text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|9 Jul 1991
|Filing date
|10 Jul 1990
|Priority date
|25 Jul 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Klaus Durst, Richard Kramer
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Unterhaltungselektronik
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (29), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Area
The invention relates to a remote control transmitter of the type used in particular for controlling devices of entertainment electronics over a wireless link, e.g. for controlling television sets, video recorders, audio sets, slide or film projectors.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The state of the art will be explained on the basis of the following example. Assume that on the screen of a television set a cursor is to be moved up and down in a vertical direction and to and from in a horizontal direction. Remote control transmitters of the conventional types exhibit as a function selector device for triggering such movements four buttons, of which each serves to trigger one of the cursor movements mentioned. A fifth button may be provided, which when pressed moves the cursor back to its original position generally at the top left of the screen. The four or five buttons represent a function selector device which outputs selection signals to a transmission circuit, depending on the function selected by pressing one of the buttons. Depending on the function selected, the transmission circuit passes coded transmission signals to a transmission element configuration located at a side of the housing. This side with the transmission element configuration is in the remarks below referred to as the front of the housing. The transmission element configuration radiates in a preferred direction, coinciding with a direction of the housing which in the following remarks will be referred to as the longitudinal direction of the housing. The coded signals are received by the device being operated, and in accordance with the code received the selected function is executed e.g. a cursor is moved in the desired direction.
A significantly more user-friendly alternative to the familiar remote control transmitters mentioned above are remote control transmitters of the type introduced in the past few years which are constructed so that to select a function the transmitter must be moved in a certain way; for example, the housing must be tilted upwards with its longitudinal axis if a cursor is to be moved upwards, or be tilted downwards with its longitudinal axis if the cursor is to be moved downwards, or the longitudinal axis must be turned to the left or right in the horizontal plane around a vertical axis in order to trigger a movement of the cursor to the left or right respectively. In this case no button need be pressed in order to perform function selection. A remote control transmitter of this type is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,999. A similar remote control transmitter, which however still exhibits a trigger button (which triggers the transmission mode of the transmitter only when it is pressed in order to reduce the drain on the transmitter battery) is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,402.
The volume of stereo loudspeakers, for example, can be adjusted in a corresponding way. If the volume of the left-hand loudspeaker is to be increased, the remote control transmitter is directed not centrally to the associated control unit but turned to the left in the horizontal plane, in imitation of a human being pointing to the left-hand loudspeaker. If then a trigger button is pressed, the volume is increased for as long as the button is depressed. If the button is released and then pressed again, the volume is lowered once more. If the volume of the right-hand loudspeaker is to be altered, the remote control transmitter is correspondingly swivelled to the right in the horizontal plane, with reference to the direct direction to the control unit. Thus by turning the remote control transmitter to and from the loudspeaker in question can be selected and by pressing the trigger button the user can switch over between lowering and increasing the volume.
Remote control transmitters permitting the simple mode of operation described above, where it is not necessary to press different buttons in order to select different functions, are relatively complex in construction, since they have to generate a radiation field rather precisely defined in directional terms and which additionally must be received in directionally selective mode by a receiver on the control unit being operated. The problem presenting itself was accordingly to indicate a remote control transmitter which is simple in construction and does not require a directionally selective receiver to receive its signals.
The remote control transmitter described in this invention exhibits a tilt switch device which is so located in the housing and so constructed that depending on the tilt of the housing it emits not less than four different selection signals, namely:
a first selection signal when the housing is tilted forwards,
a second selection signal when the housing is tilted backwards,
a third selection signal when the housing is tilted to the left around its longitudinal axis, and
a fourth selection signal when the housing is tilted to the right around its longitudinal axis.
Preferably another fifth, selection signal is emitted, namely in cases when the housing is in an essentially horizontal position.
In order to process the selection signals thus generated, the remote control transmitter exhibits a conventional transmission circuit, which supplies coded transmission signals to a conventional transmission element configuration.
The remote control transmitter in accordance with the invention utilizes an insight into the causal relationships of different spatial movements, namely that a movement of an obJect to the left, for example, can be performed not only by a linear shift of the object to the left, but also by rolling the object to the left. This leads to the insight that swivelling a guide beam to the left and turning the guide beam around its longitudinal axis to the left are synonymous movements. If in accordance with the example above a cursor is to be moved to the left in a horizontal place, the correspondingly directly associated movement of a remote control transmitter is that of swivelling the transmitter to the left in a horizontal plane. However, taking into account the spatial relationship detailed above, a tilting movement of the remote control transmitter around its longitudinal axis to the left is an indirectly associated movement.
The conventional remote control transmitters utilize the direct relationship between movement of cursor and remote control transmitter, i.e. swivel the remote control transmitter horizontally to the left, for example, when a cursor movement horizontally to the left is desired. The remote control transmitter in accordance with the invention, on the other hand, utilizes for the above-mentioned case the indirect relationship already described, namely tilting the remote control transmitter around its longitudinal axis to the left, when a cursor movement horizontally to the left is desired.
The replacement of the direct relationships hitherto utilized by the indirect relationships described enables a remote control transmitter to be enormously simplified in technical terms. For now it is merely necessary to ascertain in what direction the remote control transmitter is tilted. This can be easily implemented using simple tilt switches, different types of which are already known. It is accordingly no longer necessary to emit radiation with an extremely precise directional characteristic, and to provide directionally selective reception of this radiation; on the contrary, the radiation can be transmitted and received in any way desired, with the only necessity being to ensure that it is received at all.
In the dependent claims, preferred embodiment forms of tilt switch devices are given. Particular operational reliability is provided by an optical device with a ball, which in dependence on the tilt of the housing in each case goes to one of five stable positions, in which the ball is retained until the tilt is again altered to such an extent that the current ball retention place is left and a new one is reached. Not less than three of the ball retention places feature a light receiver, which does not receive any radiation when the ball is in the ball retention place concerned. Preferably a light transmitter is located in one of the ball retention places, and one light receiver in each of the three others. But the light transmitter can also be in a separate location, and light receivers located in not less than four ball retention places.
The use of the remote control transmitter in accordance with the invention is not restricted to moving a cursor. This example served only as an illustration. As mentioned at the beginning, the remote control transmitter in question is one which can be used for any remote control jobs. Depending on the tilt set at any one time, an associated coded signal is emitted, and an associated function corresponding to the code involved is triggered at the unit being controlled.
FIGS. 1a and 1b schematic longitudinal sections through an operated remote control transmitter in upwards and downwards-tilted positions respectively;
FIG. 1c schematic perspective view of a remote control transmitter in a left-tilted position;
FIG. 2 schematic perspective view of a tilt switch in two different positions;
FIG. 3 plan view onto a section of a circuit board of a remote control transmitter of a ball-switched function selector device;
FIGS. 4a and 4b cross-sections of the function selector device in accordance with FIG. 3 in the case of horizontal and upwards-tilted positions of the circuit board respectively;
FIG. 5 plan view onto a schematically drawn function selector device with dampable oscillators as tilt switches;
FIG. 6 schematic cross-section through a function selector device with liquid tilt switches with associated evaluation circuit;
FIGS. 7 and 8 plan view onto and cross-section through a function selector device with optically functioning tilt switches;
FIG. 9 plan view onto a detail of the function selector device in accordance with FIGS. 7 and 8, to illustrate the rolling track of a ball;
FIG. 10 table to illustrate different control states of the function selector device in accordance with FIGS. 7 and 8;
FIG. 11 diagram of the function selector device in accordance with FIGS. 7 and 8 with associated evaluation circuit; and
FIG. 12 diagram of a remote control transmitter with a function selector device in accordance with FIGS. 7 and 8.
FIGS. 1a and 1b show a schematic representation of the side view of a remote control transmitter which in the case of FIG. 1a is tilted upwards with its front by a tilt angle (a) from its horizontal position, and in the case of FIG. 1b is tilted downwards from its horizontal position by the tilt angle (a). The transmitter housing (1) is along a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis (2) of the remote control transmitter drawn in cut-open form so that the essential components of the remote control transmitter can be shown schematically. On a board (3) linked immovably to the transmitter housing, are located transmission elements (4), a transmitter (5), a pushbutton (6), several tilt switches (7, 8, 9), which form a function selector device (17), and an evaluation circuit (10). The transmitter (5) and the evaluation circuit (10) together form a transmission circuit. For power supply, the remote control transmitter contains a battery (11).
The tilt switches (7, 8 and 9) exhibit a rest position, which applies when their main axis (12) lies parallel to the gravitational direction (13). If one of the tilt switches, e.g the tilt switch (7), is tilted out of its rest position (14) in a certain direction (15) into a position (16), which is inclined at an angle (a) to the rest position (14) and whose tilt angle (a) is greater than a trigger angle (aO), as shown schematically in FIG. 2, then this tilt switch generates an output signal. If more than one of these tilt switches (7, 8, 9) are located on the board (3) of the remote control transmitter in such a way that their lines of action (15) point in different directions, then a function selector device (17) constructed with such switches can identify through its output signals a tilt of the remote control transmitter out of its horizontal position, which is the reference operating position of the remote control transmitter in regard to all tilt movements for controlling a remotely controlled electrical device. From the output signals generated by the tilt switches of the remote control transmitter, the evaluation circuit (10) forms signals which are converted by the transmitter (5) into coded transmission signals for the transmission elements (4).
For remote control of an electrical device, the user of the remote control transmitter holds it in his or her hand in such a way that with the thumb (18) of this hand he or she can operate the pushbutton (6) of an on-off switch (19) of the remote control transmitter protruding out of the transmitter housing (1). When this pushbutton (6) is pressed, the function selector device (17) of the remote control transmitter is switched on, so that it can detect a tilt position of the hand-held remote control transmitter caused by a swivel movement of the user's hand, and can form a control command therefrom. When the remote control transmitter is tilted around the longitudinal axis (2) to the left, the position of the housing shown in FIG. 1c is reached. In this figure, the board (3) surrounded by the transmitter housing (1) of the remote control transmitter is shown as a broken line, and the tilt switch (8) located on this board is shown, which is operative in the lateral tilt away from the horizontal of the transmitter housing as shown in FIG. 1c, and in the event of tilt angle (a) being greater than the trigger angle (aO) generates an output signal.
If when the pushbutton (6) is pressed an output signal is generated at none of the tilt switches (7, 8 9) of the remote control transmitter, then the transmission circuit (10, 5) concludes herefrom that the remote control transmitter is located in the reference operating position, i.e. in horizontal position, and generates an output signal assigned to the rest position of the remote control transmitter, which is likewise used as a control command, and results in a signal being transmitted to the remotely controlled device. To represent the four tilt directions (front of the transmitter housing tilted upwards or downwards, or transmitter housing turned around the longitudinal axis (2) to the right or to the left), the function selector device (17) of the remote control transmitter shown in FIGS. 1a to 1c contains 4 tilt switches, of which three are schematically represented with the reference identifications (7, 8 and 9). In another embodiment example, the function selector device (17) contains a fifth tilt switch which in the case of a position where the angular deviation of the longitudinal axis (2) of the tilt switch from the gravitational direction (13) is less than the trigger angle (aO) of the other four tilt switches, generates independently of direction an output signal and thus identifies a position around the rest position of the remote control transmitter.
In another embodiment example the elements detecting the tilt of the remote control transmitter against a reference operating position of the remote control transmitter are direction-dependent sensors, which detect the angle deviating from the gravitational direction, and generate an electrical output signal depending on the amount of angular deviation.
In the following drawings (FIGS. 3-6), some embodiment examples of a function selector device (17) of remote control transmitters with tilt switches are illustrated in more detail. In the case of the embodiment example shown in FIGS. 3, 4a and 4b, FIG. 3 shows a section of a circuit board (3) in place of the function selector device (17) of a remote control transmitter. The circuit board (3) contains at this point an axisymmetrical recess (20), whose edges (21) are slightly curved into the recess (20). At the middle of each edge, a narrower contact element (22) and to the right and left of this a wider contact element (23) are fitted. In the horizontal board, a ball (24), represented in the drawing by a broken line, is fitted. The surface (25) of the ball is highly electrically conductive (FIGS. 4a and 4b) and in this position rests on the middle contact elements (22) of the edges (21) in the recess (20), thus providing an electrical connection between the middle contact elements (22). The ball (24) thus forms together with the middle contact elements (22) a tilt switch for identifying a more or less horizontal rest position of the remote control transmitter. The four corners of the square recess (20) of the circuit board (3) point in the four directions in which the other four tilt switches become operative. The contact elements (23) at the corners of each pair of meeting edges (21) of the recess form together with the ball (24) in each case another tilt switch, whose contact elements are not electrically connected by the ball in the rest position of the remote control transmitter. Not until the remote control transmitter is tilted in one of the directions in which the corners of the recess (20) point and in which the centre of gravity of the ball (24) passes through the vertical plane through the contact points of the ball at edge (21) of the recess (20) will the ball roll along the two edges (21) which form the tip in the direction of tilt of the remote control transmitter, as far as a stopper-limited position in which the ball connects the two contact elements (23) lying closest to the tip. A position of this type is shown in FIG. 4b for an upward tilt of the remote control transmitter.
To protect the ball (24) and to limit its travel on the edges (21) of the recess (20), a cover cap (27) is attached in recesses (26) of the board (3); this cap is shown as a broken line in FIG. 3 and in a cut-open side view in FIGS. 4a and 4b. The cap (27) contains a stopper edge (28), which limits the travel of the ball (24) and guides it when required. The curved construction of the edges (21) of the recess (20) also contributes to better guidance of the ball (24) in the individual lines of action. The one contacts of the five tilt switches are in the embodiment example shown connected jointly via electric wires (29) to the on-off switch (19) of the remote control transmitter; the other contact elements of these tilt switches are individually connected to an evaluation circuit (10).
In FIG. 4a, a side view agains shows the position of the ball (24), which is the common switching element of the function selector device (17) formed out of the five tilt switches, in the horizontal rest position of the remote control transmitter, in which the main axis (12) of the switch configuration shown runs parallel to the gravitational direction (13). In FIG. 4b, the switch configuration shown in FIG. 4a is shown in a position of the remote control transmitter upwards-tilted by the angle (a), a position in which the ball (24) is lying against the stopper (28) of the cover cap (27). The tilt angle (a) is greater than the trigger angle (aO) in which the centre of gravity of the ball (24) just passes through the vertical plane through the contact points of the ball on the edges (21) of the recess (20) in the board (3).
The section of a circuit board (3) of a remote control transmitter as shown in FIG. 5 contains a function selector device (17) in which likewise a ball (24) is fitted in a recess (30) of the circuit board. In the drawing, the circular recess (30) is covered by the ball (24) and shown as a broken line. Around the ball (24), on the circuit board (3), four oscillator coils (31) are located in a collar configuration, i.e. looking at the opened transmitter housing one oscillator coil in front of and behind, and one oscillator coil to the right and the left next to the recess (30) in the circuit board (3) of the remote control transmitter. Each of these oscillator coils (31) is connected to an associated electric oscillator (32). The oscillators (32) are adjusted so that in the rest position of the ball (24), in which it is fitted in the recess (30), they generate an electrical oscillation. However, as soon as the ball approaches one of the oscillator coils, and due to a tilt of the transmitter housing is touching it, the oscillation will cease. Guide rods (33) located on the circuit board ensure that the ball (24) approaches only one oscillator coil when the remote control transmitter is moved, so that the oscillation of only one oscillator is interrupted. The oscillators (32) are connected to an evaluation circuit (10), which generates a selection signal for transmitter (5) dependent on the tilt position of the remote control transmitter, for transmitting a coded signal to a remotely controlled electrical device. The ball (24) and the oscillator coils (31) are protected and safeguarded by a cover cap not shown in the drawing.
FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a liquid-type function selector device (17). This device is located on the circuit board (3) mounted in a stable position on the (not shown in detail) transmitter housing of a remote control transmitter, and contains at the bottom of its leakproof housing (35) a large-area, plate-shaped middle contact (36). At the cover wall of the switch housing (35) opposite the bottom, arranged in a collar configuration distributed around the edge, there are four contact elements (37) of a significantly smaller area. The switch housing contains a non-wetting, electrically conductive liquid (41), in a quantity ensuring that in a vertical position of the circuit board (3) it covers only one of the contact elements (37). From a certain tilt of the circuit board (3) away from the horizontal, corresponding to a trigger angle (aO), the conductive liquid wets the contact element (37) assigned to the direction of tilt of the circuit board (3) and thus to the direction of tilt of the remote control transmitter, thus establishing a conductive connection between the middle contact (36) and this contact element (37), so that the tilt switch thus formed is conductively closed. The four contact elements (37) of the liquid-type function selector device (17), of which the drawing shows only three, are connected to an evaluation circuit (10), which from the signals transmitted over the contacts forms a direction-dependent output signal, which is converted by the transmitter (5) into a coded transmission signal and then transmitted. As the conductive, non-wetting liquid (41) in the switch housing (35), mercury is especially suitable, since due to its inertia and heaviness it exhibits a high flow-damping effect. If a less viscous liquid is used then the switch housing (35) will contain an appropriate flow-damping agent.
FIGS. 7-12 relate to the preferred embodiment form of a function selector device (17). This consists of a ball guide housing (50), a ball (K), a light-emitting photodiode (D) and three photosensitive phototransistors (P1-P3). The ball guide housing (50) consists of a cylindrical wall made of plastic, a plastic bottom, and a metal lid. The photodiode (D) and the phototransistors (P1-P3) are fitted in the bottom of the housing.
As can be seen from the plan view in FIG. 7, the ball guide housing (50) is divided up into four quadrants located symmetrically in relation to the central axis. In the bottom, there is a recess in the middle and in three of the four quadrants. In the middle recess is the photodiode (D), while in the quadrant recesses are the phototransistors (P1-P3). In each of the four quadrants, the inside wall of the housing is in part-cylindrical construction, with a cylinder radius essentially corresponding to the ball radius. This design serves to guide and hold the ball in different positions. This purpose is also served by a pyramid-shaped indentation (51), which is orientated so that its tip points downwards into the centre of the middle recess, and its four base corners point towards the four quadrants. The base line of the pyramid is more or less equal to the ball diameter. The inclination of the side surfaces of the pyramid in conjunction with the diameter of the middle recess and the ball diameter determine the tip-out angle. As already mentioned, the stoppers at the quadrants are constructed in part-cylindrical shape, with approximately the radius of the ball, thus ensuring that this latter is reliably captured and fixed in position. The inwardly-projecting tips between the quadrant part-cylinders guide the ball (K) positively into the nearest quadrant, since the tips, in conjunction with the plane side surfaces of the pyramid, do not permit any stable intermediate position. It is thus possible to move the ball (K) from one quadrant directly into an adjoining one, without it having to run through the middle position for this purpose.
The movement of the ball (K) will now be explained in more detail, with reference to FIG. 9. The starting point is the stable middle position, i.e. the position which is assumed when the remote control transmitter is horizontal. In this middle position, the ball possesses four contact points at the pyramid surfaces (marked by crosses). The inclination of the surfaces is designed to ensure that the rolling track after out-tipping of the ball exhibits a slight gradient towards a quadrant, so that the ball is accelerated in that direction. FIG. 9 illustrates a rolling movement towards the right. At first the ball, when the tip-out angle has been exceeded rolls along the edge of the pyramid on initially parallel rolling tracks on the surfaces, then proceeds on the base edges of the pyramid (which meet at right angles to each other). At the transition from the parallel rolling tracks to the base edges, the gradient effectively increases, thus producing a kink in the track gradient. Before these edges meet in the corner, the contact surface of a quadrant has been reached.
When the function selector device is swivelled back, the kink in the gradient delays the return movement of the ball until the rolling track again possesses sufficient gradient towards the centre in order to accelerate the ball (K) in that direction. This ensures that the ball can adopt only 5 stable rest positions, which in the remarks below are referred to as ball resting places. Due to the design of the connecting paths, it is impossible for the ball to come to a standstill on them, thus ensuring unambiguous switching performance.
When the ball (K) is located in the middle position, as shown in FIG. 7, none of the phototransistors (PI - P3) is receiving light, so that each of them outputs a logic "0" signal, as listed in the first line of the table in FIG. 10. If the ball is moved to the left, in accordance with the position shown in FIG. 8 (actually for the position of the ball in FIG. 8 the ball guide housing would have to be tilted a little to the left, but this has not been done, in order to make clearer the relationship with the plan view in accordance with FIG. 7), the phototransistor (P1) is covered, and it will accordingly emit the signal "0", whereas the phototransistors (P2 and P3) are receiving light and are therefore each supplying the signal "1". The left-hand position is accordingly identified by the three-bit signal "011". This three-bit signal is a selection signal outputted by the function selector device (17), which indicates that the function to be selected is that which is assigned to the left-tilted position of the remote control transmitter. The other three-bit selection signals for the other possible stable positions of the ball are listed in FIG. 10.
The photodiode (D) can emit light continuously, but it is of advantage when the remote control transmitter exhibits an on-off switch (19) as shown in FIG. 1. The diode is in this case activated only when the switch (19) is operated. A corresponding circuitry for the function selector device is shown in FIG. 11. As can be seen from this drawing, the photodiode (D) is connected in series with the on-off switch (19), so that it is only supplied with voltage when the switch is closed. Closing the switch also causes activation of a decoder in an analog multiplexer (52), which converts the current three-bit selection signal from the function selector device (17) into one of five signals, which are passed on over an appropriately assigned line to an IR transmitter IC 53. This ensures that a transmission signal is differently coded in each case, depending on which of the five lines has been used to feed in a signal.
The coded transmission signal is used to control the transmission elements (4) via a driver circuit.
In the case of the preferred embodiment example, the photodiode (D) was an IR diode of the CQY 36 N type, the phototransistors (P1-P3) were of the BPW 17 N type, the analog multiplexer (52) was of the 4051 type, and the IR transmitter IC 53 of the SAA 1250 type. IR diodes were used as the transmission elements (4), as is customary for this purpose. The two diodes were arranged so that one of them emitted when tilted upwards against the longitudinal axis (2) and the other when tilted downwards. The tilt angle corresponded to that which was also necessary in order to move the ball (K) from the middle ball resting place into one of the outer ones, namely approx. 20�.
It is pointed out that the configuration of the photoactive elements in a function selector device with tilt switches with optical evaluation can also be done differently than explained with reference to FIGS. 7-10. For example, the photodiode (D) can be located at any of the four ball resting places shown. The three other ball resting places are then occupied by phototransistors. Or four of the five ball resting places can be occupied by phototransistors; in this case, a redundant signal is obtained. In all cases where the light-emitting photodiode is located in the bottom of the ball guide housing (50) it is of advantage when the lid of the housing is in reflecting design. This is not necessary in cases where the photodiode is located at the lid, and radiates downwards. In this case, a phototransistor can be located in the bottom at each ball resting place. Nor is an analog multiplexer required in this case in order to decode a multi-bit signal in order to determine the current position of the ball; but the indication of a phototransistor that it is not receiving any light is then a direct sign that the ball is located in the associated ball resting place.
It has been described above how a switching hysteresis is achieved with the aid of the pyramid-shaped impression (51) in the bottom of the ball guide housing (50). A corresponding hysteresis can, however, also be achieved by means of a different construction of the ball guide tracks between the ball resting places. There are numerous mechanical construction options for this purpose.
The transmission elements (4) need not necessarily be light-emitting elements, or especially IR elements, but can also be quite different transmission elements, in particular ultrasonic transmission elements.
The ball (K) can be made of any desired material, provided it is sufficiently smooth and heavy to ensure defined rolling characteristics. The reflection behaviour for light of the wavelength used is not significant. The material of the ball guide housing (50) must be as opaque as possible for the light wavelength used, and as impervious as possible to outside light. The photosensitive elements must be arranged so that they are covered as effectively as possible by the ball when this is located in the ball resting place concerned. With the pattern illustrated in FIGS. 7-12, over 40 dB level difference between Light and Dark were achieved, thus enabling logic modules to be reliably controlled. After deducting the possible scattering of approx. 15 dB, there still remains a signal change of over 25 dB between Light and Dark. The functional reliability is thus considerably higher than when using tilt switches where contacts are closed mechanically, e.g. by a resting ball. In addition, a function selector device with optical tilt switches is considerably more environmentally compatible than are conventional tilt switches with mercury.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|10 Jul 1990
Owner name: NOKIA UNTERHALTUNGSELEKTRONIK (DEUTSCHLAND) GMBH,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:DURST, KLAUS;KRAMER, RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:005369/0797
Effective date: 19900627
|10 Sep 1992
Owner name: NOKIA (DEUTSCHLAND) GMBH, GERMANY
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Finding home tutors in Johor Bahru and in other cities in Malaysia is now easy with MyPrivateTutor. We also help you find tuition classes and coaching centers in Johor Bahru as well as online tutors. Home tuition helps to get higher marks and increase confidence. Use our portal to find the best local tutors, tutorial centers and tuition classes in Johor Bahru.
Not sure which tutor is right for you?LET US GUIDE YOU
Male, 42 Yrs
15 Years of Teaching Experience
Full Time Tutor/Lecturer at Su...
Full Time Tutor/Lecturer at Sunway College, Johor Bahru. Bachelor Degree, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
I have been teaching for about 15 years. I am patient, fun-loving, professional, and good at what I do. I have been educated in Sydney, Australia from Secondary School all the way through college and university. I possess both a College Diploma and a Bachelor Degree in a recognised University. Proven track record of academic advancement from all the students that I have taught. I had students from Malaysia and in many parts of the world (children of ex-patriates staying in Malaysia).
I plan my lessons based on the student's individual situation. My objective is to assist a student to excel gradually and instill positive encouragement coupled with commendation so as to make the student enjoy what he or she is learning.
Female, 30 Yrs
7 Years of Teaching Experience
Master in Education...
Master in Education
I have been teaching for 7 years. Experienced in teaching Chemistry and Mathematics (SPM and IGCSE ). I am a creative person, use various of teaching approaches to meet student's needs. I have a Master and Degree both major in Chemistry. I have my own unique techniques to make Chemistry and Mathematics subjects easy to be scored.
B.Sc (Industrial Mathematics)...
B.Sc (Industrial Mathematics)
I have 5 years experience of tutoring and teaching students in their UPSR, PMR and SPM based on latest silibus and format. Do not hesitate to call me for make your son/daughter get the flying colour's result.
I make exam-based, concept-based and practice-based lessons easy to learn.
Male, 36 Yrs
4 Years of Teaching Experience
Advanced Diploma, Industrial T...
Advanced Diploma, Industrial Training Diploma (Singapore)
I have been doing group tuition and home tuition for 4 years. The subjects that I teach are Maths and Physics. I teach students at UPSR, PMR and O level.
I am a very humble and dedicated tutor.
Female, 29 Yrs
4 Years of Teaching Experience
Doctor of Philosophy Science P...
Doctor of Philosophy Science Physics
I have 4 years home tutoring experience. The subjects that I teach are Additional Math, Modern Maths, Physical Education and Science.
I am 29 years of age and teaching on a part-time basis at the moment. I have a large range of teaching experience from very young to adult. I enjoy teaching and am considered to have a caring approach and I try to make sure that learning takes place in a relaxed but studious situation.
Male, 40 Yrs
MBA, Bachelors of Economics & ...
MBA, Bachelors of Economics & ACCA
Home tuition for 12 years. A trained lecturer. Good track records, patient and understanding. Provide detailed and good explanation. Able to understand students well and deliver good results. I mainly teach IGCSE syllabus and other syllabus for international schools.
Encourage enquiry based learning for students. Being a science student initially, I encourage my students to have full grasps of the topics instead of memorizing. Students are encouraged to ask question to any queries to enhance understanding and correct misconceptions. Lots of practice on exercises and past year questions will be conducted in the class. Practice makes perfect.
Male, 27 Yrs
6 Years of Teaching Experience
University of Leicester, Unite...
University of Leicester, United Kingdom
My subject expertise is mainly focused on Sciences(Bio, Physics & Chem) and Maths( Pure Maths, Further Maths & S Maths). I have experience teaching the IB syllabus in relative to the government's implementation of the new education system. I possess an extensive experience of tutoring, not only in Malaysia but also the United Kingdom and Singapore. I tutor the following levels only: a) iGCSE ( O-Levels, CIE and Edexcel) b) International Baccalaureatte (Diploma) c) SPM d) Singapore O-Level In addition, I also offer guidance for the TOK essay and presentation in the International Baccalaureatte curriculum
I promote an approach of learning by thinking and understanding, instead of the mundane way of memorizing.
Female, 24 Yrs
1 Years of Teaching Experience
currently taking MASTER OF CHE...
currently taking MASTER OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI
I was a school teacher, me too teach in tuition centre. I am from education background. I can teach using method suit student's age and level.
I am teaching using school syllabus. Style of teaching: study the syllabus, and mastering it with exercise for every topic until understand. its enough to use only a book that cover all chapter. If students will sit for big exam like PT3 or SPM, I will cover the chapter faster and do more past year question and i suggest 2 hrs per session is enough but must be focus. Open for FEB 2016 booking can Contact me via email email@example.com
Diploma in English Language...
Diploma in English Language
I have been teaching English Language for 9 years and has developed many youths and adults. I train expatriates such as Korean, Japanese, French, and Italian to converse in English. I have Conducted various seminars such as MUET TIPS AND TRICKS in UTHM, Johor and in few educational centers in Johor Bahru. I have done in-house training in MMHE-ATB Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru I have also been an instructor for preparatory coaching of IELTS and MUET, development training on English Conversational Course and Business English Course. I also teach English for local (PT3) (SPM) and international (IGCSE) syllabi * I'm also a trainer certified by PSMB
Student centred learning. I incorporate multimedia and technology in teaching.
Female, 20 Yrs
5 Years of Teaching Experience
Bachelor of Engineering (Secon...
Bachelor of Engineering (Second Year)
I have 4 years of teaching experience( which includes home tuition, tuition centre and also online tuition) in teaching IGCSE Extended Mathematics, IB Mathematics, IGCSE Chemistry, SPM Add Math, SPM Chemistry and SPM Physics.
Outline of a broad perspective of what the subject matter covers Understanding strength and weakness of the student Setting out objectives and milestone achievements Laying out the commitments required from both And setting out the materials required. All this prior to tutoring on the subject matter. I like to discuss the method and then note down the answers.
Female, 27 Yrs
Degree in Telecommunications E...
Degree in Telecommunications Engineering
I do not have any experience of teaching or tutoring yet but I'd love to share my knowledge in a unique way. The student will not only remember or understand the subject for the exam but also for their entire life.
I am confident enough to teach in a smart-learning way and simplified methods to enable students achieve good grades.
Female, 45 Yrs
3 Years of Teaching Experience
I am a Master degree holder and have 3 years of teaching experience. I have experience in lecturing Civil engineering students. Experience in tutoring Singapore students.
Bsc. biological science...
Bsc. biological science
I am a degree holder in Bsc.Biological.Currently I am working as a teacher in an International Private school as teacher. Please feel free to contact me if you needs tutor in Kulai or Senai area.
Female, 30 Yrs
I am a Mathematics students in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, and I am interested in teaching. I ensure developed lessons plans and personalised teaching techniques to maximise students learning. I analyse student's difficulty and apply strategies to improve student's grade. I monitor the student's progress on a regular basis.
Exercise is a must in mathematics. I will give a guide on how to solve the problem and how to make them understand the question as well. Also, I would do my best to make the student more confident in answering the questions.
Female, 30 Yrs
6 Years of Teaching Experience
Bachelor's Degree in Chemical ...
Bachelor's Degree in Chemical Engineering
I am a Bachelor's degree holder in Chemical Engineering. I started teaching tuition in 2010. I have taught more than 10 students and most of them were medium and low categories of students. Not all of them managed to score A, but they showed a positive improvement.
At the beginning of class, I will give some questions for the students to know the level of the student's understanding. For students who are weak, I will start from the basic teaching, using a variety of methods to suit the student. They will also be assisted to answer simple questions correctly. Then switch to the difficult questions.
8 Years of Teaching Experience
Bach Hons (Computer Engineerin...
Bach Hons (Computer Engineering)
With over 8 years of hands-on, successful teaching experience, I am confident in my ability and passion to help your child to excel in their exams.
I have had the opportunity to teach students from lower primary till upper secondary level. I encourage learning by using a number of different manipulatives, hands-on activities and various forms of technology. I utilize weekly quizzes and monthly tests to track students progress, locate areas of weakness and prepare students for final or major exams.
Male, 28 Yrs
9 Years of Teaching Experience
Ph.D (Physics)...
Ph.D (Physics)
First class honours in B.Sc in Physics, Master of Science in Physics, and PhD in Physics majoring in applied optics.
You hear and you forget. You see and you remember. You do and you understand.
Male, 29 Yrs
11 Years of Teaching Experience
B.Ed. (Hons) Mathematics UH-UK...
B.Ed. (Hons) Mathematics UH-UK , M.Ed. Mathematics, UTM.
I am a qualified Mathematics tutor, holding a Masters in Mathematics. Currently, I am teaching Additional Mathematics for secondary school students(Form1 to 6), IGCSE, O-level A-level students. I am keen in teaching Mathematics at an advanced level. I have expertise in introducing easy learning techniques for challenging topics in Mathematics. This helps students to understand and memories formulae . Undoubtedly, I could assist students to fully recognise their potentials and strengths.
Able to teach well according to the student's ability through differentiated approach.
Female, 30 Yrs
10 Years of Teaching Experience
Bachelor in Medical Science...
Bachelor in Medical Science
10 years tutoring experience from primary 1 until form 3 students.Both Government and International school syllabus.
Ensure student understands the topic and enhance them to do more exercise on each topic for them to be more familiar with type of question that may come out during exams.
Male, 25 Yrs
Master of Mathematics...
Master of Mathematics
I do not have any experience of teaching or tutoring yet but I'd love to share my knowledge in a unique way. The student will not only remember or understand the subject for the exam but also for their entire life.
I wont teach my students in memorising but understanding.
Female, 30 Yrs
7 Years of Teaching Experience
I have 7 years of experience, teaching English to individual adult Japanese learners of all ages and up to 7 years of teaching experience in both local school and private English Language Centres.
Hi there~ Mimi here. I am a Freelance English Language Teacher, focusing on Live Conversational English in a fun way regardless of ages and level of proficiency.
Female, 20 Yrs
4 Years of Teaching Experience
GCE Alevels, SPM...
GCE Alevels, SPM
I have 4years teaching experience in IB, IGCSE and SPM. Online one to one tuition is my teaching style. I teach based on student's strength and weakness and I prefer to contact with parents about student's progress constantly. Please whatsapp me to discuss further.
I make exam-based, concept-based and practice-based lessons easy to learn.
Female, 29 Yrs
5 Years of Teaching Experience
Bachelor of Pharmacy...
Bachelor of Pharmacy
I believe in understanding of the subjects, that would lead to scoring a paper effortlessly. Extensive question drilling and kbat answering techniques. Specializes in biology, chemistry and pharmacology. Able to teach all subject for primary level.
Mind grasp faster when theory is compared to life.
8 Years of Teaching Experience
Bachelor degree in Medical Ele...
Bachelor degree in Medical Electronics Engineering, Master degree in Electrical Engineering (Power)
Home base tuition from 2008 to 2011. Part time lecturer in Southern college JB from 2011-June 2012. Pre-U lecturer in Sunway College JB since July 2012 - Dec 2014. Full time lecturer in Southern College from Jan 2015 till now.
Prefer group tuition where group discussion is available, students can interact with each other well, then they can learn well.
B Sc degree in science...
B Sc degree in science
I have more than 12 yrs experience in Maths,Add Maths home tuition in PMR,SPM and GCE O level,IGCSE.
I will help students in understanding concept and technique solving problems. One to one/2 student's home.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cooler Master Ceres 300 Wired Gaming Headset for Rs 2000 from Flipkart
Flipkart offering you a deal of Cooler Master Ceres 300 Wired Gaming Headset at just Rs 2000 at low price online in India. Boasting a glossy finish, these headphones are what you need when you're out with your friends at a gaming parlour and the slightest bit of sounds mean the difference between life and death. So what are you waiting for hurry up to grab this offers now.
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Click here to Buy: Cooler Master Ceres Gaming Headset | More headphones


text:
- Artist: Soul Arc Entertainment
- Genre: Rap/Hip Hop
- Release Date: 2/12/2002
'The ARChives', the first major release from Soul Arc Entertainment contains 18 tracks from the whole Soul Arc family. Featuring Cassias on high energy tracks like 'Damage' and 'Jump Up', the dynamic duo LEFNLO spit smoothly over cuts like 'Fame' and 'No Gunz', and the one and only Wize Dome murders more than his fair share of Merlin classics. The darkness of Delaware aka 'the dump' is embodied by 50 Shot Clip on group cuts and Big Money Grip's solo effort, 'Head Honcho.' Produced and written by Gold, 'Stainless' is only a hint of what you can expect from this producer/emcee. Add some great skits and some poetry from Aura and you have a complete classic. Track listing with artist names: 1. Messiah (Wize Dome) 2. One To the Head (50 Shot Clip) 3. Damage (Cassias) 4. Poetry In Motion (Soul Poetxs) 5. If Wishes Were Fishes Interlude (Aura) 6. Fame (LEFNLO) 7. Jump Up (Cassias) 8. Hot Box (Jimmy Lopez) 9. No Gunz (LEFNLO) 10. Head Honcho (Big Money Grip) 11. Dark Knight (Wize Dome) 12. Strange Landz (Wize Dome and Big Money Grip) 13. 3:35 (Wize Dome) 14. Smoking Toolz (Wize Dome) 15. Tri-Force (Born Lef, Wize Dome, Big Money Grip) 16. Ren Rocks (Wize Dome) 17. Stainless (Gold Grimes) 18. Scared to Look (50 Shot Clip)
|Soul Arc Entertainment
|Rap/Hip Hop
|CD Baby
|Release Date:
|Product Type:
|Item #:
|This product is a special order


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In his campaign for the 18th Congressional District Seat, State Senator Bob Gibbs dropped by a Zanesville business today.
Local voters and supporters who were gathered at Heavenly Ham had the opportunity to meet and speak with Senator Gibbs about his campaign. Being a farmer and businessman, Senator Gibbs says he can identify with the people.
"I've ran my own businesses, started my own businesses. I've had employees. I like to say I've written on both sides of a paycheck and I know what it's like every day to day; the business challenges people face because I've been there," says Senator Gibbs.
Senator Gibbs says his primary goals include reducing federal spending and creating more jobs.
"We actually need to lower some taxes and encourage investment and I have confidence in the private sector if they have and feel confident, we'll grow the economy that way and you'll see jobs come about."
If you would like more information on Senator Gibbs' campaign, you can go to www.bobgibbsforcongress.com.


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Discussion in 'Introduce Yourself Here' started by bbcforher, Aug 17, 2014.
hi everyone..
She is actually interested in this more then me... lol
but I am sorta curious too lol
View attachment 431046
im gonna jerkoff
she's hot! drop me a line
Absolutely gorgeous!
I got what she want.
I really like what I see. Im willing to travel to PA hit my inbox if ur interested.
That is a fine looking young woman, gorgeous ass on her.
Separate names with a comma.


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I hate to admit it, but my mind wanders. In the course of a day, I become interested in a number of things, so bear with me...I'm pretty sure I'll post something of interest some day....
Tuesday, March 3, 2015
Vintage Easter Greeting Cards - Bizarre and Strange
I sell updated and embellished greeting cards on Etsy. The name of my shop is the Reimagined Past. I scan cards that I have purchased at flea markets, ebay or some that were sent to my Mom in the late 1930's, and decorate them. Hate to admit it, but I am a glitter convert. I also spend hours every week scouring the internet. What a fascinating thing to do. Anyway, I have come across some interesting vintage Easter cards...that "stopped me in my tracks" and ask myself - what in god's name were they thinking? Below are some of my favorites:
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Search for Homes
Buyer/Seller Info
109 S Buckeye Ave Abilene KS
Office: 785-200-6956
Shelly's Cell: 785-263-5028
Andrew's Cell: 785-280-0465
John's Cell: 785-747-7348
Email Shelly
Email Andrew
Email John
Watch the sun come up while drinking your coffee on the 26' x 10' screened in front porch. Large 4-5 bedroom home located on the edge of town. Newer roof, windows, siding and central heat and air. Located on just over a 1/2 acre lot. Home is on city water and septic. For a big home the utilities are very reasonable. Laundry is located on the main floor. Walk in shower.
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On Tuesday the 20th of September I had my post chemo scan, 24 sessions of chemo over 6 months ended on Monday 12th. On the 21st, the wednesday, I saw the surgeon for the results; the spot on my liver has gone and the one on my lung is the same size, so unchanged and benign, probably a result of years of breathing in crap in the building trade. I was given the all clear and put on the list for my ileostomy to be reversed within the next 3 months. I ran back to my car and cried.
I am now split from my fiance since July and homeless for three weeks now just to add to the character building; my belongings are in storage and I am waiting to hear if I will be housed by my local council.
I am suffering badly from the side effects of chemo to the point it can be agony to walk, and as the temperature drops it will worsen, my feet and fingers are really painful but you know what? I'm cool with it all; I'm alive and kicking and the only way is up.
Take care all, and thanks for dropping by, speak soon.


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Joanna Severino is the Founder & President of PREPSKILLS and the US College Expo. Joanna has been an educator for over 20 years, helping students to excel in achieving important milestones in education. For many Canadian families, applying to private schools and US colleges can be daunting. PREPSKILLS helps navigate this process by giving families the tools, resources and connections to maximize opportunities. Joanna created the US College Expo in Canada and PrepConnect events to help families explore their educational pathways. Education is really about resourcefulness. As a certified teacher and passionate mom-preneur, Joanna is always looking for ways to ensure that students connect with these opportunities and get the valuable information they need to make informed decisions about education.
Here's how Joanna Severino is making a positive educational difference!
And more!
At the age of 29, he's already accomplished more than some artists twice his age.Read more
Singer-Songwriter, Guest Performance
Ashley Thornburg is an associate director at the NCAA Eligibility Center.Read more
NCAA Eligibility Center
Stanford University, UNICEF Canada's child ambassador, and founder of the Making Change Now organization.Read more
Stanford University
Arif Harji is the Chief Market Strategist of MTFX Group of Companies.Read more
Purdue University
Derrick Raphael is a US trained and licensed attorney who has been engaged in the college consulting sector for over 16 years.Read more
Princeton & Duke University
Mark S. Kopenski has spent thirty years in the field of international enrollment management at five private American institutions.Read more
Carthage & Saint Joseph's
Dr. Nicole Folland is the founder of All The Kings Inc., a mental performance coaching service for young, aspiring, and elite athletes and performers.Read more
All The Kings Inc.
Stephen Boyle has over 15 years' experience in the banking, insurance, wealth management and group benefits sectors.Read more
Boston & Duke University
University of Notre Dame, Former NHL player, TSN Hockey analyst on radio and TVRead more
University of Notre Dame
Brown University Grad, 3X Olympic Hockey Gold Medalist and 4X World ChampionRead more
Brown University
John Haime is President of New Edge Performance and a world-class Performance Coach.Read more
New Edge Performance
Joanna has been an educator for over 20 years helping students to excel in achieving important milestones in education.Read more
US College Expo
Shea Emry studied at Eastern Washington University and is an award-winning All-Star Middle Linebacker, two-time Grey Cup champion, and a seven-year Canadian Football League veteran.Read more
Eastern Washington University
Robert transferred to the University of Houston where he accepted an academic scholarship along with an athletic scholarship to play on a perennially ranked top 25 division 1 team.Read more
University of Houston
Janet McLeod attended Smith College, Harvard University and holds an M.A. in Education from the University of Michigan, and a diploma from the University of California San Diego.Read more
Harvard University
A graduate of Brown University and Simon Fraser University, Colleen excels at counseling students who are applying to American, Canadian and UK universities.Read more
Brown University


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Boston, December 26, 2016 - Important developments are taking place in the realm of blockchain. The Australian Securities Exchange and Nasdaq are blockchain converts ready to evangelize others, while Overstock.com and its t0 platform recently set distributed-ledger precedents. Following in their footsteps, dozens of distributed-ledger-technology capital-markets deployments will be ready to move in 2017.
"These fast-moving cases of distributed ledger technology in securities settlement inform us how to evaluate several such deployments that will arrive in 2017 and 2018," says Aite Group senior analyst Javier Paz.
Aite Group's latest report, ASX, Nasdaq, Overstock, and the Charting of Distinct Blockchain Roadmaps, offers an in-depth look at the blockchain deployments in the post-trade space initiated by Australian exchange ASX, Nasdaq, and Overstock.com. This report is based on qualitative Aite Group interviews over June to November 2016 with the three firms profiled and from interviews with 26 senior executives sharing their views of DLT in a securities settlement function.
To request an interview with Javier Paz about this topic, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
About Aite Group:
Aite Group is a global research and advisory firm delivering comprehensive, actionable advice on business, technology, and regulatory issues and their impact on the financial services industry. With expertise in banking, payments, insurance, wealth management, and the capital markets, we guide financial institutions, technology providers, and consulting firms worldwide. We partner with our clients, revealing their blind spots and delivering insights to make their businesses smarter and stronger. Visit us on the web and connect with us on Twitter and LinkedIn.
Press Contact:
Jennifer Molgano
Public Relations


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Four women at a lingerie sale with nothing in common but a black lace bra and memory loss, hot flashes, night sweats, not enough sex, too much sex and … much more.
Don't miss "Menopause The Musical" at Harris Center for the Arts in Folsom, Jan. 15-17.
This hilarious musical parody — which has been performed before millions of women in more than 450 American cities — is set to classic tunes from the 1960s, '70s and '80s. A sisterhood is forged between these diverse women, as they realize that menopause is no longer The Silent Passage.
"Most women know intuitively that every other woman is experiencing hot flashes or night sweats," said author Jeanie C. Linders. "There is always a close friend or two who can sympathize or identify, but when they are sitting in a theatre with hundreds of other women, all laughing and shouting 'That's me! That's me on stage!' They know what they are experiencing is normal. They aren't alone or crazy. It becomes a sisterhood."
"Menopause the Musical" comes to Harris Center for the Arts Jan. 15-17; performances are scheduled at 7 p.m. Wednesday through Friday with a 2 p.m. matinee on Thursday. Tickets are $25 to $45 each with premium seats available for $55. Purchase tickets online at harriscenter.net or from Harris Center ticket office at (916) 608-6888 from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday through Saturday, and two hours before show time. Parking is included in the price of the ticket. Harris Center is located on the west side of Folsom Lake College campus in Folsom, facing East Bidwell Street.


text: Hi. A question about panel removal. I dinged the rear nearside corner panel, right on the corner below the rear lights. I have ordered a new one (which hasn't arrived yet for me to look at) but I can't see any obvious way of getting the old, damaged corner panel off with screws or just popping/pulling it off which I am reluctant to do for fear of damaging it or the method of fixing any further. I haven't had time to crawl underneath yet but has anyone experience of doing this replacement and can assist please. Also, how do you change a rear light bulb as I have tried to take off the lens covers by several means but they won't budge. Can't get to the bulb from behind either. I'm not normally a 'noddy' when it comes to practical things but any hints on this occasion would be gratefully received. The vehicle is a 2012 Delaware. Thanks in advance. Best regards Nik.


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It is a central tenet of cochlear neurobiology that mammalian ears rely on a local, mechanical amplification process for their high sensitivity and sharp frequency selectivity. While there is general agreement that outer hair cells provide the amplification, two mechanisms have been proposed: stereociliary motility and somatic motility. The latter is driven by the motor protein prestin. Electrophysiological phenotyping of a prestin knockout mouse intimated that somatic motility is the amplifier. However, outer hair cells of knockout mice have significantly altered mechanical properties, which makes this mouse model unsatisfactory. Here we study a new mouse model without alteration to outer hair cell and organ of Corti mechanics or to mechano-electric transduction, but with diminished prestin function. These animals have knockout-like behavior, demonstrating that prestin-based electromotility is required for cochlear amplification.
In all discussions about amplification in the mammalian cochlea, it is assumed that outer hair cells (OHC) are the amplifiers and that inner hair cells (IHC) are passive detectors of the amplified vibratory signal (e.g., Dallos, 1992). This assumption has a long history that began with chemical ablation of OHCs and demonstration of significant effects on hearing threshold (Ryan and Dallos, 1975) and frequency selectivity (Dallos and Harris, 1978). Subsequently, the groundwork for two competing theories of cochlear amplification was established.
In 1985, Crawford and Fettiplace demonstrated voltage-dependent movement of the stereocilia in the turtle cochlea and Brownell et al. discovered somatic motility of mammalian OHCs. Both reports engendered follow-up, with somatic motility enjoying broader support as the principal mechanism of amplification in mammals. However, two recent publications (Chan and Hudspeth, 2005; Kennedy et al., 2005), and their numerous antecedents, appear to support the ciliary mechanism (Hudspeth, 1997).
The need for amplification is sought in the highly-damped nature of the cochlear partition, which, without some boost, would not permit sharply tuned, sensitive operation (Gold, 1948). Consequently, a process is required to counteract the damping by injecting mechanical energy on a cycle-by-cycle basis (Neely and Kim, 1983; de Boer, 1986). Because tuning curves obtained from single auditory nerve fibers are similar to those recorded at the basilar membrane (Narayan et al., 1998), this amplifier process must influence all elements of the coupled cochlear mechanical system. Thus, it is not sufficient for the amplifier to operate on the mechano-electric transducer (MET) channels alone, i.e., its operation must be reflected in the vibration of all components, including the basilar membrane. This requirement dictates that there be an adequate mechanical impedance match between the amplifier and its load. If the stiffness of a constituent mechanical element (such as the OHC) changes, so does its impedance and, consequently, a match is no longer obtained with the result that amplification will decrease.
OHC somatic electromotility is powered by the novel motor protein prestin (SLC26A5: Zheng et al., 2000). Consequently, it was assumed that development of a prestin knockout (KO) mouse would provide a definitive choice between the two extant theories of amplification. Indeed, OHCs isolated from the prestin-KO mouse were not motile and the animal produced an electrophysiological phenotype consistent with the lack of amplification (Liberman et al., 2002). Despite normal appearance of hair bundles (Wu et al., 2004) and expression of candidate ciliary-motor proteins (Liberman et al., 2002), there was insufficient evidence as to the integrity of the forward transduction mechanism. However, forward transduction was shown to be normal in subsequent experiments on the KO mouse model, supporting the dominant role of somatic motility in amplification (Cheatham et al., 2004; Jia and He, 2005). Although this body of work was suggestive, there were other confounding features that indicated a need for caution. Among these were the shorter length of OHCs (~60% of normal; Liberman et al., 2002; Cheatham et al., 2004, 2007), intimating the possibility of abnormal cochlear micromechanics in the KO. As suggested above, impedance matching of the amplifier to its cochlear load is an essential requirement for effective amplification. Thus a significant change in the mechanical load upon the putative ciliary amplifier could simulate the no-amplification phenotype. Previous studies of the KO did not examine mechanical integrity. Hence, the behavior of the prestin KO mouse cannot be unequivocally assigned to a lack of amplification via somatic motility. As a result, a different model is needed to assess the contribution of prestin to amplification. Results derived from such a model are presented here.
To further examine the possibility that prestin is the motor for the mammalian cochlear amplifier, we created a prestin knockin (KI) mouse in which two residues were replaced (V499G/Y501H; Fig. 1A; for simplicity, the altered molecule is subsequently referred to as "499" and the V499G/Y501H knockin mouse as "KI") near the presumed junction between the last transmembrane domain and the intracellular C-terminus of prestin. Choice of these substitutions was based on transfected HEK cell studies (Zheng et al., 2005), showing that 499 mutant prestin is targeted to the plasma membrane but displays significantly diminished functional characteristics (i.e., non-linear capacitance or NLC). Because NLC reflects electromotility-related charge displacement in OHCs, it is commonly used to assess motor function (Ashmore, 1990; Santos-Sacchi, 1991).
Although 499 homozygous mice suffer progressive OHC loss in the basal cochlear turn, individual OHCs have normal lengths (WT: 15.4±0.62 mm, 499: 15.1±1.1 mm, N=30 for both, measured at ~500 μm from the base of the cochlea. Student's t-test, p=0.15). We also measured OHC somatic stiffness in cells derived from KI, WT and KO mice. As noted above, to maintain a normal mechanical impedance match between the amplifier and its load, OHC stiffness should not deviate from its wild-type norm. As shown in Fig. 1.B, a calibrated glass fiber is positioned against the cuticular plate of an OHC with ~80% of its length extruded from a microchamber (see Methods). Measurements of axial stiffness plotted in Fig. 1C indicate that OHCs harvested from WT and 499 mice are equally stiff. We tested this similarity by using the "two regression lines" test (Tsutakawa and Hewett, 1978). Regressions representing the two populations (KI and WT) are not statistically different (p=0.27). In contrast, regressions of both WT and KI are significantly different from that of the KO. In fact, the somatic stiffness of OHCs derived from KO mice is between one-fourth and one-third that of WT controls. Thus, in contrast to the prestin KO, the structure and mechanical properties of the organ of Corti are wild-type like in 499 homozygotes. This finding yields two important conclusions. First, inasmuch as OHCs of KI mice are mechanically similar to those of WT, the KI is appropriate for assessing prestin-based amplifier function. Second, because OHCs derived from prestin KO mice show reduced stiffness, the KO is not a usable model to test the importance of prestin-based electromotility in cochlear amplification.
Since mutations in prestin often cause protein misfolding and interfere with proper membrane targeting (Zheng et al., 2005, He et al., 2006), we compared wild type and mutant prestin protein expression patterns in cochleae derived from WT and KI mice using immunofluorescence. For each genotype, one cochlea was treated with Triton X-100, thus permeabilizing the plasma membrane and allowing prestin antibodies to enter the cytoplasm. As shown in Fig. 2A, cochleae derived from WT and KI mice have similar prestin staining patterns (demonstrated with anti-C-mPres). The immunofluorescence is only observed when samples are pretreated with Triton X-100, suggesting that the C-terminus of the 499 mutant protein is located inside cells, just as wild type prestin. The typical "ring" staining pattern of OHCs observed in organ of Corti samples suggests that prestin and mutant prestin are restricted to the lateral membrane of OHCs. Similar results were also found when using anti-N-mPres. In addition, we investigated the oligomeric status (Zheng et al., 2006) of mutant prestin. Similar to WT, 499 prestin forms monomers and dimers, and the dimer bands disappear after pretreatment with the reducing reagent ethanedithiol (Fig. 2B). There is also no statistical difference between WT and 499-prestin in the amounts of monomer and dimer, or their ratio (Fig. 2C). In combination, these results suggest that 499 KI mice possess normal cochlear/OHC structural and mechanical properties.
As shown in Fig. 3A,B, OHCs derived from 499 animals express significantly reduced nonlinear capacitance and electromotility compared to WT littermates. It also appears that the mutation induces a large positive-direction shift in both NLC and motility, with a concomitant reduction in response magnitude around the resting potential of OHCs. While the saturated motile and NLC responses cannot be reached in the 499 OHCs (due to membrane breakdown at very large depolarized membrane potentials), they appear to be small. This behavior recapitulates that seen with severe reduction of intracellular chloride (Rybalchenko and Santos-Sacchi, 2003). More importantly, at the putative in vivo membrane potential of −70 mV (Dallos, 1985; Russell and Sellick, 1983), the slope of the average motility function changes from 7.10 nm/mV (WT) to 0.53 nm/mV (499 KI). Thus, the gain of amplification based on somatic motility is on average 7.5% of normal. From the model proposed by Patuzzi (1996), the expected threshold shift based on the 7.5% gain is approximately 54.5 dB, which is indistinguishable from that exhibited by KO animals (Cheatham et al., 2004).
In order to assess the contribution of prestin-based somatic electromotility to cochlear amplification, it is essential to demonstrate that MET channel function, the basis of ciliary motility, is intact. Accordingly, we demonstrate that MET currents are wild-type like, strongly suggesting that forward transduction is unaltered in these animals. In Fig. 3C two individual examples are shown for current traces measured in response to increasing sinusoidal displacements of the basilar membrane. Average (±S.D) change in transducer current is depicted in Fig. 3D (N=5 for each genotype). The difference between the average behaviors was tested with ANOVA and found to be insignificant (F=1.62, p=0.24). Finally, Fig. 3E demonstrates that fast adaptation, presumably intimately tied to stereociliary amplification (e.g., LeMasurier and Gillespie, 2005), is also indistinguishable from that seen in wild-type mice. For example, low-level average fast adaptation time constants are 0.120±0.011 msec for WT (n=5) and 0.120±0.006 msec for 499 (n=5) (t-test: p=0.62). All the in vitro data shown thus far indicate that, in contrast to prestin null mice, the 499 KI mice provide an ideal model for testing the hypothesis that prestin is required for cochlear amplification.
To reiterate, in 499 mice an altered form of prestin is present in the OHC lateral membrane and the dimensions of OHCs as well as their stiffness characteristics and MET-functions are normal. However, the cells yield greatly reduced electromotile responses. If prestin-based electromotility is required for cochlear amplification, one should see a phenotype similar to that obtained from the KO (Liberman et al., 2002; Cheatham et al., 2004; 2007), which in turn recapitulates the no-OHC behavior (Ryan and Dallos, 1975; Dallos and Harris, 1978). This is examined by studying compound action potentials in vivo.
Recordings of various indices of cochlear performance are shown in Fig. 4. Included are compound action potential (CAP) threshold functions (Dallos et al., 1978; Johnstone et al., 1979) and CAP simultaneous masking tuning curves (Dallos and Cheatham, 1976). The first measure provides a description of hearing sensitivity, i.e., the CAP threshold curves reflect the animals' audiogram. The second index, CAP masking tuning curve, provides a measure of the threshold characteristics of a small group of auditory nerve fibers with similar characteristic frequencies, i.e., they provide an indication of frequency selectivity at the "output" of the cochlea. Fig. 4A shows CAP thresholds for 499 (average±S.D., N=7) and corresponding WT (average±S.D., N=7) mice. CAP threshold is defined as the sound pressure level at the eardrum that is required to produce a criterion magnitude CAP at a given frequency. The 499 animals show a large threshold shift compared to WT. As seen previously in KOs (Cheatham et al., 2004), mice lacking functional prestin exhibit a large change in sensitivity. In Fig. 4B the average difference between individual 499 threshold curves and the average WT threshold curve is given. Included for comparison is the average CAP threshold difference for prestin KO mice (N=8) and their WT controls (N=10). We note that the threshold shift changes from ~30 dB at low frequencies to ~55 dB at 27 kHz. The decrease at the highest frequencies is due to age-related hair cell loss, which produces high-frequency threshold shift even in WT animals (Fig. 4A; shaded region). The apparent reversal at the lowest frequencies, where thresholds are determined by the tail-sensitivities of high frequency fibers, is unexplained. ANOVA to test for differences between 499 and KO was performed. The resultant F-ratio is 0.29 and p=0.59. It is apparent that 499 KI and prestin KO threshold shifts are not statistically different. In addition, click auditory brainstem responses corroborate the CAP measurements (data not shown). Finally, in Fig. 4C CAP average (±S.D.) masking tuning curves are shown for 499 KI (N=7) and WT (N=5) mice. As in KO animals (Cheatham et al., 2004; 2007), tuning is absent in the 499 mice.
Outer hair cell mediated mechanical amplification is a signal feature of the mammalian cochlea (e.g., Dallos, 1992). However, in spite of extensive research, there is no general agreement as to the mechanism of amplification. In non-mammalian vertebrates amplification also exists and is based on stereociliary motility, powered by the reciprocal action of MET channels (e.g., Hudspeth, 1997). Prestin-based somatic OHC motility is a mammalian innovation. In theory, either mechanism could provide amplification in the mammal; which one does and in what manner is a central question of cochlear neurobiology.
If cochlear amplification is explained by either ciliary or somatic processes, i.e., if a simple dichotomy of independent mechanisms is assumed, and one wishes to select between the two, the present results rule out ciliary amplification. Accordingly, prestin KI mice display their characteristic phenotype because they lack an amplifier and not because the micromechanical load on the ciliary amplifier is altered. Support for this statement comes from results reported here showing normal OHC length and stiffness, as well as normal MET function. Thus, one may surmise that, in spite of mechanical changes in OHCs lacking prestin, the KO mouse, studied previously, lacks sensitivity and frequency selectivity because amplification is absent and not because the mechanical properties of its OHCs are altered. Our recent study, using a different prestin KI model, is in line with this conclusion (Gao et al., 2007).
Alternatively, there are numerous instances in the literature suggesting cooperativity between the two putative amplifier processes (e.g., Fettiplace, 2006). In its most advanced form, this model envisions ciliary motility to be the amplifier with somatic motility adjusting its operating point. The adjustment presumably minimizes the DC component of the OHC receptor potential by shifting the operating point of the mechano-electric transducer via somatic-motility feedback. Supporting this schema is the observation that intracellular receptor potentials from OHCs in the high-frequency region of the cochlea reveal symmetrical AC responses with virtually no DC component up to high sound levels (Russell and Sellick, 1983; Cody and Russell, 1987). One problem with this supporting argument is that using an alternative approach to intracellular recording from OHCs in vivo, well-developed DC responses are measured from the entire apical half of the cochlea, including regions where cochlear amplification is clearly operative (Dallos, 1985; Cheatham and Dallos, 1993). Hence, the existence, or lack of a DC receptor potential throughout the cochlea is not conclusively established. Another potential problem with the notion that DC somatic length changes serve as mechanical inputs to the MET thereby controlling its operating point, is the universal presence of adaptation in all hair cell systems studied (e.g., Eatock, 2000). Functionally, adaptation of the MET apparatus is a nonlinear high-pass filter, particularly effective at low input levels where amplification is maximal. As a high-pass filter, adaptation reduces the effectiveness of DC feedback from somatic motility to the MET transducer, i.e., the putative ciliary amplifier.
Assuming separate functions for the two processes, we ask what role might be played by feedback mechanisms associated with the MET channels. The latter, aside from their forward transducer role, function as amplifiers in hair cell systems of lower vertebrates (Hudspeth, 1997; Manley, 2001). It has been demonstrated that ciliary processes, aside from amplifying, may also tune the transducer current to cell-specific frequencies (Martin and Hudspeth, 1999). In fact, in all models of ciliary feedback, tuning and amplification are intimately associated. It is possible that in mammals the reciprocal behavior of MET channels is principally represented by frequency tuning of the OHC transducer current, with the amplificatory behavior effectively squelched by the significant mechanical load. The latter is manifest by the need to displace the basilar membrane–tectorial membrane complex by forces generated in the MET channels. This putative inability, however, should not preclude tuning. One can envision a scheme whereby a division of labor is established between the ciliary (MET) process and prestin. The former tunes the transducer current so that in any hair cell only a relatively narrow, tonotopically arranged, frequency band produces AC voltage gradients, thereby activating prestin motors, which are fully responsible for amplification. Although this dichotomy between tuning and amplification has been intimated before (Robles and Ruggero, 2001), its clearest expression is given by Ricci (2003): "It is likely that OHC motility provides the mechanical positive feedback but that this feedback is tuned by some other component, namely the sensory hair bundle." Recent demonstrations that voltage-induced bundle motion is, either fully (Jia and He, 2005) or at least in significant part (Kennedy et al., 2006), due to somatic motility, are supportive of this possibility. Longitudinally graded OHC transducer currents and time constants for fast adaptation also support the possibility of a location-specific cilia-based tuning mechanism in the organ of Corti (He et al., 2004; Ricci et al., 2005). It has also been shown that the reduction in driving force to somatic motility at high frequencies, due to attenuation of the AC receptor potential by filtering at the OHC's basolateral membrane, can be overcome in various ways (for a summary see Dallos et al., 2006). We note that this alleged reduction is often cited as a critical impediment to somatic motility being the amplifier. Finally, prestin's dominant role in amplification is supported by recent in vivo experiments (Santos-Sacchi et al., 2006).
If prestin developed in order to produce a DC adjustment to the operating point of the MET channel, as theories of cooperativity suggest, one might question the use of a novel protein for this purpose. What sets prestin apart from other biological motors is its direct voltage-to-displacement conversion process and its speed. The protein is capable of producing force at rates exceeding 70 kHz (Frank et al., 1999). Hence, one asks what might be the evolutionary advantage of converting a sulfate transporter into a high-speed motor, and then using it only at DC when conventional enzymatic motors could have fulfilled this role. It appears to us that assigning amplification to prestin and perhaps pre-filtering to the MET channel is a reasonable means of achieving OHC function at any stimulus frequency in mammals. Nevertheless, neither the prestin KO nor any of the KI models studied so far is capable of discriminating between models in which prestin is the sole amplifier and in which prestin-based DC motility adjusts the MET operating point. This is due to the simple fact that as the "gain" of prestin is turned down, both amplification and operating point adjustment are reduced. What the electrophysiological results from prestin-mutant animals unequivocally show is that the normal molecule is essential for cochlear amplification. Without demonstrating normal mechanical properties and intact MET function, as done in the present work, this conclusion could not have been reached.
See Online Supplemental Materials
We thank T. Nicol for advice on statistics and J. Siegel and Y. Yu for technical assistance. R. Edge and K. Miller participated in some immunocytochemistry and K. Naik in some in vivo experiments. This work is supported in part by ALSAC, The Hugh Knowles Center and by NIH grants DC00089 (to P. D.), DC06471, CA023944, and CA21765 (to J. Zuo), DC 004696 (to D.Z.Z.H.), DC006412 (to J. Zheng).
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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Smart Green Cell Station Makes Africa a Cleaner Place To Ask "Can You Hear Me Now?"
In an effort to clean up Africa's dirty and diesel-reliant mobile network, Swedish start up Flexenclosure has designed a green version of a cellular base station. Called the E-site, it runs primarily on wind and solar power and utilizes an intelligent operating system that adapts to local conditions.


text: Sorry, I meant the one you reposted. As DPR said it's a little underexposed, but that's easily fixed with a SS adjustment. I kind of got the feeling that the point of this was ambient light portraits, so I'm not sure flash would be the answer. I could be wrong though.


text:
Traveling Luck for Farmers Home Landing (historical), Mississippi, United States
Where is Farmers Home Landing (historical)?What's around Farmers Home Landing (historical)?
Wikipedia near Farmers Home Landing (historical)
Where to stay near Farmers Home Landing (historical)
The timezone in Farmers Home Landing (historical) is America/Rankin_Inlet
Sunrise at 06:40 and Sunset at 16:54. It's Dark
Latitude. 33.5414°, Longitude. -90.2247° , Elevation. 36m
Weather near Farmers Home Landing (historical); Report from Greenwood, Greenwood-LeFlore Airport, MS 18km away
Weather :
Temperature: -1°C / 30°F
Wind: 3.5km/h South
Cloud: Sky Clear
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Temperature: -1°C / 30°F
Wind: 3.5km/h South
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Farmers Home Landing (historical)
Loading map of Farmers Home Landing (historical) and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Farmers Home Landing (historical), in Mississippi, United States
- Local Feature;
- A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Farmers Home Landing (historical) (0km)
- Fort Moore (historical) (0.7km)
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- Pillow Chapel (2.3km)
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- Jim Youngs Landing (historical) (2.8km)
- Race Track Landing (historical) (3.1km)
- Greenwood Mall Shopping Center (3.3km)
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Airports close to Farmers Home Landing (historical)
Greenwood leflore(GWO), Greenwood, Usa (18km)
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text:
Edit Article
wikiHow to Disable Switch Control on an iPhone
This wikiHow article teaches you how to turn off your iPhone's ability to use Switch Control as a way to navigate your iPhone using switches such as head movement or a wireless button if you had the setting previously enabled.
10 Second Summary
1. Open Settings.
2. Tap General.
3. Tap Accessibility.
4. Tap Switch Control.
5. Disable Switch Control.
1Open your iPhone's Settings. This is the app on your home screen with gray cogs that may be found in a folder labeled "Utilities."
- If you aren't in the main menu of Settings, you will need to get there by tapping the back arrow in the upper-left corner of your screen.
2Tap General.
3Tap Accessibility.
4Scroll down and tap Switch Control. It's in the third set of options.
5Slide the button next to "Switch Control" to the "off" position. It will turn white. This will disable your phone's ability to use Switches as an alternative navigation function.
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- If the Accessibility Shortcut is being used for Switch Control, then you can triple-click the Home button (the external button at the bottom of your iPhone) to enable and disable Switch Control. You can change this by going to Settings > General > Accessibility > Accessibility Shortcut.


text:
I create many different types of graphics for East Coast Christian Center. Many of the graphics you see are just one piece of the graphics package me and my team must create. Our graphics packages include a wide range of materials from labels and dvd covers to type treatments for video and even signs or banners. Our team uses inspiration and styles from pop-culture and big name companies to create familiarity and express a particular point the church leaders desire to convey.
Thank You!


text:
Strolling along Elizabeth St. a few months ago, I came
across a storefront selling this pork and beef jerky.
The smell and the flavors come very close to what I
can find back in Singapore. After living here for
about 20 years, this is something that I have sorely
missed from back home. The thinly sliced square
strips of meat are absolutely tender, unlike the shoe
leather I tried somewhere in Chinatown many years ago.
Go check this place out if you are in the nabe, but
you have to get there during the day (it closes
early). My recommendation is to try the classic pork
jerky -- that's the best, follwed by the spicy pork
jerky. The woman there will try to get you to buy the
beef and the curry beef ones also. Don't get the
curry flavored ones -- the commercial curry powder on
it is awful. It is not cheap ($15 per pound), but you
can buy just a 1/4 lb. Be careful, it can be quite
addictive if you acquire a taste for it.
The store's name is :
New Foo Kee -- 95-A Elizabeth St. (bet. Hester & Grand)


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GraphicRiver Right Way Logo 8872092
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