyone knows if they wish to gain weight they need to enlarge everything. One needs to increase diet and lift heavy weights. Weight lifting is expressed as a major activity to gain weight but the story is different all together. Diet plays a major role when it comes to weight gain.
Herbalife offers a perfect solution for gaining weight. The Herbalife doctors have been working consistently to find a result oriented products for all types of fitness levels. Weight gaining is one major thing they made a contribution to.
Herbalife products have extra protein content which help in boosting weight gain. These Herbalife weight gain programs can help achieve a desirable fitness level.
There is wide range of products that one can choose from according to one's tastes and likings.
Some of the major Herbalife Weight Gain programs that you can look forward to are Weight Gain QuickStart, Weight Gain Extra Calorie, and Weight Gain High Protein
Exact nutritional support is obligatory for successfully meeting weight management and fitness goals. Designed and personalisable Herbalife Products developed Targeted Nutrition to provide the best results to all ages and all needs.
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Herbalife sports nutrition
Herbalife energy and fitness products are not manufactured only for athletes. Herbalife has introduced these products for every section of the society. While exercising the nutritional needs is highly needed which Herbalife Energy and Fitness products help deliver to optimize performance.
Improve performance, with the fundamentals, Formula 1 Nutritional Shake Mix, Formula 2 Multivitamin Complex and Cell Activator. With these products as the cornerstone of your program, you can add in other range of products available that address your specific health goals.
New products like Herbalife Lift-off Increases your energy and improve mental clarity for better administration throughout the day with this effervescent energy drink.*
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Ensuring that the largest organ of our body is well taken care of and nourished is the process called Skin Care. The process involves replacing the oils that skin loses when it is washed so that it looks and feels good. Keeping bacteria out of your body and anything else that can cause health problems is the main role of the skin.
Herbalife invented products that help revitalize and nourish, to give healthy and a glowing skin. Herbalife products are developed in such a manner that they do not affect the skin adversely. Herbalife products constitute all the major natural ingredients that help build a healthy looking skin. Herbalife products are reliable and simple, effective and affordable solution to provide solution for re-energizing and caring of skin.
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Wash your face twice a day with Herbalife Aloe bath and body bar soap or Herbalife MultiVitamin Lotion or MultiVitamin Foaming Gel Cleanser for basic skin care. Cleanse the skin on the rest of your body at least once a day.
*It is important that you never use hot water when you wash your skin since hot water causes skin dryness.
There is large range of products available to help nourish your skin. Some of the major categories are disclosed here within.
All the relevant range Produced from Herbalife for India is available at www.herbalmart.co.in. Feel free to Contact the Herbalife Distributor Authority of Herbalmart to know more about Herbalife products and their availability in India.
Are You Impressed With The Herbalife Products and Wish to Know how to Order Herbalife Products? Order Herbalife Products here..


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Roots of Human Behavior
24xDVDRip | AVI/XviD, ~1008 kb/s | 528x384 | Duration: 06:03:26 | English: MP3, 128 kb/s (2 ch) | + PDF Guide | 2.93 GB
Genre: Biology, History
While human behavior is usually studied from the historical perspective of a few hundred years, anthropologists consider deeper causes for the ways we act. In this course, anthropologist Barbara J. King uses her wealth of research experience to open a window of understanding for you into the legacy left by our primate past.
By looking for roots of human behavior in the behavior of monkeys, apes, and human ancestors, you explore such questions as:
Are language and technology unique to humans?
Have human love and loyalty developed from our primate cousins?
Do ways in which human males and females relate to each other come from our primate past?
Have we inherited a biological tendency for aggression?
1. The Four Facets of Anthropology
2. Social Bonds and Family Ties
3. The Journey Away from Mom
4. Males and Females-Really So Different?
5. Sex and Reproduction
6. Tool Making-Of Hammers and Anvils
7. Social Learning and Teaching
8. Culture-What Is It? Who's Got It?
9. Dynamics of Social Communication
10. Do Great Apes Use Language?
11. Highlights of Human Evolution
12. Exploring and Conserving a Legacy
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Links are Interchangeable - No Password - Single Extraction
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text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|15 oct. 2013
|Date de dépôt
|22 janv. 2008
|Date de priorité
|29 mars 2001
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Geoffrey R. Hird
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Ca, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (57), Citations hors brevets (5), Référencé par (1), Classifications (15), Événements juridiques (3)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation and claims the benefit of, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/874,795, filed Jun. 5, 2001, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Secure Cryptographic Key Generation, Certification And Use," now allowed, which is a non-provisional of and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/280,629, filed Mar. 29, 2001, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Generalized Camouflaging Of Data, Information And Functional Transformations," the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
The invention relates generally to securing an access-controlled datum and, more specifically, to secure cryptographic key generation, certification and use.
Cryptographic data security techniques secure data by encrypting the data with a key. The decrypted data can only be recovered using the key. The key is selected to be sufficiently long that a malicious intruder cannot guess the key by exhaustive trial and error, even with the use of substantially large amounts of computing resources. Therefore, the security of the data has been transferred to the security of the key.
In asymmetric cryptographic methods such as RSA, each user holds a matched pair of keys, a private key and a public key. The private key and the public key form a unique and matched pair in that messages (e.g., messages, data, code, and any other digitally representable information including other cryptographic keys or cryptographic representations of information) that are encrypted with the private key can only be decrypted with the public key and vice versa. This one-to-one correspondence between the private key and the public key can be used to create digital signatures for electronic messages and transactions. In order to sign an electronic message, a user could simply encrypt the message with his private key. He would then attach his public key to the encrypted message and send it to the recipient. Alternatively, the user would not attach his public key to the message, but the recipient could look up the user's public key in a directory of public keys. In either case, to verify the signature, the recipient would decrypt the message using the attached public key, and if the decryption is successful, the recipient is confident of the origin of the message.
As described above, the sender would have to encrypt the entire message with his private key to sign it, which is computationally expensive. To address this, it suffices to compute a short hash of fixed length, say 128 bits long, of the message and then encrypt the hash value. If the hash function is a good one, such as MD5, the chances of two distinct messages having the same hash value are extremely small. Therefore, digital signature methods typically compute hashes of messages, and encrypt only the hash value. The encrypted hash value and the public key of the sender are attached to the original message prior to transmission to the recipient. To verify the signature, the recipient would first compute the hash of the received message. If the computed hash value is the same as the decrypted form of the encrypted hash, the recipient is confident of the origin of the message.
In the foregoing, the strength of the signature verification process depends on the recipient's confidence that the public key attached to the message is indeed the public key of the purported owner. Anybody who can generate a matched pair of keys can masquerade as the user, unless there exists a means to prevent such a masquerade. To this end, public keys are often certified by third-party notaries called certifying authorities or CAs for short. Examples of certifying authorities are commercial entities such as Verisign and Entrust. The CA binds a certifiee's public key with the certifiee's identity, and then signs the combined message with the CA's private key, to form the certifiee's public key certificate. Thus, a certificate holder would attach his public key certificate to the encrypted message prior to sending the message to the recipient. To check the sender's identity and the authenticity of his public key, the recipient verifies the CA's signature on the sender's public key certificate, using the CA's public key. Since there would only be a small number of widely trusted CAs, the CA's public key would be reliably and easily available to the recipient. Thus, public key signatures can be used for stranger-to-stranger authentication in that even if the recipient and the sender have no prior relationship, the recipient can verify the sender's signature as long as the recipient and the sender both trust a common CA.
The uniqueness and unforgeability of a user's signature depend very strongly on the ability of the user to keep his private key private. Anybody who has access to the private key of a user can masquerade as that user with complete anonymity. Hence, widespread use of digital signatures for electronic commerce and other applications will require technology for the secure storage of private keys. At present, it is widely believed that private keys are best stored by physically isolating them on hardware devices such as smart cards, Fortezza cards, PCMCIA cards and other compact hardware devices. Smart cards are credit-card sized cards that contain a microprocessor and some memory. The user's private key and public key certificate are written onto the memory. To use the card, the user would simply insert the card into an appropriate card reader connected to a host computer, and then enter his PIN to activate the card. If the correct PIN were entered, the on-card processor would release the private key for use on the host computer. If an incorrect PIN were entered, the processor would not release the user's private key. Some tamper-resistant smart cards are configured so that if incorrect PINs are entered on several consecutive activation attempts, the card locks up permanently. Some sophisticated smart cards (often called cryptocards) can perform cryptographic operations, so that the private key need never leave the smart card. The bytes to be processed enter the smart card from the host computer, are processed, and are then transmitted back to the host computer. Unfortunately, even cryptocards must rely on the host computer for transmitting the bytes back and forth from the card reader and are therefore not perfectly secure. A malicious host computer could simply substitute one message for another prior to transmission, so that the user thinks he is signing one message, while in fact he is signing another. Therefore, even existing cryptocards cannot completely protect the cardholder (e.g., against malicious host computers).
While the smart card solves the problem of securely storing private keys, it suffers from several significant drawbacks:
A secure software-based key wallet that does not require additional hardware would mitigate some of the drawbacks of the smart card listed above. The standard technology that is used today for key storage, in products such as those of Microsoft and Netscape, offers very little protection against tampering, and can be broken into rather easily. Specifically, these key wallets store the private key in encrypted form, using the user's PIN as the encryption key. The PIN must be short enough for the user to remember, say a six-digit code. If such a software key wallet falls into the hands of a hacker, the hacker could exhaustively try all one million possible six-digit codes in an automated fashion on a personal computer within a few minutes, until he finds the code that opens the key wallet. At this point, the hacker knows that he has exactly the correct PIN, and has access to the user's private keys. Thus, the primary problem with providing a software-only key wallet are the competing requirements that the PIN be short enough for the user to remember, but long enough to make the key wallet tamper resistant.
Various embodiments of the invention address the above-described problems using a technique which we shall refer to as "generation camouflaging." In generation camouflaging, the key is not necessarily required to be stored, not even in its encrypted form.1 Instead, this technique employs a private key generation function that reproduces the correct private key when the user inputs his PIN. If the user inputs an incorrect PIN, a wrong private key is produced. We refer to private keys protected in this manner as being "generation camouflaged." As a result, a malicious intruder who obtains the software (e.g., steals the key holder's key wallet) using the generation camouflaging technique will not have access to any form of the private key, encrypted or un encrypted, when trying to guess the correct PIN. In one exemplary embodiment of a key wallet using generation camouflaging, the malicious intruder will find it virtually impossible to guess the correct PIN by looking at the resulting private key, because for every (or virtually every) possible PIN, a valid-looking private key is produced. 1Although some embodiments of the technology could also store a representation of the private key, as a matter of convenience and/or depending on the specific circumstances at hand. However, the regeneration of the private key can occur without dependence on the stored form of the private key. In some embodiments, the generation camouflage system might be configured to store part of a user's key (or other datum) and camouflage a part of a user's key (or other datum). During reconstruction, the first part would be regenerated, the second part would be recalled from memory, and the two parts would be combined to form a composite datum that collectively reconstitutes the user's key (or other datum). Thus, as used herein, references to "generation," "regeneration," or "generation camouflage" should be understood to include operations on all or part of a user's datum.
The generation camouflaging technique employs a private key generation function that produces a private key output based on an input seed value. If the input seed value matches the seed value that was originally used to produce the user's private key, the user's private key is, of course, reproduced. However, a different seed value will produce a different private key.
In one embodiment, the input seed value is derived from an input PIN value based on an exclusive-OR operation. The input PIN and a stored value (which is derived from the seed value that was originally used to produce the user's private key) undergo the exclusive-OR operation such that, when the correct PIN is input, the input seed value matches the original seed value. Consequently, the private key generation function, having the original seed value provided thereto as an input, reproduces the user's private key.
In other embodiments, the input seed value is derived from other types of relationships with the input PIN.
In this specification, we discuss an exemplary application of securing private keys in a "key wallet," compatible with existing public key signature methods such as RSA, DSS, El-Gamal, elliptic curve cryptosystems, and their associated key generation, verification and certification technologies.
A key wallet may be implemented as a software wallet, which the user would unlock, using a PIN, in much the same way as he would use a smart card. Depending on the particular configuration deployed, the advantages of a software-based wallet scheme may include some or all of the following:
Of course, although there are many advantages to a software-only implementation, parts or all of the system could even be implemented in a combination of hardware and software, or even purely in hardware, providing great flexibility for deployment and usage.
The foregoing and the following detailed description describe an exemplary implementation of generation camouflaging, directed at secure generation of private keys using a PIN. Those skilled in the art will realize, however, that the techniques disclosed herein are usable generally for secure storage of any access-controlled datum (ACD) using any digitally representable access code. Therefore, the term key wallet (or, alternatively, digital wallet) should be understood generally to refer to any device for securing generation camouflaged access-controlled data, rather than only the exemplary embodiments described herein.
Finally, optional features related to generation camouflaging pertain to the creation and management of public-key certificates usable with the above key wallet. Such features may include:
Persons skilled in the art will recognize that applications of generation camouflaging include, but are not limited to: (a) strong authentication for secure remote/local access to computing and storage resources; (b) reduced user sign-on in environments with multiple computers on a network; (c) strong authentication for secure access through firewalls with or without the IPSEC network protocol; (d) digital signatures for secure electronic commerce transactions; (e) digital signatures for electronic payment mechanisms; (f) secure access to databases and/or digital signatures for database transactions; (g) secure access to routers and network switches; (h) secure access to distributed services; and/or (i) embedded applications where the user (e.g., of the digital wallet) is represented by a computational agent, such as a program running in software or hardware, as applied to, but not limited to, any of the aforementioned applications.
While the discussion that we will present is in the exemplary context of securing private keys for digital signatures, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the technique of generation camouflaging can be used to secure other forms of data.
As in conventional cryptographic systems, the initialization of a private key occurs via a seed-based process. In particular, a private key (and its corresponding public key, in accordance with a specified relationship between private and public keys appropriate to the particular cryptographic protocol in use) is generated as a function of a seed using known key generation protocols such as those described in Schneier, Applied Cryptography, Wiley, 1996 and Menezes, Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC Press, 1997.
For enhanced security, the seed is preferably random or pseudo-random. The seed can be of any length, depending on the security requirements of the system. Typical seeds currently range from 8 bytes to 20 or more bytes. It is easy to modify a key generation function that expects a longer seed so that it accepts a shorter seed, by padding the shorter seed. If the padding is fixed (for a given wallet), the generation is reproducible: the same input seed will produce the same output key(s).
The initialized private key is provided to the key holder for use in performing digital signatures. In conventional key cryptographic systems, the private key (or some form thereof) is stored in the key holder's key wallet under protection of a PIN. When the key holder inputs the PIN, the private key is released for use; if an incorrect PIN is entered, nothing is released. Storage of the private key in the key wallet, and/or its release only upon entry of the correct PIN leads to certain security risks associated with to conventional key management systems.
In the various embodiments of the invention disclosed herein, the private key is not necessarily stored in the key wallet, not even in an encrypted form. Rather, the user's key wallet contains a module that also allows it to regenerate the private key as needed by the user. More particularly, the key wallet first re-derives the original seed used to create the user's private key, then uses the derived seed to regenerate the private key.
As stated above, generation camouflaging uses a seed derivation module that has access to either a stored representation of the original seed, or a known relationship between the original seed and the correct PIN. Various embodiments of seed derivation modules are described in greater detail in the "Key Wallet" section below.
The key wallet can also be configured to output keys in forms and/or formats in a manner resistant to certain kinds of attacks, as described in the "Attacks on Key Wallets and Responses Thereto" section below.
Finally, key wallet 100 can be used in connection with a certification module 800 and/or a verification module 900 for added security against still other types of attacks. Certification module 800 is used to certify the public key corresponding to the private key, and verification module 900 is used to verify signatures created by the private key. The certification and verification modules are described in greater detail, respectively, in the "Certification Module" and "Verification Module" subsections below.
1. Key Wallet
A first embodiment of the generation camouflaging technique is depicted schematically in
The key generation function 130 may be, for example, a key generation function for DES or any other symmetric cryptography system, or a private key generation function for RSA or any other asymmetric key signature system. Of course, the key generation function could be any other data generation function where the quantity being generated is not a cryptographic key. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the function 130 need not be limited to a function for generating confidential data or information in the field of cryptography, but may also include a function that generates confidential data or information in any other technical field.
seed=pin XOR seedmasked,
with the masked seed value (seedmasked) representing a relationship between the valid PIN and the original seed given by:
seedmasked=pinvalid XOR seedorig,
where valid_pin is an authorized valid PIN, and seed_orig is the original seed to the generation function which produced the correct private key. Thus, when the valid PIN is supplied as the input PIN, the exclusive-OR operation on the masked seed value (seedmasked) unmasks the original seed value (seedorig), and the key generation module 130 reproduces the correct private key. On the other hand, when an incorrect PIN is supplied as the input PIN, the exclusive-OR operation fails to unmask the original seed value, and the private key generation function 130 produces an incorrect private key.
In certain implementations of the above example, the PIN value may be only 4-6 bytes long, whereas the seed values may be as long as 20 bytes. Therefore, there may be a mismatch of byte size when the XOR operations are performed. In such cases, it is understood that the PIN value can be XORed with an initial or final or other segment of the seed, leaving the rest of the seed untouched.
Further, the private key generation function may be a stand-alone private key generation function or it may be a function that generates a matching pair of public and private keys. In the latter case, the public key output need not be used.
The third embodiment described above permits changing of the user-selected PIN. When a user changes his PIN, a new masked seed value is stored in the second memory 410. The new masked seed value may be based, for example, on the following boolean relationship:
In the foregoing examples, an XOR function is used to perform the masking of the seed. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other functions may also be used, so that masking should generally be understood to include storage of the seed in a form from which the seed can be reproduced using an operation involving a PIN.
Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all of the foregoing (and many other) private key generation functions and seed derivation techniques can be used in conjunction with generation camouflaging techniques. In addition, although the exemplary embodiments have been described in the context of private key generation using a PIN, those skilled in the art will realize that the techniques disclosed herein are applicable to camouflaging virtually any confidential datum, using passwords or any user-held access codes. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein, but rather to the full breadth of the claims appended hereto.
2. Attacks on Key Wallets and Responses Thereto
We now enumerate the kinds of attacks which hacker may mount on digital key wallets, and means to resist such attacks. In the interest of clarity, the discussion will be set forth with respect to the RSA public key signature system. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the basic elements of the discussion are applicable to other systems as well, cryptographic and non-cryptographic, where a confidential data is generated by a special function.
a. Brute Force Attack
When a malicious hacker gets a copy of a conventional key wallet, the hacker simply tries every combination of possible PINs until a private key is released. Since in a conventional key wallet, a private key is released only when the correct PIN is input, the hacker will know that the PIN that released the private key is the correct PIN. To resist this type of attack, the key wallet may be configured to always release some quantity in response to any input PIN (or, in any event, releasing a quantity in response to a significant number of input PINs, instead of releasing only upon entry of the correct PIN). In addition (as discussed below with respect to Ill-Formed Key Attacks), the key generation module may be configured so that its output appears in the proper form of a private key.
b. Ill-Formed Key Attack
Another attack is one in which the malicious hacker tries all possible PINs and examines the form of the resulting private key. If the resulting private key is not well formed, the hacker knows that the PIN producing such private key cannot be the correct PIN. Thus, the above-described embodiments of key generation modules may be configured to always produce well-formed keys, and as a result, the hacker cannot examine the well-formedness of the key to arrive at the correct PIN. Private key generation functions that generate well-formed keys in RSA and other public key encryption systems are well known and will not be discussed in further detail. Characteristics of (and, therefore, techniques for producing) valid-looking private keys are well known in the art (see, e.g., a description of private key formats in Schneier, Menezes, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,058, which is hereby incorporated by reference) and need not be discussed in detail.
c. Known Public Key Attack
In this attack, the malicious hacker has access to two pieces of information: (a) the user's key wallet, and (b) the user's public key, as might be readily available in a public key certificate directory. The attack is shown pictorially in
To resist this attack, one embodiment of generation camouflaging does not permit public keys to be truly public. As a matter of convenience, we shall call such limited-distribution public keys "pseudo-public keys" and we shall call certificates containing such pseudo-public keys "pseudo-public certificates." Specifically, pseudo-public certificates contain the user's pseudo-public key in encrypted form. Only authorized parties can access a pseudo-public key to verify the user's signature. This is in contrast with the conventional use of public key certificates, where anybody can verify a public key signature. Of course, the key wallet and other aspects or embodiments of the present invention could be used with conventional certificates alone, but even greater security is provided if pseudo-public keys and certification are also used, as described herein. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that existing certification issuance devices and procedures may readily be adapted to accommodate the foregoing embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, the specific hardware and/or software implementations of this embodiment of a certification module need not be described in detail. Rather, only the differences from the conventional certificates will be described below. Readers skilled in the art will recognize that conventional certificates come in several formats, most notable of which is the X.509 format and its revisions; however, the essential elements of all the conventional formats are similar, when viewed in relation to the present invention.
Pseudo-public keys, in turn, implicate pseudo-public key certification and pseudo-public key verification techniques. Exemplary embodiments therefor are described below.
i. Certification Module
Referring again to
A conventional public key certificate and one possible embodiment of a pseudo-public certificate are shown side by side in
The exemplary pseudo-public certificate may have the same format as the conventional certificate. However, the body of the certificate 700 containing the pseudo-public key is encrypted in a manner that is readable only by an authorized verifier. For example, in one implementation, the encryption could be performed under the public key of the authorized verifier. Only authentication servers that have access to the corresponding private key can unwrap the user's certificate to access the user's public key. If there are several authorized verifiers, the body of the certificate could carry several encrypted copies of the pseudo-public key, each copy being encrypted by the public key of one of the verifiers. Each enterprise or entity employing this approach would have a certificate server having the above-described certification module to support its pseudo-public certificates. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that configuration of the pseudo-public certificate, so that the public key is encrypted and can be decrypted only by authorized verifiers, may be achieved in many different ways using a variety of cryptographic algorithms. For example, in an alternate embodiment of the pseudo-public key certificate, the public key would be encrypted by a DES key, and the DES key would be encrypted by the public key of the authorized verifier.
The resulting certificate would then be signed by the certifying authority similar to a conventional certificate. It is the pseudo-public nature of public keys that provides for two potential advantages in key management. Firstly, since the certifying authority is explicitly aware of who is authorized to use the public-key certificates, the legal liability of the CA could, as a practical matter, be limited. This is in contrast to the conventional certificate where the CA has no prior knowledge of who will use the certificate. Secondly, revoking a public-key certificate is facilitated, since the CA only has to notify those verifiers authorized to use the public-key certificates.
Certificates of the proposed form will be issued by the certification module, acting as a certificate server as shown in
An alternate realization of the pseudo-public certificate server could involve a modification unit to be attached to a conventional certificate server. Such an add-on unit could operate on the input or the output of the conventional certificate server. In the event the modification unit operates on the input, it would repackage the request for the certificate by encrypting the users public key, and embed the encrypted public key among the identification attributes. The modification unit would then attach a dummy public key to the request, sign the request with the associated private key and pass on the request to the conventional certificate server. The output of the conventional certificate server would be a certificate containing the encrypted public key of the user as one of the identifying attributes. In the event the modification unit operates on the output of a conventional certificate server, the unit would repackage the conventional certificate produced by the conventional certificate server by encrypting the public-key exponent in the certificate in situ, and then overwriting the signature of the certificate server with a fresh signature of the modified certificate. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that still other alternative embodiments are possible.
ii. Verification Module
Certification of a pseudo-public key by a CA results in the creation of pseudo-public certificates for distribution to parties communicating or conducting transactions with the holder of the private key corresponding to the pseudo-public key. Such parties will desire to verify pseudo-public keys received from unknown private key holders prior to relying on the pseudo-public keys for decrypting messages encrypted with the corresponding private keys.
Referring again to
3. Modifications, Enhancements and Alternate Embodiments
The foregoing has described various aspects of generation camouflaging. Although in one exemplary embodiment, the key wallet, the seed and key generation module, the key verification module and the key certification module are all used together to provide a secure technology for cryptographic key storage and use, those skilled in the art will appreciate that in alternative embodiments, various subsets of the whole system may also be combined for particular applications not requiring all of the modules.
In addition, although the foregoing has been described with respect to an exemplary software-based system, this is not strictly necessary. For example, some or all of the modules could be deployed using microcode and PLAs or ROMs, general purpose programming language and general purpose microprocessors, or ASICs. That is, the techniques described herein are not limited to software per se, but could be deployed in virtually any form of logic, including pure software, a combination of software and hardware, or even hardware alone.
The key wallet may be carried by the user or, alternatively, stored remotely and downloaded over a network to a user "on the fly" using "roaming" techniques such as those disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/196,430, filed on Nov. 19, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,446, issued Jul. 17, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In addition, although various embodiments or aspects have been described with regard to RSA cryptography (for the public and/or pseudo-public keys and public and/or pseudo-public certificates) or DES cryptography (for the PIN encryption and storage of the pseudo-public key on the pseudo-public certificate), those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications and enhancements to such exemplary cryptographic technology are possible. More generally, each of the aforementioned operations can be implemented from a broad choice of cryptographic techniques, including many kinds of asymmetric or symmetric encryption as well as CRCs, hashes, message digests, or other one-way functions. For example, an asymmetric encryption operation could be replaced with a (optionally keyed) one-way function where integrity is the primary concern, or encryption of a symmetric session key followed by use of the session key for plaintext encryption, and various other alternatives that are well-known to those skilled in the art.
Furthermore, in many applications, the inputted PIN is about 4-6 bytes and is typically smaller than the seed value. However, it is also possible that the seed value may be smaller than the PIN value. This could be accommodated, for example, by doing a many-to one hash of the PIN, and using this smaller byte sequence as the seed. Thus, there is no absolute requirement as to the relationship between the seed length and the PIN length. Rather, this relationship is determined by the choices and requirements of the system as deployed.
Also, although the exemplary embodiment has been described with respect to PINs protecting a private key, those skilled in the art will realize that the same technology of generation camouflaging can be used with other types of access codes and cryptographic representations to protect any regeneratable access-controlled datum. For example, the exemplary embodiments disclosed in this specification rely on the seed derivation module having access to a stored representation of the original seed used to create the private key, or a known relationship between the original seed and the user's PIN. However, the system is also operable where the user's private key (or, more generally, an access-controlled datum) was either not based on a seed value or the seed value is not known at the time the generation camouflaging digital wallet is implemented. More particularly, suppose that the access-controlled datum is derivable within the key generation (or, more generally, data generation) module upon receipt of an operand. This is achievable with any one-to-one mapping between the access-controlled datum and the operand where the operand is representable as a function of, and is thus reproducible from, the user's PIN using the seed derivation module.
As a first example using the XOR seed derivation module functionality disclosed above, the seed derivation module would store a operandmasked=pin XOR operand, so that the operand is derivable as operand=operandmasked XOR pin. The other exemplary embodiments of seed derivation module functionality (e.g., operand=pin with or without padding) are also usable for this purpose. The foregoing shows that the operand is functionally equivalent to the "seed," and the one-to-one mapping between the operand and the access controlled datum is functionally equivalent to the seed-based key generation routine in the key generation module. Thus, the term "seed" should not be limited exclusively to a quantity that was used to initialize the user's private key, but rather to other quantities of the type described in this paragraph. Similarly, the term "key" should not be limited exclusively to a quantity usable for cryptographic operations, but rather to other access-controlled data generally.
As a second example, suppose the PIN (or, more generally, access code) space is of size pinspace_size (e.g., for 6 digit PINs, pinspace_size=1,000,000). The seed derivation module can store up to pinspace_size PINs listed in some order and, for each PIN, a corresponding seed. These PIN-seed pairs would include not only the correct (or initialization) seed corresponding to the correct PIN, but also (some or all) likely values of incorrect seeds corresponding to incorrect PINs. When one enters a PIN to release the key, the PIN is interpreted as an index into the list, and the indexed seed is selected. When one inputs the correct PIN, the correct seed is derived. When one inputs an incorrect PIN, an incorrect seed is derived. The seed is then used as input to the key (or, more generally, data) generation module.
As a third example, consider the second example where, instead of storing seeds corresponding to input PINs, the generation camouflaging wallet directly stores keys corresponding to input PINs without the need for a two step (seed derivation plus key generation) process. This can be regarded as a simplified form of generation camouflage. In the previous discussions, the seed plus PIN plus generation functionality together produce the key. In this example, the list, PIN, and selection functionality produces the key. The generation camouflage mechanism has done away with the explicit seed, by storing the list explicitly, so that the generation routine has been reduced or simplified to a means of selecting an item in a list. In this way, the seed derivation functionality has been merged into the key generation functionality, so that the derived seed is the same as the outputted key. This example can be regarded as a variant of generation camouflage in which a list of data items is stored in the clear, and a PIN is used as an index to select one of the items.
In view of all the foregoing disclosed (and still other possible) embodiments and implementations of the general technique of generation camouflage, it is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited only by the claims appended below.
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People around the league have been impressed by the play of Josh Magette, who had five assists, four rebounds and four points in 15 minutes for the Atlanta Hawks on Wednesday. After strong play in the G League, Magette on Wednesday showed more evidence that he can run an NBA second unit. In eight games with the Erie Bayhawks, Magette is averaging 11.5 assists per game, which leads the G League by a wide margin.
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text:
Tyler, TX (KYTX) -- The job market is off to a good start in 2013, as we see signs the economy is recovering nationwide and in East Texas.
A jobs report due out Wednesday by the U.S. Government is expected to show employers added 192,000 jobs in January.
And the City of Tyler isn't slouching either. A report by the Milken Institute ranks it No. 9 on best-performing small cities.
"We have a lot of growth coming in, in a lot of different directions," Tom Mullins, President of the Tyler Economic Development Council, said.
One of those directions, is the medical field. Tyler boasts 3 primary regional hospitals, support facilities, and specialized hospitals.
With Tyler's changing demographic, the demand is there. "Being an orthopedic spine hospital, what we're seeing is an aging population here in the area," Tony Wahl, CEO of Texas Spine and Joint Hospital, said.
The area of telecommunications, also taking the spotlight.
"Tyler is our largest employee base for Suddenlink in the nation. We've seen about a 10% growth over the past year," Skip Ogle, Director of Public Relations for Suddenlink, said.
Those jobs include retail teams at the call center, some in administration, and broadband technicians.