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Electronic waste (e-waste) has been an emerging environmental health issue in both developed and developing countries, but its current management practice may result in unintended developmental neurotoxicity in vulnerable populations. To provide updated information about the scope of the issue, presence of known and suspected neurotoxicants, toxicologic mechanisms, and current data gaps, we conducted this literature review.
We reviewed original articles and review papers in PubMed and Web of Science regarding e-waste toxicants and their potential developmental neurotoxicity. We also searched published reports of intergovernmental and governmental agencies and nongovernmental organizations on e-waste production and management practice.
We focused on the potential exposure to e-waste toxicants in vulnerable populations—that is, pregnant women and developing children—and neurodevelopmental outcomes. In addition, we summarize experimental evidence of developmental neurotoxicity and mechanisms.
In developing countries where most informal and primitive e-waste recycling occurs, environmental exposure to lead, cadmium, chromium, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is prevalent at high concentrations in pregnant women and young children. Developmental neurotoxicity is a serious concern in these regions, but human studies of adverse effects and potential mechanisms are scarce. The unprecedented mixture of exposure to heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants warrants further studies and necessitates effective pollution control measures.
Pregnant women and young children living close to informal e-waste recycling sites are at risk of possible perturbations of fetus and child neurodevelopment.
Electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as a critical global environmental health issue because of its massive production volume and insufficient management policy in many countries (Ogunseitan et al. 2009). E-waste includes waste cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions, desktops, laptops, CRT monitors, liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors, cell phones, keyboards, computer mice, printers, and copiers. E-waste contains metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs); inappropriate recycling processes occur in several developing countries and result in the release of these toxicants into the environment (LaDou and Lovegrove 2008; Robinson 2009). Although serious health concerns arise from these primitive recycling activities, the research needs are largely unaddressed. The developing fetus and child are particularly vulnerable to several known and suspected developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste.
In this review, we survey the literature to provide updated information about major toxicants in e-waste, potential neurodevelopmental toxicity in children, and potential preventative measures to reduce exposure. Because the rate of e-waste accumulation is startling and the combinatorial effects of toxicants are complex, this review addresses an urgent need to evaluate potential adverse health effects of this unprecedented exposure scenario.
E-waste is the fastest-growing stream of municipal solid waste, but its management is a significant environmental health concern. It is estimated that 20–50 million tons of e-waste are produced annually worldwide; the United States, Western Europe, China, Japan, and Australia are the major producers [Cobbing 2008; Davis and Herat 2010; Robinson 2009; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2005]. Figure 1 shows an incomplete list of e-waste volume and major informal recycling sites. According to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimate, the United States generated approximately 2.5 million tons of e-waste in 2007, which accounts for about 2% of municipal solid waste and has a projected annual increase of 3–5% (U.S. EPA 2008). In the United States, only about 18% of e-waste is collected for recycling, with the remaining 80% sent to landfill and 2% for incineration (U.S. EPA 2007,U.S. EPA 2008). Landfill can cause metal leaching from the e-waste (Dagan et al. 2007). Burning e-waste may produce extremely toxic dioxins and furans (Li et al. 2007). Environmentally friendly recycling has not been widely used, although it is a promising approach to tackle the e-waste problem (UNEP 2009). The European Union has enacted two directives to address the increasing concerns on e-waste: the Restriction on the Use of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) (European Union 1995, 1996; LaDou and Lovegrove 2008; Ogunseitan et al. 2009). The RoHS directive restricts the use of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in new electronic devices. The WEEE directive requires the manufacturers to take responsibility for collecting and recycling ("take-back") of the e-waste. In contrast, the United States does not have legally enforceable federal policies to regulate e-waste despite a patchwork of legislation in about 25 states (e.g., mandating statewide e-waste recycling or banning landfill disposal of CRT monitors) [Electronics Take Back Coalition (ETBC) 2010; LaDou and Lovegrove 2008; Ogunseitan et al. 2009]. These include most coastal states, the Great Lakes states, Oklahoma, and Texas. Japan has an existing recycling system for limited home electrical appliances, but it does not cover all e-waste, and illegal dumping and transfer still occur (Aizawa et al. 2008; LaDou and Lovegrove 2008).
Although the Basel Convention regulates transboundary movement of hazardous waste, significant amounts of e-waste have been exported to developing countries and recycled in local towns and villages, using primitive technologies (LaDou and Lovegrove 2008). In the biomedical literature, primitive recycling of e-waste occurs in Guiyu, Taizhou, and Jinghai, China (Huo et al. 2007; Wong et al. 2007), Bengaluru and Dehli, India (Chatterjee 2008; Ha et al. 2009), Lagos, Nigeria (Osibanjo and Nnorom 2007; Schmidt 2006), and Trang Minh, Dong Mai, and Bui Dau, Vietnam (Tue et al. 2010) (see also Figure 1). A recent report listed a few other countries that may have small-scale informal e-waste recycling (Brazil, Colombia, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda) (UNEP 2009). Developing countries are generating more and more e-waste in their own territories and may also feed the recycling business (LaDou and Lovegrove 2008; Robinson 2009). The purpose of recycling activities in these developing countries is to recover gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, tin, and other metals for profit (Huo et al. 2007; Wong et al. 2007). However, because of a lack of stringent environmental regulation and worker protection, toxicants in e-waste cause serious contaminations of local air, dust, soil, and water (Ogunseitan et al. 2009; Schmidt 2006; Wong et al. 2007). The environmental consequence is dire in these regions if the activities remain uncontrolled. Further, informal recycling processes (dismantling, cutting, heating, acid leaching, and burning) in small town and village workshops expose the workers and residents to dangerous mixtures of metals and other pollutants (LaDou and Lovegrove 2008).
Electronic devices consist of a large number of chemical elements and compounds. Even a cell phone can contain > 40 elements from the periodic table (UNEP 2009). The metals in e-waste include steel (iron), copper, aluminum, tin, Pb, nickel, silver, gold, arsenic, Cd, Cr, indium, Hg, ruthenium, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. The toxicity of these chemicals in e-waste remains to be determined. However, some chemicals are known or suspected to have developmental neurotoxicity. Neurodevelopmental deficits are a serious concern of exposure to e-waste toxicants, because children living in e-waste recycling communities may have been exposed to high-level toxicant mixtures throughout their lifetime. Infants and young children have relatively smaller body weight than adults, but their toxicant body load can be higher because they have relatively low body weight [American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2003]. Developing fetuses and young children are at critical windows of neuronal growth, differentiation, migration, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Disruption of these fine-tuned processes in human neurodevelopment can have detrimental effects (Dietrich 2010). The commonly assessed neurodevelopmental end points include intelligence quotient (IQ), memory, language, gross and fine motor skills, attention, executive functions, and behavior. Obviously, a focus on developmental neurotoxicity in this review does not exclude the possibility of adverse effects on other organ systems, but many previous human studies of metal and POP exposure in community settings revealed deficits in neurological functions in children (Dietrich 2010; Wright and Baccarelli 2007). Table 1 summarizes the developmental neurotoxicity and exposure routes of common e-waste toxicants. In addition to exposure to e-waste, children are exposed to these toxicants from other existing sources (e.g., Pb and Hg from power plants and other industrial emissions as well as diet) (AAP 2003).
Pb is arguably the most-studied developmental neurotoxicant and unfortunately is also one of the major toxicants in e-waste. An old CRT television contains about 1.5–2 kg Pb, and a CRT computer monitor contains about 0.5 kg Pb (U.S. EPA 2007,2008). Pb has also been used in solder in printed circuit boards and other components (Ramesh et al. 2007). In 1- to 6-year-old children living in a primitive e-waste recycling site, the mean blood Pb level approaches 15 μg/dL, which is 50% higher than the neighboring control site (~ 10 μg/dL) (Huo et al. 2007; Zheng et al. 2008). Blood Pb levels ≥ 10 μg/dL in early childhood are detrimental to neurodevelopment, and the recognized adverse effects include impaired cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, attention deficits, hyperactivity, and conduct problems (Bellinger 2004). Newly identified neuroanatomical changes in young adults who are exposed to Pb in childhood include reduced gray matter in the prefrontal region and diffusivity changes in white matter that indicate effects on myelination and axonal integrity (Brubaker et al. 2009; Cecil et al. 2008). Childhood Pb exposure, especially early-school-age blood Pb levels, strongly predict neurologic deficits in children and young adults (Hornung et al. 2009). There is a considerable amount of evidence showing that every 10-μg/dL increase of blood Pb concentration is associated with a deficit of 2–3 IQ points (Pocock et al. 1994). Current research suggests that a blood Pb concentration < 10 μg/dL is also harmful for cognitive function (Canfield et al. 2003; Lanphear et al. 2005). High Pb exposure in childhood has been associated with delinquent behaviors and criminal activities in adolescents and young adults (Needleman et al. 2002; Wright et al. 2008). In children, Pb exposure has also been associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Braun et al. 2006). E-waste exposure represents a situation of continuous exposure, which raises concerns about neurodevelopmental deficits in young children and across the lifespan.
Because Hg is used in laptop monitors, cold cathode fluorescent lamps, cell phones, and printed circuit boards (e.g., switches, relays), improper recycling of e-waste may release Hg in its elemental vapor form into the environment (Ramesh et al. 2007). Each individual electronic device contains a very small amount of Hg (< 1–2 g) (U.S. EPA 2007), but intensive processing of millions of these devices could be highly problematic for the environment. In bodies of water, bacteria can transform inorganic Hg to organic form [i.e., methylmercury (MeHg)], and fish bioaccumulate MeHg. Eating MeHg-contaminated fish is the primary route of exposure in the general population, but people living in e-waste recycling sites may be exposed to both inorganic and organic Hg. So far, there is a lack of studies investigating Hg levels in children who lived in e-waste recycling sites. Currently, there is considerable debate about neurodevelopmental effects of moderate MeHg levels (maternal hair Hg 4–6 μg/g) or lower-level exposure because of conflicting results from the research in the Faroe Islands and Seychelles (Debes et al. 2006; Grandjean et al. 1997; Myers et al. 2009). The study in the Faroe Islands identified an association of prenatal MeHg exposure [geometric mean (GM) = 4 μg/g in maternal hair and 23 μg/L in cord blood] and deficits in motor function, attention, and verbal domains in children up to 14 years of age but did not find associations for postnatal exposure (GM = 3 μg/g in hair and 9 μg/L in blood at 7 years of age) (Debes et al. 2006). The research in Seychelles, however, did not find a consistent pattern of association between prenatal (mean = 7 μg/g in maternal hair) or postnatal MeHg (mean = 6 μg/g in hair at 9 years of age) and neurodevelopmental end points (Davidson et al. 2010; Myers et al. 2009). An integrative analysis of three cohorts (Faroe island, Seychelles, and another New Zealand study) found an overall child IQ change of −0.18 points [95% confidence interval (CI), −0.38 to −0.01] for each microgram per gram increase of maternal hair MeHg (Axelrad et al. 2007). A recent study of U.S. background level MeHg exposure (~ 0.5 μg/L in whole blood at 2 years of age) did not reveal significant associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children at ages 2, 5, and 7 years (Cao et al. 2010). For Hg vapor exposure from dental amalgam, two recent large clinical trials did not find adverse effects on cognitive function in children (Bellinger et al. 2006; DeRouen et al. 2006). In some Asian coastal regions, the GM hair Hg levels can reach 1–2 μg/g in women of reproductive age (Liu et al. 2008). The exposure to Hg from e-waste recycling needs to be characterized in pregnant women and young children from e-waste recycling sites, and if elevated, the neurodevelopmental effects should be examined.
Cd is used in nickel–cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, surface mount devices chip resistors, infrared detectors, and semiconductor chips (Ramesh et al. 2007). Lithium-ion batteries have replaced Ni-Cd batteries in many electronic devices, but e-waste still contains old rechargeable batteries. Compared with Pb and Hg, the adverse neurodevelopmental effects of Cd are less well characterized in children. Cd levels in hair have been associated with deficits in cognition, learning, behavior, and neuromotor skills in children in earlier studies (Pihl and Parkes 1977; Thatcher et al. 1982), but inadequate control for Pb levels in the data analysis has been a concern. A recent study indicates that current background Cd exposure (~ 0.2 μg/L) in U.S. children may not cause significant cognitive and behavioral problems (Cao et al. 2009). In a Chinese birth cohort study, however, higher Cd exposure in cord blood (> 0.6 μg/L) was associated with a 4-point Full-Scale IQ deficit at preschool age after adjustment for cord blood Pb levels (Tian et al. 2009). The placenta limits the transfer of Cd from mother to fetus after the first trimester, but high cord blood Cd in infants may suggest high maternal exposure. These infants may also be postnatally exposed to Cd in the same maternal living environment (Osman et al. 2000). Because the half-life of Cd in kidneys and bones is estimated to be 10–30 years (Jarup and Akesson 2009), caution should be exercised to prevent Cd exposure in young children. The average blood Cd levels in children from an e-waste recycling site in China was 1.6 μg/L, significantly higher than the control site (1.0 μg/L) (Zheng et al. 2008). In Asian countries where rice consumption and environmental tobacco smoke are more common, children already get higher Cd exposure than those in Western countries (Jarup and Akesson 2009). Living in an e-waste recycling site substantially increases exposure of children to Cd, but the neurodevelopmental effects remain to be determined.
Cr(VI) is used in metal coatings of some electronic devices for corrosion protection. It is a known human carcinogen after occupational inhalation exposure, but its toxicity in fetuses and children after environmental exposure is largely unknown (Pellerin and Booker 2000). Epidemiologic study of Cr exposure and child neurodevelopment is lacking. One animal study reported motor activity decrease in rats after chronic Cr exposure (az-Mayans et al. 1986). Oxidative stress in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary has been reported in Cr-exposed animals (Nudler et al. 2009). Increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker for oxidative DNA lesions, was reported in children with high urinary Cr (Wong et al. 2005). E-waste recycling can result in high Cr exposure in fetuses, with one report of mean cord blood Cr of 99 μg/L, significantly higher than the control-site mean of 32 μg/L (Li et al. 2008). The reported Cr levels were very high compared with findings from a large U.K. study (serum ~ 0.5 μg/L) and Italian Cr workers (whole blood ~ 6.9 μg/L) (Davies et al. 1997; Minoia and Cavalleri 1988).
PBDEs—a group of brominated flame retardants—are used in electronic products to reduce flammability. Animal studies of PBDEs strongly suggest increased risk of thyroid hormone disruption [PBDEs and thyroxine (T4) are structurally similar], hyperactivity, cognitive deficits, and impaired memory (Costa and Giordano 2007). Susceptibility of children to PBDEs is a major concern, because children often have two to three times higher serum concentrations than their parents (Toms et al. 2009). A recent publication of prenatal exposures to PBDEs and Full-Scale IQ deficits [four points by interquartile range of BDE-47 (20 ng/g lipid)] in preschool children raised the concern of neurodevelopmental consequences (Herbstman et al. 2010). This association needs to be confirmed in other cohort studies. Median serum ∑BDEs (BDE-209 included) of up to 600 ng/g lipid were detected in recycling workers (Bi et al. 2007), but most studies found a mean or median of 100–400 ng/g lipid in the sera of local residents in the recycling sites (Qu et al. 2007; Yuan et al. 2008; Zhao et al. 2010). Breast milk from lactating mothers in the recycling sites also contains high PBDEs, with reported ∑BDEs of 84 ng/g (BDE-209 included) and 117 ng/g (BDE-209 not included) lipid in two different small studies in Vietnam and China, respectively (Leung et al. 2010; Tue et al. 2010). In contrast, the median serum ∑BDEs in the U.S. general population is ~ 40–60 ng/g lipid (BDE-209 not included), and that in Europe and Asia is usually < 10 ng/g lipid (Sjodin et al. 2008; Zhu et al. 2009). The e-waste recycling processes release significant amounts of BDE-209 that are not often detected in the U.S. population (Bi et al. 2007; Yuan et al. 2008). Although BDE-209 has a shorter half-life than less- brominated congeners in the environment, it may be degraded to the latter compounds and its toxicity remains to be determined (Birnbaum and Staskal 2004).
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were present in old transformers and capacitors before their ban in the 1970s, so e-waste recycling sites that deal with these devices may have high PCBs levels. Contemporary computers and cell phones do not contain PCBs. In Taizhou, China, where two sites are involved in e-waste recycling, Luqiao has higher serum ∑PCBs levels in adults (median = 118 ng/g lipid) than Wenling (median = 75 ng/g lipid), presumably because of a focus on PCB-containing devices and longer recycling history (Zhao et al. 2010). In another report, children in Luqiao have mean ∑PCBs of 222 ng/g lipid (boys) and 153 ng/g lipid (girls) (Ling et al. 2008). In contrast, adults in Guiyu, China, did not have higher ∑PCBs levels than a nonrecycling control site (median 52 vs. 63 ng/g lipid, respectively) (Bi et al. 2007), probably because Guiyu has been processing predominantly obsolete computers and cell phones.
Informal e-waste recycling also produces secondary emissions that are not chemicals in the e-waste but reaction products from incineration or smelting processes. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can result from open burning of the e-waste (wires or plastics) to reduce volume or to recover metals. Even in primitive recycling sites, open burning of e-waste is usually prohibited. However, higher PCDD/PCDFs levels have been reported in breast milk, placenta, and hair samples from e-waste processing sites in Taizhou, China (Chan et al. 2007; Wen et al. 2008). The reported PCDD/PCDFs World Health Organization (WHO) toxicity equivalent (TEQ) level in breast milk was 21 pg/g lipid in Taizhou (Chan et al. 2007), twice as high as the levels in the United States and many European countries in a WHO-coordinated exposure study (van Leeuwen and Malisch 2002). No human studies of PAHs can be identified from e-waste recycling sites, but environmental samples (air, soil, and sediment) strongly suggest such contamination exists. The sum of 16 PAHs concentrations in PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) air samples was 102 ng/m3 in a location close to an open burning site in Guiyu, China, much higher than average levels in Hong Kong (3–4 ng/m3) or Guangzhou (22–58 ng/m3) (Deng et al. 2006).
PCBs are known developmental neurotoxicants, and these compounds may affect a variety of neuropsychological functions in children, including general cognition, visual–spatial function, memory, attention, executive functions, and motor function (Boucher et al. 2009; Schantz et al. 2003). Most birth cohort studies of prenatal PCB exposure suggested a harmful role that was not accounted for by other environmental exposures, sociodemographic factors, child rearing, and parental IQ. The PCB levels in an e-waste recycling site (Taizhou) were in the low-to-moderate range of several international birth cohort studies of PCBs (using CB-153 as a criterion, median 30–450 ng/g lipid) (Longnecker et al. 2003). PCDD/PCDFs are often heat-degraded contaminants of PCBs; PCDFs in particular have been indicated to contribute to the two poisoning episodes in Japan and Taiwan (AAP 2003). The analytical testing of PCDD/PCDFs is more difficult, and thus epidemiologic studies are rare. However, in the Dutch PCB/dioxin study, lactational exposure to dioxin (median PCDD/Fs, WHO 1998 TEQ = 33 pg/g lipid in breast milk) was not associated with child cognitive abilities at 42 months of age (Patandin et al. 1999; Van den Berg et al. 2006). Similarly, a recent Duisburg birth cohort study in Germany (median PCDD/PCDFs) [WHO 2005 TEQ = 11 pg/g lipid in breast milk (Van den Berg et al. 2006)] did not find an inverse association with mental and psychomotor developmental indexes at 12 and 24 months of age (Van den Berg et al. 2006; Wilhelm et al. 2008). Additional studies are needed to investigate the neurodevelopmental effect of dioxins and furans at higher exposure levels. Recent studies have suggested that air pollutant PAHs may adversely affect child neurodevelopment and lead to IQ deficits (Edwards et al. 2010; Perera et al. 2009a; Tang et al. 2008). In the New York City and Polish studies, prenatal PAH exposure above the median (2.26 ng/m3 in New York City and 17.96 ng/m3 in Poland) was associated with an IQ deficit of about 3–5 points at 5 years of age (Edwards et al. 2010; Perera et al. 2009a).
First, e-waste toxicants are released in uncontrolled recycling processes as a mixture. It is not uncommon that heavy metals and POPs coexist in the environment in recycling workshops and nearby neighborhoods. Second, the e-waste toxicant exposure is not homogeneous. The variability comes from several sources: the type of e-waste, length of recycling history, quantity of recycling, specialization in recycling processes, locations of workshops, parental involvement in recycling, and the daily activities of the child. Third, the exposure to e-waste toxicants lasts a long time. Many of the recycling sites have operated for more than a decade, and cumulative exposure in the local environment is typically high. Pregnant women who grew up in the recycling sites would have an even longer exposure history and higher body burden in physiologic deposits (e.g., bones and adipose tissues) than in women who moved in at the time of marriage. Transplacental and lactational exposure is expected for most metals and lipophilic organic pollutants in e-waste. Infants and children are exposed from contaminated indoor and outdoor air, dust, and soil. If the food and drinking water also come from contaminated community, the exposure will aggregate to a higher level.
Toxicologic mechanisms of certain individual developmental neurotoxicants, especially Pb, have been investigated extensively, but data are insufficient to address exposure mixtures such as those in e-waste. Apparently several toxicologic mechanisms may be involved in this mixture of known and suspected neurotoxicants, but more research is needed to investigate the combinations of different metals and POPs (Figure 2). These toxicologic mechanisms are very complicated and may overlap, and other mechanisms related to molecular biology and signal transduction may be involved as well.
Heavy metals can induce oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletion of antioxidant reserves (Wright and Baccarelli 2007). Neurons have limited capacity to detoxify ROS and are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Pb exposure increases the formation of superoxide anion (•O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the central nervous system (CNS), which may interact with proteins, lipids, and DNA to induce apoptosis (Sanders et al. 2009). MeHg affects the mitochondria electron transport system and causes overproduction of ROS (Johansson et al. 2007). Cd induces oxidative stress in cultured cells and animals and reduces antioxidant levels in humans (Joseph 2009; Lee et al. 2006). Exposure to PBDEs increase the generation of ROS, and different PBDEs congeners (e.g., BDE-47 and BDE-99) may have synergistic interactions in certain concentrations (Tagliaferri et al. 2010).
Many heavy metals can affect neurotransmission and disrupt the calcium-signaling pathway and thus interfere with synaptic functions. Pb ions (Pb2+) selectively bind N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, one subtype of glutamatergic receptors (Toscano and Guilarte 2005). Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain tissues and is associated with learning and memory by the establishment of long-term potentiation (LTP). Interaction of Pb with the NMDA receptor increases Ca2+ influx, initiating cellular processes that lead to cell dysfunction (Sanders et al. 2009). MeHg exposure can increase Ca2+ levels in different cell types, and it may cause disruptions in cell cycles and migration (Johansson et al. 2007). Cd exposure may modify calcium channels and decrease the release of neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate into the synaptic clefts (Minami et al. 2001). A recent animal study suggests that BDE-209 exposure reduces LTP and affects synaptic plasticity (Xing et al. 2009). The dopaminergic system is another critical CNS neurotransmission pathway that affects cognition, motivation and reward, attention, and learning. Extensive evidence on the role of environmental toxicants, such as Pb, on synaptic dopamine release, its receptors and transporters, and metabolism has emerged (Jones and Miller 2008).
Previous research on heavy metals and neurotoxicity has suggested a similarity to the effects of subtle hypothyroidism, but the evidence is limited (Soldin et al. 2008; Wong et al. 1991). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), T4, and triiodothyronine (T3) could have unique effects on the initiation and modulation of gene expressions for brain development (Porterfield 2000). Animal studies have indicated potential disruption of transthyretin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain deiodinase by Pb, Hg, or Cd (Mori et al. 2006; Soldin and Aschner 2007; Zheng et al. 2001). Pb exposure in occupational workers reduced total T4 (TT4), free T4 (FT4), or total T3 (TT3) (Lopez et al. 2000). Recent studies suggest a reduced level of FT4 associated with Pb exposure in pregnant women (Lamb et al. 2008) and in adolescents (Dundar et al. 2006), but the results are inconsistent (Maervoet et al. 2007; Schell et al. 2008). In one Canadian study, inorganic Hg was associated with a reduction of FT4 (Takser et al. 2005), but two other studies found nonsignificant associations in pregnant women and children (Osius et al. 1999; Schell et al. 2008). Cd exposure was found to affect TSH and FT4 levels in two recent studies (Iijima et al. 2007; Osius et al. 1999), but not in another (Maervoet et al. 2007). The animal studies of PCBs or PBDEs and thyroid hormone disruption have shown strong correlations, mostly reducing circulating T4 or T3 levels, but human studies are still needed to confirm the effects (Herbstman et al. 2008). A recent epidemiologic study of PBDEs suggests a slight decrease of TSH in exposed pregnant women (Chevrier et al. 2010). One study in e-waste recycling workers revealed higher TSH levels than in controls, and the role of PBDEs are suspected because of their structural similarity to T4 (Yuan et al. 2008). A recent larger study in e-waste recycling workers, however, found lower TSH levels than in controls (Wang et al. 2010). Another study suggested a lower TT4 level in maternal serum in relation to exposure to PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs (Zhang et al. 2010). Thyroid hormone alteration warrants further study in the exposure to e-waste toxicants.
Epigenetic modifications are mitotically heritable changes of gene function in the absence of alterations in nucleotide sequence. These epigenetic changes include DNA methylation, mostly in the 5′-cytosine in the CpG dinucleotides of the gene promoter region, histone modifications, and microRNAs that affect posttranscriptional regulation (Baccarelli and Bollati 2009). Because nucleotide sequence is generally static in somatic cells and epigenetic markers are modifiable during the life course, the investigation of epigenetic changes induced by environmental toxicants has received increased attention (Baccarelli and Bollati 2009). Although examinations of these mechanisms in human neurodevelopmental studies are rare, several in vitro, in vivo, and human studies suggest possible perturbations in DNA methylation and histone modifications by Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, PAHs, and PBDEs (Benbrahim-Tallaa et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2010; Jiang et al. 2008; Kondo et al. 2006; Onishchenko et al. 2008; Perera et al. 2009b; Pilsner et al. 2009, 2010; Sun et al. 2009; Takiguchi et al. 2003) (summarized in Table 2). Epigenetic changes may affect gene expression in specific tissues (e.g., brain regions) and subsequently modify neurodevelopment in a critical window of development, but the role of neurotoxicants needs to be determined.
Comprehensive exposure assessment is urgently needed to characterize the profiles of chemicals and their concentrations, especially in countries where informal e-waste recycling exists on a large scale but exposure assessment is scarce, for example, in India (Ha et al. 2009). Exposure assessment should include both environmental and biological sampling in the recycling sites and control sites to determine the extent of exposure. Exposure of children needs to be examined from in utero to adolescence—in pregnant women (blood, urine, hair), neonates (meconium, cord blood, breast milk), and children (blood, urine, hair). Toxicant profiles including metals and POPs should be determined in the same study subjects to reflect a real-world exposure scenario of e-waste recycling.
The demonstration of adverse health effects has historically preceded effective pollution control measures. Even though the precautionary principle has gained increasing attention in developed countries, in developing countries observed detrimental health effects are more likely to be a turning point in public opinion and policy making. Research is clearly needed to investigate the health effects of e-waste toxicants resulting from informal recycling activities. These health effects may include fetal development (birth weight, birth length, head circumference, gestational age, thyroid function) and child growth and neurodevelopment (cognition, memory, learning, motor function, executive functions, behavior).
E-waste toxicant mixtures have not been examined for their potential mechanisms of human developmental toxicity. Even in in vitro or in vivo studies, investigation of mixture toxicity is rare. In the case of primitive e-waste recycling, there is a need—and indeed a unique opportunity—to integrate human exposure assessment, adverse health effects, and toxicologic mechanisms, because such exposure is unprecedented and complex. Mechanistic research that involves new advancements in genomics, epigenetics, and proteomics may provide novel understanding of these known and suspected neurotoxicants. Potential effect modification and synergistic interactions of these toxicants can also be determined in this complex exposure. Mechanistic research can also elucidate the pathway from exposure to internal dose and to biological markers of early adverse effects. Biomarkers including biochemical and epigenetic changes can be reliably assessed in various biospecimens such as blood, urine, buccal swab, and saliva. Integrating mechanistic research into human studies will supplement the findings of animal studies with direct evidence of modifiable molecular changes in exposed populations.
Although informal e-waste recycling has occurred in developing countries for more than a decade, and high toxicant exposures in vulnerable population have been reported, few attempts have been made to intervene and reduce exposures in the local communities. Research can further determine the major contributing factors to high toxicant exposures that can be prevented or mitigated. Such factors could include locations of recycling workshops relative to residential communities, using houses as recycling workshops or storage, specific recycling processes and technical procedures, lack of personal and environmental protection during recycling, lack of additional protection for pregnant women and young children, and nutritional and behavioral factors (iron and zinc deficiency, insufficient vitamin intake, environmental tobacco smoke). These risk factors can be reduced at either a personal or community level and could reduce the exposures and adverse health effects even if the recycling activities do not cease immediately.
E-waste is an emerging issue in environmental health, and its potential significance is now being recognized by both scientists and policy makers. However, serious data gaps exist in the quantification of exposures and health effects. In communities where informal recycling occurs, biomonitoring of exposures, especially in vulnerable pregnant women and young children, provide critical information for epidemiologic investigations, environmental policy making, and informed plans for intervention. Studies that use sensitive neurodevelopmental end points are particularly important in this complex exposure. Other potential toxicities in humans—for example, cancer, respiratory diseases, reproductive functions, and renal effects—should also be examined.
A systematic approach guided by exposure assessment and health effect research is needed to prevent toxicant exposures in e-waste. Engineers, environmental scientists, and other professionals can participate in the research to minimize exposure to these toxicants. Restricting the use of toxic chemicals in manufacturing of electronic devices will surely be the upstream of prevention efforts. Appropriate recycling technologies should be the mainstay of e-waste recycling practices. Informal and primitive recycling practices need to be significantly reduced or eliminated. Exposure of children to excessive e-waste toxicants should be minimized at both household and community levels.
Effective environmental regulations in e-waste management are needed to prevent excessive exposure to toxicants. Both developed and developing countries share joint responsibility in regulating electronic device manufacturing and e-waste transboundary movement. In countries where primitive recycling processes exist, human health, especially the health of children, needs to drive the regulation and management of recycling activities.
This work is supported partly by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants P30-ES006096 and RC4ES019755.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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We're gearing up for another round of summer internships on the CLR team and I'm looking for more candidates. We have openings for dev, test, and PM, covering a wide range of topics from:
- IronPython and Dynamic Languages
- Rotor (SSCLI)
- New class library support
- Code coverage/analysis tools
- CLR Profiler and WinFX performance work
- And whole lotta low level bit tweaking geek heaven in the engine
Qualified candidates should be finishing their second or higher year of advanced studies (university level). Programming skills are a must, but you don't have to be a Computer Science grad (some of our best programmers are mathematics and physics majors). Strong analytical skills are also a must. Experience working on runtimes or compilers is very helpful, but not a strict requirement. Competition is high, so expect to have a GPA in the 3.5+ (4.0 scale) range. For more details on Microsoft's internship programs, read this internship FAQ.
If you meet the criteria, please contact me through this blog and send me your resume!
Note: for those folks already in the work force, there are two links of interest:
- I have a very senior performance architect job open
- And our regular job openings are posted here

subset: commoncrawl


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Giving back.
Posted by Erin Adams
Every year the KVKL likes to give back as much as we can to the town we love. We are so thankful to Read more | Jul 29, 2015
Tie-Breakers From Divisions to Rank Pools
Posted by Scott Stewart
Hi All,
There have been a few questions about how the tie-breakers work when teams are placed from divisions into rank pools. Here is a breakdown with examples from this season:
The order of the tie-breakers is first Overall Division Records, then Head-to-Head (between tied teams), then Runs Allowed (between tied teams), then Runs Scored (between tied teams). Notes: I have never…


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About the Author:
Eimear McBride was born in 1976 and grew up in the west of Ireland. At twenty-seven she wrote A Girl is a Half-formed Thing and spent the next nine years trying to have it published. In 2013 it was the recipient of the inaugural Goldsmiths Prize. She currently lives in the UK with her husband and daughter.


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Description: An original cultural institution in the heart of Paris completely focused on modern and contemporary creation, where the visual arts would rub shoulders with theatre, music, cinema, literature and the spoken word.
Housed in the centre of Paris in a building designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, whose architecture symbolises the spirit of the 20th century, the Centre Pompidou first opened its doors to the public in 1977.
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Shop Leather
Shop Baer's Best
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Beach House Furniture
Pan Asian Furniture
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Sleep Health & Habits
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Outdoor Chaise Lounges
Contact your local store for special order lead time on this item.
This sofa table features an autumn toned slate look with a weathered bronze metal aprons. It has beautiful convex legs for a great look. It has one shelf for display or storage and two drawers for those 'odds and ends.' Place this table behind a sofa or against a wall as a perfect nesting piece. It will add elegance and harmony into a living room space. Overall Table Dimensions:Width- 50 inchesDepth- 20 inchesHeight-29 inches
The Madison Rectangular Sofa Table by Magnussen Home at Baer's Furniture in the Ft. Lauderdale, Ft. Myers, Orlando, Naples, Miami, Florida area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Madison's wood frames capture autumn toned slate look tops, with weathered bronze metal aprons and convex stepped legs for great eye appeal. Our cocktail features a lift-top with a storage area beneath. Note the casters for ease of movement. The chair side table also displays a sliding top that reveals a compartment.This unique design and beautiful top will attract many people. It can be paired with many different styles and fabrics of upholstered sofa and chairs and you can create an elegant living space. Crafted of ash veneer, hardwood solids, metal and polyresin, this harmony of materials will offer years of trouble free use.
The Madison collection is a great option if you are looking for Casual
Mission furniture in the Ft. Lauderdale, Ft. Myers, Orlando, Naples, Miami, Florida area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Madison collection from Baer's Furniture in the Ft. Lauderdale, Ft. Myers, Orlando, Naples, Miami, Florida area.
This item has been tagged as: Living Room Furniture, Accent Furniture, Occasional Furniture, Cabinet, Cabinet Tables, Storage Tables, Small Storage Cabinet, Chairside Cabinet, Short Cabinet, Accent Cabinet, Commode, Cocktail Tables, Lift – Top Cocktail Table, Storage Table, Cocktail Coffee Table, Cocktail Table with Storage, Coffee Table, Lift – Top Coffee Table, Coffee Table with Storage, Couch Table, Magazine Storage, Sitting Room Tables, End Table, Chairside Table, Coffee and End Tables, Furniture End Tables, Accent Table, Lamp Table, Pedestal Table, Hall Tree, Storage Hall Tree, Hall Tree with Storage, Coat Rack, Hall Tree Coat Rack, Entry Hall Tree, Hat Rack, Hall Trees with Benches, Bench and Hall Tree, Clothes Tree, Hall Tree Furniture, Entry Furniture, Foyer Furniture, Sofa Table, Furniture Sofa Table, Console Table, Sofa Console Tables, Sofa End Table, Secretary Desk, Table Desk, Wine Rack, Wine Glass Rack, Wine Storage, Wine Bottle Storage, Wine Storage Rack, Wine Bottle Rack, Cabinet Wine Rack, Wine Glass Storage, Wine Storage Cabinet, Larder, Kitchen Storage, Dining Room Storage, Occasional Tables
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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This information is provided for your convenience and may no longer be valid.
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first OregonLive.com user to add photos or videos of Don Pedro 5
For a place you order at the counter, Don Pedro's has great food. We've eaten many items and enjoyed all I...
Don Pedro 5 is located at 6501 NE Highway 99, Vancouver, WA. This business specializes in Restaurants and has 1 review(s) with a star rating of 4.0.


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|Beginner Band Try Outs
1046. Audrey NOT getting drums for school band. She is going to play flute - which is easy seeing as we actually own one of those;
1047. Ashlea's ever increasing cleverness. One of the apps on her iPad has the option to switch between child and adult mode. I couldn't work out why it kept switching back to adult mode when I set it to child mode. Until I realised that the small child had worked out how to do it herself. It even involves entering a different code each time:
1048. Emma's teacher forgetting to give homework for the last two weeks. Do you think I can hope that he's given up for the year???
James 3:8
Come near to God and he will come near to you.


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Computer graphics packages for printing allow you to supplement the text with illustrations of different origins, create a page design and products to print with high quality.
Adobe Photoshop
A review of the image processing software used in graphics is worth starting with Adobe's Photoshop raster package. It is something like a sample for comparison with other programs of the same purpose: these programs have the means for color correction of scanned images, photo retouching, allow to use special effects and masks, necessary for editing and editing raster images.
Adobe Illustrator
Vector package Illustrator of the same company Adobe is designed to create illustrations and develop a general design of the pages and is focused on outputting finished images with high resolution. The package allows you to create shapes and symbols of arbitrary shape, and then scale, rotate and deform them. In addition, Illustrator contains a wide range of tools for working with text and multipage documents.
Corel Draw
Among the fairly common packages of illustrative graphics, it should be noted CorelDRAW vector package Corel Corp., which has already become a classic vector drawing program. The package is intended not only for drawing, but also for preparing charts and editing raster images.


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GraphicRiver Cartoon and Comic Book Styles 335975
Script & Plugin \ Add-on \ Photoshop \ Styles \ Text Effects
Styles \ Photoshop \ Cartoon \ Included \ Unique \ Design \ Buttons \ Shapes \ Select
Add-on - Cartoon and Comic Book Styles 335975 by survivor @ GraphicRiver
Script & Plugin \ Add-on \ Photoshop \ Styles \ Text Effects
Cartoon and Comic Book Photoshop Styles
Cartoon and Comic – Photoshop layer styles are the best for your titles, buttons, shapes, etc. Styles are usable for any Text as well as on Shapes or Buttons.
Cartoon and Comic Book Photoshop Styles – Features
- All styles are made of 1 layer only
- Applicable with just one click
- Unique look and clean design
- Can be used anywhere
- ASL and PSD files included
Applying Styles – Quick and Easy
- To start using these styles just double click the file cartoon-and-comic-styles.asl .
- Now look at the Style Palette in Photoshop and You should see there 10 new unique styles.
- To Apply the Style just select your text or shape and simply click on the Style to apply it.
If you don't have interest about install the complete pack into your Photoshop, You can just drag and drop one of the text from the included PSD file to your Design and edit it.
Cartoon and Comic Book Photoshop Styles – ZIP includes
- ASL file with 10 styles
- Layered PSD file with all styles used
- Read.me file with info on used fonts and quick guide (doc and pdf)
Hope u like it and donЎдt forget to rate it thx…
Follow me
Add-on Files Included: Layered PSD, Photoshop ASL; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS2.
Letter "E" - Logo Template; 20 Christmas Gift Styles; Christmas And Winter Styles And Actions 4; Cartoon and Comic Book Styles - 300 DPI - Part 1; Cartoon and Comic Book Styles Bundle 2; Cartoon and Comic Book Styles - Part 8; 3D Sport Text - Actions.
Keywords: cartoon, cartoon styles, colorful, comic, comic book, comic book styles, comic styles, comic text, layer styles, photoshop styles, retro styles, retro text.


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Desertrivierahotel.com ranks
#2,841,287 in the world and generates
750 Page views for daily.
FreeWebsiteReport estimates Desertrivierahotel.com for a valuation of
$1,642 USD for it's visitor traffic that has the potential for CPC and Display-based advertising.
This traffic data suggests the Advertisers with a Traffic Acquisition Cost (TAC) of
$2.25 for daily and
$67.47 for monthly to spend on advertisements with Desertrivierahotel.com. Desertrivierahotel.com receives most of it's
organic referrals traffic from 29 websites around the world. Desertrivierahotel.com servers are located in the United States.
|Time Average
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3 Month
1 Month
Desert Riviera Hotel
Offers view of the mountains and a quaint, fun atmosphere. Amenities, photos and contact information.
Lodging Hotels and Motels Palm Springs
Google Safe Browsing - Safe website. Clean from Viruses, Malicious Worms, Adwares, Trojans, Spywares and Suspicious Phishing Attacks.
|DMOZ Name
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|Lodging/Hotels and Motels
610 E. Palm Canyon Dr, Palm Springs, CA - 92264, US. Phone: +1 904 680 6600, Fax: +1 904 680 6990 Email: dnsadmin[AT]websitepros.com


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RCM-SAR Crew Photos
Last weekend I had the opportunity to shoot 14 RCM-SAR crew photos for the team. While not everyone could make it, we managed to many of these marine rescue volunteers from Sooke. RCM-SAR is a volunteer lifeboat station who does, on average, 35+ missions a year. They are tasked out by the Canadian Coast Guard to assist mariners in distressed. These volunteers take their time away from family to dedicate themselves in vigorous training, hundreds of hours a year to assist those in need on the water.
If you get a moment and want to learn more about RCM-SAR Station Sooke, please visit their website.


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First weekend of the month. 10am to 2.30pm
Second Saturday of the month. 8.30am to 12.30pm
Second Saturday of the month. Matthews Park, Orange. 1pm to 5pm
First Sunday of the month. From 8.30am
First Sunday of the month. 2pm to 5pm
First Saturday of the month. 8am to 12pm
Third Saturday of the month. 9am to 12pm
More events and exacts dates can be found at www.visitorange.com.au
Orange and District Picnic Races
Australia Day Celebrations
Gnoo Blas Classic Car Festival
Banjo Paterson Poetry Festival
Flix In The Stix
Great Volcanic Mountain Challenge
Orange Bird Sale
Annual Veterans Golf Tournament
Orange Brass Band Celebrations
FOOD Week
Anzac Day Services
Orange Gold Cup
Orange Show
Orange Apple Festival
Antique Fair
Orange Eisteddfod
Orange Eisteddfod
City of Orange Golf Championships
Veterans Golf Championships
Australian National Field Days
Wine Festival (last weeks in October)
Wine Festival (Continued)
Orange Dragon Boat Regatta
Champion Dog Show
Carols By Candlelight
Garlic Harvest Fesival
New Years Eve Under The Stars


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SCSM 2016 – Steps used for upgrading custom development
The new version of System Center Service Manager is coming. TP5 is released and Microsoft communicated that there could be some impact for your custom development. Service Manager 2016 has been upgraded to support .NET Framework version 4.5.1. Along with this change, classes are moved to other dll's. If you are referencing one of the classes that are move from dll, your development will stop working on the new SCSM 2016 environment. Customization in Service Manager might break if:
- Solutions is targeting .Net Framework version below 4.5.1
- Classes or controls in use that have been moved to different dll
- solutions that have a version (7.1.1000.0) reference to Service Manager assemblies
To fix your custom SCSM solution, you need to run through your projects, update the references and recompile your solution. For some of the customizations it will be as simple as that, for other it goes a bit further to make the solution working again. This blog post will provide an overview of the steps I have taken to update my custom solutions. This will give you a first look on what needs to be done. Not everything can be done at once…so expect a regular update of this blog post. I will update this blog while I'm travelling though my custom solutions upgrade to support SCSM 2016.
To goal of this post is to build a number of upgrade procedures for different flavors of customizations. Feel free to email me or comment on this post to give feedback or share your upgrade procedure/experience. New upgrade procedures will be added on the end of this blog post.
Have fun upgrading your solutions !
Kurt Van Hoecke
0: Prepare your environment, gather the new SCSM 2016 dll's
Besides the .Net version, dll files need to be updated in some of your projects. I have created a "2016 references" folder and copied all needed dll files from the Service Manager program folder.
Some of the dll files are not directly stored in the SCSM programs folder. The "Microsoft.EnterpriseManagement.ServiceManager.SharedResources.dll" for example can be found in your user profile appdata folder. Navigate in the appdata folder to Local –> Microsoft –> System Center Service Manager 2010 (in my case) –> <your SCSM mgmt. server> –> 7.5.7314.0. In this folder you can find your remaining dll's.
1: Custom CMDB Classes and form customization mpb
This solution includes several class definitions and supporting forms to provide access to classes and class properties. It is a CMDB extension that is create partially in Visual Studio Authoring Extensions (Classes, relationships, views) and forms are created a separate project in Visual Studio. This dll is referenced in the VSAE solution to create to mpb file to import.
SCSM components
- Classes are defined in the VSAE project. No specific custom "tricks" done in this mgmt. pack…the classic way to define your classes for SCSM.
- Forms that have bindings to these classes are using the controls for SCSM.
For these forms; we need to upgrade the project to .NET 4.5.1
- SMControls are used, we know some controls are rehomed to other dll.
- Some custom code behind to make everything working for this solution. Listviews, for example, are defined in these forms to visualize the relationships between the custom classes.
Upgrade process
Open the project in Visual Studio and open properties of the project. On the Application tab update the Target framework to .NET Framework 4.5.1
The next step is to update all your references in your project. I think that you normally you only need to update the one that are changed. Because your solution will not be backwards compatible it is safe to update all your references.
Most references in this project are UI dll's. To give a view on this, a screenshot of references for this project is added below. After updating the SCSM references they all have version 7.0.5000.0
Custom forms are UserControls and this XAML file need to be updated with the correct dll refrences. Some of the controls for SCSM are changed and need to be "moved" from SMControls to SdkDataAccess dll's. In this project there is a reference added as illustrated below.
Resource definition in the UserControl doesn't need to be updated, the SCSM 2016 dll was updated in the beginning of this procedure.
One control that is changed from dll is the listpicker. All listpicker definitions in your UserControl forms need to be updated to reference the correct dll. For this project the smcontrol2 need to referenced for the listpicker.
This needs to be done for every control used in the form that is changed from dll. Listpicker is one of them, most common used are the one used for building up forms. A warning is displayed in Visual Studio that the control definition cannot be found. So you directly know the used control needs to reference a different dll.
To give an idea of the changes…
Old SdkDataAccess
New SdkDataAccess
Note: In this project I had issues updating the listpicker definitions in the xaml code. Although all syntax was correct the form didn't display. After explicit naming all listpickers in the forms, the forms displayed correctly. This can be a specific issue for this project or a change in the listpicker definition for SCSM 2016.
All done, dll compiled correctly and can be integrated in the VSAE project.
Findings, results or other relevant feedback after testing the solution will be added to this part of the blog.
2: AssignDirectly custom task
The AssignDirectly task is a custom SCSM task to automate the incident and service request mgmt. processes. This solution makes the connection between a support group and an Active Directory security group. It holds classes to define the configuration and a form that is displayed at runtime of the task.
SCSM components
Class definition is used for holding the connection between a support group and the AD security group.
A Form is displayed when the task is executed to make the selection.
Task definition in mp
Upgrade Process
< To be completed >


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All of you history buffs and Lifelong Learners out there may know a lot about the Civil War, but do you know about Greater Raleigh's involvement in the war? As North Carolinians and Americans all over commemorate the sesquicentennial, or 150th anniversary, of the American Civil War, it is the perfect time to take a look back.
Watch this three-minute video that provides an overview of the Raleigh area's Civil War heritage, including highlights of the state's Ordinance of Secession to the war's final surrender negotiated by Generals Johnston and Sherman while Sherman was headquartered in Raleigh's Governor's Palace.
If you prefer to read your history, then check out this overview of Greater Raleigh and the Civil War, and then get out and about to see for yourself! There are 25 historic Civil War sites in the Raleigh area that you can visit for an up-close and personal learning experience. You can use this interactive map as a resource to guide your exploration.
What are some of your favorite historic sites in Greater Raleigh? Which Civil War sites are you most interested in visiting, or which ones do you wish could have been preserved exactly as they looked in 1865?


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KeVita Increases Distribution into Wegmans
Ventura, CA (May 31, 2011) – KeVita Probiotics Drinks, a fast-rising leader in the natural, organic probiotic movement, continues its rollout into natural grocers nationwide with new distribution channels in Wegmans stores throughout the Northeast.
As trends point out, probiotics are right up there with Omega-3's as the hottest selling dietary-supplement out there.(1) Consumers are demanding these in stores and are spending upwards of billions of dollars annually on probiotics. The industry has experienced an increase in probiotic sales of 37-percent in one year alone.(2) What better way to get your daily dose than with a gluten-, dairy-, soy-free refreshing drink option, like KeVita.
"Our delicious dairy-free cultured drink is blended with organic fruit purees and fermented to perfection to create a truly refreshingly delicious beverage," said William Moses, co-founder and CEO of KeVita. "We are thrilled to partner with such a strong retailer, like Wegmans, who sees the potential of our product. We look forward to a successful launch into their stores."
With six great flavors to choose from, KeVita's superdrink is helping to fuel the probiotic drink movement, a culture that is taking on an identity of its own. KeVita is quickly becoming a refreshment of choice as today's conscious consumers seek out healthy and beneficial alternatives to the sugary, 'empty calorie' choices frequently found on retail shelves.
KeVita is manufactured in a state-of-the-art, sustainable, and certified organic plant located in Southern Calif. Each of the six flavors offered by the company has its own unique blend of antioxidants and nutrients, as well as 20 billion digestive-aiding probiotics. For more information, please visit the website at http://www.kevita.com or join them on Facebook.
About KeVita™ Probiotic Drinks
KeVita™ is a collection of non-dairy probiotic superdrinks that are quickly becoming a top probiotic drink brand among the active, conscious consumer. KeVita ferments its original certified organic culture with L-paracacei probiotic. The combination of organic fruit purees, coconut water or teas creates a tantalizing taste that packs a boost of digestive-enhancing probiotics. KeVita is made using locally grown ingredients whenever possible. KeVita employs state-of-the-art sustainable manufacturing methods in their Certified Organic plant in Ventura California. KeVita currently offers six delightful flavors and has nationwide distribution through various independent and national retailers. Read more about KeVita at http://www.kevita.com.
1. Natural Foods Merchandiser (May 28, 2011). Newhope360.com. Retrieved from http://newhope360.com/probiotics-prebiotics
2. Winter, J. Functional Ingredients (November 3, 2010). Newhope360.com. Retrieved on May 28, 2011 from http://newhope360.com/probiotics/bacteria-buddies-americans-love-their-probiotics


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What Every Dog Owner Needs to Know About the New Canine Influenza/
I've been hearing more and more about the canine influenza. Some reports show that about 1,000 dogs were infected in Chicago in 2015. (USA Today). Seven canines in Florida have been diagnosed with the canine flu and the flu has popped up in 10 other states. (Fox News Health, May 31, 2017).
I found the following article on PetPlace.com, written by Christie Keith: Pet Place website
go here for full article ...Read More


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- Rejuvenate your soul with our Life Spa Aromas
- Specially formulated to be used in any hydrotherapy environment, including spas and whirlpool baths
- Does not foam and does not leave unwanted residue
- Does not contain alcohol
- Natural essential properties will soften and moisturize your skin
- Comes in a variety of fragrances which will be sent out ramdonly. Each fragrance will make your Spa Bath an intimate experience!
- Only 3-4 capfulls required for any spa session - great value.
- 236ml (8 Fl oz)
Office hours: 9am - 5pm Mon-Fri. 9am - 3pm Sat. & Sun.
Ph: 1800 648 363 or 02 4956 5694... Tap to Call Us on your Mobile Now!
Email: email@example.com
Skype: directpoolsupplies
When purchasing, tap the edit cart link to see what freight you pay.


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6 August, 2015
3 Lessons For IT From Amazon Web Services
Amazon.com recently posted its second-ever quarterly income figure: $23.2 billion in the last quarter, an increase of 19.9 percent that exceeded analyst estimates. That included $1.8 billion from Amazon Web Services, a full 81.5 percent more than in the second quarter of 2014. The division's operating income was $391 million, an impressive 400 percent annual gain.
Both IT organizations and Amazon's cloud competitors alike would be wise to learn three key lessons from AWS's success.


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From the Israel Insider - http://israelinsider.ning.com/forum/topics/geert-wilders-address-to-the - broken link, the Israel Insider is gone.
Geert Wilders Speech in the House of Lords
Geert Wilders Speech, House of Lords, London, Friday the 5th of March 2010:
Thank you. It is great to be back in London. And it is great that this time, I got to see more of this wonderful city than just the detention centre at Heathrow Airport.
Today I stand before you, in this extraordinary place. Indeed, this is a sacred place. This is, as Malcolm always says, the mother of all Parliaments, I am deeply humbled to have the opportunity to speak before you.
Thank you Lord Pearson and Lady Cox for your invitation and showing my film 'Fitna'. Thank you my friends for inviting me.
I first have great news. Last Wednesday city council elections were held in the Netherlands. And for the first time my party, the Freedom Party [ formally Party for Freedom ], took part in these local elections. We participated in two cities. In Almere, one of the largest Dutch cities. And in The Hague, the third largest city; home of the government, the parliament and the queen. And, we did great! In one fell swoop my party became the largest party in Almere and the second largest party in The Hague. Great news for the Freedom Party and even better news for the people of these two beautiful cities.
And I have more good news. Two weeks ago the Dutch government collapsed. In June we will have parliamentary elections. And the future for the Freedom Party looks great. According to some polls we will become the largest party in the Netherlands. I want to be modest, but who knows, I might even be Prime Minister in a few months time!
Ladies and gentlemen, not far from here stands a statue of the greatest Prime Minister your country ever had. And I would like to quote him here today: "Mohammedanism is a militant and proselytizing faith. No stronger retrograde force exists in the World. It has already spread throughout Central Africa, raising fearless warriors at every step (…) the civilization of modern Europe might fall, as fell the civilization of ancient Rome." These words are from none other than Winston Churchill wrote this in his book 'The River War' from 1899.
Churchill was right.
Ladies and gentlemen, I don't have a problem and my party does not have a problem with Muslims as such. There are many moderate Muslims. The majority of Muslims are law-abiding citizens and want to live a peaceful life as you and I do. I know that. That is why I always make a clear distinction between the people, the Muslims, and the ideology, between Islam and Muslims. There are many moderate Muslims, but there is no such thing as a moderate Islam.
Islam strives for world domination. The Quran commands Muslims to exercise jihad. The Quran commands Muslims to establish Sharia law. The Quran commands Muslims to impose Islam on the entire world.
As former Turkish Prime Minister Erbakan said: "The whole of Europe will become Islamic. We will conquer Rome". End of quote.
Libyan dictator Gaddafi said: "There are tens of millions of Muslims in the European continent today and their number is on the increase. This is the clear indication that the European continent will be converted into Islam. Europe will one day soon be a Muslim continent". End of quote. Indeed, for once in his life, Gaddafi was telling the truth. Because, remember: mass immigration and demographics is destiny!
Islam is merely not a religion, it is mainly a totalitarian ideology. Islam wants to dominate all aspects of life, from the cradle to the grave. Sharia law is a law that controls every detail of life in a Islamic society. From civic- and family law to criminal law. It determines how one should eat, dress and even use the toilet. Oppression of women is good, drinking alcohol is bad.
I believe that Islam is not compatible with our Western way of life. Islam is a threat to Western values. The equality of men and women, the equality of homosexuals and heterosexuals, the separation of church and state, freedom of speech, they are all under pressure because of Islamization. Ladies and gentlemen: Islam and freedom, Islam and democracy are not compatible. It are opposite values.
No wonder that Winston Churchill called Adolf Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' "the new Quran of faith and war, turgid, verbose, shapeless, bur pregnant with its message". As you know, Churchill made this comparison, between the Koran and Mein Kampf, in his book 'The Second World War', a master piece, for which, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Churchill's comparison of the Quran and 'Mein Kampf' is absolutely spot on. The core of the Quran is the call to jihad. Jihad means a lot of things and is Arabic for battle. Kampf is German for battle. Jihad and Kampf mean exactly the same.
Islam means submission, there cannot be any mistake about its goal. That's a given. The question is whether we in Europe and you in Britain, with your glorious past, will submit or stand firm for your heritage.
We see Islam taking off in the West at an incredible pace. Europe is Islamizing rapidly. A lot of European cities have enormous Islamic concentrations. Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels and Berlin are just a few examples. In some parts of these cities, Islamic regulations are already being enforced. Women's rights are being destroyed. Burqa's, headscarves, polygamy, female genital mutilation, honour-killings. Women have to go to separate swimming-classes, don't get a handshake. In many European cities there is already apartheid. Jews, in an increasing number, are leaving Europe.
As you undoubtedly all know, better then I do, also in your country the mass immigration and Islamization has rapidly increased. This has put an enormous pressure on your British society. Look what is happening in for example Birmingham, Leeds, Bradford and here in London. British politicians who have forgotten about Winston Churchill have now taken the path of least resistance. They have given up. They have given in.
Last year, my party has requested [ sic ] the Dutch government to make a cost-benefit analysis of the mass immigration. But the government refused to give us an answer. Why? Because it is afraid of the truth. The signs are not good. A Dutch weekly magazine - Elsevier - calculated costs to exceed 200 billion Euros. Last year alone, they came with an amount of 13 billion Euros. More calculations have been made in Europe: According to the Danish national bank, every Danish immigrant from an Islamic country is costing the Danish state more than 300 thousand Euros. You see the same in Norway and France. The conclusion that can be drawn from this: Europe is getting more impoverished by the day. More impoverished thanks to mass immigration. More impoverished thanks to demographics. And the leftists are thrilled.
I don't know whether it is true, but in several British newspapers I read that Labour opened the door to mass immigration in a deliberate policy to change the social structures of the UK. Andrew Neather, a former government advisor and speech writer for Tony Blair and Jack Straw, said the aim of Labour's immigration strategy was, and I quote, to "rub the Right's nose in diversity and render their arguments out of date". If this is true, this is symptomatic of the Left.
Ladies and gentlemen, make no mistake: The left is facilitating Islamization. Leftists, liberals, are cheering for every new Sharia bank being created, for every new Sharia mortgage, for every new Islamic school, for every new Sharia court. Leftists consider Islam as being equal to our own culture. Sharia law or democracy? Islam or freedom? It doesn't really matter to them. But it does matter to us. The entire leftist elite is guilty of practising Cultural Relativism. Universities, churches, trade unions, the media, politicians. They are all betraying our hard-won liberties.
Why I ask myself, why have the Leftists and liberals stopped to fight for them? Once the Leftists stood on the barricades for women's rights. But where are they today? Where are they in 2010? They are looking the other way. Because they are addicted to cultural relativism and dependent on the Muslim vote. They are dependent on mass-immigration.
Thank heavens Jacqui Smith isn't in office anymore. It was a victory for free speech that a UK judge brushed aside her decision to refuse me entry to your country last year. I hope that the judges in my home country are at least as wise and will acquit me of all charges, later this year in the Netherlands.
Unfortunately, so far they have not done so well. For they do not want to hear the truth about Islam, nor are they interested to hear the opinion of top class legal experts in the field of freedom of expression. Last month in a preliminary session the Court refused fifteen of the eighteen expert-witnesses I had requested to be summoned.
Only three expert witnesses are allowed to be heard. Fortunately, my dear friend and heroic American psychiatrist Dr. Wafa Sultan is one of them. But their testimony will be heard behind closed doors. Apparently the truth about Islam must not be told in public, the truth about Islam must remain secret.
Ladies and gentlemen, I'm being prosecuted for my political beliefs. We know political prosecution to exist in countries in the Middle East, like Iran and Saudi-Arabia, but never in Europe, never in the Netherlands.
I'm being prosecuted for comparing the Quran to 'Mein Kampf'. Ridiculous. I wonder if Britain will ever put the beliefs of Winston Churchill on trial… Ladies and gentlemen, the political trial that is held against me has to stop.
But it is not all about me, not about Geert Wilders. Free Speech is under attack. Let me give you a few other examples. As you perhaps know, one of my heroes, the Italian author Oriana Fallaci had to live in fear of extradition to Switzerland because of her anti-Islam book 'The Rage and the Pride'. The Dutch cartoonist Nekschot was arrested in his home in Amsterdam by 10 police men because of his anti-Islam drawings. Here in Britain, the American author Rachel Ehrenfeld was sued by a Saudi businessman for defamation. In the Netherlands Ayaan Hirsi Ali and in Australia two Christian pastors were sued. I could go on and on. Ladies and gentlemen, all throughout the West freedom loving people are facing this ongoing 'legal jihad'. This is Islamic 'lawfare'. And, ladies and gentlemen, not long ago the Danish cartoonist Westergaard was almost assassinated for his cartoons.
Ladies and gentlemen, we should defend the right to freedom of speech. With all our strength. With all our might. Free speech is the most important of our many liberties. Free speech is the cornerstone of our modern societies. Freedom of speech is the breath of our democracy, without freedom of speech our way of life our freedom will be gone.
I believe it is our obligation to preserve the inheritance of the brave young soldiers that stormed the beaches of Normandy. That liberated Europe from tyranny. These heroes cannot have died for nothing. It is our obligation to defend freedom of speech. As George Orwell said: "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear".
Ladies and gentlemen, I believe in another policy, it is time for change. We must make haste. We can't wait any longer. Time is running out. If I may quote one of my favourite American presidents: Ronald Reagan once said: "We need to act today, to preserve tomorrow". That is why I propose the following measures, I only mention a few, in order to preserve our freedom:
First, we will have to defend freedom of speech. It is the most important of our liberties. In Europe and certainly in the Netherlands, we need something like the American First Amendment.
Second, we will have to end and get rid of cultural relativism. To the cultural relativists, the Sharia socialists, I proudly say: Our Western culture is far superior to the Islamic culture. Don't be afraid to say it. You are not a racist when you say that our own culture is better.
Third, we will have to stop mass immigration from Islamic countries. Because more Islam means less freedom.
Fourth, we will have to expel criminal immigrants and, following denaturalisation, we will have to expel criminals with a dual nationality. And there are many of them in my country.
Fifth, we will have to forbid the construction of new mosques. There is enough Islam in Europe. Especially since Christians in Turkey, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Indonesia are mistreated, there should be a mosque building-stop in the West.
And last but not least, we will have to get rid of all those so-called leaders. I said it before: Fewer Chamberlains, more Churchills. Let's elect real leaders.
Ladies and gentlemen. To the previous generation, that of my parents, the word 'London' is synonymous with hope and freedom. When my country was occupied by the national-socialists the BBC offered a daily glimpse of hope in my country, in the darkness of Nazi tyranny. Millions of my fellow country men listened to it, underground. The words 'This is London' were a symbol for a better world coming soon.
What will be broadcasted [ sic ] forty years from now? Will it still be "This is London"? Or will it be "This is Londonistan"? Will it bring us hope? Or will it signal the values of Mecca and Medina? Will Britain offer submission or perseverance? Freedom or slavery? The choice is yours. And in the Netherlands the choice is ours.
Ladies and gentlemen, we will never apologize for being free. We will and should never give in. And, indeed, as one of your former leaders said: We will never surrender.
Freedom must prevail, and freedom will prevail.
Thank you very much.
Geert speaks well.
Geert wrote "Marked for Death: Islam's War against the West and Me".
He is sound on Islam but panders to Zionist crazies big time. He still gets abused by the Zionist media though.
Geert Wilders Is On Trial For Using Freedom Of Speech [ 24 November 2016 ]
Geert Wilders who runs the Party for Freedom [ PVV ] in Holland is on trial, accused of inciting "discrimination and hatred" against Moroccans living in the Netherlands. His final statement about Free Speech makes sense. The whole thing is political driven, a Malicious Prosecution. It is what Merkel would like to do to other politicians.
Merkel knows a lot about hate, especially of Free Speech & of truth.
Malicious Prosecution Of Geert Wilders Backfires For Socialist Enemies [ 13 December 2016 ]
THE LIBERAL elite's decision to prosecute Dutch populist leader Geert Wilders for hate speech spectacularly backfired today as his anti-immigrant party soared to a commanding lead in the polls.
Voters have rallied to the Freedom Party (PVV) after its controversial chief was convicted for saying there were "too many Moroccans" in the Netherlands in a case critics had feared would only boost his popularity.
His party has opened up a daunting nine point gap on its rivals, putting it on track to scoop 36 out of the Dutch parliament's 150 seats in next Spring's elections. The bombshell poll, released by the Maurice de Hond Institute yesterday, is the first indication of how voters will react to the controversial decision to prosecute Mr Wilders under discrimination laws.
And it will send shockwaves through Brussels, which is already reeling from the loss of Europhile Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi and which is facing a year of crunch elections which could finish the bloc for good. The Freedom Party are on course to become the biggest party in the Dutch parliament............ In a tweet after the verdict Mr Wilders said that the "elite", including Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte, had prosecuted him out of "panic", adding: "It just makes me and the PVV stronger. Suckers." And reacting to yesterday's poll, he added: "The Dutch people will acquit me on election day."
When the crowd chanted back "Fewer! Fewer! Fewer!" Mr Wilders smiled and replied: "We're going to take care of that."..........
But Mr Wilders hit back, saying that the trial was a farce and that "millions of Dutch are sick and tired of political correctness, sick and tired of the elite which only cares about itself and ignores the ordinary Dutchman".
This can only be good news.
Third World Criminal Betrays Geert Wilders [ 25 February 2017 ]
The danger of legal Third World immigration into Europe has been illustrated once again with the news that a Moroccan working as a policeman in Holland has been arrested after giving information of Dutch populist and anti-invasion campaigner Geert Wilders' public program to a Moroccan criminal gang.................
Wilders has been under 24-hour police protection for ten years following Muslim threats against his life, and always keeps his movements secret—with only the police's DBB security service having forward knowledge of his public appearances to minimize the chances of assassination.........
The Dutch Algemeen Dagblad newspaper reported that the Moroccan officer and his brother, both previously members of the Utrecht police force, had also been investigated in the past in connection with suspected leaks of confidential information—but that this was apparently no impediment to them being assigned to the section which protects VIPs..........
The AD news service revealed that Kattat's brother, Mohammed, had been the subject of a police investigation in 2007 on charges related to breaking the official secrets regulations as well—apparently in connection with a murder investigation of a Moroccan gangster named Abdel Edoujaji.
Import aliens on the make, pretend that they are trustworthy then we find out they are crooked, that they have been allowed to infiltrate, to become part of the Enemy Within.
PS Hard Left propaganda operations like The Guardian [ Far-right leader Geert Wilders calls Moroccan migrants 'scum ...] & the BBC [ Dutch populist Geert Wilders talks of Moroccan 'scum' - BBC News ] like to abuse Geert Wilders but ignore Islamics setting up a political murder.
Geert Wilders Loses Dutch Election [ 16 March 2017 ]
Right-wing Dutch MP Geert Wilders has accused the country's victorious Prime Minister Mark Rutte of treating his supporters like 'semi Nazis' after his party lost the General Election. Rutte's VVD party won with a predicted 32 seats in the 150-seat parliament, while Wilders' populist PVV party is joint second with 19 seats, alongside the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Democracy party (D66).............
The loss represented a decrease of nine seats for Rutte and an increase of seven seats for Wilders.
Speaking after exit polls predicted he had won his third term as Prime Minister, a jubilant Rutte said: 'This is an evening where the Netherlands, after Brexit and Trump, said 'That's enough of the wrong sort of populism'.
This is a pity but Geert gained seats; that is something. Recall that the enemies of civilization won in Austria because all parties, left, right & middle ganged up on Norbert Hofer, the Nationalist candidate. Perhaps it was not absolute proof of treasonous intent; it certainly looks that way.
Dutch Election Post Mortem - Labour Party Dies As Ethnics Move On [ 19 March 2017 ]
Labour parties in most countries were formed to help the Working Classes; in most countries they have betrayed their own. Marxists running them are using Identity Politics, backing single issue causes like Feminism, Homosexuality, Illegal Immigration & anti-White i.e. pro-Third World Racism. This worked as a way of getting power and betraying their own countries but Islamic savages are sound on homosexuals. They favour hanging, crucifixion or whatever. This election proved that political bribes are not enough. Turks don't vote political; Turks vote ethnic. The same pressures are at work in England. Labour politicians and police connived at thousands of rapes in Rotherham, Rochdale et cetera as a quid pro quo for industrial scale Vote Rigging.


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Thin Line Fest
There are presently no open calls for submissions.
2017 Thin Line Photography Festival
"Show Us Your Best Work."
Legendary fashion photographer Helmut Newton once said, "The first 10,000 shots are the worst." Helmut shot on film - a digital camera can take unlimited photos. When one thinks about it, shooting digital makes finding your individual and unique style easier and yet more difficult.
It's said that your portfolio is only as strong as your weakest picture, and last year's Thin Line photography submissions were very strong. As our name suggests, we are always pushing that thin line a little further and this year we've narrowed our photography submission categories down to just one: "Show Us Your Best Work."
Ansel Adams said: "Twelve significant photographs in any one year is a good
crop." Hardly any of us can ever hope to achieve Ansel's status but amateur and
professional photographers alike will typically have that one image (or series
of images) that clearly define their style, scope, and passion in photography.
That's what we want to see from you.
Show us your best work. We are ready to be amazed.
Submission Dates:
- Early Bird Deadline is October 31, 2016
- Regular Deadline is December 15, 2016
- Late Deadline is January 15, 2017
The 2017 Thin Line category of "Show Us Your Best Work" will have four (4) award levels:
1st Place: $1000 cash or cash-value
2nd Place: $500 cash or cash-value
3rd Place: $250 cash or cash-value
4th Place: $150 cash or cash-value
Eligibility: Entrant confirms and warrants required legal authority to submit the entry into the Festival and to use all images and content in the entry. You must be the creator and current copyright holder of all work submitted. The photo contest is open to all photographers worldwide, both amateur and professional. All genres accepted. Thin Line reserves the right to place your images in any category for award purposes. Student works are accepted.
Fees: Submission fees are in US Dollars and are non-refundable. Thin Line reserves the right to disqualify a submission, without a refund or credit, if eligibility requirements are not met or if eligibility status changes. Each entry must be accompanied by the appropriate fee. Submission fees may be paid by credit card only (Visa, MasterCard, Discover).
Students: Students get 50% off submission fees. Your submission must be flagged as 'student' when asked and you must e-mail a photo/copy of your student ID to firstname.lastname@example.com within 20 days of submission.
We MUST receive all submission materials (including high resolution digital photo, photo description and photographer bio) by January 14, 2017. Otherwise, your submission will not be considered.
Multiple entries are allowed.
If You Are Selected
- All entrants will be notified by e-mail their submission status no later than February 20, 2017.
- You must execute a release agreement wherein you (i) accept responsibility for obtaining any and all clearances necessary to exhibit your photo at Thin Line 2017 and any future festivals, (ii) warrant that you have the rights necessary to exhibit your photo at Thin Line 2017; and (iii) indemnify and hold harmless Thin Line Fest, its parent company, its affiliates, and subsidiaries and any of their respective directors, officers, employees, and representatives against any claim arising out of exhibition of your photo,at Thin Line 2017.
- You authorize Thin Line Fest to exhibit your selected work during the festival and any future festivals.
- You authorize Thin Line Fest to use your selected work for festival promotion purposes.
If your photo is selected for print, the Photo Program Committee will determine print-size and format for display at the various photography exhibitions. You must provide a high-resolution, print-ready format of the selected photo(s).
Photo Sales: If Thin Line chooses to offer prints for sale, you may opt in or out of the Photo Sale program. For Sales, all interested parties will be asked to contact firstname.lastname@example.com at which point we will work with the artists to determine print requirements and pricing. Net proceeds will be split 50/50 with the artist.
Invited Works/Artists
- Thin Line, at its sole discretion, may invite select photographers to participate in the festival.
- All invited works are ineligible for competitive awards.
Award Rules:
- Unless otherwise agreed by the Festival in writing, awards will be fulfilled approximately 10-14 weeks after the closing date of the festival.
- Award eligibility is subject to any restrictions or conditions imposed by applicable laws and regulations (international, federal, state or otherwise), and the award recipient is responsible for all applicable taxes, customs, tariffs, insurance and similar charges or costs (if any).
- 2017 Awards listed are subject to change.
Photo entries will be judged on originality, technical excellence, composition, overall impact, and artistic merit. The story behind the photo may influence the judges' decisions. Decisions made by the judges are final.
Copyright: By entering, you retain copyright and remain the owner of your images. Thin Line is hereby granted irrevocable permission by submitter to reproduce the images via print, web publishing, and other acceptable forms for non-profit, & editorial use. This permission applies worldwide. Submitter retains the copyright to all images and derivative works thereof, per USC Title 17 (US Copyright Law). Your submission releases Thin Line from any liability due to loss or damage of the images, and also releases Thin Line from any obligation to maintain copies of any digital file, image, or photograph.


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Paris Saint-Germain are reported to have joined Atletico Madrid in the race to sign Chelsea striker Diego Costa in the summer.
A big question mark remains over the future of Costa, who has been heavily linked with a move away from Stamford Bridge, with his former club Atletico keen to take him back.
Costa's form this season has dramatically improved following the departure of Jose Mourinho, but there is still a possibility he could leave as the Blues plan some big changes at the end of the campaign.
Wednesday night's Champions League opponents PSG have now thrown their hat into the ring as they look to sign a replacement for Zlatan Imdrahimovic, who will leave the Parisians at the end of the season.
It remains to be seen if the speculation has emerged in an attempt to unsettle the striker ahead of the Stamford Bridge clash as Chelsea look to overturn a 2-1 deficit and book their place in the quarter-finals.


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Tony Sheridan, early Beatles associate, dies at 72
BERLIN — Tony Sheridan, a British singer who performed with the Beatles during their early years in Hamburg, has died in Germany. He was 72.
Frank Orth, the owner of Wemo Records, a German label that issued his last album, said Sheridan died Saturday. He didn't have details of the cause.
Former Beatle Paul McCartney said on his website that Sheridan "was a good guy who we knew and worked with from the early days in Hamburg."
|The article you requested is no longer available on BostonHerald.com.
- More On:
- Paul McCartney
- Tony Sheridan


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Sign In
Save and Track Your Favorite Properties
"My goal is to always exceed the expectations of my clients".
Please consider contacting me with any real estate questions that you may have. In addition, it would be my privilege to assist you with your real estate needs.
Prior to my career in real estate I spent 27 years in information technology as an independent consultant.
I have been in the profession of real estate for nine years. I have been involved in transactions primarily in the residential listing and sales arena with limited work in the commercial area.
Spent time in a variety of associations including, Optimist and Moose clubs and working with the elderly in Black Earth.
Played softball several nights a week in Janesville and Madison over approximately 20 years. I enjoy hunting and fishing in the Black Earth area.
My wife, Karen and I, enjoy having dinner at Wonder Bar in Madison, breakfast and lunch at Coach's in Cross Plains.
I spend time working on our acreage in the Town of Vermont, clearing land, home projects and time with our four pets.
Born in Janesville, I attended Janesville Parker High School, graduating in 1972. I then attended MATC in Madison earning an associate degree in Information Technology.
Began in real estate as a Realtor ten years ago.
Currently living in Vermont Township with my wife Karen, two dogs and two cats.
Karen and I attend Vermont Lutheran church in the Town of Vermont
We attend numerous fund raising events in the local communities.
- High school diploma from Janesville Parker High School
- Associate degree from MATC in Information Technolgy
- Numerous specific courses in the field of real estate
- BPOR Register broker pricing representative (pricing properties for banks and lenders)


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Dean Allen Provins wrote: > I just added another 32 + 64 MB of memory to an older Pentium 1 (2 72 > pin SIMMS each). There was already 32 MB installed, so this should have > totalled 128 MB. The BIOS finds about 117 MB, and the kernel (2.2.18) > finds just 65 MB. Read this for the details: http://www.ibiblio.org/mdw/HOWTO/BootPrompt-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.3 The older BIOS ABI only had enough bits to report 64 MB as a maximum amount of ram installed. At the time the programmers certainly said to themselves, "Who would ever have that much ram installed?" :-) You will probably need to supply the correct amount of memory as an option to the kernel at boot time. I will assume you are using lilo as that is the default. Put this in your /etc/lilo.conf file and then run lilo. append="mem=128M" lilo Bob
Description: PGP signature


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The post 17 MUST READ Articles – Fintech Trends & Predictions 2017 has helped me get back into the swing of things. But as i read some of those articles they highlighted some technology trends that i wasn't aware of. So i started searching for technology trends 2017 and found some pretty interesting stuff. I thought it would be useful to share those articles in this post – as a one stop shop for all of those bad-ass 2017 technology trends. Without trying to plug my own post, i summarised the Gartner technology trends 2017 last year, that's worth a look.
You'll see from the below there are the commonly discussed technologies – virtual reality, augmented reality, AI or machine learning, driverless or autonomous cars, smart homes – but there are some other noteworthy trends too – check them out:
Technology Trends 2017:
- Forbes - 7 Technology Trends That Will Dominate 2017
- Guardian - AI, self-driving cars and cyberwar – the tech trends to watch for in 2017
- BBC - 2017 tech trends: 'A major bank will fail'
- Mashable - 11 technologies to watch in 2017
- Frog Design – Tech trends
- Techradar - 10 big tech trends to watch in 2017
- MarketWatch - The 5 tech trends that will dominate CES and 2017
- Business Insider - 11 tech trends that will define 2017
- Fortune - 15 Trends Every Business Leader Should Watch in 2017
- Gartner - Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2017
If you've come across any other interesting technology trends 2017 articles, please let me know in the comments below.


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45LB Magnetic Retriever
Form: Magnet - 1" x 1/4"
Weight: Magnet - 1.2 oz
Function: This Powerful Neodymium magnet will hold up to 45 pounds! Comes with an easy clip carabiner hook.
This item includes: (1) 45LB Neodymium Magnetic Retriever, and an Awesome Fish Bone Sticker!
WARNING: Gravity Hook has not been tested or certified to bare human weight.
Never use it where failure or dislodging might cause bodily harm or property damage.
Failure to follow these warnings can result in severe injury, death, or property damage.
Not intended for unassited climbing or load bearing applications where failure would cause damage or injury.


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Now You Can Play Arm Wrestling Online!
Have fun playing this new popular video game.
The language on the site is fun and inviting. Asking if you want to become a famous arm wrestler, they say you should first "try to be the best arm wrestler in this bar!" You can play against a character named Seamus by using the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys and the SPACE BAR. Play now at http://www.911freegames.com/wwe-games/play-arm-wrestling.php.
By the way, the game was introduced on May 29, 2013 and has been played 2799 times already! Good luck against Seamus!
One Response to Now You Can Play Arm Wrestling Online!
I like the helpful information you supply to your articles.
I'll bookmark your blog and test once more right here regularly.
I am quite certain I will learn a lot of new stuff proper right here!
Good luck for the next!


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|3. série
|15. Thieves Like Us (Thieves Like Us)
|16. Time After Time (Time After Time)
|17. Pirates Ahoy (Pirates Ahoy)
|18. Turning the Tide (Turning the Tide)
|19. The Last of Morocco (The Last of Morocco)
|20. The New Recruits (The New Recruits)
|21. Rescue Bots Academy (Rescue Bots Academy)
|22. A New Hero (A New Hero)
|23. Four-Legged Hero (Four-Legged Hero)
|24. Endangered Species (Endangered Species)
|25. More Than Meets the Eye (More Than Meets the Eye)
|26. I Have Heard the Robots Singing (I Have Heard the Robots Singing)
|27. Now and Then (Now and Then)
|28. Today and Forever (Today and Forever)


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Our Loss Stories
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September 19th, 2007, 09:19 AM
Mega Super Mommy
Join Date: Sep 2007
Posts: 4,754
My husband and I had our first child in 2004 with no problems. It did take us 7 months to get pregnant with her, but no problems before that or during.
We waited two years before we tried for our second, in 2006. We used an ovulation kit this time around and got pregnant on the first try. We were completely ecstatic that Rachel would finally have that little brother or sister. I wasn't sick, had no cramps, and was feeling great. All of our doctor's appointments went well. We saw a heartbeat at 8 weeks and the nurse said everything was looking good and on track. I had no reason to expect a miscarriage because we never had problems before. When I was just at 10 weeks, I started having cramping that felt like I was starting my period. I was teaching lessons and had to wait till I got home to find that I was bleeding when I wiped. That was on a Thursday. I went to the ER on Thursday night. They couldn't really tell me anything. They sent me to my doctor on Friday who tested my HCG levels. I definately lost the baby Saturday afternoon. I felt it pass and it was horrible. I went back in on Monday for another HCG test to confirm my levels had dropped. They had. This was one week before Thanksgiving. I was devastated and didn't want to try again.
We waited almost a whole year to start trying again. I am now 7 weeks pregnant and I am scared every day that this will be the day I miscarry again. I've been incredibly nauseous and I've had cramping on and off for almost 2 weeks now with no spotting or bleeding. I have no idea if this is normal, but I'm very scared. I'm almost 30 and I'm overweight. I feel like if this one doesn't work, I can't do anymore. We already have one healthy daughter and I'm happy for that.
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