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2008-09-29 - Fusion Man La MancheYves "FusionMan" Rossy crosses the Channel
Mit Jetrucksack über den Ärmelkanal<br /> On 26 Septeember, Yves Rossy successfully completed an amazing challenge at 1:19pm (BST) and became the first man to fly across the English Channel from Calais, France to Dover, UK, using a homemade, single, jet-powered wing. FusionMan covered a distance of 35 kilometres in 13 minutes.
Swiss adventurer Yves traced the route of French aviator Louis Blériot, who became the first person to fly across the English Channel in an airplane 99 years ago. Beginning his journey at Calais Airport, Yves Rossy was transported in a plane to nearly 2,500 metres, at which point he started his four engines. Then at 1.06pm, Yves jumped out of the plane above Calais. Once his wing stabilised, FusionMan began his flight travelling full throttle and heading for the United Kingdom. With a light wind on his back, he reached the South Foreland Lighthouse on the iconic White Cliffs of Dover in 13 minutes, covering the 35 kilometre trip at an average speed of 200 kilometres per hour. When finally the White Cliffs of Dover appeared, Yves deployed his parachute and landed at 1.19 pm (BST). Speaking of his historic feat, elated Yves said, "So many people were with me on that flight, I want to say thank you
everything was perfect. I show that it is possible to fly a little bit like a bird."


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Preview the 2015 National Championship Venue and vie for the District One Championship
Fleet 7 and Mission Bay Yacht Club are hosting their annual Lido 14 Fall Invitational on October 11 and 12, 2014. Enjoy the outstanding hospitality of Fleet 7 in a great setting, compete for the Silver "L" in the District 1 Championship and preview the venue for the 2015 National Championships. What better way to spend a weekend?
View the NOR, District One Championship NOR, Sailing Instructions and Register Online to receive a discount.

subset: commoncrawl


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Good Morning and Happy New Year 2014!
What a great start!!! Celebrating Close To My Heart 30th Anniversary!!! With the New Catalog Spring/Summer Idea Book 2014 pack with AMAZING products you and I would love!!
So excited to share all the New Goodies from the best of the best, The Idea Book would be AVAILABLE to costumers Feb 1, 2014!!!
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Thank You for vising me today!!!


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This isn't a performance film, and it is far from a definitive portrait of the androgynous performer. show more
If one thing holds the picture back, it's the self-conscious album-cover aesthetic of Sebring's visual approach. show more
A knowledge of Smith's landmark contribution as a rock 'n' roll pioneer is not essential, and the film should be a joy for anyone interested in pop culture of the past 40 years. show more


text: When you're used to traveling all over the city/state/country for weddings, it's a special kind of amazing to have the chance to be a part of one that's literally steps from your front door! Especially so when it's for an awesome couple like Travis & Chris, who we'd already run all over Ballard with this spring for their engagement session. After having such a fun time during their session (Hot Cakes! Stella!) we've been looking forward to their wedding day with great anticipation, and it was everything we had hoped for – a great night with great people, and a little rain (of course) for good luck! Hotel Ballard & The Olympic Rooftop Pavilion were aesthetically perfect matches for their wedding style, and Natalie @ Ginger Bee Events & Planning did an amazing job (again) pulling it all together without a hitch. Congrats Travis & Chris!


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Dr. Jeff Bulte
Jeff W.M. Bulte, Ph.D., is a Professor of Radiology, Oncology, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He serves as Director of Cellular Imaging in the JHU Institute for Cell Engineering. He received his PhD degree summa cum laude From the University of Groningen, The Netherlands in 1991. Dr. Bulte spent 10 years at the National Institutes of Health, first as a postdoctoral fellow and then a Staff Scientist.
He was recruited to Johns Hopkins as an Assistant Professor in 2001, became an Associate Professor in 2002, and a Full Professor in 2006. He is a fellow of the ISMRM and an Academy of Radiology Distinguished Investigator, and has published over 175 peer-reviewed articles and 30 book chapters. He specializes in molecular and cellular imaging.


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- You are here:
- goodtoknow
- Recipes
- Food pictures
Christmas tree crumpets
We don't know about you, but a real festive treat for us is a piping hot crumpet with some melted butter on top. These ones are shaped like little Christmas trees: thank you Asda!
Price? �1 for 4
Where to get it from: Asda
Price? �1 for 4
Where to get it from: Asda
/recipes/pictures/35059/12-amazing-christmas-novelty-food-ideas/5 /recipes/pictures/35059/12-amazing-christmas-novelty-food-ideas/6 /recipes/pictures/35059/12-amazing-christmas-novelty-food-ideas/7 /recipes/pictures/35059/12-amazing-christmas-novelty-food-ideas/8 /recipes/pictures/35059/12-amazing-christmas-novelty-food-ideas/9
Your comments
Marianne Hill
Definitely the tree crumpets! They look fab!
No Way - these are my fave out of pic'n'mix although i never know what there proper name is some people call them jazzies .. Yum!
Not seen these before !! definately will be getting some of these to put on the christmassy desserts!
Olivia Kirby
The kids really want to have these! They do look cool, really nice for Christmas morning (if you can tear them away from toys and chocolate!!)
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Tuesday, December 29, 2015 by Greg White
California used to be a safe haven for nuclear energy. If California's last nuclear power plant doesn't comply with state environmental requirements, however, the dawn of nuclear energy may come to a premature end in the sunshine state.
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. once saw the Diablo Canyon as a base for California's green energy future. But a lot has changed in the nuclear industry since the company said it would seek an extended lifespan for its aging nuclear reactors six years ago.(1)
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. is trying to decide whether the state environment requirements, which are necessary to obtain a renewed operating license, are worth the price. If they don't meet those state requirements, it could be lights out for nuclear energy in California.
The fact that California's nuclear energy may be eclipsed by environmental requirements is remarkable. It was once believed that California's growing energy needs would demand a nuclear power plant every 50 miles along its coast. This prediction did not consider alternative forms of energy that are now budding in California, like solar panels and wind turbines.(1)
Nuclear energy no longer has a monopoly on the sunshine state's power supply, notes former California Environmental Secretary, Terry Tamminen. "We are not talking about either go dark or go nuclear. There are clearly now so many alternatives," she told the Associated Press.(1)
One environmental issue that is thwarting nuclear energy production in California is the stability of the Diablo Canyon, which sits near several earthquake faults. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has not used the means and methods legally required to determine whether the Diablo Canyon reactors can withstand a major earthquake. If such an earthquake occurs, it could result in a nuclear catastrophe on par with the 2011 Fukushima catastrophe.(2)
The NRC's shortcomings were brought to attention in 2008, after a new fault was discovered 2,000 feet from the reactors, and a mere 985 feet from the plant's intake structure. When parallel worries first kindled at nuclear facilities in Maine, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia, the NRC prohibited the plants from operating until the agency determined they passed safety regulations.(2)
Despite previous restrictions in other states, the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant continues to operate. People have worried about whether the power plant could withstand a major earthquake since the 1980s.
Another fault runs 650 yards from the reactors. The PG&E might be ordered by state regulators to spend billions of dollars to renovate or replace the plant's cooling system, which takes in 2.5 billion gallons of ocean water everyday and has been charged with killing an onslaught of marine life.(1)
"We continue to evaluate feedback on the seismic research and steps needed to obtain state approvals," PG&E spokesman Blair Jones told sources.(1)
When PG&E first announced their plan to keep its nuclear reactors running an additional 20 years, the company claimed it would help reduce greenhouse emissions and boost the state's economy. Without a new operating license, however, the plant will cease operating by 2025. Although 2025 is a decade away, renewing a plant's operational license takes time and the window of opportunity is rapidly closing.
Back in April, PG&E was charged with a whopping $1.6 billion penalty after a gas pipeline explosion in 2010 killed eight people and decimated dozens of homes. The explosion triggered a state and federal investigation into supposed back-channel dealings between PG&E executives and a high profile state regulator.(1)
Other nuclear power plants are dropping like flies in California. Southern California Edison's San Onofre nuclear plant was shut down permanently in 2013 after a $670 million equipment exchange backfired. In addition, owners of older plants are questioning whether the money needed to keep their reactors operating is worth the price.(1)
The same year Southern California Edison's San Onofre closed, Duke Energy announced it would shut down its Crystal River Nuclear Plant in Florida after a mismanaged repair job would require billions of dollars to fix; a hefty price tag the company could not afford.
Furthermore, the construction of new nuclear power plants in the south have experienced major delays, which have created heavy financial set backs.
Despite the many challenges facing the nuclear industry, PG&E claims it can withstand the largest potential earthquake to plague the region. The company will be subject to a new round of questions by the NRC, which is undergoing its part of the license review.
Sources include:
(1) BigStory.ap.org
(2) UCSUSA.org
Tagged Under: Tags: DiabloCanyon, FukushimaWatch, goldenstate, NuclearRegulatoryCommission


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On November 3, 2016, Community Health Plan of Washington received a notice from Summit Reinsurance Services, Inc. that CHPW member data may have been affected during a data security incident they began investigating on August 8, 2016.
We then notified the Washington State Health Care Authority and the Washington State Office of the Insurance Commissioner, and began working with Summit to confirm whether CHPW member data was put at risk.
On December 20, 2016, the forensic investigation indicated that CHPW member data, including member names, provider names, and health insurance claim information, may have been accessed without authorization on March 12, 2016. The investigation did not reveal any evidence that anyone misused or attempted to misuse member data.
The approximately 1,400 affected members will be sent letters from CHPW and Summit with information about how to receive one year of free credit monitoring and identity restoration services.
If you're concerned about your privacy or data, please contact Customer Service at: 1-800-440-1561 (TTY Relay: Dial 711)


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Few new artists in recent years have made an impact on the pop music scene as quickly as [artist id="3061469"]Lady Gaga[/artist], who won the Best New Artist VMA this September. But her catchy #1 hits and unpredictable performances aren't enough to make her eligible for the new artist category at next year's Grammy Awards.
According to Variety, because her song "Just Dance" was nominated for best dance recording at this year's Grammy Awards, regulations state that the singer can't be placed on the ballot as a new artist this January. She lost the Grammy last year to Daft Punk for their song "Harder Better Faster Stronger."
Recently, Gaga sat down with MTV News to discuss the onslaught of accolades she's received in the last year since breaking out on the scene as a leotard-wearing disco queen with her album The Fame and then elevating her act to avant-garde performance art.
"[I also want something that] isn't this Hollywood kind of future that we imagine all pop stars go to," explained Gaga, whose The Fame Monster rerelease comes out on Monday. "I have to find my own space. I try to reject all of that. I try to stay internal and just focus on myself."


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A gun battle between the police and suspected armed robbers on Wednesday in the Eastern region resulted in the death of one suspected criminal and the arrest of three others.
The robbers are Benjamin Lobo, Devine Zano, Andrew Zano and Mawuli Zano. The police are on the hunt for the suspects who operate in Doboro, Ntoaso, Afumkrom and other towns along the Nsawam highway since 2002.
Explaining their mode of operation to Pulse.com.gh the Eastern Regional Police PRO, ASP Nketiah said "they attacked a vehicle by smashing the side of the windscreen with a rock forcing the vehicle to stop. The four suspected robbers rushed on the passengers with machetes to attack them."
Unfortunately for the robbers two armed police officers who were on board the vehicle opened fire on them killing one, but the rest managed to escape.
They were later arrested after the police upon investigation heard two of them talking about the incident in town. The two were immediately arrested and they in turn led the police to arrest the fourth accomplice.
The suspects are in police custody while investigations continue.
The Eastern Regional police command is cautioning motorists to desist from stopping at secluded areas when attacked on the highway


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Movie of Joey Odendahl. Was premiered in 2014, with production teams of USA. You can watch Frankenstein, Missouri online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2014.
Rating: 5 by 10 users./
Runtime: 100 minutes
Ashley Ahlquist, Nikki Brower, Mary Alice Calhoun, DR. Thomas Cook, Kirk Gillon, Courtney Johnson, Kaiser Johnson, Russel Kremer, Andrea Lovering, Dave Lovering, Max, Kevin O'Brien, Joey Odendahl, Miki Odendahl, Nancy Samson and Vince Samson.
100-minute film (full movie) directed by Joey Odendahl.
The original audio of Frankenstein, Missouri has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in USA.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2014.
Screenplay written by Joey Odendahl.
Kirk Gillon.
This film was produced and / or financed by Moonhunt Productions.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Frankenstein, Missouri has a duration of 100 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Frankenstein, Missouri in FULLTV Movies.


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text:
June 18, 2008
Just a year after implementing a groundbreaking health reform initiative in Massachusetts, the uninsured population in that state has been slashed nearly in half (from 13 percent to 7 percent), according to a new report from the Urban Institute in Washington, D.C.
However, industry observers say that the experience in Massachusetts could point to potential problems that other states, or the nation, could face if health coverage is expanded too rapidly, says Steve Davis, managing editor of AIS Health Business Daily.
For example:
- The spike in demand for services from the newly insured has stretched Massachusetts' already-limited primary care providers even thinner; for instance, one clinic has a waiting list of 150 to 200 patients.
- Other organizations have had difficulty in filling vacant primary care physician slots; the Massachusetts League of Community Health Centers (MLCHC) says 10 percent of primary care positions in health centers statewide are vacant.
- The Urban Institute report found that the cost of the program was nearly $150 million more than the $869 million allocated for the program.
The experience in Massachusetts illustrates that access to insurance is not synonymous with access to care, says Devon Herrick, a senior fellow with the National Center for Policy Analysis. Herrick says some of the problems residents of Massachusetts are experiencing are characteristic of what we can expect across the country if the uninsured population is reduced too quickly:
- Health plans could find it difficult to contain medical costs if the legislation includes a guaranteed-issue mandate.
- Health plans will not be able to increase premiums enough to offset the spike in utilization caused by a reform strategy.
- Pent-up demand among the previously uninsured could lead to a surge in people seeking primary care services if a large percentage of the uninsured population were suddenly covered.
Source: Steve Davis, "Demands on Massachusetts Providers Illustrate Challenges of Covering the Uninsured," AIS Health Business Daily, June 18, 2008.
Browse more articles on Health Issues


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News About Dubawi World Cup Carnival
Injured Jakkalberry Out of 2013 Melbourne Cup
13 August 2013
A tendon injury has ruled last year's Melbourne Cup third place getter Jakkalberry from another shot at the 'race that stops a nation' this spring. The Marco Botti-trained European stayer, owned by Australian Thoroughbred Bloodstock (ATB), travelled down under last Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival for a dual cups assault. Coming off an impressive win in…


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[INTERVIEW] 141203 Actor Jaejoong in Vienna "The real reason why I started acting is… honestly…"
…An artist who made history in Korean popular music stepped into the city of Music, Vienna.
He spent his teen years in achieving his dream of becoming a singer, and the red balloons followed him around for the next 10 years. He is the playful, oldest brother of JYJ, talented vocalist and a charismatic solo artist who commands audiences with a single standing microphone at his packed concerts.
He says he is an early riser; he runs to the fitness center at dawn. The shooting began early in the morning. His cheerful, pleasant voice wakes the morning as the staff busily prepare for the shooting. Let us breath in the music filled morning air of Vienna with the professional, Kim Jaejoong.
Movement 1: History of Austria, Schönbrunn Palace and Artist Kim Jaejoong
Starmedia(S): This is your first visit to Vienna. Is there any place particularly memorable to you?
Jaejoong(J): Shooting took place in many locations but Schönbrunn Palace was the most impressive. It was a fabulous, beautiful palace covered with fallen leaves.
S: Your solo album was very successful. And your solo Asia Tour was also a success.
J: It was the music I wanted to do and enjoy, and many of you loved it, too.
S: The genre of your solo album drew a lot of interest and became an issue.
J: Since I made music with the group in mind, there had been many R&B songs. I have to think differently when I go on stage as a group. I am not alone. But rock was the music that I wanted to enjoy on stage in fact.
S: Attempting rock music must not have been an easy challenge.
J: I say this all the time…. It was not an easy challenge for me. I could only do it because many people helped me and encouraged me. There are still many unfinished songs.
S: Your OSTs get a lot of love, too.
J: I never tell myself that I have to sing OSTs because I am in the drama. More like, if they ask me, I say, "Yes," right away. Drama is drama and music is music. I can't do what I want. (Laugh.)
S: You write your own lyrics and compose your own song, a singer-songwriter. You have talent in expressing your ideas (with words and melody).
J: I was attempting to write a book as well…(Laugh.) I write lyrics really fast. Most of the title songs I wrote, I think, took me about an hour each on average. Other songs took me months. Normally, I can write lyrics for two to three songs per day.
S: You participated in making almost every song in your solo album WWW.
J: Yes. I composed many and written many lyrics. The songs for that album came out really quickly. I wrote lyrics for two to three songs each day… Once, I had a dream an hour before the recording, so I asked the staff for forgiveness and changed the lyric in an hour and recorded the song. Things were just flooding out of me because I was doing what I really wanted to do. That is why that album is my favorite.
S: You also wrote lyrics for OSTs beside your solo album. Were they made in the same fashion?
J: 'COLORS' is a song I co-composed with Yuchun. I just composed the bass part at the hotel room first, and we finished it in about 30 minutes. OSTs for 'Protect the Boss', 'Dr. Jin' and 'triangle' were all written in 15 to 20 minutes.
S: I'm sure there must be pain involved in all that creative process. How do you refresh yourself?
J: I watch a lot of movies when I am off. At home with IPTV. (Laugh.) When I can't get to sleep easily, I drink a little time to time. But there are times when I can't fall asleep even after drinking a little. That is when I read like crazy and upload quotes I like from books on SNS. It would be nice to meet up with people and talk. But there are times when you don't want to meet people. Then, I stay home and drink alone. I tend to drink more that way. Oops, this is not the right answer. (Laugh.)
Movement 2: Actor Kim Jaejoong Speaks with His Eyes in front of the Grand Opera House
Captions in the picture above:
2014 MBC Triangle: Jang Dongcheol/Heo Yeongdal
Kim Jaejoong created ruckus at a restaurant taking his shirt off and ran through the streets with only his boxers on as a street thug Heo Yeongdal. It was a shocking transformation for an idol star.
2012 Movie, Codename Jackal: Choe Hyeon
Kim Jaejoong's first movie. He was looking for a movie he can film lightheartedly and found the scenario for Codename Jackal. He said, "I went all out. The members even didn't see me this funny. They will laugh a lot."
2012 MBC Dr. Jin: Kim Gyeongtak
PD Han Hi said, "I only knew Kim Jaejoong as a young singer. I thought I had nothing in common with him. But when he put on the officer's costume, he simply became Kin Gyeongtak. I was presently surprised by his acting as we filmed. I think he has instinct for sageuk(historical drama)."
2011 SBS Protect the Boss: Cha Muwon
In the drama Kim Jaejoong was a so-called, the exemplary boss. He took the role of Cha Jiheon's cousin and tangled in a love triangle with him and No Eunseol, the secretary. He received praises from the veteran costars, Park Yeonggyu, Cha Hwayeon and Kim Hagyun.
2010 Japan Fuji TV Sunao ni Narenakute: Bak Seongsu
A drama set in Tokyo, Shibuya about 5 young people who met through Twitter. In an interview he said, "Since the character I played was not as sharp, I tried to look more nice, making my eyes rounder. Hahaha."
S: You made shocking choices as an actor, and seems like they are working.
J: I started acting in an unusual circumstance. I usually attempted the fields I was attracted to first. Acting was not one of them I never thought I had what it takes to be a great actor.
S: Then, tell me the details on how you started.
J: That was the way that I could come out on TV under the circumstance I was in. I did it not because I wanted to but I had to. But as I was doing it, I fell in love with its charms. I enjoy it more as I do it more. Now, I can't give up on acting just like I can't give up on music.
S: If you started out as an actor, would you have tried to become a singer?
J: Yes, I would've. (Laugh.) Isn't it a trend now days? Doing both acting and singing to show multiple sides of the artist. Trend is meaningless to me, I mean.
S: What do you mean by meaningless?
J: What I mean is… You may think that once someone becomes popular as a singer and has many fans, he or she may not have to try other areas. If one acts and sings at the same time, sometimes there can be confusions between the image as an actor and a singer as various images and concepts overlap. But I thought I shouldn't stay still. I had to challenge myself to try new things.
S: You also acted in a movie. Do you watch any particular genre of movies as part of research?
J: I enjoy all genres except horror. I live alone, remember? (Laugh.) I can't watch alone. Only if someone watches with me.
S: Musical stage requires someone who can sing and act. Do you have plans to try?
J: I'm turning 30 and can't say am young. But if you look at life as a whole, 30 is still very young and lively age, I think. (Laugh.) I want to challenge myself with as many things as I can. For musical… I think I can try even in my 40s and 50s. I want to focus on what I am doing now.
S: Is there a role model for you?
J: As a solo singer I want to follow the footsteps of Hydo. And as a singer/actor, Fukuyama Masaharu. He is so cool. Maybe it is the trend in Japanese entertainment industry, but many lose balance and focus on one thing. But he is really well-balanced and show great acting and music at the same time as he grow. I want to learn his tenacious attitude and want to age gracefully like him.
Kim Jaejoong got up earlier than the staff and finished his exercise before the shooting began. Spending all day contemplating on the poses as he changed clothes hundreds of times under a very tight schedule, he still managed to produce fabulous pictorials using his extraordinary focus. He was a real pro nonchalant in front of his blue-eyed fans who followed him to every shooting location.
If there were a reality program with a unique platform, "Survive in a place where nobody has gone to," Kim Jaejoong would ace it with his volubility. Seeing him does what he had to do without a word under harsh circumstances made me think that he would be perfect for a survival variety show. So I asked. "How many days do you think you can survive if you were put in an uninhibited island alone?" He thought about it for a moment and answered, "Honestly, if I just had a knife, I can go on forever.
He was not just his word. Kim Jaejoong kept his pace as an artist whatever happened around him. "Tenaciousness," "Viability," "Self-sufficiency" are his assets. There had been numerous bumps and curves in his life but he never gave up and was able to maintain his life at a steady speed because he had the firm determination that kept him in this difficult course.
Source: WStarNews
Translated by: @crystalmoon64
Shared by: PrinceJJ


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 26, 1993
|Filing date
|Aug 1, 1991
|Priority date
|Aug 1, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Benjamin Bikson, James T. Macheras, Joyce K. Nelson
|Original Assignee
|Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (42), Classifications (24), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention concerns methods of fabricating permselective membranes suitable for the separation of components of gas mixtures. The methods of this invention can be used to produce integrally skinned highly asymmetric hollow fiber membranes and highly asymmetric substrates useful for composite membrane preparation. In one embodiment, the fabricated membrane can be in the form of an integrally skinned asymmetric hollow fiber with a separation layer on its external surface or adjacent to it having the capacity for separating components of gas mixture under conditions of applied differential pressure. In another embodiment the invention comprises a composite hollow fiber membrane manufactured by depositing a thin separation layer on a highly asymmetric hollow fiber substrate, the composite membrane is capable of separating under applied differential pressure at least one gaseous component from a mixture of gases.
It was found that the asymmetric and composite hollow fiber membranes produced by the methods of this invention are characterized by improved combination of permeation rates and separation capabilities than are hollow fibers produced from the same materials by the processes heretofore used.
This invention relates to an improved method of forming integral asymmetric membranes having ultrathin separation layers.
Loeb and Sourrrajan in U.S. Pat. No. 3,133,132 were first to disclose a method for preparing integrally asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes for desalination of water. The principle of membrane formation disclosed by Loeb and Sourirajan, frequently called the "phase inversion method" has been since extended to include a variety of polymers and separation processes.
The procedure for preparing asymmetric ("skinned") membranes from polymer solutions by phase inversion methods usually comprises the following stages: (1) casting the polymer solution, (2) exposure of the cast solution to air, (3) precipitation of the solution in coagulation media and leaching out solvents, and (4) the optional step of annealing the membrane. Although preparation of asymmetric membranes by direct coagulation without the evaporation step is known, most industrial procedures do include step 2 as a part of asymmetric membrane preparation. The importance of the evaporation step, although well recognized in the art, is highly empirical with optimal parameters such as evaporation temperature, duration of the evaporation step, etc. being determined experimentally for a particular polymer/solvent casting composition. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,724,672, R. L. Leonard and J. D. Bashaw describe preparation of asymmetric hollow fiber membranes for reverse osmosis operations from esters of cellulose by extruding filaments into a controlled evaporation zone then directing the filaments into a cold water coagulation bath following by washing and annealing. Subsequently the use of asymmetric membranes has been extended from liquid-based separations such as reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration to gas separations. Examples of asymmetric membranes for gas separations prepared by phase inversion methods can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,775; 4,080,744; 4,681,605; and 4,880,441.
Manufacturing of integral asymmetric membranes for gas separations is significantly more difficult than for liquid separations. While the presence of small pores in the membrane can be tolerated or even desired in liquid separations such as desalination, the exceedingly small dimensions of gas molecules combined with low cohesive forces of gases make the presence of even Angstrom size pores in the separation layer unacceptable in gas separations. On the other hand, to achieve high permeability it is essential that the separation layer be kept as thin as possible, since the gas flux is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness. These two diametrically opposed requirements make the manufacturing of asymmetric gas separation membranes exceedingly difficult.
Though the manufacture of essentially defect-free ultrahigh flux asymmetric membranes is known in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,422 and 4,772,392, it is known to be excessively difficult. Thus it is common in the art to subject gas separation membranes to treatments that effectively eliminate defects that may be present in ultrathin membrane separation layers.
Henis and Tripodi in U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,463 have addressed the presence of defects in asymmetric gas separation membranes by applying a coating. The multicomponent membranes produced by this coating process typically comprise a silicone rubber coating on the surface of an asymmetric membrane made of a glassy polymer. Additional defect-repair methods can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,877,528; 4,746,333 and 4,776,936.
To attain high levels of gas productivity, membranes have to be prepared with separation layers as thin as possible, preferably below 500 Å. Recently, Kesting et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,494 have disclosed preparation of high productivity asymmetric membranes with graded density skins. The membranes are formed from casting solutions comprised of a Lewis acid-base complex-solvent system close to the point of incipient gelation.
A different class of gas separation membranes is produced by depositing a thin separation layer on a porous support wherein the material of the deposited layer determines the gas separation characteristics of the overall structure. These composite membranes are sometimes more advantageous since they allow decoupling of the material requirements for a particular gas separation application from engineering design requirements of the porous support. A variety of separation layer materials, support structures and composite membrane manufacturing methods are known in the art. Examples of composite gas separation membranes can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,243,701; 3,980,456; 4,602,922 and 4,881,954.
It is further known in the art that advanced performance composite membranes are frequently prepared by depositing ultrathin separation layers on support surfaces of uniform porosity (e.g., sharp pore size distribution) and of pore diameter below 1000 Å. Highly asymmetric substrates can frequently provide such advantageous supports.
Procedures for dry-wet spinning of hollow fibers are well known in the art, see for example, I. Cabasso, "Hollow Fiber Membranes", Kirk-Othmer, Enc. of Chem. Tech., 12, Third Ed., 492-518 (1980) and I. Cabasso, "Membranes", Enc. of Pol. Sci. and Eng., 9, Second Ed., 509-579 (1987).
The vast body of knowledge that exists in the field of fiber spinning is also frequently directly applicable and indeed is used extensively in the field of spinning hollow fiber membranes. For example, information on the dry-jet wet-spinning process and the equipment for manufacturing polyamide fibers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,767,756 can be useful for spinning hollow fiber membranes.
A procedure for preparing fibers from polymer solutions at subatmospheric pressure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,151 issued Oct. 15, 1974 to Stoy et al. Though the disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for forming fibers, strings, cords, tubings, films, etc., its basic disclosure is directed to the preparation of solid fibers. According to the invention disclosed, a polymer solution is extruded through a spinneret into a tube or shaft whose upper end is sealed against gas flow by a lid connected with the spinneret, and its lower end is placed below the level of a coagulation bath open to the atmosphere. The pressure within the tube between the spinneret and the level of the coagulation bath is maintained lower than the pressure outside the tube or shaft so that the level of the coagulation liquid is higher in the shaft than in the outer coagulation bath. In the spinning process, the polymer solution exits the spinneret into the gaseous atmosphere above the coagulation bath in the shaft, which is maintained at subatmospheric pressure, the fibers then enter the coagulation bath and after passing through the bath are collected. Vacuum means are provided to maintain the level of the coagulation bath at the desired height and provision is also made to introduce and remove gaseous medium from the shaft area between the spinneret and the top of the coagulation bath if desired.
This invention pertains to a process for producing highly asymmetric hollow fiber membranes for gas separations by extruding the spinning dope into a zone that is maintained at reduced pressure as compared to the exterior of the spinning chamber and then conveying the extruded hollow fiber through a coagulation bath. The spinneret used to produce the asymmetric hollow fibers is enclosed in a chamber at subatmospheric pressure. The hollow fiber extrudate passes through the zone of reduced pressure prior to the phase separation and solidification step.
The procedure for preparing structured ("skinned" or asymmetric) membranes from polymer solutions by the phase inversion method may be divided into the following major stages: (1) casting the polymer solution, (2) exposure of the cast polymer solution to air (or controlled evaporation zone in general), (3) precipitation of the solution in a coagulation media and leaching out the solvent (frequently includes leaching of the nonsolvents, pore forming agents and other additives as well) and the optional step, (4) annealing the membrane. The objective is to produce an asymmetric structure in the precipitated film consisting of a thin, relatively dense skin supported by a thick, more porous sublayer, since such morphologies impart high permselectivity in combination with high permeability. Various mechanisms have been suggested for explaining skin formation. The mechanisms are essentially based upon the same fundamental assumption, namely, that the density of each layer of the membrane is determined by the concentration of the polymer solution at precipitation. This means that a dense skin forms when the polymer precipitates from a highly concentrated solution, whereas a porous substructure results from precipitation from a dilute solution. The evaporation step is considered to be important in the asymmetric structure formation since during the evaporation step solvent leaves the casting film and the polymer concentration increases near the air-film interface. During the quench step, solvent-nonsolvent exchange takes place; when the concentration reaches a certain level, precipitation and porous structure formation takes place with the polymer-rich phase establishing the solid region and the polymer-lean phase, the pores. An additional step is sometimes included in the final asymmetric structure formation wherein the formed membrane is annealed to densify the structure.
This invention provides a significant improvement in the field of spinning hollow fiber membranes to be used in the separation of gaseous or vapor mixtures. Specifically, the improvement involves the spinning of hollow fibers at subatmospheric pressure, i.e., a vacuum. The fibers described in this invention are all produced by a dry-wet spinning process; that is, the spinneret is positioned some distance above a coagulation bath so that the hollow fiber extrudate travels through a gaseous or air space before entering the coagulation bath. This space or zone through which the fiber travels before entering the coagulation bath is referred to as the gap and the gas in the gap may be air or any other suitable gas. It is the essence of this process that this gap be at some reduced pressure or vacuum relative to ambient atmospheric pressure to produce the hollow fiber membranes in accordance with this invention.
It was found presently that when in the process of hollow fiber spinning the cast polymer solution is exposed to a reduced pressure zone prior to the solidification step, an unexpected significantly higher level of asymmetry in hollow fiber morphology is attained. The increase in asymmetry is typically manifested by higher fast gas permeation rates without compromise in gas separation factors. The increase in the fast gas permeation rate typically indicates a substantial decrease in the thickness of the separation barrier layer. The thickness of the separation barrier layer of the asymmetric membranes produced by the method of this invention is frequently less than 1,000 Ångstroms and typically below 500 Ångstroms. The thickness of the separation barrier layer can often be estimated from electron scanning microscopy measurements, an additional useful method is the oxygen plasma ablastion technique described by A. K. Fritzche et al. in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, V40, Pg. 19-40, 1990. The mechanism for substantial improvements in gas permeation characteristics of hollow fiber membranes prepared by methods of this invention is not completely understood. It is assumed, however, that the exposure of the cast polymer solution to a reduced pressure prior to the Phase separation step induces high levels of density gradient in the cast solution through rapid evaporation of the solvent from the surface. Apparently, higher levels of density gradient between the surface layer and the internal membrane layers can be attained under these conditions than was feasible by the methods of prior art. It was further noted that the extrudate emerging from the spinneret tends to balloon when entering the reduced pressure zone due to the pressure differential between the bore side and exterior of the hollow fiber. The ballooning effect tends to increase fiber outside diameter significantly more than the conventional die swelling that takes place during fiber extrusion. The fiber is drawn down to the desired final dimensions prior to solidification by phase separation. The surface area available for evaporation and molecular orientation in surface layers of hollow fibers spun through a zone of reduced pressure can thus be significantly different than those spun conventionally through a zone with a normal atmospheric pressure in addition to differences in evaporation conditions.
The method of this invention can be advantageously utilized to produce flat sheet and tubular membranes, but it is particularly useful for manufacturing hollow fibers. In producing the asymmetric porous hollow fibers by this invention a solution of the fiber-forming material is prepared, commonly referred to as a sol, a spinning dope or spinning solution. The sol comprises the polymer mixed with a vehicle comprised of one or more components to yield a mixture with a viscosity suitable for the spinning of hollow fibers. The vehicle with which the polymer is mixed usually consists of at least one solvent capable of dissolving the polymer along with one or more additives that may be nonsolvents, as is well known in the art. The hollow fibers are prepared by spinning polymeric solutions or sols that are close to the point of incipient gelation or gels through a zone of reduced partial pressure followed by solidification in coagulation media. Advantageously the sols are prepared by dissolving one or more polymers in a solvent system that would contain at least one additive such as a nonsolvent, a pore-forming agent, or a surfactant.
The spinning solution may contain solvent or nonsolvent components of high vapor pressure to promote solvent evaporation in reduced pressure gap. In some instances, it may be beneficial to have a mixture of high boiling and low boiling solvents as a part of the spinning solution. However, it was noted that the process of this invention does not require the incorporation of low temperature boiling solvents into the spinning solution to attain high levels of fiber asymmetry, and solutions comprised of high boiling solvents only can be utilized effectively. The advantages of the present invention were found to be significant for hollow fibers spun from some polymer/solvent combinations while they were less beneficial in others. The reasons for these differences are not well understood.
The fiber solidification step is typically carried out in a coagulation media that is comprised of a nonsolvent or solvent/nonsolvent combination. It is desirable that the solvent component of the vehicle be miscible with the coagulation media used in the spinning process. Thus if the coagulation media is aqueous in nature, then water miscible solvents such as dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, etc., may be used as a solvent component of the vehicle. Advantageously the precipitation media is water. However, it is well known in the art that the phase inversion step that leads to the formation of a porous structure can be, in some cases, induced by a rapid cooling of the casting solution to induce a thermal phase separation. Furthermore, under some conditions, a combination of thermally induced and nonsolvent induced phase separation can take place simultaneously during the phase inversion step. It is understood that all these processes are included in the scope of the present invention.
The nonsolvent components used in formulating the sol can be solids or liquids. These components are useful in controlling the viscosity of the spinning dope as well as the porosity and other properties of hollow fibers prepared from the sol. Typical of the liquid nonsolvents that are known to be useful in formulating spin dopes are aliphatic alcohols, particularly polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, glycerine, etc. polyethylene oxides and polypropylene oxides, surfactants such as alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alkylaryl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, etc., triethylphosphate, formamide, aliphatic acids, such as acetic or propionic acid, etc. Solid materials known to be useful as nonsolvents are polyvinylpyrrolidone, citric acid, and salts, such as zinc chloride, lithium chloride, etc.
The spinning dope should have a viscosity high enough to provide adequate strength to the hollow fiber precursor as it is extruded from the spinneret into the gap. The viscosity of the dope at the extrusion temperature should be about 1,000 to 10,000,000 centipoise, preferably about 10,000 to 1,000,000 centipoise.
The spinning dope can be prepared by first adding the solvent components of the vehicle to a suitable mixing vessel and subsequently adding the nonsolvent components and stirring until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. The fiber-forming polymer may then be added to this vehicle and mixed for a sufficient time to completely dissolve the polymer. It is advantageous to use a mechanical stirring device capable of mixing the resulting viscous mixture. Mixing of representative spinning dopes may be accomplished in less than 24 hours, often in about 8 hours.
Following the completion of the mixing process, the spinning dope must be deaerated; that is, any bubbles that have been entrained in the dope during the mixing cycle must be removed prior to spinning the dope into hollow fibers. This step must be taken so that large defects in the porous hollow fiber are not formed by air bubbles causing disturbances in the hollow fiber extrusion process. Deaeration may be accomplished by subjecting the spinning dope to a vacuum in a suitable vessel or by other methods well known in the art.
Prior to being delivered to the spinneret, it is beneficial for the dope to undergo one or more filtration steps. It is desirable to remove any contaminants from the spinning dope in order to prevent flow disruptions at the spinneret, as well as prevent large defects in the porous hollow fiber that may lead to poor mechanical properties or decreased separation efficiency. Filters with a nominal pore size rating of about 100 microns are useful for this process, although filters with nominal pore size ratings down to 20 microns or 10 microns may be preferred in some instances.
Spinnerets for use in this invention are generally of the tube-in-orifice type, in which there is a provision for a core fluid such as liquid or gas to be metered through the tube to produce the bore in the hollow fiber, but other spinneret designs can also be used; multi-orifice spinnerets can be used. The orifice diameters for spinnerets used in this invention may be in the range of about 0.0254 cm to 0.51 cm, preferably about 0.05 cm to about 0.25 cm. As is known and recognized, the spinneret sizes will depend to a great extent on the desired hollow fiber dimensions.
The tube in the spinneret should be positioned in the center of the orifice of the spinneret in order to maintain concentricity of the resulting fiber. In addition, the bore of the spinneret tube should be large enough to permit sufficient flow of the bore fluid to yield a fiber of the required size. The outer diameter of the spinneret tube should be in the range of about 0.005 cm to about 0.25 cm, preferably about 0.013 to about 0.2 cm.
The spinning dope can be delivered to the spinneret by any means known in the art that will provide a consistent flow at the desired rate. Representative of methods used for spinning dope delivery is to force the material from a vessel to the spinneret under gas pressure while metering the flow with a suitable regulating valve and rotameter assembly. Alternatively, a pump may be employed to meter the dope to the spinneret. Another method would be to employ a combination of pressure vessels and pumps to accomplish this task. Typical flow rates for dope delivered to the spinneret in practicing this invention are in the range of 0.5 cc/minute to 20 cc/minute, preferably from 1 cc/minute to 10 cc/minute. However, this is dependent upon the size of the spinneret and number and size of the orifices.
Spin stretch factors as low as about 1 or lower and as high as about 30 or more can be used. The spin stretch factor (SSF), as expressed herein, is the ratio of the velocity of the fiber as it leaves the coagulation bath to the jet velocity. The jet velocity is the average velocity of the dope in the spinneret capillary as calculated from the volume of the dope passing through an orifice per unit time and from the cross-sectional area of the orifice.
It may often be advantageous to heat the spinning dope prior to extrusion from the spinneret. This may be useful sometimes from the point of view of reducing the viscosity of the spinning dope to make it easier to handle. In addition, in some instances asymmetric porous hollow fiber with more beneficial properties may be obtained by delivering the spinning dope at elevated temperatures. Dope temperatures at the spinneret are frequently in the range of from about 20� C. to 200� C., preferably from about 30� C. to 150� C.
In order to maintain an open bore in the extruded spinning dope stream, a core fluid is delivered through the tube in the spinneret. This core fluid may be liquid or gaseous and may consist of a single component or a mixture of components. The core fluid is delivered to the spinneret tube at a rate that will yield a fiber of the desired size. The flow rate of liquid bore fluids metered to the spinneret may be measured by means of any known suitable device, such as a flowmeter. These bore fluids may be delivered to the spinneret by means of a metering pump or alternatively by forcing the liquid from a vessel by means of gas pressure. Gaseous bore fluids may be delivered by using a metered compressed gas. Alternately, one can take advantage of the pressure differential between the bore of the spinneret tube and subatmospheric pressure in the chamber that encases the spinneret to aspirate the core fluid into the spinneret.
It may often be advantageous to control the temperature of the core fluid to achieve particular asymmetric hollow fiber characteristics. The temperature of the core fluid is frequently from about 0� C.-200� C., and more frequently from about 20� C.-100� C.
As the hollow fiber precursor consisting essentially of the combined spinning dope and core fluid streams is extruded from the spinneret, it is essential in this invention to have the spinneret positioned some distance above the coagulation bath. This is done to expose the hollow fiber precursor for a period of time to reduced pressure in the vacuum chamber or gap prior to the solidification step. It is the exposure of the hollow fiber stream to the reduced pressure in the gap that gives the hollow fibers of this invention their improved properties over fibers spun at otherwise similar conditions but at an atmospheric pressure. The length of this gap can be from about 0.25 cm to about two meters, generally and preferably from about 0.5 cm to about 30 cm. The vacuum level in the chamber will vary from about 1 cm to about 75 cm Hg, frequently from about 10 cm Hg to about 36 cm Hg. The vacuum should not be maintained too high so as to cause rupture of the hollow fibers as they pass through the vacuum chamber or an undue evaporation of the coagulation fluid.
Following extrusion of the liquid hollow fiber stream through the gap, it is then run through one or more coagulation baths, which serve to solidify the extrudate and help the hollow fiber maintain its shape. The coagulation baths may consist of one or more components that are miscible with the solvent components of the spinning dope. The residence time in the coagulation baths should be long enough to permit sufficient diffusion of solvent out of the fiber and sufficient diffusion of coagulant into the fiber so that an integral structure is achieved in the fiber prior to take-up. The coagulation media may consist of any liquid or solution of several components that will conveniently coagulate or precipitate the dope. Typical examples are water, alcohols, aqueous salt solutions, etc.
It is often beneficial to control the temperature of the coagulation media in order to achieve desired properties in the highly asymmetric Porous hollow fibers produced by this invention. The temperatures of the coagulation baths are usually from about -10� C. to 100� C. and more frequently from about 10� C. and 60� C. After being thus solidified, the formed asymmetric porous hollow fibers may be taken up or collected by any suitable means. Collection rates are typically in the range of about 15 meters per minute to about 300 meters per minute and more frequently in the range of about 20 meters per minute to about 150 meters per minute. The asymmetric porous hollow fibers may be then optionally exposed to one or more final washing stages to remove any residual solvent or nonsolvent components. Suitable washing liquids can include any material that is miscible with the solvent or nonsolvent components to be extracted, but at the same time is not harmful to the formed asymmetric porous hollow fiber.
Advantageously, the walls of hollow fibers are sufficiently thick that no special apparatus is required for their handling. Frequently, the hollow fibers may have outside diameters of about 20 to 1,000 microns, say about 50 to 1,000, e.g., about 250 to 1,000 microns, and have walls of at least about 5 microns in thickness. The wall thickness in some hollow fibers may be up to about 200 or 300 microns. In order to provide desirable fluxes through the hollow fibers the hollow fibers may have a substantial void volume. Voids or pores are regions within the walls of the hollow fibers which are vacant of the material of the hollow fibers. Thus, when voids are present, the density of the hollow fiber is less than the density of the bulk material of the hollow fiber. Often the void volume of the hollow fibers is up to about 90, say about 10 to 80, and sometimes about 20 or 30 to 70 percent, based on the superficial volume, i.e., the volume contained within the gross dimensions, of the hollow fiber. Frequently, the pores have an average cross-sectional diameter less than about 20,000 Angstroms and, in some hollow fibers, the diameter is less than about 1,000 or 5,000 Angstroms. The hollow fiber of this invention is characterized by having at least one relatively dense region within its thickness in barrier relationship to fluid flow through the wall of the hollow fiber, i.e., the hollow fiber is anisotropic or asymmetric. The dense region is typically the exterior surface of the hollow fiber membrane, but can be located in the interior, particularly in the region adjacent to the surface.
The process of this invention is most useful for the preparation of highly asymmetric integrally skinned membranes for gas separation wherein material of the membrane substantially effects the separation. Such membranes contain nonporous dense regions within the membrane structure that are typically located at the membrane surface. These dense regions, or surface layers, are preferably nonporous or of extremely low porosity typically below 10-5, preferably below 10-6. Surface porosity is defined as a ratio or surface area occupied by pores to the total surface area of the membrane. For asymmetric hollow fibers utilized for gas separations wherein the material of the hollow fiber effects a significant portion of the separation, the relatively dense region that effects the separation is not necessarily located at the exterior surface of the hollow fiber, but can be situated somewhat away from the surface sandwiched between porous nondiscriminating regions. "Asymmetric" as used herein refers to a membrane that comprises a thin dense discriminating region and one or more porous layers which provided little resistance to gas flow.
Typical examples of the types of polymers useful for forming the hollow fibers by this invention are any of the solid natural or synthetic fiber-forming substances. The selection of the material for the hollow fiber may be based on the heat resistance, solvent resistance, and/or mechanical strength of the hollow fiber, as well as other factors dictated by the intended separation process in which it will be used and the conditions to which it will be subjected. Thus, for instance, the selection of the material of the hollow fiber may be based on whether or not the material of hollow fiber is intended to significantly effect the gas separation, in which event the material of the hollow fiber must have useful separation properties; or whether the intended use of the hollow fiber is as a substrate for composite membrane preparation wherein the coating is intended to effect the gas separation. The hollow fibers may be flexible or substantially rigid. In the case of polymers, both addition and condensation polymers that can be fabricated in any suitable manner to provide porous hollow fibers are included. Typical polymers can be substituted or unsubstituted polymers and may be selected from polysulfones; poly(styrenes), including styrene-containing copolymers such as acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers; polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers, such as cellulose acetate; cellulose-acetate-butyrate, cellulose propionate, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, etc.; polyamides and polyimides; polyethers; poly(arylene oxides) such as poly(phenylene oxide) and poly(xylylene oxide); polyurethanes; polyesters (including polyarylates); poly(alkyl methacrylates), poly(alkyl acrylates); polysulfides; polymers from monomers having alpha-olefinic unsaturation; and copolymers, grafts and blends containing any of the foregoing. Typical substituents providing substituted polymers include halogens such as fluorine, chlorine and bromine; hydroxyl groups; lower alkyl groups; lower alkoxy groups; monocyclic aryl; lower acyl groups; sulfonic groups, and the like.
It was further found that the process of this invention is beneficial for manufacturing of substrates for composite membrane preparation. The composite membranes are typically prepared by depositing a thin membrane layer on an appropriate porous substrate, wherein the deposited layer provides the gas separation medium and the substrate that can be substantially asymmetric series primarily as the support layer. Substrate surface porosity useful for composite membrane preparation is frequently high and sometimes can be above several percent. Substrates for composite membrane manufacturing when prepared by the method of present invention frequently exhibit more uniform and sharp pore size distribution than membranes prepared by methods of prior art. Surfaces of these substrate materials produced by the method of this invention further appear substantially smoother and defect free, which allows for deposition of thinner defect-free gas separation barrier layer. The substrate surface layer region is frequently of a significantly reduced thickness as compared with the surface layer region of the prior art membranes. This, in turn, minimizes the interference of the substrate layer material with the gas separation characteristics of the final composite membrane. The thickness of the surface layer region of the substrates of this invention is frequently below 1,000 Ångstroms, typically below 500 Ångstroms, preferably below 400 Ångstroms and most advantageously below 300 Ångstroms. Consequently, composite membranes can be prepared from substrates of this invention that frequently exhibit improved gas separation/permeation characteristics.
The composite membranes that utilize the improved hollow fiber substrates produced by the method of this invention can be formed by any method known in the art, e.g., by solution deposition, plasma polymerization, interfacial polymerization, etc.
The specific membrane-forming material applied to the surface of the highly asymmetric porous hollow fiber membranes of this invention to produce the composite membrane will depend upon the particular gas separation process.
Typical of useful membrane-forming materials, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, one can mention synthetic rubbers; natural rubbers; relatively high molecular weight and/or high boiling liquids; organic prepolymers; poly(siloxanes) (silicone polymers); polyurethanes; polyamines: polyimides: polyamides; acrylonitrile-containing copolymers; polyesters; polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate; blends of cellulose polymers, such as cellulose acetate/polymethyl methacrylate blends; polysulfones, especially modified polysulfones such as sulfonated polysulfones; poly(aklylene glycols) such as poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), etc.; polymers from monomers having ⊕-olefinic unsaturation such as poly(olefins), e.g., poly(4-methylpentane), poly(styrene) including Poly(styrene copolymers), polyvinyls; poly(arylene oxides), e.g., poly(xylyene oxide); poly(arylene oxides) modified by halogenation or sulfonation; polycarbonates; and the like.
As indicated previously, the membrane-forming material is frequently applied to the surface of the porous substrate from a solution, the film-forming solution. This is generally performed by passing the porous substrate surface through the solution. Any suitable solvent or mixture of solvents for the membrane-forming material can be used and those skilled in the art appreciate and know which solvent composition is suitable for a particular membrane-forming material/hollow fiber substrate combination. The solvent is one which will dissolve the membrane-forming material and can be inorganic or organic and able to produce a homogeneous or uniform solution. The solvent used to prepare the solution of the membrane-forming material can also be a mixture of one or more solvents that will dissolve the membrane-forming material and one or more nonsolvent for the membrane-forming material. The solution should wet the surface of the porous substrate and be of a low enough viscosity that it will be easily applied as an even coating. The viscosity at application temperature can vary from less than about 50 centipoise and is generally from about 0.5 to about 10 to 20 centipoise. The concentration of membrane-forming material in the membrane-forming solution can vary from about 0.25 to about 10 percent by weight of said solution.
Illustrative of solvents that can be used to prepare the solutions are the liquid aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., toluene, pentane, hexane, 2-ethylhexane, cyclopentane, methylcyclopentane, cycloexane, etc.; alkanols, e.g., methanol, ethanol, the propanols, cyclohexanol, etc.; ketones, e.g., acetone, dimethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.; acids, e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, etc.; water; esters, e.g., ethyl acetate, etc.; halogenated alkanes and dialkyl ethers; and the like; mixtures thereof may also be used. In some instances, one of said materials in the mixture may be the solvent for the membrane-forming material while the other of said materials may be the nonsolvent; in other instances both components may be solvents for the membrane-forming material.
The thin membrane applied to the surface of the asymmetric porous hollow fibers produced by the vacuum process of this invention can vary in thickness from about 500 Angstroms or less to about 7,000 Angstroms or more, preferably from about 500 Angstroms to about 2,000 Angstroms; this is not a critical factor of this invention.
The discovery that one could produce highly asymmetric porous hollow fibers having generally improved properties by subjecting the liquid hollow fiber exiting the spinneret orifice to a reduced pressure in a gaseous gap or vacuum chamber before it came into contact with the coagulation bath was completely unexpected and could not be predicted.
Hollow fibers reported in the examples were spun by the dry-wet spinning method. Fully degassed (deaerated) spinning solutions (dopes) were delivered at rates of 1 to 10 ml/min. to a tube-in-orifice type spinneret (typical orifice diameter of 0.15 cm and injection tube outside diameter of 0.1 cm). Fluids injected into the fiber lumen were solvent-nonsolvent mixtures, mild swelling solvents, water, or gas, such as air. The temperature of the spinning solution was carefully monitored and maintained at a particular temperature between 20� to 120� C., as specified in the examples. The experimental setup for dry-wet spinning of hollow fibers under conditions of reduced pressure was similar to that described by Stoy et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,151. The height of the water column in the spinning apparatus determined the level of the vacuum in the gap between the spinneret and the coagulation bath. Provisions were made for water recirculation in the column. The gap size in the reduced pressure chamber or the distance that fibers travel between the spinneret and the coagulation bath could be varied between 0.1 and up to 50 cm in the experimental setup. The nascent hollow fibers were taken up at a rate of up to 100 m/min. The coagulation bath was water with the coagulation bath temperature maintained at ambient temperature or up to 60� C. in some experiments. The coagulated nascent hollow fibers were further washed in a water bath followed by an alcohol/water wash and dried prior to further use. The dried hollow fibers were evaluated for their gas separation characteristics. Typical fiber dimensions were about 0.038 cm OD and 0.02 cm ID.
Composite membranes were prepared from hollow fibers by conventional methods that essentially comprised passing hollow fibers through a dilute polymer solution followed by drying.
Asymmetric membranes of low surface porosity were coated with 1% polydimethyl siloxane (Sylgard/) in cyclohexane to convert them into multicomponent membranes essentially as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,463. The gas separation properties of these membranes were determined in principle by the material of the asymmetric membrane as opposed to the material of the coating.
The oxygen and nitrogen permeation rates and separation factors were determined by conducting an air separation at 700 kPag and room temperature condition at close to 0% stage cut. The permeation rates were determined using a mass flow meter and oxygen concentration in the gas stream was measured with an oxygen analyzer. The gas permeation rates, P/t, are reported in cm3/cm2•cmHg•sec; the separation factor, α, between a gas pair is the ratio of their permeation rates.
The following examples serve to further illustrate the invention; parts are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Part A. A homogeneous solution was prepared by stirring 41 parts of N-methyl pyrrolidone, 15.6 parts of surfactant Triton� X-100 and 4.9 parts of glycerine. To this solution 38.5 parts of polysulfone (Udel� P-3500) were gradually added and the mixture stirred at about 75� C. until complete polymer dissolution. The polysulfone solution was filtered and spun through a tube-in-orifice spinneret to produce the nascent hollow fiber. The spinneret was completely enclosed in a vacuum chamber in which the vacuum level was maintained at about 14 cm Hg. The spinning dope was extruded through the spinneret at a temperature of 93� C. while a stream of nitrogen was delivered through the bore of the injection tube to produce a hollow filament stream in the vacuum chamber. The hollow filament stream traveled through the vacuum chamber for a distance of about 10 cm and then coagulated in water maintained at 40�-45� C. and collected at a rate of about 61 meters per minute. The hollow fiber was water-washed and dried.
Module A. Composite hollow fiber membrane modules were prepared by coating the washed and dried polysulfone hollow fibers produced above with a 6% solution of polydimethylsiloxane (Sylgard�) in cyclohexane, followed by a drying step to remove the solvent. Composite polysulfone hollow fiber modules containing 8 hollow fibers about 40.5 cm long were prepared by potting loops of fiber in a test module. These composite membranes modules were tested for air separation and the results are summarized in Table I.
Part B. For comparative purposes the spinning dope described in Part A was used to spin hollow fibers under conditions similar to those described in Part A with the exception that the spinneret was not enclosed within a vacuum chamber, but rather was kept at ambient atmospheric pressure. All other spinning, collecting and drying conditions were essentially the same as in Part A.
Module B was produced following the procedure used to produce Module A.
TABLE I______________________________________(Ex. 1)Module A B______________________________________Permeation rate,* P/t O.sub.2 � 10.sup.5 14.0 11.2Separation factor, α, O.sub.2 /N.sub.2 2.3 2.4______________________________________ *in cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.2 � cmHg � sec
The data in Table I show that the oxygen permeation rate for the composite membrane Module A prepared from the polysulfone hollow fiber substrate spun by the vacuum process of this invention is 25% higher than the oxygen permeation rate for the composite membrane Module B prepared from the substrate hollow fibers spun at ambient atmospheric conditions with essentially the same separation factor. The large increase in permeation rate achieved was unexpected and could not be predicted.
Part A. A spinning dope was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1 except that the composition of the solution in this Example was 37 parts by weight of polysulfone, 7.35 parts by weight of citric acid and 55.65 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone.
The deaerated spin dope wa filtered and delivered under pressure to a tube-in-orifice spinneret having an orifice diameter of about 0.1 cm and an injection tube outside diameter of about 0.05 cm. The spinneret was completely enclosed in a vacuum chamber in which the vacuum level was 14 cm Hg. The spinning dope was extruded at a temperature of 71� C. from this spinneret while a bore fluid consisting of 91% V/V N-methyl pyrrolidone/water was delivered through the core of the injection tube to produce a nascent hollow filament stream. This hollow filament stream traveled through the vacuum chamber for a distance of 1.27 cm into a coagulation bath consisting essentially of water at approximately 25� C. The coagulated filament was then run through a coagulation bath consisting essentially of water at 25� C. and subsequently collected at a rate of 30.5 meters per minute. The washed and dried hollow fiber had an outside diameter of 0.0378 cm and an inside diameter of 0.02 cm.
Module C. Asymmetric polysulfone hollow fiber modules containing 8 fibers about 30.5 cm long were prepared by potting loops of fibers produced in Part A of this Example in a test module and coating the fibers with a 1% solution of Sylgard�. The air separation rates are summarized in Table II.
Part B. For comparative purposes, the spinning dope described in Part A was spun at normal atmospheric pressure conditions. All other spinning conditions were maintained essentially as described in Part A.
Module D. Following the procedures described for Module C, asymmetric polysulfone hollow fibers of Part B of this Example were used to prepare modules. They were tested and the results are summarized in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________(Ex. 2)Module C D______________________________________Permeation rate,* P/t O.sub.2 � 10.sup.5 2.7 2.2Separation factor, α, O.sub.2 /N.sub.2 5.33 5.22______________________________________ *in cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.2 � cmHg � sec
The data in Table II show that the asymmetric polysulfone hollow fiber membranes, Module C, prepared with the hollow fibers spun by the vacuum process of this invention had an oxygen permeation rate 20% greater compared to the asymmetric polysulfone hollow fiber membrane Module D, prepared using the hollow fibers spun at ambient atmospheric conditions.
Part A. A spinning dope was prepared following the procedure described in Example 1 except that the solution was comprised of 38.5 parts by weight of polyetherimide polymer (Ultem�), 18.45 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone, and 43.05 parts by weight of gamma-butyrolactone.
The spinneret was completely enclosed in a vacuum chamber in which the vacuum level was 14 cm Hg. The spinning dope was extruded at a temperature of 94� C. while a bore fluid of N-methyl pyrrolidone was delivered through the core of the injection tube to produce the nascent hollow filament stream. This hollow filament stream traveled through the vacuum chamber for a distance of 5.1 cm and then entered a coagulation bath consisting essentially of water at 42� C. The coagulated filament was then run through a coagulation bath consisting essentially of water at a temperature of 46� C. and subsequently collected at 67.1 meters per minute. The hollow fiber was water-washed and dried.
Following the procedures described for Module A, modules comprised of asymmetric polyetherimide hollow fibers of Part A of this Example were prepared and tested. The results are summarized in Table III.
Part B. For comparative purposes, the spinning dope used in Part A of this Example was used to spin hollow fibers under conditions similar to those in Part A with the exception that the spinneret was not enclosed in a vacuum chamber, but rather was at ambient atmospheric pressure.
Module F. Following the procedures described for Module E, modules comprised of the asymmetric polyetherimide hollow fibers of Part B of this Example were prepared and tested. The results are summarized in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________(Ex. 3)Module E F______________________________________Permeation rate,* P/t O.sub.2 � 10.sup.5 0.81 0.65Separation factor, α, O.sub.2 /N.sub.2 6.37 3.41______________________________________ *in cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.2 � cmHg � sec
The data in Table III show that the asymmetric hollow fiber membrane Module E prepared with the polyetherimide hollow fibers spun by the vacuum process of this invention had an oxygen permeation rate 25% higher than the Module F prepared with the hollow fibers spun at ambient atmospheric pressure. In addition, Module E had a significantly higher O2 /N2 separation factor than Module F. These results were completely unexpected and could not be predicted.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 31, 1985
|May 17, 1988
|Celanese Corporation
|Process for forming a skinless hollow fiber of a cellulose ester
|May 12, 1987
|Jan 24, 1989
|Process and apparatus for obtaining plastic molded objects
|Apr 27, 1987
|Apr 11, 1989
|Cuno, Incorporated
|Method of manufacturing a hollow porous fiber
|Dec 20, 1988
|Apr 10, 1990
|Cuno, Incorporated
|Method of manufacturing nylon microporous hollow fiber membrane
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|Sep 11, 1990
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Semi-permeable hollow fiber gas separation membranes possessing a non-external discriminating region
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|Feb 12, 1991
|Permea, Inc.
|Asymmetric gas separation membranes having improved strength
|Citing Patent
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|May 19, 1994
|Nov 21, 1995
|L'air Liquide S.A.
|Process of making multicomponent or asymmetric gas separation membranes
|Oct 11, 1994
|Mar 31, 1998
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Method of preparing membranes from blends of polymers
|May 6, 1993
|Jun 9, 1998
|Minntech Corporation
|Hollow fiber membranes and method of manufacture
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|Nov 10, 1998
|Water Research Commission
|Method of making a hollow fibre membrane
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|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for spinning hollow fiber membranes
|Oct 25, 1996
|Apr 6, 1999
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Method of preparing membranes from blends of polymers
|Oct 28, 1999
|Nov 26, 2002
|Korea Institute Of Science And Technology
|Method for producing an asymmetric support membrane by physical gelation and the membranes obtained thereby
|Sep 14, 2001
|Dec 17, 2002
|Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method for purifying aqueous suspension
|Sep 24, 1999
|Dec 24, 2002
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Production and use of improved polyimide separation membranes
|Jan 19, 2000
|Dec 24, 2002
|Membrana Gmbh
|Integrally asymmetrical polyolefin membrane
|Nov 9, 1999
|Feb 18, 2003
|University Of Strathclyde
|Super selective hollow fibre membranes
|Apr 20, 2001
|Apr 1, 2003
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Method of preparing composite gas separation membranes from perfluoropolymers
|Apr 17, 2001
|Sep 16, 2003
|Integra Lifesciences Corp.
|Porous constructs fabricated by gas induced phase inversion
|Sep 20, 2002
|Dec 16, 2003
|L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
|Process for making hollow fiber mixed matrix membranes
|Jul 1, 2002
|Apr 20, 2004
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Gas separation using membranes formed from blends of perfluorinated polymers
|Feb 21, 2003
|Aug 2, 2005
|L' Air Liquide—Societe Anonyme � Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
|Method of preparing composite gas separation membranes from perfluoropolymers
|Jan 17, 2006
|Jul 7, 2009
|Vaperma Inc.
|Solvent resistant asymmetric integrally skinned membranes
|Jan 18, 2007
|Oct 12, 2010
|General Electric Company
|Composite membrane for separation of carbon dioxide
|Oct 22, 2008
|Sep 27, 2011
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
|High molecular weight poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and process therefor
|Aug 8, 2011
|Jul 10, 2012
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|Aug 8, 2011
|Aug 13, 2013
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
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|Jan 31, 2011
|Feb 4, 2014
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Hollow-fiber membrane casting solution additive for rapid solvent removal
|Oct 26, 2010
|Jan 12, 2016
|Basf Se
|Process for the preparation of hyperbranched hollow fibers
|Mar 14, 2013
|Aug 30, 2016
|Jean I. Montagu
|Filtering blood
|Dec 15, 2014
|Nov 15, 2016
|Sabic Global Technologies B.V.
|UV and thermally treated polymeric membranes
|Dec 15, 2014
|Dec 20, 2016
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|Treated mixed matrix polymeric membranes
|Jul 16, 2004
|Jan 19, 2006
|Honeywell International Inc.
|High temperature gas separation membrane suitable for OBIGGS applications
|Jan 17, 2006
|Jun 8, 2006
|Richard Cranford
|Solvent resistant asymmetric integrally skinned membranes
|Apr 2, 2007
|Aug 9, 2007
|Richard Cranford
|Solvent resistant asymmetric integrally skinned membranes
|Jan 18, 2007
|Jul 24, 2008
|Kunj Tandon
|Composite membrane for separation of carbon dioxide
|Oct 22, 2008
|Aug 27, 2009
|Erik Rene Delsman
|High molecular weight poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and process therefor
|Oct 9, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Decision Biomarkers, Inc.
|Liquid Transfer and Filter System
|Dec 18, 2009
|Jun 23, 2011
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|Air separation module fiber material formulation
|Jan 31, 2011
|Aug 2, 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
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|Oct 26, 2010
|Aug 23, 2012
|Basf Se
|Process for the Preparation of Hyperbranched Hollow Fibers
|Feb 16, 1999
|Oct 17, 2000
|Minntech Corp
|Dialysate filter including an asymmetric microporous, hollow fiber membrane incorporating a polyimide
|Apr 27, 1995
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|Method of preparing mmembranes from blends of polyetherimide and polyimide polymers
|Mar 13, 1996
|Sep 18, 1996
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|Fluid separation membranes prepared from blends of polyimide polymers
|Jun 28, 1996
|Oct 15, 1997
|Praxair Technology Inc
|Method and apparatus for spinning hollow fiber membranes
|Feb 4, 2009
|Apr 20, 2011
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|Jul 30, 2013
|Feb 6, 2014
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|Jul 12, 2013
|Feb 13, 2014
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|Filtering blood
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 17, 1991
Owner name: UNION CARBIDE INDUSTRIAL GASES TECHNOLOGY CORPORAT
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text:
Results 1 to 5 of 5
10-26-09, 11:37 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Oct 2009
- Posts
- 2
Unanswered: Need help for migarating huge data into postgresql
I have 40 millions of data to migrate into a single table of Postgresql database. I need to improve the performance of postgres database to import such a huge data. I need you people to tune the database and tables to import these data with high performance.
Also, I need any effective migration tools which supports postgres.
Help regarding this will be highly appreciated.
10-26-09, 16:44 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Aug 2009
- Location
- Olympia, WA
- Posts
- 337
You didn't give us much to go on.
Have you tried it and it was too slow? If so, what did you do? Where is the data coming from? What version of Postgres are you importing in to? Have you looked at partitioning the target table?
10-27-09, 00:15 #3Registered User
- Join Date
- Oct 2009
- Posts
- 2
Thanks for your reply. Here is the information.
It importing 10,000 records per minute. I am just thinking on any performance tuning, may improve the insertion speed.
FYI: All the data in text file. I am using java code to read the file and inserting it into the database directly. I am using postgres8.2 database version.
I didn't know how to look at the partioning of Target table. Can you please help me on this too?
Thanks in advance,
10-27-09, 05:12 #4Registered User
- Join Date
- Sep 2009
- Posts
- 39
with ETL you can get about 20-80 M records/hour.
I have data in home which table contains about 120 M records.
for MS you have oledb driver
or you can use pentaho etl.
Pentaho Commercial Open Source Business Intelligence Kettle Project
10-27-09, 13:37 #5Registered User
- Join Date
- Aug 2009
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If the data are already in a text file you should use Postgres' copy command.
PostgreSQL: Documentation: Manuals: PostgreSQL 8.2: COPY
On table partitioning
PostgreSQL: Documentation: Manuals: PostgreSQL 8.2: Partitioning


text:
BS(MIS) through hybrid distance
learning program is being conducted by MIS Department. The BS(MIS) curriculum
design is composed of several segments such as broad general education in
Management Information Systems, Natural Sciences, Humanities, Economics,
Finance, General Management and Information Technology. The program is spread over 11 Semesters and
consists of 130 Credit Hours covering 44 courses.
BS MIS Program is accredited up to Intake Batch-2016 as per decision of NCEAC Meeting held on 25 February 2014.
Read More
The program is being
conducted in three phases:
1st Phase – 1st
to 3rd Semesters at Pakistan Naval Academy
2nd Phase – 4th
to 6th Semesters at Pakistan Naval Engineering
3rd Phase – 7th
to 11th Semesters through Distance


text:
Appearance Edit
She was very tall, just about as tall as Rand with blond hair.
Activities Edit
She was one of the Maidens who surrounded Rand when he met the nobles in Cairhien after the battle with the Shaido. She was also one of the Maidens who went to the battle in Caemlyn to fight Rahvin's forces.
She was not impressed with the amount of affection Rand showed Min Farshaw when Min first arrived in Caemlyn. She accompanied Rand when he Travels to Caemlyn after he had been captured by the White Tower Aes Sedai.
She, along with the rest of the Maidens of the Spear, was furious at being left behind during Rand al'Thor's campaign's against Illian and the Seanchan. Because the Maidens think of Rand as a first-brother, she beat him up as punishment when he returned to Cairhien. When the rogue Asha'man blow up Rand's quarters, she was on guard duty and perished.


text:
"The attacks on America last month should not be seen as random acts. They are expressions of a larger struggle that is playing out across the broader Middle East — a region that is now in the midst of the most profound upheaval in a century."
The attacks on the Americans in Libya is unquestionably the most profound events to take place in the entire Middle East in perhaps even two centeries.
You mean since the Barbary Pirates?.....
More than the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing that killed 299 American and French servicemen?
Time to start studying history. Start with the moment you clicked on this reply and work your way back.


text:
There is a piece in the Chicago Tribune about Caterpillar's CEO. He laments that it's hard for his company to find qualified workers. It's not that they need college degrees, but that they lack the basic trainability that American high-school grads used to possess.
Caterpillar CEO Thinks Our Education System Has Failed
Phi Beta Cons
The Right take on higher education.


text:
Four Irish people onboard Emirates plane which 'crash-landed' in Dubai
All passengers were evacuated but it was later confirmed that a firefighter died whilst tackling the blaze.
Four Irish people were on the Emirates plane which caught fire at Dubai International Airport after it crash-landed because of an equipment failure.
Photos showed plumes of black smoke rising into the air from the plane.
Incredibly, all 300 passengers and crew escaped alive from the terrifying incident. However, it was later confirmed a Dubai firefighter died whilst tackling the blaze.
A spokesperson for the airline said: "Emirates can confirm that an incident happened at Dubai International Airport on 3rd August 2016 at about 12.45pm local time (9.45am BST)."
The nationality of those on board was released by the airline on their Facebook page. Four Irish people were listed amongst the nationalities of those travelling on board.
The Irish Embassy in Dubai said it is engaging with those affected by the incident and will offer consular assistance if needed.
Fire from Emirates flight in Dubai airport - on the runway! pic.twitter.com/cWILh4CXQ6— Krishna Bhagavathula (@kbhagava) August 3, 2016
Speaking in Dublin, Foreign Affairs Minister Charlie Flanagan said he has yet to be given official confirmation that Irish passengers were on the flight.
"My understanding is, there has been an emergency or crash landing, a plane, Emirates airline, in Dubai. It has been reported that there are a number of Irish passengers on board. This has not been officially confirmed. My understanding is there has been no injuries."
Krishna Bhagavathula, who was at the airport, wrote on Twitter that the flames had burned through the top of the aircraft before being brought under control.
A spokesperson for the Dubai media office, which represents the Emirate's government, said the plane was flying in from India when it "crash-landed".
All 275 passengers were evacuated safely, a statement added.
"Authorities at Dubai International Airport are dealing with the incident at the moment to ensure safety of all."
@BBCBreaking @BBC_HaveYourSay just witnessed a crash at Dubai airport.. I have more footage pic.twitter.com/WeOb4UOONS— Edmund Basil (@EdmundBasil) August 3, 2016
The Aviation Herald reported that the Boeing 777, from Thiruvananthapuram in India "suffered a collapse of the landing gear and burst into flames".
Dubai resident Girisankal Gangadhakan said his wife called him after the plane landed to tell him that she and their three children onboard had been involved in an accident but were safe.
"I was shocked when I heard about that," he said.
The cause of the equipment failure is under investigation.
Data recorded by the Flightradar24 website showed the flight appeared normal until the landing, cruising at 36,000ft before beginning a gradual descent.
A spokesperson for Emirates airlines said the aircraft was involved in an "accident" at about 12.45pm local time (9.45am BST).
"We can confirm that there are no fatalities, all passengers and crew are accounted for and safe," a statement said.
"There were 282 passengers and 18 crew on board. The main priority remains with those involved and offering support to concerned family and friends.
"We are extending full co-operation to authorities and emergency services managing the situation."
Emirates chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed al-Maktoum later said a firefighter was killed while battling flames that erupted when the plane crash-landed.
All departures have been suspended at Dubai International Airport until further notice, with long delays and diversions expected.
Emirates also warned of a "network-wide" delay lasting four hours, although the reason was unclear.
Online Editors


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'NDS - Emulation and Homebrew' started by R4Liam, Aug 17, 2011.
Well is it possible? I which homebrew do I use?
Yes, I have used Win2DS for that. It will allow you to remote control your PC through a wireless network or internet connection. Be aware though, it requires you to have a program run in the background. You also need to know your computer's IP address. Open windows command prompt, and type ipconfig for that.
It can be downloaded here:
Err ok... not my place to judge I guess
I am not sure about latency (although I guess it does not really matter for pokemon) but you need one of the VNC programs. I am not sure what the current suggested one is but http://code.google.com/p/ds2key/ works for me.
Why no use the Neo Geo® controller?
@Kyohack Thanks for the help! I'll look into downloading win2ds then
@FAST6191 ahah I know it's wierd but I want to try it! And I'm worried about something-- is it possible to wear a key out on a laptop keyboard from overuse, so for pokemon the arrow keys being overused? That was my other reason. I know I'm probably being an idiot but I just got this laptop and don't want to reduce its lifespan because of something as trivial as playing pokemon.
I suppose I could just use my ps3 controller or buy a pc controller. cba to do that now it's 00:34 in the uk right now :/


text:
Snooker Club
Club Belrose welcomes and invites new members to the Snooker Club.
If you're a beginner, don't let inexperience hold you back. Club members will be glad to give you as many tips and pointers to get you rolling up decent scores in no time.
For more information, please call Ken Lambkin on 0437 468 310. If you'd like to learn about snooker, please visit this wikihow page.


text:
Each capsule provides 50 mg of thiamine, a vitamin that creates energy from food. In addition, this supplement contains calcium, a mineral that promotes strong bones and teeth while helping your nerve cells send messages to each other. Meanwhile, phosphorus is another mineral that supports nervous system communication.
Low levels of thiamine can develop as a result of crash dieting, being fed through a tube, excessive alcohol drinking, and eating lots of processed foods. If you follow a high-carbohydrate diet, are taking a long-term course of antibiotics, or taking oral contraceptives, you'll also be at risk of a thiamine deficiency. A shortage of thiamine can cause you to suffer from uncomfortable symptoms like loss of appetite, tiredness, poor digestion, and long-term constipation.
Medicinal Ingredients: each capsule contains:
Thiamine (TTFD)
|50 mg
Calcium (as dicalcium phosphate)
|75 mg
Phosphorus (as dicalcium phosphate)
|58 mg
Non-medicinal ingredients: Gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide.
Adults: Take one or two capsules per day, or as directed by a physician.
Caution: Consult a healthcare professional before use.
Gluten, casein, corn, soy, yeast, wheat, phenol and other common food or chemical allergens.
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