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text:
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text:
- Cars
- New cars
- Ford
- Ford EcoSport 2017
- Reviews
- Smooth running small SUV with great milage
Smooth running small SUV with great milage
User review on Ford EcoSport 2017 written by Rakesh Kumar (Guest) on 25 March 2015
Rakesh Kumar (Guest)'s review on Ford EcoSport 2017 1.0P Ecoboost Titanium (O) MT
Year of Manufacture : 2015 | Driven no. of Kms. : 550
- Pros: This car is very much for city ride with very good milage.This car had very good exterior as well as interior is very luxurious.
- Cons: No automatic Transmission available for ecoboost engine
This car is very much suitable for those person who likes to go outside weekly and mostly inside city.
Read more →
User Reviews for Ford EcoSport 2017 Competitors
Renault Duster
Hyundai Creta
Tata Nexon
Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza
Jeep Compass


text:
Givat Shmuel, Israel – Cimatron Limited has announced a partnership with Aditya Infotech Limited to increase CimatronE's reach and coverage in India.
The partnership will establish new CimatronE sales and support centers run by Aditya Infotech Ltd. to cover the entire Indian Territory. The move is intended to boost sales and support services to customers in every region of India. Cimatron India will work very closely with the new distributor and will also continue to serve existing customers.
"Aditya's achievements in the field of technology in India are vast and impressive," said Kobi Rosenwasser, Cimatron's Vice-President for Asia Pacific. "Aditya's dedication to service and professionalism has been a key factor in selecting it to be our distributor, and I am confident that this partnership will add significant value to CimatronE's market share in India."
Aditya Infotech Ltd. (AIL), the flagship company of Aditya Group, offers a wide range of technological solutions to the Indian Market, through its 25 Branches Network across the country.
CimatronE is an integrated CAD/CAM solution for toolmakers and manufacturers of discrete parts, which provides full associativity across the manufacturing process from quoting, through design and up to delivery. Products include: Mold Design, Electrode Design, Die Design, 2.5 to 5 Axis NC Programming and 5-Axis Discrete Part Production. Cimatron's fully integrated CAD/CAM solutions use the most advanced technology available to increase productivity and shorten delivery times.
"Aditya Infotech's distribution of CimatronE's solutions enables Indian manufactures to improve their businesses by shortening delivery times, reducing costs and increasing quality," said Aditya Infotech's Director, Mr. Rishi Khemka "AIL's 25 branch offices with sales and support manpower and network of channel partners across the entire country, will help tooling manufacturers to use the power of CimatronE at an affordable cost."
Feb 16, 2011
Popular Articles
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- Panso Solutions of India Joins the Aras Partner Program


text: Can anyone tell me why the decibels on the receiver go down as the volume goes up? I was under the impression that the larger the dB number the louder the sound. For example 100dB would be louder than 50dB. But it appears that on the receiver the dB number goes down as the volume goes up.


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To understand the neural basis of human speech control, extensive research has been done using a variety of methodologies in a range of experimental models. Nevertheless, several critical questions about learned vocal motor control still remain open. One of them is the mechanism(s) by which neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, modulate speech and song production. In this review, we bring together the two fields of investigations of dopamine action on voice control in humans and songbirds, who share similar behavioral and neural mechanisms for speech and song production. While human studies investigating the role of dopamine in speech control are limited to reports in neurological patients, research on dopaminergic modulation of bird song control has recently expanded our views on how this system might be organized. We discuss the parallels between bird song and human speech from the perspective of dopaminergic control as well as outline important differences between these species.
Production of learned vocal expressions is a rare ability that is found only in humans, bats, dolphins, elephants, and sea lions among mammals and in oscine songbirds (e.g., zebra finches, canaries, crows), parrots and hummingbirds among birds (Janik and Slater, 1997; Jurgens, 2002; Jarvis, 2004; Poole et al., 2005). Among these species, only humans have the most advanced abilities for speech and language production. Their closest relatives, non-human primates, have a very limited ability to learn new acoustic structures or sequences of vocalizations in order to produce new types of vocalizations (Jurgens, 2002; Egnor and Hauser, 2004) and, therefore, do not represent a good model for probing the brain mechanisms of learned vocal motor control (Simonyan and Horwitz, 2011). Similarly, the closest relatives of oscine songbirds, suboscine songbirds, lack the ability to learn new songs (Kroodsma and Konishi, 1991). Thus, the fundamental question of how exactly the brain controls learned voice production for speech and song remains to be addressed through the studies in vocal learning species only. While such studies in dolphins, elephants and sea lions are not always possible and feasible, research in the past years in humans, songbirds and bats has provided some insights into the similarities and differences of their vocal motor pathways, which may lay a foundation for the understanding of the specialized control of their learned voice production.
Here, we review one of the aspects of learned vocal motor control in humans and songbirds, its dopaminergic regulation. First, we briefly outline the definitions of learned and innate voice production. We introduce the structural, functional and neurochemical organization of the basal ganglia with emphases on their involvement in human speech and bird song control. We then provide an overview of up-to-date findings on dopaminergic function of speech and song control in humans and songbirds, respectively, and suggest hypotheses on the role of dopamine in speaking and singing. We conclude with a discussion of the common and distinct features of learned vocal motor circuitry and its dopaminergic regulations between humans and songbirds.
The terms 'voice', 'vocalization', and 'phonation' are often used interchangeably, but there are fine differences between them. In a narrower usage, 'voice' refers only to sound production during vocal fold vibration. In this regard, 'phonation' is a technical term to describe the physical and physiological processes involved with vocal fold vibration that leads to sound production. In a broader usage, 'voice production' is synonymous to human speaking and singing, which are learned (voluntary) behaviors. The term 'speech' usually refers to learned voice production with semantic content by humans, while human song can be produced both with and without semantic content. Among birds, song can be learned or innate depending on species, such as in oscine and suboscine songbirds, respectively. Song consists of syllables produced in a sequence separate from isolated calls. On the other hand, the term 'voice production' is frequently used not only in reference to speech and its elements (e.g., production of vowels, syllables) but also interchangeably with the term 'vocalizations' for the description of non-speech and pre-speech sounds, such as those produced by animals and human infants.
The behavioral mechanisms of vocal learning to produce human speech and birds song are thought to be similar because both have critical (or sensitive) periods for learning in early life before adulthood and require auditory experience and feedback to develop and maintain their learned vocal sequences (Doupe and Kuhl, 1999). There are, however, some fundamental differences between vocal learning birds and humans. While humans are able to learn new vocal expressions throughout the lifespan, closed-ended (age-limited) vocal learners, such as zebra finches, are not able to imitate new songs well, if at all, in adulthood, whereas the open-ended vocal learners, such as African Grey parrots, have only limited ability to imitate new sounds as adults (Catchpole and Slater, 2008). As a next distinction, the repertoire of human speech is much larger than that of the most vocal learning birds. Importantly, birds use most of their songs for affective communication as opposed to semantic communication typical for human speech. Despite these differences, learned song among vocal learning birds and speech in humans are considered to be semi-functionally analogous. However, a closer functional analogy, however, would be either song in vocal learning birds and song with affective meaning in humans (i.e., singing to gain attention) or learned sequences of calls with some higher levels of semantic complexity in some vocal learning birds (e.g., African Grey parrots) and speech in humans.
As at the behavioral level, there are similarities, but also important differences in the brain organization between humans and songbirds in general and with respect to vocal motor pathways in particular. A major common feature of the basal ganglia circuitry between humans and birds is the formation of the closed cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops, including parallel direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. A major difference between humans and birds is that the latter's cortex-like structure, called pallium, does not have a six-layered cortical organization as typically present in mammals, but rather consists of clusters of nuclei. The pallial neurons have histological similarities with those found in the basal ganglia; however, pallial neuroanatomical connectivity and functional properties are similar to those of the mammalian cortex (Reiner et al., 2004; Doupe et al., 2005; Jarvis et al., 2005). Furthermore, in contrast to the human speech controlling system, the songbird pallidum, substantia nigra pars reticulata and subthalamic nucleus are not considered to be part of the bird song system.
As we stated earlier, speech production is unique to humans, while other mammals, including non-human primates, have a limited ability to produce learned vocalizations. However, much of our understanding about the anatomical organization of the basal ganglia circuitry in humans comes from extensive research in non-human primates and rodents with an assumption of fundamental anatomical similarities between these mammalian species. On the other hand, recently developed neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor tractography and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have started probing human brain anatomical connectivity, investigations of which were limited in the past due to invasiveness of most neuroanatomical methodologies. Below, we present the anatomy of the basal ganglia circuitry and its implications for speech control based largely on neuroanatomical tracing studies in non-human primates and rodents as well as on limited, to date, neuroimaging studies in humans.
The human basal ganglia are a collection of closely interconnected subcortical nuclei that include the striatum (divided into the putamen and caudate nucleus), globus pallidus (divided into the internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments), substantia nigra (divided into the pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr)), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The limbic portion of the basal ganglia includes the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum (or substantia innominata), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Fig. 1A). From the developmental point of view, the basal ganglia are considered to consist of only telencephalic structures, the striatum and pallidum, which are modulated by the brainstem structures, the STN, SN and VTA (Swanson, 2000; Reiner et al., 2004; Jarvis et al., 2005). Functionally, the human striato-pallidal system may be divided into the dorsal and ventral portions, which are involved in regulation of motor actions in response to cognitive activities and in processing of emotional and motivational stimuli, respectively (Heimer et al., 1982; Turner and Desmurget, 2010).
Within the descending vocal motor pathway, the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) sends the strongest of all basal ganglia projections to the putamen, as determined using neuroanatomical tract tracing in non-human primates and diffusion tensor tractography in humans (Jurgens, 1976; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2003; Simonyan et al., 2009) (Figs. 2A and 3B,E). Cytoarchtectonically, the LMC is located in the ventral primary motor cortex in humans (area 4 of Broadmann (Brodmann, 1909) or area 4p of Geyer et al. (Geyer et al., 1996)) and in the ventral premotor cortex in non-human primates (area 6 of Brodmann (Brodmann, 1909) or area 6bα of Vogt and Vogt (Vogt and Vogt, 1919), area FCBm of von Bonin and Bailey (von Bonin and Bailey, 1947), area F5 of Matelli et al. (Matelli et al., 1985), area 6VR(F5)/ProM of Paxinos et al. (Paxinos et al., 2000), area F5(6Va/Vb) of Saleem and Logothetis (Saleem and Logothetis, 2007)) (Fig. 3A,D). Mapping studies have not been able to identify the laryngeal muscle representation in the primary motor cortex (area 4) in non-human primates (Hast et al., 1974; Jurgens, 1976; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2002; Coude et al., 2011), whereas the location of the LMC in the premotor cortex (area 6) in humans is assumed but remains to be confirmed. The LMC region in the primary motor cortex in humans and in the premotor cortex in non-human primates are considered to be homologous, with similar anatomical connectivity but different function (for review, see (Simonyan and Horwitz, 2011)). In both humans and non-human primates, the respective LMC regions have been shown to establish strong connectivity with other cortical regions involved in vocal and orofacial motor planning and initiation, such as inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area, (Fig. 2A) as well as to receive a direct auditory input from the superior temporal cortex, a proprioceptive input from the primary somatosensory and inferior parietal cortices, and a vocal gaiting input from the cingulate cortex, among others (Jurgens, 2002; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2002, 2005a; Simonyan et al., 2009). In this review, we will focus on LMC connections contributing to the vocal basal ganglia circuitry.
The descending LMC-striatal projections, as other motor cortical-striatal projections, are thought to be excitatory (glutamatergic) and terminate in the ventromedial portion of the dorsal striatum over its entire rostro-caudal extent, as found in non-human primates (Jurgens, 1976; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2003) (Fig. 3B). Here, the striatal LMC projections form a 'larynx' terminal field, which is segregated in the anterior dorsal putamen (i.e., putamen rostral to the anterior commissure) and overlaps with projections from the orofacial motor cortex in the posterior putamen (i.e., putamen caudal to the anterior commissure) (Kunzle, 1975; Jurgens, 1976; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2003).
The ascending striatal-LMC projections originate directly from the substantia innominata with its embedded cholinergic basal nucleus of Meynert and amygdaloid extension, as well as indirectly from the striatum via the basal ganglia-thalamic loops (Simonyan and Jurgens, 2005b) (Fig. 3C). Hence, the LMC in non-human primates and humans establishes direct connections with different functional divisions of the basal ganglia, which are engaged in higher-order cognitive processes (i.e., anterior dorsal putamen), sensorimotor control of movement coordination and execution (i.e., posterior dorsal striatum), and attention and memory processing (i.e., basal nucleus of Meynert) (Mesulam et al., 1983; Alexander et al., 1986; Richardson and DeLong, 1988; Nakano et al., 2000).
Other basal ganglia structures, such as STN, GP and SN, also participate in the basal ganglia vocal motor circuitry (Fig. 2). As has been found in non-human primates and is considered to be the case in humans, the descending LMC projections passing through the striatum project out of the telencephalon and reach the nucleus ambiguus of the brainstem (i.e., the site of laryngeal motoneurons) through the dorsolateral SNr; the latter also projects to the parvicellular reticular formation, connected directly with the nucleus ambiguus (Fig. 2A) (Jurgens, 2002). Additionally, in contrast to non-human primates, human LMC sends direct projections to the nucleus ambiguus (Kuypers, 1958; Iwatsubo et al., 1990). This direct LMC-nucleus ambiguus connection appears to be a unique feature, possibly allowing for voluntary control of complex voice production in humans, such as during speaking and singing (Jurgens, 2002; Simonyan and Horwitz, 2011).
Functionally, the exact role (or roles) of the basal ganglia system in the control of human speech is not fully understood. The putamen and the head of the caudate nucleus are hypothesized to be involved in the control of learned vocal patterns (e.g., speech and song) but not innate emotional vocalizations (e.g., monkey calls, human laughing and crying) based on the fact that striatal lesions cause dysphonia, dysarthria and other verbal aphasias in humans but have no profound effects on monkey vocalizations (Damasio et al., 1982; Jurgens et al., 1982; Cummings, 1993; Lee et al., 1996; Nadeau and Crosson, 1997; Watkins et al., 2002; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2003). A series of neuroimaging studies in humans have further demonstrated a greater involvement of the striatum in speech initiation and production than in speech comprehension (for review, see (Price, 2010)). In addition, the putamen, together with cerebellum, has been implicated in the control of speech tempo (Hinton et al., 2004; Riecker et al., 2005; Riecker et al., 2006), while the head of the caudate nucleus was recently proposed to be involved in suppression of unintended responses (Price, 2010).
Besides the involvement of the striatum in the control of pure speech motor output, the functional importance of this region in speech control has been recently broadened by studies demonstrating its association with syntactic and semantic processing (Kotz et al., 2003; Davis and Gaskell, 2009; Price, 2010), explicit identification of linguistic aspects of emotional speech prosody (Bach et al., 2008), verbal semantic and episodic memory (Koylu et al., 2006; Ystad et al., 2010), and vocal imitation of novel speech sequences, including learning of a second language (Klein et al., 1994; Klein et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2010; Liegeois et al., 2011). Despite this recent progress, however, the question of how the putamen and caudate nucleus integrate and coordinate between all these motor and cognitive functions to contribute to the human speech controlling system remains to be elucidated.
Other basal ganglia components, such as STN and GP/SNr, have also been implicated as playing a role in the speech motor control. Recent studies have shown that the STN neuronal activity is modulated at the initiation, during the onset and following speech production (Watson and Montgomery, 2006; Hebb et al., 2011) and have suggested the STN importance in suppression of inappropriate responses or switching within semantic and phonemic sub-categories during verbal fluency tasks (Anzak et al., 2011) as well as in processing of emotional prosody (Bruck et al., 2011). The functional role of the GP/SNr remains less clear, as only a few studies have been conducted, with some suggesting a role for GP/SNr in verbal fluency and semantic processing (Wallesch et al., 1990; Murdoch, 2001; Troster et al., 2002). Given the anatomical importance of these structures in the formation of parallel descending LMC-basal ganglia-brainstem pathways, future studies exploring their functional role(s) will be critical for our complete understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying human speech control.
Similar to humans, the songbird basal ganglia consist of the striatum, pallidum, SN and STN (Fig. 1B). However, in contrast to humans, the songbird striatum consists of the lateral and medial segments, and the pallidum, SNr and STN are not considered integral components of bird song system. Instead, songbirds have a specialized song region in their dorsal striatum, called Area X, in which the majority of its medium spiny neurons (MSN) are intermingled with rare, sparsely distributed GP-like neurons. An Area X analog is present only in song learning bird lineages (i.e., songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds), but not in any other vocal non-learning birds studied to date (Kroodsma and Konishi, 1991; Feenders et al., 2008).
As it is the case with the role of the human striatum in speech control, the functional importance of Area X for bird singing is not fully understood. Due to similarities of neuroanatomical and functional properties as well as an impact of lesions on learned vocal behavior, Area X of song learning birds is considered to be analogous to human striatum. However, because songbird Area X has also an intermingling of pallidal neurons, lesions to Area X in songbirds might be more akin to a combination of striatal and pallidal lesions in humans. The dominating view assigns Area X a critical role in song learning based on studies showing that lesions to Area X impair learning of normal acoustic and syllabic sequence organization of the bird's song during early song learning phases (Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991) but have little effect on singing in adult songbirds, which have already learned their song (Kobayashi et al., 2001). However, it is important to note that lesions to Area X may lead to transient but substantial deficits in song sequencing (or production), similar to stuttering in humans (Kobayashi et al., 2001; Kubikova et al., 2007b). Furthermore, it has been shown that Area X in adult songbirds is highly active during song production with increased neuronal firing rates and its plasticity-related gene regulation (e.g., egr1, c-fos) depending on the social context and vocal explorations (Kimpo and Doupe, 1997; Jarvis et al., 1998; Hessler and Doupe, 1999). Specifically, when a male bird produces undirected song for vocal explorations or practice, firing rates are variable from one song bout to another, plasticity-induced gene regulation is high, and the song pitch varies considerably. When the same male bird sings directly to a female bird, neuronal firing rates in Area X are significantly lower and more stereotyped, subsequent induction of plasticity related genes is much less than during undirected song, and the male bird produces significantly less variable song (Jarvis et al., 1998; Hessler and Doupe, 1999; Kao et al., 2005).
Pallial control of learned song production is performed by the song-specialized HVC nucleus (letter-based name) of the nidopallium and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) (Fig. 1B). The HVC nucleus has been hypothesized to be analogous to layer III and the RA nucleus analogous to layer V of the human LMC (Jarvis, 2004). Similar to the human LMC, the songbird RA nucleus projects directly to vocal motor neurons (nXIIts) of the brainstem (Nottebohm et al., 1976), but, unlike mammalian cortical layer V neurons, has no connections with the striatum (Jarvis, 2004). Instead, the HVC nucleus has two projection cell types, one projecting to the RA nucleus and the other projecting to striatal Area X. The latter projection is the input into the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), i.e., pallial-basal ganglia-thalamo-pallial pathway. This loop consists of three interconnected major song nuclei: Area X projecting via pallidal-like neurons to the anterior dorsolateral medial (aDLM) and dorsal intermediate posterior (DIP) nuclei of the thalamus, which further projects to the pallial magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (MAN), which closes the loop by projecting back to Area X. The lateral part of MAN (LMAN) sends output to the RA nucleus, and the medial part of MAN (MMAN) sends output to the HVC nucleus (Kubikova et al., 2007a). A balance between the variability generated by LMAN and possible consolidation generated by Area X has been proposed to enable vocal learning in songbirds (Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Jarvis, 2004). However, while behavioral studies suggest that LMAN induces variable patterns of song production in both juvenile and adult songbirds (Kao et al., 2005; Olveczky et al., 2005), recent studies in adult songbirds have shown that, unlike in juveniles, Area X is not needed to maintain a high level of stereotypy in a closed-ended learner (i.e., zebra finch) (Goldberg and Fee, 2011).
The role of the basal ganglia in general and dopaminergic transmission through the nigro-striatal pathway in particular is critical for the movement control (Graybiel et al., 1994; Swanson, 2000; Redgrave et al., 2010). Similar to other motor behaviors, dopaminergic modulation of human speech production is thought to be exerted through the striatal dopamine release from the ventral portion of the SNc and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Dopamine regulates the functional balance between the direct and indirect basal ganglia circuits. Moreover, due to direct projections from the SNc and VTA to the LMC as shown in non-human primates (Jurgens, 1982; Simonyan and Jurgens, 2005b) and to the GPi and STN as shown in non-human primates and rodents, respectively (Smith et al., 1989; Cragg et al., 2004) (Fig. 3C), it is likely that dopamine may additionally directly modulate the activity of the LMC and other components of the vocal basal ganglia circuitry during speech production (Fig. 2A). This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.
Within the direct basal ganglia circuitry, the mammalian striatum conveys a direct input to the GPi and SNr, while giving off branching collaterals to the GPe (Albin et al., 1989; Redgrave et al., 2010) (Fig. 2A). The majority of these striato-pallidal and striatonigral projections are GABAergic (inhibitory) with some fibers also containing enkephalin, substance P and dynorphin (Parent and Hazrati, 1995). Within the indirect basal ganglia circuitry, the striatal projections first reach the GPe, which further projects directly to the GPi and indirectly, via the STN, to the SNr (Carpenter et al., 1981a; Carpenter et al., 1981b; Smith et al., 1990; Shink et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1998). The striato-GPi fibers contain GABA and substance P; the striato-GPe fibers contain GABA and enkephalin, whereas the STN-GPi and STN-SNr fibers express glutamate (Carpenter et al., 1981a; Carpenter et al., 1981b; Smith et al., 1990; Shink et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1998). Striato-pallidal and striato-nigral pathways within both direct and indirect circuits send inhibitory (GABAergic) projections to the ventral lateral and centromedian (striatopallidal pathway) as well as ventral anterior and mediodorsal (striato-nigral pathway) thalamic nuclei (Carpenter et al., 1976; Ilinsky et al., 1985; Fenelon et al., 1990; Percheron, 2004), which further send an excitatory (glutamatergic) input to the cerebral cortex, including the LMC. The direct and indirect basal ganglia circuits interact with each other through the collaterals within the striatum (Yung et al., 1996) and the common connections with the GPi and SNr (Parent et al., 2000). The two circuits, however, have opposite effects on thalamic activity: while the direct pathway provides a positive feedback by increasing the activation of thalamo-cortical neurons, the indirect pathway exerts a negative feedback by reducing the thalamic activation of cortical neurons (Wilson, 2004).
In songbirds, similar direct and indirect pathways exist (Reiner et al., 2004; Doupe et al., 2005; Farries et al., 2005). Striatal neurons of Area X first project to GPi-type neurons sparsely located within Area X and then further to the vocal part of the thalamus (i.e., aDLM/DIP), thus forming a direct pathway. The GPe-type neurons within Area X also receive striatal input and further project to the same GPi-type neurons, which, in turn, project to the aDLM/DIP, thus forming an indirect pathway (Gale and Perkel, 2010; Goldberg et al., 2010). The aDLM sends an excitatory input to LMAN and RA, whereas DIP projects to MMAN.
In mammals and presumably in songbirds, the balance between the direct and indirect basal ganglia circuits is regulated through differential modulation of D1- and D2-family dopamine receptors by dopaminergic input from the SNc and VTA (Kubota et al., 1986; Gerfen, 2000; Ding and Perkel, 2002; Kubikova et al., 2010; Redgrave et al., 2010). In mammals, the D1-family receptors (including D1A and D1B (or D5)) are coupled to the G protein Gαs and are preferentially expressed on the MSNs, mainly within the direct pathway, whereas the D2-family receptors (including D2, D3 and D4) are coupled to the G protein Gαi and are expressed mainly within the indirect pathway (Gerfen, 1992; Surmeier et al., 1998). In songbirds, preferential expression of D1- (including D1A, D1B (or D5) and D1D) and D2-family receptors (including D2, D3 and D4) on the MSNs within the direct and indirect pathways, respectively, has also been proposed (Kubikova et al., 2010); however, more experiments are required to characterize their organization in birds. Because activation of the D1 receptors enhances and activation of the D2 suppresses the MSNs, dopamine release leads to excitation of the direct circuit and to inhibition of the indirect circuit. Collectively, dopamine released within both the direct and indirect circuits reduces the inhibition of thalamo-cortical neurons, allowing facilitation of movements initiated in the motor cortex (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990; Wichmann and DeLong, 1996; Smith et al., 1998). In turn, direct striatal projections to the SNc contain GABA and, hence inhibit the activity of the SNc in non-human primates and possibly in humans (Hedreen and DeLong, 1991; Lynd-Balta and Haber, 1994). Songbirds, however, do not appear to have a projection from the striatum to the SNc (Gale and Perkel, 2010), indicating that such a projection may not be critical for learned sequencing of their songs.
In spite of several differences between anatomical and functional organization of human speech and bird song systems, our present knowledge about dopaminergic function during normal speech production is largely based on a series of studies in songbirds and a recent report in bats. To date, investigations on the functional role(s) of dopamine (and other neurotransmitters) in human speech control have not been reported in healthy subjects. On the other hand, a few case reports of patients treated with dopamine receptor antagonists have described acute drug-induced alterations of dopaminergic transmission, which temporarily disrupted normal vocal motor control, leading to the development of uncontrolled laryngeal spasms (Newton-John, 1988; Warren and Thompson, 1998). Studies in neurological and psychiatric patients with voice and speech problems, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), stuttering, Tourette's syndrome, and schizophrenia, have further hinted at the importance of proper dopaminergic modulation of speech control.
The neuropathological hallmark of PD is a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, resulting in a reduction of striatal dopamine release (Hornykiewicz, 2001). Along with the main PD symptoms, such as bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, tremor and disturbances of gait and posture, nearly 90% of PD patients experience severe changes of their voice quality, characterized by monotone and hypotonic speech with limited pitch range, reduced loudness, decreased accuracy of articulation, and a raspy voice (Aronson, 1980). With the advancement of disease, more than half of non-demented patients develop additional cognitive deficits affecting speech and language, such as difficulties with phonological processing, syntactic complexity, and language comprehension (Walsh and Smith, 2011). In addition, patients with advanced Parkinson's disease occasionally develop compulsive involuntary singing and humming while receiving high-dose dopamine replacement therapy (Friedman, 1993; Bonvin et al., 2007; Kataoka and Ueno, 2010). Mechanistic aspects of dopaminergic dysfunction affecting voice and speech production in PD patients remain, however, largely unclear, while pharmacological and surgical (e.g., deep brain stimulation) treatments have mild, if any, effect on speech improvement.
Stuttering is another neurological disorder that has been linked to the alterations in dopaminergic function. It has been suggested that lateralization effects of the nigrostriatal dopamine release might represent a contributing factor in the pathophysiology of this disorder, as persons who stutter exhibit three times higher uptake of a dopamine precursor in the left but not the right caudate nucleus (Wu et al., 1997). Even though these findings stem from a single report, they provide a starting point for further investigations of dopamine lateralization effects on symptom expression in neurological patients with speech disorders.
Altered dopaminergic function has further been associated with such psychiatric voice problems as vocal tics in Tourette's syndrome and auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Dopamine levels have been reported to be abnormally increased in Tourette's syndrome (Heinz et al., 1998; Wong et al., 2008), whereas schizophrenia symptoms have been associated with both elevated subcortical and deficient cortical dopaminergic function (Thompson et al., 2009).
Hence, the evidence from neurological and psychiatric patients explicitly indicates a central modulatory role played by dopamine in proper execution of motor commands and higher-order cognitive processing associated with speech production. Clinically, characterization of mechanistic aspects of normal and dysfunctional dopaminergic transmission would potentially guide the identification of novel therapeutic opportunities in these patients, whose speech problems largely do not respond to currently available treatments.
In songbirds, singing has been demonstrated to induce dopamine release into Area X (Sasaki et al., 2006) (Fig. 4). Importantly, the increases in striatal dopamine levels are dependent on the social context, such that higher levels of dopamine are maintained in Area X when a male bird sings directly to a female bird compared to when a male bird produces undirected song. Such high maintenance of dopamine release during directed singing appears to occur through differential activity of the dopamine re-uptake transporter in the VTA axons within Area X. Pharmacological blockade of the transporter has been shown to lead to increased levels of dopamine release during undirected singing similar to the high dopamine levels during directed singing (Sasaki et al., 2006) (Fig. 4), while unilateral damage of the VTA input to Area X has been reported to reduce a bird's production of socially directed but not undirected songs (Hara et al., 2007).
While dopamine release or pharmacological manipulations of dopamine receptors have been shown to modulate both D1 and D2 receptors in Area X (Ding and Perkel, 2002), activation of D1 receptors has been found to have a stronger correlation with changes in song behavior (Kubikova and Kostal, 2010), triggering song variability difference in undirected versus directed singing (Leblois et al., 2010). The activation of D1 receptors appears to suppress glutamatergic presynaptic input from HVC and LMAN onto Area X, similar to that found in mammalian nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), but opposite of that found in mammalian dorsal striatum (Ding et al., 2003). Further, socially motivated singing behavior has been shown to correlate with D1 but not D2 receptor activation in the brainstem nuclei controlling motivation to sing (Heimovics et al., 2009). In contrast, a recent study in bats has demonstrated involvement of striatal D2 but not D1 receptors in modulation of their echolocation pulse acoustics (Tressler et al., 2011). Such differential involvement of D1 and D2 receptors in regulation of learned vocal behavior in songbirds and bats may represent vertebrate lineage differences between birds and mammals. However, it is likely that there will be some synergistic role between both receptor types, as synergetic activation of D1 and D2 receptors in mammals has been found to have greater modulatory enhancement of behavior than activation of either receptor type alone (Gerfen, 2000).
Based on a compilation of different proposals (Gerfen, 1992; Ding and Perkel, 2002, 2004; Kubikova et al., 2010; Leblois et al., 2010; Goldberg and Fee, 2011), we hypothesize that dopaminergic input into Area X modulates the behavioral output and subsequent gene induction in the pallial-basal-ganglia-thalamic song loop for long-term changes necessary in song behavior. A vocal learning bird develops an auditory memory of the song heard from the tutor, a so-called auditory template (Konishi, 2010). During undirected singing, the bird monitors his own song for errors to closely match it with the auditory template, while, during directed singing, bird sings an already perfected song to attract a female (Jarvis et al., 1998; Woolley and Doupe, 2008). When, during undirected singing, a match occurs to the song heard, the low levels of dopamine release would preferentially activate the Area X's D1 receptors or possibly synergistically activate D1 and D2 receptors. These would then enhance or suppress the glutamatergic input from LMAN and HVC. On the other hand, during directed singing, higher levels of dopamine release would preferentially activate D2 receptors and weaken the input from LMAN and HVC (Kubikova et al., 2010). These opposite changes in synaptic and behavioral plasticity may be due to the opposing effects of dopamine on D1 and D2 receptors, as shown in mammals (Gerfen, 2000). Validating this hypothesis requires testing whether dopamine levels during singing are different when the produced song matches the tutor song more closely than when there is a poor match. It will also require manipulating dopamine and their receptor levels during song learning or modification and testing whether controlling dopamine can experimentally influence how well the song is copied.
Human speech and bird song appear to share some similar features, although several differences also exist. Most importantly, both species are capable of learning new utterances for speech and song production, respectively, in addition to production of genetically pre-programmed, innate vocalizations. Although the songbird pallium consists of groups of nuclei instead of mammalian cortical layers, some similarities in the organization of vocal neural pathways in general and basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops in particular exist between songbirds and humans. Within the parallel direct and indirect basal ganglia circuits, dopaminergic function appears to be critical for modulation of the neural activity of striato-thalamo-cortical circuits for complex goal-directed or context-dependent changes in speech and song output.
On the other hand, differences in the underlying mechanisms of dopaminergic influences on human speech and bird song should be acknowledged. While dopaminergic modulation of bird singing has been shown to have larger effects through the striatal D1 receptors than through the D2 receptors in songbirds, a more complex human speech appears to be regulated through the modulation of activity of both receptor types. More detailed investigations are required to determine the potential role of D2 receptors in bird song production as well as to identify the exact role(s) of both D1 and D2 receptors in normal and disordered human speech and language control.
Thus, due to similarities with humans in the ability to produce learned vocalizations, songbirds present a potentially useful model to study some shared mechanisms of dopaminergic transmission underlying speech and song production. However, as humans possess several unique features of speech control, human dopaminergic regulation may need to be studied in humans only. Some of these studies, however, may be challenging in humans and may depend on the development of innovative methods due to the invasive nature of the experimental approaches used to reveal the dopaminergic function in songbirds.
This work was supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (DC009620 to K.S., Intramural Program to B. H.), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the National Institute of Mental Health (MH62083 to E.D.J.).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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text:
Children's Music
Randy has created a large variety of music for and with children on various topics, often related to specific areas of study for multiple grade levels. The topic of Earth Day was a particularly fertile area, pun intended, since he worked with kindergarteners in the same school district for many years during Earth Week and would typically write new songs from student ideas every year.
Both recordings and books, or eBooks, will be available.


text:
my week. *sunset edition...or is it sunrise?*
reed was housesitting for a friend and he had to take care of a couple of dogs. they're called king charles spaniels, and i forget their names. they're both boys, but they act like total bitches. they barked at me when i first walked in, and wouldn't let me pet them. unfortunately, these are our pets of the week.
yes, halloween has come and gone, but on saturday, reed and i went to a wig party. here's reed doing his best 'information society' impersonation. you don't remember 'information society'? i didn't either. they had a song called 'what's on your mind (pure energy)'. look 'em up, and you'll be caught on that song aaaaaaaaall fucking day.
as seen in previous posts, fellow LDTer, kathleen, is going to thailand for six-months. she had her going away party in wburg, at this cool little hole-in-the-wall across from atlas. best of luck to you, k-rat. we can't wait for stories.
i can't remember the last time i had a heaping bowl of good friends.
so we move on to thanksgiving night...
the swedes, victor and nanna, basically have a revolving door in their apartment, and there's always someone visiting from stockholme. if they don't learn a damn thing while in new york, at least they all go back knowing what jersey juice is.
too many sunrises were seen this past week. that needs to stop. immediately.
Labels: my week
fat teens can't hunt
A new reality TV series titled 'Fat Teens Can't Hunt' is airing across the pond. The premise of the show? Exactly what it sounds like: fat teenagers are forced to survive in 'middle-of-nowhere' Australia with Aboriginal communities and hunt for their own food. I laughed out loud thinking that it was some kind of joke that somone thought up in response to how much weight people lose on 'Survivor'. It sounds absolutely ridiculous (and it should), but the show is real!
Based on an existing popular reality series 'Fat Men Can't Hunt' already airing in the UK, the show's producer Endemol (the producers that brought us Big Brother) says that it is aimed at "helping overweight children tackle overeating". Yeah, sure… by starving them! It's true that Britain has the highest number of overweight and obese teenagers in Europe and maybe they think that by creating shows like this one they are 'dealing' with their obesity problem.
The British media clearly doesn't understand that the obesity problem is not going to go away just like that; inevitably, these teenagers will likely go back to their old habits once the show's over. And then what will they have learned, how to develop an eating disorder? Get the picture? Oh and if that isn't enough they recruited for the show via myspace.
Read more about the show Here.
Labels: BBC3, new shows, reality tv
Drunch Saturday
some sort of cultural excursion to follow. maybe.
vote now!
Please go and vote for the video.
Labels: battles, plug award, tim saccenti
Opening Soon
Welcome Urban Rustic to the neighborhood! My friend Luis has been working on this project for months now. Urban Rustic is
"a place where we can bring suppliers and consumers together at the site and that our store will help fill in the storylines behind our meals that so much of modern food production has sought to obscure. It is our belief that food selection and preparation is one of the most fundamental ways we connect to the planet and that around food we have one of the best opportunities for gathering and community-building."
The store will be opening within the next three weeks and it is definitely an idea the community and the Let's Do This blog should support. Check their website for updates.
Labels: food, market, williamsburg
get on santa's good list
Between November 12 and November 26, OLPC is offering a Give One Get One program in the United States and Canada. During this time, you can donate the revolutionary XO laptop to a child in a developing nation, and also receive one for yourself, or a child you know.
2 for 1's are sweet!
Labels: brownie points, charity, technology
my week.
on wednesday, nate and josh invited me to their agency's ten-year anniversary party. they had a double dose of hangovers.
i didn't really know anyone, so i just tried to blend in as best i could.
thursday rolled around, and i had no business being out. but i had to go support the 'the black' at union pool. afterwards, we rolled over to clems, where jeff 'unwieldy' cox sipped from the skull.
andrew and a few of his favorite things: jesus and little boys.
hey reed, your ear candle is on fire. no, really. you ever heard of q-tips, buddy?
brooklyn at dusk.
last night we had dinner with a well hungover birthday girl in the east village. cheer up, nanners. it's your birthday! happy birthday, brickman.
then it was on to webster, where broken social scene played and played and played and played and played and played and.....
Labels: my week
say hello to my little friend
Ever wonder what life would be like if we could trade music from ipod to ipod. Well, now you can with the mishare. It works on open source tools to basically open up all the databases on your ipod so you can send music, videos, pictures and files. Steve Jobs is not going to be happy about this one.
Labels: apple, file sharing, ipod, music
What is the point of my apartment now?!
Stay tuned to see if I can connect with someone else there. But they won't be no Chief.
Everyone knows I love our darling baby Jesus or as the Mehicanos call him poquito Hezeus. I'm totally psyched on the new Creation Museum, no seriously. Anyone interested in taking a pilgrimage to this new mecca?
Labels: creation museum, creationism
back in the day...
Labels: mr. move, music, music video
R.I.P. Norman Mailer
You made me want to be a man's man.
Labels: death, literature, norman mailer
A New York Love Story
Allan Tannenbaum captured the couple 10 days before Lennon's death in December 1980. He waited 27 years to release these photos, and now we can view the beauty here and read about why he waited so long to release them in his new book "John and Yoko: A New York Love Story".
The article breaks off into "Frustration over Lennon's Choice of Princess Ono" where he explains to Playboy that he likened Ono to Don Juan, the shaman that inspired Carlos Castenada's series of books, including the Art of Dreaming, which incidentally, I'm currently reading. Good stuff.
My Body Is A Cage
Labels: arcade fire, music video, my body is a cage
domino effect
i've been neglecting LDT
and for that i am sorry. to make it up to you i'd like to invite you to my good bye jam on 11/17. ditching the states for SE Asia, come give me hug before i go. trip donations accepted. the spot - Larry Lawrence Bar, 295 Grand St. site for very simple directions (close to L and G and BQE)
and a little somethin somethin for your ears. the band is BEAT THE DEVIL, you can't even believe the sounds that emerge from the lead singer. they are playing tomorrow at the crown point festival - i can't go but you should!
The Crown Point Festival Film
Abrons Art Center, LES, New York City
466 Grand Street
my week. *halloweenthon edition*
same pacifier, different mouth.
see more pictures of precious theo and the proud parents, here:
|Theodore Leaf Lee-Manske
so halloween rolled around. hey look, there's peter parker. and axl rose!
speaking of rockstars: tight pants, braids, aviators? who else could it be? it's LDT's/austin's most incessantly hyped band member, aaron from ghostland observatory! get that kid a mic!
a pig 'n a mexican blanket. and a crow that'll eat your fuckin' eye out, man.
told you.
on sunday, the marathon came into town, and right past our little apartment at south 8th and bedford. it started at just after ten in the morning, so you know what that means...DRUNK BY NOON!
our very own karen z ran the marathon in just over four hours. and as she said, she beat katie holmes by an hour! karen, this one's for you. congratulations! hope you could feel the cheers. both kinds.
twenty people can really trash a williamsburg apartment. good thing i wasn't around for clean up...thanks, nate.
Labels: axl rose, Halloween, my week, theo
go z
sleep well, kwitty.
Darwin :(
There was a cat
who thought he was a dog.
How else to explain
the meow-y friendly, cuddly, follow-y?
He also thought he was a kitten.
That explains the jumpy jumpy.
A goldfish, too.
How else to explain the obsession with the bathtub?
And a typist.
And a conversationalist.
He was an excellent conversationalist.
We miss your meow chats already, Darwin.
You were an awesome cat.
Hope the duck is to your liking up there.


text:
Cryptozoic updated their Facebook page yesterday with some more information regarding the upcoming Ender's Game trading cards, a well as a few pictures of Cameron Gaskins (Pol Slattery) signing a few of his soon-to-be-desired autograph cards himself!
The signing took place at University of George where Cameron is currently enrolled as a freshman. A few of the cards he personalized with "Go Dawgs" -- Dawgs referring to the UGA mascot, the bulldog. A huge thank you to Mike for sending in some photos of the event!
Here is a list of confirmed signers for those of you who may have missed the announcement in December:
Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin
Harrison Ford as Colonel Graff
Brandon Soo Hoo as Fly Molo
Aramis Knight as Bean
Khylin Rhambo as Dink Meeker
Conor Carroll as Bernard
Suraj Partha as Alai
Nonso Anozie as Sergeant Dap
Jimmy 'Jax' Pinchak as Peter Wiggin
Andrea Powell as Theresa Wiggin
Caleb J. Thaggard as Stilson
Cameron Gaskins as Pol Slattery
Han Soto as Colonel Graff's aide
Cryptozoic also gave us a fun look at the card packets and folder which will be available in Q3 of this year, most likely sometime between July 1 and September 30.
Keeping checking back -- fingers crossed that some more of these pics start streaming in!
Home Cameron Gaskins Cryptozoic Gaskins Signs Autograph Cards for Trading Card Game


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I got to know about this BME680 sensor today. The specifications say that it senses gas, pressure, humidity and temperature. Will this be a better alternative for the sensors currently being used in the FC? check the link BME680
Hi @AbhishekJadimath
That is a cool sensor. Bosch makes all sorts of cool sensors I tested a BME280 a little and it measures Air presure, humidity and temp. On top of these the BME680 measures "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)" so paint and glue fumes.
Personal Food Computer has Humidity, Temperature and light. I don't know about the VOC measure. Can it be used as such for something plant related? Or does it also detect smoke?
On the other hand... BME680 seems to be a great thing in the builders toolbox Nice find @AbhishekJadimath and thanks for sharing.
BME280 Does not sense CO2 or any gas. But, the BME680 has that advantage.
As far as I understood, the BME680 does not detect CO2.This is out of Bosch website "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from paints (such as formaldehyde), lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, furnishings, office equipment, glues, adhesives and alcohol."
oh. cool They did a pretty good job bringing all these parameters together.


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Vicky, I also get really achy legs sometimes. I attributed it to my fibro. I take a muscle relaxer and it seems to help some.
Maybe a trip to a rheumy is in order? a rheumy might be able to do something.
Sorry you hurt so much!!!
Karen (Karendee)
Diagnosed w/ Crohn's Disease March 2007 On 150mg Azathioprine (generic Imuran), Pentasa, & Entocort (take zofran for nausea now)
Diagnosed w/ Fibromyalgia May 2007 also on Soma
Also on Prilosec 2x a day for reflux.


text:
Performer Info.
- Height:: 5'5" - 5'9"
- Eye Color:: brown
- Weight:: 100 - 115 lbs
- Ethnicity:: white
- Sex:: female
- Hair Length:: shoulder length
- Screen Name:: OneChicJoy
- Hair Color:: blonde
- Sexpref:: bisexual
- Breast Size:: big
- Build:: petite
BioEvery woman is a queen when she starts to love a man, well I am more than a queen and offer so much more than love. I am a fascinating person; you will enjoy both my wit and my physical appearance.
Turn onAn interesting imagination that will surprise me, if u lack ideas, I have ones, I want to sweettalk you and then lick
Turn offPeople that dont know how to say Hello and people that are rude ..


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LOCATION: Fort Myers, Florida
Date Bid: June
Construction Period:
Oct 2004 to June 2005
total Building A
Total Square Feet:
total Building b, (SHELL)
Total Square Feet:
SITE: .96 acre.
NUMBER OF BUILDINGS: Two.
BUILDING SIZE: Building A: First floor, 4,961; mechanical mezzanine, 507; total Building A, 5,468 square feet; Building B: First floor, 2,600; total, 2,600 square feet.
BUILDING HEIGHT: Building A: First floor, 10'; mechanical mezzanine, 8'; total Building A, 21'; Building B: first floor, 10'; floor to floor, 10'; total, 21'.
BASIC CONSTRUCTION TYPE: New.
FOUNDATION: Strip footings, slab-on-grade.
ROOF: Concrete tile.
FLOORS: Concrete, wood.
INTERIOR WALLS: Metal stud drywall.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: Liebl & Barrow Engineering - 10970 S. Cleveland Avenue, #105, Fort Myers, FL 33907
GENERAL CONTRACTOR: Nu-Cape Construction - 1406 S.E. 46th Lane #8, Cape Coral, FL 33904
MECHANICAL ENGINEER: Kevatron Engineering, Inc. - 2324 Coral Point Drive, Cape Coral, FL 33990
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER: Huff Engineering - 2150 West First Street, #4B, Fort Myers, FL 33901
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: David M. Jones & Associates - 2221 McGregor Boulevard, Fort Myers, FL 33913
The Mitchell and Mitchell Dental Office Complex completed in 2005, re-united the architects Gora McGahey Associates in Architecture with clients Drs. James and Yolanda Mitchell. The firm designed the Mitchell's previous office in 1986. It was evident that not only had the dentists outgrown their facilities, but the changes and technological advancements in dentistry had also created the need for newly designed space.
The project consists of two buildings located on a .96 acre site. The 4,900-square-foot Mitchell office includes eleven treatment rooms, sterilization and lab area, two private offices, patient consult room, staff lounge, reception and files, and waiting room. The second building was developed as a 2,500-square-foot shell and subsequently built out as a periodontal office, under separate contract.
A unique feature of these two buildings is their location and siting. The main entrance to both is from a local street within a professional office neighborhood. However the design problem included a second important "front" to both buildings along a main limited access thoroughfare. The visual impact therefore must occur for both dental practices on two faces of each building, remain consistent, and impart equal importance.
The design language, or style, chosen for both buildings is a tasteful influence of post modern blended with the Southwest Florida vernacular. The roof overhangs are deep which protect the walls and windows from sun and rain while the entrances are flanked by oversized cast concrete columns playfully shaped to express the friendly character of each dental practice.
Efficient traffic flow and good ergonomics have always been benchmarks of successful dental office design. Evolving technology and equipment has also been a major influence. Computerization has reached beyond office management systems. Digital imaging has replaced film x-rays and panorex systems, computer monitors have replaced x-ray view boxes, and hard drives have replaced space consuming film storage and removed darkroom chemistry and space. Each treatment room was designed to place a monitor with sensitive patient information in the headwall to be viewed by the dentist, while another monitor is positioned for the patient to view educational programs. Another example of technology is the use of computerized CADD/cam crown design which converts precise measurements into porcelain crowns with a robotic grinder. Data distribution systems were carefully designed to interface with cabinetry and dental equipment.
As was the case in the 1986 designed building, the clients wished to create a well crafted high quality building which features stained wood trim, natural veneers and granite countertops in the public areas. The interior environment is warm and inviting, blending contemporary forms with classical details such as crown
molding and whimsical columns mirroring those at the building entrance.
DIV 07: Tile Roof: Monier Life Tile.
DIV 08: Entrances & Storefronts, Windows: Vistawall; Glass: Arch
DIV 09: Acoustical Treatment: Armstrong.


text:
TechNet Applauds Improved California PUC Rules On Smart Grid Data Access and Privacy
Palo Alto, CA – TechNet, the bipartisan policy and political network of technology CEOs that promotes the growth of technology and the innovation economy, today issued the following statement regarding the California Public Utility Commission's approval of new consumer privacy protection rules applicable to the smart grid systems being implemented by California's investor-owned utilities.
"Modernizing our electrical grid through the adoption of Smart Grid systems is critical to strengthening our economy, creating jobs and bolstering our energy security," said Jim Hawley, General Counsel and Senior VP, State Policy, TechNet. "The final privacy rules adopted by the California PUC will empower consumers with access to their detailed energy usage, price and cost data so that they can better control their electric use and reduce their monthly bills."
"It is critical that consumers obtain access to products and services that will enable them to benefit from their smart meters, and these rules will keep the door open for innovation in the home area network ("HAN") sector so that they can do so," added Hawley. "The issues presented by this rulemaking were complex, and TechNet appreciates the efforts of the Commission to improve these rules by protecting consumer privacy interests in a way that permits continuing innovation in the smart grid space."
About TechNet:
TechNet is the national, bipartisan network of CEOs that promotes the growth of technology industries and the economy by building long-term relationships between technology leaders and policymakers and by advocating a targeted policy agenda. TechNet's members represent more than one million employees in the fields of information technology, biotechnology, e-commerce and finance. TechNet has offices in Washington, DC, Palo Alto, Sacramento, Seattle, Boston and Austin. Web address: www.technet.org. You can also follow us on Facebook and Twitter at @technetupdate.
# # #
Contact: Jim Hock, (202) 463-0013 x202 firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Online Class
Crochet: Basics & Beyond
with Kim Werker
Special points of interest:  Amigurumi  Snowman  Olaf the Snowman  Stuffed toy  Disney movie Frozen Snowman  Ready to take over any play/bedroom.  They will make great play pals. They are perfect to carry around, cuddle and having fun.  These crochet items is approxi-mately 8 cm or 10 cm tall. However according to your crochet style the measurement may vary.  Best gift for Christmas.


text:
Social Question
What tells you more about a persons motivations: what they say they believe or how they behave?
Asked by wundayatta (58525) March 5th, 2012
A lot of people say they believe one thing, but they don't behave as if that belief motivates their actions. So what is going on? What is the relationship between beliefs and actions, in your view of personality?
Do you think that what a person says they believe is a good guide to their behavior? Or do you think beliefs are not all that relevant in understanding a person's motivations?
Please give examples if possible and explain why you think what you think.
Observing members: 0 Composing members: 0
11 Answers
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text:
Kim Kardashian, Kanye West wedding details
The groom gave a 20-minute speech, John Legend sang and the bride's brother missed the wedding of rapper Kanye West and reality-TV star Kim Kardashian in Florence, Italy, on Saturday, according to various reports.
E! Online said West, 36, called his new bride the "ideal celebrity" and the "ideal art," while marveling that he would spend "every day of my life with Kim," 33. Caught up in the moment, he referred to the Kardashian family as both an "industry" and "the most remarkable people of our time" who can "make the world a better place," said E!, adding that he additionally declared, "I am defined by being a celebrity. . . . [T]he world is our altar."
The network also said John Legend sang "All of Me" at the reception. It was previously reported that tenor Andrea Bocelli performed at the wedding itself.
The bride wore a Givenchy haute couture wedding gown and the groom a Givenchy tuxedo, a representative for the fashion house confirmed to Us Weekly. A Balmain rep told the magazine that at the reception, Kardashian wore a custom-designed dress by that label's creative director Olivier Rousteing -- who also attended the wedding and was one of the guests who snapped pictures in the reception's photo booth, as did others including Legend and his wife, model Chrissy Teigen; Girls Gone Wild founder Joe Francis; the bride's shoe designer, Giuseppe Zanotti; and Jaden Smith, clowning around in what was described as an all-white Batman outfit.
An Instagram message substituted for the presence of music mogul Jay Z and his wife, singer Beyoncé, who wrote, "Wishing you a lifetime of unconditional love. God bless your beautiful family."
Also a no-show: Rob Kardashian, who was photographed arriving Saturday night at Los Angeles International Airport. A bodyguard for the family told People magazine that the bride's brother also skipped the rehearsal dinner Thursday in Paris because "all this wasn't his scene."
TMZ.com said he reportedly had been in tears as he hurriedly booked the flight from Florence to Los Angeles.


text:
ReeRee posted it OOM Chat tonight Tue saying a lady reported that there was no sactions on Iraq at this time
_reeree: All, I was listening to theIQDTeam this evening when one of the groups/mods invited guess came on the call. This lady had been communicating with the Sanctions Department at the United Nations for the past few months conducting research about Iraq. This lady reported this evening during the call that she was informed today by a member of the UN that there are NO sanctions currently in place against the Government of Iraq. However, there are sanctions in place against groups, individuals and organizations that may come from or be related to the former dictator Saddam Hussein and his family as well as terrorist groups. Apparently, all sanctions against the country of Iraq were lifted on December 15, 2010
eagledmor: reeree - I can confirm that from a very high source in the UN however while it is released and a set of public documents - in UN speak it announced but not officially released
Comments are closed.


text:
Update: Deal over.
KitchenAid 12″ Convection Countertop Oven – Link Amazon has this marked down right now to its lowest ever of only $54.66 w/ free shipping!
This normally sells for about $90-$100.
- Use your countertop oven to bake pizza, broil a side dish, keep an already cooked dish warm or toast bread
- Convection Bake, Broil, Toast and Warm Functions
- Offers enough room to cook 2-12″ pizzas, or Cornish hens
- Can be set to remind you when a dish is finished and offers plenty of time for the requirements of most recipes
- The oven cavity also features a non-stick coating for easy cleaning
- 1-Year Hassle-Free Replacement Warranty


text:
Event Details
The run will take place on Saturday, December 3, 2016. Check-In will begin at 10am and the run will commence at 12:35pm. You will receive your Santa Run embroidered knit cap and other goodies. You must be 21 or older to enter Whiskey Jack's Saloon. The wristband is required to enjoy the drink specials, Free Sam Adams Beer, Bacon Mac & Cheese, prizes and entertainment. Wristbands can be purchased at the door if there are any still available.
Saturday December 3rd, 2016
Walk-Up Registration & Packet Pick-up
Whiskey Jack's Saloon - 10am-noon
Drink Specials with your Wristband
The Madison Santa Swimsuit Run is open to adults 21 and older. A valid ID is required to enter.
Participants will meet at Whiskey Jack's Saloon from 10am to noon for the official check-in and Beach Party. Whiskey Jack's will host pre and post-race drink specials for all MSSR Participants with wristbands. Participants can drink, socialize and network while the DJ gets the party heated up. At 12:30, runners will line up for the official start of the run. The run will be started at 12:35 by Mr. & Mrs. Claus. The course is 1 1/2 mile long but runners can turn around at any point. Runners must stop for red lights and emergency vehicles, while waiting, runners may sing Christmas Carols or do various exercises. Runners will finish and then head back inside Whiskey Jack's Saloon for the Beach Party with free beer, pizza, Double Bacon BLT's, drink specials, DJ and live music.
Runners must yield the right of way to pedestrians and all vehicles (no leap-frogging shoppers on State St.!)
Runners must obey all traffic signals (do not run through red lights, we're not cleaning up the mess!)
Runners must enjoy themselves (if not, go sit in a corner by yourself!)
Attire - Here's what you'll need the day of the run:
A swimsuit (one-piece or two-piece) is requested but not required. A costume or festive attire is also welcome. Holiday colors are preferred. (You can wear jeans, a coat or sweathsirt but we are not responsible if you get heckled).
Shoes, boots, sandals or banana leafs to protect your feet.
Santa hat or Jingle Bells (provided), beard and other holiday flair at your discretion.
Pledge sheet with all donations collected offline.
NO THONGS (save that for your week in Cancun)!
Still not sure? Watch the video above.
Street Clothes Storage
Wear your swimsuit under your street clothes so that you can just strip down to your swimsuit at run time. We will provide a large plastic bag and zip-tie for your clothes and 4 Security Guards to watch them. You may also change into a costume if you are not wearing a swimsuit
The parking ramp is 425 feet from the entrance to Whiskey Jack's Saloon, it's right behind State Street Brats on N Frances St.
All participants will receive a wristband which must be worn for exclusive drink specials (do not remove until bed time). The wristband will also help identify you when picking up your "Gear Bag" with your belongings and will also be needed to access the free beer, pizza, bacon-on-a-stick, drinks, entertainment and prizes. Nobody will be allowed to participate without a wristband.
Included with your registration: The official SSR3 shirt, Free Corona, Free Bacon, Free Pizza, Free Santa Hat or Jingle Bells, Free Live Music, Costume Contest and much more.


text:
Outlaw Star Episode 21 English Subbed
You are watching Outlaw Star Episode 21 English Subbed from the Outlaw Star Anime Show. Watch or Download Outlaw Star Episode 21 MP4 English Sub and other episodes of Outlaw Star Streamed for Free.
"Grave of the Dragon"
Stream Outlaw Star Episode 21
Episode Summary: The crew searches for information about the Galactic Layline in some ruins on a deserted planet. Harry and Ronald try to kidnap Melfina, but they are rebuffed. Later at an outpost, Professor Khan puts Melfina to sleep with code words and tells Gene to go to a prison for information on the Leyline.


text:
When she first called them this, she was pretty adamant that Gavin was Santa and Simon was Jack Black. I have no idea why she chose to bestow those names in that order, but she did. When I suggest that maybe she call them Bubby Gavin and Bubby Simon, girlfriend is having none of it.
If a rose is still a rose by any other name, does this in turn mean that a Jack Black by any other name is still a Jack Black? I don't know whether to be offended or relieved that I have not been bestowed another name by Miz Scarlett. I suppose if she starts referring to me as Mommy Dearest I'll know which way the cookie crumbles, so to speak.
Top: JC Penny
Overskirt: Vintage
Sequin underskirt: BCBG
Tights: Target
Shoes: Target
Earrings, Turquoise Ring: F21
Gold Ring: Charming Charlies
Cramps: Courtesy of Aunt Flo
Fat Lip: Scarlett, gifted


text:
| Recently found by viaLibri....
A Good Man In Africa
London: Hamish Hamilton,, 1981. Octavo. Original yellow boards, titles to spine gilt. With the pictorial dust jacket. An excellent copy in the jacket with sunned spine. First edition, first impression of Boyd's first novel.
[Bookseller: Peter Harrington]
Last Found On: 2016-10-01 Check availability: Biblio
Home Wants Manager Library Search 561 Years Links Contact Search Help Terms of Service
Copyright © 2017 viaLibri Limited. All rights reserved.


text:
Category: Stock Graphic, Illustrations
Stock Graphic >> Illustration - Merry Bright Christmas Bundle 106912 by Little Sisters Studio @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 51.04 MB; Vector: Yes.
Get the Ultimate Christmas Bundle to add a bit of Christmas Cheer to all of your holiday designs. Great for holiday cards and gift tags! Oh, and yes you can use any of these graphics in projects or products you sell!
Here is what you get.
- Over 10 Holiday Text Lockups
- 10 Seamless holiday Patterns
- 20+ Holiday Illustrations
- Holiday Ribbon & Bows
- Gift Tag Templates ready to print & Cut!
Keywords: christmas, holiday, tree, stocking, ribbon, bow, present, plaid, argyle, seasonal, buffalo check, deer, candy cane, snowflake, gingerbread.


text:
$16,500.00 3 weeks ago
NICE 2005 Jeep TJ Rubicon Rock Crawler - $16500 (College Station/Bryan)
Selling my 2005 Jeep TJ Rubicon Crawler and upgrading to a bigger rig. This is a nice well taken care of street legal trail rig. 4.0 inline 6, automatic trans (less than 500 miles on full rebuild and shift kit). Everything works, AC, heater, radio, cruise control. 128,800 miles. Drives awesome on the road and super reliable on the trail. Garage kept. Conquered 99% of the trails at Hidden Falls, K2
3 weeks ago
College Station, TX
$2,500.00 3 months ago
$2,500, Manual 2004 Jeep Wrangler TJ Rubicon TJ 4WD 39600 Original Miles No rust
Manual 2004 Jeep Wrangler TJ Rubicon TJ 4WD 39600 Original Miles No rust
3 months ago
Kansas City, MO
$12,000.00 5 months ago
2005 Jeep Wrangler TJ Rubicon - $12000 (Sherburne NY)
6-speed. 4.0 liter. Dana 44 axles with locking differentials front and rear. Cruise control. Bluetooth stereo. BF Goodrich All Terain tires. Bilstein Shocks. Comes with extra bikini top and trail cover. 77,000 miles. New brake rotors and pads. Newly refurbished transmission. Located in Sherburne NY $12,000
5 months ago
Utica, NY
$22,500.00 6 months ago
2005 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon Unlimited TJ LJ 6 Speed Manual - $22500 (Mariposa)
51K milesClean TitleFactory Hard Top- Khaki ColorSoft Top6 Speed ManualLockers Front And Rear4:11 Gears4To1 Transfer CaseSmittybilt Front BumperSmittybilt 9K Winch100 Foot Synthetic Rope Winch LineWarn Rear Bumper4- 35 x 15 BFG KM2 Mud Terrains With Good Tread1- Full Size Spare 35 x 15 BFG KM2Extra Set Of Four 32 Inch All Terrain Tires On Rubicon Rims5 1/4 Inches Of Lift- 4 Inches In Suspension An
6 months ago
Bakersfield, CA
$22,500.00 6 months ago
2005 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon Unlimited TJ LJ 6 Speed Manual - $22500 (Mariposa)
51K miles Clean TitleFactory Hard Top- Khaki Color Soft Top6 Speed ManualLockers Front And Rear4:11 Gears4To1 Transfer CaseSmittybilt Front BumperSmittybilt 9K Winch100 Foot Synthetic Rope Winch LineWarn Rear Bumper4- 35 x 15 BFG KM2 Mud Terrains With Good Tread 1- Full Size Spare 35 x 15 BFG KM2Extra Set Of Four 32 Inch All Terrain Tires On Rubicon Rims5 1/4 Inches Of Lift- 4 Inches In Suspension
6 months ago
Merced, CA
$19,500.00 10 months ago
2006 Jeep TJ Rubicon - $19500 (SanMarcos)
2006 Jeep TJ Rubicon with 69000 miles for sale. This jeep is built for off roading.Stretched to 105" wheel base with Artec Industries back half kit. Four linked in rear, Three linked in front. 14" coil overs on each corner. Running on Maxxis Creepy Crawler 35 inch tires. This is a Rubicon model, with the 6 speed manual transmission and the 4:1 transfer caseAll reasonable offers are considered, may
10 months ago
San Marcos, TX
$20,000.00 1 year ago
2006 Jeep TJ Unlimited Rubicon - $20000 (Fruita, CO)
Selling a 2006 Jeep LJ Rubicon. Also known as a TJ Unlimited. This is the rare long wheel base TJ. It is setup to be driven everyday but perform well on the trails too. The body is very straight with only two larger dents and some scratches. Will try to list all the details below:55K miles4.0L inline 6 running Synthetic oilCustom Banks cat back exhaust 6spd manual with all New factory clutch/fluid
1 year ago
Western Slope, CO
$20,000.00 1 year ago
This jeep is in outstanding condition inside and out. ONLY 54k miles Never been rock crawled, this jeep has been well takin care of. the only issue with this jeep is some paint chips on the hood. Other than that it's 100%NO LEAKS, NO OVERHEATING, NO RIPS OR STAINS INSIDE. NO ISSUES AT ALL!! "REAR SEAT NOT IN PICTURES BUT I HAVE IT AND ITS IN PERFECT CONDITION"FRONT AND REAR LOCKERS "FACTORY" HARD
1 year ago
Farmington, NM
$6,900.00 1 year ago
1998 built jeep wrangler tj with rubicon axles! - $6900 (bristol)
no trades .I have a 1998 jeep wrangler tj . decent daily driver and great for off road . I wanted best of both worlds. 4 cylinder 2.5 105xxx all fluids gave been flushed... it will do 75 down the highway no problem.5 speed cold air intake.solid diff covers.rock krawler flex upper control arms.skyjacker fixed lower control arms. 4 inch springs.zone 1.25 body lift.poison sypder hood louver.Rubicon a
1 year ago
Tri-Cities, TN
Contact Us 1 year ago
2006 Jeep Wrangler TJ Rubicon (4X4, 4.0L, 6 cylinder)
2006 Jeep Wrangler TJ Rubicon- 4.0 liter, 6 cylinder, 6-speed manual, 4X4, Hard Top, Air Conditioning, Cruise Control-3" Lift-32" Toyo Open Country Tires 35,000 left on warranty-Dana 44s front and rear-Tow Package-HID Headlights-Electric Lockers-ARB Front Bumper with Lights-Edge Trail Jammer Intake with K&N Filter-Rocker GuardsContact John by phone
1 year ago
Eugene, OR
Contact Us
$10,000.00 1 year ago
2003 jeep tj Rubicon 94k - $10000 (South webster)
2003 jeep wrangler tj rubicon. 94k miles 4.0 6sp. 4" lift sitting on 33s. Clear title, great jeep. 10k obo feel free to call/text with offers or questions
1 year ago
Huntington, KY
$15,900.00 1 year ago
2004 Jeep Wrangler TJ Rubicon !!!!!!! - $15900 (N san bernardino / devore)
We are selling a 2004 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon, bone stock never touched the dirt! Has 142k original miles 6cy and manual transmission. A/c works great. Original rock sliders. 4 wheel disc brakes. Moab wheels no rock rash or curb rash. Tires are good. Brand new bestop. Diff lock. See pics! Current registration, clean title and smog in hand. Determined to sell but not desperate. It's a great jeep. Cle
1 year ago
Inland Empire, CA


text:
PROVO — When BYU hosts Creighton at the Marriott Center Tuesday night, fans shouldn't expect a slow-paced slugfest.
The Cougars like to play fast, and the visiting Bluejays will do everything they can to keep up.
"(The Bluejays) prefer to play fast too," said Steve Pivovar, the Omaha World-Herald's Creighton beat writer. "They prefer to score in transition and get out on the break. I don't see them slowing it down, even though altitude and home court could affect that."
The Bluejays are a much different team since former star and three-time All-American Doug McDermott entered the NBA. When McDermott played for his father from 2011-14, he averaged well over 20 points per game. Now, the Bluejays rely on an arsenal of players for consistent production.
Creighton's high-tempo attack is impressively balanced, with all five starters scoring over 9.7 points per game. There is only a four-point difference between the Bluejays' leading scorer and their fifth-leading scorer.
"Any time you have a lot of weapons, it's going to benefit you," said Pivovar. "They just have a lot of weapons they can go to, whereas when Doug (McDermott) played here, he was the show.
"This group is a little more versatile and it depends on a lot more guys. They play fast and balanced."
That doesn't mean there is no room for a star, though. Point guard Maurice Watson Jr. has averaged 14 points and 6.5 assists per game this season, earning him all-Big East accolades.
At 5-foot-10, his style is reminiscent of Ole Miss guard Stefan Moody, who torched BYU last season in the NCAA Tournament.
"Most teams try to negate Maurice's effectiveness by putting a bigger defender on him," said Pivovar. "So much of his game is to take it inside and either score or set up teammates. When opponents have been able to put bigger defenders on him, it has taken away some of his effectiveness, and I bet that's the first thing BYU tries."
In the tail end of conference play, most Big East teams found ways to limit Watson's scoring and, in turn, slowed down Creighton's attack. That led to five losses in the Bluejays' final six games, which ended any hopes of an NCAA at-large bid.
The Bluejays responded well, though, blowing out Alabama and Wagner by double-digits in the NIT's opening rounds.Comment on this story
"It's tough to win in the second part of your conference season," Pivovar said. "Teams get to know you and have better scouting reports. That hurt Creighton; that hurt Watson.
"Now you've got two NIT games against opponents that don't know them as well, and they took advantage of that. Bottom line is they're playing free, they're making it easy."
BYU and Creighton should provide an exciting game on ESPN, and Pivovar believes that the Cougars will escape with a narrow victory.
His prediction? BYU 81, Creighton 78.
Contact Samuel Benson at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @sambbenson


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Good morning folks, pardon me from moving away from traditional writings we do here on ExamsWatch.com, but I couldn't just keep this note in mind, had to share with you guys, you students, the future of the world!
I'm a convently educated girl who did her studies from Kindergarten till Senior Secondary in the school run by the Missionaries of Charity. In this, 14 years of school tenure other than studies since Day 1, Moral Science for us was a mandatory subject.
Even there came a phase in my school life, when the Moral Science period was taken by my Respected Principal. If I'm asked today what all I miss from my school days. There might be 'n' number of things, but the memories which I cherish most daily while writing is the Moral Science classes.
Those classes made me and my friends independent to choose between the "Right" and the "Wrong". So, in these classes while teaching the other successful Mantras of life, our Principal told us the 5-D Formula. Know what is this? It is as follows:
NUMBER 1- D- stands for- Dedication
NUMBER 2- D- stands for- Devotion
NUMBER 3- D- stands for- Determination
NUMBER 4- D- stands for- Discipline
NUMBER 5- D- stands for- Duty
All in all, till date Me or my friends couldn't follow all the 5 altogether, but here and there, sometimes, we have used 3 Ds together always to be successful in our lives. Education or the knowledge gained through books had never been my cup of tea to judge my abilities, my supreme policy as a person in life has always been to live life of Good Human Being.
The teachings of the Moral Science classes are till date imbibed in me and will remain so till my last breath. In school time, I never realized the value of the 5-D formula or other teachings, but as I grew up and grew with certain moral believes, they at some point of time do not allow me to do any wrong because my conscious does not allow me to go on wrong path.
In today's' world when we are growing in advanced technology, we are lagging behind morally. Teaching of moral science and practically obeying it in our day to day lives is the need of the hour to reduce stress, bring cooperation and feeling of brotherhood. Mind it, this 5-D Formula will always prove fruitful in the long run.
The aim should not be not to look good in a uniform but to feel good! .
We are the world.
We can make the brighter future
So make it today!
FOLLOWING THE PATH OF 5-D Formula.
Thank you.