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The initial photos of the Jaguar XKR racecar has been revealed by Rocketsports Racing (RSR). The racecar will join the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) GT2 category together with the classic 24 Hours of Le Mans race.
Later this year, the ALMS will begin its transition into a new global GT class based on the present GT2 regulations as the GT1 category goes into the racing books, and RSR will be present to take advantage with a all-new team and image.
The team will only participate for part of the 2009 season but will be prepared for a full-season championship next year.
Rocketsport Racing will be joining the ALMS with Jaguar providing technical and marketing partnership, with the latter providing essential engineering, information and support to help the team in the process of homologation and construction.
The Jaguar XKR's construction is almost finished at the RSR facility, and comes with a parallel engine development process for the new AJ-133 direct injection 5.0 liter naturally ventilated power unit.
The firm's intention is to start testing and development by June and join the ALMS series briefly thereafter. There will be at least three XKRs that will be built by RSR this year and by next year will have them available for customers.
The racecar is built on the same aluminum chassis found in the production XKR, merging stampings, forgings, and extrusions, all connected by unique rivets and high-capacity bonding agents. For the moment, the powerplant requires to be tuned to meet with the required air restrictors and the last 24 hours at the Le Mans.
By the way, RSR is the same firm that thrust a faintly revised Jaguar XF-R to a maximum speed of 225mph (363km/h) in a clandestine high-speed test last year at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.


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Here are a few fun Winter Olympic Writing Prompts that might be just the motivation your little ones need to write more this month. I've created a set of Writing Prompts using the adorable Pictographs that we've been seeing all month long on our televisions. Encouraging ways to write about skiing, ice skating, snowboarding, alpine sledding and more! Print your own copy for free! {Click Here}.
Winter Olympic Activities for Kids from Last Week's Linky
- Winter Olympic Activities for Kids by Kim
- Free Olympic Pack from 3 Dinosaurs
- Olympic Clothespin doll from MollyMoo
- Olympic Activities for Kids from KC Edventures
- Olympic Activities Roundup from After School with Smarty Pants
- Snowboarding Math Slalom from Relentessly Fun, Deceptively Educational
- 4 Map Activities for the Olympics from Education Possible
- Living Room Olympics from Amanda
- Olympic Ring Art from Happy Holligans
- Olympic Themed Charts and Graphs from JDaniel4's Mom
Russian Themed Activities for Kids from Last Week's Linky
- Printable Olympic Passport from JDaniel4's Mom
- Russian Books for Children from Amanda
- Picture Books about Modern Russia by After School with Smarty Pants
- Virtual Field Trip of Russia by Amanda
- Studying Geography with the Regional Foods of Russia by Education Possible
- Art and Math Fun with the Buildings of Russia by Amanda
What activities have you been doing After School? Share in the Comment or Linky!
After School Link Up is Cohosted by
Coffee Cups and Crayons, Little Wonders' Days, Mama Smiles, The Measured Mom, Relentlessly Fun Deceptively Educational, This Reading Mama, What Do We Do All Day?
You're invited to Join our After School Enrichment Community on Google +
Please add your activity for Elementary Ages Only, Thank you!


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Pornstars: Audrey Bitoni


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Minsky's Money Manager Capitalism and the Global Financial Crisis
The world's worst economic crisis since the 1930s is now well into its third year. All sorts of explanations have been proffered for the causes of the crisis, from lax regulation and oversight to excessive global liquidity. Unfortunately, these narratives do not take into account the systemic nature of the global crisis. This is why so many observers are misled into pronouncing that recovery is on the way-or even under way already. I believe they are incorrect. We are, perhaps, in round three of a nine-round bout. It is still conceivable that Minsky's "it"-a full-fledged debt deflation with failure of most of the largest financial institutions-could happen again. Indeed, Minsky's work has enjoyed unprecedented interest, with many calling this a "Minsky moment" or "Minsky crisis." However, most of those who channel Minsky locate the beginnings of the crisis in the 2000s. I argue that we should not view this as a "moment" that can be traced to recent developments. Rather, as Minsky argued for nearly 50 years, we have seen a slow realignment of the global financial system toward "money manager capitalism." Minsky's analysis correctly links postwar developments with the prewar "finance capitalism" analyzed by Rudolf Hilferding, Thorstein Veblen, and John Maynard Keynes-and later by John Kenneth Galbraith. In an important sense, over the past quarter century we created conditions similar to those that existed in the run-up to the Great Depression, with a similar outcome. Getting out of this mess will require radical policy changes no less significant than those adopted in the New Deal.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Dimitri Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1998.
"The Economic Contributions of Hyman Minsky: varieties of capitalism and institutional reform,"
Review of Political Economy,
Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(2), pages 199-225.
- Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1997. "The Economic Contributions of Hyman Minsky: Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Reform," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_217, Levy Economics Institute.
- Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1998. "The Economic Contributions of Hyman Minsky: Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Reform," Macroeconomics 9802018, EconWPA.
- Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010. "The Trouble with Pensions: Toward an Alternative Public Policy to Support Retirement," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive ppb_109, Levy Economics Institute.
- Jan Kregel, 2010. "No Going Back: Why We Cannot Restore Glass-Steagall's Segregation of Banking and Finance," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive ppb_107, Levy Economics Institute.
- Marshall Auerback & L. Randall Wray, 2010. "Toward True Health Care Reform: More Care, Less Insurance," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive ppb_110, Levy Economics Institute.
- Eric Tymoigne & L. Randall Wray, 2009. "It Isn't Working: Time for More Radical Policies," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive ppb_105, Levy Economics Institute. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)


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As a broad matter, no one credit bureau report is "more crucial" as compared to others.
In today's economic environment, all of them are extremely vital to your private funds.
But when you are trying to find credit – possibly home financing, car finance or education loan – then your many "important" credit report or credit history is the the one that a lender brings to ascertain if to approve your loan.
Some loan providers just pull one credit history. So let's state you wish to purchase a motor vehicle and also you require funding.
If the lender considering your vehicle loan only brings an Experian credit report, after that that's many crucial report.
The challenge, of course, for customers is that you never truly know which bureau report a lender will pull.
It could be Equifax, Experian or TransUnion – or perhaps all three.
Read more about any of it subject on my web log:
Which Credit Report is More Important: Equifax, Experian or TransUnion http://bit.ly/1EWh2CS


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There is a growing burden on financial trading organisations to not only act above board, but to prove that they did, they do, and they will continue to do so. With multiple communication channels and millions of interactions and transactions, that's not easy to do. And it's not enough just to record and monitor them-you need to actively detect suspicious activity and prevent misconduct.
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Smokin' Pit BBQ Supports Local Schools while Encouraging Good Behavior
Nico Scardino, owner of Smokin' Pit BBQ, is proud to announce the restaurant's "Give Back to Your School" and "PBIS" programs aimed at strengthening community bonds.
Bartlett, IL (PRWEB) November 03, 2015
"For all teachers or students who mention their school, Smokin' Pit BBQ will donate 10 percent of their bill to their particular school," said Nico. "Almost all the high school and middle schools in the district are involved."
The "Give Back to Your School" program was initiated by Violet Banach of Smokin' Pit BBQ who went from school to school, meeting with the principals and heads of the various PTAs. In addition to the "Give Back to Your School" initiative, the restaurant is also participating in a children's recognition program, "Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports" (PBIS), which rewards good behavior. Emphasis of PBIS is given to the impact of implementing it on the social, emotional and academic outcomes for students with disabilities.
"Smokin' Pit BBQ has created cookie coupons for the kids in the PBIS program," said Violet. "The schools in the area involved in the PBIS program give out our cookie coupons to the kids that receive recognition."
Smokin' Pit BBQ has also instituted "Restaurant Days" on every Tuesday wherein a different school gets to have a "Restaurant Day" when they raise money for one project within the school, and Smokin' Pit donates 10 percent of the total sales of that day. "We sponsor these programs as an incentive for the community to band together, as people here love their town and we are proud to be a part of it," said Nico.
About Smokin' Pit BBQ
Smokin' Pit BBQ serves authentic Texas-style smoked BBQ in a fun atmosphere. It uses carefully selected live hickory in wood-burning smokers. All of its meats are smoked on-site in a custom-built rotisserie smoker. For more information, please call (630) 823-8050, or follow them on Facebook. Smokin' Pit BBQ is located at 892 S. IL Route 59, Bartlett, IL 60103.
About the NALA™
The NALA offers local business owners new online advertising & small business marketing tools, great business benefits, education and money-saving programs, as well as a charity program. For media inquiries, please call 805.650.6121, ext. 361.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/SmokinPitBBQ/SupportsLocalSchools/prweb13057791.htm


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Home Along Da Riles 2 Trailer (1997)
01 January 1997 Comedy, Family
Kevin (Dolphy) and his family suddenly find themselves prospective millionaires. What happens when they move into a bigger house and leave their real "home along da riles"?
Watch the official Home Along Da Riles 2 1997 trailer in HD below or find more Home Along Da Riles 2 videos on Vidimovie.


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Opera House architect honoured at last
Thousands of people gathered today for a memorial service for Jurn Utzon. It has taken more than 40 years but at last the city of Sydney has given thanks to the creator of its greatest landmark, the Sydney Opera House. The Danish architect was sacked by the NSW government in 1966 before he could complete building the Opera House. Utzon was blamed for hefty cost blowouts and delays - he left Australia never to return.
KERRY O'BRIEN, PRESENTER: It's taken more than 40 years, but at last the City of Sydney has formally given thanks to the creator of its greatest and most famous landmark, the Sydney Opera House. Thousands of people gathered today for a memorial service for Jorn Utzon, who died last November at the age of 90. The Danish architect was sacked by the NSW Government in 1966 before he could finish building the Opera House. Utzon was blamed for hefty cost blowouts and delays and he left Australia, never to return. But right to the end, Jorn Utzon kept his dream alive, planning changes to the Opera House that may yet be realised. Anne Maria Nicholson reports.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON, REPORTER: The Sydney Opera House is one of the world's most loved buildings, recognised as an architectural masterpiece and a symbol of modern Australia. Yet the designer of this jewel on the edge of Sydney Harbour, Jorn Utzon, never saw it.
Shortly after dawn today, the task fell to a group of Indigenous performers to lay down a long overdue welcome mat to his family - son Jan and daughter Lin - and to begin a day of thanks for their father's life and vision.
JAN UTZON, SON: The thing that touched him most was my accounts of how people used the building, how they loved the building and of their respect for his work.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: Jan Utzon is finishing what his father started. For the past few years, he's been Jorn Utzon's eyes and ears, coming and going between Sydney and his father's homes in Mallorca and Denmark.
10 years ago, the NSW Government set about righting one of architecture's greatest snubs, and invited the then 80-year-old master back to the Opera House project.
JORN UTZON, ARCHITECT (archive footage, June, 2002): This is not a hard work for an old man. It's easy.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: The architect opened his heart to his greatest project once more; not that he had ever stopped thinking about it.
JORN UTZON: I have the Opera House in my head, like a composer has his symphony. He can anytime go into the symphony and hear it. And that's why I am relatively valuable!
JAN UTZON: He's been thinking about the Opera House all the time since we left Australia. And being given another opportunity to connect with the Opera House, to connect with the wonderful people here in this country gave him a great joy.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: The Utzons were joined by Sydney architect Richard Johnson to create a blueprint for any future changes to the world heritage listed building. Right up to his death, Jorn Utzon was focusing on the complexities adapting his masterpiece to cater for ever-changing demands.
RICHARD EVANS, CHIEF EXECUTIVE, SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE: Well, I'm not an architect, but certainly my sense when I met him last year was he was sharp as a tack.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: At its heart is a billion dollar ambition to achieve Utzon's vision - the rebuilding of the Opera Theatre.
JAN UTZON: You will have this space where you come in from the outside and you say, "Wow, I am going to spend the next few hours here." And, "Wow," when I see the stage. Because it'll be bigger, there'll be more room for the performances to take place.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: There are more pressing issues. Parts of the building are wearing out because the Opera House is being loved to death. It's the world's busiest performing arts centre and Australia's biggest tourist attraction.
RICHARD EVANS: The Opera House, conservatively, contributes about $305 million a year to the Australian economy. This old girl's worked really hard for Australia. She's 35 years old, and it's about time she had a bit of an upgrade.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: When Jorn Utzon was forced off the site of the half built Opera House, money was at the core of the conflict. On the day of his memorial, it was back on the agenda. While Prime Minister Kevin Rudd is yet to be convinced of the value of a major renovation costing hundreds of millions, his Minister and the NSW Premier have signalled their support.
PETER GARRETT, MINISTER FOR ARTS: We'll continue to talk and work with the NSW Government, but for today, it's just a great privilege, I think, and a pleasure for all Australians to recognise the contribution that Jorn Utzon made.
BOB CARR, FORMER NSW PREMIER: I think Kevin Rudd's got a very open mind. I think he can be persuaded that a project like this is of national significance, and the arts generate income, they provide jobs and they're part of the creativity of the nation.
RICHARD EVANS: Without a doubt, the Opera House is here, the Opera House has some critical infrastructure things that need to be fixed. There's no way that this project can be avoided.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: But then it was time to remember. Jorn Utzon loved artists and today some of the country's finest paid him tribute.
CATE BLANCHETT, ACTRESS: Fear no more the frown of the great. Thou art past the tyrant's stroke. Care no more to clothe and eat. To thee the reed is as the oak.
JOHN BELL, ACTOR: A single building, the product of one man's vision, has made all the difference, providing a city, almost overnight, with what it lacked: a defining centre.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: His wife of 66 years, Lees, is approaching her 90th birthday and is back in Denmark. Her daughter Lin spoke for the family.
LIN UTZON, DAUGHTER: And he created a building so beautiful and so, in a way, self-evident that it seems as if God himself put it there. He used to say the start of all architecture is an act of love.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: Political and cultural leaders were joined by many Sydneysiders, giving Jorn Utzon the homecoming he never had.
JAN UTZON: If he's up there and floating above us tomorrow, he will definitely feel all that warmth and love and respect.
ANNE MARIA NICHOLSON: Jorn Utzon may be gone, but many have no doubt that his spirit will never leave the building.
KERRY O'BRIEN: Just 45 years after the event. Anna Maria Nicholson reporting.


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Convict and colonial history will be brought to life this summer at the World Heritage-listed Port Arthur Historic Site, through a range of entertaining, engaging and informative activities being presented through the holiday season.
Anyone, young or old, who's ever dreamed of grabbing a trowel to help uncover lost history will want to join our archaeologists on the oval to grab a trowel and get their hands dirty as they help uncover some of the hidden history of Port Arthur and ask about the secrets that lay just beneath the surface. Trowels are provided. January 9-26 (except Saturdays).
Our ever-popular Port Arthur History Plays are back too, being performed twice daily. Hear about convict Dennis Collins, who as an old man found that a hunger strike was the only protest available to him, in The Man Who Threw a Stone by Richard Davey. The Shingle Strike, by David Young, tells the story of Irish poet Francis Macnamara's endeavour to overcome the bullying tactics of an unscrupulous overseer. In A Boys Life by Les Winspear, a London street kid is sent across the world to Point Puer. Will he escape his life of crime?
Each play is performed twice daily (weather permitting). The plays are produced and directed by Alan Andrews and performed by Alan with Jenn Ryan, Kai Raisbeck and Quinn Griggs. The season runs from December 27 until January 28, daily except Saturdays.
Meanwhile, up at the Accountant's House, visitors can make a Peg Doll, have a go at moulding their very own miniature convict brick, or find out what a fantascope is then make one to take home, in our program of family fun activities.
Participation in these activities is included in the cost of Site entry. For full details, check www.portarthur.org.au, give our Visitor Centre a call on 1800 659 101 or pick up a leaflet on arrival at the Port Arthur Historic Site.


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I noticed last night that there's a second piano in the old location, right outside Coke Corner. I think Johnny was playing at the Pavilion, and the second piano was just closed up. Anyone know why that's there?
Piano at Coke Corner?
Ad Widget
This topic is closed.
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Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
No, but I'm dead curious now that you've brought it up. One can only hope they'll return Rod & co. to their rightful place (and with them, we their fans).
Unusually and exceedingly peculiar and altogether quite impossible to describe...
- May 2005
- 133
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
it looks like an old coke corner piano will be part of the 50th live auction next friday night, as listed at the disneygallery.com.
how many of these pianos do you suppose they have?
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
Coca Cola Refreshment Corner Piano
Since 1969, Guests young and old strolling past Coca Cola Refreshment Corner would often hear familiar renditions of rags and popular standards, played by our energetic Cast from one of the upright piano's that lived in this location.
4'H x 5'W x 2'D
$3,000 - $4,000
I was hoping that piano was there for Rod to play.
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
To authenticate the 'old piano' for sale, you want to see (Yamaha Model) U1F (Serial) 5242156 on the harp - that's the last one before the "new" piano up on the Plaza Pavilion porch. Judging from the chips and wear in the paint, that's probably it.
:whistling Geek Alert: Yeah, I took a picture of the serial number... :shy:
And according to the players (and my ears) the action is trash. It needs a total rebuild, and all new tuning pegs too. And no " Corner Cafe' " canvas cover over the soundboard, they reused the old cover on the first new piano.
About the two pianos: From what Rod heard, they want the players to alternate between the two pianos on a set schedule for now - don't ask why, neither of us knows. The only reason I can take a wild guess at is in case they break enough strings to make one piano unplayable, they can shift to the other one full-time for the rest of the day.
By the way, Rod isn't going to be back in July, period. He's making good progress, but not as fast as hoped. He's thinking September, but if we all think really good thoughts :angel: August is not impossible.
--<< Bruce >>--There's No Place Like 127.0.0.1
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
Originally posted by WRDest79I was noticing rod hasnt been around. you say hes making good progress... but what happened?
Everything is slowly starting to work better, but nerves take their own sweet time healing, and they refuse to be rushed.
--<< Bruce >>--There's No Place Like 127.0.0.1
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
Originally posted by Bruce BergmanBy the way, Rod isn't going to be back in July, period.
Rod signed my record!!!"George Bush... is only for now."
Avenue Q
Just because it's gone doesn't mean I changed my mind! :cwink:
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
Johnny was playing piano yesterday (Friday, 7/8). He started on the Coke Corner piano at about 4:30PM, then moved to the Pavilion piano at some point in the evening, only to finish off the night back at Coke Corner. I don't know why; never asked.
My 15 year old son, a decent piano player (though certainly not due to my genes) and a big fan of Rod Miller, asked about him and was told by Johnny that "he'll be back soon."
Somebody over on MousePlanet, however, mentioned that Rod may not be back until September. That's OK, we can be patient. I'm just glad he's getting better.
Regarding the piano auction, Rod once mentioned that he's currently on his 16th piano, or something like that, since starting playing at Disneyland. They get rid of those old pianos for a reason; they've been played hard and they're shot. I certainly wouldn't buy one if I wanted to make any decent music with it.
That was my son playing Maple Leaf Rag at Johnny's piano last night.
Re: Piano at Coke Corner?
I am not surprised that the pianos are junked. Any wood instrument that has to go through the constant changes of heat, humidity, rain and the like that those outdoor instruments take on would warp quickly. It seems that Rod was tuning the thing every day I saw him. I agree with the above post that the old pianos would not be so good for music, but an excellent collector's piece.
Ad Widget


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"Broken wrist not diagnosed"
About: Wharfedale Hospital Wharfedale Hospital Otley LS21 2LY
Posted via NHS Choices
I attended Otley minor injuries unit a month ago with a wrist injury sustained whist boxing. My wrist was quite swollen and I was in a lot of pain. After a quick examination I was sent to xray and had 2/3 taken of the injury. Some 30-30 minutes later I was discharged having been assured it was not broken but just swollen and to rest it for a while. A couple of weeks later and the injury was still hurting so I attended LGI where another set of xray's were taken. They immediately diagnosed a broken bone which had now partly started to fuse with another one and was pinching the blood supply to some of my fingers. Three days later I went under the knife of the Consultant in Orthopedics to repair what should have been diagnosed initially. Hospital is very clean (as it should be for a new build), car parking easy and relatively well priced (although it would be nicer if it was free of charge) and easy to find. Waiting time almost non-existant to be seen by a nurse.
Response from Wharfedale Hospital 3 years ago
Dear Anonymous I was very sorry to hear about your experience of the Minor Injuries Unit at Wharfedale Hospital. This service is provided by Local Care Direct which is not part of the Leeds Hospital Trust. We have forwarded your comments to them so they can look into the issues you raised. If you would prefer to speak to Local Care Direct they can be contacted via telephone 01484 421803 or through their website http://www.localcaredirect.org/get-in-touch Kind regards Rosie Senior Nurse Patient Experience
- {{helpful}} {{helpful == 1 ? "person thinks" : "people think"}} this response is helpful
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Southern State Community College course evaluations
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
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Info concerning Southern State Community College course evaluations, and registering for elective discussion sections and seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. In-person class registration has largely been replaced with online sign-up, and many schools offer mobile apps that streamline the course registration process. Finally, check with the admissions office for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Southern State Community College major requirement information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Southern State Community College.
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|10 Jun 2010
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows Photo Viewer
I'm on Windows 7 Ultimate 32bit operating system and I was wondering if there is anyway I can install Vista's Windows Photo Viewer. The previous one was awesome I could adjust the brightness,contrast and even crop pictures straight from the viewer.
Please help
|My System Specs
|10 Jun 2010
I suggest using Windows Live Photo Gallery to view photos. You can edit them from the Live Photo Gallery picture viewer.
To make it your default picture viewer, go to an image and right click. Go down to "open with", and the click "choose default". Then click Windows Live Photo Gallery. If you don't have photo gallery you can get it here along with other programs. http://www.download.live.com/
Remember you can uncheck any program you don't want in the installer.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Windows Photo Viewer
When I open my Windows Photo Viewer, the background is a dull yellow. It affects the way the picture looks. Is this normal? If not how do I get it to be white?
|Music, Pictures & Video
Windows Live Photo Gallery vs Windows Photo Viewer
Does it matter if I set Windows Live Photo Gallery as the Current Default, instead of Windows Photo Viewer ? example : ico Related question : Why is Windows Live Photo Gallery not in the Default Programs list under Set Your Default Programs window ? I Know I can use the " Associate a file...
|General Discussion
Windows Photo Viewer help
Hi to all, I have a "problem" with Win Photo Viewer. I have some TIFF with multiple images and need to print only 1 or 2 of these images, but with that viewer I cannot select which image want to print and print automatically all images (around 22) :/ On XP I had to choose which images want to...
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Windows photo viewer
Ok so like only today this problem started happening :O I didnt change any setting or nothing. It just stretches out my pictures for some reason... screen shot http://i25.tinypic.com/fm5av4.png I really have nothing else to say because idk why it heppening ? I jsut need a solution :\'
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Windows photo viewer?
How do I get this to show pictures open instead of the standard icon that I have to open to see what the picture is? Thanks, Bill
7-Zip and Windows 7 photo viewer
I had encrypted/zipped some photos using 7-zip when I had XP. I moved to Windows 7 RTM yesterday. When I moved my files over and tried to open my photos with 7 zip file manager, the Windows 7 photo viewer opened with a message that said the photos couldn't be open because they either are missing...
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Talk:Authoring system
|Sources for development of this article may be located at "Authoring system" OR "authoring language" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR · free images
|Text and/or other creative content from Authoring language was copied or moved into Authoring system with this edit. The former page's history now serves to provide attribution for that content in the latter page, and it must not be deleted so long as the latter page exists. The former page's talk page can be accessed at Talk:Authoring language.
|Authoring language was nominated for deletion. The debate was closed on 19 October 2011 with a consensus to merge. Its contents were merged into Authoring system. The original page is now a redirect to this page. For the contribution history and old versions of the redirected article, please see its history; for its talk page, see here.
|WikiProject Computing
|(Rated Stub-class)
I'm a newbie on here, but from reading the style guides and such I would suggest the following as more in keeping with Wiki standards:
The term Authoring systems is used by the "Intelligent tutoring system" research community to refer to....
CaughtLBW 15:20, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
Authoring System is not a Content Management System[edit]
In the development of educational software, an Authoring System is a program that allows a non-programmer to easily create software with programming features. The programming features are built in but hidden behind buttons and other tools, so the author does not need to know how to program. Generally Authoring Systems provide lots of graphics, interaction, and other tools educational software needs.
Authoring Systems are related to Authoring Languages. An Authoring Language is the language that is behind the Authoring System, available for the programmer who is also developing educational software. This programmer can take advantage of the tools built into the Authoring System (easy graphics placement, color, animations, etc.) and then fine tune the product by accessing the language behind it. Think in terms of Dreamweaver with HTML behind it, Flash with Java behind it, and you can even do a bit with Power Point, if you get into the code of some of the buttons. Hypercard was the classic example of an Authoring System, but it is not used anymore, nor is Director, which has been replaced by Flash.
So, no, an Authoring System is not the same thing as a Content Management System, and the two should not be merged. But this section should defiantly be beefed up.
MST64 15:03, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
Since reading the entry on Authoring Tool, I do think this topic and Authoring Tool should be merged.
MST64 15:47, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
Relationship to API[edit]
Since both API (application programming interface) and Authoring systems are used to create programs shouldn't there be some discussion about the differences? It seems to me an authoring tool is little more than a fancy name for an API aimed at those with a lack of or only minor programming skills. Full disclosure: I am one of those people with only minor programming skills. Darqcyde (talk) 20:23, 11 March 2011 (UTC)
No. An API is a means of requesting an action be done by a system via a published method, like asking Microsoft Windows to open the printer selection dialog box. An Authoring system is used to create interactive presentations. Some authoring systems can create stand-alone executables, but more commonly they create SCORM files that are played back by a separate run-time, the way mission data files are used with a game. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 16:59, 21 August 2012 (UTC)


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Pamper & treat yourself with one of these beauties in your bath.
No artificial colors, perfumes or ingredients.
Your Custom Text Here
Pamper & treat yourself with one of these beauties in your bath.
No artificial colors, perfumes or ingredients.
Lots of lovely visitors coming & going all day.
Handmade palm free soaps. Made with shea & mango butter to nourish & pamper your skin.
Some bath bombs for delivery and the rest for us. No artificial perfumes, dyes or colors. Bathing couldn't be any more indulgent!
This magnificent flax bag was woven by a friend in NZ. I love it.
This all natural bath bomb fizzes unfurling layers of salts & olive oil. The soothing aroma of rosewood & frankincense essential oils makes bathing a very relaxing time.
Our "forest trail" soap is a stunning combination of orange, pine, rosemary & cinnamon essential oils. This soap bar has enriching butters & oils with a juniper berry & dried rosemary on top.
It's time to relax in your bath & enjoy the fizzing as all the soothing ingredients & magic are released. Pamper yourself with these all natural bath bombs. They are a feast for the senses.
Today I returned "home" in the mid morning after spending a couple of hours with a friend. I had intentionally planned the outing. I wanted my flatmate Irene to prepare her breakfast & get used to a longer time by herself. She has been itching to do this. Imagine my surprise when I found her head peeking out of the pantry, the dishes out of the cupboards, the dishwasher emptied & she was organizing the pantry. She'd had a great burst of energy & was putting her kitchen in order. Irene is like Lazarus! A couple of weeks ago she was confined to a hospital bed & now she is gently getting back into everything.
In between negotiating the dishes & some appointments I was cutting & pasting some gift boxes for our soaps.
On our way to the orthopaedic department today. What a milestone. It was the first check up with the surgeon since Irene was given the moonboot. The good news is the ankle bone has healed but the bone joining it has not. So another appointment in 6 weeks. Great news!
That's all for now. Thanks for stopping by, stay well & keep in touch,
Today my flatmate Irene (Mum) & I set off. I had a GPS as I am not familiar with driving outside Auckland city. When the GPS started giving directions, my "co-pilot" stated she knew a better way. I looked at her face & as she seemed serious I decided to follow her directions. This happened 2 times & indeed she was accurate ( Irene also made the correct call after the GPS told me to go straight & a left or right turn was the only option.) It's all very curious as often Irene is unable to hear a conversation across the table, so has to be reminded to turn her imaginary hearing aids up.
Today was momentous step. After we selected a table, she pulled herself up from the wheelchair & declared she would be sitting in a chair. It all takes so much energy & is exhausting but she doesn't give up. Irene's biggest treat was ordering a sandwich with plain white bread. Patricia has been buying her very healthy bread; gluten free, dairy free, soy free, non GMO, wheat free & sugar free so she gobbled today's sandwich up enthusiastically.
and in between GPS's & gluten free bread alchemy is doing it's thing.
Thanks for visiting & stay in touch. If you have any questions or concerns about your sister, mother or friend Irene don't hesitate to contact her. Lizzie
Here she is!!! Just turned 88, healing from a stroke & broken bones. What a picture!


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Bajo Quintos
The bajo quinto is paired with the accordion in Tex-Mex, Conjunto, and Norteño music styles. The special designs of the H. Jimenez bajo quintos are the product of direct collaboration with a master bajo quinto luthier Hilario "Layo" Jimenez. H. Jimenez instruments ship with padded gig bag with logo and are covered by Limited lifetime warranty. All H. Jimenez bajo quintos have traditional Florentine cutaways, unique luthier designed top and back bracing for the ultimate in projection and tone, specially designed Thunderwing™ saddle style bridges, great feel and striking style. Each model gives tradition with innovation.
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Conflict and Resource Development »
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- Preliminary Pages (PDF, 171KB)
- Abbreviations (PDF, 77KB)
- Contributors (PDF, 100KB)
- Acknowledgements (PDF, 55KB)
- Opening Remarks (PDF, 78KB)
- Introduction: Roots of conflict in the Southern Highlands (PDF, 577KB)
- The National Government and the Southern Highlands since the 2002 General Elections (PDF, 129KB)
- The Setting: Land, economics and development in the Southern Highlands (PDF, 1.6MB)
- The Southern Highlands: A hasty transition from unknown to riches and chaos (PDF, 123KB)
- Cosmology, Morality and Resource Development: SHP election outcomes and moves to establish a separate Hela Province (PDF, 128KB)
- 'Hoo-Ha in Huli': Considerations on commotion and community in the Southern Highlands (PDF, 327KB)
- Issues of Stability in the Southern Highlands Province (PDF, 133KB)
- The Future of Resource Development in the Southern Highlands (PDF, 113KB)
- Community-Based Development in Tari – Present and Prospects (PDF, 242KB)
- A Brief Overview of Government, Law and Order, and Social Matters in the Tari District (PDF, 87KB)
- Porgera Joint Venture's Presence in the Southern Highlands Province (PDF, 110KB)
- What if they don't want your kind of development? Reflections on the Southern Highlands (PDF, 132KB)
- Conflict Vulnerability Assessment of the Southern Highlands Province (PDF, 136KB)
- An Inside Post-mortem on the Southern Highlands: A perspective from Tari (PDF, 134KB)


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Maizey is a 10-year-old yellow retriever from Boerne, Texas, and she has a knack for the cowpoke life.
Her owner, Kathryn Ryckman, filmed the pupper riding her horse with incredible stability and poise, like she'd been there before. It looks like the horse has a modified saddle to help Maizey maintain her balance, but she is riding the animal like a champ!
And in just in case you need another dose of adorable in your life, here's Maizey leading her horse around the pen, like any good cowdoggy.
Via UPI


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Steven Assanti My 600 LB Life Dead 2017? Justin
Is Steven Assanti on "My 600 Pound Life" dead? No, he isn't but if he doesn't get something done about his weight soon, he may just die! "My 600 Pound Life" tells of a story about Justin and Steven who together weigh almost 1,400 pounds. Steven is described as being manipulative and very greedy. Steven weighs almost 800 pounds by himself and Justin weighs 600 pounds. Will "My 600 Pound Life" save these two brothers by helping them lose weight?
On the show, you can see how manipulative and greedy Steven is. While they are in an RV on the way to Houston Texas to see Dr. Now, Steven calls his dad on the cell phone countless times telling him he better get him some food "or else!" His dad always gives in too, which enables Steven in many ways.
|Steven Assanti My 600 lb Life Dead 2017? Justin
During the show, Steven and Justin discuss how they were abused while growing up. Their father left their mother because she is an alcoholic and their mother's boyfriend used to beat the two of them. Not only this but, she would always leave food out for them both to eat while she was gone. Steven said food was and still is a comfort to him. But look what it has done to him!
What do you think about these two? Do you think they will get the help they need? Although Steven was instantly admitted into the hospital because of his weight when he got there, Justin decided to go back to Rhode Island with his dad and try to lose weight on his own. Do you think these two can be helped? Sound off with your thoughts on this and let us know what you think!


text: My R4i RTS Review After reviewing lots of new style Slot 1 cards with update dongles and gadgets my review sample supplier shop.01media.com sent me a blast from my past an R4 card! ..Well not just any old defunct one ....It's one of the NEW style R4i (DSi compatible) RTS (Real Time Save) SDHC cards ... These new R4 cards are brought to us by the M3 TEAM who make the legendary M3 REAL/M3I ZERO and in the past M3 Simply cards (This was the original R4's more expensive counterpart but essentially the same card as the R4 both hardware and kernel loaders) With the disbandment of the R4 Team due to the big 'N' stamping them into the past ...The M3 TEAM took over the R4 side of the two teams bringing out a range of SLOT 1 cards in the same style/design of that well known and loved original R4 card ...but with new and updated hardware/features such as SDHC/DSi functionality and RTS! This new version now also comes with Moonshell 2 as part of kernel files ..which is the multimedia player and backbone of the M3 Real/Zero Sakura game and app loader Anyway enough about the history and rant about the old R4 cards ... Here's My review of the new one!... get it here >> Shop01media R4iRTS


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by Cribbet, John E | Johnson, Corwin Waggoner.
by Sarton, Pricilla | ebrary, Inc.
by Posner, Richard A | Aspen Publishers.
by Okidi, C.O, Kameri-Mbote, P and Akech Migai | Okidi, C. Odidi | Kameri-Mbote, Patricia | Akech, J. M. Migai.
by Anderson, Terry Lee, 1946- | Huggins, Laura E, 1976-.
by Kronman, Anthony T | Posner, Richard A.
by Sprankling, John G, 1950-.
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– Click on the image to enlarge or purchase –
Eliza James-McBean Clock Tower
The Virgin Islands Senate Bill, Act No. 6577 was enacted May 7, 2003 to honor Eliza James-McBean posthumously and name the clock tower and boardwalk located in Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands "The Eliza James McBean Clock Tower and Boardwalk". Mrs. McBean passed away at the age of 105 in July of 2001. The park was dedicated on September 9, 2009 on the anniversary of her birth. This image, taken in December 2005, was before the naming ceremony and, hence, the name does not appear on the clock tower as you will see in more recent images.
What I find very strange is that I found the above reference to the naming of the clock tower but cannot uncover anything which explains who Eliza James-McBean was and why she had the clock tower and boardwalk in Frederiksted named after her. If anyone is able to fill in the blanks, please leave a note in the comments below.
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Nice image, Mark. I like how that one branch of the palm tree points down at the tower. I'm sure you planned that. 🙂 I tried to find information about Eliza James-McBean as well. No luck! I did find an article about a celebration in St Croix where she was an honoree a few years ago but that's about it.
"The fourth Ball was the Champagne Ball, where the color of the evening was champagne. The King and Queen of this ball were Mr. Lawrence Bastian and Mrs. Patricia Frorup. Honorees were Mrs. Eliza McBean, Mrs. Ethel McIntosh and Mrs. Alberta Messer."
Mark Neal recently posted..HDR – Last Azaleas for The Season – An Artsy HTDS
I really like the framing on this, Mark. Nice composition, man. This is a pretty scene.
Jimi Jones recently posted..The Waterman
I've never heard from her but it's a very nice image. I like the way you've framed it.
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Wonderful picture Mark! The composition and depth of field to the picture is fantastic and you get a real sense of caribbean life while looking at it.
Nice pic! The tower now has her name below the clock as well as a small bio about her at the base. I knew Ms. McBean. My mother used to go visit her often. I will see if I can get some more info about her.
Terrific shot of this tower. Nice composition utilizing the palm trees as a frame.
James Howe recently posted..C.S. Mott Children's Hospital – Ann Arbor
She was a loving wife, mother, aunt and a great example of what a woman needs to be in a community. She helped mentor and take care of several generations of our family. There was not a hungry or needy person she did not help. She was my great, great aunt.
XMy step father was born an rasid in st croix. I like to know if this is his family. His name was Gerald McBean. He was in a VA Hospital where he met my mother Montrose, New york.
I dated Eliza grandson Edward mcbean


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What am I going to be prescribed next I wander?
I am on clenil modulite 100 for a year now since I was diagnosed and am going to talk to the GP tomorrow about my worsening symptoms. It seems as though something about my treatment is going to be changed.
I was wandering whether she is going to change my preventer, or just up it?
I was trying to read the BTS guidelines just now and it said that most patients are started at around 400 in the beginning. so why am I at only 100?
Just wanted to hear about other peoples experiences. a different preventer or a higher dose?


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I can't believe we are 4 weeks into the summer holidays already. We have had lazy days, staying in our PJ's until lunch. Days out and a fantastic holiday. We have met up with family and had fun in the sun.
Little man had a lovely time in Thorpness and Skegness without his brothers. He finished pre school a few weeks before the other two so my husband and I had some time one on one time with him. As a third child, that doesn't happen that often - especially for my husband. There was no stopping little man at going in the sea at Skegness. And yes he was the only one - it was freezing!
Once the boys finished school we spent a few days at home relaxing, with trips to the park. We had a lovely day out at Burghley with my parents and the boys enjoyed playing in the garden of surprises.
We then had a lovely time at Willows Activity Farm. Little man loved the Peter Rabbit Playground.
We then headed on our Costa Rican adventure and enjoyed some fun in the sun.
When it comes to having fun in the sun, there is one thing that is VERY important to us. As you can see we are a rather pale skinned family. Making sure we have sun protection is a must. Even on a cloudy day. To be honest, my husband and I burn so easily we often use the same SPF50 as the children. I was really excited to hear about the new easy peasy kids range from Garnier Ambre Solaire. They have two new products that have addressed my two main issues with sun screen.
First up is the Garnier Ambre Solaire Anti Sand Spray. When we were on holiday I posted this photograph on Facebook with the caption "I love the fun of splashing in the waves but my the sand gets EVERYWHERE!"
One of the things I hate above all is sand sticking to my skin. Garnier Ambre Solaire's Anti Sand Spray has a special sand-repelling agent that allows sunscreen to be absorbed without sand sticking to the skin. Clever hey?
So what is my other problem? My boys like doing this
and this
and this
Yes, they would be quite happy to spend their entire summer holiday splashing about in water. Which is great, until you need to reapply sunscreen. Have you tried drying children off to reapply suncream? It is hard enough keeping them still let alone getting them dry! Again Garnier Ambre Solaire have the answer. Wet Skin Lotion! You can just spray it on wet skin. And here is the science bit. It contains two hydrophillic gelling agents that render it water resistant, giving your little ones (and you) long lasting SPF 50. You can find out more on their website and it is available to buy at Boots.
So I will be packing these in my bag for the rest of our summer outings. Along with sunhats as my boys noses always catch the sun too. We have some trips to the park planned, a day at IWM Duxford and hopefully a day at Skegness too. Then I hope to have a couple of special days out with little man before he starts in reception. Trust me, blink and your baby starts school!
What are your plans for the end of the summer holidays?
Linked to Magic Moments
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At the start of the video, Blake is all metaphorical/metaphysical. "It's like taking a giant shot of tequila," Blake observes. "It's going to be painful, and I might throw up, but it's going to be worth it. That's what I have to keep reminding myself."
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learning games hijaiyah has four menus are:
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- The letter alif till dhod
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Las Iguanas - Spitalfields
1 Horner Square, Old Spitalfields Market, London, E1 6EW +44 2081281394
- Average
- Main course: £10
- Food spend: £23
- Opening hours
- Monday to Saturday: 09:00 - 23:00 Sunday: 09:00 - 20:00
The ambiece, food and staff were great
Diana Bascoy
05 November 2017
from London
Proudly perched above the hustle and bustle of Old Spitalfields Market, Las Iguanas is serving Latin American cuisine. From the huge terrace, enjoy the delicious dishes as you admire this historical landmark in London.
Transporting you to the vibrant heart of Latin America, Las Iguanas presents an eclectic fusion of pan-continental influences, blending native Latin American, Indian, Spanish, Portuguese and African flavours. An informal yet exuberant eatery, Latin American artefacts punctuate the surfaces at Las Iguanas restaurant, and the interior features bespoke tables made from sustainable Brazilian wood, with vibrant colours throughout.
Full of authentic and tasty Latin American treats, the Las Iguanas menu features sizzling steaks, chicken fresh from the barbecue, and traditional dishes from all corners of South America. Meat and fish-free dishes and delicious meals designed for children are in ample supply, and the Las Iguanas bar stock is legendary: bursting with cocktails, wines, beers, punches and coolers.
Las Iguanas – Spitalfields is just a 7-minute stroll from Shoreditch High Street Tube and Rail Station, London.
Las Iguanas - Spitalfields
1 Horner Square, Old Spitalfields Market, London, E1 6EW
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Customer reviews for Las Iguanas - Spitalfields
- Food
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((((( 5 November 2017 by Diana Bascoy from London
The ambiece, food and staff were great
((((* 11 February 2017 by Smail Benbrahim from London
The food is excellent, and large range of cocktails :-) The service provided is very professional!
((((( 22 January 2017 by Andy L from Enfield
Great food and cocktails. Excellent service.
((((( 12 December 2016 by Cathy Toms from City of London
Very lively, with a vivacious, friendly atmosphere.
((((( 3 December 2016 by Rokshana Khan from London
Great food.
((((* 10 October 2016 by Alimatu from Spitalfields
Lovely restaurant.
Plesent place to spend with the family.
((((( 9 October 2016 by Sophie Campbell from London Borough of Camden
It was amazing.. really friendly staff .. really lovely food ..I had the crayfish and chicken in a peanut sauce. It was beyond delicious.
I can't speak highly enough if this restaurant I love it!
Very reasonably priced too.
((((* 3 October 2016 by Razak Farley from London
Polite staff. Comfortable eating space. Food prepared to a high standard.
((((* 19 August 2016 by Loretta O from London
Food was lovely and staff were very nice
(**** 24 February 2016 by D. R from Cambridgeshire
Overpriced, slow service, every dish we ordered tasted of burnt grease. The only positive aspect might be the views over the market but we were not allowed to sit outside !
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Spinal deformity in the form of kyphosis or kyphoscoliosis occurs in most patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a fatal X-linked disorder caused by an absence of the subsarcolemmal protein dystrophin. Mdx mice, which also lack dystrophin, show thoracolumbar kyphosis that progresses with age. We hypothesize that paraspinal and respiratory muscle weakness and fibrosis are associated with the progression of spinal deformity in this mouse model, and similar to DMD patients there is evidence of altered thoracic conformation and area. We measured kyphosis in mdx and age-matched control mice by monthly radiographs and the application of a novel radiographic index, the kyphotic index, similar to that used in boys with DMD. Kyphotic index became significantly less in mdx at 9 mo of age (3.58 ± 0.12 compared with 4.27 ± 0.04 in the control strain; P ≤ 0.01), indicating more severe kyphosis, and remained less from 10 to 17 mo of age. Thoracic area in 17-mo-old mdx was reduced by 14% compared with control mice (P ≤ 0.05). Peak tetanic tension was significantly lower in mdx and fell 47% in old mdx latissimus dorsi muscles, 44% in intercostal strips, and 73% in diaphragm strips (P ≤ 0.05). Fibrosis of these muscles and the longissimus dorsi, measured by hydroxyproline analysis and histological grading of picrosirius red-stained sections, was greater in mdx (P < 0.05). We conclude that kyphotic index is a useful measure in mdx and other kyphotic mouse strains, and assessment of paralumbar and accessory respiratory muscles enhance understanding of spinal deformity in muscular dystrophy.
- respiratory muscles
- latissimus dorsi
- intercostal muscles
- kyphotic index
- hydroxyproline
duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a relentlessly progressive X-linked myopathy characterized by skeletal muscle necrosis and wasting as well as cardiomyopathy in affected males. Respiratory complications remain the main cause of death, with few patients surviving beyond 30 yr of age, despite continued improvements in nursing and physiotherapy care and the earlier implementation of ventilatory assistance (11). Chest deformity due to scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, or combined spinal curvatures contributes significantly to the morbidity associated with the disease and often leads to a restrictive respiratory pattern with diaphragm and inspiratory muscle weakness, ineffective cough mechanisms, mucus plugging of airways, and chronic alveolar hypoventilation (29, 30). Vital capacity remains normal in patients with neuromuscular disease if respiratory muscle strength is >50% of predicted; however, when strength is less than this, vital capacity becomes diminished to a greater extent than expected (9, 12). This decrease is thought to be associated with loss of compliance of the chest wall and lungs, with stiffening of ribcage tendons and ligaments and ankylosis of costosternal and thoracovertebral joints (2, 12). As well as exacerbating respiratory dysfunction in affected boys, kyphoscoliosis negatively impacts their quality of life in their wheelchair-dependent years, with most patients electing surgery for spinal fusion and stabilization and/or experiencing chronic pain due to poor posture and prolonged sitting (32).
The natural course of spinal deformity differs between patients, and a classification scheme has been established based on radiographic indexes, including the Cobb angle, pelvic obliquity, kyphotic index (KI), and sacral angle (26). Pulmonary function (as measured by plateau of vital capacity) correlates with the progression of spinal deformity and may be an indicator of the expected progression (35, 36). It has also been suggested that a particular clinical course may correlate with a specific molecular lesion (16, 17).
Thoracolumbar kyphosis also occurs in murine models of neuromuscular diseases, including the dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mouse (21), the dystrophin/utrophin-deficient (mdx:utrn−/−) mouse (7, 15), and the kyphoscoliosis (ky) mouse (3, 10). Although mdx mouse diaphragm muscle has been shown to most closely mimic the pathological changes seen in DMD (33), there is also histological evidence of necrosis and fibrosis in postural and paraspinal muscles of mdx and mdx:utrn−/− (7, 15, 21). To date, limited respiratory studies have been performed in the mdx mouse model; however, there is recent evidence of significant attenuation of respiratory responses to hypercapnia (a potent ventilatory stimulant) in mdx mice compared with control mice, which was thought to be influenced by tumor necrosis factor-α (14).
There were three goals in this study. First, we applied a novel KI to determine the progression of spinal deformity in two groups of aging mice: mdx and their aged-matched controls. We also assessed contractile function in paraspinal and respiratory muscles (latissimus dorsi muscles and intercostal strips) and compared them with diaphragm muscle. The latissimus, a flexor of the brachium, was chosen because of its origin from T8-T12 and the thoracolumbar fascia in the region kyphosis occurs and because of its well-documented contractile properties in other species (18). Functional parameters of intercostal muscles have been reported previously in larger species but not in mice. We report data using intercostal strips comprising four rib sections and adjoining intercostal muscles (external and internal intercostals). Finally, we measured fibrosis in the above muscles and longissimus dorsi muscles by means of hydroxyproline measurements and picrosirius red-stained sections and recorded histological changes indicating muscle degeneration and regeneration. We conclude that thoracolumbar kyphosis in mdx mice occurs before 1 yr of age then stabilized until 17 mo of age, and we further conclude that contractility of the intercostals and latissimus is correlated with the extent of fibrosis and histological evidence of regeneration. These findings extend our understanding of the mdx phenotype and are also commensurate with dystrophic changes contributing to thoracolumbar deformity in DMD patients.
Male C57BL/10ScSn mice (control strain) were purchased from Animal Resource Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA, at 7 wk of age. Male mdx mice were bred at the University of Southern Queensland Animal House, Toowoomba, Australia. The mice were housed in groups and given free access to laboratory chow and water, and all experiments were conducted in accordance with guidelines of the University of Southern Queensland Animal Ethics Committee. Four mice per strain were used for the radiographic study, with one mouse dying during the 17-mo duration of this study. An additional four mice per strain were also utilized for contractility experiments, hydroxyproline assays, and histology.
Radiographic studies and establishment of KI.
Mice were sedated with 50 mg/kg ketamine HCl (Ketamil, Troy Laboratories) in combination with 10 mg/kg xylazine HCl (Ilium Xylazil-20, Troy Laboratories) administered by subcutaneous injection. At the end of the procedure, atipamezole (Antisedan, Novartis Animal Health) was given at a dose rate of 0.1 mg/kg to reverse α2-agonist effects of xylazine. Mice were lightly taped to the radiographic cassette with clear adhesive tape. Each animal was individually identified by tail markings, a radiodense (metal) number placed next to them, and a radiographic cassette label indicating date and animal grouping. Konica CM-H medical mammography film was exposed using a portable X-ray unit (either Showa X-ray, Tokyo, Japan, or Porta 1030 model, Job, Yokohama, Japan). Optimum exposure with our equipment was established at 48 kV, 1.8 MAS, with a film focal distance of 70 cm. Mice were radiographed once monthly from 4 mo until 17 mo of age.
Each whole body radiograph was photographed using a tripod-mounted Ricoh Caplio RR30 digital camera with images analyzed using Scion Image software Beta 4.0.2 (http://www.scioncorp.com). KI was calculated from a line drawn between the caudal margin of the last cervical vertebra to the caudal margin of the sixth lumbar vertebra (usually corresponding to the cranial border of the wing of the ilium) (line AB) divided by a line perpendicular to this from the dorsal edge of the vertebra at the point of greatest curvature (line CD). This correlates as closely as possible to those radiographic parameters used to assess KI in boys with DMD and is depicted in Fig. 1, A and B.
Trial radiographs of the same animals in three positions [1) hindlimbs and forelimbs placed in moderate extension, 2) overextension (stretching) of limbs, and 3) flexion of forelimbs and hindlimbs] showed there was some differences in measured KI, which was considered to be <10%. Care was then taken to avoid overextension or flexion of limbs and to ensure that limbs were only moderately extended. This could be confirmed when radiographs were analyzed because the femurs and humeri were close to parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the spine. Several radiographs that did not meet these criteria or were under- or overexposed were excluded from analysis.
Measurement of thoracic area.
With radiographs photographed using a fixed film-focal distance and utilizing the Scion Image program draw tool, a line was extended around the inside border of the thoracic cavity from T1 at the thoracic inlet following sternebrae, diaphragm, and ventral edge of vertebrae to allow an estimation of thoracic area at an age of 17 mo. This measure was repeated three times, and results were averaged for each animal (n = 4 animals per group). Because thoracic area is related to body size, the calculated area was normalized for body weight to give a value of thoracic area/body weight (cm2/g)
Contractility studies.
Seventeen-month-old mice were anesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium (Nembutal, Boehringer Ingelheim) at 70 mg/kg ip. Cessation of breathing occurred when the thorax was entered. The following three muscles were dissected and placed into ice-cold Krebs buffer solution bubbled with carbogen (95% O2-5% CO2). First was the diaphragm strip from left midcostal hemidiaphragm, with placement of silk suture material around the central tendon at one end and a small rib section at the other. Second was the latissimus dorsi muscle, which is a fan-shaped muscle with an aponeurosis originating from the spinal processes of T8–T12 and the thoracolumbar fascia, and a distinct tendon of insertion at the proximal humerus. A needle threaded with 6-0 surgical silk was passed through the aponeurosis and tied with a loop to attach to a force transducer. A short length of silk was also tied at the tendon end to anchor to a fixed peg below the stimulating electrodes. Third, an intercostal section comprising four ribs and their attached intercostal muscles (internal and external), extending from T8–12, adjacent and parallel to the longissimus dorsi muscle were dissected. Silk sutures were passed with a needle around each rib at the top and bottom of the intercostal strip for mounting.
Muscles from the left side were collected and stored for histological analysis and hydroxyproline assays. Contralateral muscles were mounted in water-jacketed glass organ baths, maintained at 23°C, with 6-0 silk surgical suture thread attached to a fixed peg at one end and a force transducer at the other. Tissues were stimulated via a Grass S48 stimulator (W. Warwick, RI), and signals were amplified with a preamplifier (EP500B, Audio Assemblies, Campbellfield, Victoria, Australia). Data was collected and analyzed with Chart 4.1.1 software. A square pulse of a duration of 0.2 ms was dispersed via two platinum electrodes positioned along the length of the muscle.
Optimum preload (Lo) was defined as the length eliciting maximal single twitch force. Optimal voltage was also determined for each preparation, as was the frequency eliciting maximal tetanic force from a range of 50–180 Hz. A total of seven to eight mice per group was used for contractility studies. Reported data were the average of three individual single-twitch or tetanic stimulations per muscle strip after 25 min of equilibration and optimization of conditions. Muscles were measured at Lo with a digital micrometer, blotted for 3 s, then weighed. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and normalization of force was calculated as described previously for diaphragm and latissimus muscles, where CSA equals tissue weight divided by length × 1.06 (density of mammalian muscle) (22). Intercostal muscle fiber CSA was shown to vary topographically (20), and in our preparations a strip comprises both muscle and rib cartilage and internal and external intercostal muscle layers consisting of differing fiber orientations and hence lengths. For these reasons, intercostal forces were normalized to weight only. Time to peak force, 50% relaxation time, and 90% relaxation time were calculated for each single-twitch value.
Hydroxyproline analysis.
We used hydroxyproline (HP) content as a measure of collagen in diaphragm, intercostal muscles, latissimus dorsi, and longissimus dorsi muscles. Muscles were trimmed of fat, ribs, and tendons and stored at −80°C. Tissue was thawed and immediately weighed, then hydrolyzed in sealed tubes with 6 M HCl overnight at 110°C. The samples were dried to entirety using filtered air under pressure and heat (50°C). The rest of the protocol has been described previously (34). Values are expressed as micrograms of HP per milligram of tissue wet weight.
Each tissue (diaphragm, latissimus, longissimus, and intercostal muscles) were pinned onto cork at Lo and then fixed sequentially in Telly's fixative (formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid-ethanol fixative, 72 h), Bouin's solution (formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid-picric acid fixative, 24 h), and 70% ethanol before paraffin embedding, cutting, and staining of 10-μm sections using 0.1% wt/vol picrosirius red solution (Sirius Red F3B, Chroma Dyes, in saturated picric acid), a specific collagen stain. Additional 5-μm sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for determination of nuclear position and heterogeneity of muscle fiber size (see Fig. 7). Analysis was performed blinded to the strain of mouse, with sections viewed on a Nikon Eclipse E600 light microscope and captured with a Nikon FDX 35-mm camera. Images were digitized and then analyzed using Scion Image Beta 4.0.2 software. A visual grading scheme was applied to the picrosirius-stained sections, with grade 1 having minimum interstitial fibrosis (e.g., <10%), grade 2 with mild fibrosis (10–25%), grade 3 with moderate fibrosis (25–50%), and grade 4 with marked fibrosis (>50%).
Pilot experiments on aged mice were performed to estimate standard deviations and suitable sample size. Post hoc tests of power confirmed that n = 3 animals for assessment of KI and n = 7 animals for contractility experiments were adequate (28). Results are expressed as means ± SE. Responses between mdx and control strain were analyzed by Student's unpaired t-tests, with the exception of differences in KI, where ANOVA was employed. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Gross findings.
Kyphosis was palpable and clearly evident in all mdx mice at 17 mo of age. In addition, the control strain showed a degree of thoracolumbar kyphosis that was not as pronounced. All animals were ambulatory and in fair to good body condition; however, the mdx group showed a stiffer gait and moved less freely around their cages.
KI as a measure of spinal deformity remained similar for mdx and control mice until ∼9 mo of age, after which a significant difference became apparent between mdx and normal mice (P < 0.01 at 9 mo). There was a plateau in both mouse strains after this age (Fig. 2). Figure 3 shows radiographs of young and aged mdx and control mice.
Thoracic area.
There was no significant difference in body weights at 17 mo of age between mdx and C57 mice; however, there was a difference (P < 0.05) between thoracic area and normalized thoracic area in mdx and age-matched controls (Table 1), with mdx mice demonstrating lower values.
Muscle contractility.
The characteristics (Lo, average width, and weight) of each isolated muscle strip is listed in Table 2. The latissimus dorsi muscle showed greatest variation between mouse strains, with mdx having considerably heavier (P < 0.001) muscles than C57, despite there being no significant differences between widths or Lo for these muscle preparations. It is thought that this muscle (in addition to many mdx limb muscles) demonstrates considerable hypertrophy during their lifespan, with the presence of fibrosis contributing to increased weights. A difference between strains was also apparent during dissection; the diaphragm, intercostals, and latissimus muscles of C57 mice tended to be thin and transparent, whereas in mdx mice they were thickened and opaque. There was a small difference in average diaphragm width selected for mounting, and, although this is unlikely to affect results, the resultant tissue strip was heavier in the mdx group.
In vitro isometric contractile properties of these muscles are shown in Table 3. All mdx muscles examined demonstrated reduced force production (twitch and tetanus) compared with control mice, with mdx diaphragm muscle showing the greatest reduction in tension generated (approximately two-thirds that of control mice, P < 0.01). The mdx latissimus dorsi and intercostal strip values were by contrast 50% of control levels for both twitch and tetanus tensions (P < 0.05 except for latissimus maximal tetanic force; P < 0.01). Rise times were similar, except for the attenuated diaphragm twitches of the mdx group, which had significantly shorter rise times (P < 0.001). Relaxation was prolonged in mdx intercostal muscles compared with control levels, reflected by increased time to 50 and 90% relaxation (P < 0.05).
Hydroxyproline analysis.
Four muscles were used for assays of hydroxyproline content, and the results are shown in Fig. 4. All mdx muscles had significantly more HP than control mice, with the diaphragm HP being 2.5 times higher than the other muscles examined. Interestingly, control mice also showed a higher level of fibrosis in this organ compared with other respiratory or paraspinal muscles, and when relative values were compared (control HP as a ratio of mdx HP) the diaphragm and latissimus displayed an equal tendency for fibrous tissue deposition (0.66), followed by intercostal muscles (0.58), and then longissimus dorsi (0.44). The magnitude of fibrosis may be a reflection of the workload of individual muscles.
The results of an applied histological grading scheme for muscle sections stained with the collagen-specific stain picrosirius red are listed in Fig. 5A. Representative photomicrographs of all four muscles of mdx and control mice are shown in Fig. 5. The percentage of centronucleation of muscle fibers as visible on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections indicates previous necrosis and degeneration and one or more cycles of regeneration and is displayed in Fig. 5B. It is apparent that mdx muscles demonstrate marked heterogeneity in cell size, a high incidence of centrally nucleated fibers, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrous tissue deposition compared with control muscles (Figs. 6 and 7).
The mdx diaphragm displays the highest scores on histological grading as expected, with marked fiber loss and replacement with interstitial collagen. The intercostals displayed an intensity of picrosirius staining and high score that is not perhaps reflected in measured hydroxyproline content of these tissues. The intercostal muscles are a complex mixed tissue when viewed microscopically, typically comprised of fibers in both cross and oblique section and containing fat and large blood vessels. The impression in mdx sections was for greater disarray in tissue structure, fiber loss, considerable variation in myocyte size, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration.
The mdx mouse is the most frequently used animal model for research into DMD, and much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of dystrophic muscle has been gained from studies in this model. These studies, however, show a milder phenotype than boys with DMD or the Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy dog.
Although a reduction of vertebral support in humans with neuromuscular weakness can show as thoracolumbar deviation in a dorsal or ventral plane (kyphosis or lordosis, respectively) or a lateral deviation of the spine due to the effect of gravity (scoliosis), the quadrupedal gait of mice results in the development of kyphosis.
With careful positioning of animals, it is possible to accurately measure differences between animals not apparent by observation or palpation. We demonstrated that a significant decrease in KI occurred in a group of mdx mice at 9 mo of age or at approximately one-third of the mdx lifespan. This differs from mdx:utrn−/−, which shows an earlier onset of spinal deformity (7, 15). This difference is probably attributable to the muscle hypertrophy demonstrable in most skeletal muscle of mdx, which for a time maintains whole muscle strength, although in vitro organ bath studies of the paraspinal muscles indicate that normalized forces (maximum isometric tension per unit CSA) are weaker. This is in agreement with experiments conducted on limb muscles (22).
It is likely that the level of anesthesia of mice will affect KI, and early trials utilizing only light sedation resulted in animals struggling against the tape restraint and causing movement blur. Ketamine/xylazine combination provided muscle relaxation as well as immobilization and offered the benefit of allowing xylazine reversal by atipamezole, which may enhance recovery in aged mdx with cardiac impairment. Right lateral recumbent views were chosen for ease and consistency, allowing up to six mice per cassette to be radiographed. It is also possible to choose prone positioning with cross-table lateral views; however, this would allow only two mice to be radiographed at one time. There was also concern that the heavy shoulder and hindlimb musculature of young mdx (3–12 mo old, corresponding to muscle hypertrophy stage) would hinder correct positioning when prone.
We also showed that thoracic area measurements of mdx was less than those of control mice, and it is likely that such thoracic deformity in aged mdx will affect pulmonary function [or contribute to the reduced lifespan of more severely kyphotic mdx:utrn−/− (7)]. Certainly in DMD patients, diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle weakness coupled with severe thoracic deformity leads to hypoventilation and hypoxemia, sleep abnormalities, and susceptibility to respiratory tract infections (30, 31).
Certain mdx skeletal muscles show profound dystrophic changes, particularly the diaphragm, slow-twitch limb muscles, and postural muscles (21, 27, 33). These are muscles with either an obligatory constant workload or a role in resisting gravitational forces compared with fast-twitch, intermittently active muscles such as the extensor digitorum longus. We utilized the diaphragm in our experiments because its contractile, morphometric, and histopathologic properties are well documented (1, 6, 33) and it serves as a useful benchmark for the severity of dystrophic changes in other less well-characterized muscles. Mdx diaphragm strips generate significantly lower maximum tensions compared with age-matched control mice as reported previously (23, 33), and there was an inverse relationship to hydroxyproline content. Histological changes showed severe interstitial fibrosis and myocyte disarray typical of this organ in mdx mice.
It is perhaps not surprising that intercostal muscles are also subject to a high degree of dystrophic changes because they have an augmentative role, although lesser than the diaphragm, in respiration. During inspiration, contraction of the parasternal intercostals causes elevation of the ribs and flaring of the sternum synergistic to diaphragmatic contractions (13). Several of the mdx intercostal sections examined scored equally to diaphragm strips (grade 4, equivalent to >50% fibrosis). The intercostal muscles showed prolonged relaxation properties, with significant increases in time to 50 and 90% relaxation compared with control mice. We did not separate internal and external intercostal muscle layers due to the risk of damage to individual fibers. We chose the direction of dissection as parallel to external intercostal fibers, because external intercostal muscle fibers contribute most to force generation during normal respiratory movements. Previous intercostal studies on larger species, including rabbits (5), dogs (8, 13), and hamsters (19, 20), utilized separated muscles. Our preparations spanning four ribs were very similar in dimensions to these hamster preparations, and we also extrapolated from studies in guinea pigs where tracheal segments comprising a series of tracheal rings are mounted via silk suture around cartilages in organ bath experiments (4, 24).
The latissimus dorsi is a fan-shaped muscle, which because of its superficial position on the trunk is easily dissected. This muscle also showed centronucleation and fibrosis, with reduced peak twitch force and maximal tetanic force seen in other skeletal muscles of older mdx. Previous contractility studies using rabbit latissimus dorsi confirm its fast-twitch properties (18). Twitch kinetics from our experiments suggest that the latissimus dorsi is also a fast-twitch muscle in older mice, although this needs to be verified by fiber typing.
The longissimus dorsi is an important member of the erector spinae group involved in spinal rotation and extension. It is not amenable to organ bath studies because of multiple branching and insertions on many vertebral processes; however, there was histological and biochemical evidence of dystrophy similar to the other mdx muscles examined.
In humans, comparisons have been made between limb muscle and joint contracture seen in neuromuscular diseases and the fibrosis and contracture of respiratory muscles, stiffening of tendons and ligaments of the rib cage, and ankylosis of costovertebral and costosternal articulations (2). Failure to fully expand the lungs causes increases in lung tissue and chest wall elastance and decreases in compliance (25), alterations that contribute markedly to the total mechanical work of breathing.
Although the spinal deformity of dystrophin-deficient mice is not as extreme as that seen in patients with DMD, we suggest that the hallmarks of dystrophy, muscle weakness, and fibrosis, and not just aging per se, are implicated in the progression of kyphosis and thoracic deformity in this model. It is likely also that the relative inactivity of aged mdx mice compared with their control strain, noted by ourselves and others (27), is due in large part to the presence of these skeletal malformations and associated muscle contracture and increase in stiffness. It is only conjecture at this stage that significant respiratory insufficiency may also occur in mdx mice and could be implicated in this failure to move freely.
In addition, we demonstrated the application of a radiographic index for the measurement of kyphosis in mice and showed how this index changed in mdx mice compared with control mice. The measurement of kyphosis by radiographic indexes presented here is a method of quantitative comparison between mouse strains and may also have application for long-term therapeutic studies or gene-therapy trials in the mdx or other kyphotic mouse strains.
This project was supported by funds from the Queensland Muscular Dystrophy Association.
We are grateful for useful preliminary discussions with Helen Posselt, physiotherapist at Montrose Access, Brisbane, Australia, and histological advice from Paul Addison, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia. We appreciate the kind loan of radiographic equipment and facilities by the Oakey Veterinary Hospital, Oakey, Australia, and particularly the assistance of Glen Laws, veterinary surgeon.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 the American Physiological Society


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Discussion in 'iOS 10' started by iPutz, Oct 31, 2016.
I just noticed that iOS 10.1.1 is available. Not sure what fixes are being addressed .
I had seen references to exactly that and was just curious what the other bugs may be. No big deal, just curious. Thanks for the answer.
I guess the issue with the Health app was in fact widespread, even though some eiC members suggested the issue was not at all widepsread because "Four threads is not very many people," in their opinion.
You may have misinterpreted my post. I wasn't speculating on the amount of people affected by that bug. I didn't read the article you linked or research the problem. Yes, a large number of posts does indicate a widespread problem, but even if there were only a few people who mentioned it on one forum, that certainly doesn't definitively indicate there are only a few people affected.
My point was to give you some suggestions for improving the quality of your posts by making them professional and accurate and less drawn out.
Thank you kindly. Your suggestions have been duly noted. I appreciate your input as I always have.
But did you read what I linked to on the words "some eiC members"? My comments on this post were directed at @Ledsteplin. I felt he was too quick to dismiss the issue I posted about. He seemed to suggest here that the issue must be limited to very few occurrences simply because—and I quote his words—"I'm on several forums where there are many folks on iOS 10.1, including myself. This is the first I've heard of this issue." With all due respect to fellow eiC member @Ledsteplin, just because you haven't heard of an issue doesn't mean it's isolated and headed for dismissal.
And now, just a couple of days later, we have Apple releasing iOS 10.1.1 to address this very issue he had not heard about when I posted about it.
But maybe I'm just reading too much into it. If that's the case, then apologies, and, carry on...
Apparently there was an issue with it. Being the Health app, I would hope they would fix it, regardless of how many experienced it. But I still never saw it mentioned until here.
Well, mate, that's my job, and I never get knackered of bringing you and everyone else here all the breaking news! Stick with me and you'll be up-to-date on the latest goings-on with all things Apple (and all disasters Samsung).
You said, "some members" rather than "one member," so I thought you were also referring to me.
But later on in that same exact sentence, I said, "'Four threads is not very many people,' in their opinion."
And that was a quote that @Ledsteplin used, not you.
I used the plural their instead of the singular his because I was trying not to specifically point the finger at someone (in this case, we now know it was @Ledsteplin). The plural pronoun they and its inflected forms (such as their) can in some cases be used to refer to one person when you want to avoid singling somebody out or when you don't know exactly who did it.
For example, someone walks into the break room, notices the empty coffee pot, and angrily exclaims to whoever else is in the area, "They took the last cup of coffee and walked away. Why can't they replace the filter and make another pot?"
In that case, it is obviously only one person who took the last of the coffee and failed to replace the filter and make another cup. But the word they is used because the exact person who did it is not known—or if the culprit is known, then the speaker is trying to be polite by not naming names.
Wow, I think I just won the medal for nitpicker of the week.
@Rafagon .....
Ugg. I don't have time to read all of that. You're way too wordy, man.


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December 2nd, 2004, 05:57 PM #1
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- January 18th, 2005
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From the main merchant page, when you supposedly send mail to the merchant within CJ, do the merchants get that or just ignore it in many cases? Seems to be next to imposible to get replies from some merchants who otherwise appear to have good programs.......
December 2nd, 2004, 10:35 PM #2
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
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Some read them, some don't.
Try calling them or emailing.
December 3rd, 2004, 07:45 AM #3
Hi Superstar,
I suspect that CJ mail for merchants is much like CJ mail for publishers...I don't think I have ever heard back from anyone through CJ mail
Best thing you can do is try to contact the program manager directly. If you can't find their information, PM me directly, and I'll see if I can help you.
I can tell you that there are a lot of managers on the merchant side who ENJOY hearing from publishers. So don't be shy about contacting any of us, everBest,
David Rogers
Sr. Manager, E-Commerce
New Line Cinema
212 649-4900
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