text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 5, 1993
|Filing date
|Dec 23, 1991
|Priority date
|Dec 23, 1991
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Geoffrey O. Thompson
|Original Assignee
|Xerox Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (47), Classifications (10), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to local area data communications networks, and in particular to active repeater units for use in star-configured carrier sense medium access collision detection (CSMA/CD) type networks having the characteristic that all traffic on the network medium can be seen by any station connected to the network. This invention is particularly directed to networks governed by the ANSI/IEEE 802.3 standards.
2. Description of Related Art
CSMA/CD networks such as 10BASET-type networks can include one or more active repeater units to which a plurality of data terminal equipment units (DTEs) are attached. Each DTE is attached to a corresponding port of the active repeater unit. The DTEs communicate with one another by sending data transmissions (referred to as "data packets") to the active repeater unit. The active repeater unit then retransmits this data packet through all of its other ports to the other DTEs attached to that active repeater unit. Each packet of data includes information identifying the DTE to which it is addressed (this information is known as the "destination address" of the data packet). When a data packet reaches a DTE, interface structure associated with the DTE determines whether the destination address of the received data packet corresponds to the address of that DTE. If a match occurs, the data contained within the data packet is conveyed onward to the DTE. If no match occurs, the data packet is disregarded.
A problem with this access method is that the filtering function of the DTE interface can be bypassed (since the DTE and its interface are located where users have access to them) so that the data contained in a data packet can be read by devices other than the DTE to which the packet is addressed. This feature can result in authorized users of the network having access to information conveyed on the network which was not intended to be transmitted to those users. Additionally, once an unauthorized device accesses the network, it can see all traffic transmitted through the network (even though none of that traffic is addressed to that unauthorized device).
Accordingly, it is desirable to prevent data addressed to one DTE from reaching other DTEs in the network. One way to do this would be to somehow transmit data packets only through an active repeater port attached to the DTE having an address corresponding to the destination address of the transmitted data packet. However, CSMA/CD network protocols require that all DTEs on the network "know" when other DTEs are using the network. One of the protocols in CSMA/CD networks requires idle DTEs (DTEs which are not transmitting data packets) to refrain from attempting to transmit data on the network when other DTEs are transmitting on the network. This is required because when more than one DTE attempts to transmit on the network, a collision occurs in the active repeater unit. This collision causes the active repeater unit to generate a jam signal that causes all transmitting DTEs to stop transmitting. The previously transmitting DTEs then attempt their transmission at a later time. Currently, DTEs in CSMA/CD-type networks determine whether other DTEs are transmitting on the network based upon sensing the transmission of data packets through the network (which, as described above, are transmitted through all ports of the active repeater unit to all DTEs on the network).
Accordingly, some type of signal must be substituted for data packets (when it is not desired to transmit the data packet to a DTE), so that all DTEs sense that the network is currently being used by another DTE.
Another requirement for any addition to a CSMA/CD-type network is that it be capable of operating with minimal data packet buffering. While some networks store entire data packets (for retransmission at a later time), the CSMA/CD protocols do not permit buffering on a data packet basis. Although some buffering (3 or 4 bits) occurs in the active repeater unit of these networks (in order to compensate for different transmission frequencies of different DTEs on the network), buffering on a packet basis is not acceptable in these networks. The maximum amount of buffering acceptable is in the range between about 4 and 14 bits. The reason for this should be apparent, since the storage of data packets would interfere with the collision-detection operations described above.
While a number of patents exist for providing some type of security function in some networks, none of these patents disclose filters for selectively transmitting data packets through repeater ports of CSMA/CD type networks such as ETHERNET-type networks.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,348 to Nichols et al discloses a security arrangement for securing data transmissions to and from one data device among a plurality of date devices sharing a common interface. The interface comprises a data processor for processing incoming and outgoing data transmission, a selective routing and transmission controller for generating a jamming signal, and a transmit/receive regulator associated with each device for discriminately inhibiting or enabling a data transmission to or from associated data devices. Data packets are only received by the data device having the appropriate destination address. When a data device transmits, other data devices cannot "eavesdrop". When a specific data device is receiving or transmitting a packet, all other data devices receive a "jamming" signal.
The device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,348 requires buffering on a data packet basis. Accordingly, it is not capable of operating transparently in the single access domain of ETHERNET-type networks.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,998,247 to Irvine-Halliday et al discloses an active star configured LAN having a selective broadcast capability such that a node may transmit a packet directly to one other node or to all nodes accessing a specific hub without any of the remaining network nodes being aware of the transmission. As discussed above, DTEs of ETHERNET-type networks must sense when other devices are accessing the network medium so that they do not attempt to access the network, and thus cause a collision to occur.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,486 to Lidinsky et al discloses a metropolitan area network (MAN) which provides a security feature by storing a user ID/port pairing in memory, and then comparing the pairings located in the headers of transmissions with stored pairings in order to authenticate each transmission.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,027,347 to Malkki discloses an intercom system comprising a central unit and a plurality of remote stations connected to the central unit by two-way lines into a network with a star configuration. Connection is established between two or more lines via the central unit in response to selection information received from a remote station. This patent relates to intercom systems which convey analog speech signals therethrough, not digital data packets.
Other background art of interest includes U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,531,238 to Rawson et al, which discloses collision detection features in an active repeater-like device usable in an ETHERNET system; 4,099,024 to Boggs et al, which discloses a repeater for connecting two segments of a bidirectional communications network; 4,063,220 to Metcalfe et al, which discloses a communications network (without an active repeater) that operates using the CSMA/CD protocols; 4,459,589 to Ito; and 4,809,362 to Claus et al. For additional information relating to networks operating in accordance with the CSMA/CD access method, also see ANSI/IEEE standards 802.3, in particular, sections 4, 9 and 14.
The above standards, as well as the U.S. patents cited above are incorporated herein by reference for purposes of background.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a security feature for the ports of an active repeater unit, in a network operating under the carrier-sense-medium-access/collision-detection protocols, which filters data packets received and retransmitted by the active repeater unit so that the retransmitted data packets are only transmitted through ports attached to data stations to which the data packets are addressed, while outputting a spurious carrier signal through the other active repeater ports.
It is another object of the present invention to perform a data packet filtering operation in real-time, without data-packet-buffering so as not to adversely affect the topology of the CSMA/CD network.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide active repeater ports which are selectively operable between a filtering mode where transmitted data packets are filtered, and a learn mode where the address of the data station attached to a port is stored in a memory of that port for use in the filtering mode.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects, and to overcome the shortcomings discussed above, a logic section is provided on each active repeater port for comparing the destination address of a data packet retransmitted by the active repeater unit with the address of the data station attached to that port to determine whether a match occurs between these two addresses. Each port's transmitter receives the retransmitted data packet and a spurious carrier signal while the logic section is determining whether an address match occurs. The transmitter transmits the data packet to its corresponding data station until the logic section makes its match determination. If a match occurs between the destination address of the retransmitted data packet and the address of the data station attached to that port, the logic section controls the transmitter so that the transmitter continues to transmit the data packet to its data station. If no match occurs, the logic section controls the transmitter so that the transmitter switches from transmitting the data packet to transmitting the spurious carrier signal.
Each port of the active repeater unit is also operable in a learn mode where the address of the data station attached to each port is stored in a memory used by that port's logic section. The data station address is stored by storing the source address of a data packet transmitted by the data station through its port.
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like elements, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a star configured communications network;
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of one example of an active repeater unit including medium access units that is used in the network of FIG. 1 to carry out the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a signal wave form envelope illustrating a packet of data communicated through a network of the present example;
FIG. 4 is a block logic diagram illustrating one implementation of the port logic adapted for use with the system described in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 5 is a block logic diagram of a transmitter port of the repeater unit illustrated in FIG. 2.
While the invention is described in some detail hereinbelow with reference to a single illustrated embodiment, it is understood that there is no intent to limit it to that embodiment. On the contrary, the aim is to cover all modifications, alternatives and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
FIG. 1 illustrates a star configured network including a plurality of data terminal equipment (DTE) units 121, 122 ... 12N attached to an active repeater unit 17. The DTEs can be, for example: personal computers; work stations; shared resources, such as printers and file servers; and/or other types of processing stations. Active repeater unit 17 includes a plurality of by-directional ports 181, 182 ... 18N, each port being attached to a respective DTE through a medium access unit (MAU) 151, 152 ... 15N. The MAUs 15 are attached to the DTEs by any suitable communications medium 14 such as, for example, twisted pair or fiber optic cables. Each MAU (also known in the art as a transceiver) attaches a corresponding DTE to the active repeater unit 17. The MAUs can be provided separately from the active repeater unit 17, or can be purchased as an integral unit with an active repeater unit, referred to as an active concentrator 20. When the MAUs are separate from the active repeater unit, an access unit interface (AUI) is generally required between the MAU and the active repeater unit port. For purposes of the present description, the combination of an active repeater unit 17 and one or more MAUs is referred to as an active concentrator regardless of whether the MAUs are integral with or separate from the active repeater unit.
As is known in the art, in CSMA/CD communications networks, active repeater units receive data packets from the DTEs (via a port attached to a DTE) and retransmit these data packets to all DTEs attached to the active repeater unit except the DTE which originally transmitted the data packet. (That is, the active repeater unit receives a data packet through one port and then retransmits the data packet through all other ports to all other DTEs on the network). If two or more DTEs attempt to transmit data packets simultaneously, the active repeater unit detects this simultaneous transmission attempt (known as a collision) and sends a "jam signal" (instead of either data packet) to the DTEs on the network. The jam signal is a spurious regular signal such as, for example, alternating 1s and 0s. Each DTE then stops transmitting its data packet and attempts to retransmit the data packet at a randomly selected later time. See, for example, the above incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,238 to Rawson et al for a description of the active repeater collision detection logic.
The present invention provides logic in each port of the active repeater unit which: (a) enables a port to "learn" the address of the DTE attached thereto; and (b) prevents a port from transmitting at least the data communication portion of a data packet to its corresponding DTE if the data packet being transmitted through the network is not addressed to that corresponding DTE. The port logic results in a spurious signal being transmitted to its corresponding DTE (instead of the data) if the destination address of a data packet does not match the address of the DTE attached to the port. Thus, the DTE continues to see carrier (the spurious signal), even if the transmitted data packet is being blocked. Accordingly, the present invention does not affect the carrier access properties of the network. Additionally, since the present invention accomplishes this data packet address analysis in real time, the topology of the network is not affected. This is of great importance in networks which do not use data packet buffering, such as, for example, ETHERNET-type networks and 1BASE5 StarLAN systems.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one example of an active repeater unit 17 attached to a DTE 12 through a MAU 15. For purposes of simplicity, a MAU 15 separate from the active repeater unit 17 is shown. The active repeater unit 17 includes a plurality of ports 18a, 18b ..., each of which includes a receiver 22 and a transmitter 24. Receiver 22 receives data packets transmitted by its corresponding DTE 12. The data packet is carried via line 42 to a common receiving bus 32, which conveys the data packet to retiming means 26. The retiming means 26 works in connection with a phase lock loop (PLL) device 28 to separate a transmitted signal into a serial data stream and its clock (10 MHz). Retiming means 26 can include a FIFO (first-in-first-out) buffer, capable of storing a few (say 10) bits, to compensate for differences in transmission frequencies between different DTEs in the network and cover preamble extension time. The serial data stream is retransmitted by the retiming means 26 through a common transmit bus 34, while the clock signal (CLK) is output through a clock bus 38. The retransmitted data packet is received at each port transmitter 24 via its individual data line 58. In previous devices, the data packet would then be transmitted through every port except the port associated with the transmitting DTE. This is achieved using a conventional logic circuit provided in each transmitter 24 to filter out data packet transmissions when the receiver 22 of that port is also receiving the transmitted data packet. Once transmitted from a port, the data packets travel to each DTE in the network. While the DTEs theoretically do not process the data communication contained in data packets having a destination address different from the address of the DTE, once the data packet leaves the active repeater unit 17, there is no means for preventing a DTE from processing the data communication contained in data packets which are not addressed to that DTE. (For example, these DTEs could be "promiscuous" receivers that process all data regardless of the destination address, or foreign devices which have accessed the network unbeknownst to the network manager.)
It should also be noted that another active repeater unit could be attached to a port of active repeater 17 to form a repeatered network. This is done to increase the size of the network.
When more than one DTE attempts to access the network simultaneously, the retiming means 26 detects such a state, substitutes a collision signal for the data stream of a data packet, and transmits this collision signal through the common transmit bus 34. The collision state is detected in a conventional manner generally disclosed in the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,238 to Rawson et al. Each receiver 22 is attached via line 46 and transistor switch 47 to a bus 36. Bus 36 is attached to a source of voltage +V through a resistor 37. The gate of transistor 47 is attached to receiver 22. When a receiver 22 receives a signal from its DTE, gate 47 is closed so that the voltage on bus 36 drops by a predetermined amount towards ground. When more than one DTE attempts to access the network, the gates 47 in each of their ports are closed so that the voltage on bus 36 drops by a greater amount towards ground. A comparator section 40 determines whether zero, one, or greater-than-one DTE is attempting to access the network by comparing the voltage level on bus 36 with predetermined voltage levels. For example, a first comparator 40b outputs a signal when the voltage on bus 36 is pulled down to the level corresponding to a single DTE accessing the network. Comparator 40a outputs a signal when the voltage on bus 36 corresponds to a level where greater than one DTE attempts to access the network. The inputs of comparators 40a and 40b are supplied to the retiming means 26 to control whether retiming means 26 outputs the data packet (when only one DTE attempts to access the network) or a collision signal (when greater than one DTE attempts to access the network).
Thus, in a conventional communications network operating according to the CSMA/CD protocols, the active repeater unit outputs either: a carrier signal in the form of a data packet or a collision signal; or no signal (idle). Each DTE includes conventional hardware for monitoring the network medium so that: (a) the DTE refrains from transmitting data packets when there is carrier signal on the medium; (b) the DTE stops transmitting a data packet when it receives a collision signal, and transmits that data packet at a randomly selected later time; and (c) the DTE examines the address of incoming data packets and processes these data packets if addressed to that DTE.
The above disclosure describes conventional CSMA/CD networks prior to the present invention. As discussed above, a problem with these types of networks is that every DTE on the network can access all traffic on the network. The present invention provides logic for filtering the data stream output through each port of a repeater unit so that a transmitted data message only reaches DTEs to which it is intended. At the same time, the present invention outputs a spurious carrier signal to all other DTEs on the network so that they will be aware of traffic on the network, and thus will not attempt to access the network until transmission of the transmitted data packet is complete. If a carrier signal were not supplied to these other DTEs, they could attempt to access the network, causing the retiming means 26 to output a collision signal, interrupting the transmitted data packet.
Additionally, the present invention achieves this filtering function on a bit basis, as opposed to a data packet basis. This enables the present invention to operate in real time, a requirement for operation as an 802.3 specification repeater.
With reference to FIG. 2, each repeater port 18 includes a logic section (LS)50 which determines whether the transmitted data packet is addressed to the DTE associated with that port. The logic section 50 receives the data stream transmitted to the transmitter 24 of its port in synchronism with the transmitter 24. Logic section 50 then compares the destination address of the transmitted data packet with the address of its DTE, and outputs a logic signal through line 54 to transmitter 24 based on this comparison. Transmitter 24 then uses the logic signal output on line 54 to either continue with transmission of the data packet (if the packet destination address matches) or to switch to transmission of a spurious signal (if the packet destination address does not match). In the illustrated example, the clock signal supplied on clock bus 38 is provided to the transmitter 24 via line 44. This clock signal 44 is used as the spurious signal, and therefore is substituted for at least the data portion of the data packet when logic section 50 determines that the transmitted data packet is not addressed to its DTE.
It is possible to use spurious signals other than the clock signal output on bus 38. For example, the transmitter 24 could be switched between the data signal and a jam signal based upon the output of logic section 50. As long as the spurious signal is synchronized with the data signal, it can be substituted for the data signal. Use of the clock signal is advantageous since it is synchronized with the data signal.
As discussed above, the destination address of the transmitted packet is compared to the address of the DTE associated with each port by logic section 50. The address of each DTE can be previously stored, (i.e., preprogrammed by the network manager) in each port's logic section 50. In one embodiment, the logic section 50 of each port can be switched into a LEARN mode by switch 56 so that logic section 50 can store the address of the DTE associated therewith. When in the LEARN mode, the logic section 50 examines the source address of a data packet transmitted by its DTE, and stores that source address as the address of its DTE. Switch 56 could be manual or computer controlled, and would be enabled by the network manager. Preferably, the active repeater unit 17 (or active concentrator 20) would be located in, for example, a locked telephone closet, and thus could only be switched into the LEARN mode by personnel having access to the telephone closet.
FIG. 3 illustrates the general contents of a data packet. Each data packet includes an initial preamble portion 7 which terminates in a start frame delimiter (SFD) 8. The start frame delimiter 8 is followed by a destination address portion 9 indicating the destination DTE of the data packet, a source address portion 10 indicating the source DTE of the data packet, a data communication portion 11, and an error code portion 13. Current industry standards utilize Manchester coded data streams having a preamble portion 7 including at least thirty-one "01" bit pairs followed by a single "11" bit pair as the SFD 8. The source address 10 and destination address 9 each have a length of 48 bits, for a combined address section having a length of 96 bits.
FIG. 4 illustrates one possible implementation of logic section 50. Logic section 50 would be provided on each port 18. The described example utilizes a 4�12-bit RAM 66 to store the 48 bit address of a DTE in four separate RAM locations, each having a length of 12-bits. Thus, bits 1-12 would comprise a first address word, bits 13-24 a second address word, bits 25-36 a third address word, and bits 37-48 a fourth address word. However, it is apparent that the present invention can be implemented by other means, such as by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Additionally, it is understood that the FIG. 4 implementation would have to be modified if the arrangement and/or bit length of the data packet contents differed from the example illustrated in FIG. 3.
The logic circuit 50 illustrated in FIG. 4 is operable in two modes: a LEARN mode and a FILTERING mode. In the LEARN mode, the source address 10 of the DTE associated with a port is stored as four 12-bit words in the 4 by 12-bit RAM 66. In the FILTERING mode, the destination address 9 of a packet being transmitted through the network is compared to the stored DTE address to determine whether the transmitted data packet is intended for the DTE associated with that repeater port.
The circuit of FIG. 4 uses a 12-bit wide shift register 62 for temporarily storing each 12-bit word of address data. When in the LEARN mode, the four 12-bit address words which identify the DTE of a port are stored in four locations of RAM 66. When in the FILTERING mode, the four 12-bit words which make up the destination address 9 of a transmitted packet are compared with the four 12-bit words stored in RAM 66 to determine whether the data packet is addressed to the DTE associated with that port. A divide-by-12 counter 70 is used to determine when 12-bits have been received by shift register 62. The output of divide-by-12 counter 70 is used to trigger the input of a 12-bit word into RAM 66 (when in the LEARN mode), or (when in the FILTERING mode) to trigger the comparison (by comparator 90) of a 12-bit word previously stored in RAM 66 with a 12-bit word (part of a packet destination address) output from buffer 62. A divide-by-4 counter 74 is used to count the number of 12-bit words received by logic section 50 so as to indicate when the 48 bits of destination address have been received (thus indicating that it is time to determine whether a match has occurred between the address in memory 66 and the destination address of a packet). Counter 74 is also used to identify a location in memory 66 for inputting or outputting a 12-bit word (depending on whether operating in LEARN or FILTERING mode). Divide-by-4 counter 74 includes a 3-bit output (comprised by outputs 741, 742 and 743) which is used to identify an address location in memory 66. Counter 74 is capable of identifying the following eight addresses in memory 66: 000, 100, 010, 110, 001, 101, 011, 111.
It should be noted that the data signal carried on common transmit bus 34 is input to logic section 50 and transmitter 24 via line 58. Accordingly, no delays are created in the transmission of data through the network. At the beginning of a data packet transmission from retiming means 26, the output of all logic sections 50 in the active repeater 17 are HIGH. This causes each port's transmitter 24 to continue transmitting the data signal input from line 58. Once the destination address 9 of a data packet has been input to logic section 50, the output 54 of logic section 50 goes LOW if the destination address does not match the address stored in logic section 50. The output 54 remains HIGH if there is an address match. By carefully designing the port logic so that any switching from data (on line 58) to a spurious carrier signal (in this example, the clock signal on line 44) takes place on a bit cell boundary, the carrier signal remains in phase with the packet. As an alternative, a one-bit delay can be provided to resynchronize the data stream.
The manner in which the destination address of a packet retransmitted by retiming means 26 is compared with a DTE address stored in RAM 66 (i.e., operation in the FILTERING mode) will now be described. When in the FILTERING mode, switch 56 is actuated so that data cannot be written into memory 66. Additionally, an input (56) into an exclusive OR gate 75 associated with the most significant bit (MSB) output 743 of divide-by-4 counter 74 is made LOW so that the output of gate 75 corresponds to the value of MSB 743. For purposes of illustration, assume the address of the DTE associated with logic section 50 has already been stored in RAM 66 as four 12-bit words at RAM locations 000, 100, 010, and 110, respectively. Since the destination address 9 is defined by the first 48 bits of the 96 bit address section, the first four 12-bit words in the address section 9 of a transmitted data packet need to be compared with the four 12-bit words at memory locations 000, 100, 010, and 110, respectively.
With reference to FIG. 4, the data stream 58 and clock 44 are supplied to the 12-bit wide shift register 62. Each bit of data supplied through data line 58 is stored in the first storage position of shift register 62. As each consecutive additional bit of data reaches shift register 62 the previously stored bit shifts to the next position in register 62. The data stream 58 is also supplied to a state machine 64 which acts as a start frame delimiter detector (SFDD). The start frame delimiter detector 64 becomes synchronized with the data stream (the SFDD has at least thirty-one "10" bit combinations of preamble to become synchronized prior to the "11" start frame delimiter 8). When the start frame delimiter 8 is detected by state machine 64, SFD detector 64 outputs a strobe signal 68 to flip flop 72, divide-by-12 counter 70 and divide-by-4 counter 74. At the same time, the start frame delimiter bit is stored in the first position of 12-bit wide shift register 62. Upon receipt of strobe signal 68, the Q output of flip flop 72 goes high. Additionally, divide-by-12 counter 70 and divide-by-4 counter 74 are initialized. Since divide-by-12 counter 70 also receives clock signal 44, as each bit of the address is received by the 12-bit wide shift register 62, the value of counter 70 is incremented by one.
After the receipt of 12 clock signals by counter 70, an overflow signal 76 is output by counter 70, and is combined with clock signal 44 at AND gate 78 to produce an overflow strobe signal 80. Overflow strobe signal 80 is input to divide-by-4 counter 74. Divide-by-4 counter 74 has a 3 bit RAM location defining output constituted by leads 741, 742, and 743. Line 741 corresponds to the least significant bit (LSB) in a RAM location, while line 743 corresponds to the most significant bit (MSB) in the 3-bit RAM location. The MSB 743 is gated with a LEARN signal 56 at exclusive OR gate 75. When in the address FILTERING mode, line 56 is LOW so that the output of gate 75 corresponds to the output on line 743. Thus, after the first overflow strobe signal 80 is supplied to counter 74, its output becomes "000". This output is supplied on line 77 to RAM 66 to define the location of the 12-bit word to be read from memory. The overflow strobe signal 80 is also supplied to AND gate 82. Since the output of flip flop 72 is high (from strobe signal 68), overflow strobe 80 causes gate 82 to produce a DATA IN strobe 84 so that the 12-bit word at location 000 in RAM 66 (the first 12-bits of the DTE address) are output to comparator 90.
Simultaneously with the output of the first 12-bit DTE address word from RAM 66, the 12-bits stored in shift register 62 are also supplied to comparator 90. These 12-bits correspond to the first 12-bits of the destination address 9 of the data packet being transmitted through the network. If the 12-bit word output from RAM 66 matches the 12-bit word supplied by shift register 62, comparator outputs a logic "1" to the first stage 92a of a 4-bit shift register 92. If no match occurs, a logic "0" is output to shift register 92. The loading of stages 92a-d of shift register 92 is controlled by the output of AND gate 94. Gate 94 outputs a LOAD signal each time it receives the overflow strobe signal 80 (which is combined with clock signal 44 at AND gate 94). Accordingly, the results of comparisons made by comparator 90 are only stored in shift register 92 after 12-bit blocks of address data are received by logic portion 50.
The process of outputting 12-bit words from RAM 66 to comparator 90 for comparison with subsequent 12-bit words supplied by shift register 62 continues until four comparisons have been made so that all four stages 92a, 92b, 92c and 92d of shift register 92 are loaded with logic "1"s or "0"s. Each time 12-bits are received by logic portion 50, shift register 62 is loaded with the next 12-bits in the destination address 9, and an overflow strobe signal 80 is produced by divide-by-12 counter 70. Each time overflow strobe signal 80 is produced, DATA IN strobe 84 is supplied to RAM 66 so that a 12-bit word, located at the RAM address defined by the 3-bit word 77 output from counter 74, is output from RAM 66. Thus, the second 12-bit word output from RAM 66 will have the address "100", the third word "010", and the fourth word "110".
After the four 12-bit words comprising the destination address 9 have been compared with the DTE address words stored in RAM 66, and the four results have been stored in shift register 92, a determination is made as to whether a match has occurred. Comparator 96 determines whether each stage 92a-d of shift register 92 contains a logic "1" (indicating that a match has occurred). If a match occurs, the MATCH signal output by comparator 96 on line 97 goes HIGH. If no match occurs, a LOW signal is output on line 97. The signal on line 97 is supplied to AND gate 93, for use as described below.
After receiving four overflow strobe signals 80 (indicating that the 48 bit destination address 9 of a data packet being transmitted through the network has been received), divide-by-4 counter 74 outputs a signal along line 73 which is gated with clock signal 44 and overflow strobe signal 80 at AND gate 86 to produce a COMPARE signal 88. COMPARE signal 88 is gated with the MSB 743 at exclusive OR gate 91 to output a signal 88'. Exclusive OR gate 91 ensures that a match comparison is made only after the destination address 9 of a data packet is received by logic portion 50, not after the next 48 bits of address (the source address 10 of a data packet) are received by logic portion 50. Since the logic section 50 remains active after input of the destination address (in order to store the source address of the DTE on that port when in the LEARN mode-- this will be described below) a second COMPARE signal 88 will be output by counter 74 after the 48 bit source address 10 of a data packet being transmitted through the network is received by logic portion 50. However, the second COMPARE signal 88 will not result in the output of a signal on line 88' because MSB 743 will be HIGH when the second COMPARE signal 80 is supplied to exclusive OR gate 91, resulting in no output from gate 91.
The HIGH signal output on line 88' after receipt of destination address 9 is gated with the MATCH signal output from comparator 96 on line 97 at AND gate 93. If there was a match between the data packet destination address 9 and the DTE address stored in RAM 66, the MATCH signal will be high, and the output of AND gate 93 will be high. Otherwise, AND gate 93 will output a LOW signal. The output of AND gate 93 is inverted by inverter 98, and supplied to the reset terminal R of a flip-flop 43. The output 54 of flip-flop 43 (which is also the output of logic portion 50) is made HIGH upon the receipt of a RESET signal from RESET signal generator 41. The RESET signal is generated at the end of a data packet transmission based upon a determination that there is no carrier on the network. This can be accomplished, for example, based upon the voltage level on bus 36. Thus, when a data packet is initially transmitted through active repeater unit 17 by its retiming means 26, the output 54 of each port's logic section 50 is HIGH, and the initial portions of the data packet (the preamble 7 and destination address 9 are output through each data port). After the 48 bit data packet destination address 9 is received by logic section 50, the output of inverter 98 is used to change the output of flip-flop 43 if a match did not occur between the data packet destination address 9 and the stored DTE address. Specifically, if there is no match, AND gate 93 output is low so that inverter 98 supplies a HIGH signal to the R input of flip-flop 43, causing flip-flop output 54 to go LOW. If there is a match, AND gate 93 output is HIGH so that inverter supplies a LOW signal to the R input of flip-flop 43, resulting in the output of flip-flop 43 remaining HIGH.
FIG. 5 illustrates the manner in which the logic signal (high or low) 54 supplied from logic portion 50 is used in transmitter 24 to output either the data signal from line 58 or the clock signal from line 44. Transmitter 24 can have, for example, two AND gates 110 and 112. The logic signal 54 provided from logic portion 50 is supplied to AND gate 110. The logic signal 54 is also inverted by inverter 114 prior to being supplied to AND gate 112. It will be recalled that logic signal 54 is high at all times if there is a match between the destination address of a transmitted data packet and the DTE associated with that repeater port. Logic signal 54 is LOW after transmission of the destination address 9 if the destination address of the data packet does not match the address of the DTE associated with that port. Since logic signal 54 is supplied to AND gate 110 and is inverted prior to being supplied to AND gate 112, the output of AND gate 110 will always correspond to the data signal on line 58 when logic signal 54 is HIGH, while the output of AND gate 112 will be low when logic signal 54 is HIGH (since logic signal 54 is inverted prior to receipt by AND gate 112). When logic signal 54 goes LOW, the data signal on line 58 will not be output from AND gate 110, while clock signal 44 will be output from AND gate 112. The outputs of AND gates 110 and 112 are combined to form the output of transmitter 24.
It is understood that a d-Flip-Flop is generally provided at the output of transmitter 24, to sample and hold this output for one clock time so that changes take place on a bit cell boundary. Additionally, conventional circuits for converting the NRC output of transmitter 24 to Manchester coding is also generally provided.
The manner in which the address of a DTE attached to a repeater port can be stored in memory 66 of logic section 50 will now be described.
As stated earlier, storage of DTE addresses into the logic sections 50 of their corresponding repeater ports can be controlled by the network manager so that only authorized DTEs will receive network traffic addressed to those DTEs. Unauthorized personnel will not have access to the DTEs on the network because the repeater unit 17 or active concentrator 20 of the present invention will not transmit data to DTEs on the network unless: (1) the data is addressed to that DTE; and (2) the port to which the DTE is attached "knows" the address of the attached DTE. Additionally, DTEs registered with the network will not have access to data traffic not intended for them.
The logic section 50 in FIG. 4 can be operated in the LEARN mode when it is desired to store the address of a DTE attached to a repeater port in the logic section 50 of that repeater port. When the in the LEARN mode, the logic section 50 stores the source address of a data packet transmitted by its associated DTE in its memory (RAM 66) so as to "learn" the address of the DTE attached thereto. When in the LEARN mode, the FIG. 4 circuit operates in a manner similar to the above described FILTERING mode except DATA IN STROBE 84 causes a 12-bit word located in shift register 62 to be stored in a RAM location defined by the 3-bit word output along line 77 by counter 74. As described above, a DTE address in the present example is stored as four 12-bit words at locations 000, 100, 010 and 110 in RAM 66. However, since the address of the DTE associated with a repeater port appears as the source address 10 in packets transmitted from that DTE, the four 12-bit words to be stored in RAM 66 are actually 12-bit words 5-8 in the address section (sections 9 and 10) located after SFD 8. Accordingly, in the present example, the 3-bit RAM location output on line 77 by counter 74 is modified when in the LEARN mode so that the source address of the transmitting DTE associated with a repeater port is stored at locations 000, 100, 010 and 110 of RAM 66. This is accomplished by supplying a HIGH signal through line 56 into exclusive OR gate 75 at MSB output 743 when in the LEARN mode. This causes the signal output from gate 75 to be the inverse of signal 743 when in the LEARN mode. Thus, the first four 12-bit words in the data packet transmitted by a DTE associated with a repeater port (the destination address 9 of a data packet) are discarded, while the four 12-bit words of the source address 10 are stored in RAM locations 000, 100, 010 and 110.
Each time divide-by-4 counter 74 outputs COMPARE signal 88 (i.e., after 48 bits of address are received), divide-by-2 counter 95 is incremented by one. Thus, after the source address 10 is stored in RAM 66, divide-by-2 counter 95 will have received two signals along line 88, and therefore outputs a signal to the R input of flip-flop 72. This causes the output from flip-flop 72 to go LOW so that no further information can be stored in RAM 66.
Thus, in order to store the address of a DTE in the logic section 50 of each repeater port, a data packet is output by a DTE attached to a port while switch 56 for that port is in the LEARN position. This enables writing of information into RAM 66, and supplies a HIGH signal to exclusive OR gate 75. Switch 56 can be actuated manually or electronically. If control of the actuation of switch 56 is limited to only authorized personnel (such as the network manager) only registered DTEs will be able to receive information over the network.
Broadcast packets (packets intended for all DTEs on the network) would not be blocked. Broadcast packets contain a distinctive address portion which would be utilized to override the filtering process performed by the logic sections 50.
While this invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 23, 1991
Owner name: XEROX CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:THOMPSON, GEOFFREY O.;REEL/FRAME:006227/0928
Effective date: 19911219
|Feb 18, 1997
|Fee payment
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|Feb 7, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 28, 2002
Owner name: BANK ONE, NA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT, ILLINOIS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013153/0001
Effective date: 20020621
|Oct 31, 2003
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, TEXAS
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476
Effective date: 20030625
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Effective date: 20030625
|Apr 20, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 5, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 29, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20051005


text:
What to Look for in Your Real Estate TeamHow do you select the members of your team who are going to help you make your dream of owning a home a reality? What should you be looking for? How do you
What To Look For In Your Real Estate Team
Dated: 10/05/2017
Views: 197
What to Look for in Your Real Estate Team
How do you select the members of your team who are going to help you make your dream of owning a home a reality? What should you be looking for? How do you know if you've found the right agent or lender?
The most important characteristic that you should be looking for in your agent is someone who is going to take the time to really educate you on the choices available to you and your ability to buy in today's market.
As Dave Ramsey, the financial guru, advises:
"When getting help with money, whether it's insurance, real estate or investments, you should always look for someone with the heart of a teacher, not the heart of a salesman."
Do your research. Ask your friends and family for recommendations of professionals whom they have used in the past and have had good experiences with.
Look for members of your team who will be honest and trustworthy; after all, you will be trusting them with helping you make one of the biggest financial decisions of your life.
Whether this is your first or fifth time buying a home, you want to make sure that you have an agent who is going to have the tough conversations with you, not just the easy ones. If your offer isn't accepted by the seller, or they think that there may be something wrong with the home that you've fallen in love with, you would rather know what they think than make a costly mistake.
According to a Consumer Housing Trends Study, millennials have already started to prefer a more hands-on approach to their real estate experience:
"While older generations rely on real estate agents for information and expertise, millennials expect real estate agents to become trusted advisers and strategic partners."
Look for someone to invest in your family's future with you. You want an agent who isn't focused on the transaction but is instead focused on helping you understand the process while helping you find your dream home.
Bottom Line
In this world of Google searches, where it seems like all the answers are just a mouse-click away, you need an agent who is going to educate you and share the information that you need to know before you even know you need it.
Latest Blog Posts
More Than Half of All Buyers Are Surprised by Closing CostsAccording to a survey conducted by ClosingCorp, over half of all homebuyers are surprised by the closing costs required
Home Sales Expected to Increase Nicely in 2018Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and The Mortgage Bankers Association are all projecting that home sales will increase in 2018. Here is a chart
5 Reasons to Sell This FallHere are five reasons listing your home for sale this fall makes sense.1. Demand Is StrongThe latest Buyer Traffic Report from the National Association of

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I've been asked by a lot of readers to share updates on my double warped weave project. Unfortunately I haven't gotten too far with my weave, due to other projects, but also because the double warp makes it take a little bit longer (go figure). Before when I started this, I was wondering if it was really worth it to double warp my loom, but now I don't think that question is really relative. I have found that for me, the amount of warp threads doesn't make my weave better or worse, it just makes it different. The weave I'm creating is definitely a tighter weave since there isn't as much space between the warps and I've found that I need to put out more effort if I want my warp threads covered by my weft since there isn't as much room to "float" the weft threads. You can definitely see the spacing difference in the picture below. Both weaves are on the same loom, the top is obviously my double warped weave that I'm currently working on and the bottom is when I just single warped the loom.
In this situation I would definitely benefit from the weft-facing weave if I wanted my warp threads covered. However, in this case I warped with a black warp thread and the majority of the weave will be white, so I actually want my warp threads to show through. I like the contrast it creates. I'm actually changing my weaving consistency between just letting the weft sit between the warp threads and making sure the weft covers the warp threads, which is adding a nice texture.
One benefit that I can see from weaving on more warp threads per inch, is that it is much less likely for my weave to get wavy since there is much more support and tension in the weave. That is not to say you could never get a wavy weave in the end, you still could depending on if you have woven some loose rows or wove at a diagonal instead of straight across, etc. It just cuts down on the chances of your warp threads spreading after you cut your weave off the loom and causing waves, since they don't have as much room to spread.
I will share an update again as I get further and let you know what I have learned from this. As of right now I would say it is different, but I will still weave on this loom single warped in the future.
I would love to hear what you are working on now. Are you trying something you have tried before? Is it going the way you thought it would?
I have a really fun weave pattern I'll be sharing later this week, see you then!
Happy Weaving!
KateFor more fun, follow me here ->


text:
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Women's Glacial™ Fleece Legging
Detailshttps://www.columbia.com/womens-glacial-fleece-legging-1557001.html 1557001
$24.99 $29.99
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Style# 1557001
Uses Winter
Crafted from soft and lightweight micrcofleece, this multi-talented legging excels at dynamic activity and relaxation alike. The pant is easily layered under rain or snow pants for extra insulation, but its fine-tuned, flattering design encourages you to wear it on its very own.
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- Uses: Winter
- Style# 1557001
- 100% polyester Feather Weight Micro Fleece, 135g
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Date published: 2017-11-18
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Date published: 2017-10-24
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Rated 3 out of 5 by HMclimbs from Warm, but no pockets. These pants fit well, they're warm, and they're comfortable. Unfortunately, I can't wear them often because there are no pockets. Not one. Nowhere to put a phone, keys, ID, chapstick, nothing. Without that key piece of functionality, the pants become glorified sweats and are basically only useful for wearing around the house or in situations where you will be carrying a purse with you.
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Rated 5 out of 5 by HIKINGirl from Great for Cold Weather This is a nice thermal legging for layering in very cold temps and by itself for those cold days you want to have a legging, but not heavy pant.
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Rated 3 out of 5 by PitStopsforKids from As advertised, but not enough give for physical activity Other reviews of this legging pant are correct: they are quite tight without much give/stretchiness. Not only does that affect the comfort, but it makes it harder to hike and walk in these pants in winter, as I intended to do.
Date published: 2016-09-01
Rated 4 out of 5 by Vangirl18 from Very comfortable I had read the reviews as I do before buying and I am not sure what people mean when they were shocked about it not being "legging leggings" - I totally understood these would be more of a layering product, not meant to wear with a fancy sweater, etc. The material is like a brushed cotton. So soft, so comfortable, I don't want to take them off. I will wear them as a base layer and also under my running skirt for out for walks. I am 41, 165lbs, 5'6 and I bought a large. It is maybe a teeny tad big in the waist but I did not expect them to fit tightly especially for layering and I think a M would be too tight. I actually want to wear these to bed!
Date published: 2016-02-25
Rated 5 out of 5 by Cindy67 from Fit and look great Super soft and comfortable, fit is true to size.
Date published: 2016-02-05
Rated 5 out of 5 by catblue from snuggly so soft and comfy I want one in all colors. perfect for my bigger tummy, flat butt, skinny legs. not quite leggings, not quite pants. can wear with a tunic or regular top. high enough rise for comfort-didn't roll down. love.
Date published: 2016-02-01
Rated 1 out of 5 by eleastor71 from no strech I will never buy this product ever again they are very uncomfortable and there is no stretch and i have to pay for shipping it back and drive 40 minutes if i want to return it to the store.
Date published: 2016-01-25
Rated 5 out of 5 by snowowl from My "go to" winter casuals. This is my 4th pair. What caught my eye the 1st time was that these leggings are the only I own that are long enough. I'm only 5'5", but have had a heck of a time finding leggings, let alone fleece leggings that didn't shrink up. I'm thinking about a 5th pair cause I live in them from November on.
Date published: 2016-01-23
Rated 4 out of 5 by JennJennTheJetPlane from Comfy as pjs I got the Black Fairisle and love the design! They're a little short for me, but I like lounging around in them at home and sometimes sleeping in them. They stretch out easily, especially in the butt, but they are very soft and comfortable.
Date published: 2016-01-22
Rated 5 out of 5 by CrazyC from Love these pants These pants are super soft and cozy! They are very comfortable. If you want them to fit like true leggings, go a size down. I purchased my normal size and they fit more like joggers. I love them anyway and they are my favorite lounging around pants!
Date published: 2016-01-21
Rated 3 out of 5 by Cassidy1 from Ok leggings....... Seems to run pretty small....
Date published: 2016-01-21
Rated 5 out of 5 by Judy3 from So comfortable and cozy. I have had a pair of these leggings for two years and had been looking for a store to purchase from. I wanted a second pair to enjoy. My two year old leggings have been washed over and over and are still in great shape. I wear them to the gym on cold days. So happy to have found a 2nd pair on line.
Date published: 2016-01-16
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jlyn34 from Very warm These leggings are very warm and comfortable and fit true to size. Perfect for layering or wearing alone.
Date published: 2016-01-16
Rated 2 out of 5 by Snoots from This product not quality expected Very thin material... Not quality I expected from Columbia ..disappointed about he only thing these are good for is lounging around the house.
Date published: 2016-01-15
Rated 4 out of 5 by JennyAndTheJets from Yes! Very comfy and warm! Run a little big.
Date published: 2016-01-14
Rated 2 out of 5 by MARAPER from DOES NOT FIT MY WAIST NOT VERY happy because the waist elastic WAS DEFECTIVE, I HAD TO CHANGE BUT STILL NOT ADJUST THE WAIST AND SLIPS OF MY BODY.
Date published: 2016-01-14
Rated 5 out of 5 by Melissa55331 from Cozy leggings The fabric is very nice. These are cozy leggings which I wear for extended stay outside.
Date published: 2015-12-30
Rated 3 out of 5 by TallyBamBam from warm and fun Most of the reviews stating that the product is a little loose in some areas are completely correct. There is some extra bunching around the knees. These really are more like pants and you could get away with not wearing another layer on top. Most people don't realize they are fleece when I wear mine and they are super warm. I like the high waist fit and agree that a draw string would be helpful. If you are handy though, you can install your own.
Date published: 2015-12-18
Rated 4 out of 5 by Rose1 from Great for lounging I ordered these as pants to wear in the house during the winter. They have been great for that --- so warm and comfy.They do stretch out though, which is fine for me cause I'd rather have them be a little loose, but they definitely don't stay skin tight. I got a small, I'm 5' 5" and 130lb and they fit great. I'll take these camping once winter is over, and I think they would work great as a nighttime layer as well in that capacity.
Date published: 2015-12-16
Rated 4 out of 5 by BeaverD from Warm and comfy Gift for my wife. Warm and comfy for for lounging. Works well for a base layer for skiing. Not too much give or stretch when compared to yoga pants. Good quality.
Date published: 2015-12-13
Rated 5 out of 5 by TheHun from Perfect Leggings Ordered these a few weeks ago. I absolutely love them. They are comfortable and warm. Ready to order another pair. Thanks Columbia for your great products.
Date published: 2015-12-07
Rated 4 out of 5 by geordiegal from cozy Cozy fleece for a cold day. Very comfortable, washes well. I ordered XL thinking it would shrink, it didn't. They do not fit tight to the leg like the usual legging ... but are nice.
Date published: 2015-12-07
Rated 1 out of 5 by adventuregurl from This fleece does not stretch :/ I was looking forward to a comfy fitted fleece pant that would be great for either layering for winter activities or just relaxing. Unfortunately, this fleece fabric is very soft on the exterior, but doesn't stretch or give in any way once wearing. Hard to wear a fitted fleece pant that doesn't move with you. Liked the style and wide waist band, but the fit and the fabric makes this product not worth the money. I'll be returning it.
Date published: 2015-11-20
Rated 3 out of 5 by qub2 from Warm but weird fit These are warm and cozy even if the fleece is on the outside as opposed to the inner lining. I wanted to love these as they seemed like something I could basically live it but ended up disappointed due to the odd fit. Petite customers, beware. I am usually an XS petite or kids XL. The kids XL are huge, like women's L, so I tried these in a S. The fit is odd, more like gym/yoga pants than leggings - wide waistband, tight in some places, loose in others, they stretch out and get too loose easily. If you are looking for true LEGGINGS, look elsewhere.
Date published: 2015-10-26
Rated 5 out of 5 by Gracie93 from Cozy! Very cozy leggings. Thick and fleecy. Will definitely be warm during the cold Pocono winter!
Date published: 2015-10-23
Rated 5 out of 5 by Cyndi from Oh So Soft Fun to wear and will keep you warm. Love the fabric and feel. Good for a fall day and will be under a layer come winter. Very comfortable fit.
Date published: 2015-10-19
Rated 5 out of 5 by speddy from Glacier leggings The fit great not too glingy very comfortable they will be my most day pants once it gets cooler
Date published: 2015-09-09
Rated 4 out of 5 by Justina from 4 stars! I am around 112 pounds 5' 1", and bought XS. Um I live in North Dakota so winter gets really cold. I wanted something stylish & warm, so I thought I would give these leggings a try. In terms of the comfort & warmth, I believe these leggings will be able to provide both well. They are absolutely not see through, and not too soft to a point where they feel like underwear (I have bought other fleece leggings that I had to return them. They were way too soft and felt like underwear when I put them on). In other words, they stay in shape. So it stays stylish. One thing I am not too happy is that size of them. They are a little big for me. The waist is fine, but the width of the legs are loose. So they don't look as stylish as I wanted them to be. they get quite bulky at the knees. However, I thought of a solution to fix it. I will probably put another thin layer under these leggings. The knees area is still a little bulky but at least the rest is not anymore. So it's nice. Maybe it won't be a problem for someone who's slightly bigger than me though. Overall, I like these leggings. The quality is good and will definitely keep you warm & stylish in winter. Although they run a little big for me, I ordered more just because I can't find anything else that beat these in terms of the quality & style.
Date published: 2015-09-03
Rated 4 out of 5 by Cry08 from My 2nd Favorite I LOVE the Glacial Yoga pants but these are a close 2nd. If I had my way, I'd wear them everyday but thats frowned upon in a office setting, LOL! The only irritation is that I wear a X-small in the yoga glacial pants and a medium in the leggings but thats ok. I am 5'3, 135lbs
Date published: 2015-06-19
Rated 5 out of 5 by Mish1100 from Fleece leggings Fleece. Leggings. That's all I need to say. Seriously sooooooo comfy. Kept me warm all winter under my snowpants and around the house. I honestly can say I probably wore these everyday at least once (I had a couple pairs).
Date published: 2015-05-08
Rated 5 out of 5 by Ladieshark from cozy leggings The only thing that could make these better is a drawstring. I feel that if they stretch out over time that a draw string would be good to keep them up. Love them!
Date published: 2015-01-21
Rated 4 out of 5 by alexa24 from Not exactly what I expected I was expecting leggings that are similar to my fleece leggings from another company. These leggings have the fleece on the outside, not fleece lined with a smooth outside surface. The way they fit on me is a little loose more like pants than leggings. I got a Large since my butt needs more accommodation. They are super comfy and I have been wearing them this winter with my long wool coat and they have been just perfect.
Date published: 2014-12-23
Rated 4 out of 5 by Shanzerz from Comfy&cute! these leggings are super comfy and they look cute, too! I can wear them alone or as a base layer.
Date published: 2014-12-13
Rated 5 out of 5 by AJChi from Great pair of leggings These fit me well. I am rather bottom heavy and I was amazed how well they fit even though they weren't that stretchy. I also have short legs so I'm happy they aren't too long. The material is very soft, and not that thin. It is very very warm! I walk to work in Northern Virginia and I don't feel cold at all.
Date published: 2014-12-09
Rated 5 out of 5 by Nannerz from SO comfortable I tried these on a little while before I was supposed to meet some friends for a drink, and they were so comfortable I refused to take them off and wore them out. The leggings are very soft and snuggly, and will be a great layer for winter activities. They're also fine for casual wear. The material isn't super elastic, so it does bunch up a bit with knee movement and sometimes you have to readjust them. I'm 5'7" and about 145 lbs, and the medium fits me well.
Date published: 2014-12-07
Rated 3 out of 5 by Alison123 from Overall a good staple I wish I could give these a 3.5, 3 is a little harsh. They're very warm, good as an underlayer for skiing.Two concerns that knocked stars off my review: 1. The material is kind of felty and I'm worried it will fade in color and pill over time. 2. Since they're not stretchy like you would expect a legging to be, they ride up and feel awkwardly tight if you're sitting or squatting. I was worried that they wouldn't fit when I first got them but thankfully the waistband fit my hips perfectly (I'm 5'10",30" waist, 39" hips). Since there's not much room for stretch you need to be EXACTLY the right size for these to fit well and look good. Too big and they'll be uncomfortable in some areas, too small and there's no way to cinch the waist. For a legging they're quite a roomy fit, almost baggy. Not a super flattering look if you want to wear them on their own but man are they WARM!
Date published: 2014-12-06
Rated 5 out of 5 by Pridwynn from exactly what I was looking for I live in NYC, a very windy city, and I wanted nice fleece leggings to wear under pants so my legs wouldn't get cold. These are perfect! It got very cold here very suddenly the last few days, but I did not feel any wind or cold through these. I also like that they are a little higher on the waist, and move very well. I will probably be wearing them every day; I bought a pair for my mom as well.
Date published: 2014-11-23
Rated 5 out of 5 by grumpyswife from Perfect for campus life My mom got such a great deal on these leggings I asked for that she bought me two pair! I'm thrilled, because they are even better than I expected. I need leggings I can wear with boots walking to class in the rainy, cold Oregon weather and these are perfect. So soft! I love them!
Date published: 2014-11-14
Rated 5 out of 5 by sailnskigal from Warm - alone or as under layer Bought these for sailing off shore. They are warm and toasty for just hangin' out or sleeping, as well as an under layer. Wish they made them in some bright colors as I would love to get a few more pairs.
Date published: 2014-11-02
Rated 5 out of 5 by Miktor from comfy and warm I wanted leggings that would provide warmth for outdoor activities in the fall. These are the perfect fit. I've worn them under jeans too as layers.
Date published: 2014-10-04
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text:
And so Michael Vick's season comes to a close. Newspaper pundits I have read recently have placed him third in MVP voting (a few place him 2nd) and most of them don't have him winning the Comeback Player of the Year Award, either. Many have him 2nd, some 3rd. Brady is still too much of a great player for anyone to remember that he missed all but one game last year. He is, though, picked by most to win another MVP.
This is an example of how sports transcends itself. Michael Vick isn't, of course, just a quarterback anymore. He will forever be under the microscope, by fans, critics and reporters, and he will be hated by most of them. Forgiven by few outside of management; in fact, the Eagles deserve credit not just for hiring him, per se, but for being willing to deal with the mountain of criticism they had to be expecting. They signed him anyway, and he's had a great offensive year. (The Offensive Player of the Year Award is something he did not finish in the top 3 for, according to the stuff I read today. Brady didn't, either. The winner is expected to be the KC Chief's HB.) He's been taught to run last and hang in there in the pocket, and outside of it, with the ball. I have to admit that I didn't value him highly when he played for the Falcons. Too many games around 100 yards throwing, 150 yards rushing, and seemingly not enough of either to make them win consistently. The Eagles gave up on McNabb for him, astounding enough; even more amazing is that it seems like the right call.
Did Vick deserve it? Well, I don't know. The guys voting for the awards don't seem to think so. I fear some moralizing going on here, and I feel about it just like I felt about it in terms of the Baseball Hall of Fame voting the last few years. (See blogs below.) They seem to be saying that he's lucky enough to get a job in the NFL again; an award is too much to ask for.
Perhaps. I'm not a big awards guy, and I suspect that Vick is just happy to be out of jail, to have a job that he loves, and to have a job that pays extremely well. Does he deserve that job? Well, I see it this way: He's been released from prison, which means a few things:
The simpler thing to say is that he's out, and he needs something to do. I suspect that the millions he made before the trial are gone; I'll bet that he's in debt to the same lawyers he's already paid millions to. So he needs a job, and I don't doubt that football is the thing he does best in life. So he needed a job. The Falcons understandably had to release him or fire him, as per the league rules of suspension for conduct. Certainly once he had to go to jail, he had to be replaced by somebody, and the Falcons did very well this year without him. But the Eagles needed someone, and the genius of an offensive coach they had thought he could change his playing psyche, which he did. The Eagles and their fans would take a winner, and they got won. I don't fault the Eagles for offering him the backup position, which he then upgraded to the starting position with his play, and I don't fault him for taking the offer. What else, after all, was he to do? It's not his fault that he's extremely good at a sports job that pays very well. While it is true that few people in life get the second chance he did, you can't fault him for taking it.
The second thing it means, him being out of jail, is that he has paid his debt to society and he's a free man--outside of whatever probation he got, and he's of course also special in that, because of his job, he is free to roam the country when most guys on probation cannot legally leave their state. Whatever. The bottom line is that you either believe in the system, or you don't. He paid his debt to society, and hopefully he's rehabilitated. That's what the jail system was at first designed to do, right? Rehabilitate? Hopefully it has. I didn't know he was doing all that horrible dog stuff before, so I guess I wouldn't know it if he still was now. But you have to believe in the system, because if you don't, what are all those people doing in there now? If you don't believe that such people can be rehabilitated, then you're saying that anyone who has ever been in jail is doomed to a loser life when he gets out.
Since that is the horrible truth for many, if not most, we need to celebrate those who leave the system, hopefully changed for the better, who make something of themselves. To truly prove that he has, maybe Vick can travel the country--now that his season is over--and speak at other prisons, or halfway houses, or whatever, and show ex-cons that maybe they can make something of themselves as well. That would be nice.


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March 17, 2017
Roosevelt-Vanderbilt-Van Buren National Historic Sites Attracted More Than 663,000 Visits in 2016
The Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site and Martin Van Buren National Historic Site recorded more than 663,000 visitors in 2016, which coincided with the National Park Service's Centennial year celebration.
February 01, 2017
National Park Service Fee Free Days in 2017
The National Park Service will be combining some of America's great scenery and history with great savings.
Last updated: March 12, 2017
4097 Albany Post Road
Hyde Park, NY
(845) 229-9115


text: Hip Hop Dessy Hinds – Big Pimpin (Remix) February 3, 2016 Mike Hawk4280 Stream or download below. DOWNLOAD: Dessy Hinds – Big Pimpin (Remix) | Alternate Link | zippyshare Mike Hawk I'm a writer and connoisseur of all types of music. I've been doing this for over 10 years now. Some of my favorite artists include Drake, J. Cole, Jay-Z, Travis Scott and Migos. [email protected] Related Articles Hip Hop Dessy Hinds – CCC Freestyle February 3, 2016 Mike Hawk Hip Hop TwonDon – Black Bar Mitzvah (Feat. Dessy Hinds) March 28, 2017March 28, 2017 Mike Hawk Hip Hop DJ RellyRell ft. Joey Badass & Dessy Hinds – Ill Bomb 2K15 October 6, 2015 Mike Hawk Post navigation Jay IDK ft. BJ The Chicago Kid – Cookie Addiction (iTunes)Prins Thomas – "A2″


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Heath Road, West Heath, Congleton, Cheshire, CW12 4BB.
Extra care housing
Email your enquiry or 0800 169 2988; 0300 123 4560
"Congleton town centre offers a good range of shopping facilities with a regular market and a diverse range of restaurants and leisure opportunities. Heath View is located in the West Heath area of this historic town which is only a few minutes away from it's own shopping centre. There are good public transport links to the town centre and the surrounding towns. Congleton has its own railway station - just two miles away"
Info updated: 09/09/2013. Update info
Check with Plus Dane Group - none notified to EAC.
A number of residents have taken part in the EAC National Housing for Older People Awards, or used the EAC Residents Consultation Service (RCS); they have given top marks to this scheme for:
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Heath Road, West Heath, Congleton, Cheshire, CW12 4BB
It allows people to remain independent while living in their own homes. We deliver a regular home delivery service which people can rely and depend on. We suppl...more
When friends and family live too far away to make regular contact, the Royal Voluntary Service can provide a little bit of company and friendly social...more
To help older people lead independent and fulfilled lives with new experiences to keep mind and body active. Services could include - shopping, trips out, trans...more
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text: Sherur Radio plant was established in 1981 as an affiliate of "Radiogurashdirma" plant. The affiliate was involved in production of "Khazar-304" radio sets.Since 1984 Sherur Radio plant continued its operation within the structure of Production Union "Radiogurashdurma" and started production of "Khazar-404" radio sets. Later the plant was producing different plastic containers.Since 02 May, 2008 the plant is operating within the structure of the Production union "Jihaz" of the Ministry of defence Industry.


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FitBit Charge USB Charging CableSKU: CHARGE-USBCABLE Warranty: 1 Year Warranty
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FitBit Charge USB Charging Cable
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text:
How do scientists persuade colleagues from diverse fields to cross the disciplinary divide, risking their careers in new interdisciplinary research programs? Why do some attempts to inspire such research win widespread acclaim and support, while others do not?
In Shaping Science with Rhetoric, Leah Ceccarelli addresses such questions through close readings of three scientific monographs in their historical contexts—Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937), which inspired the "modern synthesis" of evolutionary biology; Erwin Schrödinger's What Is Life? (1944), which catalyzed the field of molecular biology; and Edward O. Wilson's Consilience (1998), a so far not entirely successful attempt to unite the social and biological sciences. She examines the rhetorical strategies used in each book and evaluates which worked best, based on the reviews and scientific papers that followed in their wake.
Ceccarelli's work will be important for anyone interested in how interdisciplinary fields are formed, from historians and rhetoricians of science to scientists themselves.
Drawing from the tradition of rhetorical inquiry, Ceccarelli (speech communication, U. of Washington-Seattle) explores how scientists have exploited the means at their disposal to design their arguments to persuade others, especially those in other disciplines than their own. Anthropologist Theodosius Dobzhansky, physicist Erwin Schr<:o>dinger, and sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson are her case studies. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)


text:
1974 Asian Games Host
January 28, 2012 by staff
1974 Asian Games Host, One of the unexpected dividends of the Getty's far-reaching "Pacific Standard Time" series is the cross-pollination of audiences and institutions; another is focused historic perspective. The Pacific Asia Museum, not known for modern-art exhibitions, is playing host to a modest retrospective of the influential Pasadena Art Museum. The former was initially housed in the Pacific Asia's building, hence the title of the show: "46 N. Robles: A History of the Pasadena Art Museum." It's a nifty piece of site-specific heritage in the form of a mixed media art survey.
Long before the Los Angeles County Museum of Art debut in the 1960s, the Pasadena Art Museum mounted important modern-art surveys. From the late 1920s, downtown L.A. had a modernist cell centered on the Jake Zeitlin bookstore, and the Westside was where many of the European intellectual exiles lived. Pasadena was seen as a culturally sleepy bedroom community, albeit one with wealthy families. In 1942, the Pasadena Art Institute combined with the one-year-old Pasadena Museum of Art and took over 46 N. Los Robles Ave., keeping the name Pasadena Art Institute. The name changed to the Pasadena Art Museum in 1954.
Innovative community arts programs for schoolchildren and shows by photographer/artist Man Ray followed. An infusion of more than 450 modernist works from collector Galka Scheyer in 1953 was a watershed acquisition for the museum. The German emigre was the U.S. representative of "Blue Four" artists Wassily Kandinsky, Alexei Jawlensky, Lyonel Feininger and Paul Klee. A geometric watercolor by Kandinsky is notable for its precise draftsmanship and characteristic colorful harmony.
The Pasadena Art Museum hosted the first California Design show in 1955, which featured the forward-looking work of Charles and Ray Eames, so why no mention of them? Solo Pasadena Art Museum shows for SoCal surrealist Helen Lundeberg and hard-edge pioneer John McLaughlin were rare museum endorsements for the emerging artists who would be the object of "Pacific Standard Time" these many years later.
Walter Hopps, the brilliant curator who championed the Ferus Gallery rebels, began organizing Pasadena Art Museum shows in 1960, and the museum quickly became as important to L.A.'s late-century modern art as it earlier had to European modernism. Career surveys of Ocean Park painter Richard Diebenkorn and German Dadaist Kurt Schwitters preceded Hopps' epochal Marcel Duchamp retrospective of 1963. This world-class gathering of the seminal works of the grandfather of conceptual art capped Duchamp's activity. A poster for the show, designed by the artist, shows Duchamp in mug shots, identified by aliases, last seen working in a New York butcher shop called Hooke, Lyon and Cinquer.
It is curious that the Duchamp display doesn't use the iconic image to come from the show: Julian Wasser's black-and-white photo of the old man serenely sharing a game of chess with a n*de woman, the future writer Eve Babitz.
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Harry Styles Shares 'Girl Crush' CoverAfter Styles debuted the live version of "Girl Crush" Little Big Town tweeted, "Wish we could have seen this in person. So cool to hear your cover, [Harry]!"
GRAMMY Photo Recap: Behind the Scenes with Music's Biggest ArtistsSeveral artist accounts gave music lovers a glimpse of what it was like backstage and in the front row for music's biggest night.
Demi Lovato, Little Big Town, More Pay Tribute to the Bee Gees at 2017 GRAMMYsIt was a '70s disco party on the GRAMMY stage.
Katy Perry Stuns at 2017 GRAMMYsHer performance took on a political message.
Demi Lovato, Little Big Town, John Legend to Pay Tribute to the Bee GeesBarry Gibb of the Bee Gees will perform at the event as well.
Adele, Kendrick Lamar, The Weeknd, Little Big Town Announced as GRAMMY PerformersLamar is this year's most nominated artist with eleven nods.
GRAMMY Gourmet: Little Big Town's Kimberly Schlapman Is 'Simply Southern'When she's not belting songs with GRAMMY-winning group Little Big Town, Kimberly Schlapman is busting moves in the kitchen on her show 'Simply Southern.' We explore for the latest GRAMMY Gourmet.
Little Big Town Wins Their First GRAMMY For 'Pontoon'Little Big Town tonight won the first GRAMMY of their ten-year career. Their number one single, & one of the biggest country hits of the summer of 2012, "Pontoon" landed them the GRAMMY for Best Country Duo/Group Performance.
The Lumineers, Janelle Monae, Sheryl Crow and More To Join Tonight's GRAMMY Nominations ConcertThey join previously announced performers fun., Maroon 5, Ne-Yo and Luke Bryan, along with Taylor Swift, who is sharing the night's hosting duties with LL Cool J.


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Winning of the West, American Ideals, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, Naval War of 1812, The Wilderness Hunter
G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York 1900 - Winning of the West in four volumes, along with American Ideals, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, Naval War of 1812 and The Wilderness Hunter, all by Theodore Roosevelt. The Old West, Hunting, Fishing, Sports Afield, Outdoorsman, hunts of all kinds, exploration of the Wild West, etc. All are uniformly bound and decorated with American Flintlock Rifles in gilt on the eight spines. The complete set of eight, no other works found with these classic American rifles, an impossible set to find in this near fine to fine condition. All original publishers plate end papers still clean, no ownership remainder, deckled edging. Excellent boards, hinges, all illustrations and maps. [Attributes: First Edition; Hard Cover]
[Bookseller: Smith House Books & Antiques]
Last Found On: 2016-10-05 Check availability: AbeBooks
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Tag Archives: archaeology
Lunchtime talk on Western Sahara
Nick Brooks is giving a short (30 minute) talk about Western Sahara and the work of the Western Sahara Project on Thursday 25 April at a lunchtime in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts (scva.org.uk) at UEA, to accompany a … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged archaeology, climate, climate change, environment, lunchtime talk, megalithic, Nick Brooks, rock art, Sahara, SCVA, talk, UEA, Western Sahara, Western Sahara Project Leave a comment
An update on project activities, January 2013
The Western Sahara Project may have been keeping a low profile lately, but behind the scenes we've been working furiously to complete a book detailing the findings of Phase 1 of the Project, which consisted of eight seasons of fieldwork … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged archaeology, book, fieldwork, Free Zone, Oxbow, Polisario, prehistory, Project, Tifariti, visiting, volunteer, Western Sahara Leave a comment
Photographic resources
The Western Sahara Project photo collections on Flickr are currently being updated and reorganised. Photos are being organised so that images relating to specific themes, and specific archaeological features and sites, can be found more easily. You can now search … Continue reading