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Association between variations in the SH2B2 gene and growth traits in Chinese cattle.
Deletion of liver SH2B1 (show SH2B1 Proteins) in SH2B2 null mice attenuated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion.
APS facilitates c-Cbl (show CBL Proteins) tyrosine phosphorylation and GLUT4 (show SLC2A4 Proteins) translocation in response to insulin (show INS Proteins) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Data show that the adapter protein APS preferentially associates with phosphorylated Tyr-568 and Tyr-936 of the receptor for stem-cell factor (c-Kit).
Lnk (show SH2B3 Proteins), SH2-B (show SH2B1 Proteins), and APS have roles in mast cell development, growth, and functions
APS might have a novel regulatory role in actin reorganization and control of B-1 cell compartment size.
Knockdown of the mouse APS gene abolished the insulin (show INS Proteins)-stimulated phosphorylation of c-Cbl (show CBL Proteins).
APS appears to play novel negative regulatory roles in BCR signaling, actin reorganization pathways, and control of compartment sizes of B-lineage cells
These results identify Enigma as a novel APS-binding protein and suggest that the APS/Enigma complex plays a critical role in actin cytoskeleton organisation.
SH2-B (show SH2B1 Proteins), but not APS, is a key positive regulator of energy and glucose metabolism in mice
APS enhanced ligand-dependent multi-ubiquitination of the insulin receptor (IR (show INSR Proteins)) in CHO cells.
Studies indicate that insulin receptor (IR (show INSR Proteins)) and IGF Type 1 Receptor (IGFR) have been identified as important partners of Grb10 (show GRB10 Proteins)/14 and SH2B1 (show SH2B1 Proteins)/B2 adaptors.
We present here a novel stimulatory mechanism of Vav3 (show VAV3 Proteins) in which APS directly relieves the autoinhibitory CH domain and furthermore enhances its tyrosine phosphorylation by Lck (show LCK Proteins).
N-terminal residues distal to the phosphotyrosine directly contact residues of the four-helix bundle of the TKB domain of the adapter protein (show TOLLIP Proteins) APS
The protein encoded by this gene is expressed in B lymphocytes and contains pleckstrin homology and src homology 2 (SH2) domains. In Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, it is tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to B cell receptor stimulation. Because it binds Shc independent of stimulation and Grb2 after stimulation, it appears to play a role in signal transduction from the receptor to the Shc/Grb2 pathway.
PRKR-interacting protein 1 homolog
, SH2B adaptor protein 2
, SH2B adapter protein 2-like
, SH2 and PH domain-containing adapter protein APS
, SH2B adapter protein 2
, adapter protein with pleckstrin homology and Src homology 2 domains
, adaptor protein with pleckstrin homology and src homology 2 domains
, insulin receptor substrate 5


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Torque Systems
We develop, produce and sell components for the Assembly and Automation Industry. Our core competence consists in developing high quality standard units as well as solutions for technologies, solving complex applications. Our Electro Mechanical Assembly Presses and our Assembly Monitoring Systems are used in mass production of all major automotive manufacturers as well as in test and laboratory environments. We assist you in promblems regarding assembly technology.
Through our worldwide partner network we offer maintenance and service for our products. Our training program aims at the transfer of knowledge to our customers. Longterm experience and a close working relationship with our customers enable continous new developments like our Motorized Torque Control Systems or our Assembly Presses BASIC.


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Home phoneline networking alliance
communications, networking, protocol, standard
(HomePNA) A non-profit association of more than 100 technology companies working together to ensure adoption of a phone line networking standard which should provide high-speed, affordable home networking.
The Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) was founded in June 1998 by 3Com, AMD, AT&T Wireless Services, Compaq, Conexant, Epigram, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, Lucent Technologies, Rockwell Semiconductor Systems, and Tut Systems. The membership now spans the networking, telecommunications, hardware, software, and consumer electronics industries.
The alliance was originally formed because of the increasing demand for home networking caused by the growing number of homes with multiple PCs (and other devices) to connect together to provide facilities such as shared Internet access, networked gaming, and sharing of peripherals, files and applications.
The member companies aimed to develop open standards to ensure compatibility between different manufacturers' products. They also decided that this should be done using the phone wiring that already existed in people's homes. The concept of "no new wires" networking meant installation was simpler.
HomePNA's original specifications could be used to create a 1 Mbps (megabits per second) Ethernet-compatible LAN with no hubs, routers, splitters or terminations. Adapters would allow any computer (or other device) with an Ethernet port to be linked to the home network. Up to 25 PCs, peripherals and network devices can be connected to such a network.
On 1999-12-01, the HomePNA announced a new release of its networking technology specification, called Home PNA 2.0. Like the first specification, it uses existing phone lines, but it can operate at speeds up to 10 Mbps. The new version is backwardly compatible with the original 1 Mbps HomePNA technology, and is designed to provide faster networks suitable for future voice, video and data applications.
HomePNA.org (http://homepna.org/). HomePNA.Com (http://HomePNA.com/).
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- Homeplace
[hohm-pleys] /ˈhoʊmˌpleɪs/ noun 1. a person's birthplace or family .
- Homepna
Home Phoneline Networking Alliance
- Home-plate
noun, Baseball. 1. the base at which the batter stands and which a base runner must reach safely in order to score a run, typically a five-sided slab of whitened rubber set at ground level at the front corner of the diamond. noun 1. (baseball) a flat often five-sided piece of hard rubber or other […]
- Home-port
noun 1. the port where a ship is registered. 2. the port out of which a ship is operated but not necessarily registered.


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I very reluctantly weaned myself off it for each of my pregnancies, which for this and countless other reasons seemed to last eons. About once each year I gradually change my caffinated/decaffinated ratio so that I'm 'off the stuff' just to see that I can. I hate the idea that I'm held captive to a substance and so I do my little experiment every now and then to prove my supposed dominance over coffee.
It's one of those things that brings me a disproportionate amount of pleasure. What's yours?


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about cafe monet
Cafe Monet, a paint-your-own pottery and art studio evolved through the dreams of two young, driven entrepreneurs. Our vision has always been to create a unique, inspirational environment where people of all ages can explore their creativity!
We want to provide a creative and inspirational studio where pottery goes from "functional to fabulous!" We also have a heart and passion for special needs children and adults. Please contact us about a painting experience that will encourage their creativity, develop self-esteem, and provide a social activity that is sure to be a favorite for all those participating!
Cafe Monet's philosophy is to provide customers with the BEST "Paint-Your-Own-Pottery" experience in Austin. Our studio staff strives to make your experience at Cafe Monet special each time you visit. We are always ready to help with making special gifts, school auction ideas, and party planning for all celebrations. We are very excited to offer two locations where you can join us to create your own works of art.


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Stock Graphic >> Illustration - Fishing 303583 by elfivetrov @ CreativeMarket
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Fishing Retro Poster: Inflatable Boat and Equipment for Fishing. Vector illustration. File contains JPEG and EPS10 format. File has transparency. Use fonts: Fontdiner Firenight, Intro. If you need Extended Use License for this product: https://creativemarket.com/elfivetrov/111477-Extended-Use-License
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Robert Thornburg and Alejandro Gugliucci
Learning objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to:
Describe the composition and structure of DNA, based on the Watson–Crick model, including the concepts of directionality and complementarity in DNA structure.
Describe the packaging of DNA in the nucleus.
Explain how replication of DNA is achieved with high fidelity.
Discuss the enzymes involved, the activities at replication forks, and the structures and intermediates participating in the replication process.
Outline the mechanism by which replication is controlled in the eukaryotic cell.
Describe the types of damage to DNA and the mechanisms involved in DNA repair.
Describe the mechanism of action of AZT for treatment of AIDS.
Cellular nucleic acids exist in two forms, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Approximately 90% of the nucleic acid within cells is RNA and the remainder is DNA. DNA is the repository of genetic information. This chapter deals with the structure of DNA, the manner in which it is stored in chromosomes in the nucleus, and the mechanisms involved in its biosynthesis and repair.
Structure of deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is an antiparallel dimer of nucleic acid strands
DNA is composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is missing the hydroxyl group at the 2′-position. The chains of DNA are polymerized through a phosphodiester linkage from the 3′-hydroxyl of one ribose to the 5′-hydroxyl of the next ribose (Fig. 32.1A). Thus, DNA is a duplex linear polymer of deoxyribose 3′,5′-phosphate, with purine and pyrimidine bases attached to carbon-1′ of the deoxyribose subunit.
FIG. 32.1 Structure of DNA.
(A) A tetranucleotide sequence of DNA showing each of the nucleotides normally found in DNA. The deoxyribose sugars are missing the 2′-hydroxyl that is present in the ribose sugars found in RNA. By convention, DNA is read from the 5′ to 3′ end, so the sequence of this tetranucleotide is 5′-GATC-3′. (B) A graphic representation of the structure of B-DNA, the major form of DNA in the cell. The base pairs in the middle are aligned nearly perpendicular to the helical axis. The major groove and the minor groove are shown. Note that the strands are antiparallel.
Using X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a structure for DNA in 1953. This model proposed that DNA was composed of two intertwined complementary strands with hydrogen bonds holding the strands together (Fig. 32.1B). The basic simplicity of this structure was consistent with the observation that in all DNA the molar content of A is equal to that of T, and the molar content of G is equal to that of C. While some of the details of the model have been modified, the Watson–Crick hypothesis was rapidly accepted and its essential elements have remained unchanged since originally proposed.
Watson and Crick model of DNA
As originally presented by Watson and Crick, DNA is composed of two strands, wound around each other in a right-handed, helical structure with the base pairs in the middle and the deoxyribosyl phosphate chains on the outside. The orientation of the DNA strands is antiparallel, i.e. the strands run in opposite directions. The nucleotide bases on each strand interact with the nucleotide bases on the other strand to form base pairs (Fig. 32.2). The base pairs are planar and are oriented nearly perpendicular to the axis of the helix. Each base pair is formed by hydrogen bonding between a purine and a pyrimidine. Consistent with this pairing, Guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine, and adenine forms two with thymine. Because of the specificity of this interaction between purines and pyrimidines on the opposite strands, the opposing strands of DNA are said to have complementary structures. The composite strength of the numerous hydrogen bonds formed between the bases of the opposite strands and the hydrophobic interactions among the bases is responsible for the extreme stability of the DNA double helix. While the hydrogen bonds between strands are affected by temperature and ionic strength, stable complementary structures can be formed at room temperature with as few as 6–8 nucleotides.
FIG. 32.2 Watson–Crick base pairing of nucleotides in DNA.
The AT base pairs form two hydrogen bonds and the GC base pairs form three hydrogen bonds. Thus, GC-rich regions are more stable than AT-rich regions.
Three-dimensional DNA
The three-dimensional structure of the DNA double helix is such that the deoxyribosyl phosphate backbones of the two strands are slightly offset from the center of the helix. Because of this, the grooves between the two strands are of different sizes. These grooves are termed the major groove and the minor groove (see Figs 32.1B). The major groove is more open and exposes the nucleotide base pairs. The minor groove is more constricted, being partially blocked by the deoxyribosyl moieties linking the base pairs. Binding of proteins to DNA occurs mostly in the major groove and is specific for the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Alternative forms of DNA may help to regulate gene expression
Although the majority of DNA molecules in a cell exist in the B-form described above, alternative forms of DNA also exist. When the relative humidity of B-form DNA falls to less than 75%, the B-form undergoes a reversible transition into the A-form of DNA. In the A-form, the nucleotide base pairs are tilted 20° relative to the helical axis and the helix diameter is increased, compared to the B-form (Fig. 32.3). The A-form is observed when the DNA strands contain tracks of polypurine (and complementary polypyrimidine) residues. These regions do not efficiently bind histones and are therefore unable to form nucleosomes (see below), resulting in nucleosome-free (exposed) regions of DNA.
FIG. 32.3 The structures of different forms of DNA include the B-, A- and Z-forms.
The sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA strands is colored blue. The nucleotide bases forming the internal base pairs are yellow for pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine) and red for purines (adenine and guanine).
Another unique form of DNA exists when the sequence of nucleotides consists of alternating purine/pyrimidine stretches. This form, termed Z-DNA, is also favored at high ionic concentrations. In Z-DNA, the base pairs flip 180° relative to the sugar nucleotide bond. This results in a novel conformation of the base pairs relative to sugar phosphate backbones, yielding a form of DNA with a zigzag configuration (hence the name Z-DNA) along the sugar phosphate backbone. Surprisingly, this change in conformation leads to the formation of a left-handed DNA helix. While the Z-DNA form is favored at high ionic concentrations, it can also be induced at normal ionic concentrations by methylation of cytosine residues, a form ofepigenetic modification of DNA (Chapter 35). Protein-binding interactions with these alternative forms of DNA, which are widely distributed in the genome, are involved in the regulation of gene expression.
The digital linear code (base pairing) in the DNA double helix has a significant component that acts by altering, along its length, the shape and stiffness of the molecule. In this way, one region of DNA is structurally differentiated from another, which provides another level of encoded information in three-dimensional space. These local shape and stiffness variations contribute superhelical structure and three-dimensional spatial interactions in DNA. It can be said that the super-helical density behaves as an analog regulatory mode as opposed to the more frequently accepted purely digital information content.
Separated DNA strands can reassociate to form duplex DNA
Complementary strands of DNA spontaneously hybridize to form helical structures
Because the DNA strands are complementary and are held together only by noncovalent forces, they can be separated into individual strands. This strand separation or denaturation of DNA is commonly induced by heating the solution. The dissociation is reversible and, on cooling, the complementary nucleotide sequences reassociate or reanneal to reform their original base pairs. This is the basis for one of the primary methods for DNA analysis, Southern hybridization (see Chapter 36). Because adenine and thymine interact through two hydrogen bonds and guanine and cytosine through three (see Fig. 32.2), AT-rich regions melt at lower temperatures than GC-rich regions in DNA. The denaturation of DNA can also be induced locally by enzymes or DNA-binding proteins. The promoter region of DNA contains a TATA sequence (the TATA box; see Fig. 35.1), an easily melted region of DNA that facilitates the unwinding of DNA during the early stages of gene expression (Chapter 35).
The human genome
The human genome contains 20,000–25,000 different protein coding genes spread over 23 chromosome pairs
Genes for specific proteins are unique DNA sequences that are present in single copies or at most only a few copies per genome. There are also several types of repeated DNA sequences within the genome. These are divided into two major classes: middle repetitive (<10 copies per genome) and highly repetitive (>10 copies per genome).
Some middle repetitive DNA consists of genes that specify transfer and ribosomal ribonucleic acids, which are involved in protein synthesis (Chapter 34), and histone proteins that are part of the nucleosome (below). Other middle repetitive DNA sequences have no known useful function but may participate in DNA strand association and chromosomal rearrangements during meiosis. The best-characterized highly repetitive sequence in humans is known as the Alu sequence. Between 300,000 and 500,000 Alu I repeats of about 300 base pairs are scattered throughout the human genome, comprising 3–6% of the total DNA. Individual repeats of the Alu sequence may vary by 10–20% in identity. Similar sequences are found in other mammals and in lower eukaryotes.
Satellite DNA
Satellite DNA was originally identified as a subfraction of DNA with a buoyant density slightly lower than that of genomic DNA because of its higher content of AT base pairs. It consists of clusters of short, species-specific, nearly identical sequences that are tandemly repeated hundreds of thousands of times. These clusters lack protein-coding genes and are found principally near the centromeres of chromosomes, suggesting that they may function to align the chromosomes during cell division to facilitate recombination. Because these repetitive sequences cover long stretches of chromosomes (100s to 1000s of kilobase pairs; kbp), determining the sequence of satellite DNA and sequencing the centromere region of DNA are major challenges to completing the non-coding sequence of eukaryotic genomes.
Mitochondrial DNA
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains the majority of the DNA in the cell – genomic DNA. However, DNA is also found in mitochondria and in plant chloroplasts, which is consistent with endosymbiont theories for the origins of these cellular organelles: namely, that they are parasites that adapted to intracellular life by symbiosis.
The mitochondrial genome is small in size, circular, and encodes relatively few proteins
In humans, the mitochondrial genome encodes 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and 13 mitochondrial proteins that are involved in the respiratory apparatus, including subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase and ATPase.
The remainder of the proteins that are found in mitochondria (about 1000) are produced from nuclear genes, synthesized in the cytoplasm on 'free' ribosomes (Chapter 34), then imported into the mitochondrion. This import process requires a special N-terminal mitochondrial-import sequence of about 25 amino acids in length that forms an amphipathic helix which interacts with transporter and chaperone proteins in the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane and matrix. Those few proteins that are encoded by the mitochondrial genome are synthesized in the mitochondrion, using machinery similar that used in the cytoplasm for synthesis of nonmitochondrial proteins (see Chapter 34).
DNA is compacted into chromosomes
Chromosomes are compact, highly organized forms of DNA
In eukaryotes, DNA is arranged in linear segments termed chromosomes. Each chromosome contains between 48 million and 240 million base pairs. The B-form of DNA has a contour length of 3.4 Å per base pair. Therefore, chromosomes have contour lengths of 1.6–8.2 cm, which is much larger than a cell. To fit within the nucleus, DNA is condensed >8000-fold into an organized structure. Interactions between DNA and mobile cations, such as Na+, Mg2+, and the polyamines such as spermidine, play an important role in the physical properties and biological function of DNA. Even in dilute solutions, approximately three out of four DNA charges are neutralized by a cation that is in some sense 'bound'. This neutralization facilitates compaction of DNA into densely packaged chromatin and deformation of DNA by proteins.
Chromatin contains DNA, RNA and protein, plus inorganic and organic counterions
In the native chromosome, DNA is complexed with RNA and an approximately equal mass of protein. These DNA–RNA–protein complexes are termed chromatin. The majority of the proteins in chromatin are histones. Histones are a highly conserved family of proteins that are involved in the packing and folding of DNA within the nucleus. There are five classes of histones, termed H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. They are all rich (>20%) in positively charged, basic amino acids (lysine and arginine). These positive charges interact with the negatively charged, acidic phosphate groups of the DNA strands to reduce electrostatic repulsion and permit tighter DNA packing.
Nucleosomes are the building-blocks of chromatin
The histone proteins associate into a complex termed a nucleosome (Fig. 32.4). Each of these complexes contains two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, and one molecule of H1. The nucleosome protein complex is encircled with about 200 base pairs of DNA that form two coils around the nucleosome core. The H1 protein associates with the outside of the nucleosome core to stabilize the complex. By forming nucleosomes, the packing density of DNA is increased about sevenfold.
FIG. 32.4 Structures involved in chromosome packaging.
(A) The nucleosome core is composed of two subunits each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The core is twice wrapped with DNA, and the H1 histone binds to the completed complex. (B) The 300 Å chromatin filament is formed by wrapping the nucleosomes into a spring-shaped solenoid. (C) The chromosome is composed of the 300 Å filaments, which bind to a nuclear scaffold, forming large loops of chromatin material. (D) The end view of a chromosome shows the central nuclear scaffold surrounded by the radial loops of chromatin. The diameter of a chromosome is about 1 µm.
The nucleosome particles themselves are also organized into other, more tightly packed structures, termed 300 Å chromatin filaments. These filaments are constructed by winding the nucleosome particles into a spring-shaped solenoid structure with about six nucleosomes per turn (see Fig. 32.4). The solenoid is stabilized by head-to-tail associations of the H1 histones. Finally, the chromatin filaments are compacted into the mature chromosome, using a nuclear scaffold. The scaffold is about 400 nm in diameter and forms the core of the chromosome. The filaments are dispersed around the scaffold to form radial loops about 300 nm in length. The final diameter of a chromosome is about 1 µm.
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that cap the 3′ ends of the eukaryotic chromosomes. They are essential for cell viability. These structures consist of tandem repeats of short, G-rich, species-specific oligonucleotides. In humans, the repeated sequence is TTAGGG. Telomeres can contain as many as 1000 copies of this sequence. During the synthesis of telomeres, the enzyme telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex, adds preformed hexanucleotide repeats to the 3′-end of the chromosome, using its RNA as a template; there is no requirement for a DNA template. In human somatic cells telomeric DNA shortens in each cell division until it cannot exercise its end-protective functions, e.g. avoiding recognition of chromosome tips as double-stranded breaks. The shortening of telomeres after many cell replications has been linked to the development of cellular senescence. If telomeres turn out to be dysfunctional as a result of disproportionate shortening or defects in their intrinsic proteins, they trigger pathways that restrict proliferative life span. Telomere-based chromosome instability has been proposed as one driving force in oncogenesis.
The cell cycle in eukaryotes
Figure 32.5 shows the various phases of the growth and division of eukaryotic cells, known as the cell cycle. The G1 phase is a period of cell growth that occurs prior to DNA replication. The phase during which DNA is synthesized or replicated is termed the S phase. A second growth phase, termed G2, occurs after DNA replication but prior to cell division. The mitosis or M phase is the period of cell division. Following mitosis, the daughter cells either reenter the G1 phase or enter a quiescent phase termed G0, when growth and replication cease. The passage of cells through the cell cycle is tightly controlled by a variety of proteins termed cyclin-dependent kinases (see Chapter 42).
FIG. 32.5 Stages of the cell cycle.
G1 and G2 are growth phases that occur before and after DNA synthesis, respectively. DNA replication occurs during the S phase. Mitosis occurs during the M phase, producing new daughter cells that can reenter the G1 phase (compareFig. 43.1).
DNA Replication
DNA is replicated by separating and copying the strands
For cells to divide, their DNA must be duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle. The structure of the DNA double helix and its complementarity suggested the mechanism for DNA replication – strand separation followed by strand copying. The separated parent strands serve as templates for the synthesis of the new daughter strands. This method of DNA replication is described as semi-conservative – each replicated duplex, daughter DNA molecule contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
DNA replication
The site at which DNA replication is initiated is termed the origin of replication
In prokaryotes, a DNA-binding protein termed DnaA binds to repeated nucleotide sequences located within the origin. Binding of 20–30 DnaA molecules to the origin of replication induces unwinding, which separates the strands in an AT-rich region adjacent to the DnaA-binding sites. Next, the hexameric protein DnaB binds to the separated DNA strands. DnaB has helicase activity that catalyzes ATP-mediated unwinding of the DNA helix. DNA gyrase also participates in separation of the strands. As this complex continues unwinding the DNA strands in both directions from the origin of replication, single-stranded DNA-binding proteins coat the separated strands to inhibit their reassociation.
Once the strands are sufficiently separated, another protein, termed DNA primase, is added, resulting in the formation of a primosome complex at the replication fork. The primosome synthesizes short (n ≤ 10) RNA oligonucleotides complementary to each parental DNA strand. These oligonucleotides serve as primers for DNA synthesis. Once each RNA primer has been laid down, two DNA polymerase III complexes are assembled, one at each of the primed sites. Because of the unidirectional synthetic activity of the polymerase and the antiparallel nature of the two strands, the synthesis of DNA along the two strands is different (Fig. 32.6). The two daughter strands being synthesized are termed the leading strand and the lagging strand. In addition to its polymerase activity, one of the subunits of DNA polymerase III has a proofreading exonuclease activity, which corrects mismatches and assures fidelity in replication of DNA.
FIG. 32.6 DNA synthesis.
DNA synthesis occurs at a replication fork producing new strands termed the leading strand and the lagging strand. The 'railroad tracks' represent double-stranded DNA. Some of the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis are shown: DNA B (helicase), DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and single-strand DNA binding protein (SSBP). The leading strand is replicated in a continuous fashion. However, for the lagging strand, RNA primers are periodically added by the DNA primase along the strand. DNA polymerase III elongates these RNA primers to form Okazaki fragments. When the Okazaki fragment is complete, the DNA polymerase III on the lagging strand will shift to the next RNA primer to initiate another Okazaki fragment. The exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA. DNA ligase seals the gaps in the DNA strands to complete synthesis of the lagging strand.
DNA synthesis proceeds in opposite directions along the leading and lagging strands of the template DNA
DNA synthesis proceeds along the leading strand in a 5′ to 3′ direction, producing a single, long, continuous strand. However, because DNA synthesis adds new nucleotides only at the 3′-end of the elongating DNA strand, DNA polymerase III cannot synthesize the lagging strand in one long continuous piece as it does for the leading strand. Instead, the lagging strand is synthesized in small fragments, 1000–5000 base pairs in length, termed Okazaki fragments (see Fig. 32.6). The primosome remains associated with the lagging strand and continues periodically to synthesize RNA primers complementary to the separated strand. As DNA polymerase III moves along the parental DNA strand, it initiates the synthesis of Okazaki fragments at the RNA primers, elongating different fragments from each primer.
When the 3′-end of the elongating Okazaki fragment reaches the 5′-end of the previously synthesized Okazaki fragment, DNA polymerase III releases the template and finds another RNA primer further back along the lagging strand, synthesizing another Okazaki fragment. Eventually, the Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA polymerase I. This enzyme, which also has a role in DNA repair, has an exonuclease activity that permits it to remove and replace a stretch of nucleotides as it proceeds along a DNA template. During DNA replication, DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA. Finally, DNA ligase joins the lagging-strand DNA fragments to form a continuous strand.
Eukaryotes stringently regulate DNA replication
Eukaryotic DNA synthesis is remarkably similar to prokaryotic DNA synthesis. However, eukaryotes have many more origins of replication. These are activated simultaneously during the S phase of the cell cycle, permitting rapid replication of the entire chromosome. To insure that excess amounts of unfinished, replicating DNA do not accumulate, cells use a protein termed a licensing factor that is present in the nucleus prior to replication. Following each round of replication, this factor is inactivated or destroyed, preventing further replication until more licensing factor is synthesized later in the cell cycle.
Licensing factor is best understood in the yeast. In yeast there is a complex called the origin recognition complex (ORC), composed of six proteins. The ORC marks the origin of replication and remains bound to the origin throughout the cell cycle. It serves as a docking site for the other components that regulate DNA replication. Early events in DNA replication include the binding of several highly unstable proteins to ORC. These proteins include CDC6/18 and CDT1, which facilitate binding of a group of three additional proteins: MCM2, MCM3, and MCM5. Once the MCM proteins bind, the origin exists as a prereplication complex and is 'licensed' to enter S phase of the cell cycle. The initiation of DNA synthesis is triggered by the action of the CDC7 kinase together with other cyclin-dependent kinases. The activated MCM complex then participates in unwinding the replication origin and is thereby displaced from the origin. Following displacement, the origin forms a postinitiation complex and CDC6 is degraded, thereby preventing the reloading of the origin with additional licensing factor.
DNA repair
There are typically more than 10,000 modifications of DNA per cell per day
Because DNA is the reservoir of genetic information within the cell, it is extremely important to maintain the integrity of DNA. Therefore, the cell has developed multiple, highly efficient mechanisms for the repair of modified or damaged DNA.
Clinical box AZT therapy for HIV infection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in a profound weakening of the immune system that makes the patient susceptible to a range of bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral superinfections. Kaposi's sarcoma may also develop; it is a cancer-like disease of blood vessels caused by infection with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8).
Effective treatments of the HIV viral infection rely on detailed knowledge of the viral life cycle. For the AIDS virus, the viral genome is RNA. In the infected cell, it is copied into a DNA form by a viral enzyme termed reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase is an error-prone enzyme that does not have the proofreading capabilities of DNA polymerase III. One therapeutic approach for treatment of AIDS takes advantage of the enzyme's lack of specificity in choice of complementary substrates. Several important antiviral drugs are nucleotide analogues that inhibit reverse transcriptase, including AZT (azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine; Retrovir, zidovudine), ddC (2′,3′-dideoxycytidine; Hivid, zalcitabine), and 3TC (2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine; Epivir, lamivudine) (Fig. 32.7). AZT, for example, is metabolized in the body into the thymine triphosphate (TTP) analogue azido-TTP. The HIV reverse transcriptase misincorporates azido-TTP into the reverse-transcribed viral genome. The incorporation of azido-TTP into DNA blocks further chain elongation, because the 3′-azido group cannot form a phosphodiester bond with subsequent nucleoside triphosphates. The inability to synthesize DNA from the viral RNA template results in inhibition of viral replication The life cycle of HIV spans about 1.5 days from entry into a cell, replication, assembly, and release of new viral particles to infection of other cells. HIV lacks proofreading enzymes to correct errors occurring during conversion of its RNA into DNA via reverse transcription. Its short life cycle and high error rate cause the virus to mutate very hastily, causing large genetic variability of HIV. Most of the mutations are deleterious or bear no advantage, but some have a natural selection advantage to their parent and can allow them to evade the human immune system and antiretroviral drugs. The more active copies of the virus, the greater the possibility that one resistant to antiretroviral drugs will be made.
FIG. 32.7 Mechanism of action of antiretroviral chemotherapeutic agents.
This class of inhibitors includes several compounds with slightly different chemical structures in the nucleobase structure and in substitution at the 3′-carbon of the sugar ring. Structures of some of the most widely used drugs are shown. These compounds are metabolized to the triphosphate form via normal cellular metabolism (see Chapter 30). The triphosphate analogues are then incorporated into the viral genome by reverse transcriptase. This blocks viral DNA synthesis because the modified 3′ end R2 of the viral DNA molecule is not a substrate for additional rounds of DNA synthesis. AZT, azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine; ddC, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine; 3TC, 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine.
If antiretroviral therapy is incorrectly employed, these multi-drug resistant strains can turn out to be the dominant genotypes very promptly. Improper serial use of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine may result in multi-drug resistant mutations.
DNA can be damaged by numerous types of endogenous and exogenous agents that cause nucleotide modifications, deletions, insertions, sequence inversions and transpositions. Some of this damage is secondary to chemical modification of DNA by alkylating agents (including many carcinogens), reactive oxygen species (Chapter 37) and ionizing radiation (ultraviolet or radioactive). Both the sugar and bases of DNA are subject to modification, yielding an estimated 10,000 to 100,000 modifications of DNA per cell per day. The nature of this damage is quite variable, including modification of single bases, single or double-strand breaks, and crosslinking between bases or bases and proteins. Oxidative damage is probably the most common form of DNA damage; it is increased in inflammation, by smoking, in aging and in age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases (Chapter 43). If not repaired, the accumulated damage will lead to permanent changes in the structure of DNA, setting the stage for loss of cellular functions, cell death or cancer.
Multiple enzymatic pathways repair a wide range of chemical modifications of DNA
Numerous chemical and environmental agents are known that produce specific chemical modification of the nucleotides in the DNA strand, leading to mismatches during DNA synthesis. After chromosomal replication, the resulting daughter strand contains a different DNA sequence (mutation) from the parent strand. Cells use excision repair to remove alkylated nucleotides and other unusual base analogues, thereby protecting the DNA sequence from mutations. The unmodified strand serves as the template for the repair process.
UV light produces thymine dimers: nucleotide excision repair
When short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light interacts with DNA, adjacent thymine bases undergo an unusual dimerization, producing a cyclobutylthymine dimer in the DNA strand (Fig. 32.8). The primary mechanism for repair of these intrastrand thymine dimers is an excision repair mechanism. An endonuclease, which appears to be specific for this type of modification, cleaves the dimer-containing strand near the thymine dimer, and a small portion of that strand is removed. DNA polymerase I, the same enzyme that is involved in DNA biosynthesis, then recognizes and fills in the resulting gap. DNA ligase completes the repair by rejoining the DNA strands.
FIG. 32.8 Thymine dimer.
A thymine dimer consists of a cyclobutane ring joining a pair of adjacent thymine nucleotides.
Deamination: excision repair
Those nucleotides that contain amines, cytosine and adenosine, may spontaneously deaminate to form uracil or hypoxanthine, respectively. When these bases are found in DNA, specificN-glycosylases remove them. This produces base pair gaps that are recognized by specific apurinic or apyrimidinic endonucleases that cleave the DNA near the site of the defect. An exonuclease then removes the stretch of the DNA strand containing the defect. A repair DNA polymerase replaces the DNA and, finally, DNA ligase rejoins the DNA strand. This repair mechanism is also referred to as excision repair.
Single base pair alterations also include depurination. The purine-N-glycosidic bonds are especially labile, so that an estimated 3–7 purines are removed from DNA per min per cell. Specific enzymes recognize these depurinated sites, and the base is replaced without interruption of the phosphodiester backbone.
Strand breaks
Single-stranded breaks are frequently induced by ionizing radiation. These are repaired by direct ligation or by excision repair mechanisms. Double-stranded breaks are produced by ionizing radiation and some chemotherapeutic agents. Otherwise, double-stranded ends of DNA are rare in vivo; they are found at the end of chromosomes and in some specialized complexes involved in gene rearrangement. A specialized enzyme system is designed to recognize and rejoin these ends but if the ends drift away from one another, the damage is not readily repaired.
Clinical box Xeroderma pigmentosum
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a group of rare, life-threatening, autosomal recessive disorders (incidence = 1/250,000) that are marked by extreme sensitivity to sunlight. Upon exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation, the skin of XP patients erupts into pigmented spots, resembling freckles. Multiple carcinomas and melanomas appear early in life, exacerbated by sun exposure, and the majority of patients succumb to cancer before reaching adulthood.
XP is the result of a defect in repair of UV-induced thymine dimers in DNA. There are at least eight polypeptides (genes) involved in recognition, unwinding and excision repair of UV-induced thymine dimers. Patients with XP must avoid direct sunlight, fluorescent light, halogen light or any other source of ultraviolet light. An experimental form of protein therapy, currently undergoing clinical evaluation, involves application of a skin lotion containing the missing protein or enzyme. Ideally, this protein will enter the skin cells and stimulate the repair of UV-damaged DNA. However, protection occurs only where the lotion can be applied. For example, this treatment does not address the neurologic problems that affect about 20% of XP patients.
Mismatch repair
Errors that escape the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase III appear in newly synthesized DNA in the form of nucleotide mismatches. While readily repairable, the critical issue is identification of the strand to be repaired: which nucleotide strand is the daughter strand containing the error? In bacterial systems, mismatch repair is accomplished by post-replicative methylation of DNA at adenine residues in specific sequences spaced along the genome; methylation does not affect base pairing. Newly synthesized strands lack methylated adenine residues, so that the mismatch repair system enzymes scan the DNA, identify the mismatch, and then repair the unmethylated strand by excision repair. A similar approach is used to correct mismatches occurring during synthesis of mammalian DNA. Defects in mismatch repair are associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, an autosomal dominant condition in humans.
More than 20 different oxidative modifications of DNA have been characterized; the most studied is 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoG) (Fig. 32.9). During the process of DNA replication, mismatches between the modified 8-oxoG nucleoside in the template strand and incoming nucleotide triphosphates result in G-to-T transversions, thereby introducing mutations into the DNA strand. Although excision repair mechanisms are effective, 8-oxoG, like other modified bases, may be reincorporated into DNA following excision.
FIG. 32.9 Oxidative damage to DNA.
8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (oxoG) is an oxidative modification of DNA that causes mutations during replication of DNA. Replication of the strand containing oxoG frequently yields a pyrimidine A in the complementary strand, which, on further replication, yields an AT base pair, instead of the original GC base pair.
Recently, a mammalian protein, MTH1, was characterized that specifically degrades 8-oxo-dGTP, thereby preventing misincorporation of this altered nucleotide into DNA. Gene targeting was used to develop an MTH1 knockout mouse. Compared to the wild-type animal, the knockout showed a greater number of tumors in lung, liver, and stomach, illustrating the importance of this (and other) postrepair protection mechanisms.
In lung cells, inhalation of some particulate materials results in an increase in 8-oxoG levels. The inflammatory process may play a role in asbestos-induced formation of lung tumors. Smoking also induces oxidative damage and increases levels of DNA oxidation products in lungs, blood and urine. 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine is eliminated via renal filtration. Therefore, its urinary level is used as a sensitive biomarker for oxidative stress in many clinical studies (Chapter 43). A new competitive immunochromatography automatic analyzer that measures urinary 8-oxodG can be used as a point-of-care test for the assessment of oxidative stress.
Clinical test box Ames test for mutagens
Mutagens are chemical compounds that induce changes in the DNA sequence. A large number of natural and man-made chemicals are mutagenic. To evaluate the potential to mutate DNA, the American biochemist Bruce Ames developed a simple test, using special Salmonella typhimurium strains that cannot grow in the absence of histidine (His- phenotype). These histidine auxotrophic strains contain nucleotide substitutions or deletions that prevent the production of histidine biosynthetic enzymes.
To test for mutagenesis, mutant bacteria are seeded on a culture medium lacking histidine; the suspected mutagen is added to the medium. The action of the mutagen occasionally results in the reversal of the histidine mutation, yielding a revertant strain that can now synthesize histidine and will grow in its absence. The mutagenicity of a compound is scored by counting the number of colonies that have grown, i.e. reverted to the His+ phenotype. There is a good correlation between results of the Ames mutagenicity test and direct tests of carcinogenic activity in animals.
Some chemicals (procarcinogens) are not mutagenic per se, but are activated to mutagenic compounds during metabolic processes, e.g. during drug detoxification in liver or kidney. Benzopyrene, for example, is not mutagenic but during its detoxification in liver, it is converted to diol epoxides which are potent mutagens and carcinogens. To provide sensitivity for detecting procarcinogens, the culture medium for the Ames test is supplemented with an extract of liver microsomes, a subfraction of tissue rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum containing drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Clinical box Cancer treatment news: two new protein targets to counteract 'relapse' and 'drug resistance'
Current cancer treatments such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapy target DNA. Their rationale is clear: these treatments disrupt the genome, and a balance is struck between preventing cancer cells from dividing and proliferating, while not irreversibly damaging healthy tissues. Nonetheless, cancer cells have a broad array of DNA repair mechanisms to limit injury. For this reason, DNA repair systems are targets of adjuvant therapy used to enhance sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA-targeted agents. Base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair are key mechanisms of DNA repair. There are two protein targets associated with the hallmark 'relapse' and 'drug resistance' phenomena seen during chemotherapy: Excision Repair Cross-Complementation Group 1 (ERCC1) and DNA polymerase beta. The former is a key player in nucleotide excision repair; the latter is the error-prone polymerase of base excision repair. Only a few ERCC1 inhibitors have been discovered, but more than 60 for DNA pol beta. The discovery of potent and tumor-specific inhibitors of these enzymes should improve current therapies where resistance develops, including bleomycin, alkylating agents and cisplatin.
The human genome is composed of DNA, an antiparallel, double-stranded helical polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, stabilized by hydrogen binding between complementary bases.
DNA is packaged in the chromosome in a highly organized, condensed structure known as chromatin.
Genetic information is replicated by a semi-conservative mechanism in which the parental strands are separated and both act as templates for daughter DNA.
The replication of DNA is a complex, stringently regulated process. DNA is essentially the only polymer in the body that is repaired, rather than degraded, following chemical or biological modification. Repair mechanisms generally involve excision of modified bases and replacement, using the unmodified strand as a template.
Active learning
1. What are the possible functions of unusual forms of DNA?
2. Discuss the possible roles for middle repetitive and highly repetitive sequences in DNA.
3. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer results from a defect in DNA mismatch repair. Why is this condition autosomal dominant?
4. What are the differences in replication and repair of nuclear vs mitochondrial DNA?
Further reading
Frias, C, Pampalona, J, Genesca, A, et al. Telomere dysfunction and genome instability. Front Biosci. 2012; 17:2181–2196.
Kaneko, K, Kimata, T, Tsuji, S, et al. Measurement of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine in a novel point-of-care testing device to assess oxidative stress in children. Clin Chim Acta. 2012; 413:1822–1826.
Ruemmele, FM, Garnier-Lengline, H. Why are genetics important for nutrition? Lessons from epigenetic research. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012; 60(Suppl 3):38–43.
Slijepcevic, P. DNA damage response, telomere maintenance and ageing in light of the integrative model. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008; 129:11–16.
Spry, M, Scott, T, Pierce, H, et al. DNA repair pathways and hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes. Front Biosci. 2007; 12:4191–4207.
Travers, AA, Muskhelishvili, G, Thompson, JM. DNA information: from digital code to analogue structure. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2012; 370:2960–2986.
Venter, JC. Genome sequencing anniversary: the human genome at 10 – successes and challenges. Science. 2011; 331:546–547.
Venter, JC, Adams, MD, Myers, EW. The sequence of the human genome. Science. 2001; 291:1304–1351.
Watson, JD. The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. New York: WW Norton; 1980.
Watson, JD. A passion for DNA. Genes, genomes and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
DNA interactive. www.dnai.org. [This is the best introduction to the subject].
DNA replication. http://www.freesciencelectures.com/video/dna-replication-process/.
DNA workshop. www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna.
Graphics. www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/structure.html.
Mitochondrial DNA. www.mitomap.org.
National Human Genome Research Institut. www.genome.gov


text: For most of us in Pinellas County, we don't have to think about how we get to the doctor or grocery store: it just involves our cars and the best roads to get us where we want to go. But what about people who don't own a car? Or those who can't drive? Accessibility to… Read more »


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Bellinger Tire Inc
ReScore Reviews™ (1)
99% Would Recommend
Latest Review 1 day ago
Review for Bellinger Tire Inc
Joseph P. on 11/30/2012
Spoke with Eileen. She said this business is courteous and honest.
Vehicle: Mercedes-Benz 420SEL
Category: Service
Service Date: 11/29/2012
Review Created: 11/30/2012
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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I fell in love with this whole outfit when Catherine posted it, i gushed over it and pinned it. The lovely Catherine herself actually mentioned in the post that her outfit reminded her of me (such a lovely compliment) which is so funny as i totally loved her whole outfit and knew i had to re create, perhaps that wonderful lady knows me extremely well!! So here i am re creating an outfit that was inspired by one of our wonderful Passion For Fashion link ups (and a gorgeous lady she is too!)
we all have a passion for fashion!
Anything fashion goes!
Celebrate your style with us every Friday!
You can find the board HERE
If you could link back to us via text link or button and help spread the
Passion For Fashion word.
The more ladies the merrier!
Then go visit, blog hop, follow and comment on all the fabulous ladies you are meeting!
{this linkup is very NEW we would love for you to help us spread the word! }


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The Police Athletic League of Jacksonville Inc. will host the annual Julian E. Jackson Amateur Boxing Championship on Saturday.
The event is a fundraiser for the PAL boxing program, which gives more than 40 children the opportunity to compete in boxing. Proceeds will help purchase updated equipment and sponsor student trips, according to a news release.
Also, the event honors Jackson, a local businessman and 1930s Bantamweight boxing champion who died in 2011. He was a longtime supporter of Jacksonville PAL, playing an integral role in building several of the program's facilities, including one that bears his name.
The boxing championship will be held at the Julian Jackson Center, 3450 Monument Road at the Ed Austin Regional Park. Bouts will begin at 6 p.m.
For information about sponsorship opportunities, registration or tickets, contact Shelly Williams at (904) 355-3308 or Tiffany Mackey at (904) 854-6555 or email@example.com.
The Police Athletic League of Jacksonville is a nonprofit that provides athletic, educational, mentoring and leadership programs for teens. To donate or get more information, go to jaxpal.com or call (904) 854-6580.


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Sotheby's Chinese Snuff Bottles Catalog '2003'
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YOU ARE BIDDING ON A CATALOG(S)Title: Sotheby's Fine Chinese Ceramics & Works of Art Including Fine Chinese Snuff Bottles From the Collection of Ann & John Hamilton Auction held in: New York Sale Date: 3/27/03 No. of Lots: 435 No. of Pages: 200 Condition: Excellent Please Note: A Total of 235 Chinese Snuff Bottles in this Sale Catalog - A FANTASTIC CHINESE SNUFF BOTTLE SALE!!! SOME EXAMPLES: A RARE LARGE ARCHAIC BRONZE WINE VESSEL (JIA) LAE SHANG DYNASTY ($30,000-40,000); A VERY RARE SET OF SIXTEEN GOLD LACQUER AND POLYCHROME 18TH C. ($250,000-300,000); A FINE AND RARE 'YING' INSCRIBED XINGYAO VASE TANG DYNASTY ($80,000-120,000); A RARE LARGE WUCAI BEAKER VASE WANLI SEALMARK AND PERIOD ($80,000-120,000); AND MUCH MORE. Because auction catalogs are printed in limited numbers they become collectible right after the sale of that particular auction. Inturn we go directly to the source & acquire whatever is available before they are completely sold out. You'll find we offer an extensive selection of auction catalogs on Ebay at Discounted Prices - we pride ourselves to answer your specific ?? of need quickly and handle your purchases professionally from Start-to-Finish!!!! Shipping:
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Register and Join the most happening forum of Sikh community & intellectuals from around the world.
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Hitler's Big Guns – DVDRip – Xvid
Dauer: 52:47 | Größe: 718 MB | Sprache: Englisch | Format: Xvid | Uploader: sunspots
Groundbreaking 3D graphics and state-of-the-art computer animation provide some of the highlights in this authoritative and entertaining look at Hitler's siege guns of World War Two. The programme also features extraordinary archive footage obtained from German and Allied sources and an all-new look at surviving examples of German heavy artillery. Among a team of eminent military authorities who help to tell the fascinating tale behind such monster weapons as Anzio Annie and the mighty Thor, are Dr William Atwater – curator of the US Army Ordnance Museum in Washington, and author and historian Bob Carruthers.
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christopher vincent davies
- 37 years old
- Date of birth: Aug 18, 1974
- Place of birth:
briton ferry /neath, United Kingdom
- Date of passing: Dec 1, 2011
- Place of passing:
at home, United Kingdom
|Let the memory of christopher be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, christopher davies, 37, born on August 18, 1974 and passed away on December 1, 2011. We will remember him forever.
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"forever xxx"
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The One Thing Your Hair Routine Is Missing
Our favorite stylists share their tips on why hair masks are so essential and which ones will give your hair the biggest boost.
Why Do I Need a Hair Mask?
Our hair goes through a lot, from dryness and split ends to color and heat damage, breakage, knotting—the list goes on. But there's one product that can remedy those issues: a hair mask. "Hair masks can strengthen, add shine, soften, and restructure hair fibers to make hair look smooth and less frizzy," says Harper, a hairstylist who's worked on editorials in Glamour, Paper, and InStyle. "They also add bounce, which makes for easier styling."
How Do I Use Them?
Harper suggests following the instructions for your hair mask, but you'll find a sweet spot for how long you should keep your mask on. "It should be in for 5 to 15 minutes, depending on the formula," says Jessi Butterfield, a celebrity stylist who's perfected the tresses of Carly Rae Jepsen, Jamie Chung, and Nat Wolff. "Some masks can be left on overnight, particularly for very dry, damaged, or coarse hair."
"Hair masks can strengthen, add shine, soften, and restructure hair fibers to make hair look smooth and less frizzy. They also add bounce, which makes for easier styling."
In the shower, apply a dime-sized dollop of the formula to your hair post-shampoo (or after not shampooing!), more if you have thicker or longer hair. If you have oily roots, Harper suggests applying the mask to the middle of your strands down to the ends, so your hair can get hydrated without additional oiliness.
Which Ingredients Should I Look For?
Not all masks are created equal, of course, so there are some ingredients you want and some you should avoid. "The ones with the most luxurious oils are great, such as marula, argan, coconut, and avocado oils," Butterfield says. "Stay away from sulfates, silicone, and parabens," she adds, as those components can strip hair of its essential natural oils.
Which Ones Do I Use?
There's a hair mask out there for everybody, no matter the hair type or issue.
Identify your hair issue below and shop the masks recommended by experts!
For Dryness
"This is infused with oils and packed with vitamins to help restore shine, smooth out the hair follicle, and add moisture to the hair. Apply to freshly washed hair for 5 to 10 minutes," says Blondie, a stylist for Tegan and Sara and Willow Shields.
"For the driest hair, reach for the gold standard in hair masks," Butterfield says. This Lenor Greyl mask "has super-high quality, natural ingredients that will repair hair, even after intense bleaching, highlighting, and excessive hot tool use. It is a splurge, but it's worth every penny."
For Color Damage
"After a fresh color treatment, this mask will help lock in color and condition hair that's been altered by the dye—it's my favorite product for color-treated hair," says David Tibolla, an editorial stylist who's done hair for Mila Kunis and Vogue Belleza.
"This mask improves the hair's elasticity, giving strands strength and shine," Blondie says. "Be careful not to leave it in longer than the recommended time, because bleached hair can be extra sensitive to proteins," she adds. "If you don't start to notice improvement, you could be overfeeding the hair with too much protein, which can cause it to become brittle and break."
For Breakage & Split Ends
"This Kérastase mask does an incredible job of fusing essential oils and emollients to nourish and repair stressed hair, leaving a silky and smooth texture," Tibolla says. Blondie also recommends this one for damaged hair but with one caveat: "Be careful when using anything with a keratin protein—don't overdo it as that can result in breakage. Always be sure to follow the instructions on the bottle," she says.
"This weekly intensive treatment is packed full of all sorts of nutrients that increase the strength and manageability of hair," Butterfield says. "It creates a protective layer on each strand to completely seal the cuticle."
"Apply the mask to wet hair, starting at the tips and working your way up, to help restore your hair's shine and give it that smooth, just-cut feeling. If you're in a hurry, you can just blow-dry as usual after application," Butterfield says.
For Thinness
"This is a great all-around mask for hair that needs a little breath of life—it works to rebuild each fiber so you get the ultimate softness, body, and super-shine. You can keep this one in for a couple of minutes or overnight," Butterfield says.
"For fine hair, avoid anything too heavy with emollient. Go for a mask that's loaded with protein and humectants," Tibolla says. "The humectants will draw moisture to the hair, and the proteins will act as a building agent, infusing the hair with nourishment while making it stronger."
"The mask will help remove surface impurities, helping to renew, hydrate, and balance the hair and scalp. Perfect for use once a week," Blondie says.


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Traveling Luck for Alexanders Mill (historical), Alabama, United States
Where is Alexanders Mill (historical)?What's around Alexanders Mill (historical)?
Wikipedia near Alexanders Mill (historical)
Where to stay near Alexanders Mill (historical)
The timezone in Alexanders Mill (historical) is America/Iqaluit
Sunrise at 08:16 and Sunset at 18:37. It's light
Latitude. 31.7750°, Longitude. -85.1522° , Elevation. 58m
Weather near Alexanders Mill (historical); Report from EUFAULA, null 25.3km away
Weather :
Temperature: 20°C / 68°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Cloud: Sky Clear
Weather :
Temperature: 20°C / 68°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Alexanders Mill (historical)
Loading map of Alexanders Mill (historical) and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Alexanders Mill (historical), in Alabama, United States
- stream;
- a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- Sandy Creek (1.1km)
- White Oak Creek (3.5km)
- Gin Branch (5.3km)
- Drag Nasty Creek (7.2km)
- Pataula Creek (7.9km)
- Blacks Branch (7.9km)
- Cheneyhatchee Creek (7.9km)
- Polk Spring Branch (8.3km)
- Barbour Creek (9.6km)
- Barnes Mill Creek (10.3km)
- Cool Branch (10.4km)
- Grantham Creek (10.4km)
- Liberty Creek (11.1km)
- Thomas Mill Creek (11.1km)
- Local Feature;
- A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Alexanders Mill (historical) (0km)
- Alexanders Landing (historical) (1.5km)
- Millers Woodyard Landing (historical) (3.6km)
- Sardis Church (historical) (4.1km)
- McCarrols Mill (historical) (6.5km)
- Woods Mill (historical) (8.2km)
- Chester Chapel (8.7km)
- Midway Baptist Church (historical) (9.8km)
- Credille Mill (historical) (10.2km)
- Double Bridges (10.4km)
- Cool Branch Recreation Area (10.6km)
- Chauncy Sparks Termina (10.7km)
- Berry Chapel (11km)
- church;
- a building for public Christian worship.
- Eufaula Church (3km)
- White Oak Church (3.2km)
- White Oak Church (4.2km)
- Mount Olive Church (4.3km)
- Sandville Church (4.9km)
- Saint James Church (7.8km)
- Free Gift Church (8.1km)
- New Hope Church (9.8km)
- New Lowell Church (9.9km)
- Sardis Church (11.1km)
- Christian Grove Church (11.3km)
- Pleasant Hill Baptist Church (11.4km)
- cemetery;
- a burial place or ground.
- Sardis Cemetery (4.1km)
- Saint James Cemetery (6km)
- Mount Olive Cemetery (6.5km)
- Chester Chapel Cemetery (8.8km)
- Methvin Cemetery (9.6km)
- Midway Cemetery (9.8km)
- New Lowell Cemetery (9.9km)
- Pleasant Hill Cemetery (11.4km)
- populated place;
- a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work.
- White Oak (1km)
- Terese (4.5km)
- Ricks Place (6.8km)
- Coates (7km)
- Screamer (7.7km)
- Pleasant Hill (10.9km)
Accommodation around Alexanders Mill (historical)
- park;
- an area, often of forested land, maintained as a place of beauty, or for recreation.
- White Oak Creek Recreation Area (0.3km)
- Cheneyhatchee Creek Recreation Area (8.4km)
- Thomas Mill Creek Park (10.2km)
- Pataula Creek Public Use Area (10.6km)
- school;
- building(s) where instruction in one or more branches of knowledge takes place.
- Woods School (historical) (8.7km)
- Chauncy Sparks Trade School (9.6km)
- Espy School (historical) (10km)
- reservoir(s);
- an artificial pond or lake.
- Wilson Pond (4.1km)
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- Haleburg, Alabama city city o
- Newville, Alabama city city o
Airports close to Alexanders Mill (historical)
Dothan rgnl(DHN), Dothan, Usa (75.2km)
Lawson aaf(LSF), Fort benning, Usa (83.3km)
Maxwell afb(MXF), Montgomery, Usa (171.9km)
Bob sikes(CEW), Crestview, Usa (223.5km)
Tallahassee rgnl(TLH), Tallahassee, Usa (223.9km)
Airfields or small airports close to Alexanders Mill (historical)
Marianna muni, Mangochi, Malawi (135.9km)
Photos provided by Panoramio are under the copyright of their owners.


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Michael Kors Jet Set Small Travel Tote - Black
Michael Kors Jet Set Small Travel Tote
Don't pay more for a chic designer handbag!
Gold-tone hardware | Interior purse clip for attaching keys
Flat bottom | Includes dust bag | Genuine leather construction
Michael Kors is world-renowned for award-winning designs and luxurious in-demand accessories. This stylish yet functional bag is no exception. The fine craftsmanship and effortlessly chic design shines through and will add a touch of style to any outfit.
- Michael Kors Handbag
- Style: Jet Set Small Travel Tote
- Colour: Black
- 2 x Carry handles
- Gold-tone hardware
- Gold-tone Michael Kors swing tag and logo
- 1 x Interior flat pocket
- 1 x Interior zip pocket
- 1 x Interior purse clip for holding keys
- 1 x Interior loop; can be hooked onto clip to keep bag closed
- Flat bottom
- Perfect for daytime, night-time or travel
- Includes dust bag - perfect for when it's not in use
- Genuine leather construction
- Dimensions (Approx.): (H) 22.5 x (W) 28 x (D) 14cm
Customer Reviews
5 Star
4 Star
3 Star
2 Star
1 Star


text:
Littlest Pets by PlushBuddiesWatch
©2013-2017 PlushBuddies
edit: Russel is for sale for $4, Vinnie for $6, everyone else for $8
I finished them all! 8'D I'm really happy about this especially since it's rare for me to finish a series of plushies this early that I wanna do (wow gotta get back into plushing experiments???) and now they're all together~ <3
If you liked these plushies don't worry; I'm not done with Littlest Pet Shop plushies because I wanna make the minor/one-shot pets now. c: I'm not gonna be as fast with them as the main ones 'cause I wanna also do other small plushies that are on my list, plus with every episode comes a new pet most of the time so I'm not going to be as committed as I was with these main ones but I'll still try to make them all. (and I'd also like to make Whitney/Britney and Monban because I really really love them???)
Cute! ^_^
Why is russel so small
well, he is a lot smaller than most pets
but I did over estimate his smallness I think
but it's not too bad, I think he should be about three inches taller
plus I was running low on brown I think ;n;
but I did over estimate his smallness I think
but it's not too bad, I think he should be about three inches taller
plus I was running low on brown I think ;n;
my faves are all of them but vinnie
Aw, poor Vinnie. XD He's my least favorite too though. I used to not care for him but I think So You Stink You Can Dance made me like him a lot more~
oh wait wow i read this wrong sorry somehow i thought you said all of them are there but vinnie, or something like that whoops
what? vinnie's there, right between russell and sunil.
sunil is so precious aaaah
sunil is so precious aaaah


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Puppy: Gus
Website: http://www.fidopaw.com
Profile: I love dogs of all kinds!
Friends: 0
Member Since: March 13, 2013
Gus is a spunky little Yorkie. Such a good boy!
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text:
Select or modify your travel plan
Update date, no of rooms or guest info
Update date, no of rooms or guest info
The Medina Executive Double Bay. is a Tourist hotel. Located in Double Bay area. Shopping is accessible by bus/taxi and the nightlife/restaurants are easily accessible by taxi or bus from the hotel.
Medina Executive is located in the heart of Sydney%u2019s East, just one block away from Double Bay%u2019s boutique shops and famous sidewalk cafes. It offers modern self-contained studios and apartments. Medina Double Bay is situated a 5-minute walk away from Edgecliff train station, which provides easy access to Rushcutters Bay, Paddington, Bondi, Woollahra, Double Bay and the Sydney CBD. A very friendly hotel staff would offer the guests a heart warming welcome once they reach the hotel. With a large array of bars, pubs, restaurants, and shopping malls located at a reachable distance from the hotel in Sydney, guests would never fall short of activities here. Accommodation at Medina Executive Double Bay is equipped with air conditioning and is serviced daily. It features a minibar and a seating area. Fresh milk and newspapers are delivered every day. Medinas staff can assist with services such as dry cleaning, laundry and baby-sitting. Continental breakfast and starter packs are available at a cost.
Pets are allowed


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Seo Yoast Options
Enter your your FB page URL in case you have one. com each time you post a new object of content. For information about how to get RSS feed information, click here. Sitemaps are vital for your WordPress website. This sort of sitemap is made for bots not humans. In case you aren't utilizing the Google XML sitemaps plugin, it is advisable to to allow the Yoast XML sitemaps option.
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The Chronicles of Seo Yoast
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For different sites you'll most likely want to leave it un-checked. It makes your site appear more believable when you use proper fonts. You are aware that it is essential for your website to have good SEO Stafford results. So that you may rest assured which your site can facilitate transactions from all over the world. Several websites frequently have 100s of these. Simply click find Google Authorization Code and you'll be redirected to Search Console website where you'll get a code.
The Pain of Seo Yoast
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The Key to Successful Seo Yoast
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text: i have been looking at the wright stander 36 and super surfer 36, I'm not sure what one to get. these 2 mowers seem perfect for me. i cut only small yards with fences and lots of small areas where backing up is needed. anyway if any one has opinions on these or have used them i would love to hear some comments . i was also looking at some hydro 36 walk behinds but i can't decide what i should get. also are buntons any good ??? my dealer seems bent on selling me one for more then an exmark turf tracer HP !!! at least i got a good laugh when he claimed they cut better then exmark


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"A well-timed reminder that small bodies can hold big hearts."—Kirkus Reviews "Yee's rhyming text bounces along effortlessly, while amusing details in the cheery watercolors . . . add to the holiday fun."—Horn Book "Readers will enjoy the same easy-flowing, rhyming text, nicely paced tension, and comical, charming watercolor cartoons found in the previous Fireman Small titles."—School Library Journal
It's Christmas Eve, and Fireman Small has had a busy day—he helped Mayor Mole find a Christmas tree, and he decorated it from tip to toe. When he arrives back at Firehouse Nine, all Fireman Small wants is a good night's sleep before Christmas morning.
But a crash and a muffled ho-ho-ho suddenly wake him up. Rushing downstairs, Fireman Small discovers that he has a big problem on his hands.
Join Fireman Small as he takes to the snow-covered streets to save Christmas the best way he knows how. With him at the reins, it may not be reindeer hooves that you hear on your rooftop.
Favorite characters and companion titles ring in the holidays. Fireman Small replaces a sleepy Santa in A Small Christmas by Wong Herbert Yee. The diminutive hero finds Kris Kringle covered in soot in the coal bin; the wee fellow inadvertently shrinks the famous red suit in the dryer, and winds up delivering gifts around town via fire truck in Santa's stead. Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information.


text:
Ivan Brackenbury's Christmas Hospital Roadshow and Stephen Grant.
Belushi's161 Borough High Street, London, SE1 1HRinfo • what's on @ • map
Tuesday 17 June 2008
Edinburgh Preview: Falling Down with LaughterGavin Webster and Phil Nichol
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text:
1201 North Manhattan Avenue
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
LA Green Movers Manhattan Beach
1753 Artesia Boulevard Manhattan Beach, CA
1207 Manhattan Ave, Manhattan Beach, CA
I was impressed with Sam Movers Manhattan Beach's crews being ON TIME, professional and how quickly they handled the move. They have earned my repeat business. I would recommend them to others and will use Sam Movers Manhattan Beachagain in the future!5


text:
3304 Windsong Court,Rockford IL, 61114
Sold Price
4 beds , 2 Full/1 Half baths
2,657 sq. ft
Status: Sold
Last Updated: 11/24/2017 2:35 PM
Description for 3304 Windsong Court Rockford, IL 61114
Some words will not translate correctly. By using this feature, you accept this risk and agree to release Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices and its franchisees from any claims or damages resulting from incorrect translation.
Some words will not translate correctly. By using this feature, you accept this risk and agree to release Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices and its franchisees from any claims or damages resulting from incorrect translation.
Listing Information
Public Water Service
Room Information
First Floor Bedroom
Whirlpool Bath, Dual Sinks
Interior Features
Range-Oven, Microwave, Dishwasher, Refrigerator, Washer, Dryer, Disposal
Central Air
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Full, Unfinished Basement
1,Gas logs, Living Room
Exterior / Lot Features
3 Garage Spaces, Garage
Deck, Patio
Asphalt Shingle
Landscaped Professionally, Corner, Cul-De-Sac, Curbs & gutters, Irregular
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 3304 Windsong Court
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$96,430
Days on market91
Properties for sale664
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$88,000
Sales to list price9,554.0%
Properties sold306
Median sq ft price$57
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 3304 Windsong Court
Rockford Real Estate
Rockford is located in Illinois. Rockford, Illinois 61114 has population of148,278.
The median household income in Rockford, Illinois 61114 is $38,231. The median household income for the surrounding county is $47,523 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Rockford 61114 is 35.9 years.
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text:
Lori E @ Family Trees May Contain Nuts invited us to treat ourselves or someone else today. That could mean anything from treating ourselves to a luscious and decadent hot fudge sundae from our favorite ice cream parlor, to being nice to mean Aunt Jane who always tells us to stand up straight, or to having a mani and a pedi or maybe even a Brazilian ( hmmmm…that could constitute being nice to multiple individuals). You get the picture…..
Well, I'm a little late getting started on this meme. I spent the entire day driving in my car, and you know how tired that makes you feel. Add to that the fact that I've been running on half-steam for the past few days because I can't seem to get more than 4 hours of sleep each night.
I think it all stems from the fact that I cleaned the garage out in its entirety on Monday. With the remodel we've been doing, it was full of the workmen's sawdust, as well as our junk. I took everything out of the garage, weeded out the keeps and the throw-aways, hosed off the floor, then put everything back in. Even Mr. Sullivan commented that the room look spit-shined! He just couldn't figure out why it had taken seven hours to do it, though.
The sleep deprivation thing has me baffled. I go to bed, my eyes can barely stay open, and then I conk out- only to awaken a couple of hours later, unable to go back to sleep. You know, it's lonely in the wee, dark hours of the morning.
So when I got home this afternoon, I went into the study, checked my e-mail, commented on a couple of blogs, and promptly did this…….
photo courtesy of Imagine
Yup, I fell asleep. And it felt soooo good! A nice little afternoon treat for myself. I awoke refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to face the world again. In other words, ready to do morning dishes, pay a few bills, and get dinner started.
Oh, but how much better I feel. And so here I am letting the world know that I'm alive and ready to face the day. Except that today is nearly done, and in a couple of hours I will be readying myself for bed. I hope that the vicious cycle of not sleeping at night will subside. Otherwise, tomorrow I may be indulging myself in a "Treat Yourself Friday. "


text:
Shop To Support Rescue
Virtual Mall
Have we got a deal for you!
Just think - you can buy GREAT quality items and help support Great Dane Rescue, Inc. at the same time!
What a perfect combination - kind of like an adopted Dane and their new home.
Don't forget to mention GDR when you order - thank you!


text:
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- Last login over 5 years ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Alice's full profile. It's free!
About Me
I am a 30 years old women, who has travelled quite a lot so far, living abroad for 3 years : UK, USA, and India. I love to travel, discover the world and its people. new culture, architecture, food, music, etc. AM a very happy and smily person who loves to laugh and make jokes whenever it is possible. I like to party and going out, meeting new persons.
I work as a Communication Manager. Currently work for an NGO looking after autistic and disabled persons. I di website consulting and many things aroung communication. I am very curious and like to speak about many subjects, such as: Theater, music, architecture, culture, sports, politics, geography, etc, etc.
- culture
- theater
- architecture
- dining
- partying
- politics
- traveling
- music
- opera
- sports
- geography
One Amazing Thing I've Done
The latest opera we played in Paris with 85 persons, included autistic persons. The theater was full for the 5 nights we played (450 sits). Music, Choral, comedians, dansers, marvellous experience to work with a professionel crew.
I have travelled and lived in India for a year, and that was quite a day to day experience. I keep a wonderfull memory of this time and especially of indian spirit :)
Countries I've Visited
Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Thailand, United States
Countries I've Lived In
France, India, United Kingdom, United States


text:
Published: Monday 9th March 2015 by The News Editor
The United States Anti-Doping Agency has strongly criticised former UCI chiefs Hein Verbruggen and Pat McQuaid after they were accused of showing preferential treatment to disgraced drug cheat Lance Armstrong.
The Cycling Independent Reform Commission (CIRC) has released its long-awaited report into the world governing body's dealings with doping findings and allegations during the late 1990s and early 2000s. This included the UCI's handling of claims against Armstrong, who was found guilty of systematic doping throughout the first part of his career and subsequently stripped of his seven Tour de France titles.
USADA was especially dismayed by the allegation in the 227-page report that investigations into Armstrong's doping by the UCI were allowed to be influenced by individuals close to the American.
"A stunning example of deceit found by the CIRC is that the UCI, under the explicit direction of Hein Verbruggen and Pat McQuaid, commissioned a supposedly 'independent' investigation of Armstrong's positive samples from the Tour de France," USADA chief executive officer Travis Tygart said in a statement.
"According to the CIRC, the UCI then conspired to allow what was sold to the public as an 'independent' report to be rewritten by Armstrong's own lawyer and sports agent in order to conceal Armstrong's doping.
"USADA will work with the current UCI leadership to obtain the evidence of this sordid incident to ensure that all anti-doping rule violations related to this conduct are fully investigated and prosecuted, where possible.
"The CIRC has also confirmed that during USADA's case against Armstrong in 2012, and under the direction of former UCI president Pat McQuaid, the UCI intentionally adopted an inaccurate position on its own anti-doping rules in order to try to derail USADA's case against Armstrong and his co-conspirators."
Tygart also spoke of the "tragic loss" for clean riders who were competing throughout the era when doping was widespread.
"We welcome the report of the Cycling Independent Reform Commission initiated by new UCI president Brian Cookson to address revelations of widespread doping and allegations of UCI's complicity in allowing this fraudulent culture to persist," the statement added.
"The report confirms that, for more than a decade, UCI leaders treated riders and teams unequally – allowing some to be above the rules. The UCI's favouritism and intentional failure to enforce the anti-doping rules offends the principles of fair play and is contrary to the values on which true sport is based.
"Sadly, the report confirms that greed, power, and profit – not truth – motivated UCI leaders and allowed the "EPO" and "blood doping" era to ride rampant. This is a tragic loss for all cyclists who sought to compete clean during that era, and their loss can never be forgotten."
The report was not as strongly praised by former British road and time-trial champion David Millar who was handed a two-year ban for doping in 2004.
The CIRC, which interviewed 174 people over the course of its 13-month inquiry, concluded that cycling continues to suffer from a culture of doping and Millar, who was invited to be interviewed, believes that is unfair on current competitors.
"I am disappointed by how the report addresses the state of doping in cycling today," he told the Daily Telegraph.
"It goes as far as quoting a 'respected cycling professional' saying, 'that even today, 90 per cent of the peloton was doping'. This falls firmly into the arena of 'public shaming' that the report is vehement about removing from the sport."
He added: " I have worked closely with national governing bodies, national anti-doping agencies, WADA, race organisers, the media, and have even been a team owner as well as a professional cyclist during the majority of the period the CIRC's mandate was focused on.
"And yet I find much of the report to bear little resemblance to the state and mood of the modern peloton. It feels almost tabloidesque in its description of the state of doping today."
Published: Monday 9th March 2015 by The News Editor


text:
Mixed feelings on MTN-Bharti deal end
Parting of ways by Indian cellular major Bharti Airtel and South African mobile giant MTN on Tuesday after 18-month long merger talks has elicited mixed feelings among investment advisors here.
Johannesburg: Parting of ways by Indian cellular major Bharti Airtel and South African mobile giant MTN on Tuesday after 18-month long merger talks has elicited mixed feelings among investment advisors here.
While, the announcement that the telcos had mutually agreed to end discussions on a possible merger that would have created the world`s third largest mobile company did not surprise Investec Asset Management advisor Chris Stewart, who predicted it a week ago.
Vestec MD Paul Therombie, a strong supporter of the deal,
expressed disappointment that discussions had ended.
"I think we`ve been vindicated seven days further on,"
Stewart said in a discussion on the issue here on radio.
"We were always sceptical of the deal taking place," he
said, adding "getting the regulatory approvals and getting the
deal structure right was only the first hurdle. The other
would have been convincing MTN shareholders that the price was
appropriate and that hurdle had not even been approached yet".
Stewart said in a deal of this nature, there was always
a desire to compensate South African shareholders with scrip
which tended to be listed offshore.
Unless one can arrange some sort of dual listing
programme, than those shares typically count for an
individual`s offshore allowance and given exchange control
regulations it`s quite difficult sometimes for South African
shareholders to accept those terms, said Stewart.
"This was a great deal for (MTN) to get into a higher
growth area like India. Looking at the statements from the
South African Treasury, MTN and Bharti, it seems that everyone
is going nudge-nudge; wink-wink and blaming each other. But I
guess at the end of the day there were just too many hurdles
to overcome."
Chiluba Mumbi of BM Inc said: "There will be some downward
pressure on the (MTN share) price. In the previous round (of
discussion with Bharti) the price went to around R160 per
share. The highest we`ve reached so far is R128 and we think
it s been underpinned by this bid fever."
An application by MTN to the Johannesburg Securities
Exchange to suspend trading in its shares just 20 minutes
before it put out a short statement which said Bharti and MTN
had agreed mutually not to proceed with the transaction also
surprised analysts.
Bureau Report


text:
If you think that your relation should survive for ever then it is must.Marriage is a beautiful thing there is nothing in this world.It is that relation after which you don't need any other relation or I want to say that husband plays all in one role .He plays as a father, brother, mother ,sister& definitely as a best friend but only when if you have got a good human being.
A perfect or good human being I mean who have a good understanding,affection& love for you from the bottom of the heart,no any showmanship, honest for you,the last thing which is very important that is with whom you feel safe& secure.
For explaining the importance of this relation I want to take the reference of real story of my friend to whom from the childhood I know her . She is Indu I know her nature very well she is very loving , honest ,intelligent & so simple she didn't have a any big imagination regarding her husband . Before marriage she used to tell me that " I WANT A BEST FRIEND AS A HUSBAND WHO CARE FOR ME A LOT" but after marriage her all imagination get in vain.her husband is very reserve never express the feelings .Her husband had a relation with some characterless girl who even after his marriage always demanded money & her husband gave it .When Indu came to know all this she fought with him & instead of understanding her he abused her .He is a an alcoholic & lier also.Several times he beaten her she have one child also .He told her that I CAN ABUSE YOU BUT CAN'T ABUSE THAT GIRL.So if he told her clearly before marriage that fraud girl is more important than any thing else so atleast her life might be saved.Now she is living seperately with her child.
On the conclusion I would like to say that clear communication is must and after any kind of dispute they should communicate to each other.Verbal dispute can be tolerable but in any condition physical violence should not be tolerate .
Now at the same time if your husband is not good for you then there is no enemy is greater than he .
Communication is act as a breathing agent for healthy relationship. Suppose if you are angry than shout loudly over each other but don't keep in heart say it frankly.But after shouting over each other hug each other then seriously it will melt all your bitterness of your relationship in a few seconds.
Thank You Very Much
I Am Single.... But I Always Find That I get the right Answers Whenever I communicate the Question to myself!
Thank you very much for responsing me.
It is nice to read your message thanx and keep in touch.
You very correct correct open communication between two married people is a must. Also trust, forgiveness, and overlook short comings.
Good stuff, you should put in a hub. Folks can leave comments there of course and if outside traffic finds it they could A. Be helped by you and B. You could possibly earn a little bit from it over time.
Definitely got a potential great hub there
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A good husband must be understand the nature of his wife and relate with her with all understanding, even when comes to sex.This has really help my marriage.
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Ok, so I'm not the type to put my business on the internet, but I have a problem and I just need feed back. I don't care just lay it on me. One,since we've been married, my husband has only wore his ring for...
by Jewels29402 years ago
I know that getting married young was probably the first sign that marriage was maybe a bad idea, but a marriage isn't going to work when only one person is putting forth an effort to make it work. I was 22 when I got...
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text: I have a Cellet case and when I slide the phone in, a message comes up on the notification bar that the car dock is being activated. There are no magnets on the case so why is this happening ? The dock never really comes up and when I pull the phone out I get the regular lock screen.


text:
Bugger. I suppose we didn't really deserve much, but nevertheless, it's always a shame to lose in injury time, and especially from a mistake. In this case Mark Schwarzer parried a drive from the edge of the area straight back towards the penalty spot, and Andreas Wiemann bundled home after two attempts (the first miraculously saved by Schwarzer). It was the sort of odd goal that you expect to see disallowed for some kind of infringement, offside perhaps, but the scoreboard flicked to 1-0 and that was all that.
A strange performance, in which nothing particularly happened. Pogrebnyak ended his goal run and really was a bit isolated, Clint Dempsey and Damien Duff not really supporting enough, Moussa Dembele failing to run the game as he has been lately. In short, our big players didn't play up to recent standards, and frankly we needed them to.
Duff might have settled the match sooner, a left footed smash on the run flipping off the post and going wide. Rats. Near misses here and there, but Villa's organisation was hard to break down. So….. I don't know. Games like this happen, and especially at Villa Park, so let's move on.