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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable disorder affecting some 5-10% of children and 4-5% of adults. The cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) is a positional candidate gene due to its location near an identified ADHD linkage peak on chromosome 6, its role in stress and dopamine regulation, its association with other psychiatric disorders that co-occur with ADHD, and its function in learning and memory. We tested SNP variants at the CNR1 gene in two independent samples—an unselected adolescent sample from Northern Finland, and a family-based sample of trios (an ADHD child and their parents). In addition to using the trios for association study, the parents (with and without ADHD) were used as an additional case/control sample of adults for association tests. ADHD and its co-morbid psychiatric disorders were examined. A significant association was detected for a SNP haplotype (C-G) with ADHD (P = 0.008). A sex by genotype interaction was observed as well with this haplotype posing a greater risk in males than females. An association of an alternative SNP haplotype in this gene was found for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (P = 0.04 for C-A, and P = 0.01 for C-G). These observations require replication, however, they suggest that the CNR1 gene may be a risk factor for ADHD and possibly PTSD, and that this gene warrants further investigation for a role in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder affecting some 5-10% children and adolescents and 4-5% of adults [Brown et al., 2001; Cuffe et al., 2005; Faraone and Biederman, 2005; Kessler et al., 2006]. ADHD is defined by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, impairment in at least two settings, and onset in childhood [APA, 1994]. While ADHD has its onset in childhood, the chronic nature of the disorder is evident by the persistence of ADHD into adulthood in 60-70% of cases [McGough et al., 2005]. Neurobiological and genetic research support the hypothesis that ADHD likely represents an extreme on one or more continua of neural processing and that multiple risk genes are responsible for the underlying liability to ADHD, with estimates of heritability at 76% [Faraone et al., 2005]. Despite strong genetic and neurobiological underpinnings, environmental factors are also indicated in both the etiology of ADHD [Hudziak et al., 2005] and its associated impairment [Pressman et al., 2006].
ADHD is a known risk factor for other psychiatric disorders, most notably mood, anxiety, disruptive disorders (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder), and substance abuse or dependence [Biederman et al., 1995; McGough et al., 2005]. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this heightened risk for co-morbid illness is poorly understood. Identification of etiological factors in ADHD and psychiatric co-morbidity are topics of extant research. Recent molecular genetic studies suggest several chromosomal regions may harbor risk genes of moderate effect in ADHD, while candidate gene studies, thus far, support a likely role of dopamine-related systems in ADHD [Maher et al., 2002; Bakker et al., 2003; Arcos-Burgos et al., 2004; Kustanovich et al., 2004; Ogdie et al., 2004; Hebebrand et al., 2006].
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of variants of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) in relation to ADHD and its co-morbid psychiatric disorders. We selected this gene for investigation for several reasons. First, the CNR1 locus (~88.9 Mb or 96-98 cM) falls near one of the regions of interest on chromosome 6 supported by our genome-wide studies (MLS = 3.3 at 89 cM) [Ogdie et al., 2004]. Second, studies of endogenous cannabinoid (EC) regulation in animal models suggest that it plays a role in some aspects of memory, emotional recognition or processing, and reward, each an area of putative dysregulation in ADHD [King et al., 1998; Nigg and Casey, 2005]. Third, individuals with ADHD have increased rates of addiction [Kessler et al., 2005; McGough et al., 2005; Smalley et al., 2007b] which has been suggested to be associated with CNR1 variants.
There are numerous investigations of CNR1 gene variants in psychiatry, including one study of ADHD among alcoholic individuals where no association was detected [Ponce et al., 2003]. Most studies have utilized a polymorphism (AAT)n in the promoter region of the CNR1 gene, although a few recent studies also include SNP variants within the gene as well [Schmidt et al., 2002; Roeder et al., 2005; Hopfer et al., 2006]. There are positive association studies of CNR1 variants with substance abuse/dependence and schizophrenia [Ujike et al., 2002; Ballon et al., 2006; Martinez-Gras et al., 2006] although results are not consistent, with failure to replicate also reported for each condition analyzed [Tsai et al., 2000; Heller et al., 2001; Herman et al., 2006]. There are also positive and negative reports of CNR1 gene variants with other psychiatric disorders as well, including a positive finding with eating disorder [Siegfried et al., 2004], a negative finding with Tourette syndrome [Gadzicki et al., 2004], a negative finding with bipolar illness [Tsai et al., 2001], and a positive finding with psychiatric sequelae in Parkinson's disease [Barrero et al., 2005]. Taken together, the findings support a plausible role of the CNR1 gene in a variety of psychiatric disorders but the specific gene variants, strengths of associations, and specificity to particular psychiatric disorders (or underlying liabilities) are unclear.
The CNR1 (NM_016083 and NM_033181) gene variants were investigated in two samples: First, a sample of 187 trios (ADHD child and 2 parents) randomly drawn from the affected sibling pair (ASP) sample of the UCLA ADHD Genetic study (the eldest child was selected within an ASP for trio formation) were available to apply family-based association tests (FBATs). There were 130 (69.5%) males and 57 (30.5%) females among 187 children with a mean age of 12.7 ± 3.3 years (range, 5-25). Among the children, 81.8% are Caucasians, 3.2% Hispanic, 4.8% are other ethnic groupings, and 10.2% are mixed-ethnic group, in which parents were from different ethnicity. Of the 187 trios, 374 parents (187 mothers, 187 fathers) were available as a case-control sample using their phenotype status on ADHD and psychiatric diagnoses. However, only Caucasian parents (n = 320) are used for the purpose of the present study to reduced effects due to population stratification. The parental mean age was 43.2 ± 5.2 years (range 31-66 years). The second independent sample consists of adolescent ADHD cases (n = 159) and controls (n = 151) drawn from a Northern Finnish Birth Cohort (NFBC) [Smalley et al., 2007a]. Among that sample, there are 201 (64.8%) males and 109 (35.2%) females with a mean age of 16.1 ± 0.3 years. All subjects signed informed consent prior to data collection as approved by the University of California Institutional Review Board and/or the University of Oulu Institutional Review Board (for the NFBC) as appropriate for the specific sample.
A similar diagnostic system is in place for samples used in the current analyses. ADHD and other psychiatric diagnoses were determined using a semi-structured psychiatric interview, KSADS-PL for children 5-18 [Kaufman et al., 1997], and SADS-LAR for adults [Fyer et al., 1995] with the Behavioral Disorders section of the KSADS-PL used to determine lifetime and current ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. A best estimate procedure [Leckman et al., 1982] is utilized to determine final diagnosis [see Smalley et al., 2000, and Smalley et al., 2007 for a review of assessment procedures]. Lifetime diagnoses are used in the current study.
The CNR1 gene spans 5,469 bp on chromosome 6 [88906306bp-88911775bp; UCSC Human Mar. 2006 (hg18) assembly] and contains a single exon that can be alternatively spliced within the coding sequence. There are two distinct RefSeq transcripts (NM_033181.2 and NM_016083.3) that span the same genomic sequence, and differ solely by alternative splicing. NM_016083.3 contains a single contiguous coding region representing the complete exon1 sequence and encoding a 471 amino acid protein. NM_033181.2 contains a form of exon1 spliced internally that encodes a 411 amino acid protein. SNPs spanning the CNR1 gene were selected from the NCBI dbSNP database and the International HapMap Project (HapMap Rel 19 Oct 05 Build), and physical positions were determined from the NCBI Build 35 human genome assembly. According to the most recent HapMap build (HapMap Rel 19 Jan 07 Build), the SNPs included in this study capture common variation at R2 > 0.8 and MAF > 0.05 for all genotyped SNPs in NM_033181 and NM_016083 with three exceptions (rs12720071, rs16880248, rs4707436) which were not genotyped due to technical difficulties. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays and the 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System for fluorescent read detection and allelic clustering. All assays were performed in 5 μl volume in 384-well plates according to the manufacturers' specifications. All SNPs included in the current study were successfully genotyped in >95% of the samples, were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE, P-value cut off = 0.001) in parental samples, and had Mendelian error rates of less than 1%.
Haplotypes were used to test for association in addition to individual SNPs because they are known to often provide more information [Hugot et al., 2001; Rioux et al., 2001]. The Haploview 3.2 software [Barrett et al., 2005] was used to define blocks using the default setting based on Gabriel et al. [2002]. Specifically, criteria included that the upper bound of D′ > 0.98 and the lower bound >0.7, a 0.9 as the upper confidence interval maximum for strong recombination, and a fraction of strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) in information comparison of ≥0.95. The haplotypes were constructed using an EM algorithm, available in Haploview and FBAT. For analyses using logistic regression, the EM algorithm under SAS 9.1 PROC HAPLOTYPE was used to construct haplotypes.
Associations of SNPs and haplotypes with the psychiatric diagnostic phenotypes under analysis were assessed using FBAT for LA parent-child trios or a case-control test for the Finnish sample and Caucasian parents in the LA trios. For analysis of the trios, the FBAT [Horvath et al., 2001] was conducted using the FBAT software, which tests for transmission distortion from the null hypothesis of no association: no distortion from the expected 0.5 transmission [Laird et al., 2000]. An offset option (FBAT-O/HBAT-O) was used for adding an offset in the FBAT parametric model in analyzing both affected and unaffected psychiatric diagnostic phenotypes. This option makes the score statistic more efficient [Lunetta et al., 2000]. For all analyses, we reported both a global P-value and the individual P values. The global P-value is found from a distribution of a test of association between a disease status and a gene with "H" haplotypes. The individual P values are computed for a test of one allele versus all others. In addition, permutation P values, based on 10,000 replicates, were also computed to confirm any significant findings as they may achieve a higher precision level.
For any significant associations detected at P < 0.05, logistic regression was used to test for gender by gene interactions and to estimate an odds ratio. In this test, the gene variant (haplotype) is treated as binary (Present or Absent) so that individuals homozygous for the marker allele are assigned twice the weight of heterozygotes in the logistic regression.
The study is considered to be hypothesis generating with the level of significance set at 0.05 in each case. In order to test CNR1 associations with psychiatric disorders co-morbid with ADHD, 5 out of 18 psychiatric disorders were selected because there were ~50 individuals with the diagnosis in at least two of the samples (Finnish, Trios, or Parents). We selected a sample size of 50 to minimize our test comparisons while providing adequate power to detect relatively small odds ratios. Based on power analyses for a case control design in a sample size of 50, we would have 80% power to detect an odds ratio (OR) > 1.8 for haplotype frequencies >0.15 if the level of significance was set at 0.05. For family based analyses and comparable parameters, power is adequate for OR of 2.3 or higher. Although somewhat arbitrary, this criterion kept the number of test comparisons relatively small per group while affording sufficient power to detect a relatively minor gene effect. The power analyses were carried out using the SAS PROC POWER procedure for the case control design and PBAT [Lange and Laird, 2002a,b] for the family based design. We made two exceptions to this sample size selection criterion by including an analysis of substance abuse/dependence (only one sample had the n > 50) and PTSD (maximum sample size of 25) because of previous reports of CNR1 with the former [Ballon et al., 2006] and the specific biological function of ECs (to modify memory of traumatic events) as a compelling argument for a CNR1 role in the latter.
The disorders available for analysis are shown in Table I and include ADHD, "any" anxiety disorder, mood disorder which includes either major depression or dysthymia, disruptive disorder which includes either oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse/dependence. "Any anxiety" was defined if any of the following were present: simple phobia, social phobia, PTSD, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), separation anxiety, agoraphobia or panic, and adjustment disorder.
The CNR1 gene in the current study was investigated using four SNPs. Table II displays their positions and allele information. We note that the minor allele frequencies in our samples were close to those found for Caucasian people in the HapMap project. Using Haploview, two haplotype blocks were detected in both the LA and Finnish samples with the same block boundaries. The first block consists of SNPs 1 and 2, and the second one consists of SNPs 3 and 4. D′ and R2 [Gabriel et al., 2002] are summarized in Table III. We note that the D′ was the same in both samples and the R2 was higher in the second block (≥0.38). The blocks in the LA sample met the default setting [Gabriel et al., 2002] under the Haploview blocking algorithm. The blocks in the Finnish sample did not and were generated based on the solid spine option of LD [Barrett et al., 2005], a method appropriate for cases where D′ > 0.8. We let superscript 1 denote the haplotype that consists of SNPs 1 and 2, and superscript 2 to denote the haplotype consisting of SNPs 3 and 4. Table III also summarizes the haplotype frequencies across samples.
We performed an association test of individual SNPs for ADHD and the disorders listed in Table I. At the single SNP level, only PTSD in the LA Caucasian parents showed a significant association, with SNP rs1049353 (allele A, P = 0.011).
As shown in Table IV(A), haplotype 2 (C-G2) was associated with ADHD in the Finnish sample (, P = 0.008 and global P = 0.05). The proportion of C-G2 was higher in cases (19%) than in controls (11%). No significant association in either the LA Caucasian parent sample (, P = 0.16 and global P = 0.29) or the LA trios (Z = -0.57, P = 0.57, global P = 0.91) was observed.
Two variants (C-A1, C-G1) within haplotype 1 were associated with PTSD in the LA Caucasian parents (global P = 0.03) as shown in Table IV(B). No difference was observed in LA trios (global P = 0.37), although very few children and comorbid PTSD (n = 6). Although no difference was observed in the Finnish sample (global P = 0.20) either, a similar trend in C-A1 and C-G1 distributions was observed. C-A1 was more common in PTSD cases (71%) compared to non-PTSD controls (55%), while C-G1 was less common among the PTSD (20%) compared to non-PTSD (28%) in that sample as well. Using the permutation method, the permutation P values for C-G2 and ADHD was 0.02 while the permutation P values for C-A1, C-G1, and PTSD were 0.11 and 0.04, respectively. A depiction of the SNPs, haplotypes and significant associations is shown in Figure 1.
Testing for haplotype by gender interactions, we found a significant interaction between the C-G2 haplotype and gender for ADHD (P = 0.03) in the Finnish sample. The interaction reflects the approximate threefold increased risk of ADHD in males carrying the haplotype compared to females (carrying it or not) or males without the haplotype.
In the current study we find support that variants at CNR1 are associated with ADHD and PTSD. The findings are similar to those of other investigations of this gene, in that they are of relatively small effect size, and do not replicate necessarily across samples. In the current study, we see support for an association of CNR1 and PTSD but findings require replication in larger samples. The failure to replicate across samples may reflect shared underlying constructs embedded in diagnostic classifications (e.g., emotional regulation difficulties) and/or inadequate power to detect small effect sizes. There may be an important role of gender in mediating the association of CNR1 and psychiatric illness, however, and future research needs to include a possible role of genotype by gender interactions.
ECs play an important role in neural plasticity, stress response, and learning and memory. CNR1 receptors are found in particularly high density in the hippocampus and amygdala, regions known to play a role in emotional regulation and memory, and regions suggested to play a role in ADHD [Plessen et al., 2006], emotional regulation [Urry et al., 2006], and other psychiatric disorders (e.g., bipolar, mood, anxiety disorders). They are found on axonal terminals of GABAergic inhibitory neurons containing neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), a neuropeptide known to bind to CCKB receptors and play a role in anxiety. ECs are known to increase CCK release and also have interactions with other neurotransmitter systems including dopamine [Price et al., 2007] and serotonergic systems [Braida et al., 2007]. Genes involved in dopamine and serotonin regulation have already been implicated in both ADHD [Kim et al., 2005], anxiety and mood disorders [Hariri et al., 2006] and are also associated with variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) stress response [King et al., 1998].
In rodents, endogenous cannabinoids have numerous influences on cognition and behavior as evident by the use of antagonists and agonists of cannabinoids. Agonists impair memory in rats, increase slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep at the expense of wakefulness, impair prepulse inhibition, and recognition memory [Castellano et al., 2003]. The specific mechanism of ECs and CNR1 activity in the brain are currently being delineated but it is well known that many psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, schizophrenia, PTSD, anxiety, and mood disorders have various memory and inhibition impairments. The potential involvement of reward systems in multiple psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, again suggests the plausible association of CNR1 and a range of conditions.
These data provide support for a putative role of endogenous cannabinoids in ADHD, and PTSD. The CNR1 gene may contribute to shared underlying risk continua, such as emotional dysregulation in response to stress, across these diverse diagnostic groups. Increased amygdala activity, poor stress reactivity as reflected by HPA response, and poor prefrontal cortical modulation is a plausible underlying mechanism of liability that may be shared across disorders. Recent imaging studies support amygdala and hippocampal differences in ADHD [Plessen et al., 2006], studies of siblings of ADHD individuals support prefrontal-limbic circuitry differences as a putative endophenotypes [Durston et al., 2006], and studies of stress response in ADHD support abnormalities in HPA axis responsivity [King et al., 1998]. Taken together with the current findings, we suggest that this gene may be an important risk variant in the emotional regulation difficulties underlying ADHD, PTSD, and possibly other co-morbid conditions (such as mood disorder); however, the role of CNR1 is likely small, particularly at the level of psychiatric diagnosis, so future work using more refined phenotypes or endophenotypes of affect regulation are necessary.
The current findings require additional work and replication. Further investigation of affect related traits associated with ADHD may improve our understanding of the role the CNR1 gene may have in this condition and co-morbid disorders. Further refinement of putative DNA variants in CNR1 with functional outcomes is needed to delineate the causal variants contributing to psychiatric illness.
This work was inspired through discussions with TEF and supported by an NIMH grant 063706 (Smalley). Thanks to Jennifer Kitil for administrative support and all the families that participated in this research.
Grant sponsor: NIMH; Grant number: 063706; Grant sponsor: The Juselius Foundation, Finland; the Academy of Finland.
The accession number and URLs for data presented herein are as follows:
National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=graphics&list_uids=1268; NCBI dbSNP database, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/; International Hap-Map Project, http://hapmap.org/; TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays, http://www.appliedbiosystems.com/; FBAT software, http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/~fbat/default.html; Haploview software, http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/; PBAT, http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/~clange/default.htm; SAS, http://www.sas.com/.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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The NextMarket Report — appliances
NextMarket Report: A Touchscreen Echo, Uber for Appliances, Smart Home Insider Survey, More
Amazon appliances Echo ElectroluxMike Wolf
As we enter the last month of the year, most consumer tech companies are focused on preparing for CES. If you're Amazon, you're busy readying a new Echo. There was a report this week Amazon might debut a new touchscreen enabled device in Q1 of next year. While some believe it could be a kitchen optimized device, I think the implications and potential are bigger. You can read my initial thoughts on a touchscreen Echo here. Beyond this week's article, I also have been thinking a lot about what it means to be an Alexa hardware partner. At this point, most consumer technology...
The Rise of Appliance-As-A-Service
appliance as a service appliances smart appliance smart homeMike Wolf
This week I headed down to the Smart Home Summit in Santa Clara to moderate a panel on data and the smart home. My panel was at the end of the day, so I had a chance to listen in on some of the others panels. As with any industry conference, there tends to be recurring themes across panels, which taken together can present something of a snapshot in time for the current thinking of an industry. So what is the industry talking about as 2016 draws to a close? From the sessions I listened in on, some of the...


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Resource Extraction Sites (RES) are persistent mining locations within asteroid fields that occur on planetary rings. Upon entering they are randomly populated with a variety of NPC ships, including mining ships, pirates, and system authority vessels, depending on the RES type and security level in the system.
RES are known for spawning wanted ships in higher rates, with higher frequencies and higher bounties, than is the case at Nav Beacons, making them a good place for bounty hunting.
- For a list of locations, see Locations.
Any planet with at least one ring is a potential candidate for a RES, especially if the planet is noted in System Map view as possessing "reserves" (Common, Major, or Pristine).
Even if not as reliable, a system marked on the Galaxy Map as "Extraction" or "Refinery" can also contain RES. For instance, the LTT 18486 system in the starter zone, has two separate RES, one situated closely to Boswell Platform and the other in the vicinity of McArthur Terminal.
Ship spawn systemEdit
The size, quality, and rate of the NPC ship spawns in RES depend upon four deciding factors:
- RES type (low intensity, regular, high intensity RES)
- system security level (low, medium, high)
- randomness (triggered upon entering the site)
- multiplayer (Open Play)
Type Edit
The RES type directly affects the expected ship spawn size.
|RES type
| Expected ship spawn
size and rate
|Resource Extraction Site [Hazardous]
|Very High
|Resource Extraction Site [High]
|Resource Extraction Site
|Resource Extraction Site [Low]
The security in systems directly affects the expected ship spawn rate and quite possibly the expected bounty amounts as well.
The three security levels are Low, Medium, and High.
By entering the System Map and focusing empty space, the security level of a system can be checked. Systems which are being expanded upon by the galactic powers are more likely to have a higher security in place.
For the best possible spawn of wanted ships, High Intensity RES in star systems with high security are the ideal place.
Randomness Edit
A certain randomness directly affects the ship spawn at RES in major ways. Given bad luck, even high-intensity RES within high-security star systems can yield deficient ship spawns.
Ship spawns are seeded randomly in RES and can be re-rolled upon re-entering the RES with no other player present at the site. Logging out and back into the play session is a quick way to reset the ship spawn entirely.
The frequency with which ships spawn can degrade over time even in potent RES. Oftentimes large-bounty targets can be found a good distance away from the RES waypoint at which point upgraded long-range sensors can help with locating those.
Multiplayer Edit
In Open Play the ship spawn size is also influenced by a fourth factor: the total amount of commanders concurrent at the RES.
The more players present at the same RES, the greater the ship spawn. It makes no difference whether those players are winged up either. Even another player leaving the RES does not seem to lessen the ship spawn.
- New RES sites were added in the 1.4 CQC update, known as Hazardous Resource Extraction Sites, these sites operate as if the system government is Anarchy. As crime reporting does not work in these sites, it is common to find plentiful amounts of wanted NPCs of all bounty ranges and ship sizes, with larger ships tending to be in wings with smaller escorts or fellow wanted large ships.
- During supercruise RES show up automatically as locations in the Navigation panel if the player is close enough with the ship.
- RES are full of asteroids, which have the potential to cause ship destruction upon collision.
|Event driven


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Children of the River Trailer (2014)
04 February 2014 Adventure, Drama 14 mins
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text: Intersect Gadget (VT-1306) This silent video will show you how to calculate intersection points with intersect gadget, and how to customize the gadget. Your video should appear here. Minimum Origin Version: 8.6 Download MP4 File: MP4 (3.85MB) Watch on Download Data/File: Intersect_Gadget.opj (21.6KB) Date Added:02/16/2013 Last Update:02/16/2013 Back to Tutorials


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Matthew Haley, St.Stephen N.B., June 12, 2010
by Jen
(St. Stephen, NB)
It was one week away from graduation, and everyone had been working so hard that when it came time for grad parties, people let loose. We live in a small town where you know everyone and something horrible and tragic like losing a young person in a drinking and driving accident is unimaginable. Matt was the happy kid. He loved life, and he certainly made quite the party out of it. He could always cheer you up on the worst of your days and he truly was a kind person. I will never forget the first day I met him. I loved him from the moment I laid eyes on him. Although our relationship was rocky at times, he was always one of my best friends. I was going through a rough time and thought it would be best if we took a break from our relationship for a while. He was very upset and after a few days I approached him at school to try and talk. It was Friday and everyone was excited for the Relay for Life and a grad party that was taking place at the lake, just down the road from the high school. When I tried to talk to Matt he seemed very hurt, and I knew he just needed time. But that was one thing we didn't have. Later that night, Matt got on the back of an ATV after the party. One of his best friends was driving and they were both quite intoxicated. As they traveled on a path alongside the highway, they came up to a cliff. The guardrail had a path going alongside it and in their drunken state, they didn't realize that beside the guardrail was actually a drop off, down approximately 30 feet. They drove the ATV off the cliff. Only one of them was wearing a helmet. They believe that Matt died instantly, or soon after, sometime between the night and early morning hours. His best friend managed to survive with minor injuries. He climbed up the side of the embankment, coming to the highway where he flagged over a car. At 10:40 on June 13, 2010, Matthew Haley was pronounced dead. I will never forgot how only a short few hours later, word began to spread. I received a phone call from a friend and I remember falling to the floor and crying. I couldn't think straight, I just could not understand. I was very numb to the situation over the summer. I used to think that I would see Matt all the time. He would walk by, or be standing in a crowd. He left behind a devastate mother, a broken younger brother and so many others who were distraught with the pain of the accident. One boy will have to live with this for the rest of his life, and one had his life cut too short. Please, i'm begging you, STOP AND THINK. DON'T DRINK AND DRIVE. I thought it would never happen to me or someone I love. I now realize, we are not invincible.
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Besides Modi, the sweet Pakistani mangoes were also sent for President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice President Hamid Ansari and External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj.
Sharif's diplomatic move to send a box of mangoes, that is undoubtedly the favourite fruit of many people, is widely seen as a gesture to tone down the recent bitterness caused due to the stalled foreign secretary-level talks between India and Pakistan.
As per a report published in TOI, the mangoes, which were sent to PM Modi on Wednesday evening, are said to be the personal favourites of Sharif (Sindhri and Chausa varieties).
In a damage control mode, Sharif has made an attempt to send mangoes as a 'sweet starter' ahead of his expected meeting with PM Modi, later this month in New York, on the sidelines of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
Modi's response will tell whether Sharif's mango diplomacy will work or not.
The Indian government is yet to send its response or 'return gift' for Sharif's mangoes outreach.
In May, when Pak PM Nawaz Sharif was invited to attend Modi's oath-taking ceremony, then Modi had gifted a shawl for his mother and in return, Sharif had sent a white saree for Modi's mother from Islamabad.
Last month, the hostilities grew between India-Pak ties when the Pak's envoy to India, Abdul Basit met Kashmiri separatists ahead of foreign secretary talks between the two nations, following which the Modi government had cancelled the talks, in a stern move.
Besides, the increased incidents of ceasefire violations across the Line of Control (LoC), is also one of the thorny issues between India and Pakistan, that is yet to be resolved.
On the home-ground level, Pak PM Mawaz Sharif-led PML(N) government is at the verge of collapse due to the aggressive revolution launched by the Pak-cricketer-turned politician Imran Khan's PTI and his massive followers.
So, when Sharif's government in Pakistan is going through turbulent times, he is attempting to mend ties in a sweet way with India.
OneIndia News


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Steve Doyle started off playing the Hammond organ at an early age and continued throughout his childhood before switching to bass in his mid-teens.
In 1981, at the age of sixteen, Steve began his double bass studies with the principal bassist in the Omaha Symphony, Bill Ritchie. One short year later he was selected to perform with the Nebraska All-State Orchestra. Two years later, he received a full tuition scholarship from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln where he studied with master bassist Rusty White.
During his college years, Steve was busy putting his talents to good use. He played gigs on the local jazz scene in both Omaha and Lincoln, was the featured pianist at the Lincoln Hilton Hotel, he played for a local rock band and he would work the occasional service for the Lincoln Symphony Orchestra and Lincoln Chamber Orchestra.
Steve Doyle has received numerous accolades and
awards for his musicianship. Among which was a selection to participate in the 1990 Milt Hinton Scholarship Fund Competition sponsored by the International Society of Bassists where he performed alongside the late great James Williams and Akira Tana.
1990 was also the year that he moved from Nebraska to the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn where began 'sessioning' with some of the finest young jazz musicians of his generation. Park Slope was a hotbed for crème of the crop young hot shot musicians streaming in from Berkley College of Music, New England Conservatory, North Texas State and top musicians from around the world. The learning experience proved to be invaluable.
Throughout the 90's while still living in Brooklyn, Steve taught music at the American Institute of Guitar and the Brooklyn Conservatory of Music.
In 1994, Steve attended the Banff Centre of the Arts where he participated in workshops and had the opportunity to perform with Jim Hall, Robin Eubanks, John Clayton, Kenny Wheeler and Richard Muhal Abrams and he forged long lasting relationships with musicians he would later tour and record with. One such artist was German vibraphonist, Christoph Eidens whom invited Steve to tour with his band on several occasions throughout Germany and Belgium.
Steve was invited to participate as a semi-finalist in the 1995 Thelonious Monk International Jazz Bass Competition held at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C. and was invited to attend a reception at the residence of then Vice President Al Gore.
For the past 15 years, every Monday night, Steve Doyle has been the house bassist at Birdland for Jim Caruso's Cast Party featuring Billy Stritch and drummer Daniel Glass. Jim, Billy and Steve also play trio at the Carlyle Hotel in New York at Bemelman's Bar on Sunday nights.
He has recorded and/or performed with the following artists: Tony Desare, Billy Stritch, Christine Ebersole, Natalie Cole, Ben Monder, Anne Hampton Calloway, Dave Stryker, Steve Slagle, James Williams, Chris Potter, Kurt Rosenwinkle, Jon Weber, Pekka Pylkkanen, Stacy Sullivan, KT Sullivan, Marilyn Maye, Jim Caruso, Steve Cardenas, Karen Oberlin, Megan Hilty, Bucky Pizzarrelli, Bruce Barth, Jeff McErlain, Rigmor Gustafsson, Christine Lavin, Linda Lavin, Pete McCann, Montego Glover, Kate McGarry and many others.
Steve has performed at many prestigious venues such as the Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall, Birdland, Blue Note (in both New York & Tokyo), NJPAC, Carlyle Hotel, Zinc Bar, Smalls, 55 Bar, Knitting Factory, 54 Below, Cornelia St. Café, Lincoln Center and the list goes on. Steve has performed with his own groups and as a sideman at jazz festivals in the US and abroad including the Jazz Festival Santiago, San Javier Jazz Fest, Vail Jazz Fest, Jazz in the Park in Kansas City, KS and many others.
He has been fortunate to perform with many pops orchestras around the US including the Houston Symphony, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Kansas City Symphony, the Vancouver Symphony, the Dallas Symphony, the Florida Orchestra, Oklahoma City Symphony, the National Symphony, the Rochester Symphony, the Portland Symphony, Saratoga Springs Symphony, the Detroit Symphony the Baltimore Symphony and the Sun Valley Symphony.
Steve has thrown his hat into the ring as a leader with his two CD releases: 'Presence', which features Chris Potter, Dave Stryker and Tony Moreno and 'Home to You' featuring bandmates Pete McCann, Chris Higgins, Quinsin Natchoff and Greg Ritchie.
Steve has written and performed music for the following silent films: Un Chien Andalou, Phantom of the Opera and 'Le Menilmontant'. He curated a successful concert series dubbed 'Concerts for the Courageous' where he provided a conduit for introduction of New York's downtown jazz scene to 'Feral Art', a Brooklyn based performance space. He has been invited to record on over 25 different CD projects and continues to be sought after as a recording artist on both double bass and electric bass.
The double bass is far and away his instrument of choice but he continues to work as a pianist vocalist. In fact, in 2016, he was the featured piano bar entertainer for an exclusive round-the-world cruise where he entertained nightly to very appreciative audiences.
Steve currently resides in the Chelsea neighborhood of NYC where he gigs, records, composes, arranges, teaches skype bass lessons and private lessons.
"One of the finest young bassists/composers I have had the opportunity of working with."
- Dave Stryker
"He proves himself a master in the invention of melodies and compilation of timbres. They give an idea of he vastness of the landscape of his native Nebraska."
- Herra Grohs Gechoff, Abendzeitung (Munich)


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Janet Jackson Enters The Boombox Battle Hall of Fame
Published: 22 July 2015
Janet Jackson proves that you can't mess with a legend. The singer is the newest inductee in The Boombox Battle Hall of Fame. But despite the seven-year break between her last album, 2008′s Discipline, and her new single, "No Sleeep," it seems that fans' love for Janet has never wavered. "No Sleeep" has a slow, sultry groove reminiscent of the material on her 1997 album, Velvet Rope. Janet's road to the Hall of Fame seemed to be a quick one as she dominated the polls and never received less than 86 percent of the fan vote. First, she knocked T-Pain's "Make That S— Work" off its pedestal followed by OMI's "Cheerleader," Miguel's "NWA" and Majid Jordan's "My Love." Jackson joins Rawyals, the Weeknd, Fetty Wap, Chris Brown, Tinashe, Michael Jackson, Trey Songz, Lil Durk, T-Pain and the most recent inductee, Kid Cudi, in The Boombox Battle Hall of Fame.
Quelle jackson-source.com


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Become a partner.
We recently finalized a partnership with Help One Now, an organization committed to transforming communities and breaking cycles of extreme poverty. Because of this partnership, we are able to do the life-giving work of empowering local leaders in communities across the globe.
Our goal is to strengthen communities and keep families together, preventing the situations that create orphans in the first place.
If you live in Northwest Arkansas, join us for our monthly concert series based in downtown Bentonville.


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Celebrity Infinity
Celebrity Infinity was the second ship to arrive in Celebrity Cruises' Millennium series and like her sister ships debuted with a whole host of new designs and features.
Built in 2001 and refurbished in 2011, she has been upgraded to an extremely high standard. Boasting heavenly dining, phenomenal entertainment, stylish staterooms and an array of stunning venues, she is a floating masterpiece. October 2015 saw Celebrity Infinity undergo another grand makeover introducing glimmering new features and highlights.
Celebrity Cruises are known for having some of the most stylish ships afloat and Celebrity Infinity is no exception with a glorious atrium, striking venues and tasteful décor throughout.
Home to an extensive range of activities, you will never be without something to do. Whether you go on a cruise to relax around the pool or seek an exciting activity, you will find it all onboard Celebrity Infinity.
For the relaxers there is a wide range of quaint venues to settle yourself with a book and a cocktail. For the ultimate in relaxation take yourself to the Canyon Ranch Spa for a range of signature treatments and therapy rooms.
For the more adventurous you can improve your fitness in the gym, take part in a cooking class, try your luck in the casino or test your knowledge with hosted trivia. Offering a whole playground of adventures, you will love the diverse range of activities available.
Staterooms on Celebrity Infinity
Stylishly decorated with a spacious design, all staterooms boast the finest in room amenities.
With plush bedding, beautiful bathrooms and convenient seating spaces, they are the perfect rooms to retire in after a day around the ship. From interior, to suite you are spoilt for choice when it comes to accommodation on Celebrity Infinity.
Choose an interior for a cosy feel and great lead in prices, an outside to take advantage of the passing views or a balcony for a private space to enjoy the fresh sea air. For the ultimate in luxury opt for a Penthouse Suite, complete with a personal butler, custom luxury products and complimentary surprises delivered daily.
With stylish dining venues, renowned chefs and truly divine menus, it's no wonder Celebrity Cruises have some of the most popular dining at sea. If you like traditional cruise style dining with a set meal time in the main dining room then you will love the Trellis Restaurant. The multi-tiered grand dining room creates the perfect setting for the most memorable meal times, with its stunning chandeliers, grand staircase and stylish décor.
For an alternative option there are a number of speciality restaurants you can experience including Qsine, Celebrity Cruises' signature culinary wonder. From ordering your meal on a convenient Ipad to being served by the impeccably helpful waiters, it is an experience like nothing before. With foods such as sushi lollipops, lobster escargot and popcorn fish, be prepared for a gastronomic surprise.
The impressive main theatre comes alive in the evenings with outstanding performances from world-class singers and dancers in Broadway-style shows and musicals. Other onboard venues host live music, karaoke, comedians and more.
With the newest selection of cocktails at sea, you will be spoilt for choice with what drink to choose so head to one of the many onboard bars for an evening of cocktail fun. Try the new Martini Ice Bar for a cool cocktail in stylish surrounds.
We are an award winning company - enquire with us today Enquire now


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Caddie Woodlawn
Aladdin, Dec 26, 2006 - Juvenile Fiction - 288 pages
Caddie Woodlawn is a real adventurer. She'd rather hunt than sew and plow than bake, and tries to beat her brother's dares every chance she gets. Caddie is friends with Indians, who scare most of the neighbors -- neighbors who, like her mother and sisters, don't understand her at all.
Caddie is brave, and her story is special because it's based on the life and memories of Carol Ryrie Brink's grandmother, the real Caddie Woodlawn. Her spirit and sense of fun have made this book a classic that readers have taken to their hearts for more than seventy years.
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This Newbery Award winner tells the story of Caddie Woodlawn, age about 12, in 1864 Wisconsin, growing up on a farm with her six brothers and sisters, and her two parents. Brink based the novel (and a ... Read full review
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I listened to the audio version of this Newbery winner, and found it quite boring. It is about a young girl growing up in rural Wisconsin and all of her adventures. There isn't really a continuous ... Read full review
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Contact Information
- 112 West Conway Street
- Baltimore, MD 21201
- www.oldotterbeinumc.org
About Us
Old Otterbein is the oldest church in continuous use in Baltimore City. The sanctuary, erected in 1785 – 1786, was built for about $6,000 of ballast bricks discarded by ships in the nearby harbor. All the nails used in construction were handmade. The church bells, cast in London by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, which also cast the Liberty Bell, were installed in 1789 and have been sounded for nearly every important event in American history since the end of the Revolutionary War. The organ was built by Henry Nieman; only eight other remain in Baltimore, including that in the Otterbein Church. Visitors may also see Otterbein's grave and monument in the churchyard, exhibits on the history of the church and its surrounding neighborhood, and a rare, recently restored 6 by 15 foot 1869 Bird's-Eye View map of Baltimore.
Sunday following worship, 11am and by appointment.
Groups are welcome.
Wheelchair accessible at entry.
Free parking by permit.
Admission is free, donations happily accepted.


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With First Tutors you can find a local economics tutor in Buckhurst Hill and across the UK. Local economics tuition is an excellent way to boost confidence while improving grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to search for Buckhurst Hill economics tutors and select the one who best meets your requirements.
First Tutors is the only place to discover through one search the top Buckhurst Hill economics tutors for your needs, enabling you to find a private Buckhurst Hill economics teacher for any subject including GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Physics. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn French, take a Arabic course or prepare yourself for German life, we can help - and all in Buckhurst Hill! Our search will order economics Buckhurst Hill tutors in your area according to their economics lesson costs and distance from you.
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GraphicRiver Label Design Template 7763305
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Label Design Template 7763305
Print Template \ Miscellaneous
Product \ Retro \ Print \ Pink \ Package \ Perfume \ Simple \ Star \ Vector \ Vivid
Print Template - Label Design Template 7763305 by mihalymm @ GraphicRiver
Print Template \ Miscellaneous
Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Layered: Yes; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS; Print Dimensions: 6.6x2.5.
Label Template Designs.
General – Multi Purpose Label Design Templates
3 Color Variations (blue, green, pink / triangles, stars, circles)
Very organised and named layers, fully editable.
Easy changeable color, background, images, texts…
Files included.
Free Google fonts used.
Dimensions can be changed.
This design was used for fresh, handmade, natural cosmetic products. The fonts choices are aimed to look like an retro, hippy product, but choosing other fonts can make the label stand out for any product in a any category and look.
Print ready, with the cut form / die cutting guide on the top layer. Be sure to mention this to your printers !
Comments, questions and update suggestions are all welcome !
Don't forget to rate!
I also provide editing / customization of the files.
Enjoy !
Posters; Label Design; Label Template; Label Template Design; Design Templates; Label Templates; Spice Label Templates.
Keywords: baby, blue, bottle, circle, color, cosmetic, custom, design, die cut, editable, fresh, green, hippy, label, mild, oil, package, perfume, pink, print, product, retro, simple, star, sticker, template, texture, triangle, vector, vivid.


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
49.50 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Hotel-Restaurant Witt`s Gasthof Krummbek is pleased to host travellers looking to spend a few pleasant days in Germany. The guesthouse is offering 45 nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in Krummbek. You are also welcome at the guesthouse for a fine local meal in the restaurant. Car parking possibility is available nearby. If you love spending your leisure time actively it may be a good idea to check the table tennis, bike rental, billiard, minigolf, water ski, volleyball, diving, sailing, surfing and boat rental opportunities nearby. Your valuables may be the safely secured in the safe. Wireless Internet connection (WiFi) is available at the guesthouse, ensuring that you can stay up-to-date during your holiday. The exact scope of services offered by Hotel-Restaurant Witt`s Gasthof Krummbek (including those for an extra fee) is available on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be necessary for finalizing your reservation, depending on the exact room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in at the guesthouse is 16:00, the latest time to check out is 11:00. The personnel can speak English and German languages.
Hotel-Restaurant Witt`s Gasthof Krummbek rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
WiFi in public areas (6 €/night)
Relaxation: Table-tennis, Billiard, Squash, Minigolf, Bike rental at the accommodation
Water skiing nearby, Volleyball facility nearby, Scuba diving nearby, Sailing nearby, Surfing nearby, Boat rental nearby
Safe deposit box
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Desk in the room


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King County Council member Reagan Dunn addressed over 30 members of the Association's Government Affairs Committee on February 7. The room was full despite the snowstorm that closed schools the previous day. "There are a number of key housing issues we're dealing with right now," said Georgia Wall, Vice Chair… Read more
BELLEVUE, Washington (Oct. 12, 2016) – REALTORS® voted to join other supporters of a bond proposal for the Kent School District, not only by unanimous endorsement of the measure, but also by pledging assistance for a "get-out-the-vote" campaign for the Nov. 8 election. The new bonds (Proposition No. 1) would… Read more
The newest edition of Issues & Impacts has just been posted. You can access the latest edition and read past editions any time atnwrealtor.com/advocacy/issuesimpacts or by click on Issues & Impacts on the right sidebar in the News Center under the additional news section.
Kent Mayor Suzette Cooke appoints members to the Financial Sustainability Task Force charged with providing recommendations on the city's long-term financial sustainability. In the wake of the City Council voting (1st) not to include a B&O Tax hike in the city of Kent's 2015 budget as the Mayor had requested,… Read more
REALTORS® meet periodically with the Masterbuilders and cities, including cities in South King County, on issues important for the future supply of housing and the cost of construction. The following are representative issues the REALTORS® and Masterbuilders are pursing together: Covington: Side yard setbacks (to reduce the current setback regulation… Read more
Recent action by the Kent City Council to override the Mayor's veto will help to protect your commission income from higher taxes. Kent adopted a B&O tax in 2012, and began collecting the tax in 2013. The City said the funds were needed ASAP to pay for critically important transportation… Read more
Kent adopted a B&O tax in 2012, and began collecting the tax in 2013. The City said the funds were needed ASAP to pay for critically important transportation projects. The Mayor wanted the freedom to spend the money on other things too. Earlier this year the City Council passed an… Read more
Economic Development Activities that promote the creation of good jobs lead to workers who can afford a mortgage. That's important for REALTORS® because most Buyers need a mortgage in order to close the real estate transactions that produce commissions for REALTORS®. In a presentation to the City Council's Economic and… Read more
Last September, Mayor Suzette Cooke sent the City Council a 2015 budget for the City of Kent that included a proposal to increase the B&O tax, and to use those dollars to increase the general fund, instead of retaining B&O taxes for transportation capital projects. The proposal would have increased… Read more
The cities of Kent and Auburn have each adopted new SEPA categorical exemptions that will minimize the costs and delay associated with redundant environmental reviews under the State's Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). In each case, the City Council vote to approve the changes was unanimous. Cities are authorized to make… Read more


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The world moves. Let it move. People are moving all day long. It is normal, right, proper that they
should move. Just try to keep your head, or one finger, one toe, stationary, or keep your eyes open continuously. If you try
to stare at a small letter or a part of it without blinking, note what happens. Most people who have tried it discover that
the mind wanders, the vision becomes less, pain and fatigue are produced.Stand facing a window and note the relative
position of a curtain cord to the background. Take a long step to the right. Observe that the background has become different.
Now take a long step to the left. The background has changed again. Avoid regarding the curtain cord. While moving from side
to side, it is possible to imagine the cord moving in the opposite direction. By practice one becomes able to imagine stationary
objects not seen to be moving as continuously, as easily, as objects in the field of vision.
objects at different distances move opposite each other improves relaxation, eye movement and the clarity of vision. It also
helps people with very unclear vision distinguish one object from another object, improves the ability to look at and shift
part to part on one object at a time. This improves shifting with central fixation which further improves the clarity of vision.The speed of the movement of close and distant objects changes if the eyes look at close or distant objects when moving
left and right. Normally when practicing moving left and right the eyes do not look at any objects - just let the eyes move
along, pass by over objects in the visual field.
Swing: When one becomes able to imagine all objects seen, remembered, or imagined, to be moving with a slow short, easy swing,
this is called the Universal Swing. It is a very desirable thing to have, because when it is imagined with the eyes closed
or open, one cannot simultaneously imagine pain, fatigue, or imperfect sight. The universal swing can be obtained without
one being conspicuous. With the hand covered, move the thumb from side to side about one-quarter of an inch, and move the
eyes with the thumb. Stationary objects can be imagined to be moving.When walking rapidly forward, the floor or the
sidewalk appears to move backward. It is well to be conscious of this imagined movement.Never imagine stationary objects
to be stationary. To do this, is a strain, a strain which lowers the vision.
By W. H. Bates,
Central Fixation: The letter or part of the letter
regarded is always seen best.With normal vision, a letter or an object cannot be seen clearly or perfectly unless one
sees a part of the letter or object best, or better than all other parts.Central fixation is passive. We do not see
by any effort. Things are seen, one part best. Furthermore, it is a condition of relaxation of the eye or mind obtained without
any effort.The normal eye with normal sight is always at rest. Nothing is done. No effort is made. Many cases of imperfect
sight have been cured when no efforts were made to see. One cannot relax by working hard, straining, nor obtain rest of the
eyes or mind by the help of a strain. When the eyes are normal, they are at rest. When they are imperfect, they are always
under a strain.+Central fixation should not be confused with concentration, which is defined by the dictionary
to mean an effort to keep the eyes or mind continuously on one point only, and to ignore all other points.Try it. Look
directly, for example, at the point of the notch on the upper right corner of the large letter C on the Snellen test card.
Keep the eyes open without blinking. In a few seconds, or part of a minute, the mind begins to tire from the monotony. An
effort is made to hold the concentration. The effort increases with discomfort or Pain. The vision becomes less, the white
of the notch looks gray, the black appears less black, less clear and less distinct. The notch regarded is not seen as well
as other parts of the large letter not regarded, and Central Fixation is lost. Not only does the notch appear less clear,
but by continuing the effort the large letter C, as well as all the letters on the card, are seen less and less perfectly.
The white of the whole card is also modified and becomes less white. Other objects in the neighborhood of the Snellen card
soon begin to blur and are seen imperfectly. The stare or strain has very much the same effect as if the sun were covered
with a cloud or as if the light in the room, or the general illumination, were lessened. When central fixation is practiced,
all the objects in the room, including the Snellen card, look brighter, clearer, just as though the light had increased.Experience the cause of unclear vision; staring, not blinking, not shifting, eccentric fixation, trying
hard, using effort to see clear.Learn to avoid this. Learn to use the eyes correct; relaxation, no effort, shifting,
blinking, central fixation and the vision is clear.+Concentration is trying to see one thing only. It always
fails. +Central fixation is seeing one thing best, and all other objects not so well. Central
fixation is combined with shifting; the eyes, center of the visual field, shifts, moves continually from point to point; part
to part, object to object.When the vision, memory, or imagination are imperfect, concentration can always be
demonstrated. When the vision, memory, or imagination are perfect, Central Fixation can always be demonstrated.Central
fixation is an illusion. All parts of small letters as well as large ones are printed with the same amount of blackness. We
do not see illusions. They are only imagined. When we see best one part of a letter, or other object regarded, we think we
see it best, or more accurately, we imagine it best. One can imagine anything desired, and much more easily than to make an
effort to see it. This fact should be demonstrated repeatedly, and consciously, until it becomes an unconscious habit. With the eyes closed the imagination of Central Fixation may be much better than with the eyes open. By alternating the
imagination of Central Fixation with the eyes open and closed, both may improve.
Many persons have no mental pictures with their eyes closed. For example: A patient consulted me
about his eyes. He was asked to look at a white pillow. "Can you see it?" he was asked."Yes,"
he answered."Now, close your eyes. Can you remember it?""No," he replied; "I remember
a black pillow.""With your eyes open, can you see one corner of the pillow best, and the other corners not
regarded worse?"He was able to demonstrate this fact, and that he could in turn see, or imagine, each corner regarded
best and the other corners worse. With his eyes closed he was able to remember one corner at a time best, and when he remembers
the pillow by Central Fixation, he obtained a mental picture of a white pillow almost as well as he could see it with his
eyes open.He was then asked to remember two corners simultaneously, both perfectly clear. At once he lost his mental
picture of the pillow. He demonstrated with other objects as well that he could only remember or imagine mental pictures of
them by Central fixation. Another patient had suffered for many years with almost constant pain and fatigue. With
his eyes open his vision was 20/20. He read diamond type as close as six inches, and as far off as twenty inches. He could
imagine the white part of large or small letters whiter than the rest of the Snellen test card, but only with his eyes open
when regarding the letters. With his eyes closed he could not remember mental pictures of any objects.He was asked:
"Which is whiter, the white center of a large letter of the Snellen card or the white snow on the top of a mountain?"
He answered, "The white snow on the top of a mountain." "Can you shift from one mountain top to another,
remembering each one best and the others not so well, or worse?" This also he was able to do. But when he tried
to imagine two or more snow-capped mountains simultaneously, he at once was conscious of an effort and lost his imagination
of his mental pictures of the snow.The memory of the snow-capped mountains by Central Fixation helped him to imagine
Central Fixation with his eyes open as well as closed.
girl, age eight, had imperfect sight not corrected by glasses. The right eye turned in continuously. The vision of this eye
was 3/200 with glasses. The left vision was one-half of the normal. She was taught Central Fixation and became able, in a
few days, to imagine one part best of the larger letters. The vision of both eyes improved very much. She demonstrated the
value of Central Fixation, and that she could not distinguish clearly even the large letters with each eye unless she imagined
one part best. By repeated demonstrations this young patient acquired speed in the practice of Central Fixation. She became
able to read a newspaper more than five feet from her eyes by artificial light. Fine print, or diamond type, was read rapidly,
easily, at one inch from each eye.She enjoyed the practice of conscious Central Fixation. It was to me very wonderful
to observe her imagine very small letters by Central Fixation and read them at ten feet or further.The squint disappeared
A girl, aged twelve, was treated for progressive
myopia. The vision of each eye was 3/200. With concave 16D.S. the sight of each eye was improved to 20/70. The patient was
very nervous. Her memory was poor, and she was behind in her schoolwork. Treatment with the aid of Palming and Central Fixation
improved her vision slowly. After about six months there came a sudden change for the better. In one day, her vision improved
from 10/200 to 10/10 plus. The next day she read the bottom line of each of three strange cards at twenty feet. It was remarkable,
also, because she read all the letters as rapidly as she could pronounce them. The mother was worried because her daughter
had suddenly acquired a habit of running down stairs three steps at a time. She had never stumbled or fallen once. The mother
also reported that the patient had acquired much pleasure in coasting and was the most daring of all the children. Her scholarship
had improved. The teacher said the patient would read a page of history in a few seconds, and recite it with a perfect memory
after a few days, a month, or longer. Her memory for other subjects was equally as good. Immediately after she read
the strange cards with normal vision, I asked her: "What helped you?" "Starch," she answered.Then she explained that she had become able to imagine a small piece of white starch perfectly white by Central Fixation.
When her imagination was perfect her myopia disappeared, her eyes were normal, which made it possible to obtain normal vision.
The retinoscope used at the same time demonstrated that her myopia disappeared when she had a perfect imagination of Central
Fixation.Patients whose sight is very imperfect usually require a much longer time to acquire Central Fixation than
do some others. One should not be discouraged when, after some weeks or many months, their vision remains imperfect. Too many
are disappointed because they fail to obtain Central Fixation after long periods of time, practicing without the help of a
competent teacher. One very determined patient devoted many hours daily for over a year without any apparel benefit whatever.
She told me that she knew she was curable and was resolved to keep at it the rest of her life if necessary. I wrote her a
few suggestions. She followed my advice and was cured in a week.
No. 69: Aunt Mary
By Emily C. Lierman
a year I have been treating a woman, aged sixty-eight, who has cataract in both eyes. In the beginning I saw her about once
a week, then later I treated her less frequently because I had so little time. She lives with her sister and family in the
country, and everyone who knows her calls her Aunt Mary. She has all the reason in the world to be depressed or unhappy, because
with the exception of just a few years, she has been a cripple all of her life. Yet Aunt Mary greets you with a smile and
makes you understand that she is happy.A few years ago her sight began to trouble her, and she was examined by an eye
specialist. He said that cataract was beginning to form in each eye and that nothing could be done until they became ripe,
when she was to be taken to the hospital for an operation. Then I was consulted by her family and asked to call at her home
and examine her eyes. With the retinoscope, I saw a clear, red reflex in the right eye, but none in the left. It was evident
that her trouble was caused by strain, and her condition was becoming worse because she worried about the outcome. We
placed her in a comfortable chair in the garden where the sun was shining and fastened a white test card on the trunk of a
tree. As she looked at the card, she began to squint, because the bright light bothered her. Teaching her to blink often,
helped her to look at the card with less discomfort. She could read 10/200 with the right eye and 1/200 with the left, which
means that at ten feet the only letter she could see with the right eye was the large letter C on the top of the card, and
with the left eye she could not see it further than one foot. With some difficulty, Aunt Mary was able to raise one of her
arms, so that she could cover her eyes with her palm. She had a good imagination, so while her eyes were covered, we talked
about various kinds of flowers she had seen. We also talked of white clouds and a blue sky. As I mentioned one object after
another, her mind did not dwell on one thing very long. I spent about an hour with her the first day, and her vision in that
time improved to 10/40 with the right eye and 10/200 with the left, improving her imagination of things she had seen, with
eyes closed as well as with them open, was the only method I used that day.There was quite an improvement in her eyes
when I saw her again. The vision of her right eye improved to 10/30 and 10/70 in the left. It was impossible for her to stand
and swing, so I placed myself before her in an arm chair and moved my body and head to the right and then to the left with
a slow movement, and asked her to do the same. While we were doing this, I could not understand why she did not see or imagine
things about her moving opposite to the direction in which her head and eyes were moving. Then I noticed that she was staring
while trying to follow my directions, even though she was blinking. It did not take her very long to learn how to shift her
eyes and after that she made steady progress. Dr. Bates became interested in Aunt Mary's case and offered to call
with me the next time I treated her. He examined her eyes with his ophthalmoscope and said there was not enough opacity of
either lens to lower the vision. She was very much encouraged when Dr. Bates told her that her cataract had improved. He also
remarked about her cheery disposition, and how her faithfulness in keeping up her daily treatment would help greatly in the
cure of her eyes.There is an enclosed porch where she practices on rainy days or when it becomes too cold to sit in
the garden. Her loving family do all they possibly can to make her comfortable, so there is every chance that she will be
cured of her eye trouble.Aunt Mary did not like to practice with the white C card, because the white background bothered
her and made her strain. She likes to practice with the white letter card on a black background, so we use the black card
mostly during treatment. In her sunny room hangs a picture which is beautifully colored, but she could not see it clearly.
She explained that it seemed to be in a mist always. I gave her fine print to practice with, and she has become able to read
it in a fairly good light at six inches from her eyes.Her confidence in me makes me all the more anxious to cure her.
In the last few months she has realized the fact that no operation for the removal of cataract will ever be necessary if she
continues to practice. She surprised me one day by reading 10/20 with both eyes, and after sun treatment she read 10/15. Surely,
at this time, if her cataracts were as bad as they were in the beginning, when I first saw her, her vision would not have
improved, neither would she have responded to the sun treatment. Recently I examined her again with the retinoscope, and I
saw a red reflex in the left eye, as well as in the right.A neighbor, who is twenty years younger than Aunt Mary,
and has presbyopia or old-age sight, was surprised to find out that Aunt Mary had better sight than she had. The fact that
her vision was better than a woman so much younger made her anxious to practice more. The last time I visited Aunt Mary she
read the bottom line of the test card at ten feet, or 10/10 with her right eye, and 10/20 with the left. She reads the fine
print now at all times, and also the newspaper and her Bible without any trouble. When she strains to see at the distance,
things seem to blur before her eyes, but when she palms and sways her body, as she sits in her chair, the mist clears away
and she sees better.When I first became acquainted with her, I noticed how difficult it was for her to move about with
her crutches. To get up from her chair was an effort. Not so long ago, I offered to help her change her position, but she
managed very nicely herself and got up with the aid of her crutches without any effort at all. I believe the constant practice
of the body swing has not only improved the condition of her eyes, but also her general condition as well.
By George M. Guild
was a boy, very much of a boy, a manly boy, large for his age and strong with the strength of youth. He was twelve years old.
He loved his mother very much and did all that he could to help her. Sonny enjoyed entertaining other boys and was popular
with grown ups as well. His father was very proud of him and frequently talked about his boy to the people he knew.He
rather overdid it, and his friends would usually tire of hearing so much about Sonny at home, Sonny at play, Sonny at school,
Sonny all the time and every day. His mother was just as proud of her boy and could talk hour after hour about him, if one
were polite enough to listen.There was another member of the family, a sweet young girl, who was sick in bed and who
suffered constant pain. She was unable to sit up, and of course unable to walk. Her name was May, and she was eight years
old. Recently her sight had become poor, and she was nearly blind. Sonny spent more time with her than one would expect. He
invited other boys and girls to visit his sister. He read storybooks to her, all about knights, ladies, kings, queens and
the fairies. She liked the fairy stories best of all and wanted very much to see the fairies and talk to them. Sonny was just
as anxious as she was to meet the fairies.One day he went into the flower garden to cry in a place where no one could
see him and be annoyed with his tears. May did not seem so well. No one had ever helped her pain, and today she said that
her sight was so poor that when she looked at Sonny his face appeared so far away that she could not see it at all. He tried
to say something to make her feel better, but his throat had a big lump in it which prevented him from talking. After he had
cried for some minutes he felt a little better. One of the flowers seemed more beautiful than any of the others, and while
he was looking at this flower it nodded to him and turned into a beautiful fairy. She had bright blue eyes that were full
of fun and play. They were kind eyes, too, but mostly they seemed to be laughing all the time. Sonny had never seen eyes which
appeared to know so much, to know all there was to know, and to know many things which others did not know, never could know,
or would know. Her eyes were indeed full of wisdom.The fairy danced a few steps, whirled around on her toes, stood still
for a moment, bowed low to Sonny, threw him a kiss, and asked a question: "How do you like me?" "I
love you with all my heart," said Sonny. "Why were you crying?" asked the fairy. "I was
crying because my sister is sick and becoming blind. No one has helped her. No one can help her." "Would
you like the fairies to help you?""I certainly would," he answered.Thereupon the fairy blew
a gold whistle. In a few minutes the fairies began to arrive. At first slowly, by twos and threes, and then in larger numbers
more rapidly. They soon filled the garden. They found places on the lawn, the trees and the outside of the house. They were
not silent fairies by any means. It seemed as though all were talking, laughing and singing. Furthermore, they were not still
for a moment. Their heads and eyes were always moving in time with their dancing feet. Those people who have seen fairies
dancing have said that it is all very wonderful, beautiful and delightful.Sonny was in a great hurry to have his sister
and the fairies meet. He learned that the first fairy he met was the Queen and beloved very much by all the other fairies.
As soon as the fairy Queen met May, she directed the child's mother to lift her from the bed, holding her very gently.
Then the mother was told to sway her sick child from side to side, slowly at first, and then more vigorously, but always easily
and gently. When done properly, it cured dizziness and many other things.The fairy Queen insisted that the patient should
not see things moving when her head and eyes were moving, but that she should make believe or imagine that she saw stationary
objects to be moving in the direction opposite to the movement of her head and eyes.May was a good pupil. When her mother
swayed her whole body from side to side, she soon became able to imagine the room, the bed and other stationary objects to
be moving. The movement did her good. She smiled up to her mother and said: "Mother, dear, the pain in my back is all
gone, and I can now see very much better."The mother kept on swaying the patient from side to side, while May
imagined that all the objects she was not regarding were apparently moving from side to side all the time. When the mother
tired after half an hour or longer, Sonny took his sister in his arms and continued the swaying. They alternated and continued
the swaying for several hours. All this time the fairies were dancing and singing where May could see them. She enjoyed it
all and tried to sing the song of the fairies as well as she could, keeping time with their singing.The Fairy Queen
now directed the child to sit up in bed and at first sway herself with the help of her mother and Sonny and gradually do it
all without their help. She soon became able to do it alone. Her strength increased rapidly, while her sight also became much
better. The Fairy Queen then advised that she stand on the floor with the help of her mother and Sonny. Her strength
continued to improve until, much to the delight of all, she became able to sway herself without any help. Sonny was so happy
with her wonderful improvement that he laughed and shouted for joy, while all his mother could do was to smile as the tears
flowed from her eyes.When Sonny's father came home he watched the proceedings approvingly. He did not believe
in fairies, consequently he did not see them dancing nor hear them singing. He stood in a corner of the room blowing his nose
frequently, although he had no cold. His daughter soon saw him and, without stopping her swaying, threw him a kiss and called
out to him:"Oh, father, my pain is all gone; I can stand on my feet; I can walk. I can see you perfectly; the
fairies have cured me. I am perfectly happy. Aren't you glad?" But he could not speak. He felt so weak that
he had to sit down on the edge of the bed. His wife took his hand. She could not speak, either. She just smiled, while her
tears continued to flow.Sonny had lost all control of himself. He shouted; he alternately laughed and cried. He danced
around the room. He hugged his father, his mother, the neighbors who came to see the wonderful cure by the fairies. They had
to take him to another room, where he flung himself down on a bed, buried his face in a pillow and sobbed as though his heart
would break, because he was so happy. The next morning his sister walked into his room and wakened him with a kiss. She smiled
and said: "Good morning, Sonny."
Sunlight and Sunglass
By M. A. Crane
who live in the dark and seldom or never see the sun, like miners, for example, always have something wrong with their eyes.In the tenement houses where the light is poor many children acquire a dislike for the sunlight. They will bury their faces
in a pillow and shut out all light. Too many of them are brought to a Clinic with ulcers on the front part of the eyeball.
Treatment with antiseptic eyedrops and other measures generally fail to cure. Sending them out of doors in the bright sunlight
has been followed by complete relief.One patient, a man with serious disease of his eyes, had spent much time in a hospital
where his eyes were protected from the light by the use of bandages. After some months, his eyes had not improved, and he
left the hospital wearing very dark glasses for protection from the light. His eyes became more and more sensitive, although
the dark glasses were changed frequently to those that were darker, until he finally wore the darkest glasses that he could
obtain. Still there was no relief from the sun. Later, the dark glasses were discarded permanently. The sensitiveness to the
light became less after he exposed his closed eyelids to the sun for half an hour or longer, moving his head at the same time
slowly from side to side. After the eyes have improved, it may be possible for the patient to look down while some one
else gently lifts the upper eyelid toward the brow, exposing some of the white part of the eye above the pupil. At first it
may be well to shade the eyes from the sun until the patient acquires sufficient control to look down easily, continuously
and without strain. With the eyes looking far down, one focuses the direct rays of the sun on the exposed white part of the
eye, with a strong convex glass, moving the glass continuously to avoid the heat of the condensed sunlight. One needs to caution
the patient to avoid looking directly at the sun while the light is being focused on the eye. The results obtained from this
method have usually been very gratifying. When the eyes are inflamed from disease of the eyelids, the cornea, the iris, the
retina, the optic nerve, from glaucoma and other inflammations, the use of the burning glass (sunglass)
has been followed immediately by a lessening of the congestion and a decided improvement in vision.Many people ask the
question: "How long does it take to obtain a sufficient benefit to be noticeable?" When the sun treatment is employed,
the improvement in the sight may be demonstrated in a very short time. The sun treatment improves the vision of all
patients who are wearing glasses for the relief of pain, fatigue, and imperfect sight, no matter what kind of glasses are
worn or how strong they may be.The direct sunlight focused on the white part of the eye is a benefit in many cases of
blindness with hardening of the eyeball (glaucoma), or softening of the eyeball (cyclitis), also in cases of cataract, and
of opacities in other parts of the eye. It was interesting to observe the improvement in a large number of patients blind
from scar tissue on the front part of the eye, the cornea. They were benefited so much that their sight became normal.Babies and SunlightIt is good practice to expose the eyes of babies to the direct sunlight
not only when they are awake but also when asleep. The sunlight treatment has never injured the eye nor lowered the
vision permanently in a single patient, even when used improperly.Patients with cataract seem to improve more decidedly
from the light treatment than from some other kinds of treatment. Congenital cataract or cataract present from birth, is benefited
and often cured in the same way. Cataract produced by an injury to the eye has improved and occasionally been cured by the
effect of light on the eye. So often has the light treatment benefited many kinds of cataract that the use of the light is
strongly recommended in all cases.The beneficial effect of light is largely, if not entirely, due to its mental effect.
One evidence, that this is true, is the fact that the benefit is so quick that there is not enough time for the eyeball to
be improved sufficiently to account for the good result. It has been stated by some authorities on the value of sunlight in
the treatment of disease, that it should be used out of doors to obtain the best results, and that after it has passed through
glass it has lost much of its healing properties. This may be true in the treatment of tuberculosis, or other diseases, but
apparently not when used for the benefit of imperfect sight.Modern Natural Vision Improvement
teachers state that all glass; plain, tinted, … including eyeglasses block out part of the suns full light spectrum
causing unbalanced light to enter the eyes, and lower eye, brain, body health, function and clarity of vision. The use
of the Sunglass is temporary – it gets the cells, light receptors… in the retina, lens… 'awakened',
back to full life, normal health, function. The Sunglass treatment is then discontinued and is replaced by daily exposure
to plain, full spectrum sunlight not passing through glass.Strong sunlight in the tropics is as much, if not
a greater relief, as it is in colder countries. Patients who do not wear a hat, or otherwise shield their eyes from the brightness
of strong sunlight, have testified that their eyes became much stronger and their vision decidedly improved by the exposure.
However, one should first of all accustom the eyes gradually to the light to prevent discomfort.A
hat prevents sunburn, wrinkles, freckles on the face.The question has often been asked, "Is electric light
beneficial?" Electric light is beneficial, but not to the same degree as sunlight. Many people have accustomed their
eyes to all kinds of electric light and have improved their vision very materially by using the electric light as intelligently
as the sunlight.The sun is the whitest object there is. Many patients complain that it is not white but red, gray, blue,
brown, or some other color. It has been described as black when regarded by patients whose eyes were very sensitive to the
light, patients whose vision was very imperfect, or who suffered very much from eyestrain.Looking at the sun is quite
frequently followed by seeing red, blue, yellow, and other colors for some minutes, hours, days, weeks, or months. These colors
always disappear in time. Palming, swinging, the memory of perfect sight, hasten their disappearance.The twinkling stars
owe their peculiar appearance to good vision alternating with imperfect sight caused by eyestrain. The planets look bright
with a steady light and do not usually twinkle. One can often imagine them to be twinkling with the help of a conscious strain
alternating with a frequent rest. Blinking with a strain will quite often produce twinkling of the planets. By practice one
can become sufficiently expert to produce twinkling of the moon.
Announcement Stories From The Clinic By Emily C. Lierman
This valuable book is now in press and we expect it to be ready in a few weeks.CENTRAL
FIXATION PUBLISHING Co.
Why is it that many people feel the need of glasses for near work when they reach middle age?A- When trying to read
they strain, which makes the sight imperfect. This may occur before the age of forty or after sixty.
Q- How can I prevent the sun from hurting my eyes?A- By becoming accustomed to it. See page
15 of this issue of "Better Eyesight." - Sun treatment
When should one blink and under what circumstances should stationary objects be imagined as moving, and for what purpose?A- One should blink to improve the sight. Stationary objects should be imagined as moving to avoid the stare which always
impairs the sight and causes pain and fatigue. Stationary objects appear to move when the eyes move, shift.
Q- When can one determine whether the desired results have been attained
in palming?A- The desired results in palming are obtained when black is seen.
(Modern teachers'
state; Desired results are obtained when relaxation of mind, eyes, body is attained. They state that seeing black is not mandatory.
It is often easier to just imagine any pleasant thoughts, objects, let the mind drift.)
Q- Will you please tell me if results are obtained at all ages or whether there is a limit? If there
is, after what age are results unsatisfactory? A- Results are obtained satisfactorily at all ages without an exception.
A translator
is placed on the bottom of each monthly magazine page. Translate Better Eyesight Magazine to your language. Prints and speaks,
'reads aloud' in Italian, Spanish, German, Polish… any language. (Computer Translators are not perfect
so double check your converted text.) Copy, paste Better Eyesight Magazine text to the Translator below, then move to the
bottom of the translated text and click the 'Speaker Button' to hear Better Eyesight Magazine Articles, Treatments read to
you in your Language. See the translator page for more directions. http://www.microsofttranslator.com/
The lighthouse pictures remind us to Blink, use Central-Fixation, Shift/Move the Eyes, get Full Spectrum Sunlight
on the eyes daily without any type of eyeglasses, sunglasses for clear day and night vision. To Relax and to Strengthen
your Spirit, Stay in the Light of Heaven. Learn from Dr. Bates, the Best, Original Natural Eyesight Improvement
Teacher. Pass this information along free to others in need of clear eyesight, healthy eyes. Preserve The Truth of The
Bates Method for future generations.
Clearsight Publishing Co. - http://www.cleareyesight.info
Natural Eyesight Improvement - Free and Low Cost Books, Audio, Video firstname.lastname@example.com - 508-754-0162Back to Main Index
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text:
Hello gang;
I have the MoreWine WE273S crusher/destemmer. This is an incredibly efficient, yet violent piece of equipment. I am able to process about 1000lbs in an hour and change in batches while sorting at the same time.
es, the bigger parts of the stems are indeed ejected. However, there are a gazilion of little stem bits - you know, the little sections that hold onto 7 or 10 berries at a time? I mean I have been manually pulling handfuls of green out of the must at a time.
I have adjusted the rollers best I can to make sure berries are broken. But a zillion bits of green are somewhat undesirable.
Is this normal? Or have I goofed it?


text:
beginner #5 – who is she?, part 5
A simple, but entertaining story of how 3 people meet because of the Linguist. Part 5 of 26 episodes. This simple story is available in other languages at LingQ.Difficulty: Beginner
Category: Beginner
Duration: 00:59Click here to see the full transcript of this podcast.Click here to listen to Who is She?, Part 5.


text:
Accommodation options within 8km from Kievits Kroon Country Estate include:
The Blades is an exclusive hotel situated on a 10 hectare expanse of untamed Bushveld. Built on the banks of the Roodeplaat dam, we offer a unique combination of indigenous vegetation, landscaping and water-front luxury.
Threebees Guesthouse is a place for anyone looking for a home away from home. Located in the North East of Pretoria the home is set in the upmarket area of Montana Park and has stunning views over Montana as far as the eye can see.
Bianca's B&B are situated in Pretoria, near Roodeplaat dam, Dinokeng area. We offer 8 double en-suite rooms and 2 single en-suite rooms, each with own entrance. A fully equipped kitchen for self catering groups, braai facilities and swimming pool.
Aves Indigo Guesthouse is situated in the north of Pretoria/Tshwane, South Africa. The perfect, quality accommodation for the traveler (business or leisure) that needs a safe, comfortable environment and a clean dwelling. Accommodation with superi
The Roode Vallei Country Lodge in Gauteng, is part of the Faircity Hotel Group. This delightful and peaceful conference and wedding venue is located north of Pretoria on the banks of the Pienaar's River in the Highveld


text:
Issue No. 05 - September/October (2004 vol. 6)
pp: 10-20
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MCSE.2004.44
Frank Timmes , Los Alamos National Laboratory
Guy Dimonte , Los Alamos National Laboratory
Jave Kane , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Bruce Fryxell , University of Chicago
Kevin Olson , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Tomek Plewa , University of Chicago
John Hayes , University of California, San Diego
Harry Robey , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Jim Stone , Princeton University
Todd Dupont , University of Chicago
Alan Calder , University of Chicago
Jonathan Dursi , University of Chicago
Paul Ricker , University of Illinois
Mike Zingale , University of California, Santa Cruz
Bruce Remington , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Greg Weirs , University of Chicago
Paul Drake , University of Michigan
Astrophysical simulations model phenomena that can't be fully reproduced terrestrially. Validation then requires carefully devising feasible experiments with the relevant physics. The authors describe validating simulations against experiments that probe fluid instabilities, nuclear burning, and radiation transport, and then discuss insights from—and the limitations of—these tests.
verification, validation, astrophysics, simulation
Frank Timmes, Guy Dimonte, Jave Kane, Bruce Fryxell, Kevin Olson, Tomek Plewa, John Hayes, Harry Robey, Jim Stone, Todd Dupont, Alan Calder, Jonathan Dursi, Paul Ricker, Mike Zingale, Bruce Remington, Greg Weirs, Paul Drake, "Validating Astrophysical Simulation Codes", Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 6, no. , pp. 10-20, September/October 2004, doi:10.1109/MCSE.2004.44


text:
Alternative Title: genital protrusion
Learn about this topic in these articles:
development in embryonic life
Copulatory organs have developed independently in several groups of vertebrates having internal fertilization. The penis in mammals develops from an outgrowth called the genital tubercle, located at the anterior edge of the urinogenital orifice. The tubercle is laid down in a similar way in embryos of both sexes, and the region of the urinogenital orifice remains in an indifferent state even...


text:
Revelation 21:27New International Version (NIV)
27 Nothing impure will ever enter it, nor will anyone who does what is shameful or deceitful, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life.
Cross references:
New International Version (NIV)
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
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text: Hi, Im new and looking to root my evo with a ROM that will always load (sticky?), Im looking for which ROM would be best and keeps Amazon MP3 store on it. Dont care about FB, but would also like to keep my Sprint TV option too. Or if these are wiped out can I reinstall them after root on the marketplace? Also, would like wireless hotspot/tether Thanks in advance!