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Archive for November 2013
Santa Can You Hear Me?
"Are we skinny yet?!" I ask myself this, almost daily. Similar to that whiney/nonstop version of "are we there yet?" that you hear coming from the heathens in the back of your car. You know the one. It's like the auditory equivalent of a paper cut to the ear drum. Anyway, yeah…that's the tone. Truth be told, I had three... Read more »
Nothing Good Comes Easy
Five years ago, right about this very moment, we were racing to the hospital like bats out of hell ready to meet our baby girl. This was most definitely our first rodeo. I remember sitting in my recliner, watching Grey's Anatomy, and BAM…my water broke. In my head I was like "is this it, is... Read more »
You Can Keep Elf On The Shelf, To Yourself.
I love the holidays just as much as the next chump, but there is a new(ish) holiday tradition that makes me cringe. I don't know the details because I refuse to buy into this crap, but I have a sick feeling I am about to be tortured by this thing any minute. It's this damned Elf On The... Read more »
Taylor Swift Is Right, Never Grow Up
Every time I hear "Never Grow Up" by Taylor Swift, I sit and sob (click the link, I dare you). This song makes me want to snuggle my babies and cry into their hair for days on end, not that they would sit still that long. Of course I want to freeze time while these little... Read more »
Justin Timberlake, Skittles, and Laundry. Oh My
I have noticed lots of new names and faces following The Tot Wrangler! I'm so excited that my blog has grown past the point of the people that I have forced into following me. This whole experience is so new, on so many levels, so I hope you will allow me a moment to introduce myself.... Read more »
GIVEAWAY: Everyone Loves Free Stuff
Do you like free shit (who doesn't)? Are you a fan of the hilarious blog Baby Sideburns? If you are, then you should know how exciting this giveaway is! If you aren't, go find out and then get excited like the rest of us! Karen Alpert (the one and only Baby Sideburns) just wrote a ridiculously funny, NY Times... Read more »
10 Ways I Would Help Moms, If I Ruled the World
Sometimes I sit and daydream about what it would be like if I ruled the world. Unfortunately it's a pretty unrealistic endeavor, but maybe after reading this you will nominate me. 1. Everything would have a drive thru. It's not because I want Americans to be anymore lazy than we already are, it's because the... Read more »
My New Workout Plan
Today, in my quest to find a daily moment of gratitude, I have to say I'm lucky to be alive. I'm sure you think this is going to be the deepest thing you've ever read by The Tot Wrangler, but hang tight. Of Course I'm lucky to be alive, blessed and grateful to be healthy, and... Read more »
Daylight Savings Time Used To Be Fun
Since a lot of you reading this are Mommies (and some daddies and some hungover people) I'm going to spare you a long drawn out version of my gratitude today. A lot of us were up at the crack of ass, so I'm just going to say that today I'm grateful for the... Read more »
Tattling Kids Are More Useful Than You Think
It's not even noon yet and I have already determined what I'm grateful for today. That has to mean it will be a good day, right? Well ladies and gents, you might need to take a seat for this one, because you won't believe me when I say: Today I am grateful for the tattling child.... Read more »
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text: Hi :) In <[🔎] email@example.com>, at Date: 02 Feb 2000 23:07:07 -0800, firstname.lastname@example.com (Karl M. Hegbloom) writes: > You're right, Taketoshi. The documentation needs to be updated also. Thank you for your approving. Then let's do the work. > I already sent a `done' message to BTS for this bug... Hope that was > Ok with everyone else. I just thought It was done, without the > documentation even crossing my mind. I think that the modification provided by you and others can close that bug (it is just my thought), but the documentation update is required to let users know about our system more. > I will have a look at the docs now... Let's see what I can come up > with, since I did the message after installing mbr, and went and sent > the done mail to BiTSy already. sure. sorry to be late to come up with the topic. > Should I just `cvs commit' what I write and let you look that way, or > generate a patch and email it to the list for discussion and > editting? I expect it will be afternoon Feb 3, PST, USA before I'm > ready with it, unless someone beats me to it. You can do either way you like. Maybe just doing commit is prefered because it is why we use CVS. We can make modifications and revert out code at the anytime. I will look your change later, and think if I can add something. # We have to do the translation after the modification of English one. # So it is better to update the original English documentation. -- Taketoshi Sano: <firstname.lastname@example.com>,<firstname.lastname@example.com>,<firstname.lastname@example.com>


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New Member, Male
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Welcome to the community! If you're planning to post or create a thread please review the Site's Terms & Rules: https://www.blacktowhite.net/help/terms and the Mission Statement: http://blacktowhite.net/community/forums/forum-announcements.30/ . We hope you find whatever you desire, Enjoy!
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Max draw length (from belly): 25"
Draw weight: 15--30# @ 25"
Length of braced bow: 41.3" (105 cm)
Min warrantied arrow mass: 9.0 grains-per-pound
Price: $185
The Dandelion is a great starter bow for young children. As with all Mariner bows, this bow is handmade, features a bamboo core, and has fiberglass laminations. This ensures a beautiful construction that is both resilient and efficient.
Copyright © 2017, Justin Ma


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Welcome to the new season of Festivals - the inaugural International Children's Literature Hay Festival in Aarhus, Denmark: European City of Culture 2017, to Hay Festival Arequipa in Peru and to Hay Festival Winter Weekend in Hay-on-Wye, Wales.
Reformations of institutions and authorities, challenging assumptions and re-imagining the world.
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Tell us your favourite book of 2017 for the chance to win an amazing prize...
Hay Festival merchandise for you to browse and buy: the perfect gifts for literary friends and family.
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text: Boo! It's time for a blog hop and this month we are featuring all things Halloween! Did Di's project give you that haunted feeling? Ha! My project was inspired by a card I saw on Pinterest by Linda Callahan. It was the eyes peeking out from the left side […] Read more »


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Band Of Susans
Band Of Susans is ranked number 4,943 in the overall artist rankings with a total rank score of 146.
|Product Details
|Band Of Susans Now Excellent Experimental Rock CD
Condition: Like New
|Time left:
30m 18s
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|CD Veil - Band of Susans
Condition: Very Good
|Time left:
7h 57m 21s
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|Band Of Susans Now CD *SEALED* 1992 (Blast First related)
Condition: Brand New
|Time left:
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|Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on the linked website at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product. See full search results on eBay
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Highly...extremely...utterly and completely under-appreciated and practically invisible, Band of Susans was, almost silently, one of the more important bands behind the American post-hardcore movement, as well as major contributors to the aesthetics of hard rock acts like Tool.
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80+ best mobile homes in Istria
Would you like to enjoy all the advantages and the beauty of campsites, but like the comfort and feeling of your own home? Relax on the terrace of your modern mobile home at one of the numerous campsites of Istria.
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Radko WISE-EYED WONDER 02-0745-0 clip- on
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- Sold Date:
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I have for your consideration Christopher Radko WISE-EYED WONDER 02-0745-0 which was made in Germany. This is a a clip on ornament. This is a wise little owl with large golden eyes, ears and various shades of gold on his chest, and wings. He is approximately 4" tall. This is new and has not been displayed and comes with the original tag. This cute owl has nice sparkle to him on his chest, wings, back and head. He has a red beak and he seems to be sitting on some straw like material that is just above the clip. He is just beautiful and a welcome addition to your Christopher Radko collection. He would be great for just about any season for displaying. The clip on ornaments are very versatile and can be used in many places. Thanks for looking and please check out my other listings. Payment is due within 7 days of close of auction. I do combine shipping each additional itme is $2. Thank you and have a great day!!


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The Sandman was formerly a partner of Captain Scarlett. She had tried to stab him in the back-literally, with a knife but she had failed. Sandman had then found the second Compass Shard.
In the mission Two Easy Pieces you must fight Sandman directly after fighting Big Sleep. The mission Two Easy Pieces is a mission in the Captain Scarlett and Her Pirate's Booty DLC.
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Quick Details
- Place of Origin: Guangdong, China (Mainland)
- Brand Name: QZD
- Model Number: QZD178
- Dimension: 140*70*18mm
- Weight: 0.2KG
- Outport: 5V/1.5A
- Input: 5V/1A
- Socket Type: usb
- Battery type: 10000mAh Power Bank
- Input interface: USB 2.0
- Output interface1: micro usb
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- Output interface3: for iPhone5s/6 adaptor
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- DC charging time: 4-6h
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- customize: can print logos and pictures
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|Packaging Details
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gift box and paper box
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text:
|Vol 3, No 07 (2014)
|Gymnema montanum-New Distributional Record of an Endemic Liana to Odisha, East India
|Abstract PDF
|Sujana K. A.*, Nagaraju S., Saravanan R., Dhole Pankaj Arvind
|Vol 2, No 12 (2013)
|Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. (Rubiaceae): A new generic record for Odisha, India.
|Abstract PDF
|Biswal A. K.*, Mandal K. K., T. Kar, C. S. Reddy
|Vol 6, No 03 (2017)
|Notes on status and distribution of Combretum pilosum Roxb. ssp. razianum (K. G. Bhat) Chakrab. & P. G. Diwakar
|Abstract PDF
|Sujana K. A.*, Pramanik A.
|1 - 3 of 3 Items
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There have been people wondering about some of these threads being discontinued but it looks like that is not the case. Article provides a good list of previous discontinued threads that is worth keeping around just in case it comes up in a future stitching projects. Check it out here!
Tag: cross stitch therapy
Is Cross Stitch Your Therapy?
So, it is a whole big bag of emotions in my life today. One of my sons left for Air Force Basic Training. I am very proud of him but at the same time, my mom heart is breaking. When I got home from the swearing in I had planned on doing some work but I just couldn't seem to get in the swing of things. I finally gave up and settled into my favorite chair with a WIP that I love and let the colors and the rhythm of the stitching soothe me. What a comfort and blessing in what has recently become a rather complicated life! It seems cross stitch has become my therapy over the years and I think I am ok with that.


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Skip to comments.Obamas "We The People" initiative bashed as unethical campaigning with taxpayer resources
Posted on 09/01/2011 12:53:18 PM PDT by martosko
President Obamas new We The People initiative smells exactly like a political campaign move and is unethical, says one large grassroots conservative group spokesman. FreedomWorks spokesman Adam Brandon said it appears the White House is using taxpayer-funded government resources to play political games.
Brandon told The Daily Caller that FreedomWorks is looking into the legality of the new program. The White House [should be] about policy, not politics, Brandon said in a telephone interview. This is a political move.
The new Web campaign is a direct reaction to the success of the tea party, the left and the Obama administration trying to catch up, Brandon adds. I dont think its ethical.
(Excerpt) Read more at thedc.com ...
It's all Obama knows.........Smarmy sounding words to rile up the dumb.
It seems like an effort to move to that internet "direct democracy" that the progs are all riled up about. It will excite some of them.
Wait until he gets that pre-paid Visa card scam back up and running for his campaign contributions.
There's no limit to the number of times you can donate the limit when you are always listed as "anonymous."
Leftists depend on taxpayers funding. Where would they be without it?
After we throw out this bum we should charge him with anything we can fine. I would love to see this hard core communists criminal in jail and fined trillions.
I am so sick of Barack Obama I don't think I can make it 15 more months til we get rid of him. I cringe at the thought of how much more crapola he is going to do between now and then.
This Kenyan/Somali bastard Stinks!
I would go so far as to suggest we should put some of the better conservative ideas into a petition, post it there, and then FReep those petitions to get them well over the 5,000 signature threshhold. It could be interesting.
I'd be willing to bet that conservative bloggers, FReepers, and other conservatives are more creative and can come up with better petitions and more signatures than the lefties.
Well,after he used two multi million dollar tax payer finance buses to get him to all points campaign necessary, what else does one expect? This guy plays by his own rules.
No, Mr. Obama, YOU'RE not the peo0ple, WE'RE the people. And you are supposed to be working FOR us, not GAINST us!
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MRI-defined white matter (WM) changes associated with age-related cognitive decline remain poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that WM lesions in older adults, defined by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arise in the setting of vascular brain injury (VBI) and are characterized by increased free radical injury and aberrant oligodendrocyte lineage (OL) cell response to injury.
We undertook a multimodal analysis of prefrontal cortex (PFC) WM from twenty-five autopsies derived from a population-based cohort where VBI and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) frequently coincide. Ex-vivo high field strength DTI measurements of fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and axial (D) and radial (D) diffusivity were measured at high magnetic field strength (11.7 T) and analyzed relative to quantitative in vivo biomarkers of free radical injury, an OL-specific marker Olig2, and histologic evaluation of hyaluronan (HA), an inhibitor of OL maturation.
Coincident AD and VBI showed significant association with lower FA and a robust relationship between decreasing FA and increasing D. Free radical injury to docosahexaenoate and adrenate in PFC WM was significantly elevated in cases with VBI independent of AD, and were inversely correlated with FA. Similarly, increased density of Olig2-immunoreactive cells in PFC WM was significantly associated with VBI independent of AD and co-localized with regions enriched in HA.
DTI-defined PFC WM lesions in older individuals are characterized by free radical injury to myelin and neuro-axonal elements that coincides with pronounced expansion of the pool of OL cells in HA-rich regions.
Age-related cognitive decline classically has been associated with decreased synaptic density and neuron loss. However, growing evidence supports a central role for white matter (WM) changes in cognitive dysfunction associated with both normative and pathological aging. Indeed, sixty-five percent of cognitively normal individuals >75 years of age show WM abnormalities,1,2 including diffuse changes as well as small infarcts,3 and neuroimaging correlates of cognitive performance in elderly individuals have identified WM as a primary site of damage.4-8 While the most common location of WM changes in the adult brain is the periventricular region, some neuroimaging studies of age-related WM changes have highlighted an apparent specific vulnerability of frontal WM fiber systems relative to other brain regions.9,10 Correlation of regional WM hyperintensities with impairment in specific cognitive domains is an area of intense current investigation that is not in complete agreement; however, several studies have observed an association between age-related impairment in executive function or complex processing speed and anterior WM hyperintensities that is either focused on, or at least includes, frontal lobe WM.8,11,12
More recently, WM changes have been investigated using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an MRI technique that provides information about WM integrity through measurements of water diffusion and its directional dependence.13,14 Several DTI studies, as well as related MRI measurements of transverse relaxation rates,15 have observed age-associated WM changes that commonly involve prefrontal cortex (PFC), centrum semiovale, and anterior callosal regions, and which are associated with impaired cognitive function (reviewed in 16; 17-22). The disease mechanisms responsible for these WM changes remain elusive, and this has hampered the development of relevant animal models and therapeutic strategies. In fact, it is currently unclear if these DTI measures of WM changes result from demyelination, axonal loss, or other alterations in WM.23
One potential etiology for cerebral WM injury in the elderly is chronic hypoperfusion due to small vessel disease.24,25 Indeed, a number of vascular changes that result in reduced cerebral blood flow, including hypoxia-induced capillary loss, reduced cerebrovascular angiogenesis, and tortuous arterioles, each may contribute to WM damage in older individuals.26,27 However, how such potential hypoperfusion may damage WM in older adults is unclear. A mechanism for hypoperfusion-mediated WM damage in preterm infants has been the recent focus of both experimental models and observational studies using human tissue. This work has identified maturation-dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocyte lineage (OL) cells to injury initiated by ischemia and its associated free radical damage28,29 that results in an initial expansion of the oligodendrocyte precursor pool and reactive astrogliosis.30 Importantly, chronic WM injury triggers maturation arrest of OL cells that are especially vulnerable to recurrent ischemic injury,31 and growing evidence suggests that this OL maturation arrest is linked to the accumulation of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) generated by reactive astrocytes and other cells in lesion microenvironments.29,32,33 Interestingly, a previous study of animal models of both ischemia and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) demonstrated similarly expanded OL cells in adult animals,34 raising the possibility that similar mechanisms may occur in older humans.
To determine whether a similar mechanism is potentially operative, and underlies DTI changes associated with aging in frontal WM of older adults, we undertook a multimodal analysis of WM change in human autopsy cases from a population-based cohort where Vascular Brain Injury (VBI) and AD are prevalent. Specifically, we determined the relationships among AD, VBI, DTI-defined changes in WM, free radical injury, and pathological responses by cells in the OL lineage relative to HA accumulation.
We collected twenty-five human right prefrontal cortex (PFC) WM samples from consecutive autopsies in the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, an ongoing prospective longitudinal population-based study of brain aging and incident dementia in men and women35,36 that had: (i) post-mortem interval < 8 hr, (ii) last clinical evaluation < 24 month before death, and (iii) no grossly identified lesion in the frontal lobes. Only three subjects had a MRI during life as part of their clinical care. PFC WM was collected using the rostral and caudal tips of the olfactory bulbs as external landmarks. Medial right frontal cortex that contained the orbito-frontal cortical gray matter (GM) was retained for purposes of orientation for MRI. The immediately rostral 2-3 mm of WM was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for quantification of isoprostanoids. The caudal block (~1cm×1cm×2cm) was immersion fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 48 h and stored thereafter at 4°C in PBS with 0.01% sodium azide. For comparison with human samples, we collected flash frozen PFC WM from rhesus macaques as described previously.37
Extensive neuropathologic examination of brain was performed according to previously published methods.38 Microscopic examination for diseases that commonly contribute to cognitive impairment or dementia was performed using our established protocols.38 These included evaluation of AD by NIA-Reagan Institute criteria, which employs Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD (CERAD) neuritic plaque (NP) score and Braak stage for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs);39 vascular-based injury (VBI) by cerebral microvascular infarct (CMI) number;38,40 and Lewy body disease (LBD).41
We quantified F2-Isoprostanes (IsoPs), F4-Neuroprostanes (NeuroPs), and F2-Adrenoprostanes (AdrenoPs) from the same flash frozen PFC WM using a stable isotope dilution assay with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selective ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM). Tissue preparation for quantification of all three isoprostanoids has been described.42 F2-IsoPs derive from arachidonic acid (AA), which is evenly distributed in all cell types, and thus is an excellent marker to quantify free radical damage to all tissue components.43,44 F4-NeuroPs derive from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and provide highly specific data on free radical injury to neuronal membranes;45 in WM these are largely axonal membranes. F2-AdrenoPs derive from adrenic acid (AdA),42 which in humans and other primates provide a specific marker of free radical damage to myelin.42
Tissue was immersed in PBS within a 2.5-cm diameter tube alongside a parietal tissue block from the same hemisphere, or PFC from the left hemisphere. A 3.5-cm diameter, 3.5-cm in length, single-turn solenoidal coil was utilized for radiofrequency transmission and reception. Experiments were performed using a 11.7 T magnet interfaced with a 9-cm inner diameter magnetic field gradient coil (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany). Procedures generally followed the previously published strategy that used DTI to characterize postmortem tissue from non-human primates.46-48 A Stejskal-Tanner multi-slice spin-echo pulse sequence with parameters δ = 12 ms, Δ = 21 ms, and G = 11.6 G/cm (resulting in b = 2.5 ms/μm2) was used to perform DTI measurements. The b-value for this study was selected to provide an approximate match in diffusion sensitization to a typical in vivo measurement in which b = 1 ms/μm2 (the water apparent diffusion coefficient is approximately 2.5-fold smaller in post-mortem tissue than in vivo.49 Diffusion anisotropy measurements were made using a 25-direction, icosahedral sampling scheme50 in combination with two measurements in which b = 0. Other pulse sequence settings were TR = 6.6 s, TE = 42 ms, NEX (the number of averaged transients) = 1, and image resolution was isotropic, with voxel dimensions of (0.5 mm)3 and a 32 mm (phase-encode) by 64 mm (readout) by 30 mm (slice-select) field of view.
Standard procedures50 were followed to determine eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, and λ3, listed from smallest to largest) and corresponding eigenvectors of the diffusion tensor, as well as the signal amplitude in the absence of diffusion weighting, for each voxel from the set of 27 3D images. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC = (λ1 + λ2 + λ3)/3), fractional anisotropy (FA, defined in 51), axial diffusivity (D = λ3), and radial diffusivity (D = (λ1 + λ2)/2) were calculated from the eigenvalues for each voxel. The image consisting of signal amplitude in the absence of diffusion weighting exhibits contrast characteristic of a T2-weighted image. Voxels for each tissue block were manually classified by an individual who was blinded to neuropathologic classification as either GM or WM using the derived T2-weighted image, and standard functionalities of the ITK-snap program52 (http://www.itksnap.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php). Mean values for DTI-derived parameters within WM reported herein for a given case are computed as means over the set of voxels classified as WM.
After MRI studies were completed, tissue blocks were serially sectioned free-floating (50 μm) in PBS with a Leica VTS-1000 vibrating microtome. Luxol fast blue (LFB) histochemistry for myelin and 2F11 (Dako, Carpinteria, CA) immunohistochemistry for neurofilament protein (an axonal marker) were performed on sections from each block. Scoring of LFB stain for myelin and 2F11 immunohistochemistry were performed as previously described.61 To visualize total OL lineage cells, sections were first treated for antigen retrieval by incubation for 10 min at 95°C in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 6.0. Tissue was incubated with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum (1:10,000 in PBS with 0.1% triton X-100) raised against the nuclear transcription factor Olig2 (generous gift of Dr. John Alberta, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston). The primary antiserum was visualized with a goat anti-rabbit biotinylated secondary antibody (1:200, 111-065-046; Jackson ImmunoResearch, WestGrove, PA) and a peroxidase-immunoperoxidase staining protocol with nickel silver enhancement (SK-4100; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). For double-labeling to visualize Olig2 and HA, sections were stained first for Olig2 as described above. Then, following the final wash after incubation with nickel silver enhancement reagent, sections were incubated with an HA-binding protein (HABP; 1:200; Seikagaku, Japan) as previously described.29 HA was then visualized following incubation with avidin-peroxidase and a VIP substrate kit for peroxidase according to the manufacturer's instructions (SK-4600, Vector Laboratories). Within each section, high HA areas could be distinguished easily from low HA areas by staining intensity of the biotinylated-HABP (e.g., Fig. 5). Counts of olig2+ cells were made only in areas that could be clearly delineated with intense HABP staining vs. weak staining. Mean cell densities were calculated and compared using a Student's t test.
The density of nuclei labeled with Olig2 was determined by an investigator blinded to pathological diagnosis from a minimum of 10 digitized bright-field images that were acquired in at least 3 near adjacent sections with a Leica DMRA upright microscope coupled to a Leica DFC 290 digital color camera. Digitized images were randomly but systematically acquired by another investigator blinded to pathological diagnosis with a 40x objective within the boundaries of the cerebral WM or with a 20x objective within the boundaries of the cerebral cortex. Boundaries were defined with the aid of a methyl green counterstain.
All neuropathologic data were collected by certified neuropathologists without knowledge of clinical or laboratory results, all laboratory data were collected by scientists without knowledge of the clinical or neuropathologic diagnosis, and all laboratory groups generated their results without knowledge of results from each other's laboratories until all samples had been analyzed. After completing all data collection, results were analyzed as described using GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA). The analytical strategy for comparison among the four pathologic groups (Figures 2G, 2H, 3B, 3C, and and4E)4E) was two-way ANOVA for VBI, AD, and interaction between VBI and AD, followed by Bonferroni-corrected repeated paired comparisons; an identical approach was used for the four group data in Figure 4C. Comparison of two group data (Figure 5C and human vs. monkey isoprostanoid comparisons) used t test. Discontinuous rankings of morphological changes obtained by histochemical or immunohistochemical methods were correlated with MRI or isoprostanoid data using Spearman's ranked correlation. Continuous data were displayed by scatter plots, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) calculated, or linear regression used to calculate the best-fit line (Figures 2F, ,3A,3A, and and4D).4D). Alpha was set to 0.05.
Our previous work with the ACT cohort has shown that AD and VBI are highly prevalent and commonly co-morbid, even in individuals who were not diagnosed with dementia during life.38 Here, we studied a series of twenty-five consecutive ACT cases. Nine individuals were diagnosed with dementia, either probable AD (n=5) or mixed dementia (n=4) by DSM-IV criteria. Average ± SD last Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI) score for subjects with dementia was 72 ± 12. The remaining sixteen Control individuals who did not meet these criteria for a diagnosis of dementia had last average CASI = 93 ± 3. In Figure 1, we have plotted a cumulative neuropathology score for each of the twenty-five cases and indicated (*) those who were diagnosed with dementia. We used the Braak stage for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs, stages none to VI converted to 0 to 6) as a measure of the burden of AD and the total number of cerebral microinfarcts (CMIs) and cerebral lacunar infarcts as a measure of small vessel VBI burden, similar to how we have presented co-morbid diseases previously.53 VBI was identified in 17 out of 25 cases. Territorial cerebral infarcts in regions other than the PFC were present in four individuals who also showed evidence of small vessel VBI. Consistent with our previous observations from hundreds of individuals in this cohort, those diagnosed with dementia within two years of death were over-represented among those with the greatest burden of VBI and AD. Table 1 presents data on these twenty-five individuals now stratified by presence or absence of VBI and high (Braak stages IV to VI) vs. low (Braak stages none to III) AD. Neuritic plaque density was not used to categorize cases; however, the most common CERAD score in the Low AD group was "sparse" and in the High AD group was "frequent". No case had cerebral cortical Lewy body disease. The four pathologic groups did not differ significantly by age, proportion that was women, post mortem interval, or brain weight.
We next employed DTI to define the relative contributions of AD and VBI burden to changes in FA or ADC in each case. The effects of low or high AD and VBI burden are illustrated by representative cases in Figure 2. First, we generated 3-D surface models of the fixed tissue (Fig. 2A). T2-weighted images were used to classify image voxels as GM (used to aid in orientation) or WM (Fig. 2B). Fractional anisotropy (FA, Fig. 2C) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC, Fig. 2D) in individual slices are shown as parameter maps. Comparison to the sample from the Low AD/No VBI group demonstrates increased ADC and decreased FA in the case of severe damage from the High AD/VBI group.
FA and ADC were highly negatively correlated to each other (r = -0.71, P<0.0001) for the entire cohort. FA was more strongly correlated with D (r = -0.79, P < 0.0001) than D (r = -0.49, P < 0.05). However, inspection of the scatter plot of D and D vs. FA (Fig. 2E, asterisk) showed two cases with especially low FA that appeared to dominate the relationship between FA and ADC, particularly for D. The two cases with very low PFC FA are marked in Figure 1. These were the two cases with highest VBI from among those with isocortical NFTs (Braak Stage V or VI), although there were other cases with similar levels of each pathologic change. We examined the other twenty-three PFC WM samples separately in an effort to unmask more subtle relationships among those with less heavily damaged PFC WM. D was not significantly associated with FA in this set of twenty-three cases. In contrast, D continued to be negatively associated with FA in this large subset of cases with less extensively damaged WM (Fig. 2F). Analysis of mean FA or ADC for the groups described in Table 1 showed complementary changes in these DTI measures that were significant for FA in the High AD/VBI group but not for ADC (Figs. 2G,H). Although there are limitations to stratifying continuous MRI data into discrete pathologic categories, these results, nevertheless, suggest that DTI measures of PFC WM damage occur over a wide range and are most extensively altered by the combined presence of VBI and AD. Moreover, our results demonstrate a robust relationship between decreasing FA and increasing D (usually interpreted as WM injury)54 in post mortem PFC WM samples, and a more complex relationship between FA and D that may be especially sensitive to extreme WM injury.
Since DTI changes were strongly related to VBI and one consequence of VBI is free radical injury, we tested the hypothesis that changes in DTI were correlated with quantitative in vivo measures of free radical injury. We determined isoprostanoid concentrations in flash frozen tissue blocks adjacent to those from which WM changes were measured by DTI. All samples were assayed twice. The average difference of replicates was 3.8%. F2-IsoP (r = -0.56, P < 0.01), F4-NeuroP (r = -0.80, P < 0.0001), and F2-AdrenoP (r = -0.84, P < 0.0001) levels were negatively correlated with FA (Fig. 3A). ADC also was significantly correlated with F4-NeuroP levels (r = -0.55, P<0.01) and F2-AdrenoP levels (r = -0.67, P<0.001) across all twenty-five PFC WM samples. F2-IsoP concentrations were not significantly correlated with ADC. Elimination of the two cases with lowest FA from these analyses did not alter the significance of the above relationships (not shown). There was not a statistically significant correlation between isoprostanoids and either D or D.
Isoprostanoid data were next stratified among the four pathologic groups. It is important to emphasize that there were no infarcts in the samples analyzed. Rather, classification of VBI was based on the presence of CMIs or lacunes in other cerebral regions. The average (±SEM) values for F2-IsoPs and F4-NeuroPs for the Low AD/No VBI and High AD/No VBI groups were similar to each other and to what we observed for F2-IsoPs and F4-NeuroPs in normal cerebral WM from human neonates.55 F4-NeuroPs (Fig. 3B, P < 0.01) and F2-AdrenoPs (Fig. 3C, P < 0.05) were significantly elevated in the VBI group, but not for Low vs. High AD or for interactions between VBI and AD; F2-IsoPs were not significant among any of the groups. Corrected post-tests also showed that presence of VBI was associated with significantly increased F4-NeuroPs and F2-AdrenoPs in PFC WM regardless of the burden of AD pathologic changes in hippocampus or isocortical structures, although both indices of free radical injury were greatest in the combined High AD/VBI group, similar to DTI measures. These data indicate that free radical injury to PFC WM (i) was associated with VBI elsewhere in cerebrum, and (ii) was significantly linearly related to MRI-defined WM changes in adjacent tissue.
A potential limitation of biochemical measurements from human postmortem tissue are that changes of oxidative injury may occur during the agonal state or during the postmortem interval (PMI) between death and autopsy. While it is possible to correct statistically for effects of PMI, the much larger challenge is agonal state, which potentially can introduce artifacts and for which there is no adequate means of statistical correction. Therefore, we quantified these three isoprostanoids in PFC WM from 9 rhesus macaques aged 5-26 years (median=17) sacrificed for culling with no post mortem delay and no agonal state. The mean levels (± SEM) for macaque PFC WM were 3.1±0.1 for F2-IsoPs, 16.4±2.2 for F4-NeuroPs, and 16.5±1.9 ng/g for F2-AdrenoPs. Hence, F2-IsoPs in rhesus macaque PFC WM were significantly greater than Low AD/No VBI human PFC WM (P<0.05). Moreover, there was no difference between macaque and Low AD/no VBI human PFC WM F4-NeuroPs or F2-AdrenoPs (P>0.40 for both). These findings support that our observed differences in free radical damage to human PFC WM were not significantly confounded by conditions surrounding death or delay between death and autopsy.
Standard morphologic studies for myelin and the axonal marker neurofilament protein can be informative with respect to WM injury but are challenging to quantify and do not point to specific mechanisms of injury. With these limitations in mind, we performed LFB histochemistry to assess myelin and 2F11 immunohistochemistry to assess axons on each sample; each case was ranked by a blinded neuropathologist as not damaged (0), mildly (1), moderately (2), or severely (3) damaged, as judged by decreased staining intensity and structural disruption. Myelin damage rankings using LFB correlated with ADC (P < 0.05) but not FA. Axon damage ranking trended with F4-NeuroPs (P =0.07) but not with F2-IsoPs, F2-AdrenoPs, ADC, or FA.
Studies in animal models have demonstrated that both focal ischemia and amyloid β deposition can cause an accumulation of cells that express the olig2 transcription factor.34 In the adult brain, the olig2 transcription factor is typically expressed by OL cells and by NG2+ glial progenitor cells that differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes following demyelinating insults.56-58
We hypothesized a reactive OL response in WM following free radical injury. We determined in triplicate the density of OL cells with Olig2-immunoreactive nuclei (Olig2+) in PFC WM in each of the 25 cases described above (Figure 4). Whereas the isoprostanoid measurements were made from tissue adjacent to the block that underwent MRI, all immunohistochemical studies were performed on the same tissue block that was examined by MRI. The density of Olig2+ cells observed in the WM varied widely among cases from low (Fig. 4A) to high (Fig. 4B), with the latter indicative of a pronounced reaction. The density of Olig2+ cells typically was much greater in WM than the corresponding cortical GM in our PFC samples (P < 0.001, Fig. 4C). Stratification by presence or absence of VBI showed increased Olig2+ cell density in WM (P < 0.01) but not in the overlying GM. Hence, nuclear Olig2 immunoreactivity identified a subset of cells that was greatly over-represented in WM relative to GM, and whose density in WM increased with VBI.
Among the twenty-three cases with less extreme WM injury, Olig2+ cell density had a negative linear relationship with FA (P < 0.05) and a positive linear relationship with ADC (P < 0.05). The latter was largely explained by D and Olig2+ cell density (P < 0.01), but not D (P > 0.15), suggesting an association between WM injury and increased density of Olig2+ cells (Fig. 4D). Stratification of WM Olig2+ cell density into the four pathologic groups showed that increased Olig2+ cell density was associated with VBI (P<0.05) and not AD (Fig. 4E), as observed with isoprostanoids.
Previous studies demonstrated that HA accumulates in areas of WM damage and demyelination and that HA blocks OL progenitor maturation.32,33,55 Furthermore, the HA receptor CD44 is up-regulated under conditions of free radical injury, including ischemia.59 We therefore sought to determine the potential relevance of this mechanism in adult WM injury by immunohistochemical assessment of HA staining in relationship to Olig2+ cell density (Figure 5). We identified five regions of high (Fig. 5A) or low (Fig. 5B) HA immunoreactivity in each of the twenty-five PFC samples and then determined the density of Olig2+ cells in each region. HA staining was strongly associated with higher density of Olig2+ cells (P< 0.0001, Fig. 5C). Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that WM damage from VBI and free radical injury is characterized by reactive changes in OLs that is associated with increased accumulation of HA.
With the advent of DTI, neuroimaging correlates of cognitive performance in elderly individuals have identified cerebral WM as a primary site of apparent injury.6-8 The mechanisms of MRI-identified WM change have remained elusive, which has hampered progress toward the development of animal models and therapies relevant to WM change in older individuals. However, there are clues to the potential molecular mechanisms that may underlie MRI-defined WM changes in older individuals. Indeed, others also have used post mortem 1 T MRI to identify human WM lesions and observed changes of a complex pathogenesis that likely includes hypoxia- and immune-mediated damage,60,61 and possibly an oligodendroglial precursor cell response as suggested by platelet-derived growth factor α receptor (PDGFαR) immunoreactivity, a non-specific marker of oligodendroglial precursor cells.62 We tested this hypothesis in a population-based cohort of twenty-five consecutively collected autopsies from the ACT study where VBI and AD are prevalent and commonly co-morbid.
Novel findings from our studies were that DTI measures of PFC WM (FA and ADC) were most significantly perturbed in those samples from patients with a combination of VBI and AD, and that there was a robust relationship between decreasing FA and increasing D, consistent with WM injury suggestive of injury to myelin and axons.54 Molecular characterization showed that increased free radical injury to fatty acids concentrated in axon membranes and myelin was significantly associated with VBI independent of AD, and with WM change, as defined by reductions in FA. Ranking of myelin damage using LFB correlated with ADC but not FA, while ranking of axonal damage as assessed by neurofilament immunohistochemistry trended with F4-NeuroP levels. We view the latter as corroborating lines of evidence, despite not reaching statistical significance, because F4-NeuroPs reflect a particular type of neuronal-axonal injury while morphologic evidence of axonal injury is mechanistically non-specific. Similarly, a significant expansion in the total pool of OL cells in PFC WM was significantly associated with VBI independent of AD, and had a negative correlation with FA and a positive correlation with D, but not with D, suggesting a relationship between WM injury and the magnitude of the reactive oligodendrocyte response. The expansion of WM OL cells coincided with elevated extracellular matrix levels of HA, an inhibitor of OL maturation in chronic WM lesions.55
The PFC WM samples that we analyzed derived from consecutive cases accrued through the ACT study, a population-based study of brain aging and dementia in the Seattle metropolitan area. There are well-documented differences among the prevalence of diseases that contribute to cognitive impairment and dementia in population-based vs. research center-based cohorts with the major difference being higher prevalence of VBI in a population-based cohort, such as ours.63,64 Although the number of cases is not large by epidemiologic standards, they do represent a relatively unselected cohort of elderly individuals from a typical urban and suburban setting, and roughly reflect the approximate burden of diseases that injure the aging brain. In fact, we observed a prevalence and co-morbidity of AD and VBI in this group of twenty-five individuals that corresponded closely to what we have observed in the overall ACT autopsy cohort of over 250 hundred cases,65 which in turn corresponds well with results from other population-based studies in the US and Europe.66
Several groups have previously used MRI to characterize postmortem CNS tissue,46,48,49,67-73 and significant progress has been made towards understanding the degree of correspondence between in vivo and ex vivo conditions.49,67,68,70,73 Studies in which DTI measurements were performed on the same subject prior to, and following death and tissue fixation, have shown that differences in WM FA between living and post mortem tissue are subtle, if present at all (primates67,68; rodents49,73). Specifically, Sun and co-workers recently reported that, under some conditions formalin fixation, but not death, can reduce the magnitude of the effect of ischemic injury on D (compensatory effects on D preserve the overall effect on ADC and diffusion anisotropy).74 Additionally, the water ADC decreases by a factor of ~2.573 after death and aldehyde fixation. This is partially due to the reduction in temperature from physiological conditions to those standard within the bore of an MRI instrument, and partially due to the destruction of various dynamic physiological processes that occur with death.74 However, with the exception of acute effects of ischemia,49 which are not relevant to this study, relative differences in ADC between neighboring brain areas are preserved.46,73
Comparison of biochemical and cellular changes observed in age-related WM with the pattern of MRI-identified changes suggested that DTI was less sensitive to VBI than direct determination of oxidative damage markers or the number of Olig2+ cells; the latter two modalities were sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in PFC WM with VBI alone, whereas DTI was abnormal when cases were affected by both VBI and AD. However, there was a striking correlation between quantitative in vivo measures of free radical injury to myelin and axonal membranes and FA across all samples. These findings suggest the possibility of a strong interaction between oxidative damage to myelin and axons and the processes that produce abnormal WM FA. Hence, isoprostanoids may be an early molecular correlate of abnormal DTI signal in adult PFC WM and thereby suggest potential preventive strategies aimed at reducing free radical injury caused by ischemia or hypoperfusion that may be intermittent, chronic, or recurrent. Identification of early biochemical markers of injury described here may guide development of more elaborate analysis of diffusion weighted images,75-77 or additional MRI-based modalities such as susceptibility-weighted imaging78 to provide more sensitive neuroimaging-based tools to detect oxidative damage in the future.
In the context of experimental models of ischemia74,79 and neuroinflammatory diseases,80 reductions in WM FA are associated with reduced D (interpreted as evidence of axonal injury) and increased D (interpreted as perturbed myelin structure). The latter was observed for our cases. In contrast to the relationship between D and FA, our D values differed from patterns typically found in neuroinflammatory injury. In the 23 less severely affected cases, D and FA were not correlated, which suggests that disruption of axonal structure defined by D is not a prominent feature of the cases reported here, despite evidence of free radical injury to axon membranes. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that fixation attenuates the effect of axonal injury on D within our sample.74 Ultimately, histopathologic confirmation will be required, but is currently not feasible due to the lack of sensitive markers of mild to moderate axonal dysfunction where frank axonal degeneration has not occurred. In the two apparently more severe cases, D was increased, along with D, suggesting that severe injury can produce a substantially different cellular/structural environment than has been characterized in animal model studies. Although limited by the number of cases, our data suggests that for the majority of cases, increases in D that likely result from perturbed myelin structure underlie abnormalities identified by DTI. Future studies of myelin ultra-structure are needed to define disturbances in myelination, but may not be feasible in post-mortem human tissue.
We observed pronounced expansion of OL cells in PFC WM in the setting of VBI regardless of the level of AD pathologic change, which paralleled the response for oxidative damage markers. Several potential mechanisms may account for this reactive response. The response was most closely related to D suggesting that VBI-associated expansion of the Olig2+ population was related to WM injury, perhaps contributed to by free radical injury to myelin. This notion is consistent with the damage to myelin and the concomitant increase in OL cells observed in the WM of aged non-human primates.81 The response may also be related to primary degeneration of oligodendrocyte precursors. In response to perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and oxidative damage, these precursors undergo both acute and delayed degeneration, which coincides with a rapid and sustained expansion of OL precursors that undergo maturation arrest in lesions with chronic gliosis.31,55 Interestingly, the expansion of Olig2+ cells was associated with higher local levels of accumulated HA, raising the possibility of HA-dependent OL precursor maturation arrest as has been demonstrated in other settings.29,33 One potential mechanism for the expansion of Olig2+ cells is proliferation of early OL progenitors, which are abundant in adult CNS WM.82 In response to perinatal hypoxia-ischemia, early OL progenitors show a rapid proliferative response confirmed by increased number of Ki-67 immunoreactive nuclei. Increased Ki-67 immunoreactivity was not observed in our cases (data not shown). However, this may not be surprising given the likely chronic nature of the WM injury in older individuals. Future studies with optimally preserved human WM are needed to define what stages of OL precursors may contribute to the pronounced expansion observed in PFC WM from older adults with VBI.
As mentioned, there is considerable interest in the regional dependence of WM injury with respect to the quantity and quality of age-related cognitive impairment. While PFC WM injury is an important contributor to age-related cognitive decline, it is not the only region that is important in this complex process. However, our goal was to investigate specific cellular and molecular mechanisms or WM injury, and not to address mapping of regional WM injury to cognitive impairment. As such, our results, while directly relevant to PFC WM, may or may not be relevant to other lobes or periventricular WM. Relatedly, while antemortem MRI images would be a valuable addition to our study, it was not supported in the population-based study from which our samples were derived. However, it is important to remember that it is precisely because of this population-based study that we had the opportunity to have common examples of VBI in addition to AD.
Our observational data support the hypothesis that the mechanisms of PFC WM injury defined in our cases from older adults share similarities with some forms of WM damage sustained by preterm infants: VBI, oxidative damage, and expansion of the total OL pool with possible participation by HA (Diagram 1). While this form of WM injury is only one of several neuropathologic processes that may contribute to cognitive impairment in the elderly, our results do provide additional impetus to develop improved animal models of small vessel-mediated WM damage in older brains; such models will need to account for the substantial difference in the amount of WM between common laboratory animals, such as rodents, and humans. Moreover, the proposed relative timing of events in our diagram may reflect in part differing sensitivities of the techniques used, and mechanistic investigations in model systems may more clearly define the underlying biologic processes. To the extent that these models mirror the cellular and molecular characteristic of the human condition defined here, they will help provide a deeper understanding of mechanisms of WM injury in older adults and facilitate therapeutic development.
This work was supported by AG031892, AG06781, RR000163, NS045737, an Oregon Clinical Translational Institute (OCTRI) Pilot Project Grant, and the Nancy and Buster Alvord Endowment. We thank Ms. Angela Wilson and Ms. Jaime Struve for expert technical assistance, and Dr. Kathleen Montine for editorial assistance.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Reservations have averaged 160 properties a week over the period, representing a 31pc increase on the same period a year earlier.
Bellway said there had been a pick-up in customer interest since the Help to Buy scheme, which makes state-backed mortgages and incentives available to more people, launched on April 1. Help to Buy has been used in some 360 reservations so far, according to the company.
Bellway noted that it had previously restricted the use of shared equity schemes, but that it has now changed its stance after Help to Buy introduced full government funding for such loans to homebuyers.
Under the previous scheme, First Buy, the builder and the government would have split the loan equally. So, for the purchase of a £100,000 house, they each would have put up £10,000.
Keith Adey, Bellway's finance director, said: "Every pound tied up in a loan is one pound less available for us to spend on land. For a builder it's not sustainable to lend to customers to buy a house."
Under Help to Buy, however, the state covers the full £20,000, which means the builder does not increase their debt load.
Bellway expects around two thirds of its completed sales in its financial year to the end of July will arise from land it bought following the downturn, which offers bigger profit margins.
As a result, it forecasts an increase of around two percentage points in its operating margin, compared to the 11.4pc achieved last year.
Robin Hardy, analyst at Peel Hunt, said as a "historically low user" of shared equity Bellway appeared to be gaining the most from the introduction of Help to Buy. "We see scope for Bellway to exceed our forecasts materially," he said.


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Written on: 26/04/2014 by Alison71 (1 review written)
My recent trip to visit family in Australia was made so much easier and helped to manage my stress levels enormously due to the care and diligence of the trip advisor at dial a flight. As a novice traveller he explored flights from 3 airports and stop over destinations, times and airlines to find the package that was perfect for my family.
We went on the Emirates A380 for all legs of the journey which added to our comfort greatly.
Dail a flight even organised our Visas and checked at key points to make sure we were happy with the arrangements. We had the same advisor throughout...I couldn't praise them enough!


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Afraid your favorite athlete might take a knockin' on the noggin? Easton-Bell Sports (EBS) products can help soften the blow. A leading maker of helmets and other sporting goods used by professional and recreational athletes, EBS caters to the baseball, softball, football, and hockey markets, as well as to cycling, snowsports, and powersports enthusiasts. – more... The company's items are sold under the Easton, Bell, Giro, and Riddell names, among others. It also owns the licensing rights for the MacGregor golf brand. EBS' products are sold at national chains the likes of Wal-Mart and to local retailers. A subsidiary of RBG Holdings, EBS was created by the merger of Riddell Bell and Easton Sports in 2006.
EBS operates through two business segments: Team Sports and Action Sports. Team Sports is the larger operation, generating 57% of revenue in 2011, and accounts for sales of football, ice hockey, baseball, and softball products, as well as reconditioning services. The Action Sports unit, which brought in 43% of 2011 revenue, focuses on making cycling, snowsports, powersports, and fitness products, such as helmets, wireless audio gear, cycling components (such as handlebars and wheels), and accessories for yoga and pilates.
Geographic Reach
Each EBS business unit has its fingers spread worldwide. Besides the US, the company boasts manufacturing and distribution facilities in Canada, Mexico, China, and Taiwan. Asia is where EBS makes its baseball and softball bats with aluminum and composite. Its reconditioning services are performed in the US, Canada, and Mexico.
Today EBS holds the #1 spot in its sports markets for the Easton, Riddell, Bell, Giro, and Blackburn brands. Indeed, Riddell has been the official helmet of the NFL since 1989 and will remain so at least through 2014; it is also the official helmet and protective gear provider of USA Football and American Youth Football, which together have more than 3 million youth participants. In addition to top-selling headgear, the company is a leading manufacturer of hockey sticks and baseball bats. Easton hockey sticks are in the hands of about half of all NHL players, and it is also the official equipment supplier of the Little League World Series.
After years of acquisitions and consolidations in its industry, EBS has identified two basic strategies that are used by those who supply the industry. While others compete on price through mass merchants and big-name sporting goods chains, EBS has stuck to focusing on making products that tap the latest sports equipment technologies. The firm also relies on its top 10 customers for about 35% of its revenue. Wal-Mart accounts for nearly 14% of net sales.
Financial Analysis
EBS recorded its highest net sales in 2011 due to a growing Team Sports segment, which sold more baseball bats due to new product releases and rule changes by governing bodies of certain baseball leagues. Net sales increased some 8% in 2011 as compared to 2010 due to positive improvements in the economy and favorable foreign currency exchange rates that year. Its Team Sports net sales rose about 11% in 2011 vs. 2010. The company's Action Sports segment contributed a 5% net sales increase, as well, in 2011 compared to 2010. With a 7% increase in 2011, North America accounted for 85% of the company's net sales. Meanwhile, net income saw an impressive 23% bump upward in 2011, thanks to improvements in net sales offset slightly by the rising costs in sales, marketing, promotion, and sponsorship program spending, as well as increased litigation fees.
Sales and Marketing
A multi-channel marketer, EBS sells its products through specialty retailers, national and regional full-line sporting goods retailers and distributors, mass merchandisers, educational institutions, and athletic leagues.
Fenway Partners, Jim Easton, and The Ontario Teachers Pension Fund own the firm. – less


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Re: IF function in Excel 2003 error
Here is an example: =IF(A10;"100"). Of which comes up as FALSE as a test which should be correct. Look in the help section of excel, it includes a good reference.
I think your formula should look like this:
=IF(I3;"1 "). I hope this helps you.
IF function in Excel 2003 error: separators
I'm surprised that it works like that on any user's PC: Excel requires separators between the function's 'arguments' (i.e., those things telling it what to test and the 'what to do if it is true', 'what to do if it is false').
The proper separator is a comma, so your function should read: IF(I3>1,"YES","NO")
which WILL work on any user's computer with any version of Excel.
IF function in Excel 2003 error
In some countries/OS-settings (in Europe ?), the proper separator is a semicolon, so your function should read:
Here is the answer from Answerman.....
You are trying to use a separator from an "array formula"... please see the help subject in Excel. Type in "semi-colon" and you'll find the following:
A basic, single-value formula produces a single result from one or more arguments or values; you can enter either a reference to a cell that contains a value or the value itself. In an array formula, where you might usually use a reference to a range of cells, you can instead type the array of values contained within the cells. The array of values you type is called an array constant and generally is used when you do not want to enter each value into a separate cell on the worksheet. To create an array constant, you must do the following:
Enter the values directly into the formula, enclosed in braces ( { } )
Separate values in different columns with commas (,)
Separate values in different rows with semicolons (
For example, you can enter {10,20,30,40} in an array formula instead of entering 10, 20, 30, 40 in four cells in one row. This array constant is known as a 1-by-4 array and is equivalent to a 1-row-by-4-column reference. To represent the values 10, 20, 30, 40 in one row and 50, 60, 70, 80 in the row immediately below, you would enter a 2-by-4 array constant: {10,20,30,40;50,60,70,80}.
Hope that helps....
IF function in Excel 2003 error
I assure you that in Belgium (at least on thousands of configurations) we have to use a semicolon in the IF-function in EXCEL 2002 !
Commas don't work !!!
When positioning the mouse over the cell containing "=IF(", EXCEL automatically shows a popup saying:
Very strange indeed.......
I scoured the help files in Excel. Anytime you look up and kind of "IF" function, it specifies commas. The ONLY time I am seeing anything described by semi-colons in an IF function is when your calling an array parameter.
I find it incredulous that MS would do something that bizarre. Math is math is math. Numbers are numbers. That is why math (and music) is the universal language. Because I don't have to learn your little way of doing things and you don't have to learn mine.
Also remember, you can embed up to seven IF functions inside of one formula. At any time any of those parameters can point to an array formula, that perhaps calls to another seven embedded functions.... so it all gets real convoluted. But let's keep it simple here...
Your actually saying that Microsoft has two entirely different formula processes to handle mathematical equations, based upon what COUNTRY your from?
Very strange indeed. Perhaps you could copy & paste a piece of a working spreadsheet, showing a formula using an IF function, and calling parameters with semi-colons that ISN'T calling an array? I for one, would really like to see an example of that.
Thanks for the heads-up !!
Excel error
It appears that you are missing commas in the formula. Please try this:
IF function-- I concur with pstarr.
For a simple function like this, you are missng the comma (",") separators. Spaces do not work.


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Researcher: Avrim Blum
Applying Computational Learning Theory to Computer Security and Anomaly Detection
Many tasks in computer security require quickly detecting when inappropriate behavior is occurring, ideally from just a few observations and before an attacker has had a chance to do much harm. On the other hand, one also does not want to produce too many false positives, or constantly bother a user asking "do you really want to do that," since users will then either not trust or not want to use the system. Computational Learning Theory has developed a number of analysis techniques well-suited to these types of constraints, that can help produce tight bounds on the number of observations needed to achieve a given maximum false-positive rate. In addition, Computational Learning Theory has produced a number of adaptive algorithms that we believe can be applied to limit the number of times a user needs to be bothered in learning the appropriate set of actions to allow or disallow the user to perform.
The goals of this project are to use techniques from Computational Learning Theory more directly for problems of anomaly detection and "boundary setting". As one concrete example of a problem we are exploring, consider the problem of dynamically setting a 1-dimensional parameter, where larger values correspond to allowing more dangerous behavior, and smaller values correspond to restricting to less dangerous behavior on the part of a user. For example, this could be the number of ports connected to in a window of time, or different security settings of one's browser, etc. If the system is too conservative, then the user is constantly annoyed with "are you sure you want to do this?" requests; but if the system allows too much, then security is compromised. Learning techniques can potentially allow one to determine good settings based on a user's observed behavior, or to dynamically adjust settings in a way that achieves a good tradeoff between the security level and annoyance of the user. A related, more difficult setting would be the case of a tree-valued parameter, such as a set of allowed IP addresses. Here the problem of how to generalize from past observations is more difficult, but there are a number of techniques from machine learning theory that we think may be useful. These are some of the problems we intend to work on in this project.


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Vermont, picturesque and lovely, attracts visitors from across the country in search of the perfect fall foliage or perhaps a taste of maple syrup. Stansbury is best known for the odd covered bridge that spans Stansbury Lake and goes nowhere, connecting no roads and serving no known purpose. The locals call it the Lakebridge. Very few know of its mysterious origins and fewer care to know more. Those visiting the town perhaps take a few snapshots and leave, their curiosity quelled by an uneasy feeling that they shouldn't think about it anymore.
The tourists will eventually leave Stansbury, but its residents strangely linger, seemingly held captive by a force they barely recognize. They also do not think about the town's mysterious artifact much except in passing, all but Gil, his father, Ben, and a few others. They know of the bridge's dark history and understand that it is responsible for every horror that ever befell the people of Stansbury. The bridge makes people do things - bad things - so that it can continue to love and care for them all.
Some have tried to destroy the bridge, but as long as the bridge is fed with the lives of the innocents of Stansbury it will go on - loving the people of Stansbury.
Lakebridge: Spring is the first of a four book cycle revolving around Stansbury and the Lakebridge.
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Fantastic book!
I loved that it was a psychological horror. It reminded me of Stephen King where everything leads to that insanely explosive third act! Trying not to give away any spoilers, let's just say the moose POV is priceless.
Gill is my favorite character because no matter what happens to him (including losing an arm) he always moves forward. He's had the most horrible things happen to him, but he somehow remains optimistic.
Deputy Steven Marsters. He's one of the characters you're supposed to hate, but he's so much of jerk you actually end up being more amused by him. And Michael Hacker reads this perfectly, it only added to the humor!
I don't want to give away any spoilers, but the ending was a mind-blower. I can't wait for the next installment!
- Rebecca C. Smith
can't wait for the next book
- Misha


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'Garth has always wanted to be a werewolf. Since childhood he's lived on the edges of the pack—the human stepson of the pack leader, the eternal outsider. All he wants is to belong. Well, maybe not all he wants … he wouldn't say no if the gorgeous Carly ever decided to look twice at him, but she only has eyes for the pack bully. And Garth is itching for the chance to take that bastard down.
'It seemed like such a great idea to get his werewolf brother to turn him. Or, at least, it seemed like a great idea until he was stuck up a tree in the middle of nowhere, losing blood by the bucketload, with a crazed werewolf waiting for him to fall.
'And that was even before the pack leader found out what he'd done. The risk of dying from the Change hangs over Garth—but suddenly dying looks like the easy option, compared to living as part of the pack. Because Garth's never been the kind of person who follows the rules, but if he doesn't learn fast, this path he's chosen will end in exile or death. ' (Publication summary)


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Good news! Virgin Atlantic will now be flying from London to Cape Town on their new non stop direct route...Since SAA decided to cancel their direct London to Cape Town flight, its did leave quite a few people a bit miffed, if any of my Capetonian mates were anything to go by. The thought of having to fly to Joburg, go through all the rigmarole with border control, then run to catch your internal flight like us Durbanites have to do every time, would leave just about any Capetonian feeling rather deflated with a lot of sighing for added effect...Well, Virgin Atlantic in all their awesomeness, have come to the rescue to fill that gap and make sure you enjoy an uninterrupted journey from London Heathrow straight to the mother city so you waste no time in getting your well deserved holiday underway.You may remember not so long ago I made a promise that if the Sharks made it to the Currie Cup Final, I'd book a flight to SA for the game, well, if the Currie Cup log is anything to go by, I'd say it was a good time to start booking my flight since this is probably not something I could do or gamble on after the semi final. So as Virgin Atlantic is my chariot of choice these days since I had the pleasure of riding in Premium Economy and had the best experience I've ever experienced on any airline to date, naturally I was checking their website for flights. I checked the Joburg flights, and just out of interest checked flights to Cape Town, just incase Province somehow pulled a fast one on us, and this is where I discovered two new direct flights VS603 (Cape Town Bound) and VS604 (London Bound) which seem to start on the 18th October this year! A little bit of a Google later and it all made sense, its on like donkey kong.... Virgin Atlantic are now flying direct to Cape Town from London.Don't believe me?... this is a quick flight search I did on www.virgin-atlantic.com
So there you go, not just Capetonian's but anyone wishing to visit the mother city can now do so without having to make unnecessary stop overs in Joburg.
Pretty flipping schweet hey!
Now we do have the best of both worlds... Virgin to Jozi and Virgin to Cape town... take your pick
I'm actually going to be heading down to Cape Town for a few days during the week while I'm in SA to enjoy all the awesomeness that the mother city has to offer, as I do of course. Virgin Atlantic are the main sponsor for the Rewind 80's Music Festival which takes place on 31st October at the Grand West Arena which features the likes of, believe it or not, 80's legends, Belinda Carlisle and Rick Astley, Nik Kershaw and more, yes you read that correctly, the real deal! It's bound to be a great experience! Here's hoping to maybe score a few tickets 🙂 hint hint, nudge nudge 🙂
By the way... you may want to share this awesome info with your mates on Facebook and the likes... so do them a favour and SHARE it 🙂


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*** SHURE PG52 DYNAMIC KICK / BASS DRUM MICROPHONE. GOOD COND! (1 of 2) ***
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*** I HAVE A NUMBER OF MICS FOR SALE ON EBAY, IF YOU WOULD LIKE MORE THAN 1,PLEASE CONTACT ME FOR A DISCOUNT! *** Shure PG52 Dynamic Drum Microphone RRP NEW £130+ Condition: Used, but in good condition overall, just the odd mark from use as expected. See 'www.' for full details. See my other drummy auctions for more Shure drum mics, cases etc. Will combine postage where possible for multiple purchases. Cash on collection welcome FREE pickup available from:
Ross on Wye, Herefordshire, Newport, South Wales (Mon to Fri - jnc 24 or 28) or Gloucester (4 miles from town centre) Please email me before bidding to discuss. Postage to mainland UK:
Royal Mail 2nd class recorded = £3.70 or 1st class recorded = £4.10 Item(s) will usually be posted within 48 hours Any questions, please contact me Buy with confidence!!
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