text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 11, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 23, 2000
|Priority date
|Sep 16, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Dawn White
|Original Assignee
|Solidica, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (59), Referenced by (95), Classifications (25), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority of U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/154,250 filed Sep. 16, 1999, and U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/155,615 filed Sep. 23, 1999, the entire contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to fabrication of objects and prototypes through the sequential deposition of material. More particularly, the invention relates to ultrasonic consolidation.
Numerous manufacturing technologies for producing objects by sequentially adding material exist, with the casting of liquid metal being perhaps the oldest such technique. In the past two decades, various processes for fabricating objects to net shape solely through material addition, i.e. without a finishing step such as machining to produce detailed, high-precision features, have been patented and, in a few cases, commercialized.
Most of these additive manufacturing processes either rely on an adhesive, or a solidification process in order to produce a bond between previously deposited material and each incremental volume of material which is added. Although the use of adhesives is convenient, the properties of the adhesive control the properties of the finished object, and this limits the usefulness of such processes in the production of engineering parts and products.
Processes which use solidification transformations result in objects with relatively uniform physical and mechanical properties, because the liquid which is present as each volume of material is added wets the previously deposited material, effectively acting as an adhesive with properties identical to those of the bulk material.
The most commercially successful of these technologies is stereolithography, in which a focused light source (typically an ultraviolet laser) is used to solidify a liquid photocuring polymer. As the laser focal point travels through a vat of liquid polymer, the polymer locally solidifies, and eventually, through appropriate programming of the motion of the focal point, a solid object is built.
Selective laser sintering is another additive manufacturing process in which a laser beam is used. In this process, a bed of solid powder is locally melted by a laser beam traversing over it. The partially melted powder aggregates, producing an object. Direct metal deposition is an improvement over selective laser sintering, and it is the subject of intense research and development around the world. In essence, the process involves the injection of metal powders into a high-power laser beam, while the laser is rastered across a part surface. The powders are melted in the beam, and deposited primarily under the influence of gravity.
Particularly with regard to the production of metal objects, prior-art methods require the presence of liquid metal. Various approaches to the problem include three-dimensional shape melting or shape welding, as described by Edmonds, U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,092, Doyle et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,186, and Prinz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,371, and laser melting and deposition of powders as described in Lewis et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,960. Brazing of laminated objects, and closely related to it, infiltration of a low-surface tension and low-melting point alloy to fill voids in objects made by compacting or printing metal powders have also been employed. All of these processes require high temperatures and formation of liquid metals to produce a metal part.
More recently, nickel vapor deposition has been employed as a means of producing nickel shells for net-shape fabrication applications, U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,651. Nickel vapor deposition (NVD) allows thicker shells to be produced as vapor deposition rates are higher than in electroforming (Milinkovic, 1995). However, NVD involves the use of highly toxic gases and requires a specialized reaction chamber. The cost and risk of this technology are both very high.
The presence of liquid metal in a process presents numerous safety and material handling problems. Furthermore, the higher the melting point of the material, the greater these difficulties become. When low melting-point materials, such as solders or tin-based alloys, are used these issues are relatively insignificant. But when engineering materials such as iron, nickel or aluminum-based alloys are employed, these difficulties become important. Safety hazards include fumes, the possibility of metal breakout when reservoirs of liquid metal are required, and high-intensity energy sources and high voltage, when methods such as laser metal deposition, or shape melting are employed. When metal powder is used as a feedstock, as in laser metal deposition, the danger of explosion is very real. Other processes, such as metal spraying to produce net shape objects, result in powder generation as a waste product which may also present an explosion hazard.
The presence of liquid metal in additive manufacturing processes may also detrimentally effect dimensional accuracy of a part when built. The dimensional changes which occur during the liquid-solid transformation in metals are not wholly consistent, and are subject to random noise. This noise results in unpredictable and uncontrollable dimensional inaccuracies in parts built using liquid metal processes, the errors being of the order of 0.001 in to 0.005 in per inch. As part size increases, the errors accumulate, making it impossible to produce accurate parts. Several solutions have been proposed, including the use of a second, subtractive step for addressing the accuracy issues. However, this adds time, cost, and complexity to the process.
Selective laser sintering and laser-aided direct metal deposition are examples of processes which rely on thermal energy which is remotely generated, and transmitted through the object undergoing consolidation to produce a bond. Thermal energy is generated by a laser beam, and transmitted to the metal powder, either in the beam, as in the laser engineered net shaping process, or at the powder bed, as in selective laser sintering, and eventually reaches the location where bonding/consolidation of the growing object occurs.
The transmission of thermal energy results in a number of undesirable side effects. First the process is inefficient in that much more energy must be produced than is needed to produce a joint. Second, the thermal energy is not transported only to the location where it is used. Large volumes of additional material are also heated leading to problems such as residual stresses, curling, the need to cool objects, etc., which have been identified by other inventors. Dimensional accuracy is also difficult to control.
The forging processes now in use for rapid prototyping and tooling generally involve the use of metal powders which are densified under heat, pressure, or both. For example, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is widely used in the aircraft engine industry. In this process, metal powders are compacted in a can which is subjected to high temperature and pressure. The material creeps to densify fully in the solid state. Cold isostatic pressing, i.e., isostatic high pressure compaction of powders at ambient temperatures can be employed for materials such copper, aluminum and low melting-point alloys. By producing a can of an appropriate shape, a near net-shape object can be formed. Powder forging can also be employed. Powder forging is a high temperature and pressure process conducted in a press in which the load is applied axially to the part rather than isostatically. A drawback of these processes is that they require some form of pattern or tooling, such as a can with a desired shape, or in the case of powder metal tooling, a ceramic or metal mandrel, against which the powders are forged.
The only commercialized low-temperature process for additive manufacturing of engineering scale metal components is electroforming, or plating. This is a very mature technology, which has recently been used to produce shells on near net-shape patterns for objects, usually tooling inserts for injection molding. Electroforming is a very slow process, as it takes up to two weeks to produce a shell 0.25 inches thick in a material such as nickel, which has sufficient strength and wear resistance to be used in permanent tooling. As a result, in rapid prototyping applications, this process is used only to create shells which require backfilling by some secondary material. Metal-powder filled epoxies are most often used, however, ceramic slurries, other plastics, cements, and low-melting point metals have also been used.
As a near net-shape forming technology, electroforming has other drawbacks besides extremely low deposition rate. In the electroforming process, metal salts are dissolved in an aqueous solution. When an electrical current passes through this bath, metal is deposited on the negatively charged surface, which, in net shape electroforming applications such as tooling, is a model which is the inverse of the desired final shape. Aqueous solutions of metal salts are generally toxic. Sludge forms in these baths as a by-product of the process. Both the liquid and the sludge are hazardous materials which must be handled and disposed of properly.
More recently, nickel vapor deposition has been employed as a means of producing nickel shells for net-shape fabrication applications, U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,651. Nickel vapor deposition (NVD) allows thicker shells to be produced as vapor deposition rates are higher than in electroforming (Milinkovic, 1995). However, NVD involves the use of highly toxic gases and requires a specialized reaction chamber. The cost and risk of this technology are both very high.
Electroplating or direct metal deposition are also used in the prior art for making objects with functionally gradient materials. Functionally gradient materials are those in which material composition is varied, whether rapidly or gradually, in order to allow a single component to more efficiently meet engineering service requirements. Examples in which such materials are used include injection-molding tools in which a copper zone is co-fabricated with the tool steel, in order to improve heat transfer in certain locations. Other examples are found in the hot zones of turbine engines and rocket motors, where it may be desirable to have a gradual gradient between a metal and a ceramic, or a metal and an intermetallic compound, so that certain areas of a part feature enhanced heat resistance, while others have excellent ductility.
Fabrication of functionally gradient materials often presents difficulties, because the materials may be metallurgically incompatible in the case of rapid variation, or because certain compositions may be very difficult to fabricate in the case of gradual variation. When copper and steel, for instance, are joined by prior-art fusion approaches, they tend to crack.
This invention is directed to a system and a method of fabricating an object by adding material layers incrementally and consolidating the layers through the use of ultrasonic vibrations and pressure. The layers are placed in position to shape the object by a material feeding unit. The raw material may be provided in various forms, including flat sheets, segments of tape, strands of filament or single dots cut from a wire roll. The material may be metallic or plastic, and its composition may vary discontinuously or gradually from one layer to the next, creating a region of functionally gradient material. Plastic or metal matrix composite material feedstocks incorporating reinforcement materials of various compositions and geometries may also be used.
If excess material is applied due to the feedstock geometry employed, such material may be removed after each layer is bonded, or at the end of the process; that is after sufficient material has been consolidated to realize the final object. A variety of tools may be used for material removal, depending on composition and the target application, including knives, drilling or milling machines, laser cutting beams, or ultrasonic cutting tools.
The consolidation is effected by ultrasonic welding equipment, which includes an ultrasonic generator, a transducer, a booster and a head unit, also called a horn or sonotrode. Ultrasonic vibrations are transmitted through the sonotrode to the common contact surface between two or more adjacent layers, which may include layers next to each other on the same plane, and/or layers stacked on top of each other. The orientation of the sonotrode is preferably adjusted so that the direction of the ultrasonic vibrations is normal to the contact surface when consolidating layers of plastic material, and parallel to the contact surface when consolidating layers of metal.
The layers are fed sequentially and additively according to a layer-by-layer computermodel description of the object, which is generated by a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The CAD system, which holds the layered description of the object, interfaces with a numerical controller, which in turn controls one or more actuators. The actuators impart motion in multiple directions, preferably three orthogonal directions, so that each layer of material is accurately placed in position and clamped under pressure. The actuators also guide the motion of the sonotrode, so that ultrasonic vibrations are transmitted in the direction required through the common contact surfaces of the layers undergoing consolidation.
In different embodiments, the system and method may incorporate the use of support materials to provide suitable substrates for any features of the object, which, when viewed sectionally, are overhanging. A description of the support resides in the CAD system, enabling the support to be built sequentially and additively. The support is preferably composed of less valuable material which is removed by stripping, cutting, dissolution, or by melting, when material having a lower melting-point than that of the object is used. As examples, useful support materials include ceramics, particularly water-soluble ceramics, and metal foils which do not bond but can compress and hold the up the build portion. The support materials may be consolidated using the same power supply and different joining parameters, though not every layer of the support need be bonded to the next layer, nor does the support need be fully consolidated. Indeed, weakly or partially bonded support material may be removed by breaking it up and shaking it loose using ultrasonic vibrations of appropriate frequency.
Other embodiments of the invention are directed to fabricating fiber-reinforced composites, including composites with continuous ceramic fibers in a metal matrix. According to one aspect, a layer of fibers is covered with a layer of a metallic powder, the surface of which is then partially consolidated by sweeping the surface with laser beam. Full consolidation is effected by the sonotrode of the ultrasonic welder. In a different embodiment, a layer of metallic foil is fed on top the powder and the sonotrode is used to fully consolidate the underlying structure.
Another aspect is directed to fabricating an object by tape lay-up. Tape from a spool is fed and cut into segments to create successive sections of the object, the direction of the tape segments preferably alternating between two orthogonal directions from section to section. The sonotrode is preferably positioned to consolidate the horizontal surfaces between the sections and the vertical surfaces between adjacent segments of tape on the same section.
Material may also be provided in the form of wire or strip fed from a spool. Such a configuration is particularly applicable to repairing and overhauling worn or damaged region of an object, wherein a sonotrode having a cutting tip is used to separate a dot of material and ultrasonically welds it in place.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the components of an ultrasonic welding unit; applicable to the invention
FIG. 2 shows a schematic ultrasonic welding process for plastics according to the invention;
FIG. 3 shows schematically a basic ultrasonic welding process for metals;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the material layers are sheets;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an automated system according to the invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates the use of support materials to fabricate an object with overhanging parts;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the material layers are tape segments;
FIG. 7a shows a stacking pattern for tape lay-up;
FIG. 7b shows a basic feed arrangement for tape stock;
FIG. 7c is a drawing of a horizontal section of an object fabricated by tape lay-up;
FIG. 7d is a drawing of vertical section of an object fabricated by tape lay-up;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the material layers are pieces of filament;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the material layers are dots of wire;
FIG. 10a is a drawing which shows how a small ball or dot of material may be produced for use by the invention;
FIG. 10b is a drawing which shows how the ball or dot is deposited on a surface;
FIG. 10c is a drawing which shows the tool use to form the ball or dot is withdrawn;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the fabricated object is a fiber-reinforced composite;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the fabricated object is a fiber-reinforced composite;
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention for repairing a worn region of an object;
FIG. 14a illustrates a discontinuous change in material composition;
FIG. 14b illustrates a gradual change in material composition;
FIG. 14c shows a gradual change in material composition produced by the dot-wise application of two distinct materials;
FIG. 15a shows how a sonotrode and feedstock are aligned for cutting;
FIG. 15b illustrates a feedstock being severed; and
FIG. 15c depicts a bonded increment of material having a shape dictated by sonotrode geometry and motion.
The subject invention is directed to the creation of three-dimensional objects by depositing and consolidating successive layers of material under pressure using ultrasonic vibrations applied at material contact surfaces. When this process is applied to metals, in particular, a true metallurgical bond is created at the interface, although no liquid (molten) metal, and no high temperatures, are involved. The ultrasonic consolidation of the metal-metal interface occurs in a solid (dry) state environment, and it is therefore a clean and safe process requiring no dies or molds.
The temperature rise at the interface between layers is below the melting point, typically 35% to 50% of the melting point for most metals, and any heating that occurs is confined to a region a few microns thick. Rapid heat dissipation from the region of bonding ensures that minimal residual stresses arise. As such, post-processing to relieve residual stresses is typically not necessary. Similarly, phase transformation is avoided, and the final product has improved dimensional accuracy and resistance to fatigue and cracking. Due to the low-temperature, solid-state nature of the process, energy costs are as much as 95% less than in competing technologies, allowing the process to be practiced in facilities such as offices which do not have high-voltage electrical service.
The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the figures. The main components of an ultrasonic welding unit adapted for use by the invention are shown schematically in FIG. 1. An ultrasonic generator or power supply 1 receives main grid electricity at a low frequency, preferably in the range of 50 to 60 Hz, and at a low voltage of 120V or 240 V AC. The generator converts the input to an output at a higher voltage, preferably having a frequency in the range of 15 to 60 kHz. A useful working frequency is 20 kHz, which is above the normal range of human hearing of about 18 kHz. Systems employing higher frequencies of 40 kHz to 60 kHz with lower amplitude vibrations are preferably employed for fragile materials, such as very thin foils, wires of very small diameter, or substrates which are easily damaged.
The high frequency output of the generator is transmitted to a transducer or converter 2, which converts the signal to mechanical vibratory energy at the same ultrasonic frequencies. State-of-the art transducers operate on piezoelectric principles and incorporate discs or rings made of piezoelectric material, such as piezoelectric ceramic crystals, which are compressed between two metal sections. An advanced generator features automatic tuning adjustment in relation to the transducer so that a constant amplitude of vibration is maintained during the operation of the welding unit.
The peak-to-peak amplitude of the vibration is 20 microns (0.0008 in.) for a typical 20 kHz transducer and 9 microns (0.00035 in.) for a 40 kHz transducer. If a different amplitude is required, a booster 3 is attached to the transducer. The vibratory energy of the transducer is transmitted to the booster 3, which decreases or increases the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves. The waves are then transmitted to the horn, which is a custom-made acoustic tool that comes in contact with the workpieces. The horn is also called a sonotrode or head unit. The horn may be designed as a tool-holder carrying a tool bit, or it may be provided in one integrated piece incorporating specific geometric features. For ultrasonic welding of plastics, the sonotrode is made from aluminum or titanium. For ultrasonic welding of metals the sonotrode is preferably made of tool steel, and it may be manufactured as a unitary component.
The workpieces or layers are held under pressure between the contact surface of the sonotrode and a substrate or anvil. The contacting surfaces of the sonotrode and anvil are roughened to provide a secure grip. Pneumatically operated jaws or other fixtures are used to insert and remove the parts to be welded, typically in conjunction with automated feeding mechanisms and automated positioning controllers.
A basic ultrasonic welding arrangement suitable for plastics is shown in FIG. 2. Two layers of plastic 15 are clamped under pressure between an anvil 10 and a sonotrode 4, which transmits vibrations 40 in a direction perpendicular to the common surface 20 of the layers 15 to be joined. When the invention is used to form objects made of plastic materials, the heating generated at the interface of successive layers is high enough to cause plastic flow and localized melting of the layers. The plastic materials, which may be used for forming objects by the present method, include the class of thermoplastics, either amorphous or semicrystalline. Common amorphous polymer materials, which may be ultrasonically consolidated or bonded, include acrylic, polycarbonate, polystyrene, PVC and ABS. Amorphous thermoplastics do not have a defined melting point, but gradually flow under heating, and gradually solidify when heating is removed. Common semicrystalline polymers, which may be ultrasonically consolidated, include nylon, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, acetal, polyetherimide and polyphenylene sulfide. Semicrystalline polymers have a well-defined melting point, which must be reached for the material to flow.
For plastic materials, the ultrasonic welder is preferably positioned so that the vibrations transmitted by the sonotrode are normal to the surfaces undergoing consolidation. The vibrations create frictional heating, which causes gradual localized plastic flow in amorphous plastics. When the vibrations stop, the gradual solidification process creates a seamless bond. For semicrystalline materials, higher amplitude vibrations are required in order for localized melting to occur.
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically the process of ultrasonic welding of metals. Two metal workpieces 15 are pressed.together between the sonotrode 4 and the anvil 10. The lower piece is held stationary by the anvil, while the upper piece vibrates with the ultrasonic frequency imparted by the sonotrode. The vibration breaks up and removes oxides from the interface resulting in an atomically clean surface. Pressure on the atomically clean interface causes diffusion of atoms to occur within a region of 10 microns on either side of the interface, resulting in a true metallurgical bond without melting, phase transformation or high energy.
In the fabrication of objects through additive manufacturing, the thickness of the layers is typically in the range of 0.001 to 0.005 inches, in order to achieve the desired dimensional accuracy. This is near the range of foil thickness to which ultrasonic joining of metals is best applied, and it is therefore perfectly suited for the purpose of ultrasonic consolidation of objects according to the invention. It is also possible to consolidate more than two layers of foil at a time, depending on their combined thickness.
FIG. 4 shows an object being fabricated by successive consolidation of layers of material 15 provided in sheet form. The sonotrode has an end piece in the form of a roller 44 and applies the vibrations over the surface of each layer until the layer is consolidated with the one underneath. Foil material can be supplied in sheets or fed from a roll. The foil can be consolidated into layers and cut according to the required geometry following consolidation, or it can be cut first, then consolidated.
When the process is used to produce features which are overhanging, cantilevered, or enclosed, a support material may be used to prevent the overhanging or enclosed feature from collapsing as material is added to the growing part. An exception would be the case wherein a filament or wire is used as a feedstock which is applied continuously, or as "dots" using five or more axes of motion in the work head or the build platform, such that material is always deposited on an essentially vertical surface, eliminating the need for supports.
Unlike some other methods of performing freeform fabrication, ultrasonic object consolidation requires a certain degree of rigidity in the support structures. This is because the mechanism of ultrasonic joining requires that material being deposited on an object being built, vibrate, under a slight load, at ultrasonic frequencies and very small amplitudes with respect to a the surface on which it is being deposited. If the support structure effectively damps the applied vibrations, no bond will form between the previously deposited material and the increment of material being applied.
An ideal support material for free form fabrication will be low in cost, easily applied and easily removed, and will not interfere with the operation of the process. The requirement for rigidity in the support for ultrasonic object consolidation mean that obvious support materials such as adhesive backed paper and most plastics are unsuitable for use as support material during ultrasonic object consolidation.
Support materials may be applied around precut foils to supply a support structure, or applied in layers and consolidated, as necessary, by the same or another sonotrode, perhaps requiring adjustment depending upon the type of support material being used. When the entire process is fully automated, another ultrasonic welding unit may be dedicated entirely to fabricating the support structure, based on a layer-by-layer description of the support created by a CAD system which interfaces with a numerically-controlled actuation system. The actuators operate to control the relative motion of each sonotrode used, the object undergoing consolidation, any support material, and the anvil or substrate.
Different techniques may be used to supply support structures with sufficient rigidity for use with ultrasonic consolidation. These include low melting point alloys which can be ultrasonically consolidated. Certain tin alloys such as 96.5 Sn, 3.5 Ag; and 91 Sn, 9 Zn, for example, can be ultrasonically joined, as can brasses and other copper alloys. Low melting point alloys which can be ultrasonically joined, and which are melted readily at temperatures much lower than the melting point of engineering materials such as aluminum based, nickel based or iron based alloys, are good support alloys for ultrasonic object consolidation. Examples include 96.5 Sn, 3.5 Ag, 58 Bi, 42 Sn; and 77 Sn, 20 In, 3 Ag. There are a number of tin based solders which can be ultrasonically joined, and have melting points of around 200� C.
Another suitable support material is stainless steel. Although stainless steel is a high melting point material, it ultrasonically consolidates under conditions very different from those required to join non-ferrous material such as brasses or aluminum alloys. Thus, stainless steel shim stock, which has been roughened by grit blasting makes a good support material. Stainless steel shims in either sheet or tape widths can be cut to fit "unwanted" volumes under overhanging or enclosed features. When a build material such as an aluminum alloy or brass is consolidated above it, the stainless steel tapes will compress, forming a rigid support, but will not weld. When the build is completed, the tapes can be shaken out from around the wanted structure.
Very strong high melting point waxes are also support structure candidates. Some of these waxes are used in jewelry making, and can be deposited in empty volumes (enclosed features) or under cantilevered features. Similarly, certain ceramics, particularly solgels, and water soluble ceramics which can be essentially slipcast incrementally into closed volumes are suitable for rigidly supporting a structure being built, and can be readily removed.
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an automated system for fabricating objects according to the invention. A computer-aided design unit 60 provides a layer-by-layer description of the object and of the support, as needed. The object material is fed onto the work area 75 by an object-material feed unit 64. The support material is fed onto the work area 75 by a support-material feed unit 62. The feed units may be combined into one when the shapes of the object and support layers are compatible, for instance sheets of plastic are used for the support and sheets of aluminum foil for the object. In general, two different feed units are required. As shown in FIG. 6, the object may be fabricated by consolidating segments of tape 100 or filament or dots of material, as described below in other embodiments of the invention, while the support for overhanging parts 95 of the object may be constructed by adding layers of support material 90.
The object layers may be either precut, or excess object may be removed by an object removing unit 80, which could be a mechanical or ultrasonic knife, drill, or milling tool, or a laser beam. If used, support material may be removed by a removing unit 85. Sporadic ultrasonic spot-welding of the support material may be limited to the extent necessary to provide a rigid substrate for overhanging parts of the object, thereby facilitating rapid removal of the support by cutting through thin, unwelded sections of the support structure.
The CAD system 60 interfaces with a numerical controller 70, which controls an actuation system (not shown). The actuation system brings the support feed unit 62, the support ultrasonic welding unit 66, the object feed unit 64 and the object ultrasonic welding unit 68 into proper position in the work area 75, so that the ultrasonic consolidation of the layers takes place according to the CAD description of the object and support. The actuation system also controls the vertical motion of the substrate or anvil and the motion of any additional vertical clamps required by the application, so that clamping pressure may be applied on two layers undergoing consolidation.
Feedstock in the form of sheets is often difficult to handle and maintain under uniform in-plane tension and pressure orthogonal to its plane; it may require very wide rollers to be fitted to the sonotrode, and successive passes of the roller to cover the entire sheet. A preferred approach with respect to wide objects is to build such an object from layers of material which are cut from a roll of tape. FIGS. 7a through 7 d illustrate the building of an object by tape lay-up. FIG. 7a shows a typical lamination stacking pattern, in which the layers of tape forming one section of the object have a direction which is at a 90� angle with the direction of the layers of tape forming the next section of the object.
The set-up of the operation is shown in FIG. 7b. A feed spool 120 holds the tape 110, which passes through a tension roll 130 and is fed on to the work area 75 to be consolidated with previous layers by the roller 44 of a sonotrode. The tape is usually 1 to 2 inches wide. FIG. 7c is a drawing of a horizontal section of the object showing adjacent tape segments, and FIG. 7d is a drawing of a vertical section of the object showing the vertically stacked sections.
For this process, ultrasonic vibrations are preferably transmitted in two orthogonal directions, namely, between the horizontal sections, and between the vertical surfaces of adjacent segments of tape forming each section. Such a configuration permits full consolidation, so that the bond lines which are visible in the stacking pattern of FIG. 7(a), are no longer visible after consolidation. In this embodiment, the layering and stacking may take advantage of tape-laying art methods combined with three-dimensional stacking techniques, including those of DiMatteo, U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,923, which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a different embodiment of the invention in which the material layers are in the form of tape, filament or wire 150, which is fed from a spool of wire 140. The object is built on a substrate 10 and consolidated by a sonotrode 4 equipped with a roller head 44. A numerical controller, not shown, allows an actuation system (not shown) to impart horizontal (XY) motion to the ultrasonic welding unit and the wire feed, and vertical (Z) motion to the substrate 10.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating yet a further embodiment of the invention in which the material layers are dots of wire. The wire 150 is stored in a spool 140 and passes through guide rolls 160 onto the work area 75 of the object being built. The sonotrode 4 has a tip designed to cut dots of wire in 50-500 micron increments. The substrate 10 has a controlled motion 180 in the vertical direction, and the ultrasonic welding unit which includes the generator 1, converter 2 and booster 3 attached to the sonotrode 4 is mounted on a frame 170 which imparts horizontal (XY) motion. The feedstock supply 140 is also mounted on the same frame 170 and has a controlled XY motion.
The point-wise application of dots of material, as illustrated in FIG. 9, allows the fabrication of objects requiring precise dimensioning and detailing, and it is particularly suited for building objects requiring application of materials with different composition. It is possible, for example, to join molybdenum (Mo) to both copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al), both of which are impossible to alloy or difficult to join with molybdenum using prior-art technologies.
The method of material deposition employed in wire bonding can also be used in "dot wise" material application. As illustrated in FIG. 10a, wire bonding employs an electric arc to melt a small volume of material from a fine wire feedstock. This droplet detaches from the wire, and falls onto the workpiece (FIG. 10b), and the arc-generating tool is withdrawn (FIG. 10c). According to the invention, a small, low power ultrasonic horn with a small contact surface contacts the droplet, and ultrasonically bonds it to the workpiece. By controlling the wire diameter, and the amount of energy in the arc, the droplet size can be controlled. Typical droplet dimensions are on the order of tens of microns. This process is used to bond wires to substrates in the electronics industry, and has not been used for free form fabrication. However, it has important advantages when employed as described here. A major advantage is the ability to produce very fine features in a wide range of materials.
In the case of solid free form fabrication, the droplets are formed and allowed to fall on the substrate, or on previously deposited material layers. They are located to overlap somewhat, so that when the ultrasonic horn contacts them and consolidates them, they deform and are forced into intimate contact with previously deposited material, eliminating voids and porosity from the consolidated structure. A precision motion platform capable of micron positioning and stepping of the type used in electronics fabrication is employed to ensure accurate droplet placement.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the fabricated object is a fiber-reinforced composite. The reinforcing fibers 200 are preferably continuous ceramic fibers and the matrix is aluminum or another metal of interest, such as a nickel- or titanium-based alloy. First, a layer of fibers 200 is fed on the previously deposited material 210, and then aluminum powder 220 is deposited over to cover the layer of fibers up to a desired thickness. A laser beam 240 is passed of over the layer of powder sweeping the surface of the powder layer in two directions in a raster-type pattern.
The laser beam preferably forms part of a laser-aided direct metal deposition system, in which the powder is fed through the same nozzle as the laser beam. Such an arrangement is similar to a selective laser sintering system, in which the laser partially agglomerates a bed of previously deposited powder. The laser beam is only used to partially consolidate the surface of the powder layer. Full consolidation of the powder takes place at a second stage by passing a roller-tipped sonotrode 250 over the partially consolidated layer of powder. The process is then repeated until a fiber-reinforced object is built. The same process can be used to manufacture composite tape for use in other applications. This process combines the advantages of laser-aided direct metal deposition and ultrasonic welding. The laser beam 240 provides a surface that can support the function of the ultrasonic roller 250, and the ultrasonic roller consolidates the powder matrix 220 without high-temperature heating or melting.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating another alternative embodiment of the invention in which the fabricated object is a fiber-reinforced composite. This process avoids the laser beam altogether. The support for the ultrasonic roller 250 is provided in this embodiment by an aluminum foil 260. The roller 250 consolidates the powder and foil in one step, and the process is repeated.
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a different alternative embodiment of the invention for repairing a worn region 300 of an object 310. To effect the repair, repair material filament 150 is fed from the spool 140 to the worn region under the sonotrode 4, which is equipped with a cutting tip, so that it cuts and consolidates small pieces of filament onto the worn region. Support material may be fed and consolidated, as needed, as described with respect to FIG. 6.
The method and system of the present invention may also be used to create functionally gradient materials. Ultrasonic additive manufacturing has unique benefits as a means of preparing functionally gradient, net-shape objects in comparison to prior art. The low-temperature, solid-state nature of the process means that materials which are very difficult to join metallurgically using prior-art fusion approaches can be easily joined by ultrasonic consolidation. For example, copper and steel, which tend to crack when joined by fusion methods, can be readily consolidated using ultrasonic energy. In addition, the dotwise process of ultrasonic object consolidation, which was described above in relation to FIG. 9, can be used to add material of gradually varying compositions to produce objects with wide range of compositions. Furthermore, feed stocks of two widely disparate compositions can be applied in gradually varying amounts to produce a functionally gradient zone.
FIGS. 14a through 14 c show how changes in composition may be effected during the fabrication of the object by the process of the present invention. The layers may be deposited and consolidated by using sheet, filament or dot-wise ultrasonic object consolidation. FIG. 14a, for example, shows a discontinuous change from tool steel to copper. FIG. 14b shows a gradual change from molybdenum to copper using sheet or filament material of varying composition. FIG. 14c shows a functionally gradient material produced by the dot-wise application of two materials A and B. The bottom layer is 100% material B, with successive layers incorporating an increasing number of dots of material A, until the top layer, comprising 100% of material A, is reached.
Sonotrodes applicable to the invention include applicator tips or points that first cut feedstock and then bond the cut segment to previously deposited material. FIG. 15a shows a sonotrode with a cutting point against feedstock 450. FIG. 15b shows a sonotrode 4 cutting the feedstock 450 in two pieces and joining one piece 500 to the adjacent material. The geometry and motion of the sonotrode can be designed to shape as it bonds the material increments, as illustrated in FIG. 15c.
The invention is particularly useful in manufacturing structures used in aerospace applications, such as airframes and aircraft engine structural components. Titanium and titanium alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn are now used for such structures, but they are difficult to form and/or machine. Ultrasonic bonding of monolithic, composite or functionally gradient materials from feedstock including titanium alloys, niobium, rhenium, nickel-based alloys and other alloys of interest, can be used to bond sequentially strips, filaments or particles to produce dense objects for aerospace applications. In the case of ultrasonic bonding of titanium, which does not form oxides at low temperature, a pressure of 1.5 to 2.5 ksi is sufficient to join 0.5 mm thick sheets at ultrasonic energy level of 2 kW, causing some atomic diffusion across the interface.
In addition to being suitable for the manufacture of prototype and production objects of conventional engineering dimensions, ultrasonic object consolidation according to the invention may be employed to produce miniature devices of various types. Examples include electronic components such as wiring, circuits, and micro-electromechanical (MEMs) devices which may incorporate miniaturized gears, beams, etc. to produce integrated devices such as sensors, or miniaturized actuators. This scale of fabrication is sometimes referred to a mesoscale manufacturing, to differentiate it from the "micro" manufacturing involved in transistors, integrated circuits, and so forth.
Ultrasonic object consolidation is well suited to mesoscale manufacturing, since it is possible to fabricate very small, yet metallurgically bonded structures from a range of materials using this technique. In this application, a very high frequency power supply, preferably 60 kHz may be employed, along with a very fine wire feed stock using a miniaturized apparatus of the type illustrated in FIG. 9. Alternative applications for this type of ultrasonic object consolidation include MEMS, certain types of specialized electronics, and advanced wiring and sensor systems for automobiles, which are moving to more specialized electrical systems as vehicular electronic content increases.
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|U.S. Classification
|700/119, 156/73.1, 700/182
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 23, 2000
Owner name: SOLIDICA, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WHITE, DAWN;REEL/FRAME:010645/0138
Effective date: 20000322
|Aug 21, 2006
|Surcharge for late payment
|Aug 21, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 16, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 16, 2010
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Aug 5, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Product Description
- Bark covered Hickory logs
- Finished with a clear-coat catalyzed lacquer finish
- Individually hand crafted.
Rustic Hickory Sunburst Cottage Log Headboard
The Cottage Hickory Sunburst Headboard is made from Hickory wood and logs. The logs are left unpeeled to give a rustic, natural look to the headboard. The hickory headboard comes with a clear-coat catalyzed lacquer finish.
Enjoy this Cottage Hickory Headboard in your rustic home, whether it is a log cabin, rustic lodge, or even a country cottage!
Find more rustic log hickory furniture in the Cottage Hickory collection here: Cottage Hickory
|Bed Frame
|Not Applicable
|Twin: 43"w x 60"h
Double: 58"w x 60"h
Queen: 64"w x 60"h
King: 80"w x 60"h
California King: 76"w x 60"h
|Typically Ships Via
|Motor Freight - LTL - Semi Truck
|Shipping Cost
|Free Shipping - Curbside/Tailgate Delivery
|Free Shipping Requirements
|Free Curbside/Tailgate Shipping within the Contiguous 48 States
|Usually ships in 6 - 8 weeks
|Limited Lifetime Warranty
|Wood Style
|Log - Bark Left On

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How to Practice Telling Time With A Fun, Easy Game
*This Post contains affiliate links from Amazon and other bloggers "Let's try jumping in again in five minutes," I encouraged my oldest. He glanced at the large clock leaning against the pool gate, "Ok that would be at….which hand tells the hour again?" Ahhhhhhhh!!!! I wanted...Continue reading »


text:
6917 W 70th Avenue, Arvada CO, 80003
Sold Price:
4 beds , 1 Full/1 Three-Qtr baths
1,639 sqft
Status: Sold
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Re/Max Alliance
Real Living CO Properties
(303) 377-8100
Last Updated: 11/19/2017 7:49 PM
Description for 6917 W 70th Avenue Arvada, CO 80003
Ready to move in! Corner lot that is beautifully landscaped. Some updates have been done. Large kitchen with granite counters. New insulation in August 2015.
Sold Price:
Sold Date:12/30/2015
Lamar Heights
1 Full/1 Three-Qtr
1,639 (approx)
Ready to move in! Corner lot that is beautifully landscaped. Some updates have been done. Large kitchen with granite counters. New insulation in August 2015.
Listing Information
Lamar Heights
1,639 Sq. Ft. (approx)
Public Water Service
Public Sewer
School Information
Room Information
Interior Features
1,639 Sq. Ft. Above Ground
Dishwasher, Disposal, Refrigerator, Range-Oven
Tile, Carpet
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Crawl, Slab, No Basement
Double Pane
1, Wood-burning, Family Room
Alarm -Smoke/Fire,
Exterior / Lot Features
2 Parking Spaces
Wood, Brick, Frame
Sprinkler System
Fenced (any type)
Shed / Utility Building, Corner
Driving Directions
72nd ave to Pierce, South to 70th ave, West to property on your right.
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
Arvada Real Estate
Arvada is located in Colorado. Arvada, Colorado 80003 has a population of 115,368.
The median household income in Arvada, Colorado 80003 is $69,550. The median household income for the surrounding county is $69,698 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Arvada 80003 is 40.5 years.
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text:
AQA GCSE Computer Science (4512) REVISION THREAD 2016
Hi guys,
It was quite difficult for me to find revision material for the AQA computer science course, but here are some of the things I used last year to achieve an A* in Computer Science.
[[Links:]] AQA Past papers ,
New Specification specimen paper ,
Computer Science Tutor Videos ,
Revision Books I recommend: My Revision Notes AQA GCSE Computer Science Computing Fundamentals by Steve Cushing (This is the only one I used, and knew about)
I also made some revision notes that i would like to share with you all. It can be found here:
I really recommend doing the all the past papers and specimen papers (even though there are only a few). Don't forget the specimen papers found in the new specification for teaching from next year ( I have linked it above) . Those papers have some questions which are irrelevant to this spec but just search through the papers to find questions you can answer. You can also attempt questions from other exam boards who have more past papers available.
The Specification is your best friend. Print it out and any note taking you do, make sure it confirms with the spec. The SPEC
Coursework-wise and exam-wise, I got A* for both, and i was predicted a B. The coursework was difficult and I'm sorry for not having any tips in relation to that, as I've forgotten everything since I've started AS levels.
Nonetheless, I hope you all good in your exams. Finally, Don't start revision late


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Great Value, Quiet Living
|1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Next >>
|1 of 11
80 Moama Street , Mathoura, NSW 2710
3 Bed | 1 Bath | 1 Car
Property ID: VIC600213193
If your are looking for value, you have come to the right place!
Set on a half acre allotment this home will not disappoint. With three spacious bedrooms all with large built in robes, the master walks through to the main bathroom which is light filled and roomy.The open plan kitchen living dining area features a beautiful exposed beam timber ceiling, creating a large sense of space, Solid fuel heating and ducted evaporative air conditioning. The kitchen boast electric appliances and has plenty of storage options.
Out side a very large yard with outdoor entertaining area, woodshed and side access, perfect spot to build a shed (STCA).
View CENTURY 21 Rich River Real Estate
Contact Agent:
Josh Wilson
Mobile: 0409402525
Email: Email Me


text:
Rare PRIMITIVE WOOD BUTTER STAMP PRINT MOLD BURL SPOON
Sold for:
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- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
Rare PRIMITIVE WOOD BUTTER STAMP PRINT MOLD BURL SPOON
This is a butter mold stamp/print in a spoon like shape. It is carved wood, maybe burl wood but I'm not sure. It is 7-5/8" long and 3" wide at the widest point. It is 1" deep with the center carved out approx. 1/4" deep x 2-3/4" x 3-3/4" with scalloped edges.Detailed design in the bottom of the bowl. Insurance is included in the shipping cost. I accept Payment due within 3 days of auction ending.
Most items will be shipped within 24 hours of receiving cleared payment. Payments received after 12:00 PM on Friday will be mailed the following Monday.
We try to describe all of our items as accurately as possible. We have provided many pictures to help show the item so you can make an informed decision on your purchase. If t is anything that I have missed or your need addtional information,please do not hesitate to ask. I am not an expert, but will try to answer any questions to the best of my ability and as soon as possible. * INTERNATIONAL BUYERS - PLEASE NOTE: Import duties, taxes and charges are not included in the item price or shipping charges. These charges are the buyer's responsibility. Please check with your country's customs office to determine what these additional costs will be prior to bidding/buying. These charges are normally ... read more


text:
GraphicRiver Emblem Symbol Logo 10578343
Category: Logo Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Emblem Symbol Logo 10578343
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text:
|Quoting Kaitak (Thread starter):
Michael O'Leary's reaction to the Greens being allowed anywhere near Transport (I'd write my predicted response here, but I'd probably be banned for life)
|Quoting BrianDromey (Reply 2):
The other news, is the possibility of EI leasing a 757 to begin an ORK-JFK service. How true that is, I am not sure, but the poster is reliable, and has been spot on in the past. In a way, a 757 makes sense, being the right size for ORK, initially, at least, and not having turning restrictions. I guess it would also be a reason, for the CAA to extend the turning circle at the 35 end of the runway, making A330 ops possible later on.
|Quoting BrianDromey (Reply 2):
The other news, is the possibility of EI leasing a 757 to begin an ORK-JFK service.
|Quoting Pilot21 (Reply 8):
if the B757 plan did work out, what then? they can't buy a new one, getting a small sub fleet of 2nd hand ones would be extremely inefficient
|Quoting GARUDAROD (Reply 9):
"DUO" came out of the factory with many problems!
Seems it had a hydraulic leak upon landing at LAX, because the plane was freshly painted,
they could not get the screws undone on the panel underneath the aircraft to get to the hyrdaulic leak,
the Inflight entertainment system didnt work, seats were broken, crew member got locked in the
crew rest container, ACARS was down and a few other things, all on the first flight!!!
|Quoting EISHN (Reply 5):
What in the name of god do FlyBE have to do with this event? Are FlyBE flying new A330's with less than 20 hours of revenue flights clocked up?! "Aircraft go tech all of the time" doesn't cut it as an excuse when you've just taken delivery of a new A330. Past Airbus delivery problems weigh greatly in the minds of airlines receiving new aircraft, this doesn't help the image.
When EI received EI-SHN in April '94, the aircraft went straight into problems. On its flight from TLS -HAM, the gear never retracted, forced to land back in TLS. Problem fixed, it continued back to HAM. On the way back, same problem, but it continued to TLS. Problem fixed. Goes back to SNN for blessing by the Bishop. Thenflies to DUB, gear fail to retract, for the third time, in a matter of days. Problem seemed to be fixed again, and no real trouble with gera arose again. But the aircraft (and DUB/CRK) all had their own problems with the first year or so, but look where they are now. Still flying for EI. With all the trouble they gace EI at the start, they have suited them down to the ground.
I know VS had a similar problem with a new delivered A346 last year, starnding pax in HKG over night. Problems happen, and you roll with the punches.
|Quoting Widebody (Reply 12):
The first A330 aircraft were EIS aircraft, and the problems were legendary. The lates A330 is not however, and I can assure you, even for Airbus, an event like this is not normal. As I said, technical issues are part of the industry, however techincal problems that lead to a diversion raise many an eyebrow. The suggestion that Airbus/Aer Lingus treat this event as an every day technical issue are way off, it will create some waves, but will only serve to add to Aer Lingus bargaining power.
|Quoting Bx737 (Reply 13):
An Omni Air DC10 came in this morning (Fri) from ORD operating for EI
|Quoting EI787 (Reply 14):
Does anyone know the scheduled reg for tomorrow's EI137 to BOS?
|Quoting N272WA (Reply 17):
Hey EI787, OA260 will now if you ask him nicely
|Quoting Kaitak (Thread starter):
- Ryanair growing at SNN, adding more airplanes
|Quoting EI787 (Reply 20):
You're grand, don't worry about it! I know it's a -200 anyway, so EWR is probably correct! Thanks.
|Quoting EISHN (Reply 15):
Bx737 had said that the BAe-146's had been fitted with leather seats back in 2002, and was just wondering if these could be them.
|Quoting Bx737 (Reply 13):
I haven't heard about the rumour of the 757 out of ORK. I can see it being economically viable to do so, especially if they strike a deal with Icelandair (for example) similar to the ones they had in the past with Flightline and World Airways (and to a much, much, much lesser extent with Caledonian Airways). these deals had the repective airlines providing the aircraft and the cockpit crew and EI the cabin crew. It gives an opportunity to test the waters without commiting to the expense of acquiring a new aircraft. If it works then put pressure on the CAA to extend the turning circle, if it doesn't work send the aircraft back and clock it up to experience. I have heard it said, how true it is I don't know that it is cheaper to try a route out and see how it goes than to do detailed studies into the viability of a route.
|Quoting EI787 (Reply 18):
Aer Lingus have launched a Credit Card in the US.
|Quoting RyanairCRL (Reply 21):
Nowhere in the press release does it talk about adding more aircrafts. It's just route replacement during the winter season.
|Quoting Kaitak (Thread starter):
Ryanair growing at SNN
|Quoting Smokeyrosco (Reply 26):
I also skimmed through the last messages of the last thread and messages on this thread... one silly thing, ORK and an EI 757 is not going to happen, the reason I know this is common sence and nothing more. CO 'MAY' do a 75 out of ORK but it will be lucky to happen next year... thats common sense.
|Quoting BestWestern (Reply 35):
Rather than a leased ATA757, ORK needs a daily CO or DL 757, which gives access to the wide range of connections they offer, alongside the point to point traffic to the big apple.
|Quoting Kaitak (Reply 27):
Quoting RyanairCRL (Reply 21):
Nowhere in the press release does it talk about adding more aircrafts. It's just route replacement during the winter season.
Sorry, I should have clarified that; they are not adding new acft AT SHANNON, but they are adding new aircraft.
|Quoting N272WA (Reply 41):
from 07 November 2006 until 20 December 2006
|Quoting Shamrock350 (Reply 45):
Great so they are slowly adding the B6 routes to aerlingus.com and will an announcement be made, we dont want EI getting ahead of themselves again.
|Quoting N272WA (Reply 41):
Dublin to Las Vegas from €100
Booking period
until 24 March 2007
Travel period
from 07 November 2006 until 20 December 2006
|Quoting OA260 (Reply 47):
They meant to put LA instead!!!
Military Aircraft Every type from fighters to helicopters from air forces around the globe
Classic Airliners Props and jets from the good old days
Flight Decks Views from inside the cockpit
Aircraft Cabins Passenger cabin shots showing seat arrangements as well as cargo aircraft interior
Cargo Aircraft Pictures of great freighter aircraft
Government Aircraft Aircraft flying government officials
Helicopters Our large helicopter section. Both military and civil versions
Blimps / Airships Everything from the Goodyear blimp to the Zeppelin
Night Photos Beautiful shots taken while the sun is below the horizon
Accidents Accident, incident and crash related photos
Air to Air Photos taken by airborne photographers of airborne aircraft
Special Paint Schemes Aircraft painted in beautiful and original liveries
Airport Overviews Airport overviews from the air or ground
Tails and Winglets Tail and Winglet closeups with beautiful airline logos


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Henderson County Shelter
Strays are kept for five working days. Hours: 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday-Friday; 9:30 to 11:30 a.m., Saturdays. Fee: $58, dogs, female cats; $43, male cats; includes spaying or neutering and rabies shot. Phone: 697-4723.
Stray males: German shepherd, white; Labrador retriever, black; retriever, blond and white; hound mix, tan; shepherd mix, brown and black.
Stray females: Boxer-pitbull mix, brown; pitbull mix, tan and brown.
Stray puppies: Terrier mix, cream.
Adoptable males: Australian cattle dog mix, white and tan; terrier mix, tri-color; Labrador retriever mix, black and white; dachshund mix, black.
Adoptable females: Australian cattle dog, brown and white; Labrador retriever-beagle mix, blond; Labrador retriever mix, black and white; Labrador retriever mix, chocolate; chow mix, tan.
Adoptable puppies: Spaniel mix, black and tan; spaniel mix, black; spaniel mix, white; spaniel mix, blond.
Adoptable cats and kittens: Many assorted breeds and colors.
Transylvania County Shelter
Location: Ross Road. Hours: 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., Monday-Friday; 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday. Phone: 883-3713.
Adoptable puppies: Three Labrador retriever mixes, two males, female, 8 weeks; two brown mix, 6 weeks; two black and white spotted, 6 weeks.
Blue Ridge Humane Society
No-kill, limited admission animal adoption and rescue center. Location: U.S. 64 East. Hours: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday-Friday; noon to 5 p.m., Saturday. Information: 685-7107. Web site: http://the-aarc.com. All animals spayed or neutered; current on vaccinations.
Adult dogs: Shar-pei-Labrador retriever mix, 1 year, female; hound, red and white, male, 3 years; malamute, male, 2 years; Walker hound, male, 3 years; Labrador retriever mix, female, 1 year; husky mix, female, 1 year.
Puppies: Four husky mix, 11 weeks, three males, female.
Adult cats: Assorted colors and ages.
Kittens: Assorted colors and ages.
All Creatures Great and Small
No-kill agency, investigates reports of cruelty. Animals have had all shots. Seventh Avenue East. Phone: 216-0693. Hours: 1 to 6 p.m.
Homes needed for special-needs and lost animals. Thrift Shop open from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Mondays through Saturdays and 1 to 4 p.m. Sundays.
Adult dogs: German shepherd mix, female, 1 year; Labrador retriever mixes, males and females; several chow mixes, males and females; pitbull mix, neutered male, 2 years; golden retriever mix, neutered male, 2 years; Doberman pinscher mix, male, 2 years; chow, red, neutered male, 3 years; boxer, white with brown, female, spayed, 1 year, special needs deaf; pitbull, brown and white, neutered male, 1 year; two Shar-pei, neutered males, fawn, 11U2 years; two Jack Russell terriers, spayed females, 3 years; Great Dane, 10 months, male; German shepherd, 8 months, spayed female.
Adult cats: Black and white, female; two tabbies, females, 1 year; black, female, 1 year; white with black, male; brown tabby, male; gray and white, male.
Kittens: Referrals can be made to individuals who have calicos, Himalayans, flame-point Siamese, Siamese, tortoise-shells -- long- and short-haired.
Puppies: Catahoula leopard, 4 months, male and female; Labrador retriever mix, 7 weeks, males and females; three bulldogs, females, 10 weeks; German shepherd, male and female, 5 months; variety, 8 weeks old; large variety between 3 and 4 months.
Foothills Humane Society
Nonprofit animal shelter at 989 Little Mountain Road, Columbus. Hours: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Monday, Friday, Saturday; 10 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday; closed Sundays. Strays are kept five days. All animals are spayed or neutered. Information: (828) 863-4444. Only animals from Polk County can be accepted.
Stray dogs: Malamute, black and white, male, 1 to 2 years; Doberman pinscher mix, black and tan, female, 2 years; Walker hound, tri-color, male, neutered, 3 years.
Stray puppies: Terrier mix, gray and black, male, 10 months.
Adoptable cats: White calico, female, spayed, 1 year; gray, female, 1 year.
Adoptable kittens: Muted tortoise-shell, female, 5 to 6 months; black and white, male, 6 months; white with tortoise-shell markings, 8 months; gray and white, male, neutered, declawed, 7 months; tortoise-shell, female, 14 weeks; black, male, 14 weeks.
Adoptable dogs: Blue heeler-bluetick hound, male, 1 year; large mix, brindle and white, male, neutered, 11U2 years; German shepherd-Doberman pinscher mix, black and tan, male, neutered, 21U2 years; collie, sable, male, neutered, 2 years; collie mix, blond, female, 1 year.
Adoptable puppies: Labrador retriever mix, chocolate and white, male, 13 weeks; brown and black mix, male, 18 weeks; Rottweiler mix, black and tan, female, 8 months; three brindle and white mixes, males, 12 weeks; spitz mix, white, male, 8 weeks; Labrador retriever mix, black, male, 9 weeks; three chow mixes, male, two females, brown, 9 weeks; three Shar-Pei mixes, females, 11 weeks.
Transylvania CountyHumane Society
No-kill agency at 105 E. Main St., Brevard. Animals are spayed or neutered and have had all shots. Fee: $35 to $50. Hours: 10:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday-Saturday. Phone: 884-6577.
Adoptable dogs: Two Labrador retriever mixes, black, male and female; Labrador retriever mix, yellow, male, large; beagle-bluetick hound mix, male; collie-German shepherd mix, 7 to 8 years, very lovable.
Adoptable puppies: Two beagle-dachshund mix; two mixed.
Adoptable kittens: Russian blue, 4 to 6 months, male; two blacks, male and female, 2 months; gray and white; orange, 8 weeks.
Adoptable cats: Russian blue, 1 to 2 years, male; black and white, male, 1 to 2 years. Adoption day on Saturdays. Come visit the "catman" from Cashiers, who brings cats and kittens.
Greyhound Friendsof North Carolina
Nonprofit group finds homes for retired racing greyhounds. Information: 692-4986 or www.greyhoundfriends.com.
Dogs: Black, female, 3 years.
A nonprofit animal rescue group that rescues strays and tries to match animals with their owners or find new owners for adoptable animals. Phone: Carol Fossen, 884-9504.
Adoptable dogs: Beagle, 2 years, spayed, female; German shepherd, male, 4 years; collie, female, 4 years; Samoyed, male, totally housebroken, 8 years.
Adoptable puppies: Dachshund-terrier mix, spayed, 10 months; black Labrador retrievers, almost housebroken, 9 weeks; two Pomeranians, males, 11 months.
Adoptable kittens: Two bobtails, 8 weeks, one yellow, females; two tortoise-shells, females, 8 weeks.
Animal Compassion Network
Animal Compassion Network is a local nonprofit organization placing rescued and abandoned dogs and cats into approved permanent homes. All of the dogs, cats, puppies and kittens available for adoption are cared for by foster families. They do not operate a shelter. The adoption fee includes spaying or neutering, vaccinations and microchipping with lifetime registration. To see available pets access ACN on the Internet at www.a-cnet.org or call 258-4820 for more information.


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HAG H09 Excellence Meeting Chair 9372
- HÅG H09 Excellence..... an elegant design meeting room chair
- Ribbed backrest is padded and features special channels that have a cooling effect
- Suspended backrest provides support and increases radius of upper body movement
- Features HAG's H09 lumbar adjustment for comfort and support during long meetings
- Waterfall front seat helps alleviate pressure on the thighs enhancing circulation
- Offers optimum unrestricted movement, aiding concentration
- Ergonomically designed to follow body movement and encourage positive healthy posture
- Clever ergonomics evenly distributes body weight to help promote good blood circulation
- Personalise your HÅG chair with a range of customisable options
- Choice of footbase size allows for more space around meeting tables
- All bases are manufactured with footplates providing a comfortable foot position
- Upholstered in soft touch Vadal Uni fabric or Leather seat with Plaintech backrest
- 10 year manufacturers guarantee for normal use
- Lifetime guarantee on all gas lifts
- Delivered flat packed for simple self assembly
Additional Features and Customisable Options
- Eco-friendly - 96% of the chair is recyclable
- HÅG is registered as an environmentally conscious enterprise within EMAS
- This product has been GREENGUARD certified ensuring the chair is free of hazardous emissions and conforms to EN 1335 Class A
- Seat height gas lift adjustment from 385-520mm
- BalancedMovementMechanism offers balanced, adjustable flowing tilt function backwards and forwards ensuring knees and legs are in a position that is ergonomically correct
- Lumbar support cushion adjusts by sliding up or down the backrest support
- Adjustable armrests are optional and independently height and width adjustable
- 5 star base in a choice of sizes. Select the compact base for more space around the table. Choose from matt black aluminium or polished aluminium finish
- Matt black aluminium base is combined with polished aluminium lift cover / backrest spine and matt black upper / lower back bars
- Polished aluminium base is combined with matt black aluminium lift cover / backrest spine and polished alumnium upper / lower back bars
- Castors available to suit hardfloors or carpet. Glides are also available
All prices shown are Recommended Retail Prices. Please contact our sales team on 0844 248 7001 for your discounted price on HÅG chairs
Your HÅG chair is made to order especially for you and cannot be cancelled once manufacturing has commenced. These products are non returnable unless damaged or faulty. Free fabric swatches are available on request
Fabrics Specification
Vadal Uni : a high quality fine felted wool fabric. Comprises 92% virgin wool and 8% polyamide for a pleasing appearance and soft touch. Good abrasion resistance and fire retardant to EN ISO 1021: parts 1 and 2
Elmosoft Leather : High quality semi-analine grain leather from Scandinavian cattle. Excellent friction, breathability and Crib 5 flammability performance. Elmosoft is tanned without using chromium salts and is environmentally friendly. The surface may feature scars and marks from insect bites etc. This is proof of the natural origin of the product and part of its character
|Seat Width
|Seat Depth
|Seated Height
|385 to 520
|Max Chair Width
|Backrest Height
|Armrest Height
|155 to 265
|Compact Base Diameter
|85mm narrower than standard
|Standard Base Diameter
|Weight Without Arms
|Weight With Arms


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From Tuesday 25th July 2017 10:00 to 12:30
For Children aged 2-6 and their families.
Join us on a summer holiday adventure, make your own passport so we can fly on the plane to somewhere hot, build sandcastles on the beach, swim through bubbles for the sea and maybe even have tea with a mermaid or get swallowed by a whale. Who knows where our imaginations will take us!
£6 per child (must be accompanied by a parent or guardian).
10.30 - 11am or 11.30am - 12.30pm.
Stage Two, Theatre Royal Norwich, Theatre Street, Norwich NR2 1RL