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Archive for October 9th, 2008
The Captain Pulls Himself Away For A Couple Of Minutes
Predictably, I've been messing around with my iPhone nonstop the entire week that I've owned it. Technology should not make me this happy, yet I'm smiling right now just thinking about my sleek little friend. I was going to write a Top 5 fave features list, but back to back iPhone entries seem a bit compulsive.
Instead, I will focus on the many other wonderful things that have occupied my time recently.1
First and foremost, I've been very busy hosting a couple of trivia nites. That's right, The Captain is now hosting for Tenacious Trivia!
I've always been a big fan of trivia games, whether played on a board at home or out at a bar. Several months ago my sister introduced me to group called Tenacious Trivia that hosts trivia nites at numerous bars around St. Louis. The games that I attended were always memorable for having a unique format, great pop culture questions, and witty hosts.
In August I discovered that Tenacious Trivia was looking for new hosts, and I decided to audition. Hosting seemed to be the perfect combination of two of my favorite things, trivia and talking to a group of drunken strangers. The audition went great2 and soon enough I was behind the mike reading questions.
The group of guys that runs Tenacious Trivia are real cool cats, and so far I've really enjoyed the hosting gig. Right now I'm hosting two games; one on Sunday nites at The Stable and another at Stella Blues on Tuesday nites. I encourage everyone reading this to check out one of the games I host. They start at 8pm, last about an hour and a half, are free to play, have fabulous prizes, and are fun fun fun!
And also check out Tenacious Trivia, you can click on the tab with a link on the sidebar, or check out the myspace page or the facebook page .
Besides hosting trivia the following things have kept me busy, in no particular order:
I finally finished Steven King's hella-good and hella-long new book, Duma Key. In the book he actually takes time to build characters and subplots into the narrative before he brings the horror element into the story. Just like the good old days! Not only is it the best thing he's written in quite a while, almost the entire book takes place in my former home of Sarasota, Florida. King is a notable snowbird that winters in Sarasota and hence there are lots of local Sarasota references sprinkled in the book. Good job Steve!
Speaking of good jobs, how about those Phillies and Rays!
While I'm a diehard Cardinals fan, I've also been rooting for the Philadelphia Phillies since I was a little kid. My uncles took me to a few Phillies games when I would visit in the summers, and they've been my back-up team since. I saw the Phils both times they were in St. Louis this year, and almost got heckled out of the stadium the first time for wearing a Phillies shirt. After 15 years of not winning a single play-off game, the Phils are one series away from heading to the championship round.
Also one series away are the Tampa Bay Rays, my new favorite team. I went to a couple of Rays' games over the past two years when I lived in Florida, but mostly to boo the visiting Yankees or Red Sox. However, after seeing the Rays play it was hard not to cheer for the scrappy young team.
Now they both have a chance to play in the World Series, an event that would make my grandmother's head explode. She lived most of her life in Philly before moving to Tampa, and now she is a diehard fan of both. Here we are together at a game a couple of years ago. In fact, I think this picture pretty much sums up my feelings on baseball: Go Phils, Go Ray, and Go Cards!
I've also kept busy planning some upcoming parties. Meg and I are busy searching for Halloween costumes, but still haven't decided on a good couple's costume. I wanted to go as Dog the Bounty Hunter and his wife, but Meg wouldn't have it.
I also thought it would be funny if I dressed as Daniel Plainfield and Megan wore a milkshake costume, but she also shot that one down.
Right now, I think we might go as polygamists, but we're still kicking around ideas.
Also, I've started planning a big party for December 5th. As I mentioned last year , December 5th is the 75th anniversary of the repeal of prohibition. And what better reason to get together and celebrate than the re-legalization of alcohol! I will post more details on the party as the date moves closer. For now, set that Friday aside for some major celebrating.
Finally, other people's babies have been keeping me busy. So many people I know are either trying to get pregnant, already pregnant, or new parents. Most recently, my childhood friend Casey just had a boy , Meg's friend Kim got knocked up, and my cousin Christina just had her baby shower.
These babies are going to start taking over the world! Congratulations to all the new mothers and the soon-to-be-new mothers out there. Good luck!
The Captain
1 I purposely left out any mention of the Presidential election. While I've been very engaged in the entire process thus far, writing about it would be very draining and time consuming. If you're interested, ask me and I'll let you know all about it.
2 Nailed it!


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Loners Trailer (2000)
"Come to laugh at yourself." 13 April 2000 Drama, Comedy 103 mins
Robert works for a travel agency and helps to arrange scenes from the everyday lives of "ordinary" Czech families as an attraction for Japanese tourists. He also works as a kind of matchmaker and occasionally helps to put together some of his friends. He helps to separate his friend Hanka from Peter, an announcer for an independent radio station who tries to capture "real" life by recording the moments from "reality" and playing them over the air. Vesna, came to Prague from Macedonia because it is according to her the best place for UFOs to land, but her real reason for coming is somewhat different... Hanka is followed by the crazy Ondrej, until then a respected brain surgeon, and married with two kids. Through him she meets Jacob, who uses copious amounts of weed in order to be constructive in this gloomy world. On the other hand, this destroys his short-term memory - and he forgets that he already has a girlfriend...
Watch the official Loners 2000 trailer in HD below or find more Loners videos on Vidimovie.

subset: commoncrawl


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Katie Holmes has reportedly turned her back on her best friends to devote herself to fiancé Tom Cruise. The pregnant actress, who has taken on Cruise's bizarre sci-fi religion, Scientology, has barely spoken to the eight pals since her engagement last May, according to insiders. A source revealed to Britain's Closer magazine: "Katie's very close to her friends, so it's really strange she hasn't been in contact. "They're desperate to meet up with her, but she's either with Tom or studying Scientology."She's cancelled all work for the next year. It's as if she wants to dedicate all her time to him." Earlier this month it was revealed Katie has quit her latest film role to concentrate on her pregnancy. The stunning actress pulled out of new movie 'Shame On You', directed by veteran actor Dennis Quaid, to avoid any stress while pregnant.
Tagged in Katie Holmes


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|DVR Problems Post questions or information about DVR's here.
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Junior Member
Join Date: Aug 2016
Posts: 1
zmodo dvr connecting issue?
i have been talking to brian and he told me to post this here. first of i have a zmodo dvr and cameras outside the house. i found an app for my phone to try and let me see the cameras on my phone. i have some coolcams in the house and they run find on the coolcam app anywhere i have a wifi connection. my phone is not connected to any phone service i just use wifi. anyway i was hopeing i could get the dvr to let me see the dvr cameras on the internet using the wifi when i'm away from home like the coolcam app does now. well i can see the dvr cameras fine at home usinf the zviewer app and the ip address my dvr has in it and the port the dvr says is for that particular service. it has 80 and 5050 6050 7050 for ports on it. but when i'm not home it will not let me see them. i have entered about every port ip address i can into the motorola arris modem and still it fails. i have used ipv4 and ipv6 and nothing.so i'm asking if anyone happens to know just how i can get this thing to work. i have tried the ipchicken and i need to know if that ip address in the box when you firs get to the site is the real ip address or is it the on under the my ip button because they are different for me. and is that ip address the modem the computer or should i use the phone to get on the chicken site and see if the phone gets an ip address? enough for now.
thanks brian i tried and they have no clue or at least the person i talked to has no clue this is the page on my modem that assigns ports so tell me if i got any correct? i tried to enter the local port using the number you say are my ipv6 numbers but if fails any way i try. i used the complete number using the : and i tried just using the ::/60 like it shows in the ipv6 section look at the page and see. the local did not like any form of the number. the number you sent me was 2601:407:c002:b920:51da:c884:a529:5f2d i tried that in the ipv6 and still nothing. thanks
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Men's soccer ends game in tie
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No. 22 ranked North Florida (8-3-2 overall, 4-0-1 ASUN) closed its regular season home schedule with a 1-1 tie against the NJIT Highlanders (7-5-4 overall, 3-2-1 ASUN) on Wednesday afternoon at Hodges Stadium.
In the first half, UNF battled to score its only goal of the game. A tie or win would have clinched the Ospreys a share of the ASUN regular season championship, as well as home field advantage for the second season in a row.
This was the first time the teams competed head to head in conference play since the arrival of the Highlanders in the ASUN a season ago.
Late in the half, freshman midfielder Mike Connell was fouled, earning the Ospreys a free kick. Ospreys' junior midfielder Micah Smoak took the free kick and scored to give UNF the early 1-0 lead in the 38th minute.
By the end of the first period, UNF held a 5-2 shot advantage over NJIT, with two being shots on goal.
Head coach Derek Marintaos credited the Highlanders' defense for their physical play.
"They defended well. I think we made the game hard for ourselves," Marintaos said. "Harder than it needed to be especially in the first half."
NJIT got back into the game in the second half thanks to a 5-2 shot advantage. With only 8:49 left in regulation, NJIT's Juan Zapata tied up the match with an assist from teammate Phillip Costa, sending the game into overtime.
The Highlanders went into extra minutes with an overtime record of 0-2-3 compared to UNF's 2-0-1 for the 2016 season.
For the first overtime, the only shot from North Florida was blocked, pushing the match into the second and final set of extra minutes.
Neither team could create a second goal, leaving the game a 1-1 tie. At the end of the match, UNF outshot NJIT eight to seven. There was 38 combined fouls when the clock hit double zero. Nine yellow cards were issued for the match, and UNF had nine corner kicks to three from NJIT.
Marintaos spoke on what the team could have done differently.
"I think we got the goal in the first half to win it and to win the conference," Marintaos said. "and I just thought we lack urgency. We didn't manage the game as well as we could have as far as keeping the ball and wanting to finish it off."
North Florida must win its last game to earn the first seed in the ASUN Tournament.
Next, the Ospreys head on the road to face USC Upstate for the regular season finale at 7 p.m.
For more information or news tips, or if you see an error in this story or have any compliments or concerns, contact [email protected].


text: B2W Community I thought I would share a recent experience to get your thoughts. This weekend I had the pleasure of fucking a MILF who never had a Black Dominant Bull. She was nervous so I took my time to ease into my dominance. A lot of kissing, back massages, and eating yummy pussy. I finally started to get "rough" hair pulling, ass slapping, serious choking by my fat cock down her pretty white throat, and deep pounding. I was just fucking her like I owned her. I was relentless, demanding, and picking her up like a rage doll for a couple hours. Then, the next morning, I wanted more, I did more of the same but with a good night's rest. So here is the issue, the next day, she said I was too intense and demanding. She loved my tenderness but I was pushing her limits. For months, we talked about how I would own her body. I was disappointed after given the impression that she wanted a Black Dominant Bull. Ladies, have you ever bitten more off than you can handle? Guys, how do handle the situation of women who talk a good game but can't handle your intensity? Thanks BlkGent


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Daily deviation! Thx so much guysJournal Entry: Sun Apr 29, 2012, 7:05 AM
- Listening to: Zannenkei Rinjin-Bu -Tomodachi Tsukuri-tai
- Reading: Boku wa tomodachi ga sukunai vol 6
- Playing: skyrim
Hey guys. Just wanna say thanks so much to and for the daily deviation.
It's a big honor and i'm really happy.Thx so much T A T
I know i haven't been that active for the past year.Thanks a lot to everyone to still supports me. This really cheered me up from the slight unhappiness I've been feeling lately Orz
the work that got selected:
Here's a little something to express my thanks.
What software do i use?
Photoshop cs2 and Paint Tool SAI.
I'd usually use SAI for outlining and photoshop to fill in colors.But i do use sai for outline and colors sometimes.
I used to use a wacom grapphire 4.Now i'm using intuos 4
Art Trade?
I don't do commissions on deviantart.But here's my contact for any business inquiries : firstname.lastname@example.com .Dont send me a note here on da
I'm still very much of an emateur.So i dont think i'm qualified to make a tutorial
Daily deviation! Thx so much guys by pcmaniac88Watch
©2012-2017 pcmaniac88
If you're an amateur then my art's at a 1st grade level.
Wow, congratulations. ^_^ The piece is definitely brilliant enough to earn you a Daily Deviation. ^_^
You deserve the feature
if you're an amature whats a professional?? Seriously i dont think you're style has any flaws at all.
Congratz ! You deserve it !
Congratulations! I'm so glad it got selected!
Congratulations on your DD!
No worries at all and congratulations.
Your artworks are beautiful as always. No wonder you always get selected. XD
oh (sorry for the double comment) but how in the world are you an amateur?! you're giving yourself waaaaay too little credit if you think that - just look at my gallery - I suck XD
that pic is one of my faves ^-^
I'm so ecstatic for chuu♥♥♥ Congrats, Mani!
Ahh, congratz~ You really deserve it honestly~ Wish u much much more luck and features~!! *hugs* ^^
u deserve it^^ & congratz!!
You earned the deviation! ^.^
Congratulations! I hope you feel better, you deserve it n_n ♥
congratulations on getting a DD!!
Congratulations, its a lovely piece
Well deserved ♥
Congratz on the DD~! The selected piece is one of my favorites from you, so I'm happy to see it received an award~! >w< You're an amazing artist, so you totally deserve it ^w^
Ahh congratulations! And cute thankyou picture too~
heh...gratz beech : D
You deserve it!
You're welcome you deserved it


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|29 Nov 2011
|Filing date
|2 Feb 2008
|Priority date
|2 Feb 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter Levin, David S. De Lorenzo, Per K. Enge, Sherman C. Lo
|Original Assignee
|Zanio, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (6), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to global positioning, and more particularly to the issue of confidence that a user has in global positioning information that equipment may provide. In the context of this disclosure, global positioning encompasses the absolute geo-location as well are the relative location of one object relative to another object.
There are numerous electronic ways by which global positioning may be provided. Some are terrestrial, and some are based on satellites. A satellite system that currently is most commonly used is the Global Positioning System (GPS), and it is quite well known in the sense that many people have GPS receivers that assist them in determining their physical location. GPS uses a collection of satellites that are arranged to orbit the Earth so that at least four satellites are always within the reception range of a receiver, at any point on the globe. One of the signals that the satellites transmit is a signal at frequency L1, which is used as a carrier to modulate a data signal that is itself modulated with a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) code, commonly referred to as the C/A code. The CDMA code that is used by each satellite is unique to the satellite, but it is publicly known, which allows the receiver to discriminate, or detect, the individual signal of each of the satellites in the presence of signals from the other satellites and in the presence of noise. Actually, each satellite transmits at least one other signal, employing the same carrier frequency that is shifted 90 degrees. This second signal is modulated by another code, known as the P(Y) code. The P(Y) code is either the P, which is publicly known, or the encrypted Y code. Today, all satellites use the Y code and, consequently, the resulting transmitted signal that is encoded with the Y code cannot be used by anyone other than those who have the decryption algorithm and the key. Each satellite transmits yet another signal, on frequency L2, but the disclosure herein focuses on frequency L1 only. It should be understood that the principles disclosed herein apply to L1, L2, or any of the new frequencies that are planned for satellite navigation.
Because the invention that is disclosed herein is illustrated by way of an example that is based on the pervasive GPS system, the following gives an abbreviated review of the GPS signals and the processing that takes place in a conventional GPS receiver. It should be kept in mind that the deficiency in the GPS system that is mentioned later is found in all other non-encrypted systems, and that the applicability of the invention disclosed herein extends beyond the GPS system. It should be kept in mind, therefore, that terms referring to global positioning (without initial letters being capitalized) refers to the terms generically, and not necessarily solely to GPS.
A conventional GPS receiver, shown in
S transmitted =A n D n(t)x C/A n(t)cos(2π(f L1)t+φ 1)+B n D n(t)x Y n(t)sin(2π(f L1)t+φ 1) (1)
where Dn(t) is the data signal, xC/A n(t) is the C/A code signal assigned to satellite n, fL1 is the frequency of the carrier, and φ1 is the phase of the carrier relative to the beginning of the data and code signals.
A GPS receiver can engage in the processing of signals as if all of the possible satellites are present but, of course, some of the satellites are not within range of the GPS receiver's antenna so the processing results for those satellites are not viable. The following analysis follows the signal of only one satellite and, for sake of simplicity, superscript n is omitted from the equations, and the C/A subscript is shortened to C.
The transmitted signal is subjected to transit time delay to the receiver, τ, and the signal that is received by a receiver's antenna experiences a Doppler frequency shift, fD, due to the satellite's movement in its orbit and possible receiver motion. Also, the transmitter and the receiver do not have a common clock, which means that even when the transmitter and the receiver clocks are at identical frequency, there is, nevertheless, a phase difference between them. Thus, the received signal thus can be expressed as
S received =AD(t−τ)x C(t−τ)cos(2π(f L1 +f D)(t−τ)+φ1)+BD(t−τ)x Y(t−τ)sin(2π(f L1 +f D)(t−τ)+φ1) (2)
or simplified to
S received =AD(t−τ)x C(t−τ)cos(2π(f L1 +f D)t+φ 1−φ2)+BD(t−Σ)x Y(t−τ)sin(2π(f L1 +f D)t)+φ1−φ2) (3)
As shown in
sin(2π(fL1−fIF)t+φ3) (4)
and passing the resulting signal through low pass filter 15. The signal of equation (4) is generated from reference oscillator 20 by frequency synthesizer 22, where φ3 is the phase of the locally generated signal (relative to the beginning of the data and code signals at the transmitting satellite which, of course, is unknown). The result at the output of the low pass filter is
S downshifted =AD(t−τ)x C(t−τ)cos(2π(f IF +f D)t+φ 1−φ2−φ3)+BD(t−π)x Y(t−τ)sin(2π(f IF +f D)t+φ1−φ2−φ3) (5)
or simplified to
S downshifted =AD(t−τ)x C(t−τ)cos(2π(f IF +f D)t+θ 1)+BD(t−τ)x Y(t−τ)sin(2π(f IF +f D)t+θ 1). (6)
It may be noted that the above-described use of downshifting by use of an IF modulator 12 and low pass filter 15 is illustrative, and that the A/D can be connected directly to amplifier 10 and controlled to generate a digital signal as if it were downshifted as shown in
The output signal of low pass filter 15 is digitized in A/D converter 18 and applied to a combination of processor 100 and associated memory 110 where the remainder of the processing takes place.
The processing begins with a signal acquisition (software) module that includes a code generator element and a carrier generation module. The code generation module develops signal
xC(t−{circumflex over (τ)}), (7)
where {circumflex over (τ)} is an estimate of τ, and the carrier generator module creates two signals that may be viewed as the phasor
Ψ=cos(2π(f IF +{circumflex over (f)} D)t+{circumflex over (θ)} 1)−i sin(2π(f IF +{circumflex over (f)} D)t+{circumflex over (θ)} 1), (8)
where {circumflex over (f)}D is an estimate of the Doppler frequency shill fD, and {circumflex over (θ)}1 is an estimate of the phase θ1. Multiplying the received (and downshifted) signal of equation (6) by the code signal of equation (7) and the phasor of equation (8) and then integrating the product over a preselected interval that is long enough to reliably detect a correlation peak (for example, more than one period of the C/A code) yields:
∫F CΨ cos(2π(f IF +f D)t+θ 1)]+∫F YΨ sin(2π(f IF +f D)t+θ 1)] (9)
F C =AD(t−τ)x C(t−τ)x C(t−{circumflex over (τ)}) and F Y =BD(t−τ)x Y(t−τ)x C(t−{circumflex over (τ)}) (10)
Equation (9) expands to
or to
Since, as indicated above,
F Y =BD(t−τ)x Y(t−τ)x C(t−{circumflex over (τ)}), (13)
and the C/A code is orthogonal to the Y code, the second integral of equation (12) yields zero. Also, the integration acts like a low pass filter that discards the high frequency signals of cos(2π(2fIF+fD+{circumflex over (f)}D)t and sin(2π(2fIF+fD+{circumflex over (f)}D)t, leaving
It can be demonstrated that SI 2+SQ 2 equals
which is independent of (θ1−{circumflex over (θ)}1). It can be also demonstrated that good estimates for τ, and fD are attained when code generation module is adjusted as to introduce a delay, {circumflex over (τ)}, and the carrier generator module is adjusted as to the introduced {circumflex over (f)}D so as to maximize SI 2+SQ 2.
For the more visually inclined reader,
The task of the acquisition module is to come up with a first-cut approximation of the delay and the Doppler frequency shift. A refinement of the approximations takes place in a tracking module, whose function is to both refine the estimates and track the changes in τ, fD and θ1 as conditions change, and whose diagrammatic representation is shown in
The tracking module contains a phase lock loop comprising multiplier 31 that multiplies the Sdownshifted signal of equation (6) by the phasor of equation (8) provided by numerically controlled oscillator (carrier NCO) 32. The output of multiplier 31 is multiplied in multiplier 33 by the code signal obtained from code generator 38. The output of multiplier 33 is integrated in module 34 and applied to discriminator 35, which develops a carrier error signal (θ1−{circumflex over (θ)}1) that controls the frequency of the carrier NCO.
The output of multiplier 31 is also applied to multiplier 36, where it is multiplied by the code signal that is generated by element 38, but delayed by half of the duration of code C/A chip; i.e.,
xC(t−{circumflex over (τ)}−TC/2), (16)
and to multiplier 37, where it is multiplied by the code signal that is generated by element 38, but advanced by half of the duration of code C/A chip; i.e.,
xC(t−{circumflex over (τ)}+TC/2). (17)
The outputs of multipliers 36 and 37 are integrated in elements 41 and 42, respectively, and applied to discriminator 39 which develops a delay error signal (τ−{circumflex over (τ)}) that is applied to code generator 38, controlling the frequency of the clock that generates the code.
While in both elements 32 and 38 the frequency of a clock is controlled by the respective discriminators, the result is that the generated carrier frequency phasor that is applied to multiplier 31 is in the form
cos(2π(fIF+{circumflex over (f)}D)t+{circumflex over (θ)}1)−i sin(2π(fIF+{circumflex over (f)}D)t+{circumflex over (θ)}1) (18)
with the approximations {circumflex over (f)}D and {circumflex over (θ)}1 tracking closely the fD and θ1 of equation (6), and the generated code
xC(t−{circumflex over (τ)}) (19)
has a {circumflex over (τ)} that is a close estimate of τ.
The code and the carrier measurement are applied to subsequent modules (not shown) that decode the navigation message, determine satellite ephemeris, and compute the pseudo-range, and with corresponding pseudo-ranges obtained by processing other satellites, the physical location of the receiver is computed (through quadralateration) and displayed.
All of the above is conventional, and the reader is invited to peruse the book "Global Positioning System" by Misra and Enge, Ganga-Jamuna Press, 2006 for further details. In general, the GPS literature is enormous. It describes alternate implementation to the above, where, for example, the code and carrier removal processes described by equations (7), (8) and (9) are done in different order. It also describes implementations that use correlator spacings other than those chosen in equations (16) and (17). The literature is also replete with discriminator strategies that differ from the simple "early minus late" strategy described here.
In commercial applications the C/A code is publicly known and, consequently, GPS receivers are vulnerable to spoofing. A hostile party can generate a facsimile of one or more satellite signals that carry incorrect information, and a GPS receiver that accepts the bogus signals will compute an incorrect position and, in fact, may be caused to compute a position that the hostile party wishes to have the receiver compute. However, spoofing is not a problem for those who are able to use the Y code because this code is not publicly known, so a hostile party cannot create a signal that appears bona fide. This problem is not unique to GPS receivers, of course. It is endemic to all global positioning systems that rely on insecure signals.
The primary object of this disclosure is a method and a means for having confidence that a global position computation, or an assertion based on a global position, is bona fide.
Another object of this disclosure is to have global positioning computation devices, such as GPS receivers that, without having access to the information contained in a secure signal, or access to the code that makes the information secure (henceforth, the unknown signal), such as the Y code in the GPS signal, are nevertheless able to withstand spoofing attempts, for example an attack by a rogue user with access to an authorized receiver or an attack by a malicious agent attempting to dupe legitimate users.
Yet another object of this invention is to have of the receivers include means to insure that the signals received by that receiver are bona fide, or at least not subject to the bogus signals to which a second receiver may be subjected, where the location of that second receiver is to be determined.
The above and other objectives are achieved, and an advance in the art is realized with a receiver that receives a plurality of signals that are modulated with a common carrier, where each signal of said signals originates at a different source and experiences a transit delay and Doppler frequency shift before reaching the receiver, and where the transit delay and Doppler frequency shift are related to position and movement of each of the respective sources. In addition, the receiver includes means, such as a directional antenna, to ensure that the received signals are bona fide, or at least not subject to the same bogus signal or signals to which a second receiver may be subjected. In one illustrative embodiment, the receiver includes a port for outputting a downshifted digital representation of the signal, or outputting a signal that results from processing the received signal. In another illustrative embodiment the receiver includes a port for receiving signals from that second receiver, and processes the signals for the receiver with the signals of the second receiver to reach a conclusion about the bona fide of the signals of the second receiver.
An important realization that is disclosed herein is that given a signal from a source that comprises a secure, though unknown, component and a corresponding known but not secure component, where both the known and unknown components are similarly affected by physical conditions and those effects are computed for the known component, it is possible to authenticate the known component by using a second signal that is a changed version of the signal from the source—where either the second signal or the given signal is known to be bona fide—through use of the unknown components of the given signal and of the second signal.
The following applies this insight to the problem where the source is one or more satellites that output signals which are used for various purposes, including global positioning; and more particularly to the aforementioned problem in the context of the Global Positioning System. It should be understood, however, that the principles disclosed herein are not limited to the illustrative embodiment presented below.
In addition to units 201 and 301,
Unit 201 receives the signals from a number of satellites and processes them as described above to compute the global position of unit 201 based on the received signals. In the course of processing the signal of satellite n, the signal of equation (12) is developed, and as part of developing this signal unit 201 creates a signal that corresponds to the received (and downshifted) signal of equation (6) multiplied by the phasor of equation (8). That is, unit 201 creates the signal (downshifted, carrier wipeoff relative to satellite n, but not C/A code wipeoff):
where the superscript A designates the signal of unit 201.
A low pass filter discards the terms with frequency on the order of 2πfIF, leaving
which can be written as
SI A+iSQ A (22)
S I A =A A D A(t−τ A)x C A(t−{circumflex over (τ)}A)cos(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 A)+B A D A(t−σ A)x Y A(t−{circumflex over (τ)}A)sin(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 A) (23)
S Q A =A A D A(t−τ A)x C A(t−{circumflex over (τ)}A)sin(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 A)−B A D A(t−τ A)x Y A(t−{circumflex over (τ)} A)cos(2τ(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 A). (24)
Approach A
In accordance with a first approach, unit 201 sends the quadrature signal of equation (24) to unit 301 over link 30, together with identification of the satellite whose signal the sent signal represents.
Unit 301 develops a similar signal; that is,
S Q B =A B D B(t−τ B)x C B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B)sin(2τ(f D B −{circumflex over (f)} D B)t+θ 1 B−{circumflex over (θ)}1 B)−B B D B(t−τ B)x Y B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B)cos(2π(f D B −{circumflex over (f)} D B)t+θ 1 B+{circumflex over (θ)}1 B). (25)
The transit time from a satellite to unit 201, τA, is different from the transit time from the same satellite to unit 301, τB, so in accord with the first approach, the signal received from unit 201 is delayed by δ, where δ may be a positive or negative quantity, and a product of the signals SQ A(delayed) and SQ B is integrated; i.e.,
which can be written in more manageable form as
X=A A D A(t−τ A−δ)x C A(t−{circumflex over (τ)} A−δ)sin(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 A) (28)
Y=B A D A(t−τ A−δ)x Y A(t−{circumflex over (τ)} A−δ)cos(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 A) (29)
U=A B D B(t−τ B)x C B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B)sin(2π(f D B −{circumflex over (f)} D B)t+θ 1 B−{circumflex over (θ)}1 B) (30)
and W=B B D B(t−τ B)x Y B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B)cos(2π(f D B −{circumflex over (f)} D B)t+θ 1 A−{circumflex over (θ)}1 B). (31)
As indicated above, the estimates of {circumflex over (τ)}A, {circumflex over (f)}A, and {circumflex over (θ)}1 A, are quite good, and so are the estimates of {circumflex over (τ)}B, {circumflex over (f)}D B, and {circumflex over (θ)}1 B. Given accurate information about the phase shifts, unit 301 can perform coherent demodulation. Consequently, over the integration interval that needs to be employed for equation (26), the sin( ) terms can be replaced with 0 (i.e., X=U=0), and the cos( ) terms can be replaced with their respective coefficients. This leads to
S=B A B B ∫D A(t−τ A−δ)D B(t−τ B)x Y A(t−τ A−δ)x Y B(t−τ B). (32)
Clearly, when the signal of unit 301 is bona fide and, therefore,
xY B(t−τB) is equal to xY A(t−τB),
DA(t−τB) is equal to DB(t−τB), and
(DB(t−τB))2=1, because the message signal, D, can only have �1 values.
Thus, the value of S in equation (32) is maximum when δ=τB−τA; i.e.,
Thus, without knowing the Y code signal xy(t−τ), the arrangement of
One can appreciate that the receiver shown in
The modification to the GPS receiver in unit 301 is somewhat greater than in unit 201, but still quite simple to implement in a programmed general purpose processor (which may be part of the processor that gateway 200 employs).
The correlation unit computes the integral of equation (26) with function S=function A( ), and provides the developed value S to controller module 23. The correlation function provides an indication of the degree to which signal A, with some delay, is the same as signal B. When they are indeed the same, then the correlation outputs a high value, or a peak. Bogus signals, even when they are somewhat similar to the authentic signal, will result in lower correlation value regardless of what delay is chosen. One simple way, therefore, is to compare the strongest correlation peak to the next strongest peak. This is illustrated by the following function that module 23 executes:
for δ (−N,+N, Δ N) do Call S=function A(δ) If S > ShighWaterMark then { SnextHighest = ShighWaterMark ShighWaterMark = S } Done if (ShighWaterMark/SnextHighest) > Threshold then output "OK" else output "NOT OK" end if
where N is greater than the expected delay difference (τB−τA), and ΔN is the increment that a designer might choose to employ in seeking the maximum in the correlation function of equation (26). Of course, if unit 201 were to send the value of {circumflex over (τ)}B along with the signal of equation (24) then the range of N can be reduced significantly because it would be expected to find a maximum at δ=0.
It should be noted that the above is just one embodiment of the test that is performed on the correlation results. It may be noted, for example, that in embodiments that employ high sampling rates several large peaks may appear, but those peak are artifacts, and in such embodiments other tests are typically employed that factor in the sampling rate (as related to ΔN) and the relative position of the peaks, to determine which points to compare for the threshold.
It is recognized that in order to compute a global position, the signal of more than one satellite must be used. Therefore, authenticating the signal of one satellite, as disclosed above, does not, ipso facto, guarantee that unit 201 is not impacted by a bogus signal relative to the signal of another satellite that it is using for its global position computations. If it is so impacted, then one cannot trust its assertion regarding its global position. However, time can be divided into fairly long-duration frames, and during each frame a different one of the signals that unit 201 employs can be sent to unit 301 for authentication. If all of the signals are authenticated, then one can trust that the position asserted by unit 201 is valid in the sense that it has not been compromised by a hostile party causing it to receive bogus signals.
It should also be noted that the location can be computed using more than the minimum number of satellites (4 satellites to compute latitude, longitude, elevation and GPS time) and that not all of the satellite signals need to be authenticated. Having a majority of the signals authenticated can be used to test the consistency of non-authenticated signals, provided that the location estimate reported by unit 201 agrees with the location estimate developed using a subset of authenticated satellites.
Once confidence is gained about the signals provided by unit 201 that are used to compute a global position of unit 201 then one can also have confidence in an identification of the global position by unit 201 as asserted by unit 201. This assumes, of course, that unit 201 does compute its global position (in a completely conventional way) and reports its position to unit 301.
Alternatively, instead of trusting unit 201's assertion of its position, it is possible to have unit 301 compute the position of unit 201. This secure position determination is achieved by unit 201 sending the equation (24) signals of a number of satellites that is necessary to compute a position. Noting that the δ determined relative to a satellite informs of the transit delay from the satellite to unit 201 (τB=τA+δ), given a sufficient number of transit delays (combined with unit 301's global position and information about the satellites' locations) the global position of unit 201 can be ascertained through conventional calculations.
It may be appreciated that authenticating an asserted position, or securely determining a position, does not need to be done continually. At times the global position of unit 201 is immaterial. At other times, one can assume that unit 201 has not significantly wandered off the authenticated position. Therefore, in many applications it is acceptable if unit 201 sends only a signal segment, or snapshot, to unit 301. In other applications it may be advisable to send a signal snapshot on some regular basis.
It should be appreciated that the
It should also be appreciated that unit 201 may contain a memory for storing one or more signal segments (raw, or processed), and the stored information may be communicated to unit 301 at some later time (i.e., a non-real time operation) by relatively direct connection; that is, without the use of a communication network that is shown in
The above discloses an arrangement where unit 201 sends to unit 301 the signal of equation (24), which is the signal after carrier wipeoff relative to satellite n. When sending the signals of M satellites, M such signals need to be sent. There are certainly applications where this is acceptable but if the M signals need to be sent concurrently, then the bandwidth of path 30 must be M times greater than the bandwidth required to send one signal.
In an alternative embodiment, shown in
In some applications a small size for the device (unit 200 in
Approach B
S downshifted A =A A D A(t−τ A)x C A(t−τ A)cos(2π(f IF +f D A)t+θ 1 A)+BD(t−τ A)x Y A(t−τ A)sin(2π(f IF +f D A)t+θ 1 A) (34)
and a rough location information which, from satellite orbit tables that are publicly known, an estimate {circumflex over (f)}D A is obtained. The rough information may be in the form of an assertion as to the location of receiver 203. It is recognized that no information is available about the value of θA, and that the estimate {circumflex over (f)}D A is likely to be inaccurate but it is nevertheless helpful, as is demonstrated below. Absent information about θA, processor 24 executes non-coherent demodulation and multiplies the incoming signal by
cos 2π(fIF+{circumflex over (f)}D A)t+i sin 2π(fIF+{circumflex over (f)}D A)t (35)
to result in
and recognizing that a later integration operation operates as a low pass filter that discards the signal components that include the 2fIF frequency, equation (34) can be simplified to
S I A +S Q A=(W+X)+i(Y−Z) (37)
W=A A D A(t−τ A)x C A(t−τ A)cos(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A) (38)
X=B A D A(t−τ A)x Y A(t−τ A)sin(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A) (39)
Y=A A D A(t−τ A)x C A(t−τ A)sin(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A) (40)
and Z=B A D A(t−τ A)x Y A(t−τ A)cos(2π(f D A −{circumflex over (f)} D A)t+θ 1 A). (41)
Delay element 21 of
Noting that equation (25) specifies SQ H, which can be expressed by
U=A B D B(t−τ B)x C B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B)sin(2π(f D B −{circumflex over (f)} D B)t+θ 1 B−{circumflex over (θ)}1 B) (43)
and V=−B B D B(t−τ B)x Y B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B)cos(2π(f D B −{circumflex over (f)} D B)t+θ 1 B−{circumflex over (θ)}1 B), (44)
equation (42) can be expressed as
where the primed variables (e.g., W′) are the delayed version of the unprimed variables (e.g., W).
A number of observations and approximations can be made that reduce the complexity of equation (45).
The above allows reducing equation (45) to
S=B A B B ∫D A(t−τ A−δ)D B(t−τ B)x Y A(t−τ A−δ)x Y B(t−{circumflex over (τ)} B), (46)
so it is quite clear that the integration result exhibits a maximum when τA+δ={circumflex over (τ)}B and the code xY A(t)=xY B(t).
As before, controller 23 finds the delay δ that provides the peak value of S, and compares it to other values in order to determine whether the signal send by unit 203 contains a bona fide signal from that particular satellite for which the processing operation of equation (46) was just executed.
Needless to say, Approaches A and B, described above, are simply two preferred implementations and many variations exist. For example, unit 201 could send C/A code information as well as Y code information. In this case, unit 301 could determine the relative timing, δ=τH−τA, for the C/A code as well as the Y code and insist that they agree. Other variations exist. Under Approach A, unit 201 performs code and carrier wipeoff and unit 301 coherently demodulates the data. Under Approach B, unit 201 does not perform code or carrier wipeoff. Rather, it sends, more primitive, downshifted data, and unit 301 performs non-coherent demodulation. This pairing is mutable. In other words, unit 201 could send downshifted data and unit 301 could perform coherent demodulation.
The software with which one might wish to implement a particular embodiment of the invention disclosed herein is fairly simple to implement; though, of course, it takes time to create, as all software does. Notwithstanding the fact that the software needed to implement the invention disclosed herein is totally straight forward and can be easily implemented without undue experimentation by any person skilled in the art, to assist the reader, an appendix is included herein of an actual embodiment.
The above illustrative embodiment has the first receiver in a portable computer and the second receiver in gateway that is remote from the portable computer. Perhaps it should be mentioned explicitly that the assumption is that the signal received by receiver 301 is not impacted by a bogus signal to which the portable computer may be subjected. A mere physical separation, when it is big enough so that the receivers are not subjected to the signal of a given (bogus) source, tends to insure this situation because a hostile party is not likely to be able to send a bogus signal to portable 200 and to also send an appropriate replica of the same bogus signal to receiver 301. Additionally, receiver 301 can take steps to insure that this does not happen by, for example, using antennas that are electronically directed to respond well to signals only from certain directions (where the satellites are expected to be) and to not respond well to signals from other directions.
The above illustrative embodiment focuses on the processing being done in gateway 300. This makes sense for the illustrative embodiment, but it should be realized that other embodiments are certainly possible where it may be desirable to perform the processing in a moving unit that contains the receiver that outputs signal A and which potentially is under electronic attack (e.g., an airplane), for example, where the action in response to the authentication takes place in moving unit and/or when there are so many moving units that processing in the unit that generates signal B might overload the capability of the processor that is available at that location.
It should also be noted that the receiver that generates signal B does not need to be stationary because, as indicated above, mutual authentication is possible if the distance between the two receivers is big enough so that the receivers are not subjected to the signal of a given (bogus) source.
The above illustrative embodiment is a two party example (portable 200 and gateway 300).
One advantage of the
In addition (or in lieu of) using very directional antennas, the authentication authority can be located at some physically remote location that is secure from transmission by hostile parties. The remoteness makes it more likely than not that a hostile party will not succeed in transmitting to the directional antennas, and it will almost certainly ensure that whatever hostile signal is transmitted to units 201 will not correspond to the hostile signals to which the authentication authority might be subjected. By contrast, banks are situated in locations that are readily accessible to all.
Further, the authentication authority can be located permanently at its secure location and can make the effort to know its own global position with great accuracy, in contrast to banks that sometimes change locations. This allows the authentication authority to compute its location from the received signals and by comparing the computed location with the known location it can confirm that its received signals are bona fide. Moreover, since the authentication of a location is effectively decided by comparing an asserted location to a location computed relative to the location of the authentication authority, an accurate location of the authentication authority is important.
Further still, the authentication authority can itself receive other signals that it can process to confirm the bona fide of its signal B—for example, from locations that are greatly removed from the authentication authority location that receives signal B, or from other systems (e.g., LORAN).
In yet another improvement, the authentication authority has a number of facilities, at different locations around the globe, and the signal B that is used for processing is from a location that is selected truly randomly (in contrast to pseudorandomly) from among the different locations.
It should be noted that in the above example of bank customers, banks, and an authentication authority, the banks may be satisfied to direct customers to send signal A to the authentication authority and have the authentication authority provide the bank (via a securely transmitted message) the location of the supplicant customer and a confirmation that the location is authentic. Presumably, this would allow the bank to proceed with the transaction in which the bank customer wishes to engage. On the other hand, the bank may wish to merely receive signal B from the authentication authority and itself accept signal A from its customers and itself do the processing. In the first case, the processing is done at the authentication authority, while in the second case the processing is done at the resource.
Thus useful embodiments exist where the processing is performed in the supplicant's equipment, in the resource's equipment, or in the authentication authority equipment.
By way of example and not by way of limitation, the following illustrates a number of applications, in addition to the applications described above, to which the principles disclosed herein are applicable.
% %
% CarrierWipeoff.m %
% %
% Carrier wipeoff for two-receiver P(Y)-code correlation. %
% David S.De Lorenzo %
% %
% This function either performs exact carrier wipeoff using %
% Doppler and carrier-phase estimates from signal tracking _OR_ %
% performs approximate carrier wipeoff using a Doppler estimate %
% from acquisition or A-GPS-like aiding. %
% From exact carrier wipeoff,the C/A-code is isolated to the %
% inphase I-channel while the P(Y)-code, being in phase %
% quadrature, is isolated to the quadrature Q-channel; %
% correlation processing therefore can select the Q-channel %
% only for detection of the presence of P(Y)-code modulation. %
% From approximate carrier wipeoff, the C/A-code and the %
% P(Y)-code are not isolated to I/Q-channels; correlation %
% processing must utilize both the I-channel and the Q-channel %
% for detection of P(Y)-code modulation - and must rely on the %
% signal from the other receiver to have undergone exact %
% carrier wipeoff. %
% %
exactDopplerWipeoff = 'yes';
% exactDopplerWipeoff = 'no';
fidIn = fopen('SU_1645_1', 'r');
fidOut = fopen('SU_1645_PRN23_2sec_CarrierWipeoff_IQ', 'w');
% Skip samples at begining of file
fseek(fidIn, settings.bytesToSkip, 'bof');
% Skip samples from acquisition
% *** this only works if a cold-start acquisition was performed ***
% 1 or 2 for real/complex dataType
% 4 for 'float32' dataFormat
% 2 for number of acquisition blocks
if strcmp(settings.dataType, 'complex')
fseek(fidIn, 2*4*2*settings.samplesPer1ms* ...
settings.acqMsToProcess, 'cof');
elseif strcmp(settings.dataType, 'real')
fseek(fidIn, 1*4*2*settings.samplesPer1ms* ...
settings.acqMsToProcess, 'cof');
% Relative time/phase of each sample point w.r.t. the sampling epoch
timePoints = (0:settings.samplesPer1ms-1) / settings.samplingFreq;
phasePoints = 2 * pi * timePoints;
% Loop over blockNumber
for blockNumber = 1:settings.msToProcess-1,
if mod(blockNumber,100) == 1, disp(blockNumber), end
if strcmp(settings.dataType, 'complex')
% Read complex data as 2 rows of real-valued matrix
dataInTemp = ...
fread(fidIn, [2 settings.samplesPer1ms], 'float32');
% Build complex-valued data array
dataIn = complex(dataInTemp(1,:), dataInTemp(2,:));
elseif strcmp(settings.dataType, 'real')
% Read data as 1 row of real-valued matrix
dataIn = ...
fread(fidIn, [1 settings.samplesPer1ms], 'float32');
% Set value of carrier-phase and carrier frequency for this epoch
if blockNumber == 1
if strcmp(exactDopplerWipeoff, 'yes')
% Based on acquisition results
carrierFreq = ...
carrierPhaseInt = ...
carrierPhase = mod(carrierPhaseInt, 2*pi);
elseif strcmp(exactDopplerWipeoff, 'no')
% Based on A-GPS estimates
carrierFreq = ...
carrierPhaseInt = 0; % user specified value
carrierPhase = mod(carrierPhaseInt, 2*pi);
% Based on propogated value of carrier-phase
carrierPhaseInt = carrierPhaseInt +...
2 * pi * settings.samplesPer1ms * ...
carrierFreq / settings.samplingFreq;
carrierPhase = mod(carrierPhaseInt, 2*pi);
if strcmp(exactDopplerWipeoff, 'yes')
% Use 'exact' Doppler estimate from PLL
carrierFreq = ...
1/2 * (trackResults.carrierFreq(blockNumber-1) + ...
elseif strcmp(exactDopplerWipeoff,'no')
% Use approximate Doppler, like if we had A-GPS
carrierFreq = carrierFreq;
% Create the I & Q mixing vector (complex)
IQ = exp(-j * (carrierFreq * phasePoints + carrierPhase));
% Wipeoff the carrier (complex)
dataInIQ = IQ .* dataIn;
% Build real-valued data matrix
dataOut = [real(dataInIQ); imag(dataInIQ)];
% Write complex data as 2 rows of real-valued matrix
fwrite(fidOut, dataOut, 'float32');
% Close all files
hist(real(dataInIQ), 100)
hist(imag(dataInIQ), 100)
CA = settings.codeTable(trackResults.PRN,:);
codePts = settings.codeFreq * settings.timePoints - ...
replicaPrompt = CA(floor(mod(codePts, settings.chipsPer1ms)) + 1);
% %
% AuthenticationDopplerSearchAndCorrelate.m %
% %
% Two-receiver P(Y)-code correlation using approximate Doppler. %
% David S. De Lorenzo %
% %
comparison = 'dish2patch';
% comparison = 'patch2patch';
% The following settings are user-specified values to perform rough
% alignment between Reference Station data file and User Device data
% file, as well as to control the size of the window over which to
% search in the Reference Station and the integration time for the
% two-receiver P(Y)-code correlation search.
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
skip_ReferenceStation = 1000;
% ms to skip in ref station data
skip_UserDevice = 600;
% ms to skip in user device data
read_ReferenceStation = 250;
% data window at reference station
read_UserDevice = 100;
% data window at user device
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
skip_ReferenceStation = 1000;
% ms to skip in ref station data
skip_UserDevice = 800;
% ms to skip in user device data
read_ReferenceStation = 250;
% data window at reference station
read_UserDevice = 100;
% data window at user device
%--- Load settings --------------------------------------------------%
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
load('trackResults_SU_1645_PRN23_1_2sec_CA_FRPA.mat', 'settings')
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
load('trackResults_SU_1545_PRN23_1_2sec_CA_FRPA.mat', 'settings')
samplingFreq = settings.samplingFreq;
samplesPer1ms = settings.samplesPer1ms;
dataType = settings.dataType;
dataFormat = settings.dataFormat;
%--- Load tracking results (need it for Doppler search) -------------%
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
load('trackResults_CU_1645_PRN23_1_2sec_CA_FRPA.mat', ...
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
load('trackResults_CU_1545_PRN23_1_2sec_CA FRPA.mat', ...
trackResults_UserDevice = trackResults;
%--- Reference Station ---------------------------------------------%
% Open post-wipeoff data file for Reference Station
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
fid_ReferenceStation = ...
fopen('SU_1645_PRN23_2sec_CarrierWipeoff_IQ', 'r');
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
fid_ReferenceStation = ...
fopen('SU_1545_PRN23_2sec_CarrierWipeoff_IQ', 'r');
% Skip samples
% 2 for complex dataType
% 4 for 'float32' dataFormat
if strcmp(dataType, 'complex') && strcmp(dataFormat, 'float32')
fseek(fid_ReferenceStation, ...
2*4*skip_ReferenceStation*samplesPer1ms, 'cof');
% Read samples
data_ReferenceStation = fread(fid_ReferenceStation, ...
[2 read_ReferenceStation*samplesPer1ms], dataFormat);
data_ReferenceStation = complex(data_ReferenceStation(1,:), ...
data_ReferenceStation_FFT_Qchannel = fft(imag(data_ReferenceStation));
% --- User Device ----------------------------------------------------%
% Open raw data file for User Device
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
fid_UserDevice = fopen('CU_1645_1', 'r');
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
fid_UserDevice = fopen('CU_1545_1','r');
% Skip samples
% 2 for complex dataType
% 4 for 'float32' dataFormat
if strcmp(dataType, 'complex') && strcmp(dataFormat, 'float32')
fseek(fid_UserDevice, 2*4*skip_UserDevice*samplesPer1ms, 'cof');
% Read samples
data_UserDevice = fread(fid_UserDevice, ...
[2 read_UserDevice*samplesPer1ms], dataFormat);
data_UserDevice = complex(data_UserDevice(1,:), ...
% --- Doppler Search ------------------------------------------------%
% Relative time/phase of each sample point w.r.t. the sampling epoch
timePoints = (0:length(data_UserDevice)-1) / samplingFreq;
phasePoints = 2 * pi * timePoints;
% Doppler center frequency and search bin spacing
carrierFreqCenter = ...
dopplerBinHz = (1/5 / read_UserDevice) * 1000;
% Dimension results storage
results = zeros(21,length(data_ReferenceStation_FFT_Qchannel)/100);
resultsMax = zeros(size(data_ReferenceStation_FFTQchannel));
% Loop over Doppler estimate
for binNum = -10:10,
disp(['search bin number ' num2str(binNum + 11) ' of 21 '])
carrierFreq = carrierFreqCenter + binNum * dopplerBinHz;
% Create the I & Q mixing vector (complex)
IQ = exp(-j * carrierFreq * phasePoints);
% Wipeoff the carrier (complex)
data_UserDeviceIQ = IQ .* data_UserDevice;
% Correlate with Reference Station Q-channel
c = abs(ifft( ...
fft([imag(data_UserDeviceIQ) ...
zeros(1,length(data_ReferenceStation_FFT_Qchannel) - ...
length(data_UserDeviceIQ))]) .* ...
[y,ii] = max(c);
results(binNum+11,:) = c(mod(ii,100):100:end);
if y > max(resultsMax)
resultsMax = c;
% Plot mesh of results
mesh((1:100:length(data_ReferenceStation)) / samplingFreq, ...
carrierFreqCenter + (-10:10)*dopplerBinHz, ...
% Plot 2D results
plot((1:length(data_ReferenceStation)) / samplingFreq, resultsMax)
% %
% AuthenticationExactDopplerAndCorrelate.m %
% %
% Two-receiver P(Y)-code correlation using exact Doppler & phase. %
% David S. De Lorenzo %
% %
comparison = 'dish2patch';
% comparison = 'patch2patch';
% The following settings are user-specified values to perform rough
% alignment between Reference Station data file and User Device data
% file, as well as to control the size of the window over which to
% search in the Reference Station and the integration time for the
% two-receiver P(Y)-code correlation search.
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
skip_ReferenceStation = 1000;
% ms to skip in ref station data
skip_UserDevice = 600;
% ms to skip in user device data
read_ReferenceStation = 250;
% data window at reference station
read_UserDevice = 100;
% data window at user device
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
skip_ReferenceStation = 1000;
% ms to skip in ref station data
skip_UserDevice = 800;
% ms to skip in user device data
read_ReferenceStation = 250;
% data window at reference station
read_UserDevice = 100;
% data window at user device
%--- Load settings ------------------------------------------------%
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
load('trackResults_SU_1645_PRN23_1_2sec_CA_FRPA.mat', 'settings')
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
load('trackResults_SU_1545_PRN23_1_2sec_CA_FRPA.mat', 'settings')
samplingFreq = settings.samplingFreq;
samplesPer1ms = settings.samplesPer1ms;
dataType = settings.dataType;
dataFormat = settings.dataFormat;
% --- Reference Station ---------------------------------------------%
% Open post-wipeoff data file for Reference Station
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
fid_ReferenceStation = ...
elseif strcmp(comparison, 'patch2patch')
fid_ReferenceStation = ...
fopen('SU_1545_PRN23_2sec_CarrierWipeoff_IQ', 'r');
% Skip samples
% 2 for complex dataType
% 4 for 'float32' dataFormat
if strcmp(dataType, 'complex') && strcmp(dataFormat, 'float32')
fseek(fid_ReferenceStation, 2*4*skip_ReferenceStation* ...
samplesPer1ms, 'cof');
% Read samples
data_ReferenceStation = fread(fid_ReferenceStation, ...
[2 read_ReferenceStation*samplesPer1ms], dataFormat);
data_ReferenceStation = complex(data_ReferenceStation(1,:), ...
data_ReferenceStation_FFT_Ichannel = fft(real(data_ReferenceStation));
data_ReferenceStationFFTQchannel = fft(imag(data_ReferenceStation));
%--- User Device --------------------------------------------------%
% Open post-wipeoff data file for User Device
if strcmp(comparison, 'dish2patch')
fid_UserDevice = ...
fopen('CU_1645_PRN23_2sec_CarrierWipeoff_IQ', 'r');
elseif strcmp(comparison,'patch2patch')
fid_UserDevice = ...
fopen('CU_1545_PRN23_2sec_CarrierWipeoff_IQ', 'r');
% Skip samples
% 2 for complex dataType
% 4 for 'float32' dataFormat
if strcmp(dataType, 'complex') && strcmp(dataFormat, 'float32')
fseek(fid_UserDevice, 2*4*skip_UserDevice*samplesPer1ms, 'cof');
% Read samples
data_UserDevice = fread(fid_UserDevice, ...
[2 read_UserDevice*samplesPer1ms], dataFormat);
data_UserDevice = complex(data_UserDevice(1,:), ...
% --- Correlation ----------------------------------------------------%
% Correlate with Reference Station I-channel
resultsI = abs(ifft( ...
fft([real(data_UserDevice) ...
zeros(1,length(data_ReferenceStation_FFT_Ichannel) - ...
length(data_UserDevice))]) .* ...
% Correlate with Reference Station Q-channel
resultsQ = abs(ifft( ...
fft([imag(data_UserDevice) ...
zeros(1,length(data_ReferenceStation_FFT_Qchannel) - ...
length(data_UserDevice))]) .* ...
% --- Plotting -------------------------------------------------------%
% Plot 2D results - I-channel --> should show no correlation peak
plot((1:length(data_ReferenceStation)) / samplingFreq, resultsI)
% Plot 2D results - Q-channel --> should show P(Y)-code peak
plot((1:length(data_ReferenceStation)) / samplingFreq, resultsQ)
|Cited Patent
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|Citing Patent
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|The Boeing Company
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|U.S. Classification
|342/357.4, 342/357.46, 342/357.72
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|15 May 2008
Owner name: ZANIO, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
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I am travelling to France and Italy on 5th June 2016 with my husband and 8 month old daughter. My husband has to attend a conference in Paris from 6th to 11th June. And after that we have time to go around till 25th. We are planning to visit places in France and Italy. I need help to plan our itinerary and how to go around? Whether we need to rent a car or can use public transport. Need all the details. Also we are tight on budget so don't want to spend a lot on high end hotels. Will prefer hostels or BB.
I would love suggestions on above.
Thanks in advance for helping us out.
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Travelling to France and Italy for the first time. NEED HELP!!!
I am travelling to France and Italy on 5th June 2016 with my husband and 8 month old daughter. My husband has to attend a conference in Paris from 6th to 11th June. And after that we have time to go around till 25th. We are planning to visit places in France and Italy. I need help to plan our itinerary and how to go around? Whether we need to rent a car or can use public transport. Need all the details. Also we are tight on budget so don't want to spend a lot on high end hotels. Will prefer hostels or BB.
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Buy or borrow a copy of "Europe Through the Back Door". And possibly Rough Guide's "First Time Europe". Or camp out at your neighborhood bookstore with a cup of coffee and read them there.
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Nice weather usually in june and not many tourists.
You can anywhere you like.
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You'll need to fill in a lot of blanks to get good responses.
What, exactly, is your accommodation budget?
What are your interests and priorities? If cities, then you don't need a car. If places like Tuscany, then you do.
Let me politely suggest you do some research and examine your wants and needs a little more.
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France is a large country which is very diverse in terms of landscapes and climate. It is rather hard for us to give you advice without knowing your preferences and interests. Here just a few options:
- The Loire Valley is in a mild, lovely landscape with dozens of splendid castles.
- Bourgogne has wine villages, historical towns (like Auxerre, Beaune, Dijon), abbeys and also castles.
- The Provence has mediterranean landscape with olive orchards, vineyards, lots of Roman archeology and historical towns.
- The Côte d'Azur has beaches, incredibly beautiful coastline, modern art, yacht harbours, elegant promenades.
- The Alps have steep, snow-covered mountains, green valleys, lakes, whitewater rivers.
Whereever you go, it is probably a good idea to leave Paris by fast train (TGV) and then rent a car at the train station.
If you want to visit Italy, it might make sense to take the TGV to Nice, rent a car there, drive into Italy (Tuscany, Milan, lakes), back to France, visit Côte d'Azur, Provence, Bourgogne, drop the car and take the TGV back to Paris to fly home.
In France, you find many inexpensive hotel chains. The hotels are usually at the autoroutes and the highways. Major budget hotel chains are:
Formule 1 (belongs to Accor): http://www.accorhotels.com/gb/brands/hotels-formule1.shtml
Campanile: http://www.campanile.com/en
Ibis, especially Budget Ibis: http://www.ibis.com/gb/united-kingdom/index.shtml
B&B Hotels: http://www.hotel-bb.com/en/home.htm
Premiere Classe: http://www.premiereclasse.com/en
Mr. Bed: http://www.misterbed.fr/en/
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For 2 weeks, I would just stay in France.
Perhaps try this:
- Take the train to Brive la Gaillarde. Rent a car, visit Collonges la Rouge. Then drive to the Dordogne near Sarlat and stay for 6 nights.
- Get an early start and drive to Carsassonne (largest fortress in Europe) and visit for 2 1/2 hrs. Then head to Provence and stay for 6 nights. Hopefully, you'll see some lavender blooming.
- Take the TGV from the Avignon TGV station back to Paris, stay at the Terminas hotel across the street from the train station, have a final meal in France, and take a taxi or shuttle to CDG the next morning.
For super discount train tickets, you need to purchase them now or very soon!!
Adding Italy to the itinerary involves some long train rides or some flights that consume time and might involve two "legs" (depending on where you start from).
Stu Dudley
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>>If you want to visit Italy, it might make sense to take the TGV to Nice, rent a car there, drive into Italy (Tuscany, Milan, lakes), back to France, visit Côte d'Azur, Provence, Bourgogne, drop the car and take the TGV back to Paris to fly home<<
I would not move around that much within 2 weeks and an 8 month-old in tow.
Stu Dudley
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Are you flying on a multicity itinerary - into Paris, and out of an Italian city - or are you flying roundtrip to Paris? If you haven't bought flights yet, definitely look for the multicity / open jaw option, it will save you significant time.
Are you looking to immediately leave Paris after the conference? You'll be able to explore city while your husband is at the conference, but perhaps check with him and see if he has desire for days in Paris after the conference ends.
I agree that we need more information from you to make better suggestions. Do you want beaches? Countryside? Cities? Villages? Small towns? Gardens? Museums? Lakes? Any specific focal points or interests? With about 14 nights open, you have plenty of options, and probably have enough time to add two or three destinations to your itinerary. By train, two obvious places to start are:
-Paris to Provence, the Cote d'Azur, and Italian Riviera (trains between, rent car in Provence, fly home from Milan or Pisa)
-Paris, overnight train to Venice (and from there time for Venice + 1 or 2 other destinations in Italy)
Flying from Paris to Rome or anywhere else in Italy is also an option.
There are sample Europe multicountry itineraries on this site that may also be of help in narrowing down destinations based on your interests.
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Stu, my first thought was "stay in France and skip Italy".
But sometimes, the posters put things on their mind and if is important for them to include Italy I tried to make the best possible itinerary for them. It could go like this:
12 June: TGV from Paris to Nice (5:34, direct), staying overnight in Nice.
13 June: Taking a rental car, driving to Tuscany (5 hours).
14-15 June: Exploring Tuscany.
16 June: Driving to the Côte d'Azur (5 hours).
17-18 June: Exploring Côte d'Azur.
19-21 June: Driving to Provence (2 hours), exploring Provence.
22-24 June: Driving to Bourgogne (4 hours), exploring Bourgogne.
25 June: TGV to Paris (2:39), flying home.
Would be doable, not too much hassle and you would see some of the best of France and Italy. Would be, of course, more relaxed without Tuscany. Or skip one region in France to reduce changes of hotels.
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I don't think the OP knows what she wants to do - other than "France & Italy". I didn't know what I wanted to do on our first trip to Europe in '77. Rick Steves has made all these "destinations" seem great, and closer together than they really are. On our first trip we spent waaaay too much time in the car, got to places too late in the evening to secure a good B&B/zimmer to stay in, and spent too little time at each location. I disliked many of the destinations too. My mother & sister were with us, and they "bailed out" half way through the trip. Two years later we pretty much repeated the same itinerary - this time spending more nights at each place.
I hate that drive through all the tunnels from Nice to Tuscany. We've done the tunnel drive 4-6 times - even making a wrong turn near Genoa and finding ourselves on the streets of Genoa - without a street map. I would hate it even more with an 8 month old that might need a stop/rest/care along the way. We took the train the last time we went from Italy to Nice - and that was very time-consuming and not nearly enjoyable as others on Fodors made it out to be.
Cote d'Azur, Provence, Burgundy would be fine.
Provence & Dordogne are our two favorite regions in France. We like Tuscany just as much as Provence & Dordogne.
Cote d'Azur, Languedoc, and Brittany are our next favorite regions.
Stu Dudley
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Take a stroller or good baby carrier so baby can sleep while you explore.
Tight budget means all kinds of things to different people. Be specific for advice that matches your needs.
Rather than hostels or B&Bs, I suggest a small apartment so you have a little kitchen for breakfast and late night snacks - easier with a baby and perhaps save money too.
If you do not rent a car, stay as close to city (town or village) centers as possible so you can walk right out and start exploring. A more rural area would also work if you rent a car.
What would you most like to see in Italy? Art, countryside, architecture, archeological sites, churches, etc? Any particular sights, cities or places you have your heart set on? Rome, the Amalfi Coast, Venice? Same question for France.
How you break up the time depends on what you want to see.
If you have to return to Paris, consider flying into Italy and have two bases with day trips using public transport, then flying to some place in Provence and renting a car.
Return to Paris via TGV.
Rome plus Florence and surrounding area.
Rome plus Venice
Florence plus Venice
Fly into one and out of the other.
If your flights are not booked, that is even better.
TGV from Paris to Avignon, Rent car and explore. Fly to Italy (Venice), home from Italy (Rome). Use trains in Italy.
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Stu, I think we have made the same experiences and we share the same preferences.
Always this Rick Steves! I wonder how many trips this guy has ruined with his foul advice. His books are ridiculous. Even the maps in his books are totally wrong, completely manipulated, probably according to the commission contracts he has made.
We have a current thread where we are asked not to lecture the OPs and respect their wishes, even if we think that they won't do themselves favours with their over-loaden itineraries. So, I am trying to give the best advice possible.
I suggested Bourgogne, Provence, Côte d'Azur, because it makes sense travelwise, especially if OP insists in visiting Italy. Dordogne, Brittany, Loire, Aquitaine are also fine regions, but they are in different directions from Paris and would require more driving which would not be advisable with a baby.
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>We have a current thread where we are asked not to lecture the OPs and respect their wishes,<<
It's all about "passing down" knowledge & experiences - and doing so "tactfully" without insults, belittling, or being condescending. My parents would not let me do a lot of things I wanted to do when I was a kid. On my first couple of trips to Europe, I wish I could have consulted something like Fodors to learn some "do's & don't". I made lots of mistakes on our first trips - mainly trying to see/do too many things in too short a time & driving too much.
Here is something to consider for the OP if she wants to drive from France to Italy:
If you rent a car in France and you have the "correct" credit card, the card will cover your CDW insurance for free. If you rent a car in Italy, you are required (Italy law) to purchase or prove you have CDW (at least this was the case 3-20 years ago). About 15 years ago, I asked our CC company if I would be covered by their CDW in Italy if I rented the car in France and drove it into Italy. They said yes. Today, my current CC company says that they will not cover CDW in Italy in that case. So the OP would have to purchase insurance in France to cover travel in Italy. At least, that's my understanding - but things change & I don't keep up with changes all the time.
Stu Dudley
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Well, tactfully, then, the OP needs to hunker down with a bunch of guidebooks and maps and explore the internet in order to narrow this down. "France and Italy" isn't much to go on. Stu and Travelller1959 have given great starter advice. Now go do some research and figure out what will work for you! I KNOW my trips, as pleasurable as they are to me, wouldn't work for 90% of the people on these boards, and I'd bet a lot of frequent travelers would agree with me.
I REALLY don't think CDW insurance purchased in France covers you in Italy, BTW (but I'm not sure because now I own a car in France and am totally insured for prety much everywhere - though I'll certainly look into it if we plan to drive to Italy!).
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I am pretty sure that any kind of insurance is valid in any other EU country - thats the main principle of European Union. But better double-check with reading the fine print (sorry, I don't because I get my insurance for rental cars from my credit card company).
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It is really quite a short trip. I discourage you from going to Italy in addition to France.
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I don't know but have a strong suspicion that at least some hostels will not have accommodations appropriate for infants - nor are the infants likely to be comfortable in many.
B&Bs are more likely to - but I would agree to renting an apt so you don;t have to go to bed the same time as your infant.
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I don't know but have a strong suspicion that at least some hostels will not have accommodations appropriate for infants - nor are the infants likely to be comfortable in many.
B&Bs are more likely to - but I would agree to renting an apt so you don;t have to go to bed the same time as your infant and can do at least breakfast as well as snacks and light meals there.
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>>renting an apt <<
Just a warning here.
We stay in Gites/apts while in France. 67 of them so far. We'll be near Provence this June and in the Dordogne this Sept. We had both of these gites secured around May of last year. Today, these gites are completely booked up from May through October. Good apts & gites in the most popular destinations are "grabbed up" quickly.
Stu Dudley
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We have been all nice and polite and have all asked for OP to give more info.
Some of you have given lengthy and detailed answers, as requested.
But OP hasn't found the time or the inclination to come back on her thread.
So what now ?
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you should read the Alaska threads. There, most OPs never come back.
Let us assume, OP does not reply because she has a case of sudden sickness. Or has canceled the trip. Or has gotten divorced yesterday (we had that on this forum!). Or.. (fill in what your fantasy creates).
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Thanks everyone for all the information. It's very helpful. I will post the other details as soon as I decide on what will be my final itinerary. Thanks once again
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Whathello, traveller1959
The reason for late reply is because my daughter is not keeping too well. Sorry that you felt I am being impolite
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Sorry, Dhara. I came close with assuming sudden sickness. It has happened to me, too, that I started a thread and was prevented from returning to it.
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I wish the best to your daughter.
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Good thoughts are with you and hope you can return to planning your trip soon.
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Is your daughter 8 months now, or will she be 8 months in June? I ask, because we took our son to France & Italy at 13 months and he'd already been walking for 3 1/2 months and was a walking and running terror. And that makes a big difference (to me) re: advice.
Like the others, best to base yourself in 1 or 2 places. You will need a crib or somewhere for your child to sleep that is safe. Hostels are not conducive to this. And B&B's may or may not be able to accommodate. Frankly, my husband and I stopped getting cheap digs with bathrooms down the hall when we started traveling with our baby. We needed water and a sink in the room. We needed to make sure our baby's periodic fussiness and cries didn't bother other people's trips.
And while it was easier traveling in Italy and going to restaurants with a baby, that was not really the case with restauranting in Paris. We knew that if our baby got fussy, we'd pick him up immediately and run outside so as not to bother other patrons.
So not only keep in mind your needs and making sure your baby is comfortable, keep in mind other travelers peace of mind and comforts, for which they are all paying for. It may cost you a little more, but I think it will make you be in a much happier place.
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Since this is your first to France and Italy, my guess is that you will want to see major cities that you have heard so much about. If you are still early in your planning and are able to do it, please consider flying into Paris and out of Rome, or some other city in Italy that you would like to visit. That would give you more time in your short visit to see things without having to backtrack.
There is so much to see in France alone, but for a first trip, Paris and environs will give you a good introduction. When your husband's conference is over, head south by TGV and stop somewhere in the Loire Valley to see a few of the chateau for a day or two. Continue south to Venice for several more days, then perhaps Florence before heading to Rome. Big cities are generally more expensive than the countryside, but there are more economical options in each if you do your research and ask here. Despite what may appear to be rude or snippy responses, you will find the experts on this forum very helpful to the first time travellers once your questions are more specific.
This will be a great adventure!
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Dear All: Thank you for your feedback and suggestions. Below is our tentative itinerary. Wanted to know what you guys think?
Date Origin Destination
5-Jun PARIS
10 PARIS to NICE(by Train - Night at Nice)
12 NICE to Florence (by Car-night at Florence)
13 FLORENCE to Venice (by Car-night at Venice)
14 VENICE to Florence (by Car-night at Florence)
16 FLORENCE to Pisa (by Car-night at Florence)
17 FLORENCE to Rome (by Car-night at Rome)
21 ROME to Naples by Car - night at Naples/Sorrento
25 Rome/Fly to Paris to Rome by Car and Flight to Paris
26 Fly home
Comment has been removed by Fodor's moderators
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You do not need or want a car in Florence, Venice or Rome. You would do better to use the train at least until you get to Rome.
With an infant I would be reluctant to move so much, and would probably skip Venice or Florence.
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Hope you are not planning to rent a car in France and drop off in Italy as the fees are a bit high. Agree with thursdaysd, you don't need (or want) a car in Florence, Venice or Rome.
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It seems too many places to me (too many changes of accommodation) esp travelling with a baby which is very different from travelling just as a couple. If you want time by the sea, why don't you extend the time in Nice area and finish in Rome, which simplifies things to get back to Paris
Why are you driving to Florence then up to Venice and then back to Florence? If you can, fly from Nice to Venice. If you can't, drop Venice.
I agree with others that an apartment is a good idea, or an aparthotel.
The supplement for international drop-off is several hundred euros so you certainly need to avoid that! Going by train is going to be cheaper
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The car is a terrible idea.
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BTW, EasyJet flies Nice to Venice non-stop. Although you will probably need to pay extra luggage fees.
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My reaction is to suggest that you fly from Paris to Naples airport, take a taxi to Sorrento for your introduction to Italy, and then work your way north to Venice by train, and fly from Venice to Paris (where I assume you need to go to get your return flight home).
That means skipping Nice, but the beaches and scenery of Nice are not the memorable attractions of Nice, but rather its art history/museums, and with a child as small as yours, I don't recommend museums.
I am not a huge fan of Venice but putting that aside, it is not really baby-friendly if you are thinking of traveling with a stroller. Also, it hardly seems worth it to go there just for one night. If you really want to go to Venice, I suggest you give it a bit more time (another reason to drop Nice).
But for me, especially traveling with a toddler, I would skip both Venice and Nice and extend your days in Sorrento and Rome. Take the money you save from not renting a car or moving around so much and get a nice hotel or apartment in Sorrento with a pool (and consider staying in an apartment in Rome and Florence).
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Between Venice, Florence, Rome, and Naples the train is both much faster and also cheaper than a car. I realize that the car has some advantages when traveling with a baby, but it will be a real nuisance in Venice (where you can't enter at all with a car) as well as in Florence and Rome, where parking is very expensive, many parts of the cities are off limits to motor vehicles (expept for those of residents), and traffic is dreadful.
The car would be useful if you wanted to visit the countryside, but your itinerary doesn't really allow any time for that.
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>> but the beaches and scenery of Nice are not the memorable attractions of Nice, but rather its art history/museums, <<
My preferences are just the opposite.
Stu Dudley
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Three weeks total ? With an 8 month old baby ? Get an apartment in two places and set out from there each day to explore. There's plenty to see in and around Paris for a week or ten days, then move to a base somewhere else..... Rome? Sorrento ? and explore from there for the rest of the time. You'll retain your sanity and your little one will be more settled.
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Surely there are people who, on a trip that includes Nice and Sorrento, end up finding the beaches and scenery of the area of Nice memorable for them. But for a lot of people, Nice isn't particularly special as a Europan seaside destination in and of itself, and the main reason to go there is the cultural offerings. There is a lot of beauty on display in Sorrento and its near surroundings, and its a very relaxed, kid-friendly environment.
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I am not a beach person, but if I were I would go to neither Nice nor Sorrento for the beaches (but then I have mile upon mile of golden sand two hours drive from my house, and see no need to go sit on pebbles). I would go to both for the magnificent scenery, however.
I am not a fan of modern or contemporary art either, so I am not a fan the museums in and around Nice, although there is a good, if small, Asian art museum, and a couple of house museums.
If I were traveling with a small child I would not want to visit Rome. I suggest the following:
Fly into Venice (trans-Atlantic flights tend to leave early, better to fly in). If you want a beach there's the Lido, although I would not be inclined to sleep there.
Take EasyJet to Nice. Consider renting an apartment.
Take the train to Paris. Fly home from Paris.
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" Carcassonne (largest fortress in Europe) "
just for fun I thought I'd see if this is just marketing or true...
According to the Unesco website the Cite di Carcassone is 11 hectaires or 110,000 sq metre. Which suggests it is really something between 115,000 and 105,000 sq metres and is on the top of the hill which makes measuring a bit more inaccurate.
Malbork castle (in Poland) struggles in at 143,000 sq metres while Prague castle just manages 66,000 sq metres.
So it looks like the cite of Carcassonne comes in second.
Hands up those who have made it to Malbork? Me sir, me!
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Malbork & Prague are called "castles". Carcassonne is called a "fortress". Perhaps that puts Carcassonne in a different "classification" than Prague & Malbork???
Stu Dudley
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Is "fortress" everything within walls, or the main keep?
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I would guess that it is everything within walls. The castle/keep at Carcassonne is not very large.
Stu Dudley
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I would listen to the advice around not switching locations too often. It looks like you are flying in and out of Paris, so you could see so much of France and skip Italy this time. I would not want to travel so much and I don't have a baby.
If you are really insistent on both countries, do Rome. From both Paris and Rome you can take some wonderful day trips by train. That would allow you to minimize changing lodging so much and also gives you flexibility on what to do and see everyday.
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This is the crazy section of the itinerary:
10 PARIS to NICE(by Train - Night at Nice)
12 NICE to Florence (by Car-night at Florence)
13 FLORENCE to Venice (by Car-night at Venice)
14 VENICE to Florence (by Car-night at Florence)
You will have only one day in Nice. That's hardly worth the hassle of checking-in and out of your accomodation there.
Then you will have two half days in Venice (which is a fantastic city) and two half days on the freeways.
And you will have to pay a hefty fee for dropping the rental car in a different country.
With tears in my eyes (because I love the Côte d'Azur) I would rather recommend flying from Paris to Venice, spending there two days and taking the train to Florence.
Or stay for two days on the Côte d'Azur, take the train to Ventimiglia, rent a car there and skip Venice (again, with tears in my eyes).
Or fly from Paris to Naples, spend several days in Sorrento, drive to Tuscany, spend a few days there, drop the car and take the train to Rome.
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Thanks for all the suggestions. We are dropping the idea of renting a car.
Is there any coupons to get discount on train tickets?
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You get cheaper train tickets by booking early. Just like planes. See seat61.com for detailed info.
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You can get discounts on trains if you buy the tickets online well in advance.
For French trains, see https://www.captaintrain.com/en or the official site www.sncf.fr . They say the first one is much easier to use for Americans, because the official site tries to steer then to RailEurope, where tickets cost more.
For Italian trains, https://www.italiarail.com/ or the official site http://www.trenitalia.com/tcom-en . It's worth checking both sites, because sometimes one and sometimes the other has the best prices. Remember that the official site has prices in euros, whereas the overseas agent has prices in dollars, or maybe in other local currencies also. On the official site you have to use the Italian names of the cities: Roma, Firenze, Venezia, Milano.
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text:
Find a copy in the library
Finding libraries that hold this item...
|Classical music radio programs
Nonfiction radio programs
Radio specials
Radio sports events
|Named Person:
|Fritzie Zivic; Jake LaMotta; Jake LaMotta; Fritzie Zivic
|Material Type:
|Audio book, etc.
|Document Type:
|Sound Recording
|All Authors / Contributors:
Donald Voorhees; Helen Traubel; Bill Corum; Don Dunphy; J David Goldin; Bell Telephone Hour Orchestra.; Gillette Company.; American Telephone and Telegraph Company.; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.; Marr Sound Archives.
|OCLC Number:
|Radio recording of a music program (The Bell Telephone hour) and a boxing match (Fritzie Zivic vs. Jake La Motta). The Bell Telephone hour: Red network origination; sponsored by Bell Telephone Company. Fritzie Zivic vs. Jake La Motta: Mutual network origination. Program originates from Madison Square Garden, New York City. Sponsored by Gillette.
Titles and additional information supplied by cataloger. Not auditioned due to disc damage; additional information from donor's inventory sheet.
Provenance: J. David Goldin collection.
Instantaneous-cut glass-based lacquer disc.
|The Bell Telephone hour: Bell Symphonic Orchestra; Donald Voorhees, conductor; featuring Helen Traubel, soprano. Fritzie Zivic vs. Jake La Motta: Fritzie Zivic and Jake La Motta, boxers; Don Dunphy, blow-by-blow announcer; Bill Corum, color commentary and commercial spokesman.
|Event notes:
|Likely recorded from broadcasts: Nov. 12, 1943 (Fritzie Zivic vs. Jake La Motta) and Nov. 15, 1943 (The Bell Telephone hour).
|1 audio disc : analog, 33 1/3 rpm, mono ; 16 in.
|Series Title:
|J. David Goldin collection.
|Other Titles:
|Fritzie Zivic vs. Jake La Motta boxing match.
1943-11-12, part 2.
Fritzie Zivic versus Jake La Motta boxing match.
Fritzie Zivic vs. Jake La Motta: Live coverage of the match between Fritzie Zivic and Jake La Motta at Madison Square Garden, New York City.
User-contributed reviews


text:
The Motherhood Archive
The Tailenders
How Little We Know of Our NeighborsMade in L.A.
The Lottery of the Sea
In the Land of Milk and Money
Public Secrets
the motherhood archives (trailer) from komsomol films on Vimeo.
From "The Motherhood Archive", a film by Irene Luzstig
I Am The Plague from Azrael on Vimeo.
From "Plague", a fim by Australian director Shea Walsh
From "The Tailenders", a film by Adele Horne, sound design by Maile Colbert.
Nominated for the "Truer Than Fiction Award" in the 2007 Independent Spirit Awards
Distribution information: http://www.newday.com/films/tailenders.html
From "How Little We Know of Our Neighbors", a film by Rebecca Baron
From "Made in L.A.", a film by Almudena Carracedo and Robert Bahar
"VEGA" - Short Film - Part 1 from Marcel Wepper on Vimeo.
From "Vega", a film by Marcel Wepper
Reel of the film


text:
The Vibrant Economy Commission
Grant Thornton UK is working to stimulate ideas and action to develop a vibrant economy in the UK. One where growth is sustainable, prosperity more widely shared, and people and communities can realise their potential.
To help lead this nationwide inquiry, some of the country's pioneering business leaders, charity executives, local government representatives and thought leaders have formed the Vibrant Economy Commission. This commission will focus on everything from health to housing, trust to trade, regulation and regional growth.


text:
Guidelines on employing parents in school(6 Posts)
RagingAnger Thu 15-Sep-16 05:55:29
Sleeperandthespindle Thu 15-Sep-16 05:59:06
RagingAnger Thu 15-Sep-16 06:38:21
Sleeperandthespindle Thu 15-Sep-16 06:40:09
RagingAnger Fri 16-Sep-16 12:32:44
bumpetybumpbumpbump Fri 16-Sep-16 20:44:18
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Rough night
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June 24th, 2006, 09:40 PM
Platinum Supermommy
Join Date: May 2006
Location: Midwest
Posts: 10,732
Oh, Beck, what a truly tough time.
Way too many different things going on in your head right now. I'm sure you'd tell me not to think about all of them at once or to try to focus on dealing with one at a time. Sounds like this isn't the right time for you to make any decisions about the money. Maybe you can put it in savings until you think of just the right thing to do with it.
We've got lots of bills, too, so whenever we get our tax refund, we think of one fun thing to do with some of it and use the rest toward bills. Maybe you could get a stone or statue (a faerie, perhaps) or bench for your memorial garden with some of it and then use the rest to help with bills.
Hope you get some rest and get feeling better soon. Don't forget your laptop this week so we can be here for you.
Do not sorrow; the joy of the Lord is your strength." Neh. 8:10
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