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User:Chrisballinger/Anomos (protocol)
Anomos is an anonymous peer-to-peer file sharing protocol used for distributing large amounts of data based on the BitTorrent protocol. It borrows the concept of 'onion routing' from Tor and applies it to BitTorrent.
Programmers John Schanck and Rich Jones described an initial version of the protocol in June 2008 and released the first implementation on 4 June 2009.[1] Mid 2011 the project was put on hold because of a lack of co-workers necessary to ensure the users' security.[2]
- 1 Description
- 2 Operation
- 3 Adoption
- 4 Network impact
- 5 Indexing
- 6 Limitations
- 7 Technologies built on BitTorrent
- 8 Implementations
- 9 Development
- 10 Legal issues
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Anomos is a privacy preserving variant of the BitTorrent protocol. It enables its users to share content in the multi-peer-to-peer fashion of BitTorrent without revealing their identities to other clients on the network. Anomos accomplishes this by routing its traffic across other users registered with the same tracker server. As more clients connect to the network, the number of relay nodes grows proportionately to the number of file sharers. In order to minimize the number of relay hops taken while preserving anonymity, the relaying behavior is coordinated by the tracker server. An 'onion routing' scheme similar to that used in Tor is used to initiate streams in order to ensure that relay nodes cannot determine the origins and destinations of the traffic they relay and strong encryption is used end-to-end on the actual content so that intermediary nodes cannot determine what they are relaying.
Ideally, Anomos gains strength through high usability. The mainline implementation doesn't require a user to run any background services or know anything about proxy services. The anonymity and security should be completely transparent to the end user - anyone who is capable of using a BitTorrent client should be able to seamlessly transition to Anomos. Usability and minimalism should be kept in mind as design goals of any Anomos implementation, as poor usability has been one of the primary impediments to the adoption of privacy enhancing tools.
A BitTorrent client is any program that implements the BitTorrent protocol. Each client is capable of preparing, requesting, and transmitting any type of computer file over a network, using the protocol. A peer is any computer running an instance of a client.
To share a file or group of files, a peer first creates a small file called a "torrent" (e.g. MyFile.torrent). This file contains metadata about the files to be shared and about the tracker, the computer that coordinates the file distribution. Peers that want to download the file must first obtain a torrent file for it, and connect to the specified tracker, which tells them from which other peers to download the pieces of the file.
Though both ultimately transfer files over a network, a BitTorrent download differs from a classic download (as is typical with an HTTP or FTP request, for example) in several fundamental ways:
- BitTorrent makes many small data requests over different TCP connections to different machines, while classic downloading is typically made via a single TCP connection to a single machine.
- BitTorrent downloads in a random or in a "rarest-first"[3] approach that ensures high availability, while classic downloads are sequential.
Taken together, these differences allow BitTorrent to achieve much lower cost to the content provider, much higher redundancy, and much greater resistance to abuse or to "flash crowds" than regular server software. However, this protection, theoretically, comes at a cost: downloads can take time to rise to full speed because it may take time for enough peer connections to be established, and it may take time for a node to receive sufficient data to become an effective uploader. This contrasts with regular downloads (such as from an HTTP server, for example) that, while more vulnerable to overload and abuse, rise to full speed very quickly and maintain this speed throughout.
In general, BitTorrent's non-contiguous download methods have prevented it from supporting "progressive downloads" or "streaming playback". However, comments made by Bram Cohen in January 2007 suggest that streaming torrent downloads will soon be commonplace and ad supported streaming appears to be the result of those comments.
Creating and publishing torrents[edit]
The peer distributing a data file treats the file as a number of identically sized pieces, usually with byte sizes of a power of 2, and typically between 32 KB and 4 MB each. The peer creates a hash for each piece, using the SHA-1 hash function, and records it in the torrent file. Pieces with sizes greater than 512 KB will reduce the size of a torrent file for a very large payload, but is claimed to reduce the efficiency of the protocol.[4] When another peer later receives a particular piece, the hash of the piece is compared to the recorded hash to test that the piece is error-free.[5] Peers that provide a complete file are called seeders, and the peer providing the initial copy is called the initial seeder.
The exact information contained in the torrent file depends on the version of the BitTorrent protocol. By convention, the name of a torrent file has the suffix
.torrent. Torrent files have an "announce" section, which specifies the URL of the tracker, and an "info" section, containing (suggested) names for the files, their lengths, the piece length used, and a SHA-1 hash code for each piece, all of which are used by clients to verify the integrity of the data they receive.
Torrent files are typically published on websites or elsewhere, and registered with at least one tracker. The tracker maintains lists of the clients currently participating in the torrent.[5] Alternatively, in a trackerless system (decentralized tracking) every peer acts as a tracker. Azureus was the first[citation needed] BitTorrent client to implement such a system through the distributed hash table (DHT) method. An alternative and incompatible DHT system, known as Mainline DHT, was later developed and adopted by the BitTorrent (Mainline), µTorrent, Transmission, rTorrent, KTorrent, BitComet, and Deluge clients.
After the DHT was adopted, a "private" flag—analogous to the broadcast flag—was unofficially introduced, telling clients to restrict the use of decentralized tracking regardless of the user's desires.[6] The flag is intentionally placed in the info section of the torrent so that it cannot be disabled or removed without changing the identity of the torrent. The purpose of the flag is to prevent torrents from being shared with clients that do not have access to the tracker. The flag was requested for inclusion in the official specification in August, 2008, but has not been accepted.[7] Clients that have ignored the private flag were banned by many trackers, discouraging the practice.[8]
Downloading torrents and sharing files[edit]
Users browse the web to find a torrent of interest, download it, and open it with a BitTorrent client. The client connects to the tracker(s) specified in the torrent file, from which it receives a list of peers currently transferring pieces of the file(s) specified in the torrent. The client connects to those peers to obtain the various pieces. If the swarm contains only the initial seeder, the client connects directly to it and begins to request pieces.
Clients incorporate mechanisms to optimize their download and upload rates; for example they download pieces in a random order to increase the opportunity to exchange data, which is only possible if two peers have different pieces of the file.
The effectiveness of this data exchange depends largely on the policies that clients use to determine to whom to send data. Clients may prefer to send data to peers that send data back to them (a tit for tat scheme), which encourages fair trading. But strict policies often result in suboptimal situations, such as when newly joined peers are unable to receive any data because they don't have any pieces yet to trade themselves or when two peers with a good connection between them do not exchange data simply because neither of them takes the initiative. To counter these effects, the official BitTorrent client program uses a mechanism called "optimistic unchoking", whereby the client reserves a portion of its available bandwidth for sending pieces to random peers (not necessarily known good partners, so called preferred peers) in hopes of discovering even better partners and to ensure that newcomers get a chance to join the swarm.[9]
The community of BitTorrent users frowns upon the practice of disconnecting from the network immediately upon success of a file download, and encourages remaining as another seed for as long as practical, which may be days - especially when there are a lot of downloading peers and when the ratio of seeders to downloading peers is low.
A growing number of individuals and organizations are using BitTorrent to distribute their own or licensed material. Independent adopters report[10] that without using BitTorrent technology and its dramatically reduced demands on their private networking hardware and bandwidth, they could not afford to distribute their files.
Film, video and music[edit]
- BitTorrent Inc. has amassed a number of licenses from Hollywood studios for distributing popular content from their websites.
- Sub Pop Records releases tracks and videos via BitTorrent Inc.[11] to distribute its 1000+ albums. The band Ween uses the website Browntracker.net[12] to distribute free audio and video recordings of live shows. Furthermore, Babyshambles and The Libertines (both bands associated with Pete Doherty) have extensively used torrents to distribute hundreds of demos and live videos. US industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails frequently distributes albums via BitTorrent.
- Podcasting software is starting to integrate BitTorrent to help podcasters deal with the download demands of their MP3 "radio" programs. Specifically, Juice and Miro (formerly known as Democracy Player) support automatic processing of .torrent files from RSS feeds. Similarly, some BitTorrent clients, such as µTorrent, are able to process web feeds and automatically download content found within them.
- DGM Live! purchases are provided via BitTorrent.[13]
- In 2008, the CBC became the first public broadcaster in North America to make a full show (Canada's Next Great Prime Minister) available for download using BitTorrent.[14]
- The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) has since March 2008 experimented with bittorrent distribution, available here. Only selected material in which NRK owns all royalties are published. Responses have been very positive, and NRK is planning to offer more content.
- The Dutch VPRO broadcasting organization released three documentaries under a Creative Commons license using the content distribution feature of the Mininova tracker.
Personal material[edit]
- The Amazon S3 "Simple Storage Service" is a scalable Internet-based storage service with a simple web service interface, equipped with built-in BitTorrent support.
- Blog Torrent offers a simplified BitTorrent tracker to enable bloggers and non-technical users to host a tracker on their site. Blog Torrent also allows visitors to download a "stub" loader, which acts as a BitTorrent client to download the desired file, allowing users without BitTorrent software to use the protocol.[15] This is similar to the concept of a self-extracting archive.
- Blizzard Entertainment uses BitTorrent (via a proprietary client called the "Blizzard Downloader") to distribute most content for World of Warcraft, including the game itself.[16]
- Many software games, especially those whose large size makes them difficult to host due to bandwidth limits, extremely frequent downloads, and unpredictable changes in network traffic, will distribute instead a specialized, stripped down bittorrent client with enough functionality to download the game from the other running clients and the primary server (which is maintained in case not enough peers are available).
- Many major open source and free software projects encourage BitTorrent as well as conventional downloads of their products (via HTTP, FTP etc) to increase availability and to reduce load on their own servers, especially when dealing with larger files.[17]
- Entropia Universe also begun distributing the client file(s) through BitTorrent.
Network impact[edit]
CableLabs, the research organization of the North American cable industry, estimates that BitTorrent represents 18% of all broadband traffic.[18] In 2004, CacheLogic put that number at roughly 35% of all traffic on the Internet.[19] The discrepancies in these numbers are caused by differences in the method used to measure P2P traffic on the Internet.[20]
Routers that use NAT, Network address translation, must maintain tables of source and destination IP addresses and ports. Typical home routers are limited to about 2000 table entries while some more expensive routers have larger table capacities. BitTorrent frequently contacts 300-500 servers per second rapidly filling the NAT tables. This is a common cause of home routers locking up.[21]
The BitTorrent protocol provides no way to index torrent files. As a result, a comparatively small number of websites have hosted a large majority of torrents, many linking to copyrighted material, rendering those sites especially vulnerable to lawsuits.[22] Several types of websites support the discovery and distribution of data on the BitTorrent network.
Public torrent hosting sites such as The Pirate Bay allow users to search and download from their collection of torrent files. Users can typically also upload torrent files for content they wish to distribute. Often, these sites also run BitTorrent trackers for their hosted torrent files, but these two functions are not mutually dependent: a torrent file could be hosted on one site and tracked by another, unrelated site.
Private host/tracker sites operate like public ones except that they restrict access to registered users and keep track of the amount of data each user uploads and downloads, in an attempt to reduce leeching.
Search engines allow the discovery of torrent files that are hosted and tracked on other sites; examples include Mininova, BTJunkie, Torrentz, The Pirate Bay, Eztorrent and isoHunt. These sites allow the user to ask for content meeting specific criteria (such as containing a given word or phrase) and retrieve a list of links to torrent files matching those criteria. This list can often be sorted with respect to several criteria, being relevance (seeders-leechers ratio) one of the most popular and useful (due to the way the protocol behaves, the download bandwidth achievable is very sensitive to this value). Bram Cohen launched a BitTorrent search engine on http://search.bittorrent.com that co-mingles licensed content with search results.[23] Metasearch engines allow one to search several BitTorrent indices and search engines at once.
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Although swarming scales well to tolerate flash crowds for popular content, it is less useful for unpopular content. Peers arriving after the initial rush might find the content unavailable and need to wait for the arrival of a seed in order to complete their downloads. The seed arrival, in turn, may take long to happen, since maintaining seeds for unpopular content entails high bandwidth and administrative costs, which runs counter to the goals of publishers that value BitTorrent as a cheap alternative to a client-server approach. A strategy adopted by many publishers which significantly increases availability of unpopular content consists of bundling multiple files in a single swarm. [24]
Lack of anonymity[edit]
BitTorrent does not offer its users anonymity. It is possible to obtain the IP addresses of all current, and possibly previous, participants in a swarm from the tracker. This may expose users with insecure systems to attacks.[9] It may also expose users to the risk of being sued, if they are distributing files without permission from the copyright holder(s). However, there are ways to promote anonymity; for example, the OneSwarm project layers privacy-preserving sharing mechanisms on top of the original BitTorrent protocol.
The leech problem[edit]
A BitTorrent user may often choose to leave the swarm as soon as they have a complete copy of the file they are downloading, freeing up their outbound bandwidth for other uses. If enough users follow this pattern, torrent swarms gradually die out, meaning a lower possibility of obtaining older torrents (see content unavailability above). Some BitTorrent websites have attempted to address this by recording each user's download and upload ratio for all or just the user to see, as well as the provision of access to newer torrent files to people with better ratios. Users who have low upload ratios may see slower download speeds until they upload more. This prevents (statistical) leeching, since after a while they become unable to download at even a fraction of the theoretical bandwidth of their connection. Some trackers exempt dial-up users from this policy, because their uploading capabilities are limited. The BitTorrent protocol also attempts to minimize the damages of leeches by using only a portion of their bandwidth for one-directional trades and using the majority for two-directional trades that tend to help the swarm as a whole.
The cheater problem[edit]
There are "cheating" clients like BitThief which claim to be able to download without uploading. Such exploitation negatively affects the cooperative nature of the BitTorrent protocol, although it might prove useful for people in countries where uploading copyrighted material is illegal, but downloading is not.
Average BitTorrent download speed is usually the sum of that peer's upload speed and a fair share of the total upload of all the "seeders in the swarm" (peers logged with the tracker that have a complete copy of the file). The 'tit-for-tat' style file sharing of downloading peers is responsible for the portion of the available download that's the same as the peer's upload. The seeders attempt to provide fair shares by scattering pieces to a wide selection of the best performing peers.
ISPs often provide asymmetrical Internet connections, with much higher download than upload speeds. Since a peer can only download data that's been uploaded by another peer this asymmetry is suboptimal for the bittorrent protocol. This performance issue is most obvious during the early life of a swarm when there is only one peer that is seeding (has a complete copy of the file) and all the other peers have exactly the same portion of the file as each other. When you initially join such a swarm you will get very high download speeds as every other peer optimistically sends you pieces in the hope that you have something to send them. This will probably continue until the time your peer catches up with the rest of the swarm when your average download speed drops to exactly the same as the upload speed of the seeder. The data is uploaded by the seeder to one peer and that peer passes it on down the line to the next in the swarm and so forth to everyone in the swarm.
If all peers in the swarm have symmetrical connections the swarm becomes far more stable. During the initial startup the swarm will be less able to draw new arrivals to the current maximum level of the swarm so the "everybody becomes a seeder" threshold is much less of an instant switch and more of a controlled cascade. The balance between the upload and the download also means that the majority of a peer's download is as a result of the 'tit-for-tat' file sharing which reduces the cost of seeding to a swarm by forcing the natural ratio of a peer closer to the overall 1:1 requirement of the swarm as a whole. If this reduction in 'seeder cost' were to happen in the wild it would probably result in much longer lived swarms too.
As symmetrical connections are uncommon swarms are normally in the "seeder starved" state where there is very little seeder upload bandwidth available and each peer gets about the same download as its upload. Additional upload bandwidth can be made available to a swarm through the use of "seed boxes" and "http seeds" but this is quite rare with public torrents.
Technologies built on BitTorrent[edit]
The BitTorrent protocol is still under development and therefore may still acquire new features and other enhancements such as improved efficiency.
Distributed trackers[edit]
On May 2, 2005, Azureus 126.96.36.199 (now known as Vuze) was released,[25] introducing support for "trackerless" torrents through a system called the "distributed database." This system is a DHT implementation which allows the client to use torrents that do not have a working BitTorrent tracker. The following month, BitTorrent, Inc. released version 4.2.0 of the Mainline BitTorrent client, which supported an alternative DHT implementation (popularly known as "Mainline DHT") that is incompatible with that of Azureus. Current versions of the official BitTorrent client, µTorrent, BitComet, and BitSpirit all share compatibility with Mainline DHT. Both DHT implementations are based on Kademlia.[26] As of version 184.108.40.206, Azureus also supports Mainline DHT in addition to its own distributed database through use of an optional application plugin.[27] This potentially allows the Azureus client to reach a bigger swarm.
Another idea that has surfaced in Vuze is that of virtual torrents. This idea is based on the distributed tracker approach and is used to describe some web resource. Currently, it is used for instant messaging. It is implemented using a special messaging protocol and requires an appropriate plugin. Anatomic P2P is another approach, which uses a decentralized network of nodes that route traffic to dynamic trackers.
Most BitTorrent clients also use Peer exchange (PEX) to gather peers in addition to trackers and DHT. Peer exchange checks with known peers to see if they know of any other peers. With the 188.8.131.52 release of Vuze, all major BitTorrent clients now have compatible peer exchange.
Web seeding[edit]
Web seeding was implemented in 2006 as the ability of BitTorrent clients to download torrent pieces from an HTTP source in addition to the swarm. The advantage of this feature is that a site may distribute a torrent for a particular file or batch of files and make those files available for download from that same web server; this can simplify long term seeding and load balancing through the use of existing, cheap, web hosting setups. In theory, this would make using BitTorrent almost as easy for a web publisher as creating a direct http download, in addition it would allow the 'web seed' to be disabled if the swarm becomes too popular while still allowing the file to be readily available.
This feature has two specifications.
The first was created by John "TheSHAD0W" Hoffman, who created BitTornado.[28] From version 5.0 onward the Mainline BitTorrent client also supports web seeds and the BitTorrent web site had[29] a simple publishing tool that creates web seeded torrents.[30] µTorrent added support for web seeds in version 1.7. BitComet added support for web seeds in version 1.14. This first specification requires running a web service that serves content by info-hash and piece number, rather than filename.
The other specification can rely on a basic HTTP download space [31].
RSS feeds[edit]
A technique called Broadcatching combines RSS with the BitTorrent protocol to create a content delivery system, further simplifying and automating content distribution. Steve Gillmor explained the concept in a column for Ziff-Davis in December, 2003.[32] The discussion spread quickly among bloggers (Ernest Miller,[33] Chris Pirillo, etc.). In an article entitled Broadcatching with BitTorrent, Scott Raymond explained:
I want RSS feeds of BitTorrent files. A script would periodically check the feed for new items, and use them to start the download. Then, I could find a trusted publisher of an Alias RSS feed, and 'subscribe' to all new episodes of the show, which would then start downloading automatically — like the 'season pass' feature of the TiVo.— Scott Raymond, scottraymond.net[34]
The RSS feed will track the content, while BitTorrent ensures content integrity with cryptographic hashing of all data, so feed subscribers will receive uncorrupted content.
One of the first and popular software clients (free and open source) for broadcatching is Miro. Other free software clients such as PenguinTV and KatchTV are also now supporting broadcatching.
The BitTorrent web-service MoveDigital has the ability to make torrents available to any web application capable of parsing XML through its standard REST-based interface.[35] Additionally, Torrenthut is developing a similar torrent API that will provide the same features, as well as further intuition to help bring the torrent community to Web 2.0 standards. Alongside this release is a first PHP application built using the API called PEP, which will parse any Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0) feed and automatically create and seed a torrent for each enclosure found in that feed.[36]
Throttling and encryption[edit]
Since BitTorrent makes up a large proportion of total traffic, some ISPs have chosen to throttle (slow down) BitTorrent transfers to ensure network capacity remains available for other uses. For this reason, methods have been developed to disguise BitTorrent traffic in an attempt to thwart these efforts.[37]
Protocol header encrypt (PHE) and Message stream encryption/Protocol encryption (MSE/PE) are features of some BitTorrent clients that attempt to make BitTorrent hard to detect and throttle. At the moment Vuze, Bitcomet, KTorrent, Transmission, Deluge, µTorrent, MooPolice, Halite, rTorrent and the latest official BitTorrent client (v6) support MSE/PE encryption.
In September 2006 it was reported that some software could detect and throttle BitTorrent traffic masquerading as HTTP traffic.[38]
Reports in August 2007 indicated that Comcast was preventing BitTorrent seeding by monitoring and interfering with the communication between peers. Protection against these efforts is provided by proxying the client-tracker traffic via an encrypted tunnel to a point outside of the Comcast network.[39] Comcast has more recently called a 'truce' with BitTorrent, Inc. with the intention of shaping traffic in a protocol-agnostic manner.[40] Questions about the ethics and legality of Comcast's behavior have led to renewed debate about Net neutrality in the United States.[41]
In general, although encryption can make it difficult to determine what is being shared, BitTorrent is vulnerable to traffic analysis. Thus even with MSE/PE, it may be possible for an ISP to recognize BitTorrent and also to determine that a system is no longer downloading but only uploading data, and terminate its connection by injecting TCP RST (reset flag) packets.
Another unofficial feature is an extension to the BitTorrent metadata format proposed by John Hoffman[42] and implemented by several indexing websites. It allows the use of multiple trackers per file, so if one tracker fails, others can continue supporting file transfer. It is implemented in several clients, such as BitComet, BitTornado, BitTorrent, KTorrent, Transmission, Deluge, µTorrent, rtorrent and Vuze. Trackers are placed in groups, or tiers, with a tracker randomly chosen from the top tier and tried, moving to the next tier if all the trackers in the top tier fail.
Torrents with multiple trackers[43] can decrease the time it takes to download a file, but also has a few consequences:
- Poorly implemented[44] clients may contact multiple trackers, leading to more overhead-traffic.
- Torrents from closed trackers suddenly become downloadable by non-members, as they can connect to a seed via an open tracker.
Decentralized keyword search[edit]
Even with distributed trackers, a third party is still required to find a specific torrent. This is usually done in the form of a hyperlink from the website of the content owner or through indexing websites like The Pirate Bay or Torrentz.
The Tribler BitTorrent client is the first to incorporate decentralized search capabilities. With Tribler, users can find .torrent files that are hosted among other peers, instead of on a centralized index sites. It adds such an ability to the BitTorrent protocol using a gossip protocol, somewhat similar to the eXeem network which was shut down in 2005. The software includes the ability to recommend content as well. After a dozen downloads the Tribler software can roughly estimate the download taste of the user and recommend additional content.[45]
In May 2007 Cornell University published a paper proposing a new approach to searching a peer-to-peer network for inexact strings,[46] which could replace the functionality of a central indexing site. A year later, the same team implemented the system as a plugin for Vuze called Cubit[47] and published a follow-up paper reporting its success.[48]
A somewhat similar facility but with a slightly different approach is provided by the BitComet client through its "Torrent Exchange"[49] feature. Whenever two peers using BitComet (with Torrent Exchange enabled) connect to each other they exchange lists of all the torrents (name and info-hash) they have in the Torrent Share storage (torrent files which were previously downloaded and for which the user chose to enable sharing by Torrent Exchange).
Thus each client builds up a list of all the torrents shared by the peers it connected to in the current session (or it can even maintain the list between sessions if instructed). At any time the user can search into that Torrent Collection list for a certain torrent and sort the list by categories. When the user chooses to download a torrent from that list, the .torrent file is automatically searched for (by info-hash value) in the DHT Network and when found it is downloaded by the querying client which can after that create and initiate a downloading task.
The GitTorrent Protocol (GTP)[50] is, as of 2008, an alpha-version of a protocol designed for collaborative git repository distribution across the Internet.
- Clients: the BitTorrent specification is free to use and many clients are open source, so BitTorrent clients have been created for all common operating systems using a variety of programming languages. The official BitTorrent client, uTorrent, Vuze, Transmission, and BitComet are some of the most popular clients. [citation needed]
- Servers: Some BitTorrent implementations such as MLDonkey and Torrentflux are designed to run as servers. For example, this can be used to centralize file sharing on a single dedicated server which users share access to on the network. [51]
- Hosted: Server-oriented BitTorrent implementations can also be hosted by hosting providers at co-located facilities with high bandwidth Internet connectivity (e.g., a datacenter) which can provide dramatic speed benefits over using BitTorrent from a regular home broadband connection.
- Web services: Services such as ImageShack can download files on BitTorrent for the user, allowing them to download the entire file by HTTP once it is finished.
- In-browser: The Opera web browser supports BitTorrent,[52] as does Wyzo. BitLet allows users to download Torrents directly from their browser using a Java applet.
- Hardware devices: An increasing number of hardware devices are being made to support BitTorrent. These include routers and NAS devices that use BitTorrent-capable firmware like OpenWrt.
- Proprietary versions: Proprietary versions of the protocol which implement DRM, encryption, and authentication are found within managed clients such as Pando.
An as-yet (2 February 2008) unimplemented unofficial feature is Similarity Enhanced Transfer (SET), a technique for improving the speed at which peer-to-peer file sharing and content distribution systems can share data. SET, proposed by researchers Pucha, Andersen, and Kaminsky, works by spotting chunks of identical data in files that are an exact or near match to the one needed and transferring these data to the client if the 'exact' data are not present. Their experiments suggested that SET will help greatly with less popular files, but not as much for popular data, where many peers are already downloading it.[53] Andersen believes that this technique could be immediately used by developers with the BitTorrent file sharing system.[54]
As of December 2008, BitTorrent, Inc. is working with Oversi on new Policy Discover Protocols that query the ISP for capabilities and network architecture information. Oversi's ISP hosted NetEnhancer box is designed to "improve peer selection" by helping peers find local nodes, improving download speeds while reducing the loads into and out of the ISP's network.[55]
Legal issues[edit]
There has been much controversy over the use of BitTorrent trackers. BitTorrent metafiles themselves do not store copyrighted data. Whether the publishers of BitTorrent metafiles violate copyrights by linking to copyrighted material is controversial.
Various jurisdictions have pursued legal action against websites that host BitTorrent trackers. High-profile examples include the closing of Suprnova.org, Torrentspy, LokiTorrent, Mininova and OiNK.cd. The Pirate Bay torrent website, formed by a Swedish group, is noted for the "legal" section of its website in which letters and replies on the subject of alleged copyright infringements are publicly displayed. On 31 May 2006, The Pirate Bay's servers in Sweden were raided by Swedish police on allegations by the MPAA of copyright infringement;[56] however, the tracker was up and running again three days later.
HBO, in an effort to combat the distribution of its programming on BitTorrent networks, has sent cease and desist letters to the Internet Service Providers of BitTorrent users. Many users have reported receiving letters from their ISPs that threatened to cut off their Internet service if the alleged infringement continues.[57] HBO, unlike the RIAA, has not been reported to have filed suit against anyone for sharing files as of April 2007. In 2005 HBO began "poisoning" torrents of its show Rome, by providing bad chunks of data to clients.[58] BitTorrent clients will eventually realize that the data is corrupted, but this does make it take longer to download.
On 23 November 2005, the movie industry and BitTorrent Inc. CEO Bram Cohen, signed a deal they hoped would reduce the number of unlicensed copies available through bittorrent.com's search engine, run by BitTorrent, Inc. It meant BitTorrent.com had to remove any links to unlicensed copies of films made by seven of Hollywood's major movie studios.
More recently, the BitTorrent network has been subject to scrutiny by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). There are suggestions that they are using the network to obtain the IP addresses of those currently connected to the tracker. The information is then used to contact the ISP of each downloader so that notifications can be made (this was given sizeable coverage in the UK press with regard to Virgin Media sending letters out to customers suspected of using P2P networks).
There are two major differences between BitTorrent and many other peer-to-peer file-trading systems, which advocates suggest make it less useful to those sharing copyrighted material without authorization. First, BitTorrent itself does not offer a search facility to find files by name. A user must find the initial torrent file by other means, such as a web search. Second, BitTorrent makes no attempt to conceal the host ultimately responsible for facilitating the sharing: a person who wishes to make a file available must run a tracker on a specific host or hosts and distribute the tracker address(es) in the .torrent file. Because it is possible to operate a tracker on a server that is located in a jurisdiction where the copyright holder cannot take legal action, the protocol does offer some vulnerability that other protocols lack. It is far easier to request that the server's ISP shut down the site than it is to find and identify every user sharing a file on a peer-to-peer network. However, with the use of a distributed hash table (DHT), trackers are no longer required, though often used for client software that does not support DHT to connect to the stream.
See also[edit]
- Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
- BitTorrent tracker software
- Bencode
- Comparison of BitTorrent clients
- Comparison of BitTorrent sites
- FastTrack
- UK government policy on illegal file sharing
- File Sharing in Europe
- Kazaa
- Magnet URI scheme
- Segmented downloading
- Similarity Enhanced Transfer
- Simple file verification
- Super-seeding
- Terminology of BitTorrent
- Torrent file
- UDP Torrent Protocol
- ^ "Presenting.. Anomos! Censorship-Resistant, Anonymous BitTorrent". Anomos Liberty Enhancements. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Sobiraj, Lars (6 July 2011). "Anomos: Projekt für anonymes Filesharing liegt auf Eis". Gulli. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Urvoy-Keller (2006). "Rarest First and Choke Algorithms Are Enough" (PDF). imconf.net. Retrieved 2007-11-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
- ^ "BitTorrentSpecification".
- ^ a b Cohen, Bram (2002). "BitTorrent Protocol 1.0". BitTorrent.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
- ^ "Unofficial BitTorrent Protocol Specification v1.0". Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^ "Private Torrents". Bittorrent.org. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^ "BitComet Banned From Growing Number of Private Trackers". Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^ a b Tamilmani, Karthik (2003-10-25). "Studying and enhancing the BitTorrent protocol" (DOC). Stony Brook University. Retrieved 2006-05-06.
- ^ See, for example, Why Bit Torrent at tasvideos.org
- ^ "Sub Pop page on BitTorrent.com". Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Browntracker.net, the website used by [[Ween]]". Retrieved 2006-12-13. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
- ^ "Help". DGMlive.com.
- ^ "CBC to BitTorrent Canada's Next Great Prime Minister:". 19 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
- ^ Rustad, Roger E. (26 August 2004). "Blog Torrent and Participatory Culture". Grep Law. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
- ^ "Blizzard Downloader". - WoWWiki - Your guide to the World of Warcraft. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
- ^ "Complete Download Options List - BitTorrent". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ Ellis, Leslie (8 May 2006). "BitTorrent's Swarms Have a Deadly Bite On Broadband Nets". Multichannel News. Retrieved 2006-05-08.
- ^ Pasick, Adam (4 November 2004). "LiveWire — File-sharing network thrives beneath the radar". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
- ^ Sevcik, Peter (1 November 2005). "Peer-to-Peer Traffic: Another Internet Myth Is Born". Business Communication Review. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
- ^ "uTorrent's FAQ page".
- ^ "PublicBT Tracker Set To Patch BitTorrent's Achilles' Heel". 12 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ Worthington, David (25 May 2005). "BitTorrent Creator Opens Online Search". BetaNews. Retrieved 2006-05-09. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Content Availability and Bundling in Swarming Systems by D. Menasche, A. Rocha, B. Li, D. Towsley, A. Venkataramani
- ^ "Vuze Changelog". Azureus.sourceforge.net.
- ^ "Khashmir".
- ^ Damokles. "Mainline DHT [Vuze Automation Plugin]".
- ^ "HTTP-Based Seeding Specification" (TXT). Retrieved 2006-05-09.
- ^ "The Torrent Entertainment Network has closed".
- ^ "Publish - BitTorrent". (archived page from May 26, 2007, web.archive.org)
- ^ "HTTP/FTP Seeding for BitTorrent". Retrieved 2010-03-18.
- ^ Gillmore, Steve. BitTorrent and RSS Create Disruptive Revolution EWeek.com, 13 December 2003. Retrieved on 22 April 2007.
- ^ Corante.com
- ^ Raymond, Scott: Broadcatching with BitTorrent. scottraymond.net: 16 December 2003.
- ^ "Move Digital REST API". Move Digital. Retrieved 2006-05-09. Documentation.
- ^ "Prodigem Enclosure Puller(pep.txt)" (TXT). Prodigem.com. Retrieved 2006-05-09. via Internet Wayback Machine
- ^ "Encrypting Bittorrent to take out traffic shapers". Torrentfreak.com. 2006-02-05. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
- ^ Sales, Ben (2006). ""ResTech solves network issues"". studlife.com. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
- ^ Comcast Throttles BitTorrent Traffic, Seeding Impossible, TorrentFreak, 17 August 2007
- ^ "Comcast and BitTorrent agree to 'collaborate'". CNET.
- ^ "Is Comcast's BitTorrent filtering violating the law?". CNET. CBS Interactive.
- ^ "Multitracker Metadata Entry Specification" (TXT). Bittornado.com. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
- ^ Called MultiTorrents by indexing website myBittorrent.com
- ^ "P2P:Protocol:Specifications:Multitracker". wiki.depthstrike.com. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
- ^ DecentralizedRecommendation - tribler.org
- ^ "Hyperspaces for Object Clustering and Approximate Matching in Peer-to-Peer Overlays" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "Cubit: Approximate Matching for Peer-to-Peer Overlays". Cornell University. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "Approximate Matching for Peer-to-Peer Overlays with Cubit" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ Torrent Exchange. The torrent sharing feature of BitComet. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
- ^ "gittorrent, Peer-to-peer Protocol for Synchronizing of Git Repositories". Hosted by google-code. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Torrent Server".
- ^ Anderson, Nate (1 February 2007). "Does network neutrality mean an end to BitTorrent throttling?". Ars Technica, LLC. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ Himabindu Pucha, David G. Andersen, Michael Kaminsky (2007). "Exploiting Similarity for Multi-Source Downloads Using File Handprints". Purdue University, Carnegie Mellon University, Intel Research Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2007-04-15. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
- ^ "Speed boost plan for file-sharing". BBC News. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
- ^ "BitTorrent has new plan to shape up P2P behavior". Ars Technica.
- ^ "The Piratebay is Down: Raided by the Swedish Police". TorrentFreak. 31.05.2006. Retrieved 2007-05-20. Check date values in:
- ^ Henderson, Maryanne (21 March 2006). "Safenet (for HBO) Letter to Charter Communications - Part 2.jpg". Tallinn Wordpress. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
- ^ Torkington, Nat (4 October 2005). "HBO Attacking BitTorrent". O'Reilly.com. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
Further reading[edit]
- Pouwelse, Johan (2005). "The Bittorrent P2P File-Sharing System: Measurements and Analysis". Peer-to-Peer Systems IV. Berlin: Springer. pp. 205–216. doi:10.1007/11558989_19. ISBN 9783540290681. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to BitTorrent.
- Official BitTorrent Website
- Official BitTorrent Specification
- BitTorrent at DMOZ
- Interview with chief executive Ashwin Navin
- Unofficial BitTorrent Protocol Specification v1.0 at wiki.theory.org
- Unofficial BitTorrent Location-aware Protocol 1.0 Specification at wiki.theory.org
- Michal Czerniawski, Responsibility of Bittorrent Search Engines for Copyright Infringements, at SSRN (December 2009)


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
You may think you know Santa, but there's a lot more to the legend than a bag full of presents. What follows is a selective history of St. Nick and how he came to be known as the jolly round man in the iconic red suit.
PHOTOS: A look at the evolution of Santa Claus
The man we've come to identify at St. Nicholas was born in the third century in what is now Turkey. He eventually became a bishop in the early church and was known for helping the poor and the sick and for being a protector of sailors and children....


text: Hi Downloaded modded Red Dead Redemption files (2 for single player on this site) and then used 360rev to rehash, resign etc. No problems to that point but then got the windows message about the usb port being used when I tried to "safely remove hardware". Couldn't even get unlocker to fix it. Never had this issue with other modded files. Had to turn pc off and keep fingers crossed that files aren't corrupt. Anyone else had this? Thanks Simon


text:
Major route obstructions on the Stroudwater Navigation between Framilode on the River Severn and Wallbridge in Stroud. Note there are no plans to restore the canal east of Saul Junction.Click image to enlarge or caption for more information.
Locations 1-8 of 8
Start of Infill, Whitminster Lock
River Frome and site of Lockham Aqueduct
Bristol Road Wharf, and start of infilling
Site of Bristol Road Bridge & Lock
Site of Hyde's Bridge & Infilled Canal
M5 Motorway obstruction
Westfield Bridge & site of Westfield Lock
Site of Ocean Railway Bridge, Stonehouse
Thames & Severn Canal
Stroudwater Navigation
Thames & Severn Location Index
Stroudwater Location Index
Canal Route
Downloadable Canal Map (PDF)
The Story So Far
Work Remaining on Phase 1A
Phase 1A in Pictures
Plan for Phase 1B
Phase 1B in Pictures
Phase 1B from the Air
Phase 2 Scope
Phase 3 scope
Sapperton Tunnel
Thames Head Pumping Station
Thames & Severn Canal Timeline
Stroudwater Navigation History
Historical Photographs
About the Canals
Index of Locks
Index of Bridges
Canal Statistics
Infilled Canal Sections
Canal Visitor Centres
CCT Boat Trips


text:
Results 1 to 7 of 7
June 10th, 2002, 10:50 AM #1
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 96
One of the fellows of the cj.com discussion boards wrote an article as follows:
Domains and URLs:
Search Engine Ranking
By James D. Brausch
Recently we performed large statistical analysis of the top ranking sites and studied the domain names and URLs to see if we could find any correlation. Over 20,000 listings were examined for 110 separate factors and the results tabulated and statistically analyzed.
This article discusses the three attributes of domains and URLs that were found most often among the top ranked sites.
Does having the keyword (ie: search term) in the domain name
affect ranking?
Yes:- This was the factor that was found most consistently among the top ranking sites. Since this single factor was found so consistently among the top ranking sites, we strongly recommend that you choose a domain name which contains your major keyword. Our own domain doesn't follow this rule, but you can bet that we are considering moving to a domain which does include our keywords now that we have reviewed the findings of this study.
Does having a URL shorter than average affect ranking?
We found consistently that shorter URLs ranked better. This is an interesting factor since you can largely control the length of your URLs without moving to a new domain. Were you already considering a restructure/redesign of your current site? Consider using short directory names and filenames.
Your domain name is also a factor in the length of your URL. At one time, many search engine optimization experts were recommending purchasing very long domain names with lots of keywords separated by dashes. The results of this study indicate that would be bad advice. Instead, focus on short domain names which contain your main keyword and short URLs.
Does having a "/" at the end of your URL affect ranking?
This is one of the most interesting findings. We actually began by studying lots of page types (.html, .htm, .asp, .shtml, .sht, etc.). Our data kept showing that we were missing a large percentage of the top ranking pages by just looking at those file types. We were puzzled at first. Everyone knows that .html is the most common ending to URLs; right? Wrong!
Actually, we found that most top ranking pages end with a reference to a directory, not an actual .html file. For instance, we found the following:
http://www.domain.com/test/ - This was the structure we found most often among the top ranked sites.
http://www.domain.com/test.html - This structure was more likely to be found among the lower ranked sites.
We think this is a key find. If you are considering a restructure of your site, you might want to consider renaming test.html to index.html and placing it in a subdirectory called "test".
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Let's talk about some of the factors that were found among the lower ranking sites in higher frequency than in higher ranking sites... In other words; the "bad" factors.
Does having a ".net" domain affect ranking?
We expected many top-level domains to possibly rank lower than the standard ".com" domains. What we found surprised us. Many domain endings that we expected would rank lower seemed instead to be more-or-less equally distributed among the high and low ranking sites.
We never expected the ".net" domains to be ranked lower, but that is what the data suggests. In fact it is a very strong correlation. We used to think that a ".net" domain was almost as good as a ".com" domain. We will now avoid them.
Does having a ".sht" URL affect ranking?
This is an interesting find. We used to have many sites with this extension. Everyone is familiar with ".html" files; right? You may have also seen ".shtml" files. The ".shtml" extension is often used to denote a file that should have Server Side Includes (known as SSI) processed prior to serving the page. It used to be common to use the ".sht" extension interchangably with the ".shtml" extension in much the same way as ".htm" is used interchangably with ".html"
Warning! In our 20,000+ survey of sites listed by the top search engine, we found zero sites with a ".sht" extension. This seems to show that the top search engine does not list ".sht" files at all!
Does having a ".html" URL affect ranking?
This is really just the opposite finding as one of the findings among sites that rank higher. Since URLs ending in a "/" are found so often among the top ranking sites, it turns out that URLs ending in the standard ".html" are among the lower ranking.
In fact, this file extension seemed to be even more associated with lower ranking sites than ".shtml", ".htm" and ".asp". Prior to this report, we considered the ".html" at the end of a URL to be the most common and desirable. THis study has changed our mind about this as well.
This article covers most of the interesting findings that are found among sites that rank very well and sites that tend to rank poorly. Other surprising results in the study include a number of factors that are found equally distributed among high ranking and low ranking sites. The implication would be that these factors have no significant impact on ranking. However, many of these factors are among the factors that are often discussed by SEO experts as having very significant ranking impacts. Perhaps those will be the topic of a future article.
About The Author
James D. Brausch, is the Vice President of Marketing for Target Blaster, Inc., an Internet Marketing firm specializing in targeted traffic.
This is a copywritten work by James Brausch of Target Blaster, Inc. http://www.TargetBlaster.com
Appologies that the link back to his site was not included by the original poster.
[ 06-10-2002: Message edited by: Haiko ]
June 10th, 2002, 11:56 AM #2
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 33
Just a note on this...
each search engine ranks sites differently, google could care less what your domain name is but yahoo does look for keywords in the domain name so your-site.com would work better for yahoo than yoursite.com
The best advice is to look at the search engine you are optimizing for and see what your competion is doing there. If you want a top 10 listing with say google.com then do the same things that the others in the top 10 are doing... but maybe a bit better.
June 11th, 2002, 10:27 AM #3
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 260
Interesting article..

quote:
Actually, we found that most top ranking pages end with a reference to a directory, not an actual .html file. For instance, we found the following: http://www.domain.com/test/ - This was the structure we found most often among the top ranked sites. http://www.domain.com/test.html - This structure was more likely to be found among the lower ranked sites.

Not to sure about the above point however as there can be a wide variety of factors effecting this.. In a typical site structure, a directory /here/ will usually be a main page on the site, whilst here.html will be a sub-page off of a directories main page.. such as /here/here.html.. Main pages always have more inbound links and are included amongst most of the sites navigational structure.. sub-pages are commonly only linked to within the directory itself.. As such, main pages regardless of extension will usually receive a higher ranking than a sub.. It would be interesting to review this though and see whether the search engines have actually applied a plus for directory navigation, or whether it is just the site navigation which causes this.
June 11th, 2002, 10:53 AM #4
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Location
- Canada
- Posts
- 1,650
1) Brausch seems to be confusing "correlation" with "cause-and-effect."
2) I am skeptical of any "researcher" who makes recommendations based on unproven trivialities without mentioning the most important factor of all -- the content on the page.
{Edited to reduce crabbiness!}
[ 06-11-2002: Message edited by: buckworks.com ]
June 11th, 2002, 02:40 PM #5
What Elisabeth said.
This is a prime example of "prediction is good science" misconception of the scientific method.
One could just as easily conclude that those who know what they're doing in the "20,000+ sites listed by the top search engine" have tended to buy .com domain names and use .htm extensions.
Any newbies taking this thread too seriously, I have plenty of top 5 (and yes, that does include #1 last time I checked) placements for a .net site with .shtm page extensions all over the place. Of course, I did learn the lesson the hard way that indeed googler does like keywordnamedirectory/ a bit more than keywordname.htm in a generic directory. And that includes more links to the keyword.htm and better keword density. Oops, trial and error at its best, both rank togther in their search term [img]/infopop/emoticons/icon_wink.gif[/img] .
Do I get the award for wild guessing?
Or do I need to couch my terms in a pseudo research paper with pseudo scientific terms and show off my great abilities in calculus? [img]/infopop/emoticons/icon_biggrin.gif[/img]
June 11th, 2002, 04:56 PM #6
Ditto to Elisabeth and Webmistress.
WM, I'd give you the award but for some people even ironclad proof wouldn't be enough! Although experience is better than "wild guessing" so you would actually get a better award.
June 11th, 2002, 05:18 PM #7
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
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[SARCASM] What no control group? [/SARCASM]  [img]/infopop/emoticons/icon_biggrin.gif[/img]
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text:
Wessex FM News
Portland Brownies Saved
10:14am 21st June 2013
Portland's Brownies have been saved after a much needed donation from a local housing provider!
The group, which has been going for 30 years, found themselves struggling to pay for the St George Reform Centre where they're based.
Magna's Community Initiative fund gave them the money they needed so they can run the group for another year.
Liz Jolliffee, Brownie leader, told Wessex FM, 'This Brownie group has been running over 30 years now and it is getting harder and harder to sustain each year. The help we have received from Magna is very welcome and we would like to thank them for helping us to run the group this year.'
Ken Bodycombe, Magna's community investment officer, added, 'There are a few Magna residents who use this Brownie group. It's vitally important that community groups like this can continue, especially for youngsters as it allows them to learn new skills. The community initiative fund allows us to support community groups and show that we are much more than just a housing landlord.'
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text:
First Tutors enables you to find a private polish teacher in Ayr and across the UK. Private polish tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence as well as increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to search for Ayr polish tutors and select which best meets your needs.
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text:
hoolAs the maxim goes 'All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy', those parents who want their children to focus only in the academic field are making a big line of dull Jacks. It is no surprise that in our country most of the parents have a condescending attitude towards sports. They consider it a trivial part of school life which should be confined to one period and not more than that. No surprise that many schools have not even recruited sports teachers and the children are left to learn the sports all by themselves. In such a situation, even these students do not perceive sports in a kind light.
The fundamentals for anything is made firm if there is seriousness in it since the starting. Sport in schools is treated less as a subject and more as a respite from strenuous studies. This demands a change as low representation of the country in international level sports competitions could be attributed to this very reason. It is not as if our quality in sports is less; there is a reason why our winning graph is very low. The fundamentals that are being talked about are the ones that need to be set at a very early age and that could be done only in schools. A proper study needs to be done and taught for each sport in every school. Pick up any sport and make the students understand the technicality involved in that sport, that's what is needed now.
The suggestions are not to make sports a theoretical subject. Indeed, mastery over any sport can be achieved through practice. The knowledge of a sport cannot be limited to mugging up the point so on how it is to be played; regular practice only can help in perfecting the craft. This is the primary reason the induction of sports as an essential subject should be made in schools. The advantages of sports in one's life need no enumeration. There have been few schools and colleges who have included Physical Education in their curriculum which has surely proven to be of great advantage to students. This subject has been added to emphasize on the importance of sports and a healthy lifestyle that it brings along.
The government is promoting its best, yet the reality is a bit grim in many schools. It is expected of children to develop a natural ability in any sport. Many are not able to face the strain of academics and fail to excel in those subjects. Where future in any good college becomes tentative, it is in the field of sports that there exists good prospect to enter a college of one's own choice, thanks to the availability of credits awarded to sports persons.


text:
Miss Joshua Patricia Ray, a rock band made up of four UVa-Wise students, performed an on-campus concert Friday night. The Starlight Getaway, an alternative/pop
Month: February 2011
Safety on the rise
UVa-Wise maintenance workers install one of the two new flashing beacon posts Feb. 18 at the Darden Drive crosswalk just off campus near Alumni
Raising the roof
Contractors from Robbins Construction in Duffield install sheet metal roofing on the Townhouses Feb. 18. The steel, coated with aluminum and zinc, should provide
Having a ball
Freshman Attila Aliriza catches a Nerf football Wednesday evening while playing with friends on the Lawn by the Lake. Students took advantage of sunny
Corrupt rulers, government to blame for civil unrest in Libya
By Matthew Barnette Opinion Editor email@example.com Sometimes it only takes one person to cause worldwide scrutiny to center on a country and its people.
So much snow
How does this season's snowfall measure up to Josh Jordan, UVa-Wise's tallest basketball player? The Highland Cavalier crunched the numbers. Note: This season's winter
Women's basketball drops two conference games
By Sydney Gilbert Staff Writer firstname.lastname@example.com The Cavs defeated Kentucky Christian University 83-63 on Feb. 16, finished the week 2-1. The win protected the
Alumni gifts dip, but still above normal
By Jimmy Seals Staff Writer firstname.lastname@example.com Alumni donations to the college fell for the third consecutive fiscal year in 2009-2010, but college officials say
Five things you didn't know:
The Oscars
Em & Kay
Emily and Karrye — that's us at the top of the page — are here to answer your questions. Nothing is off limits. Send
Reported beating 'did not warrant campus notification'
By Jordan Fifer News Editor firstname.lastname@example.com College officials didn't notify students of a Feb. 3 reported assault via e-mail or text message because officers
Law would require credit for ASL
By Jordan Fifer News Editor email@example.com A bill on its way to the governor's desk would ensure that Virginia's public colleges and universities count


text:
RevoStock Modern Portfolio Intro 212242
After Effects Project \ Modern \ Photo Displays \ Urban
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text:
Maybank Championship Open
February 2017
Lee plays in the Maybank Championship Open at Saujana Golf and Country Club in Kuala Lumpur. He was winner of the Maybank Malaysian Open in 1997 and 2014.
With Anirban Lahiri and Charl Schwartzel for the first two rounds, Lee had a 1300 (GMT + 8 hrs) from the 1st on Thursday and 0810 from the 10th on Friday.
He had a mixed bag on Thursday with a birdie, bogey,double bogey and an eagle to take him back to par on the front nine. He continued to make par on the remaining holes until the 17th, which he bogeyed to take him to 1-over for the round. First round leader was Mark Warren on 9-under par.
It was a good second round for Lee, who shot a 6-under 66 and moved up to T19th on 5-under. Leader, Bernd Weisberger is 12-under.
He had an 8.45 tee time on Saturday with Thongchai Jaidee and Prom Meesawat recording a 2-under 70, Lee ended the round in T16th place on 7-under par, with Danny Willett leading on 16 under.
He had an 8.35 start with Shiv Kapur and Pablo Larrazbal from the 1st and with a final round of par, ended T26th on the Leaderboard.
Winner of the event was Fabrizio Zanotti on 19 under.
Lee now heads to South Africa for the Dimension Data Pro-Am,


text:
Boxereddy (84) , Belgium | January 23, 2016
Mooie plek deze draaiende watermolen. Niet de grootste kaart maar ruim voldoende voor een zalige middag.
quiawha (2) , | February 17, 2013
Wedelse Molen is a beautiful rustic bar. The selection of beer is great and the service is fantastic. We will be going there again on this trip.
JoeinDahlem (352) Berlin, Germany | September 10, 2012
An historic landmark that happens to be a very solid little beer bar in the meantime. The significance comes from the old mill that is still cranking along, and there are tables next to it for those who like to pair their drinking with old machines. Or opt for terrace tables in view of the cornfields. List of 160+ beers with few surprises yet few duds. Cantillon and Girardin are here too; so are nearby Ter Dolen, Achel and La Trappe.
Martinus (215) Baarle-Nassau, Netherlands | April 23, 2012
Visited Sunday evening.
Great atmosphere, when we came in there was a party with violin and accordion music going on. Staff was nice and helpful, though sometiimes seeming slightly annoyed.
Lots of Belgian beers, including Westvleteren. Not many foreign beers available.
Prices for some beers were quite high.
The place itself looks really nice, a water mill in the countryside. Car park is available. Indoors, part of the mill is still running, giving a good atmosphere and interesting view when drinking your beer and talking to friends (and locals).
loeki (10) , Belgium | February 5, 2012
Heel gezellig
pilot88 (1) Overpelt, Belgium | January 27, 2012
Very nice scene with lots of different beers. Everything that you can expect from a Belgian pub.


text:
For more information about Inspiring Australia activities and achievements in Victoria, please contact:
Carly Siebentritt
Phone: +61 3 9252 6472
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Where's wallaby? 45,000 citizen scientists help researchers save our species
30 August 2016
Wildlife Spotter is the online citizen science project for National Science Week 2016, undertaken by ABC Science in conjunction with the Australian Museum and six different wildlife research projects. Supported by funding through the Citizen Science package, it's giving Australian from all walks of life an insight into the research process. Australia is a vast...
The next generation of biomedical animators
30 August 2016
In 2012, VizbiPlus won a $350,000 Inspiring Australia grant to help three biomedical animators learn from the master—award-winning biomedical animator Drew Berry. They're now applying their skills, telling medical stories, explaining epigenetics and demystifying gene technology. VizbiPlus is a joint project of two top biomedical research institutes—The Garvan in Sydney and Walter and Eliza Hall...
Statins and Sydney Harbour: awards for spreading the word
27 October 2015
Meet the winners of the Australia Museum Eureka Prizes for Science Communication & Journalism Speaking science underwater – Eureka Prize for Promoting Understanding of Australian Science Research Professor Emma Johnston describes Sydney Harbour as her laboratory. It's a laboratory that bears the impacts of four million people living nearby, not to mention a century of...
Inspiring Australia's 2014: science hubs, pubs, apps and more
19 December 2014
Another year is nearly over, but science engagement carries on—and so does Inspiring Australia. Now in its fourth year, the Inspiring Australia strategy unifies state and national efforts in science communication. It's giving individuals the chance to be part of citizen science initiatives; getting scientists and organisations to think about, and develop, improved ways of...
Lights! Camera! Science! FameLab Australia
21 March 2014
Lights! Camera! Science! Passionate Aussie scientists are in the spotlight talking science. No jargon, no lab coats – props, music and poetry optional. But they've only got 3 minutes. Join us in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide for the State Heats of FameLab Australia – a competition that gives early-career researchers the chance to talk about their science...
Who's looking at who at Melbourne Zoo?
8 February 2014
Thousands of people tromp through Melbourne Zoo every day, but how do meerkats, monkeys and kangaroos actually feel about being watched all day?...
Inspiring Australia into 2014
5 February 2014
Many great things have come out of the Inspiring Australia program, but the real achievement has been to establish a model for coordinating science engagement, with the challenge now for scientists and communicators to keep working together to make the most of this opportunity....
Your head on the line: understanding concussion
5 February 2014
Football players, staff and supporters are becoming increasingly aware of the risks associated with sustaining multiple concussions. Melbourne club the Hampton Rovers are taking part in a study with the potential to completely change our attitude to head injuries in football....
Popcorn science bending your view of reality
2 February 2014
A night at the movies usually involves a suspension of our disbelief, but Australian audiences might be taking the believability of science fiction a little too far. How might some sci-fi movies bend our views of reality?...
From Boort to Monash: science in the city
30 January 2014
It can be tough for science students and staff in the bush, where subjects and facilities are often limited. That's why, since 2011, the John Monash Science School has been operating a regional exchange program, taking them out of the country and giving them a fresh taste of science. It's a long way from Boort to Monash...but these students say it's worth the effort....


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(Page 2 of 2)
the disease . Patient enrollment in a pivotal mid-stage clinical trial should be completed in another month or so, with top line results expected by the end of the year.
Soon after taking over, Weber changed the lineup in Otonomy's drug pipeline to make an antibiotic designated as OTO-201 the company's lead drug candidate. OTO-201 is formulation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in a gel that is intended to treat various types of inflammation of the middle ear in children who are 6 months to 5 years old, and who undergo tympanostomy tube placement surgery. Instead of asking parents or caregivers to administer antibiotic eardrops for seven days after a surgeon has inserted shunts, Weber says the surgeon would administer the long-lasting antibiotic gel (which would last seven days or longer) into the middle ear during the procedure.
OTO-201 was in pre-clinical development when Weber took over in 2010, but he said, "OTO-201 ultimately took the lead because it was a much more straightforward development process."
The company is now close to enrolling 500 patients in two late-stage clinical trials in the United States and Canada that are running simultaneously. Top line results could be available as early as this fall, which should enable Otonomy to submit a new drug application by the first quarter of 2015, Weber said.
Meanwhile, Otomony has added a third drug candidate, OTO-311, to its pipeline. This drug is a new gel-based treatment for tinnitus—the sensation of "ringing" in the ears.
Weber said Otonomy plans to introduce its drugs in the North American market, as well as some countries in Europe. But he adds, "There are places in the world [such as Asia], where we think it makes sense to work with a strategic partner."


text:
OBS Plugin to Track Facebook Live Reactions
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Production Sound Mixer
Record dialogue and sound effects while scenes are being filmed.
A Special Effects Foreman (SFX Foreman), also referred to as the Special Effects Coordinator or Supervisor, oversees the design of mechanical effects used to create non-digital optical illusions for film or theater. Special effects, also called physical effects, are produced on-set unlike visual effects (effects done by computers) which are added in post-production. Examples of special effects include explosions, gunshots, scenery, and atmospheric conditions: rain, fog, wind, and snow.
The Special Effects Foreman is the head of the entire special effects department, and reports directly to the Director and Producers. When you're a Special Effects Foreman, you also staff and supervise the Prop Shop, where members of the Special Effects Crew build the props needed to create artificial effects.
Before filming begins you review the script and write a budget for your department, assisting production in visualizing how cost will influence the look of an effect. It is also your responsibility to explain the mechanics of a particular stunt or gag to the Director before and during filming.
You then hire qualified individuals to design and create the effects, and supply them with equipment. You must supervise and instruct your crew members to make sure what they produce will work safely on-set. Obtaining necessary safety permits when, for example, working with pyrotechnics is also the duty of the SFX Foreman.


text:
For all you internet marketing bods and gooners here is an exclusive extract… the very first page selected from 382 pages of the soon to be released The Ultimate Small Business Marketing Book by Dee Blick.
It's a little story in its own right…
Whenever I ask business owners to tell me what they believe the word 'marketing' means, you can be sure that each response will vary. 'Marketing is all about advertising', I hear, or 'It's producing sales leaflets and brochures', 'It's supporting the sales force''Marketing is all about networking with the right people'. Whilst each one of these responses is true to some extent, they also illustrate the misunderstanding that surrounds the meaning of marketing. Let's start this first chapter on the right footing with one of the best definitions of marketing that I have come across in the last 26 years. It's from the late Peter Doyle, who was one of the world's leading consultants on marketing and strategy. In his book, Marketing
Management & Strategy, he defines marketing thus:
'Marketing is a philosophy of business that places the customer at the centre of the universe.'
What I really like about this definition is that it clearly defines marketing as being 100% about the customer. Most small business owners are in business because they have seen the potential in striking out on their own with what they believe is a winning product or service. However, once their initial excitement has subsided, they will only be successful in growing their fledgling idea into a sustainable and profitable business if they are fully customer-focused. Using Doyle's definition, we can see that marketing should run through every part of a small business – sales, finance, business development, IT, administration and customer care. By inference therefore, each element of a small business should have the needs of the customer at its core, and all decisions should be taken with the customer firmly in mind.
'How will this proposed change impact on our customers? Will they welcome it or regard it as a negative move?'
This question should be explored in detail before any changes are made to the business. In this way, the changes that are implemented will enhance the customer's experience, or at least avoid having a negative impact on the relationship that your customers have with your business.
You can pre-order this book on Amazon UK. Rrp £15.00


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Dean Wilson
Entering his fourth season in the elite ranks of professional motocross, Wilson hopes to build on the success he's achieved as one of the sport's rising stars. Since turning pro, Wilson has established himself as one of the top 250cc riders in the world, which culminated in the AMA Motocross National Championship during the 2011 season. Following arguably his toughest season in 2012 in which he was forced to miss out on defending his title due to an injury, Wilson is healthier than he's ever been for 2013 and is eagerly awaiting his highly-anticipated move into the premier 450cc division alongside the biggest names in the sport. Wilson's story is a unique one: Born in Scotland, raised in Alberta, Canada (Calgary) and now dually transplanted in the motocross hotbeds Southern California and Florida to continue the pursuit of his childhood dream of winning championships in the world's most competitive series.
His accent can't be missed and his game with the ladies can't be touched. Stoked to have this kid in our familie!


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Perhaps one of the most common questions asked by potential and current VoIP users is if their services can be used abroad. It's an important to know because some users may want or need access to their service if they frequently travel or temporarily live abroad. The good news is that one of VoIP's strong suits is accessibility — most VoIP services can provide coverage from anywhere in the world as long as there's Internet access. However, it is important to note that there are several variables that affect your ability to use VoIP abroad. Below we discuss a few of these variables, as well as all of the details you'll need to know in order to choose a good VoIP option for use abroad.
Internet access and speed
Internet access and quality are the two most significant factors that will determine where you can use VoIP. This is because slow, low bandwidth Internet might have difficulty providing the quality needed to run VoIP effectively. The good news is that there are a number of countries, specifically developed ones, whose bandwidth or Internet speeds greatly exceed what U.S. Internet service providers offer. So if you're traveling to these countries, it's likely that you'll have a better VoIP experience than you do back home. It's important to note, though, that this isn't the case all over the world, as rural areas, like ones in the U.S., likely will not have Internet access at all. On a similar note, some areas may only have access to satellite-based Internet services or dial-up, both of which are almost always inadequate for VoIP connectivity.
Typically VoIP runs best with a broadband Internet provider that offers around 1 to 3 Mbps of bandwidth or Internet speed. This is a fairly low number, but it's more than enough for moderate residential VoIP usage. While many of the VoIP services we review have minimum bandwidth requirements between 32 to 790 Kbps (far less than 3 Mbps), a handful require around 1 Mbps (1 Mbps is roughly 1,000 Kbps). Keep in mind, these rates only apply to a single instance of VoIP being used with no other Internet applications running, which means if you have other devices on your network (like a computer or smart TV), the Internet speed will fall because there are so many devices connected to the network. As such, you might find that you're failing to get your Internet provider's advertised speeds, which is why it pays to have more bandwidth than your VoIP service or any other service requires. If you're not sure what speeds you're getting, you can request a speed test on your Internet provider's website (or you can simply Google "Internet speed test" and the name of your provider).
International Internet limitations
While some countries have the infrastructure to run the Internet, some countries ban certain services and websites altogether. Even in countries where VoIP isn't outright banned, it might be severely limited in functionality. There's no official list of countries or regions that block or limit VoIP, but finding information about VoIP restrictions is easy with a quick Google search — just search for the name of the country and "VoIP restrictions." If VoIP is blocked in that country, you can use a VPN or proxy service to bypass the block. Some VoIP services might also have mobile applications that will allow you to make calls from blocked countries using a VPN, proxy service or your phone's data — you'll want to confirm that your cell phone provider does not restrict your data overseas before you leave, as detailed by the FCC, because failing to do so may leave you high and dry since you won't be able to use your VoIP service or you'll be left with a hefty data overage bill.
International calling rates
The good thing about keeping your VoIP service while you're abroad is that all calls made to people back home will be treated as "local" calls, meaning that they'll be the same price as all of the nationwide calls you made while back at home. On the other hand, calls made to people in your new location will, unfortunately, be treated as international calls. To alleviate this problem, many travelers who intend to call numbers in their new local will want to consider purchasing an international or world VoIP plan, like Vonage World. If the country you're staying in is included in your VoIP service's international calling plan, then you can easily enjoy lower rates calling your new neighbors. That said, even if you get an international plan, you still might want to ask your VoIP provider if additional taxes or regulations from the country you're calling from will apply.
Equipment compatibility and technical support
A lot of VoIP services use a physical device, like a phone or adapter, which require external power. If you're using a U.S.-based service, it's very likely that these devices will be built with U.S. power specifications in mind. In other countries, electrical outlets emit different voltages or use different types of plugs for power. Although there are conversion devices, it can be difficult determining which ones might work best. As such, it's smart to ask your provider for its recommendations about hardware adjustments or power sources before you leave — in some cases, there might not be customer support available for users who are outside of the country.
The final consideration you want to take into account is that some services excel at providing features and support to users who are outside of their home country. Vonage, for example, allows Vonage World users to have access to all the same offerings as other users, regardless of their location. Although all VoIP providers will allow you to use VoIP from anywhere (assuming the country allows it), you should take the time to see which ones provide extra flexibility for users who will be traveling or staying abroad.
For more information on VoIP services, take a look at our VoIP reviews. And if you want to learn more about VoIP equipment and features, keep reading our VoIP blog.


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Crossbow Herbicide
Buy Now
Rose from Burgettstown, Pa writes,
Can Crossbow be used for weed control in oats that will be harvested for animal feed?
Crossbow Herbicide should NOT be applied to oats as it is not labeled for this application. It can be applied to pastures but hay should not be harvested for 14 days per the label.
Answer last updated on: 05/12/2015
2 of 2 people found this answer helpful. Was it helpful to you? Yes No


text:
Expand the userData node.
Expand the RegistryObject node. Do not click the folder unless you want
to view all registry objects.
The folder1 node has
no content.
Click a folder to view the registry objects of that type. Expand a node
to view the object types at the next level.


text:
|11 Dec 2012
No rights in Program Files
I'm not sure this is the correct section.
My problem is that I can't unpack stuff in my Program Files. It says that I don't have any authorisation, but I am the only user of the computer.
Also, if a game asks if I want to install directX it won't work, because of the same problem. I'll have to click on the .exe file to get it to work.
I can however move files to my Program Files.
Anyone knows what setting I have set wrong.
I'm using Windows 7 Home Premium 64bi.
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
Hello Doodgraver,
Nothing is wrong. "Program Files" is a protected system folder.
By default, you cannot save anything to it directly from an external source or ZIP file unless you are doing so from an elevated account like the built-in elevated Administrator account.
Instead, you would need to save or unpack it to one of your user folders (ex: desktop) first, then you would be able to copy or move it into the Programs Files folder and clicking on Continue to approve when prompted by UAC when doing so to allow it.
Elevated (Run as administrator) programs that were allowed by you from the UAC prompt are allowed to save there as well.
Hope this helps,
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
Yes I knew that, sorry for not being that clear.
I just want to know how I can change this, because it gets kinda annoying to click on everything "Run in administrator mode".
Especially with installing games, since I think it most of the times asks to run in administrator and then it still won't be able to run DirectX since it's a different program automaticly started by the installer.
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
You could use the tutorial below to elevate all administrator accounts (including yours) to have the same elevated rights as the built-in Administrator account to no longer have to do so. This would mean no more UAC prompts.
User Account Control (UAC) - Elevate Privilege Level - Vista ForumsHowever, everything that runs while you are logged in will also have the same unrestricted elevated rights. This includes anything (ex: malware) that may run in the background without you knowing about it.
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
Thanks for the awnser, I guess the risk is to great then. I'll leave it like it is!
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
You're welcome.
Yeah, it's really not worth the extra security risk to save a few more clicks.
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
Windows 10 Pro (x64)
When it comes to games I install them into a folder of my choosing located in my user profile. "C:\Users\Logic\Games" That way I no longer have issues with older games saving in their installation directory.
|My System Specs
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angelica, she's so... shut up you fool!!!
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