text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 29, 2007
|Filing date
|Sep 11, 2002
|Priority date
|Sep 11, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Reza Stegamat
|Original Assignee
|Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (90), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (6), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to the following applications being filed concurrently:
U.S. Ser. No. 10/242,266, entitled "ENCAPSULATION FOR ORGANIC DEVICES" by Hagen Klausmann, Yuen Sin Lew, Hou Siong Tan and Hooi Bin Lim U.S. Ser. No. 10/242,068, entitled "METHOD OF FABRICATING ELECTRONIC DEVICES" by Hagen Klausmann and Bemd Fritz and U.S. Ser. No. 10/242,004, entitled "OLED DEVICES WITH IMPROVED ENCAPSULATION" by Hagen Klausmann and Bernd Fritz. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Organic electroluminescence (EL) has been studied extensively because of its possible applications in discrete light emitting devices, arrays, displays, backlights, and segmented displays. Such devices are suitable for many applications, including lighting and sign applications. Organic materials can potentially replace conventional inorganic materials in many applications and enable wholly new applications. The ease of fabricating organic EL devices promises even more efficient and durable materials, which can contribute to further improvements in device architecture.
Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) function much like inorganic LEDs. Depending on the actual design, light either passes through a transparent electrode deposited on a transparent glass substrate, through a transparent top electrode, or both. The first OLEDs were very simple in that they constituted only a few layers. Recent developments have led to OLEDs having many different layers (known as multilayer devices), each optimized for a specific task.
A performance limitation with some OLED devices is reliability. It has been demonstrated that some of the organic materials are very sensitive to contamination, oxidation, and humidity. Furthermore, some of the metals used as contact electrodes for OLEDs are susceptible to corrosion in air or other oxygen and/or moisture-containing environments.
To obtain efficient OLED devices, low field electron injection generally requires low work function cathode metals, such as Mg, Ca, Li, Ba, or CsF, which readily react with oxygen and water. A low work function calcium cathode, for example, survives only a short time in air due to rapid device degradation caused by atmospheric moisture and oxygen. Such highly reactive metals can also undergo chemical reactions with the nearby organic materials present within the device, which can also have negative effects on the device. Utilizing a low work function material cathode requires careful handling of the device to avoid contamination of the metal, and immediate, high quality encapsulation of the device if operation in the atmosphere is desired.
Many approaches have been attempted in order to solve the problem of device instability and degradation.
In addition to the mechanically applied cover and sealant, a sacrificial or "getter" layer 180 is deposited on the device. Because the getter layer includes a low work function material, such as a metal, that degrades or reacts with any moisture or oxygen that diffuses through the cover/sealant, the getter helps prevent degradation of the lower layers of the device.
However, at least two disadvantages exist for this method. First, pinholes often exist in the getter layer which still provide ample pathways for oxygen and water to reach the electrode metal below. This phenomenon is more completely described in Y. Sato et al., Stability of organic electroluminescent diodes, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 253, 1994, pp. 143–150, for example. When the water passes through the getter and cathode layers, it reaches the emitting layer, causing dark spots in the display. While the combination of mechanically applied covers and adhesives with getter layers slows atmospheric contamination of the device, it may not prevent such contamination.
Second, as the getter layer residing directly on cathode 160 is oxidized and absorbs moisture from the air, it corrodes the cathode. As the cathode is corroded, photon yield or efficiency is reduced, thus darkening the display. Therefore, the lifetime of current organic light emitting devices is limited due to this inability to prevent atmospheric degradation of their highly reactive interior components.
Organic LEDs have great potential to outperform conventional inorganic LEDs in many applications. One important advantage of OLEDs, and devices based thereon, is that they are less expensive than their inorganic LED counterparts. Organic LEDs can be deposited on large, inexpensive glass substrates, or a wide range of other inexpensive transparent, semitransparent or even opaque crystalline or non-crystalline substrates at low temperature, rather than on expensive crystalline substrates of limited areas at comparatively higher growth temperatures (as is the case for inorganic LEDs). The substrates may even be flexible, enabling pliant OLEDs and new types of displays.
As can be seen from the above description, there is an ongoing need for simple and efficient materials and methods for protecting the interior layers of active electronic devices, including organic light emitting devices. The present invention overcomes at least one of the disadvantages associated with conventional devices.
In one aspect, the invention provides an electronic device including a substrate, an active electronic layer, and a barrier layer.
In another aspect, the invention provides an electronic device including a substrate, a first electrode, an active electronic layer, a second electrode, and a barrier layer.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of forming an electronic device where a barrier material is deposited onto a device that includes a substrate, a first electrode, an active electronic layer, and a second electrode.
In another aspect, the invention provides a pixilated display that includes an active electronic material and a barrier material.
The scope of the present invention is defined solely by the appended claims, and is not affected to any degree by the statements within this summary.
The present invention includes forming a novel, atmospheric barrier layer on an active electronic device. In one aspect, the device is an organic light-emitting device. In another aspect, the device is a charge transport device. In another aspect, the device is a semiconductor device. In another aspect, the device is a light responsive device.
The present invention is particularly suited to providing a barrier layer for devices having susceptibility to atmospheric contamination, especially devices incorporating active electronic layers that degrade at higher operation temperatures and/or humidity. The present invention may be used in combination with any conventional sealing/protection method, such as with a mechanically installed top cover and adhesive sealant, for example. While embodiments of the present invention can protect any appropriate device, they are especially suited to protecting devices subjected to only direct film encapsulation.
Referring to
While not shown in
Additional barrier and getter layers (not shown) may be used in any combination. Thus, in addition to barrier 270, a second barrier could be used, with or without getter 280. Likewise, in addition to barrier 270 and getter 280, a second getter layer could be used. Finally, in addition to barrier 270, multiple, alternating barrier and getter layers could be used. As used in the specification and appended claims, "on" includes when layers are adjacent and when layers are separated by one or more intervening layer.
While the device pictured in
For example, in one embodiment the device may have a transparent first electrode 220 and an opaque second electrode 260. In another aspect, the device may have an opaque first electrode 220 and a transparent second electrode 260.
If the device is to be used in a display, first electrode 220 and/or second electrode 260 may not be in a flat, continuous sheet, but patterned into separate areas, such as rows and columns. Thus, they can be discontinuous. To form a pixilated display, such as for use in a computer monitor, the rows in the first and second electrodes are preferably perpendicular to each other. Alternatively, only one of the two electrodes may be patterned. In this embodiment the second electrode can form a "blanket" or continuous sheet, that may be used in active-matrix OLEDs, alpha-numeric displays, and other segmented displays.
While many methods are known to those of ordinary skill in the art to form a discontinuous electrode, the electrodes are typically either deposited in rows initially, or deposited in a continuous sheet and then etched or otherwise cut into rows. Common photolithographic and other etching methods may be used. Additionally, a precision laser beam may be used to remove the material between the rows or to harden the material into rows so the remaining material may be removed. The present invention is especially useful for devices having pixilated cathodes, which expose a significant amount of unprotected, perimeter cathode area.
Additionally, the barrier layer application techniques and structures of the present invention could be used in a vast array of applications including, but not limited to: active matrix, passive matrix, segmented, alpha-numeric, TFT, and backlit LED or OLED displays. Any of these devices could have TFT, LED, or OLED structures patterned on the substrate that are much higher than the LED or OLED stack itself, for example, several micron high row separators (e.g. mushrooms) or ink-confinement wells/banks such as used in ink-jet-printed OLEDs.
Additionally, the present invention also includes other displays and any electronic apparatus that requires a barrier layer for atmospheric protection, such as organic transistors, detectors, solar-cells, and light sources, including backlights. The barrier layers can be applied to a plethora of devices, such as when a plurality of devices is disposed upon a substrate.
Substrate (210)
Substrate 210 can be any material, which can support the layers, and is transparent or semi-transparent to the wavelength of light generated in the device. Substrate 210 can also be opaque in top-only emitting devices. By modifying or filtering the wavelength of light which can pass through the substrate, the color of light emitted by the device can be changed. Preferable substrate materials include glass, quartz, silicon, and plastic, with thin, flexible glass being especially preferred at present. The preferred thickness of substrate 210 depends on the material used and on the application of the device. The substrate can be in the form of a sheet or continuous film, such as preferably used for roll-to-roll manufacturing processes, which are particularly suited for plastic, metal, and metallized plastic foils.
First Electrode (220)
First electrode 220 can be transparent, semi-transparent, or opaque to the wavelength of light generated within the device. In one embodiment, first electrode 220 functions as an anode when an electric potential is applied across the first electrode and second electrode 260. When an electric potential is applied across first electrode 220 and second electrode 260, which can serve as a cathode, photons are released from active electronic layer 240 that pass through first electrode 220 and substrate 210.
Many materials that can function as an anode are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A composition that includes indium tin oxide (ITO) is preferred at present. Suitable glass substrates precoated with ITO may be purchased from Applied Films Corporation, 9586 I-25 East frontage Rd., Longmont, Colo., USA 80504.
Preferably, the thickness of the first electrode 220 is from about 10 to about 1000 nanometers (nm), more preferably from about 50 to about 200 nm, and most preferably is about 100 nm. While many methods are known to those of ordinary skill in the art by which the first electrode material can be deposited, evaporative methods and sputtering are preferred, with sputtering methods being particularly preferred at present.
First Efficiency Enhancing Layer (230)
To enhance the photon yield of the device in relation to the electric potential applied, optional efficiency enhancing layers may be disposed between first electrode 220 and active electronic layer 240. While many materials, which can function as an efficiency-enhancing layer are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, conductive polymers are preferred as a first efficiency enhancing layer 230. Preferred conductive polymers include, but are not limited to polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI).
Preferably, the thickness of first efficiency enhancing layer 230 is from about 5 to about 1000 nanometers (nm), more preferably from about 50 to about 500 nm, and most preferably from about 50 to about 250 nm.
First efficiency enhancing layer 230 is usually applied in the form of a solution. Many application methods are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, spin coating, dip coating, roll coating, spray-coating, blade coating, or thermal evaporation onto first electrode 220. Printing techniques including, but not limited to, screen-printing, flexographic printing, and ink-jet printing (drop-on-demand, continuous, or semi-continuous) may also be used to apply efficiency enhancing layer 230.
Active Electronic Layer (240)
Active electronic layer 240 can include one or more layers. Active electronic layer 240 includes an active electronic material 241. Active electronic material 241 can include a single active electronic material, a combination of active electronic materials, or multiple layers of single or combined active electronic materials. Preferably, at least one active electronic material is organic.
For organic LEDs (OLEDs), the active electronic layer 240 contains at least one organic material that emits light. These organic emitting materials generally fall into two categories. The first category of OLEDs, referred to as polymeric light emitting diodes, or PLEDs, utilize polymers as an active electronic material 241. The polymers may be organic, or organometallic, in nature. As used herein, the term organic is meant to include organometallic materials. Preferably, these polymers are solvated in an organic solvent, such as toluene or xylene, and spun (spin-coated) onto the device, although other methods are possible. Devices utilizing polymeric active electronic materials in active electronic layer 240 are especially preferred. In addition to materials that emit light, active electronic material 241 may include a light responsive material that changes its electrical properties in response to the adsorption of light. Light responsive materials are often used in detectors and solar panels that convert light energy to electrical energy.
Preferred polymeric light emitting materials include those materials that emit by fluorescence or by phosphorescence. In one aspect, the polymer is dispersed in a matrix, such as a poly(methylmethacrylate) matrix, for example. In another aspect the polymer is combined with an organic material.
More preferred polymeric light emitting materials include, but are not limited to, derivatives, copolymers, and polymeric blends that include polyparaphenelenevinylene moieties. More preferred polymeric emitting materials also include, but are not limited to, derivatives, copolymers, and polymeric blends that include polyfluorene moieties. More preferred phosphorescent polymers include, but are not limited to, those including benzophenones, benzophenones derivatives, benzophenones moieties, and mixtures thereof.
An especially preferred polymeric emitting material that emits yellow-light and includes polyphenelenevinylene derivatives is available as SY132 from Covion Organic Semiconductors GmbH, Industrial park Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany. Another especially preferred polymeric emitting material that emits green-light and includes fluorene-copolymers is available as Green K-16A from Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich.
In addition to polymers, smaller organic molecules that emit by fluorescence or by phosphorescence can serve as a light emitting material residing in active electronic layer 240. Unlike polymeric materials that are applied as solutions or suspensions, small-molecule emitting materials are preferably applied through evaporative, sublimation, or organic vapor phase deposition methods. Combinations of PLED materials and smaller organic molecules can also serve as emitting material 241. For example, a PLED may be chemically derivatized with a small organic molecule or simply mixed with a small organic molecule to form active electronic material 241.
Many preferable small-molecule emitting materials are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. More preferred small-molecule emitting materials are organic or organometallic compounds including, but are not limited to: quinolates, aluminum quinolate, triazines, oligomers, dendrimers, spiro-compounds, and mixtures thereof. Quinoline moieties derivatized with aluminum are especially preferred.
Preferably, the thickness of active electronic layer 240 is from about 5 to about 500 nanometers (nm), more preferably from about 20 to about 100 nm, and most preferably is about 75 nm.
In addition to active electronic materials that emit light, active electronic layer 240 can include an active electronic material 241 capable of charge transport. Charge transport materials include polymers or small molecules that can transport charge carriers. For example, organic materials such as polythiophene, derivatized polythiophene, oligomeric polythiophene, derivatized oligomeric polythiophene, pentacene, compositions including C60, and compositions including derivatized C60 may be used. Active electronic layer 240 may also include semiconductors, such as silicon or gallium arsenide, as active electronic material 241.
Second Efficiency Enhancing Layer (250)
Optional second efficiency enhancing layer 250 preferably comprises a material capable of injecting electrons when the device is energized. It may be distinct from, or integrated with, the second electrode 260. More preferably, it includes a low work function material, such as barium, calcium, magnesium, alkali halide compounds and mixtures thereof, for example.
Preferably, the thickness of second efficiency enhancing layer 250 is from about 0.1 to about 50 nanometers (nm), more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 nm, and most preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 nm. Second efficiency enhancing layer 250 is preferably applied by evaporative methods, but other methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as sputtering, could also be utilized.
Second Electrode (260)
In one embodiment, second electrode 260 functions as a cathode when an electric potential is applied across the first electrode 220 and second electrode 260. In this embodiment, when an electric potential is applied across the first electrode 220, which serves as the anode, and second electrode 260, which serves as the cathode, photons are released from active electronic layer 240 that pass through first electrode 220 and substrate 210.
While many materials, which can function as a cathode, are known to those of skill in the art, most preferably a composition that includes aluminum, indium, silver, gold, magnesium, calcium, and barium, or combinations thereof, or alloys thereof, is utilized. Aluminum, aluminum alloys, ITO, and combinations of magnesium and silver or their alloys are especially preferred.
Preferably, the thickness of second electrode 260 is from about 10 to about 1000 nanometers (nm), more preferably from about 50 to about 500 nm, and most preferably from about 100 to about 300 nm. While many methods are known to those of ordinary skill in the art by which the first electrode material may be deposited, vacuum deposition methods, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) are preferred.
Barrier Layer (270)
Barrier layer 270, alone or in combination with getter layers, protects the device from environmental attack and subsequent processing steps. Environmental attack may be caused by oxygen or water from the atmosphere, for example, or by other portions of the device, such as getter layers. Barrier layer 270 also decouples top electrode 260 from subsequent layers, such as optional getter layer 280, or polymeric encasement layers (not shown). While the barrier layer may be applied to a layer other than the second electrode 260, such as if a device allows for a getter layer between the second electrode and the barrier layer, it preferably resides directly on the second electrode. Preferable embodiments include those that have the barrier layer 270 deposited directly on the second electrode, with optional getters and additional barriers.
Subsequent processing steps can include encasement with a polymer, such as polyacrylate or its derivatives, applied as a high-mobility solution. Depending on the composition of the barrier layer, it can protect active electronic layer 240 from the UV irradiation used to cure the encasement polymer. The Batelle "polymer multi-layer" (PML) technique is an example of subsequent processing in which polymer (usually acrylate or the like) and barrier layers are alternated.
Some specific benefits of barrier layer 270 include, but are not limited to, insulating the second electrode from the optional getter, preventing corrosion of the second electrode 260 by the optional getter 280, and providing a moisture and oxygen barrier to the device as a whole. Additionally, barrier layer 270 provides excellent adhesion with second electrode 260, thus preventing separation (peeling) and contaminant bypass of the barrier layer.
In addition to protecting individual devices, barrier layer 270 can also provide a continuous, non-conducting protective film for an entire device. As used in the specification and appended claims, while singular, the term "device" is meant to include a single device or a multitude of individual devices. Because barrier 270 may be applied in a continuous manner to the complete device surface, it can protect the otherwise exposed edges of the second electrode at the perimeter of the device. For example, multiple individual devices may be assembled on a larger substrate and protected by a continuous barrier layer 270. In one embodiment, such as a display for a mobile phone, many devices are processed on a single substrate sheet and protected by a continuous barrier layer that may leave the contact pads open at the edges for electrical contact.
In one embodiment, barrier layer 270 is from about 10 to about 10,000 nm thick, in another, about 50 to about 1000 nm thick, and in another, about 100 to about 400 nm thick. Preferably, the barrier layer is about 200 nm thick. As defined herein, thickness is the direction perpendicular to the substrate 210. The present embodiments include devices having at least one barrier layer.
Barrier layer 270 includes a barrier material 271 that is preferably deposited by placing the barrier material, in pellet, granule or powdered form, in a boat and inserting the boat and device into a vacuum evaporator. As the barrier material evaporates from the boat, it deposits onto the surface of the device. While the vacuum evaporator is operated at high vacuum, generally on the order of 10−6 to 10−7 Torr, the evaporation temperature varies based on the melting point of the barrier material being deposited. While evaporative methods via resistive or electron-beam heating are preferred, other methods known to those of skill in the art, such as sputtering and inorganic or organic vapor phase deposition, could also be utilized depending on the requirements of the barrier material.
Barrier layer 270 may include a single or multiple layers of a barrier material 271. Barrier layer 270 may also be formed by simultaneously depositing more than one barrier material. For example, if two barrier materials are placed in the vacuum evaporator with the device, the resultant barrier layer will be a combination of the two barrier materials.
Barrier Material (271)
Preferably, barrier material 271 can include oxides or carbides of molybdenum, boron, vanadium, or their alloys. The barrier material 271 can also include mixtures of these oxides or carbides. In one aspect, for example, molybdenum oxide is deposited on the device to yield a molybdenum oxide barrier material 271. In another aspect, for example, molybdenum carbonate is deposited on the device to yield a molybdenum carbide barrier material 271. In an especially preferred embodiment, molybdenum oxide, boron oxide, vanadium oxide, or a mixture thereof is deposited on the device as barrier material 271.
Barrier material 271 may also include compositions of sodium, aluminum, and fluorine. Preferably, these compositions are stable in the atmosphere and contain the three elements in various ratios.
In a preferred embodiment, barrier material 271 includes molybdenum oxide. More preferably, barrier material 271 includes MoxOy, with x=1 and y=3 being especially preferred. Because molybdenum oxide has a low melting point of about 800� C. and an evaporation temperature from about 350� to 500� C. at 10−6 Torr, it is preferred for use with active electronic layers that degrade at higher deposition temperatures. The deposited molybdenum oxide films are hard, scratch resistant, and transparent, do not react with, for example, barium, and are electrically insulating. However, molybdenum oxide may also be applied to devices containing inorganic active electronic materials, if lower deposition temperatures are desired or required by the processing equipment.
In a second preferred embodiment, barrier material 271 includes boron oxide. More preferably, barrier material 271 includes BxOy, with x=2 and y=3 being especially preferred. Boron oxide has a melting point of about 460� C.
In a third preferred embodiment, barrier material 271 includes vanadium oxide. More preferably, barrier material 271 includes VxOy, with x varying from 1 to 3 and y varying from 1 to 5. In an especially preferred embodiment, x=2 and y=5.
In a fourth preferred embodiment, barrier material 271 includes compounds that are combinations of sodium, aluminum, and fluorine. More preferably barrier material 271 includes NaxAlyFz with X, Y and Z varying from 1 to 20. While these elements can be combined in many ratios, Na5Al3F14 (known as chiolite) and Na3AlF6 (known as cryolite) are especially preferred.
Getter Layer (280)
Getter layer 280 includes any getter material 281 that functions to protect the device, such as by serving as a high efficiency desiccant. Preferable materials for use in getter layer 280 include, but are not limited to, alkali-earth metals, alkaline-earth metals, zeolites, reactive metals, reactive metal-oxides, and reactive metal-sulfides. Although shown as a layer in
The thickness of the getter is not restricted, but is generally selected based on the degree of protection required for a specific device and application. Preferably, the thickness of getter layer 280 is from about 10 nanometers (nm) to about 5 mm, more preferably from about 100 nm to about 1 mm. The getter may be in any form, such as a thin film, a powder, a tablet, or a powder contained in a sachet, for example.
Multiple getter layers (not shown) can be used with a single barrier layer. In another embodiment, multiple barrier layers are used with a single getter layer (not shown). In a further embodiment, multiple barrier and getter layers are used in concert (not shown). For example, after the second electrode 270, a device could have the arrangement:
MoO3 barrier→Mg getter→MoO3 barrier→Mg getter→MoO3 barrier.
Device Incorporation
Many organic or inorganic LEDs or other organic electronic devices made in accordance with the preferred embodiments can also be patterned onto a larger substrate and coated with additional layers. The additional layers may include the barrier layers of the present invention and/or additional layers, such as planarization layers that include, but are not limited to, acrylate polymers.
A more complete discussion of planarization layers, their use in combination with barrier layers, and their use in forming pixilated displays may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,163, entitled "Improved Encapsulation for Organic Light Emitting Diodes Devices," filed May 2, 2002, and incorporated by reference in its entirety, except that in the event of any inconsistent disclosure or definition from the present application, the disclosure or definition herein shall be deemed to prevail.
The preceding description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the preferred embodiments described, but rather to enable any person of ordinary skill in the art of light-emitting device or generally organic electronic device fabrication to make and use the invention. Similarly, the examples below are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the appended claims or their equivalents, and are provided solely for illustration. It is to be understood that numerous variations can be made to the procedure below, which lie within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
The growth rates of dark spots were compared on a device without a barrier layer,
Devices without the barrier layer were constructed by spin-coating about 63 nm of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto prepatterned ITO-coated glass substrates, followed by deposition by spin-coating of about 70 nm of a yellow light emitting polymer (SY132 available from Covion) onto PEDOT. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) is available from H. C. Starck, 100 Bayer Road Pittsburgh, Pa. USA 15205-9741. The devices were completed by evaporating the cathode components including a thin layer of a barium charge injecting material and a thick layer of aluminum. The thickness of the deposited barium layer was about 3 nm. The thickness of the deposited aluminum layer was about 300 nm. Devices with the molybdenum oxide barrier layer were constructed by depositing about 220 nm of molybdenum oxide onto devices without the barrier layer.
Time-lapse photography was performed on the device without the molybdenum oxide barrier layer running at 4.4 volts.
To test the performance of single barrier layer versus multiple barrier layers with multiple getter layers the following structures were made:
Both structures were exposed to air and the change in the barium layer coated on the glass was monitored with time. Elemental barium, in unprotected form, reacts in seconds with atmospheric moisture to form little water "islands" in its structure. The single 200 nm molybdenum oxide coating protected the barium for about 30 minutes. About 2 hours was required for the barium to react fully with water. Alternatively, the multilayer device did not show full reaction with water until about 15–20 hours, a vastly superior result.
The molybdenum oxide coating had good atmospheric barrier and insulating properties and was easily evaporated from a molybdenum boat. It is believed that devices protected with vanadium oxide will perform similarly.
A device having boron oxide as a barrier layer was prepared with the following layer structure:
The performance of the device as a function of voltage was plotted in
As any person of ordinary skill in the art of organic electronic device such as light-emitting device fabrication will recognize from the description, figures, and examples that modifications and changes can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of the invention defined by the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 11, 2002
Owner name: OSRAM OPTO SEMICONDUCTORS GMBH & CO. OGH, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:STEGAMAT, REZA;REEL/FRAME:013300/0748
Effective date: 20020729
|Apr 8, 2008
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 11, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 20, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
I'm not losing my marble: it's the best way to learn how to play bouncers
THERE is a buoyant feeling within the Pakistan camp in the build-up to the second Test. To have been without Shoaib Malik and Younis Khan for the first Test at Lord's meant that the character of the remainder of the players was tried unremittingly.
Inzamam-ul-Haq captained the team notably well and I do not agree with the notion that we were not positive enough in our outlook. We scored our runs at nearly four an over and fielded two leg spinners, a statement of intent in the absence of Shoaib Akhtar.
I always find it interesting to listen to the post-match interviews because there is much to be gleaned from the opposition's psyche. It was obvious from England's tactics that they were regrouping after their…

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Results 1 to 4 of 4
01-31-05, 04:31 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Nov 2004
- Posts
- 57
Unanswered: Creating a Trigger Using Oracle Enterprise Manage
I'm looking to create a trigger using the Oracle Enterprise Manager.
I want a table feild to be updated based on an event from another
I have 2 tables (PPLP and PAWU) the first table (PPLP) has the
following relevent fields "Item_Nr" and "Correction_Date".
The second table (PAWU) contains "Item_Nr" and "Adjustment_Status".
I want a trigger to occur when the Correction_Date column is updated
in table PPLP I want the same associated Item_Nr in table PAWU
Adjustment_Status to be updated from "00" to "02".
I've stepped through the Oracle Enterprise Manager's menu for
creating a trigger but I'm stuck on the advanced tab with the
referencing fields Old as:, New as: and the Condition feild.
Here's the SQL statement that I have so far:
CREATE TRIGGER "MOSCA"."PPLP_PAWU_UPDATE" BEFORE UPDATE OF "Correction_Date" ON "MOSCA"."PAWU" FOR EACH ROW
01-31-05, 05:13 #2Lost Boy
Provided Answers: 5
- Join Date
- Jan 2004
- Location
- Croatia, Europe
- Posts
- 4,113
Trigger would be such as this one:Code:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_upd AFTER UPDATE OF correction_date ON PPLP FOR EACH ROW BEGIN UPDATE PAWU SET adjustment_status = DECODE(adjustment_status, '00', '02', adjustment_status) WHERE item_nr = :NEW.item_nr; END;
P.S. Read more about triggers here.
Last edited by Littlefoot; 01-31-05 at 05:17.
01-31-05, 05:25 #3Registered User
- Join Date
- Nov 2004
- Posts
- 57
The other possible values for adjustment_status are "04","05" but those should be left as they are if they are already present. Would the code need to be changed to leave these values as they are?
01-31-05, 07:47 #4Lost Boy
Provided Answers: 5
- Join Date
- Jan 2004
- Location
- Croatia, Europe
- Posts
- 4,113
No; DECODE takes care of it - if adjustment_status = '00' then change it to '02'; otherwise, don't change it.


text:
England striker Jermain Defoe set up two goals and scored two more Saturday night as Toronto FC rallied to defeat the slumping Houston Dynamo 4-2 in Major League Soccer play.
Defoe played provider for Jonathan Osorio and Dominic Oduro in the first half then scored himself in the 63rd and 89th minutes to help Toronto dig itself out of a 2-0 hole and snap a three-game winless streak. Defoe has 10 goals in 12 league games.
Brad Davis scored twice for Houston, which has conceded a league-worst 38 goals this season, before an announced sellout of 22,591 at BMO Field.
The loss extended the Dynamo's winless streak to seven games – a stretch that saw them outscored 19-4 and set a club goalless record streak of 480 minutes. Houston has not won in the league since May 17 (a 1-0 victory over the Los Angeles Galaxy).
The two team meets again next Saturday in Houston, after Toronto hosts the Vancouver Whitecaps in a midweek game.
A full-page ad in local papers welcomed the return of Toronto star midfielder Michael Bradley but manager Ryan Nelsen kept the U.S. international out of practice during the week in a bid to rest some niggling injuries. Bradley, who played some 60 minutes last week, did not even make the bench Saturday.
Brazilian Gilberto, recovered from a hip flexor, started on the bench as Nelsen showed faith in the all-English strike team of Defoe and Luke Moore.
Doneil Henry started at centre back in place of the suspended Nick Hagglund for Toronto.
Early strike
Houston went ahead in the 13th minute, taking advantage of some Brazil-type defending by Toronto. English forward Giles Barnes waltzed past Henry and Mark Bloom before feeding an open Davis, whose hard left-footed shot from inside the penalty box beat Joe Bendik.
Brazilian winger Jackson forced a diving one-handed save from Tally Hall a minute later at the other end.
Toronto showed signs of life in the 29th minute when Hall had to palm a bending Jermain Defoe free kick over the bar. Henry shot wide on the ensuing free kick.
But the home side paid for some more poor defending a minute later as Bloom and another defender went for and missed a Barnes cross, leaving Davis all alone at the side of the goal.
Toronto pulled one back in the 39th minute when Hall fumbled a Defoe cross. The ball fell kindly to Osorio who, thanks to an opportune move towards goal, knocked it in with his head.
Defoe played provider again on a counter-attack in first-half stoppage time after Barnes cut through the Toronto defence before losing possession and going down. While he lay face first on the turf, Osorio found Defoe on a three-on-two and the English forward slid the ball to an open Oduro on the right. Oduro's first shot was blocked by Hall but he made no mistake with the rebound to register his 47th career MLS goal, and first for Toronto.
Toronto outshot Houston 10-4 (5-3 in shots on target) in a first half that saw four yellow cards (three to Houston).
The home side had a chance to go ahead early in the second half but Jackson, all alone, shot wide.
Night moves
Oduro was substituted in the 58th minute but not before some delightful shake-and-bake down the right flank that left Houston defender Warren Creavalle twirling like a top.
Defender Steven Caldwell's header was a smidge high on a 60th-minute Toronto free kick.
Defoe capped off a stylish attack after Jackson backheeled the ball to Osorio, who found Defoe. Spurning a teammate on his left, Defoe accelerated past two Houston defenders and sent the ball through Hall's legs.
Barnes shot wide soon after, leaving Caldwell twisted on the ground. The Toronto captain was replaced by Bradley Orr.
Bendik had to be sharp several times in the second half, with a diving save and a good stop off a header.
Substitute Gilberto, meanwhile, shot just wide in the 84th minute of an entertaining game.
Defoe pounced on an errant back pass to come in all alone on goal as the clock wound down. Hall got a piece of his first shot but Defoe calmly went past him to knock the ball in.
The Dynamo have suffered in midfield from an injury to Ricardo Clark (concussion) and the World Cup absences of American Davis and Honduran Boniek Garcia. All three were back for last week's 2-2 draw with the New York Red Bulls.
Saturday also marked the return of injured Houston defenders Jermaine Taylor (hip contusion) and David Horst (groin).
The Dynamo are 1-8-1 on the road this season, scoring seven goals while conceding 24.
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text:
A Chapter 7 Bankruptcy is a liquidation bankruptcy where all non-exempt assets may be sold to pay creditors. An Interim Trustee is selected from a panel of private Trustees to serve as the Trustee until the Meeting of Creditors.
In a no asset proceeding, the Meeting of Creditors is normally the only appearance that a debtor is required to make. The Trustee and creditors may examine the debtor and the Trustee will ask questions based upon review of the Statement and Schedules. After the creditors' meeting, the final event that occurs in a typical no asset Chapter 7 is that an individual debtor or joint debtors will receive a discharge. Receipt of a discharge will be automatic unless an objection is filed to the discharge. The discharge legally relieves a debtor of all dischargeable obligations, voids any existing judgments and permanently enjoins the collection of any debt subject to the discharge. Certain debts are specifically not dischargeable. In general, these include secured debts, alimony and support payments.
If a Chapter 7 is an asset case, it is the Trustee's duty to liquidate and administer those assets. Often, if the cost of administration exceeds the benefit that will ultimately be given to creditors, an asset may be abandoned. It is the Trustee's obligation to determine whether assets should be liquidated. The Trustee then submits a schedule of proposed distribution of assets to creditors that needs Court approval.
As with a Chapter 13, the goal of the Chapter 11 is for the Debtor to successfully reorganize its affairs so that it may repay debt, retain assets and remain in business. This is accomplished by a debtor-in-possession proposing a Plan of reorganization and obtaining its confirmation. The Chapter 11 Plan confirmation process is complex and lengthy. In a Chapter 11, the creditors are able to vote for or against the Plan. Chapter 11 may be filed by an individual who owes more than the debt limits in a Chapter 13 or by a business which wishes to continue operation. The debtor-in-possession is the functional equivalent of a Trustee as they are authorized to conduct ordinary business affairs without Court approval in most instances. The debtor's financial affairs are subject to constant monitoring and the debtor is required to file operating reports on a monthly basis. This is a regular report of the debtor's ongoing post-petition business operations and will advise the creditors and the Trustee if the debtor is generating profits or losses during the proceeding.
The Chapter 11 Plan must place all creditors within classes and all creditors in a given class must have claims that are substantially similar. The Plan must specify which of the classes reimpaired under the Plan and the treatment to be accorded to an impaired claim must be described. The Plan must advise all parties how the Plan will be performed.
When a Plan is filed, it is accompanied by a Disclosure Statement. Votes may not be solicited from creditors until the Court approves the Disclosure Statement. The Disclosure Statement must contain information sufficient to enable a creditor or party-in-interest to determine whether to vote for acceptance or rejection of the Plan. The Disclosure Statement normally summarizes the Debtor's progress during the Chapter 11 proceeding, as well as disclosing all relative factors leading up to the Debtor's need to file bankruptcy. The Disclosure Statement normally contains a summary of the Plan and describes the practical effect of the Plan rather than its technical terms. Once the Disclosure Statement has been approved by the Court, it is sent with the Plan to all of the creditors along with a ballot for voting. Impaired creditors with an allowed claim are entitled to vote for or against a Plan. If a majority of the creditors in number and two-thirds in dollar amount vote to accept the Plan, it will be confirmed. If less than a majority of creditors in numbers or less than two-thirds in dollar amount vote to accept the Plan, then a cramdown procedure will be necessary to confirm the Plan over the rejection.
A confirmed Chapter 11 Plan acts as a new contract between the debtor and all of its creditors. Confirmation re-vests the debtor will all property of the estate free and clear of all liens and interest except as provided for by the Plan. Confirmation also acts as a discharge to all debts that arose before the date of confirmation. A Chapter 11 discharge is virtually identical to a Chapter 7 discharge. A discharge will not be granted in a Chapter 11 where the debtor is liquidating its assets through the Plan, until such liquidation is completed.
Chapter 13 Bankruptcy is a reorganization proceeding where a debtor will attempt to repay a debt and retain non-exempt assets or continue to operate a business. Chapter 13 is a program for individuals with regular income who have unsecured debt of less than $307,675.00 and secured debt of $922,975.00. A debtor may attempt to repay debts over a period of time, not to exceed 60 months. If the Chapter 13 Plan is successfully performed, a Debtor will be able to retain non-exempt assets and will receive a discharge from many of the obligations that would not be dischargeable in a Chapter 7. A Chapter 13 is commenced by the filing of a Bankruptcy Petition. In a Chapter 13 the Automatic Stay is applicable to a co-debtor who is not in a bankruptcy proceeding. If a Chapter 13 debtor is engaged in business, the debtor is permitted to continue to operate the business. The debtor's post-petition earnings from services are considered property of the estate.
The main component of a Chapter 13 proceeding is the Plan. The Plan is, in essence, a new contract between the debtor and all of the creditors. In order for a Chapter 13 Plan to be approved, it must be approved at a Confirmation Hearing. Once a Chapter 13 Plan has been confirmed, all creditors are bound by the terms of the Plan. Once performance of a Chapter 13 Plan has been completed, then the debtor is entitled to a discharge. A Chapter 13 debtor who has not fully completed a Plan may still apply for a hardship discharge if the Court finds that failure to complete the Plan is due to circumstances which the Debtor should not be held accountable for and if the unsecured creditors have received at least as much as they would have gotten in a Chapter 7 proceeding. A Chapter 13 discharge may be revoked if the Court finds that the discharge was fraudulently obtained. Revocation must be sought within one year of discharge.
11/6/2017New Federal Bankruptcy Rules Taking Effect 12/1/2017: Looking Ahead
11/6/2017Bankruptcy Case Law Highlights: A Look Back at 2017
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text:
MSI B250M BAZOOKA Motherboard
Brand: MSI
Product Code: B250M BAZOOKA
Softland SKU: 35-176
Reward Points: 0
Availability: In Stock
Product Code: B250M BAZOOKA
Softland SKU: 35-176
Reward Points: 0
Availability: In Stock
Qty: Add to Cart
- Supports 7th / 6th Gen Intel® Core™ / Pentium® / Celeron® processors for LGA 1151 socket
- Supports DDR4-2400 Memory (Max.)
- DDR4 Boost: Give your DDR4 memory a performance boost
- VR Ready: Best virtual reality game experience without latency
- GAMING LEDs: Ambient LED lights for an awesome look & feel
- Lightning Fast Game experience: Turbo M.2, Intel Optane Memory Ready
- Audio Boost: Reward your ears with studio grade sound quality for the most immersive gaming experience
- GAMING LAN: The best online gaming experience with lowest latency and bandwidth management
- Military Class 5, Guard-Pro: Latest evolution in high quality components for best protection and efficiency
- Mystic Light Sync: Synchronize other RGB solutions with your gaming rig and control all LEDs in one click
- In-Game Weapons: GAMING Hotkey, X-Boost
- EZ Debug LED: Easiest way to troubleshoot
- Click BIOS: Secure and Reliable UEFI BIOS solution
- GAMING CERTIFIED: 24-hour on- and offline game and motherboard testing by eSports players
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text:
When I started my end-to-end hike of the Long Trail, I planned to avoid sleeping in shelters. This is an attitude shared by a lot of other backpackers, especially those who hike the Appalachian Trail, where shelters are often infested by mice and crowded with other smelly, loud, and snoring …Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: sunrise shelter
Tag Archives: sunrise shelter
Long Trail Trip Report: Clarendon Gorge to Middlebury Gap, Part 2
This is part 2 of the trip report. Part 1 is located here. Daily mileages looked like this. Day 1: Clarendon Gorge to Coopers Lodge,KillingtonPeak: 1.3 road miles to shuttle bus + 11.3 miles trail. Day 2: Coopers Lodge to Rolston Rest Shelter: 11.2 miles Day 3: Rolston Rest Shelter …Read More »


text:
Check us out in the Fall 2015 edition of Living Spaces Magazine!!
Lussier Custom Homes is a family owned and operated business, located in West Brookfield, Massachusetts. Proudly serving the Brookfields and surrounding towns.
1-508-867-6236 | 25 Sheldon Drive, West Brookfield, MA 01585
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text:
Stanley Masons Pencils (2) Brick
Barcode: 3253560939328
Product Code: STA093932
£3.40(£2.83 exVAT)
The Stanley Masons Pencils (2) Brick from Stanley.
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Colour - Green
Lead - Black
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text:
1914 Railway StationSubmitted by Ian Dewar on 17 February 2011 - 8:05am
I've been reading the forum here off and on for a couple of years and found that you're a very helpful bunch...so here's a question from me.
I'm involved in the production of a film titled "The Waiting Room" part of which is set on a British railway station during the Great War (1914-1918). The film investigates the paranormal and the original type for the title had a ghostly feel, however the Director would now like to use something a little less ghostly and use something which reflects the period more appropriately.


text:
Siyeh Pass to Point 8490 Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|I wandered up here one day from Siyeh Pass. I ended up descending to the south and then finding an off trail route over to Otokomi Lake, which was very interesting and scenic.
|Posted Dec 9, 2016 2:55 am
|Beautiful fall day
Date Climbed: Sep 11, 2015
|Nice hike. We're surprised at the amount of snow on the pass. Good views of the upper reaches of the fire.
|Posted Oct 9, 2015 5:59 pm
|Fred Spicker
|West Ridge
Date Climbed: Sep 11, 2015
|Climbed with Moni on a beautiful fall day. Tried to stay on the ridge crest as much as possible which resulted in getting cliffed out and having to backtrack and down climb in a couple of places. A really fantastic view point!
|Posted Sep 14, 2015 5:43 pm
Date Climbed: Jul 21, 2007
|Hiked most of the way up to the point on my first trip to GNP in 2007. I remember arriving at Siyeh Pass and noticed that it looked possible to wander out on the ridge a ways. My girlfriend hunkered down for a rest at the pass and I hustled up the ridge. I believe I came up a tad short of Point 8490; I came to a drop off on the ridge and being unfamiliar with scrambling in the park opted to turn around. Old photos show that I stopped at the little prominent nub on the ridge just right of the summit in several of this page's photos. Nonetheless, the view north to the beautiful tarns at the head of the Boulder Creek drainage was utterly inspiring. I've been hooked on Glacier ever since!
|Posted Jan 30, 2014 9:05 pm
|Stu Brandel
|A Great Capper to a Great Hike
Date Climbed: Jul 28, 2010
|Many thanks Bob for introducing me to this mountain. After the beatiful hike to Siyeh Pass this was a perfect topper - a great and sporty (for me) scramble. The hike down to Sunrift makes this our top day in Glacier.
|Posted Jul 29, 2010 4:05 pm


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Human's Complexity and Man's Atrocity: Causes Of Medical Malpractices among Pakhtuns of Pakistan
This study investigates various socio-economic causes of medical malpractices among Pakhtuns of District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A comprehensive survey was conducted in Saidu Group of teaching hospitals Mingora and data was collected through structured questionnaire from 115 educated respondents through stratified random sampling with proportional-allocation method including patients, nurses, and paramedical staff. A triangulated (Qualitative and Quantitative) approach was adopted to record the responses of the respondents' perceptions regarding medical malpractices. The study reveals that various socio-economic causes contribute to the malpractices such as lack of health-education, untrained practitioners, un-sterilized procedures, lust for money, corruption and, vested interest groups. The study recommends that proper health education; awareness among people, proper health policy, ban on quackery and deterrence to drug black marketing will help reduce and eliminate medical practices.
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Volume (Year): 3 (2013)
Issue (Month): 3 (March)
Pages: 286-297
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Sadeeq Block, Near Fawara Chowk, Abbasia Town, Rahim Yar Khan - 64200, Punjab, Pakistan
Web page: http://www.aessweb.com/
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Janet Currie & W. Bentley MacLeod, 2008.
"First Do No Harm? Tort Reform and Birth Outcomes,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Oxford University Press, vol. 123(2), pages 795-830.
- Janet Currie & W. Bentley MacLeod, 2006. "First Do No Harm?: Tort Reform and Birth Outcomes," NBER Working Papers 12478, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Sloan, Frank A. & Shadle, John H., 2009. "Is there empirical evidence for "Defensive Medicine"? A reassessment," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 481-491, March.
- Daniel Kessler & Mark McClellan, 1996. "Do Doctors Practice Defensive Medicine?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 111(2), pages 353-390.
- Daniel P. Kessler & Mark McClellan, 1996. "Do Doctors Practice Defensive Medicine?," NBER Working Papers 5466, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Ronen Avraham & Leemore S. Dafny & Max M. Schanzenbach, 2009. "The Impact of Tort Reform on Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Premiums," NBER Working Papers 15371, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Dubay, Lisa & Kaestner, Robert & Waidmann, Timothy, 1999. "The impact of malpractice fears on cesarean section rates," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 491-522, August. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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Support the Anti-Corruption Act: get money out of politics
97% of Americans support tough new anti-corruption laws. Together, we can and will force our government to Represent Us!
97% of Americans support tough new anti-corruption laws. Together, we can and will force our government to Represent Us!
"Breed & Greed: ATO Make Backyard Breeders Pay Their Tax!" Given the poor reputation many backyard breeders and puppy
Build a advanced Culture of Compassion and Empathy for Humans,Nonhumans,Earth and
Kongeørnas beskyttelse må ikke svekkes // The Golden Eagle's protection must not be undermined
Many animals who are advertised on Craigslist are abused and are sometimes even killed—as a result of these ads.
Speak up for wild animals now by urging Animal Planet to cancel 'Wild West Alaska'!
GE salmon threaten the environment, public health, and wild salmon.
There are no federal safeguards to protect our communities from toxic coal ash pollution full of mercury and arsenic.
Fracking is a threat to healthy communities and our climate. Simply put: Climate leaders don't frack. Time to ban it!
Please sign our petition to the USDA asking them to reject "Agent Orange" crops!
Dow Chemical's "Agent Orange" crops are bad for farmers, consumers, communities, and the environment
Stand with nine tribes from the Collingwood Bay region of Papua New Guinea
We envision a world where wolves thrive and they are appreciated and respected.
Join us in saving the Arctic from reckless oil drilling
Is killing animals entertainment? NBC is airing episodes of the NRA sponsored show promoting violence towards animals
Puppy Doe was rehomed through Craigslist, the people who took her sadistically tortured her.
This is just the shot across thebow. A fiercebattle over clean energy is underway all across the country. More and
There was no transparency or public discussion about the killing of our turkeys either because the powers that be know
Monsanto's genetically engineered crops increase pesticides, not yields or nutrition.
Pledge to support sustainable agriculture by buying food from local organic farms.
Workers with disabilities are often paid much less then fully-abled workers. Often times this is well below the
The NSA has far too much power to spy on innocent Americans without any meaningful oversight.
The King Amendment could wipe out countless state laws and rules regulating agriculture and food labeling.
It was shocking that P.J. Kurien, an accused in one of India's most serious gang-rape and sex-trafficking cases (the
Together, we can make sure that Mark Zuckerberg and FWD.US hears us loud and clear: Americans want more clean energy
Owe Aku is a grassroots organization of Lakota people and our allies founded to promote the protection of sacred water
A 5 year old is gang raped in Delhi and the police refuses to act on the case. Then they try to squash the rape report
Tens of millions of sharks are killed each year for their fins to meetthe demands of the masses. Finning is cruel and
We have reached the last stand for Sumatran orangutans, but it's not too late to save them.Many Americans are being
Please join us: Tell President Barack Obama and Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel to protect our service members from rape
Rivers of oil through Arkansas backyards... 12 spills in the first Keystone pipeline's first year... Two years later,
The National Geographic is circulated to over 4 million people in the United States every year [1]. When I receive my
Polar bears, fur seals, sea lions, walruses, whales and millions of sea birds make their home in the Bering Sea, and
We must keep the promise we made to veterans who have served and sacrificed to defend our nation.
Oil dependence threatens our national security. Because our military is the largest consumer of fuel in the world,
because if we work together we can end this horrific display of humanity <3
This sport builds character and discipline.
The community of Gerritsen Beach and surrounding area is in desperate need of help. We have paid our fair share in tax
New York State's laws protect the rapists of children from prosecution meaning they are free to rape more children.
Bear baiting (also called bear baying) pits a declawed and defanged bear which is chained to a stake against hunting
Oil Change International is a research, communication, and advocacy organization focused on exposing the true costs of
Since 1983 Ohio SPCA has worked tirelessly to protect, save and cherish abandoned and abused animals of all
This cause is to raise awareness that there is a certain group of people protesting at the funerals of our fallen


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Photos: Made in America Festival
0 CommentsAll summer long excitement was in the air as people waited anxiously for the arrival of the highly anticipated Made in America Festival that... Read more
Photos: Fader party
0 CommentsLast night, Fader magazine hosted a free show with Wu-Tang rapper GZA and the Latin funk ensemble Grupo Fantasma at the legendary Sigma Sound... Read more
Summer's here and so is DJ Jazzy Jeff & Mick Boogie's Summertime III mixtape
0 CommentsDJ Jazzy Jeff & Mick Boogie have time and time again impressed the masses with their unparalelled song selection when it comes to their... Read more
Eleanor Friedberger announces fall tour dates
0 CommentsMost commonly known for her tours with The Kills and The Fiery Furnaces, the lovely frontwoman Eleanor Friedberger finally released her solo... Read more
Tonight: Spit Pro Quo at Silk City
0 CommentsLocal hip hop collective Philadelphia Slick will kick off their Spit Pro Quo tour tonight with a perfomance at Silk City. Supporting acts on... Read more
Saturday: The City Music Project, Swift Technique, & Lady at World Cafe Live
0 CommentsFrom various corners of the city of Philadelphia; The City Music Project, Swift Technique, and Lady each embody a different and unique style... Read more
Free Prowler DWNLD: "Alligator"
0 CommentsListen to this remix of "Alligator" from Prowler's latest offering, Wooly Mammoth. Remixed by Odin Smith, the tune is available for... Read more
Morris Day and the Time play free show this Saturday
0 CommentsAttention all Prince and Purple Rain fans.. Morris Day & the Time are playing a free show this weekend! As a part of Wawa's Welcome America... Read more


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EndoVenous Laser Treatment or EVLT is a treatment of varicose veins. EVLT is safe & effective procedure that is used to restore vein to their original stage.\n If you want to read more about EVLT or Best Vein Treatment technique. So you must read this PDF.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
What exactly is EVLT?
EVLT or EndoVenous Laser Treatment, is a minimally invasive procedure to treat varicose
veins. It is considered a safe, effective and fast procedure that restores veins to their
original state, thereby improving quality of life.
How the procedure is carried out?
EVLT uses laser energy, a highly concentrated beam of light, to target the affected tissue
with supreme precision so not to cause harm to the surrounding tissues.
A thin fiber is inserted into the damaged vein through an incision. The laser light is emitted
through the fiber, as the fiber is pulled back through the vein. The targeted tissue reacts
with the light energy, thereby causing the veins to narrow and close. This results in routing
of blood to other healthy veins.
The procedure is minimally invasive, which does not require general anesthesia. Only the
affected area is numbed using local anesthesia.
Nowadays, physicians emphasize on using a jacketed fiber, which prevents contact
between the fiber and the vein wall, thereby reducing pain and bruising. Patients may
experience soreness or some slight swelling which can be cured with over-the-counter
pain relievers.
normal activities the same day.
You can consult a physician at an EVLT
in the best manner.
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to understand the procedure
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Some of the advantages of choosing EVLT include:
Minimally invasive (no surgical incision and no visible scars)
High success rate (ranges from 93-97%) and low recurrence compared to surgery
Safe with very low complication rate.
Minimal recovery time (patients can go back to their daily activities the same day)
Done in less than an hour.
Can be performed in a comfortable outpatient office setting.
No general anesthesia or sedation required for most patients.
You should visit a physician at a reputed EVLT center in New York at USA Vein Clinics
to gain further insight into the procedure.
Hope you have found this piece of information useful. Let's spread the word to create
awareness about EVLT.
Thanks For Watching


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Hair Straighteners – Trendy Fashion and Style
Hair Straighteners – Trendy Fashion and Style – Hair Straighteners are a styling instrument and now, we can't live without it.
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Thank You
I like to thank Rani at Ultimate drivers. As an 85 year old senior, I was devastated to find out that I had to do the road test. I was even more distraught when I failed it. Following my grand daughter's suggestion, I contacted you. After your in-car instruction (in my car), I passed. I have my life back. thank you, thank you, thank you. Daisy.N


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Front Beyond the Front Line Trailer (1977)
20 December 1977 Drama, War 174 mins
A second episode in the trilogy about the partisans fighting against the Nazis during the WWII on the territory of Russia. Film is set in the winter of 1943-1944. Major Mlynsky is the commander of the partisan group, that is fighting behind the Nazi's front-lines. Major Mlynsky is invited to the Chief of Staff, where he is promoted to Lt.-Colonel for his courage. Now Mlynsky is in charge of the new partisan's operation.
Watch the official Front Beyond the Front Line 1977 trailer in HD below or find more Front Beyond the Front Line videos on Vidimovie.


text: I have been involved with RSVP of Central Oklahoma since 2007, but our partnership extends back to the mid-1990's. Our relationship with this amazing organization allows our volunteers to expand into other arenas very easily, gets their existing members more informed about what we have to offer, etc. They are extremely easy to work with, and have a true heart for seniors in the Oklahoma City metro area. Much love to RSVP! Thanks for everything you do!


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Kelly Rowland cancels her appearance at this year's San Diego Pride festival. SD Pride said they will announce a new entertainment line-up on Monday, June 25. Third time's a charm, it seems, as this isn't the first time the singer pulled out of a pride festival: Manchester 2009 and Capital Pride 2011.
Assembly Bill 1856 – requiring caretakers to complete 40 hours of training on best practices for providing care of LGBT youth in foster care – scheduled for Assembly Committee on Human Services June 26.
Also from New America Media, a commentary by Marco Antonio Flores on 'cautious optimism' for 'undocu-queer' youth.
California budget deal sees massive cuts to social programs. San Diego Unified feels it too, anticipates shortening the school year among other cuts. They're also looking to sell off some property, including an $11-million location two blocks from Mission Beach. Board Trustee Kevin Beiser is a bit iffy on the idea.
Shunning the commercialism of Pride festivals, a group in San Francisco plans an 'Occu-Pride' alternative.


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"A mouse took a stroll through the deep dark wood "
Sold out on the West End and Broadway, The Gruffalo has returned to New Zealand.
Performances are set to wow audiences in 19 different venues, including Taranaki, where the show will be on stage at the TSB Showplace, New Plymouth next weekend.
See the print edition of the Stratford Press for details on how to enter our draw to win a family pass to the show.
Whether their favourite food is roasted fox, owl ice cream, scrambled snake or Gruffalo crumble, youngsters are sure to eat up this delectable tale about the adventures of a clever little mouse in a forest full of predators.
The Gruffalo stage show features an all New Zealand cast with Josh Cramond as the Gruffalo, while Kalyani Nagarajan plays Mouse and Cole Jenkins plays all the predators - Fox, Owl and Snake.
The book is one of the best known stories among pre-schoolers and young children and the show features songs, laughs and fun for children aged three years and over.
Join Mouse on an adventurous journey through the deep dark wood in this big scary monster of a show. Mouse can scare away hungry animals with tall stories of the terrifying Gruffalo, but what happens when she comes face to face with the creature she imagined?
"The cast of three bring the story to wonderful life ... This is an irresistibly charming tale told with refreshing simplicity," The Times, London said.
The Gruffalo is at the TSB Showplace, New Plymouth on Saturday, October 29 at 11.30am and 1.30 pm and Sunday, October 30 at 10am and noon. Tickets are available through Ticketek www.ticketmaster.co.nz 0800 111 999. For more details visit www.gruffalo.co.nz


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Join Jewels as William talks about his bestselling book, The Magician's Way. This is an incredibly powerful show about the mechanics of the law of attraction!
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Learn about this topic in these articles:
...cry. Footprints have measured up to 24 inches (60 cm) in length and 8 inches (20 cm) in width. A Soviet scientist, Boris Porshnev, suggested that Sasquatch and his Siberian counterpart, the Almas, could be a remnant of Neanderthals, but most scientists do not recognize the creature's existence.


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Get Involved
The Virginia Veteran and Family Support Program (VVFS) is a legislatively mandated program operated by the Virginia Department of Veterans Services in cooperation with the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services and the Department of Rehabilitative Services.
Stay Connected
Stay connected and sign up from the side bar on any page of our website to subscribe to the Virginia Department of Veterans Services (DVS) announcement list and receive updated aggregated eNews for Veterans.
It's simple, just include your e-mail address in the space provided on the left of the screen and hit submit. You will receive a confirmation e-mail and a welcome e-mail when confirmed.
Why Donate
The Virginia General Assembly appropriates roughly $2M per year to fund the Virginia Veteran and Family Support Program (VVFS). Although generous, state funding is not sufficient to provide an adequate level of service to Virginia's veterans. Support from individuals, veterans service organizations, and the private sector is crucial to maintain a quality statewide program.
How to Give
The Virginia Veterans Services Foundation receives contributions in support of VVFS. The Foundation strives to ensure contributions directly serve our veterans. There are several ways to make a contribution to the program through the Veterans Services Foundation as shown below. Please make sure that your donation is clearly marked to the Virginia Veteran and Family Support Program c/o of the Veterans Services Foundation.
The Virginia Veterans Services Foundation accepts donations to support critical programs and services for Virginia's veterans and their families that are not covered by state or federal funds.
Brochure: Honor your loved one by helping a Virginia veteran
- Donate to the Veterans Services Foundation by mail. Download the VVFS donation brochure card. Your contribution may be tax exempt under Internal Revenue Code Section 170 (c) and Code of Virginia Section 2.2.2719. Donations can be used only for the Virginia Wounded Warrior Program and cannot revert to the Commonwealth's General Fund.
Mail contributions to:
The Virginia Veteran and Family Support Program, c/o Veterans Services Foundation
101 N. 14th Street, 17th Floor Richmond, VA 23219
The following are examples of services that may be available through the following networks of public and private providers:
- Comprehensive and timely assessment
- Case management
- Outpatient treatment
- Outreach activities
- Rehabilitative services
- Family support
- Linkage to benefits services, housing, employment and educational programs
Virginia Veterans Corps Service
The Virginia Veterans Corps (VVC)-an AmeriCorps program was first established in 2011 to assist the Virginia Wounded Warrior Program (now Virginia Veteran and Family Support) in carrying out its mission of assisting Virginia Veterans dealing with stress related disorders and traumatic brain injuries and helping them connect to resources in the community. Since its inception the Virginia Veterans Corps has directly impacted the lives of individuals from the military community by directing them to resources to address the following needs:
- Mental and Physical Health Treatment
- Housing
- Employment
- Financial Counseling and Assistance
- Registering veterans for military related benefits
Currently, the program has 22 members who are called Navigators and who serve at 10 service sites throughout Hampton Roads assisting military personnel and their families these sites include:
- Goodwill Employment
- Armed Service YMCA
- Navy and Marine Corps Relief Society
- STOP, Inc.
- Virginia Supportive Housing (Richmond)
- Virginia Beach Community Development Corporation
- Virginia Values Veterans (V3) Program
- Virginia Transition Assistance Program (VTAP)
The Virginia Veterans Corps program year runs from September-July and Navigators who are part-time are responsible for completing 900 hours of service. During their service term, Navigators serve at their individual site, assisting veterans and active duty service families with a variety of needs which include assistance with childcare, employment, emergency financial assistance, and access to community resources which will meet their individual needs. In addition to their commitment to the efforts at their individual sites, the Navigators participate at a number of community outreach events and participate in 4 service projects as an AmeriCorps Team.
If you would like more information on the Virginia Veterans Corps and AmeriCorps opportunities with DVS, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
In the past some of these events have included:
- Operation Homefront's Toy Drive and Distribution
- Peninsula Town Center Celebration of the Military Child Festival
- Community Resource Fairs
- Veterans Coffee Hours
- Armed Services YMCA Father-Daughter Military Ball
- FoodBank of Southeastern Virginia and Easter Shore Special MLK Day Event
- Tidewater Military Family Services Council Fall Festival


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Social constructionism
in sociology, a school of thought pertaining to the ways social phenomena are created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans
Word Origin
introduced by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann
Tagged: s
Read Also:
- Social-contract
or social compact noun 1. the voluntary agreement among individuals by which, according to any of various theories, as of Hobbes, Locke, or Rousseau, organized society is brought into being and invested with the right to secure mutual protection and welfare or to regulate the relations among its members. 2. an agreement for mutual benefit […]
- Social-credit
noun, Economics. 1. the doctrine that under capitalism there is an inadequate distribution of purchasing power, for which the remedy lies in governmental control of retail prices and the distribution of national dividends to consumers. Social Credit noun 1. (esp in Canada) a right-wing Populist political party, movement, or doctrine based on the socioeconomic theories […]
- Social-dancing
noun 1. dancing performed by couples or by groups, usually as a form of recreation.
- Social-darwinism
or social Darwinism noun, Sociology. 1. a 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated. social Darwinism definition A theory arising in the late nineteenth […]


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SSU Mobile gives you access to the latest information about Savannah State University wherever you are. Use the Savannah State suite of apps to view ...
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News & Magazines | iPhone, iPad
Lifestyle | iPhone, iPad
Travel & Local | iPhone, iPad, Android
Travel & Local | iPhone, iPad, Android
SSU Mobile gives you access to the latest information about Savannah State University wherever you are. Use the Savannah State suite of apps to view the latest campus news, sports highlights, search for people, and find your way around campus. Features: Athletics Get the latest headlines about Savannah State sports news and schedules. Courses Pull course descriptions, times and locations from the Savannah State course schedule, and tap to map the location or contact the professor. Directory Look up Savannah State's faculty and staff, store contacts with a few taps, and use the e-mail or phone capabilities of your device to connect. Events Find and keep track of a wide range of Savannah State University activities. View events by name, subject or date.Get Help Need Help? Access a list of emergency phone numbers at Savannah State. Images Get access to digital images from the Savannah State's collections of photos showing campus places and events. Maps Search for Savannah State buildings, find them on the map and see your relative location, and zoom or pan across the map using the multi-touch interface. My.SSU Allows you to view your Grades, current Class Schedule, Fees Invoice, Holds, Books, and ID card balances. News See all of Savannah State's news feeds consolidated in one place. Videos View Savannah State's YouTube content. WHCJ Plays a variety of musical styles including Jazz, Reggae, Gospel, Blues, Hip Hop, African music, Latin music and Alternative Soul. Educational offerings include talk shows, commentaries and cultural enrichment programs. WSSU First launched in September 2011 is Savannah State's first low-power radio station. It features a variety of shows that cater to the students of the University by covering the topics of fashion, sports, celebrity news, the latest music, and campus updates.
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Name of product/article
E- PANEL | Vertical decorative radiator
Electric vertical steel decorative radiator
Do you prefer to use electric heating? Then we've good news for you! The VASCO range also includes distinctive electric designer radiators. These offer you authentic design and the ease of electric heating, day after day. Electric heating works quickly and enables the power consumption to be regulated precisely. The heat is distributed uniformly thanks to individual thermostats. Be inspired by our range of electric panel radiators with multifunctional and programmable control panels.


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Mexican Peso Soars to Month High Amid Furor Over Trump Tapes
Author: Bloomberg Markets
Address: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-09/trump-hands-peso-bulls-new-gift-even-before-st-louis-showdown
Date: 09.10.2016
During the first televised debate two weeks ago between the U.S. presidential candidates, Mexico's peso began rallying as traders judged Hillary Clinton to have gotten the edge over Donald Trump. This time, the currency started surging well before the two opponents were due to start sparring.
The peso jumped 1.5 percent to 19.0150 per U.S. dollar within in an hour of markets opening in Asia on Monday. With some Republican party members calling on Trump to quit the presidential race following the release of a 2005 video in which the real-estate developer is heard talking crudely about women, the Mexican currency had been tipped to rebound from a two-day decline. Trump, 70, who says he won't quit the racefaces off against Clinton in St. Louis at 9 p.m. New York time in the second of three scheduled debates.
"The correlation between Trump's performance and trading with the peso seems to be clear to everyone by now," said Marcin Lipka, a Warsaw-based currency analyst at Cinkciarz.pl, which topped Bloomberg's forecaster rankings for Latin America in the second quarter. "While lower chances of him winning have been already priced in recently, we are probably going to see some more gains."
See also:
Cinkciarz.pl is the official sponsor of Ruch Chorzów football team
Author: biznes.onet.pl Address:
Cheap and safe holidays? You don't have to look very far!
Author: Obcasy.pl Address:
Brexit impact on exchange rate of dollar
Author: Dziennik Zwiazkowy Address:
EUR/USD Stronger With UK In EU - Marcin Lipka for Dukascopy TV
Author: Dukascopy TV Address: https://ww...


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LastChip 19:42 13 Mar 2004
With respect, your not being very clear on what your problem is.
But first, you can't Delete Safe Mode. It is inherent in the operating system and for good reason. It is the mode Windows boots into if you have problems, and an area that can be used to fix a non-normal boot situation.
Now what are you saying? You have tried to load ME and it's booting into Safe mode" or you can only boot '98 into Safe Mode?