text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 9, 2002
|Filing date
|Feb 18, 1999
|Priority date
|Feb 18, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Benjamin John Eggleton, Torben N. Nielsen, John A. Rogers, Thomas Andrew Strasser, Kenneth Lee Walker
|Original Assignee
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (70), Classifications (8), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to optical communication systems and, in particular, to an optical communication system incorporating one or more automatic chromatic dispersion compensation modules for optimizing system performance.
Optical fiber communication systems are beginning to achieve their great potential for the rapid transmission of vast amounts of information. In essence, optical fiber system comprises a source of information-carrying optical signals, an optical fiber transmission line for carrying the optical signals and a receiver for detecting the optical signals and demodulating the information they carry. Optical amplifiers are typically located along the line at regular intervals, and add/drop nodes are disposed at suitable locations for adding and dropping signal channels.
Optical communication systems are usually based on high purity silica optical fiber as the transmission medium. Conventional systems are typically designed to transmit optical signals in a wavelength range where longer wavelength components are subject to slightly longer propagation time delay than shorter wavelengths. This chromatic dispersion did not deteriorate the information content of the optical signals because early systems used a single channel at a wavelength where dispersion is low.
As it has become desirable to utilize many channels over a wider range of optical wavelengths (WDM systems), group velocity dispersion has required more precise compensation. WDM systems are becoming increasingly important for their ability to transmit vast amounts of information and for their ability to incorporate network functions such as add/drop and cross connecting. But as the number of channels increases in WDM systems, dispersion compensation becomes increasingly important.
Dispersion gives rise to undesirable pulse distortion, which can limit bandwidth and/or transmission distances. Dispersion compensation is thus critical to the performance and ultimate commercial success of communication systems and particularly of those that operate at 10 Gbit/s per wavelength channel and higher. Typically, dispersion compensation is accomplished using especially designed optical fibers possessing specified dispersions or with chirped fiber gratings, both of which work by providing a fixed amount of dispersion of an equal sign and opposite magnitude to that of a given fiber span. Both of these technologies have been demonstrated and are being incorporated into lightwave systems.
The performance of high speed WDM lightwave networks will depend critically on the details of the system design and particularly on the level of in-line dispersion and dispersion slope compensation as well as nonlinear effects occurring in the dispersion compensating fiber (DCF). In such systems small variations in optical power, due for example to imperfect gain flattening of optical amplifiers, can result in additional nonlinear phase shifts that can modify the optimal dispersion map of the system. This problem is exacerbated by a reduced dispersion budget associated with imperfect dispersion slope compensation over a wide bandwidth of operation. For example, in a typical system operating with approximately 40 nm of bandwidth, and with an uncompensated dispersion slope of 0.05 ps/nm2 km, the accumulated divergence in the dispersion (assuming approximately 60% compensation in DCF) is approximately 1.2 ps/nm km. The corresponding dispersion budget is typically taken as twice this value, giving 2.4 ps/nm km. It follows that the maximum transmission distance (L) that can be achieved before incurring a significant penalty is given by
where B is the channel rate and D the dispersion of the fiber, is 32 km for a 40 Gbit/s system and 512 km for a 10 Gbit/s system. Therefore, in systems that operate at 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s or higher, the combination of dynamic fluctuations in the optical power and the reduced dispersion budget associated with the dispersion slope will impose significant challenges in designing networks.
Because of these variations with wavelength and level fluctuations, it is very difficult, with fixed or static dispersion compensating devices, such as DCF or conventional chirped Bragg gratings, to manage effectively the unavoidable dispersion and nonlinearities in a high speed WDM lightwave network. Optical networks typically have slow variations in the optimal path dispersion that arise whenever there is a change in the total optical power and/or power distribution in the network.
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary conventional optical fiber transmission system. The system comprises a transmitter 10, a transmission fiber path 11 and a receiver 12. The system may also include one or more static dispersion compensation modules 14. The transmission path typically comprises conventional optical transmission fiber, and optionally comprises one or more optical amplifiers 13 (typically erbium amplifiers). At the transmitter output the pulse shape is sharp and well defined. After passage through, typically hundreds of kilometers of optical fiber 11, including a multiplicity of optical amplifiers 13, the pulse has broadened, and is considerably distorted. After transmission through a (static) dispersion compensation module 14 the pulse is reshaped and is mostly restored into its original shape.
In realistic optical systems, significant nonlinearities occur in the transmission fiber and in other components of the network. These nonlinearities prevent complete dispersion compensation with a static module. With a fixed dispersion compensating element, optimization is difficult because nonlinearities give rise to additional phase shift and pulse distortion that are dependent on optical power and therefore change with time as the traffic on the network changes or the gain of the erbium-doped amplifiers change. It can therefore be very difficult to ensure complete restoration of the pulse at all points and at times in any realistic high-bit optical network. This results in pulse distortion that is not compensated for, can accumulate and can significantly degrade system performance.
In addition, in optical systems comprising more than one channel (Wavelength Division Multiplexed systems) the incurred pulse distortion can be channel dependent and, as before, can vary with time. In such a system, one requires the ability to add or to drop specific channels at selected nodes in the network. This adding and dropping can be accomplished, for example, with fiber gratings that reflect the desired channel and transmit all other channels. In performing add/dropping, the average power in the fiber can fluctuate. Gain flatteners are capable of accommodating for such changes, but small fluctuations in the optical power are unavoidable. As a consequence of this power fluctuation, the pulse can undergo more pulse distortion in the transmission fiber and thus can require a different and time-varying amount of dispersion compensation.
Several approaches to eliminate the effects of unwanted dispersion have been proposed: (a) optical pulse regeneration (b) optical phase conjunction (OPC); (c) optical solitons. All of these techniques are promising and have been demonstrated in laboratory environments, but they have important limitations for application to realistic systems such as those being deployed now. For example, OPC (also referred to as mid-span spectral inversion) requires that the dispersion compensation must be performed at the mid-point of the link. This requirement is often not possible to satisfy with many optical network designs. Soliton systems are very attractive, but they require precise management of the dispersion map of the system and suffer other disadvantages.
The use of dynamic dispersion elements in communication systems has been proposed to compensate for a change in the fiber dispersion resulting from a network reconfiguration (see J. X. Cai et al., Proceedings of Optical Fiber Conference, 1998, page 365 (1998)). The reference proposes the use of a dispersion monitor and a dynamic dispersion element to compensate for transmission pathlength changes. The monitor measures the total chromatic dispersion between the transmitter and the receiver. However, this approach measures only the dispersion and cannot directly measure the integrity of transmitted data. This is a critical flaw because the data is also distorted during transmission through nonlinear effects, where accumulated phase shifts not measured by a dispersion monitor, vary the dispersion compensation required to achieve optimum performance. Thus there is a need for an improved automatic dispersion compensation module to optimize system performance.
In accordance with the invention, an optical communication system is provided with one or more automatic dispersion compensation modules. Each module has an adjustable dispersion element, a data integrity monitor and a feedback network whereby the monitor adjusts the dispersion element to optimize system performance. In a preferred embodiment the dispersion compensating modules comprise chirped fiber Bragg gratings in which the chirp is induced in the grating by passing a current along distributed thin film heaters deposited along the length of the fiber. The magnitude of the applied current determines the dispersion of the grating. A data integrity monitor is configured to sense the integrity of transmitted data and to provide electrical feedback for controlling the current applied to the grating.
The nature, advantages and various additional features of the invention will appear more fully upon consideration of the illustrative embodiments now to be described in connection with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 schematically depicts a conventional optical fiber communication system using static dispersion compensation modules;
FIG. 2 schematically depicts an optical fiber communication system comprising one or more automatic dispersion compensation modules according to the invention;
FIG. 3 shows an exemplary adjustable dispersion compensating element for use in the module of FIG. 2;
FIGS. 4(a)-(d), 5(a)-(b), 6(a)-(b), and 7-10 are graphical illustrations useful in understanding the operation of the adjustable dispersion compensating element of FIG. 3; and
FIGS. 11-13 schematically depict exemplary data integrity monitors for use in the module of FIG. 2.
It is to be understood that these drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and, except for the graphs, are not to scale.
This description is divided into three parts. Part I describes an optical communication system employing an automatic dispersion compensating module. Part II describes exemplary adjustable dispersion compensating gratings for the module, and Part III describes exemplary data integrity monitors for the module.
I. Communication System With Automatic Dispersion Compensation Module
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 2 shows schematically an exemplary optical communication system including one or more automatic dispersion compensation modules 20 according to the invention. The system is similar to that in FIG. 1 except for the addition of the automatic dispersion compensation module 20. The module can supplement or replace one or more static compensation modules (14 of FIG. 1) in order to optimize system performance.
Each automatic dispersion compensation module 20 comprises an adjustable dispersion compensator 30, a data integrity monitor 31 and a feedback network 32 whereby the monitor 31 adjusts the dispersion compensator 30 to optimize system performance. In this exemplary module, the adjustable dispersion compensator 30 comprises an optical circulator 32 coupled to the transmission fiber and an adjustable dispersion compensating grating (DCG) 33. The monitor 31 can comprise an optical receiver coupled to the transmission line and a data processor for deriving a feedback control signal from the received signal.
In operation, a portion of the signal on the transmission fiber 11 is sampled as by tap 34. The signal is analyzed to provide a measure of the integrity of transmitted data, and the measure controls a feedback signal to control the adjustable DCG 33. If redundant coded data is transmitted, the analysis can be as simple as a threshold level chosen to be highly sensitive to errors in the system. Feedback is chosen to minimize the error rate. The redundant coding can be error detection signals already used in optical transmission such as the bit-interleaved parity 8 error detection codes in the B-octets of the Sonet protocol.
In the adjustable dispersion compensator 30, signal light from the transmission fiber 11 enters one port of the circulator 32 and is directed to an adjustable DCG 33 at a second port. The adjustable DCG 33 in this example is an adjustable Bragg grating operating in reflection mode. The compensated signal light is reflected back to the circulator 32 from which it is directed to a subsequent segment of the transmission fiber 11.
The adjustable DCG 33 can be any one of a variety of adjustable dispersion grating devices including gratings having chirp adjustable by tapered resistive heaters, by tapered strain relief, or by magnetically adjustable strain. Resistive heater adjustable dispersion grating devices are described in Eggleton et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/183,048 entitled "Optical Grating Devices With Adjustable Chirp" filed Oct. 30, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,436. Magnetically adjustable devices are described in S. Jin et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 09/159,178 entitled "Tunable Dispersion Compensator and Optical System Comprising Same filed Sep. 23, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,127, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The data integrity monitor 31 can be any one of several types of monitors capable of sensing the level of system performance in maintaining the quality of transmitted data. Such performance can be sensed indirectly, as by analysis of the transmitted spectrum, or directly as by analysis of error rates.
II. Adjustable Dispersion Compensating Gratings
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary adjustable DCG 33 useful in the embodiment of FIG. 2. The grating 40 comprises a sequence of index perturbations 41 in a fiber 42 spaced to form an apodized Bragg grating. The grating 40 is disposed in thermal contact with an electrically controllable heat-transducing body 43, which can be a heat-generating body or a body which actively removes heat. The body 43 is typically a heat-generating body such as a resistive film on the fiber. The body 43 can linearly vary in resistance along the grating 40 to provide linearly varying heating of the grating and thus produce a linear chirp. This variation in resistance can be achieved, for example, by varying the thickness of the body 43 along the grating. A pair of electrodes 44, 45 provides electrical contact with wires 46, 47 from an electrical source 48, such as a source contained in the monitor feedback circuit. Advantageously, the grating 40 is enclosed in a cylindrical tube about 1 cm in diameter for thermal isolation. The structure, fabrication and operation of such thermally adjustable grating is described in greater detail in Eggleton et al, U.S. patent application 08/183,048, filed Oct. 30, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,436, and entitled Optical Grating Devices With Adjustable Chirp which is incorporated herein by reference.
The following is a specific example of the design and analysis of a specific adjustable grating 40.
We present detailed results on a fiber grating device that provides constant dispersion over its bandwidth and that can be dynamically adjusted by varying an applied voltage. This device relies on a linear temperature gradient induced along the length of the grating by resistive heating in a metal coating whose thickness varies inversely with position along the length of the fiber. The chirp rate, and thus the dispersion, is controlled by varying the applied current. Numerical modeling and experimental evidence confirms that, to a very good approximation, the temperature varies linearly along the length of the grating and the resulting chirp is linear. We demonstrate experimentally continuous tuning of the dispersion from 300 ps/nm to 1350 ps/nm, with less than 1 W of electrical power. Measurements of the grating dispersion characteristics reveal a group delay ripple with an average deviation from linearity of approximately 10 ps, indicating that the device would be well suited to operation in 10 Gbit/s lightwave systems. In the following we describe the principle of operation of this device, present a simple model for prescribing the chirp as well as more detailed numerical simulations of heat flow through such structures, and finally summarize some optical measurements of the devices.
The device consists of an unchirped, apodized fiber Bragg grating that is coated with a thin film of metal whose thickness varies along the length of the grating. Current flowing through the film generates local resistive heating in a manner that is determined by the thickness of the film. Control over the film thickness, therefore, allows considerable control over the temperature profile and, in turn, the chirp of the grating. If we assume, for simplicity, that (i) the temperature distribution in the core of the fiber follows the distribution of heating power produced by the resistive film (i.e. the flow of heat along the length of the fiber does not seem to cause the shape of the temperature distribution to deviate strongly from the distribution of heating), (ii) the increase in temperature is linearly related to the heating power (i.e. the flow of heat out of the fiber is approximately linear even though radiation and convection are strictly non-linear processes), and (iii) shifts in the Bragg resonance are linearly related to changes in temperature, then it is possible to derive a simple expression that relates the chirp to the thickness profile. We first use of the fact that the local resistance, R(z), is inversely proportional to the thickness, t(z):
where z is the position along the grating. Given that the local power dissipated is given by,
and that the local temperature change is proportional to the power dissipated then we can write,
where ΔλB(z) is the local shift in the Bragg wavelength, ΔT(z) is the change in temperature, and I is the applied current. This equation represents a simple, approximate description of the behavior of these devices, and provides guidance for engineering tunable grating devices and the associated dispersion. For example, if we assume a thickness that varies inversely with distance along the length of the grating (i.e. t(z)˜I/z) then Δλ(z)˜z corresponding to a grating in which the Bragg wavelength varies linear along its length. To a good approximation the dispersion of the grating is given by D=dΔτ/dΔλ, where Δτ=2nL/c is the round trip time of the grating, n is the refractive index of the fiber, L is the length of the grating and c is the speed of the light in vacuum, and Δλ is the grating's bandwidth. Thus, using Eq. (4), and assuming the t(z)˜1/z film profile, it is straightforward to show that the dispersion of the grating scales with the inverse square of the applied voltage or current, i.e. D˜1/V2˜1/I2.
To treat the general case, without simplifying assumptions, we used non-linear finite element modeling to compute the steady state thermal distributions in operating devices with geometries like those described above. We assumed cylindrical symmetry, and solved the equation for thermal diffusion:
where T(r,z) is the temperature and κ(r) is the thermal conductivity. The calculations were performed for a two-material structure consisting of a glass fiber (diameter=120 μm) coated with a tapered film of silver. Perfect thermal contact between the silver and the glass was assumed and continuity of normal heat flux normal was enforced at the boundary between the two materials. The calculations used adaptive mesh refinement and radiative and convective heat loss from the surface of the silver at rates given by σE(T4−To 4), and A(T−To){fraction (5/4)} respectively, where T is the temperature of the surface of the metal, To is the temperature of the surroundings, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, E is the emissivity of the surface of the metal, and A is a constant that characterizes natural convection in air. The thickness of the metal coating varied between 5 and 20 microns and the size of simulated system along the length of the fiber was chosen large enough for the temperature distribution in the coated region to be insensitive to the boundary conditions at the ends of the fiber (temperature fixed to that of the surroundings).
FIGS. 4a-4 d are useful in understanding the heating of the grating. FIG. 4a illustrates a device with a film whose thickness is approximately inversely proportional to distance along the fiber. (For the purposes of simulation, we divided the coating into three linear segments to approximate a continuous coating whose thickness depends inversely on position.) FIG. 4b shows the computed temperature at the core of the device. The results for this particular system indicate that the simplifying assumptions described in the previous paragraph are valid at locations away from the ends of the coating (i.e. equation (4) is applicable at these locations). The dependence of the temperature on position at the ends of the coating provides a rough measure for the limits of validity of assumption (i) outlined in the previous paragraph. (See FIGS. 4(c) and 4(d). It reveals the extent to which thermal diffusion along the length of the fiber "smears out" the temperature distribution expected based solely on the geometry of the thin film heater. As FIGS. 4c and 4 d show, for this system, the effective axial thermal diffusion length is ˜1 mm. This length is, however, a sensitive function of the precise rate of thermal transport out of and along the structure; direct experimental measurements will be required to obtain an accurate estimate of this quantity.
Measurements were performed on devices that used gratings that were 8 cm in total length. The gratings were suitably apodized to reduce interference effects due to the sharp boundaries that are present in at the ends of uniform Bragg gratings. They were fabricated in standard telecommunications fiber (containing germanium) which was appropriately hydrogenated.
FIG. 5(a) shows optical measurements of the thickness of the film along the length of the fiber grating. For this particular sample, the thickness of the metal film varies from approximately 5 μm to 50 μm. The solid line is the target profile, which varies inversely with distance along the length of the fiber, and was designed to achieve a desired temperature excursion between the ends of the grating, for a prescribed current. The uncertainty in the measurement of the film thickness is of the order of 1 μm. FIG. 5(b) shows the deviation of the film thickness from the solid line shown in FIG. 5(a). For most of the length along the fiber grating, the deviation is comparable to the measurement uncertainty (1 μm) and exceeds this value only near the end of the grating.
FIG. 6(a) shows typical measured reflection spectra of the fiber grating device for increasing values of applied voltage: (i) 0V, corresponding to the grating in its unchirped state; (ii) 0.611V; (iii) 0.82V and (iii) 1.1V. The uniform broadening in the reflection spectrum arises from heating that varies monotonically and approximately linearly along the length of the grating. Note that there is also an overall shift in the center of the reflection peak that accompanies the broadening. FIG. 6(b) shows the change in the width of the reflection peak as a function of the shift in the center wavelength of the reflection peak; the linearity of this data is consistent with the linear temperature dependence of the device. In general, the shift is undesirable and thus would need to be compensated by mechanical strain or an additional source or sink of heat.
FIGS. 7-10 illustrate the dispersive properties of the device. FIG. 7 shows the measured group delay of the device versus wavelength for an applied voltage of 1 V. The dashed line shows a linear fit to the data and has a slope of D=−353 ps/nm. Note that there is small structure in the group delay, shown clearly in FIG. 8, which shows the deviation in the measured group delay from linearity. The peak-to-peak fluctuation is less than 10 ps. The resolution of this measurement was 0.005 nm and thus it is unlikely that any structure exists on a finer scale. This structure, which is typical in chirped Bragg gratings similar in magnitude to the best results reported elsewhere and provides a measure of the quality of the gratings and of the applied chirp.
The possible causes for the structure in the group are as follows: (a) imperfections in the grating fabrication process that can result in noise in the local effective index in the grating profile; (b) fluctuations in the fiber core diameter, which can give rise to small variations in the effective index of core mode and thus provide additional "noise" in the grating profile; (c) non-ideal apodization, which can result in undesired interference effects in the grating, although this would appear as systematic ripple and thus is probably insignificant; and (d) deviations in the film thickness profile from the desired one, or nonuniformities in the resistivity or surface texture that give rise to undesired variations in temperature. Although it is difficult at this point to determine definitively the dominant cause of fluctuations, FIG. 6(b) provides some indication that variations in film thickness may be important. It is worth noting that, as a percentage, the deviation in the measured coating thickness from strictly inverse dependence on length is somewhat larger than the deviation in the measured group delay from linear. We speculate that thermal diffusion along the length of the fiber tends to "smooth out" slight non-uniformities in the distribution of heating power that occur on short length scales, and that this effect reduces the impact of small variations in thicknesses or other film characteristics.
FIG. 9 shows the measured group delay response of the grating device for different values of applied voltage: (i) 0.53V, (ii) 0.611V, (iii) 0.72V, (iv) 0.82V, (v) 0.94 and (vi) 1.1. The figure illustrates the tunability of the dispersion. Note that the "noise" in the measured group delay slightly increases for the larger dispersion values. Even for the largest dispersion value obtained, the deviation from linearity is only 20 ps.
FIG. 10 shows the measured group velocity dispersion as a function of applied voltage. The solid line is a theoretical fit to the data assuming that the dispersion scales with the inverse of the square of the applied voltage. The maximum dispersion measured was approximately D=−1350 ps/nm, corresponding to an applied voltage of 0.4V, and a corresponding electrical power of 0.4 W. Increasing the applied voltage has the effect of increasing the temperature gradient and thus the bandwidth of the grating, which reduces the dispersion of the grating.
The maximum applied voltage in this experiment was approximately 1.1V (approximately 1 W electrical power), which corresponds to a peak temperature close to 200 C. We note that this is well below the level at which reliability can become an issue. In particular, operating at high temperatures can have many practical implications, such as requiring higher initial index changes to offset the annealing, which is required to ensure the stability of the device.
This work demonstrates a design for a fiber Bragg grating device that uses distributed on-fiber resistive heaters to achieve desired temperature distributions in the fiber and thus dispersion. The devices have attractive features that include power efficient operation, compact size, simple fabrication, and controllable optical properties. We demonstrated experimentally continuous tuning of the dispersion from −300 ps/nm to −1350 ps/nm, with an average deviation from linearity of approximately 10 ps. Previous research has shown that for optimum operation of a dispersion compensating grating, the average deviation from linearity in the measured dispersion, needs to be substantially less than the bit period, preferably of the order of 10%. The device presented here, with a measured group delay deviation from linearity of 10 ps, is thus well suited to operation in a 10 Gbit/s lightwave systems (bit period of approximately 100 ps). For operation at 40 Gbit/s, improvements in the design of the grating and metal coating are necessary in order to reduce the ripple even further. We note that the maximum achievable dispersion in the grating device is limited only by the absolute length of the grating and thus could be increased dramatically by using long fiber Bragg gratings.
As mentioned previously, we speculate that limited axial thermal diffusion, which tends to "smooth out" the effects of slight variations in heating power that arise from small unwanted changes in coating thickness or other imperfections that occur over short length scales (˜1 mm), tends to improve the linearity of the group delay.
III. Data Integrity Monitors
FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary data integrity monitor 20 useful in the embodiment of FIG. 2 comprising an optical filter 120, an optical-to-electrical converter (O-E converter) 121 and an RF spectrum processor 122. A data processor 123 is provided for calculating the feedback control signal to the compensator. The filter 120 can be a channel filter, and the O-E converter can be a photodiode. In operation, the filter selects a spectral region to be analyzed. The O-E converter 121 converts the filtered optical signal into a corresponding electrical signal. Spectrum processor 122 determines the RF spectrum of the O-E converted signal, and the data processor 123 analyzes the spectrum and calculates a generates a feedback signal for optimizing the system. A simple scheme for spectrum optimization involves minimizing the low frequency components. A description of how to generate such an optimizing feedback signal can be found in F. Heismann et al., "Automatic Compensation of First Order Polarization Mode Dispersion in a 10 Gb/s Transmission System", Proceedings ECOC, ′98, pp. 529-530 (1998).
The advantage of this particular monitor is that it does not require a receiver or calculation of the error rate of the received data. The feedback control signal can be generated without extracting the electrical data and clock of the optical signal. An optional or supplementary feature is to provide a remotely located dispersion compensator 30′ which can be remotely controlled based on the feedback signal.
FIG. 12 shows an alternative embodiment of a monitor 20 using forward error detection. Here feedback signal generation can be built into a receiver terminal. The monitor comprises an optical filter 120, an O-E converter 121, a data-clock recovery circuit 130, and an error detection circuit 131, all of which are typically found in a receiver. It further comprises a data processor 132 for calculating the error-rate and generating an optimizing feedback control signal based thereon. The feedback control signal is to optimize data integrity through the system, i.e. to minimize errors.
In operation, the optical data of each wavelength channels carry overhead bits for a forward error correction algorithm. Typically this algorithm will be implemented as a Reed Solomon forward error correction code (see for example BAG. Lee, M. Kang and J. Lee, "Broadband telecommunication technology", Artic House, 1993 on forward error correction algorithms including the Reed Solomon code and their implementation). The optical wavelength channels pass through the variable dispersion compensator, which can be co-located with the receiver terminal, or placed remotely from the terminal. In the latter case, the control signal to the dispersion compensator is transmitted to the remote dispersion compensator 30′ via a management signaling system. At the terminal, the signal is filtered optically to select a specific wavelength channel. The data are converted into the electrical domain in the O-E converter and the clock and data are extracted from the received wavelength channel. The recovered data are passed to the error correction circuit, where, based on the implementation of the error correction algorithm, data are corrected and passed to the output of the receiver terminal. The error correction circuit also provides information on the number of bits that were corrected in a certain time period. Based on this number, the bit-error rate—before error correction—can be calculated corresponding to the present value of the control signal applied to the dispersion compensator. By comparing the present error-rate and control signal with the error-rate and control signal corresponding to a previous setting of the control signal, the ratio Derror rate/DControl signal can be derived. This ratio tells how much the control signal should be changed to minimize the bit error rate, and in what direction. The calculated control signal is applied to the dispersion compensator, and a new bit error rate is measured and used to calculate a new control signal.
FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of a monitor 20 which does not require error correction algorithms but rather uses the error detection capability of the framing format used to carry the data. This monitor differs from that of FIG. 12 primarily in the programming of the data processor 132. One example of such framing format is SONET which provide error detection (but not correction) via the B octets in the SONET frame. Thus, the error rate can be calculated by accessing and processing the B octets in the SONET frame. The implementation of the feedback signal generation is similar to the implementation described for FIG. 12. This implementation of the error rate detection and feedback signal generation works for any signaling protocol where the data are packaged in frames and the frames contains error detection (or even error correction) information. Examples of such transmission protocols include ATM where the error rate can be obtained by processing the HEC byte and FDDI, where the presence of transmission errors is indicated in the frame status section of the FDDI frame. Thus the error detection circuit can detect errors in an ATM format or in an FDDI format.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are illustrative of only a few of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Dec 29, 2003
|Aug 25, 2009
|Verizon Business Global Llc
|Characterization and control of optical dispersion compensating element
|Mar 22, 2007
|Dec 1, 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Dispersion compensating method and dispersion compensating apparatus
|Jun 12, 2009
|Jun 22, 2010
|Verizon Business Global Llc
|Characterization and control of optical dispersion compensating element
|Dec 8, 2004
|Aug 24, 2010
|Samir Satish Sheth
|Apparatus and method for fibre channel distance extension embedded within an optical transport system
|Sep 23, 2005
|Oct 5, 2010
|Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology
|Optical fiber, and optical access network, local area network and optical parts for communication, which use the optical fiber
|Jul 11, 2005
|May 8, 2012
|Pivotal Decisions Llc
|Chromatic dispersion compensation system and method
|Oct 23, 2007
|May 6, 2014
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Processing architecture for passive optical network
|Nov 8, 2007
|Nov 3, 2015
|Marvell International Ltd.
|Optical line termination in a passive optical network
|Apr 3, 2001
|Sep 13, 2001
|Paul Colbourne
|Chromatic dispersion compensation device
|Feb 15, 2001
|Dec 13, 2001
|Graves Alan F.
|Photonic network node
|Apr 2, 2001
|Feb 7, 2002
|Hiroki Ooi
|Method and system for compensating chromatic dispersion
|Oct 1, 2001
|Feb 14, 2002
|Graves Alan F.
|Dispersion discrimination and compensation system and optical switch for use therewith
|Feb 6, 2001
|Apr 25, 2002
|Takeshi Sakamoto
|Wavelength division multiplexing optical communication system and wavelength division multiplexing optical communication method
|Mar 13, 2001
|Oct 31, 2002
|Fells Julian A.
|Adjustable dispersion compensators, adjustable optical filters, and control signals and strain applicators therefor
|Jun 27, 2002
|Mar 13, 2003
|Guido Oliveti
|Optical device for compensating chromatic dispersion
|Nov 27, 2002
|Dec 11, 2003
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Variable dispersion compensator
|Mar 28, 2003
|Dec 25, 2003
|Carrel John Robert
|Apparatus and method for aggregation and transportation for plesiosynchronous framing oriented data formats
|Jul 3, 2003
|Feb 26, 2004
|Evangelides Stephen G.
|Optical repeater employed in an optical communication system having a modular dispersion map
|Jun 3, 2003
|Mar 11, 2004
|Bo Guo
|Configurable dispersion compensation trimmer
|Jul 3, 2003
|May 20, 2004
|Red Sky Systems, Inc.
|Modular dispersion map for an optical communication system
|Aug 8, 2003
|May 27, 2004
|Kelly Colin Geoffrey
|Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer with buried dispersion compensation module
|May 18, 2001
|May 27, 2004
|Parker Michael Charles
|Chromatic-dispersion compensator
|Dec 17, 2002
|Jun 17, 2004
|Eggleton Benjamin J.
|Colorless tunable dispersion compensator
|Feb 18, 2004
|Aug 19, 2004
|Fujitsu Limited
|Polarization-mode dispersion detecting method, and a dispersion compensation controlling apparatus and a dispersion compensation controlling method
|Dec 2, 2003
|Sep 16, 2004
|Tetsuya Miyazaki
|Optical receiver and method for controlling dispersion compensation
|Apr 10, 2003
|Oct 14, 2004
|Rogers John A.
|Heat tunable optical devices with linearity compensation
|Jun 9, 2003
|Dec 9, 2004
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method for determining the dispersion characteristics of minimum phase filters
|Mar 25, 2004
|Mar 3, 2005
|Fujitsu Limited
|Control method of wavelength dispersion compensator, and wavelength dispersion compensator
|Dec 29, 2003
|Jul 7, 2005
|Worldcom, Inc.
|Characterization and control of optical dispersion compensating element
|Dec 8, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Sheth Samir S.
|Apparatus and method for fibre channel distance extension embedded within an optical transport system
|Jul 8, 2004
|Sep 29, 2005
|Fujitsu Limited
|Dispersion compensating method and dispersion compensating apparatus
|May 12, 2004
|Nov 17, 2005
|Futurewei Technologies, Inc.
|System and method for automatic chromatic dispersion compensation
|Mar 22, 2005
|May 11, 2006
|Fujitsu Limited
|Dispersion compensating device and optical transmission system
|Jul 11, 2005
|Jun 15, 2006
|Celion Networks, Inc.
|Chromatic dispersion compensation system and method
|Mar 31, 2005
|Jun 29, 2006
|Fujitsu Limited
|Chromatic dispersion generating apparatus
|May 22, 2006
|Sep 21, 2006
|Fujitsu Limited
|Dispersion compensating method and dispersion compensating apparatus
|Aug 31, 2006
|Dec 28, 2006
|Pivotal Decisions, Llc
|Configurable dispersion compensation trimmer
|Aug 31, 2006
|Jan 4, 2007
|Pivotal Decisions, Llc
|Configurable dispersion compensation trimmer
|Aug 31, 2006
|May 31, 2007
|Celion Networks, Inc.
|Chromatic dispersion compensation system and method
|Mar 22, 2007
|Aug 2, 2007
|Fujitsu Limited
|Dispersion compensating method and dispersion compensating apparatus
|Apr 21, 2008
|Sep 18, 2008
|Pivotal Decisions Llc
|Chromatic dispersion compensation system and method
|Sep 23, 2005
|Mar 19, 2009
|Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology
|Optical Fiber, and Optical Access Network, Local Area Network and Optical Parts for Communication, Which Use the Optical Fiber
|Jun 12, 2009
|Oct 1, 2009
|Verizon Business Global Llc
|Characterization and control of optical dispersion compensating element
|Sep 18, 2009
|Apr 14, 2011
|Technische Universit�t Dresden
|Optical filter unit for optical transmission systems, has compensation filter, detector and evaluation unit, where compensation output and two balanced monitor outputs are provided for monitoring signal quality and filter settings
|U.S. Classification
|385/37, 398/81, 398/147
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 5, 1999
Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:EGGLETON, BENJAMIN JOHN;NIELSEN, TORBEN N.;ROGERS, JOHN A.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009879/0774;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990308 TO 19990316
|Mar 20, 2002
Owner name: FITEL USA CORPORATION, GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC.;REEL/FRAME:012734/0892
Effective date: 20011116
|Oct 26, 2005
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|Nov 1, 2005
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Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 21, 2010
Owner name: FURUKAWA ELECTRIC NORTH AMERICA, INC., GEORGIA
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Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Checking in with Out's correspondents as they criss-cross the world...
Who: Benjamin Solomon, Editor-in-Chief of Next Magazine
Where I Went: Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Koh Samui in Thailand
What I Did: Celebrated Songkran Festival (Traditional Thai New Year turned giant wet T-shirt contest) with locals in the inner city of the country's religious and cultural capital, Chiang Mai; rode a private boat through the sprawling Angthong National Marine Park for hiking on giant limestone karsts, snorkeling and private beach exploring; climbed to the hill-top temple Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep to be blessed by a Buddhist monk; partied till dawn in Silom.
What I Recommend: Explore the sprawling traditional markets in Chiang Mai and sample divisive local delicacies like fish-covered sticky rice, durian and century eggs; a shopping spree in one of Bangkok's high-end malls, like the travel themed Terminal 5, which houses local artisans and fashion designers next to international brands; launch traditional lanterns into the sky from the secluded beaches of Koh Samui while sampling traditional Thai whiskey; dance all night on the beach with thousands of Aussie tourists during the Full Moon party; search for treasures in the amulet market in Bangkok.
Where I Stayed: The lush and isolated Four Seasons Chiang Mai, the Four Seasons Koh Samui's sprawling and stunning mountainside beach resort, and the Sofitel's peculiar new design hotel, So Bangkok.
What I Wore: Polo by Ralph Lauren Men's Sander boat shoes; New Era Authentic Collection 59Fifty New York Yankees cap; Brooklyn Industries Marauder Water Resistant Nylon Backpack
What I Ate: Fried worms; durian fruit; Thai Fish with Three Flavour Sauce; Lap mu; mango with sticky rice; Spicy Papaya Salad; street vendor corn; fresh strawberries with cayenne pepper and sugar; mee grob
What I Skipped: Wat Phra Kaew/ Grand Palace (opt instead for the free and if-not-more stunning Wat Arun just across the river); elephant rides
What I Loved: Hanging backstage with the ladyboys at Starz Cabaret in Samui; Shopping with a local in the bustling Thai Markets; traditional washing of the hands and feet with local women during Songkran; the superstitious and wacky ways in which to make monetary offerings at the Buddist temples; traditional clothed Thai stretching massage
Street scenes during Songkran
Old men inspect tiny wooden carvings at the Bangkok Amulet Market
Benjamin rides a water buffalo on the grounds of the Four Seasons Chiang Mai, which features real rice patties
Worms! Snacktime in Chiang Mai
View down the steeps stairs of Wat Arun in Bangkok
Ladyboys at Starz Cabaret in Koh Samui
A tub with a view at the Four Seasons Koh Samui
Handsewn flower garlands are everywhere during Songkran
Girls perform acts of extreme flexibility at the gates to Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
Learning how to cook traditional Thai recipes at the Four Seasons Chiang Mai
Our market guide shows off the repulsive century egg
Buddhist monks bless the staff and guests during the Thai New Year at the Four Seasons Bangkok

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In the wild interior of the Yucatán, far from the lazy beaches of Cancún, two young couples and some new-found friends venture to the site of an ancient Mayan temple, in pursuit of another in their group. What started out as a day trip spirals into a nightmare when they reach the ruins . . . and discover the terrifying presence that lurks there.
… there's a more timeless fable at work here, one that prompts thoughts of Heart of Darkness . Courageous in its pessimism and its embrace of horror, Smith's powerful tale, like Conrad's masterpiece, cautions against such reassuring conceits as civilization, conscience, morality, superiority -- and yes, good and evil. Hidden somewhere in the vines of The Ruins , like those of the Congo, beats the heart of an impenetrable darkness.


text:
Information about .pla File Extension
Common .pla file type descriptions:
- PLA Audio Datei
- PLA Audio File
- Индивидуальный Архивный Проект ArchiCAD
- PLA Archivo de audio
- ArchiCAD Solo Project Archive
Applications, associated with .pla files
|MediaMonkey - Audio Library by Ventis Media Inc.
|Windows Media Player by Microsoft Corporation
Windows Media Player is a media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio, video and viewing images on personal computers. In addition to being a media player, it includes the ability to rip music from and copy music to compact discs, burn recordable discs in Audio CD format or as data discs with playlists such as an MP3 CD, synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and enable users to purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores.
|ArchiCAD Component by Graphisoft SE


text:
Edit Article
wikiHow to Make a Lava Latch in Minecraft
Ever found a raw sandwich in your inventory with no furnaces around? Ever had your Minecraft girlfriend make you a raw, burnt or terrible meal? Well, listen to this!
1Make two holes in the floor/ground side by side. One of them should be 2 blocks deep and the other 1. There should be one more that's beside the 1 block-deep hole, and it should be another one deep.
2Put lava at the bottom of the 2 block-deep hole and put a sticky piston facing the other two holes in the 1-block deep hole.
3Put the same material as the floor/ground in the middle hole.
4Wire the piston to a lever near your eating position.
5Block up the wire and piston with the same material as the floor/ground.
6Activate the lever and inactivate it to open it.
Community Q&A
What exactly does this do?It's like a rubbish bin in Minecraft for bad stuff. Lava burns things, so this wikiHow takes use of it to make a rubbish bin.
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text:
John Charles 2017
Individuality is enhanced by the rich colour palette, from sumptuous tones to soft metallics that highlight the beauty of the change of season.
The range of fabrics are designed to cater to the desires of every woman, with expert construction and flattering fits that are cut to complement.
We believe beauty should never come at the expense of comfort.
In our John Charles signature shape, this design takes inspiration from romantic chinoiserie paintings.
The rich navy is lifted by delicate highlights of pink and lilac, decorating the bodice and hat. This print flows into the sensational illusion lace sleeves. These sleeves flatter and flaunt in a look that is both modern and elegant.
"We believe in designing for the confidence of the John Charles woman." – Regine Ellis
A lot of heart & hands create an outfit.
The John Charles Summer 2017 collection is our letter to the John Charles woman: an invitation to her most beautiful self and a celebration of her elegance.
Harmonious in its soft tonal mix of pastels and striking brights the palette is delicately feminine, complementing the defining designs of the season. Alongside these elegant subtleties, metallics and summer lemons are also key for Summer 2017, given a twist with ornate embroidery, fine embellishments or laser cut for an ultra-modern look.
Contemporary sophistication. Timeless Elegance.


text:
Mailing Address:8405 Fruit Ridge AvenueSparta, Michigan 49345 (United States)
Phone: 1-800-452-6748Fax: (616) 887-3864
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text:
We will be in Tel Aviv at the end of Oct. and can use help narrowing down my restaurants. We love good food; I don't eat meat or poultry but do eat fish and seafood. Husband eats anything. Would like to experience different kinds of restaurants-don't want to eat in the same atmosphere and same menu each night. Although we have 4 nights the first night we land (from the states) at 3:00 so expect to eat an early casual dinner and crash. Another night we will be doing an all day tour up north so again, may want something more casual though perhaps on the later side?
Looking at Catit, Messa, Herbert Samuel and Night Kitchen. What should I add/eliminate? Suggestions on order welcome also. We are staying at the Savoy, 5 Geula St. Walking distance is a definite plus not required. Thanks!


text:
A leadership and career manifesto told through the narrative of one of today's most inspiring, admired, and successful global leaders.
In Winners Dream, Bill McDermott - the co-CEO of the world's largest business software company, SAP - chronicles how relentless optimism, hard work, and disciplined execution embolden people and equip organizations to achieve audacious goals.
Growing up in working-class Long Island, a 16-year-old Bill traded three hourly wage jobs to buy a small deli, which he ran by instinctively applying ideas that would be the seeds for his future success. After paying for and graduating college, Bill talked his way into a job selling copiers door-to-door for Xerox, where he went on to rank number one in every sales position he held and eventually became the company's youngest-ever corporate officer. Eventually, Bill left Xerox and in 2002 became the unlikely president of SAP's flailing American business unit. There, he injected enthusiasm and accountability into the demoralized culture by scaling his deli, sales, and management strategies. In 2010, Bill was named co-CEO, and in May 2014 he will become SAP's sole, and first non-European, CEO.
Colorful and fast-paced, Bill's anecdotes contain effective takeaways: gutsy career moves; empathetic sales strategies; incentives that yield exceptional team performance; and proof of the competitive advantages of optimism and hard work. At the heart of Bill's story is a blueprint for success and the knowledge that the real dream is the journey, not a preconceived destination.
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A truly inspiring story
- Brock
Inspiring and Motivating!
- Amazon Customer


text:
MacLaren TV Bingo on ROGERS
Tuesdays, 8:00
MacLaren Art Centre TV Bingo is a LIVE hour of fun and excitement, brought to you exclusively by Rogers TV. Every Tuesday at 8:00 pm, host Stu Andrews calls the action with 5 chances to win great cash prizes. The final game of the night has a grand prize jackpot of $1,200 EVERY week. All proceeds goes directly to the MacLaren Art Centre's VanGo programme, which offers unique opportunities for Simcoe County students to work with professional artists in the classroom! Tune in each week to win cash prizes with Rogers TV's coverage of MacLaren Art Centre TV Bingo.
MacLaren TV Bingo Game Cards are available at the following locations:
Alcona Beach/ Innisfil
Mac's – 25th Side Road
Stroud Convenience & Smoke Shop
Jean's Variety Store #2
Innisfil Gas & Convenience
K.B.A. Banting Convenience
Mac's - Young Street
Alliston Convenience
Lukies Convenience
TLC Convenience
Young's General Store
Mac's – Mill Street
Angus Variety
Walmart South – Mapleview
Jug City
Smoke & Gift – Essa Road
Mac's - Marsellus Drive
Jeans Variety – Burton Ave
Hi Land News
Mac's – Huronia Road
Mac's – Ferndale Road
Bayfield News
Jays Variety - Duckworth Plaza
Alfie's – St Vincent St.
Mac's – Anne Street N
Mac's – Essa Rd
Mac's – Cundles Road West
Mac's – Leacock Drive
Mac's – St. Vincent Street
Anne Street Variety
Mac's - Duckworth
Mac's – Big Bay Point Road
Mac's – Grove Street W
Bayfield Convenience
Mac's- Mapleview Dr
Enterprise Convenience
Bay City Convenience
Cedar Point Variety
Dunlop Convenience
Maple Convenience
Charley's Variety
Mac's – Hurontario Street
East End Variety
Mac's- Hwy 26
Cumberland Beach
Daisy Mart
Mini Mart
Lefroy Neighbour Express
Mac's – Sykes Street N
Orillia Area
Prices Corner Convenience
Cindy's Lottery Kiosk – Orillia Square Mall
Owen Sound
Mac's – 10th Street
Mac's- 9th Avenue
Marine Convenience
Shoppers Drug Mart
Vince's Kwik Mart West
Vince's Kwik Mart East
Daisy Mart
Oasis Supermarket
Thornton General Store
Tottenham AM/PM Convenience
Jug City
Wasaga Beach
The Corner Market
West River Convenience
Corner Store and More
Bay Side Variety
R&P Gas and Variety- County Rd 92
Washago Grocery


text:
So announces the brown-with-age, plastic, slide-in letter squares on the sign in front of the suburban community center with which I work.
The building itself is set well back from the busy street, on a hilltop, and the sign is down at the curb. Usually it announces concerts by world-famous chamber ensembles, registration dates for cultural and fitness classes, or forthcoming lectures by leading authors and world affairs pundits–activities that reflect far more accurately the center's high quality of programming.
Right now, though, it's summer. The performance and lecture series are on hiatus, and registration dates for the fall have not yet been set. Someone saw the open schedule as a good opportunity to raise some money. (In this area, reselling donated cars is a source of revenue for some private not-for-profits, including this community center.) Hence, the current message.
Why, as a consultant to only one particular program in the center (the arts), do I go batty every time I see the sign? And why do I think you should, too?
- A sign in front of a building is not going to bring in donations. Unless it is part of a broader campaign that is targeting potential donors on a variety of levels and in a variety of ways, it is not likely to convince anyone to choose a charity. That the sign in this case does not even include a phone number lessens even further the chance that anyone will oblige the invitation.
- The message, as well as the physical condition and style of the sign, belie the vitality and professionalism of the center. They communicate a sense of amateurishness and disrepair. That the sign is pitching a nontraditional way of making a donation, to an audience that may have had no previous exposure to the center, implies that the center is desperate for money. These are bad messages for a healthy organization to convey, since we all know that people like to invest their contributions in successful, well-run initiatives.The sign should promote the center as a "sight bite," the visual equivalent of a sound bite. In this capacity, even in a down time, its job is to promote the center as a community resource. Appropriate messages could include "The best community center in the state!", "Fall class registration begins soon — call phone number for details", or even "Beat the heat in our pool! Membership info, phone number."
A board member wears many hats, among which are those of an organization's ambassador to the community and an active participant in achieving and maintaining its financial security. DONATE YOUR CAR TO THE COMMUNITY CENTER does nothing to help the center's board members perform either of these jobs well.
I know what you are wondering, and I want to assure you that I already have given my unsolicited advice to the director of the center. He received it most graciously, but, as of this writing, the message remains. I'm only a consultant; I can advise, but the client does not have to follow my recommendations.
However, if you, reader, are on the board of a wonderful nonprofit that is stumbling over its best foot, rather than putting it smartly forward, you have the authority and mandate to bring about a change. If you are to do your job well, then your organization must behave with as much class and sophistication as it can muster. DONATE YOUR CAR connotes neither — and that is why, you'll pardon the pun, a sign like that should drive you crazy, too.
About the Contributor: Jane Tennen
Jane is Executive Director of Development at John Jay College, a college of The City University of New York. She provides strategic vision and leadership for all fundraising, alumni relations, and stewardship activities during an exciting time of growth and expansion for the College. Reporting to the Vice President of Marketing and Development, she works closely with the President and other senior leaders of the College.
Jane became a nonprofit professional in 1974 and a consultant in 1986. In prior positions, she played a lead creative role in more than 200 successful fundraising publications, proposals, and speeches in NYU's then pacesetting $100 million campaign. She secured the first arts grant at The Door, a leading New York City youth agency and the first corporate grant for an important postmodern dance company, whose board I also helped reorganize and expand.
In her native Philadelphia in the 1970s, Jane helped establish two experimental video series, was involved in two international film festivals, a 90-seat cinemathèque, and an independent movie theatre, and facilitated the first grant for a gallery-performance space.
Jane have served on the Montclair State University School of the Arts Advisory Committee and many other boards, panels, and committees, and have been listed in Who's Who in America. She was writing director for the second New York City Kids' Culture Catalog, described by New York Magazine as "terse and beguiling," and contributes to the CharityChannel Press online journals Nonprofit Boards and Governance Review and Nonprofit Consulting Review.
Jane received her MFA in nonprofit theatre administration from Yale Drama School and her BA in classical studies from the University of Pennsylvania.


text:
JASC has been awarded a contract to design and develop a novel pressure regulator for use in the X-51A Hypersonic Research Vehicle. This device will provide highly accurate pressure regulation to extremely tight tolerances (less than 1 psi) over the mission – despite the rapidly and widely changing pressure and temperatures at the inlet. This is accomplished via a single-stage in a very compact, lightweight package, through the use of active feedback and integral control electronics.
Initial units will be ready for ground testing of a flight engine in 3Q07, while flight hardware will be delivered during 1Q08.
For more information on this and other high-tech JASC products, please contact us at
More information about the X-51A Program.
Printable .pdf version (requires the free Adobe Reader)


text:
0 River Road, Wilmington, NC 28412Request info Add to list
To view building contacts please sign in with your Pro account or create a pro account.
Donna W.
Company: requires Pro account
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Building Details:
0 River Road is a mixed-use property for lease in Wilmington, NC.
25 Lot Subdivision some lots with unobstructed River Views-Phase I w/ infrastructure in plac & sewer-Permitted but not yet recorded-could put in stand alone townhomes with clubhouse and pool . 21 acres
Request Property Information
Please describe your commercial real estate requirements. We'll introduce you to local properties that match your criteria.


text:
Sparrows Trailer (2015)
The story follows a 16-year-old Icelandic boy, Ari, who lives with his mother in Reykjavík, She has to leave the country for a new job, sending him back to the small town of his youth. There he finds his old friend, suddenly a young woman with a tricky romantic relationship; and his father has become a victim of the financial crisis.
Watch the official Sparrows 2015 trailer in HD below or find more Sparrows videos on Vidimovie.


text:
FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more
An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Norman Conquest of England in 1066 brought much change to the island nation, including many immigrants with new names. Among these immigrants were the ancestors of the Fivash family, who lived in Wiltshire, at the manor Viveash.
Fivash Early Origins
Wiltshire where they were Lords of the manor Viveash from early times, after the Norman Conquest in 1066. They were believed to be of Norman origin.
Fivash Spelling Variations
Fivash Spelling Variations
Before the last few hundred years the English language had no fixed system of spelling rules. For that reason, spelling variations occurred commonly in Anglo Norman surnames. Over the years, many variations of the name Fivash were recorded, including Vivash, Viveash, Vivish, Fiveash and others.
Fivash Early History
Fivash Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Fivash research. Another 85 words (6 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Fivash History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Fivash Early Notables (pre 1700)
Fivash Early Notables (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Fivash Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
The unstable environment in England at this time caused numerous families to board ships and leave in search of opportunity and freedom from persecution abroad in places like Ireland, Australia, and particularly the New World. The voyage was extremely difficult, however, and only taken at great expense. The cramped conditions and unsanitary nature of the vessels caused many to arrive diseased and starving, not to mention destitute from the enormous cost. Still opportunity in the emerging nations of Canada and the United States was far greater than at home and many went on to make important contributions to the cultures of their adopted countries. An examination of many early immigration records reveals that people bearing the name Fivash arrived in North America very early: Steven Vivesh who settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1809; Francis Fiveash settled in Virginia in 1639.
Fivash Family Crest Products
Fivash Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Fivash Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Fivash Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 25 June 2014 at 15:30.
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text:
Continuing professional development (CPD) at Myton
Myton School fervently believes in supporting the whole school workforce through providing a calendar of CPD that is personalised, relevant and contribute to teaching and learning. The school is a learning organisation, creating a culture that encourages continual learning. Evaluations show CPD positively impacts on school improvement with teaching and learning being at the heart of continual professional development.
The school embraces 21st Century pedagogy and innovation, realising that in a rapidly changing environment such as education, staff should have the opportunity to include Masters' and other research into their working practice and thereby incorporate new knowledge in day-to-day activities.
As well as research, collaborative occasions are regular, leading to critical thinking and risk-taking for new ideas, with great teamwork. This facilitates dissemination of best practice across the curriculum.
Frequent opportunities are afforded to the individual to review and identify personal needs, with a large twilight programme and action packed INSET days being part of the package. We do try to cover every training and CPD requirement in–house but also arrange external training on request.
The Team
Ms Helen Bridge Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Deputy Head Teacher, i/c of Teaching and Learning and Quality Assurance, English Teacher
Mrs Anna Alton Email: email@example.com
Lead practitioner and English Teacher
Mrs Julie Edwards Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Lead practitioner and MFL Teacher
Mr Chris Grier Email: email@example.com
Lead practitioner and History Teacher
Miss Amy Hawkes Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Lead practitioner and Geography Teacher
Mrs Katie Irving Email: email@example.com
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Jenny Yoo Monarch Wedding Dress
Listed by Helena L.
Size: 8 (M)
Price: $510.00
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Monarch Wedding Dress
Size: 8 (M)
$510.00 Shipping Included
Retail Price: $850.00
Jenny Yoo Monarch Wedding Dress
Shipping Included
22 people saved this item
This item may have been worn but has no visible signs of wear.
Gorgeous Jenny Yoo Monarch convertible wedding dress in Ivory. Size 10, with alterations to a size 8. I am 5'3 so the dress was hemmed a bit. I wore 3" heels with the main length lf the skirt just brushing the floor. There is still a longer train and a bustle has been built in to the back.
The convertible panels allowed me to wear this as a strapless dress for the ceremony and as a one shoulder Grecian style dress for the reception. Extremely comfortable, modern and elegant. I didn't want to take it off after the night was over. Made me feel like a queen!
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Luxe Chiffon
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Mon 11/27/17 - Fri 12/1/17 (4-8 days)
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ACI BetterLife Care Services
About ACI BetterLife Care Services120 W. Bonita Ave., Suite 202
San Dimas, CA 91773
Price & Availability: (855) 757-9233
General Info: (909) 592-6607
Fax: (909) 592-3068
Provides services to: adults, seniors
Call 855.757.9233
To talk to a care advisor for free
Service Area for ACI BetterLife Care Services
We don't have the exact service area for ACI BetterLife Care Services. Based on the average area most agencies cover, the agency is very likely to provide services to the area in green and less likely to provide services further outside this area. Be sure to contact the agency to make sure they provide services in your area.
Other Nearby Home Health Care Agencies
About ACI BetterLife Care Services
Bathing, Grooming and dressing assistance, Meal preparation/diet monitoring, feeding if necessary, Housekeeping and laundry, shopping and errands, Accompaniment on doctor's visits, Alzheimer's and dementia care, Parkinson's care, Hospital sitters, escort to religious services, Medication reminders, assistance with pets, Conversation and friendship to combat loneliness, playing games/cards, letter writing, correspondence, paying bills, Encourage a mild exercise program and participate in reading and other activities to stimulate the mind and spirit
ACI BetterLife Care Services Services
- Private Duty Home Care
- Home Care
- Home Health Aid


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Review of waste facility permit nearly complete
The North Dakota Department of Health's Waste Management Division is in the final stages of reviewing a permit for an oil waste site in Bowman County and a decision could be made next week.
After spillage, leakage and testing failure caused closure of his similar Montana site, Dale Leivestad, owner of Petrocomp of Baker, Mont., has been working with the state health department for three years to fine tune a permit that would allow a similar facility about 14 miles south of Marmarth.
If opened, the facility would serve as a compost disposal cell for a solid byproduct of centrifuging oil exploration and production waste.
Dave Glatt, Department of Health's Environmental Health section chief, is reviewing the permit and anticipates his review to be completed sometime next week.
Glatt could accept, decline or change the permit, but until then, said he needs to seek additional information on a few things before making his decision.
After the health department received 13 written comments, along with comment made at a March 4 public comment meeting in Bowman where water contamination and erosion were among top concerns, two additional conditions were placed on the permit, bringing the total to 53, Radig said in April, according to a previous Press article.
"People are concerned, and rightly so," Radig said.
With water sources in the area of the proposed site and after receipt of comments and concerns with possible water contamination, the health department added a setback distance of 60 to 75 feet from any high-erosion areas.
However, if the health department approves the permit, voters could still change the course of the facility.
Whether or not to allow the waste facility will be put to a vote during the June 8 election.
"It's my understanding that if there is an election on it and it's disapproved by the voters, they cannot issue the permit based on the statute," Bowman County State's Attorney Nici Meyer Clarkson said in April.


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It's been over a year since the "London Fields" drama at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. The film's premiere was engulfed in controversy with most of the talent refusing to support the film at TIFF.
RELATED: Amber Heard Makes Rare Public Appearance At Glamour Awards, Reads Essay From Brock Turner's Sexual Assault Victim
According to The Hollywood Reporter, Amber Heard is the latest cast member to face court action over the delayed film. On Monday, the film's producers sued Heard for $10 million for allegedly breaching her contract and committing a lengthy interference.
According to the complaint, the "Justice League" star disregarded her contractual obligations by failing to provide her acting services in accordance to the shooting script and for refusing to attend the TIFF premiere or provide any other promotional services.
RELATED: First Look At Amber Heard As Mera Sends Fanboys Into A Tizzy
It is alleged that Heard refused to take part in dialogue replacement as well. According to the complaint, "This act, along with Heard's other disclosures of confidential information, was in violation of Heard's agreements."


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VideoHive Heavy Air Pollution 6243086
Stock Footage \ Vehicles
Emissions \ Gasoline \ Pollution \ Videohive \ Usefull \ Memories \ Projector
Stock Footage - Heavy Air Pollution 6243086 by Christian_Fletcher @ VideoHive
Stock Footage \ Vehicles
Thick toxic smoke resulting of old engine car combustion, exhausted on the tailpipe is polluting the atmosphere.
Suitable video for environmental and pollution (CO2 emissions for example) subjects and also regarding the car industry (fuel consumption, prices, power), gasoline vehicles, fossil energy, global warming, pollution issues and many others.
Motor vehicle emissions are composed of the by-products that comes out of the exhaust systems or other emissions such as gasoline evaporation. These emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities.
Please rate if you like it from your purchased items page!
Also, check my best After Effects project- Film Projector Old Memories (usefull as romantic video introduction) if you like: http://videohive.net/item/film-projector-old-memories/4128455
or usefull RETRO TV with ALPHA CHANNEL http://videohive.net/item/retro-tv-with-alpha-channel/4686960
Find out about my new items first! Follow me on Videohive
Alpha Channel: No; Looped Video: No; Frame Rate: 29.97; Resolution: 1920x1080; Video Encoding: H.264; File Size: 131mb; Total Clip(s) Length: 0:12.
Snowing on Cemetery; Winter Sun; Winter Traffic Sign; Gecko Lizard; Big Burmese Python; Crawling Python Muscles; Beauty Ratsnake Crawling.
Keywords: air, breath, car, combustible, diesel, emissions, engine, fuel, gasoline, pollutant, polluted, smoke, steam, toxic, vehicles.


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Drummer, bandleader, composer, and vocalist T.S. Monk was drawn to the drums before the age of ten and studied with Max Roach. Eventually, the young Monk joined his father's trio and toured with his dad until the elder Monk's retirement in 1975. Following his father's retirement, Monk formed his own band with his sister Barbara, where he played drums, arranged, and sang. T. S. received the New York Jazz Awards First Annual Recording of the Year" and Downbeat's prestigious 63rd Reader's Poll Award for Monk On Monk, the 80th Anniversary Birthday Tribute to Thelonious Sphere Monk" featuring twenty guest artists including Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Arturo Sandoval, Dianne Reeves, Nnenna Freelon, and Howard Johnson, among others.
With locations in Brooklyn and Queens, the Brooklyn-Queens Conservatory of Music is one of the oldest and largest non-profit community schools of the arts in the nation. The Conservatory provides music instruction for everyone, from the 18-month-old child to the 90-year-old senior and is dedicated to remaining affordable and accessible to the diverse communities it serves. For a concert season calendar and free brochure about programs and lessons, please call 718-622-3300 or visit our website at www.bqcm.org.
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text: Human Rights Observatory Scientists Build Artificial Chromosome In what is being called a major step forward in genetic engineering, scientists have built a customized copy of an entire yeast chromosome. Experts say it may lead to a better understanding of how the thousands of genes contained in these packages of genetic material work together in everything from yeast to humans. And it may make it easier to make designer yeast, creating living factories that churn out everything from antibiotics to biofuels. Johns Hopkins University...Read complete article© Voice of America - Thursday, March 27, 2014


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New Notre Dame commit Elijah Hood takes to Twitter aggressively to recruit for the Irish
Notre Dame got more than it bargained for when Charlotte (N.C.) Catholic High's Elijah Hood -- the No. 1 ranked athlete in the Class of 2014 on the Rivals 100 -- committed to the Irish a week ago. They just may have picked up their best recruiting coordinator, too.
Ever since he gave his verbal commitment, Hood (@EHood34) has been tweeting just about every other elite junior recruit with an offer from the Irish, encouraging them to follow him to South Bend (h/t The Big Lead).
"It's all I think about as soon as I'm done with my workouts," Hood told the South Bend Tribune. "All right, what am I going to do to help my university get better? It's just my love for ND showing."
Using the hashtag #GoldenArmy14, Hood has reached out to quarterbacks, wide receivers, offensive linemen, linebackers and defensive lineman -- anybody who might make his job easier when he arrives on campus after his prep senior season.
Here are a few samples of the messages Hood has sent out to 2014 recruits on Twitter:
- To Central East (Fresno, Calif.) High WR/CB Michiah Quick on May 4: "@ItsQuicker No.1 WR should go to the school that can offer him the no. 1 future. Not just in football but for life. #GoldenArmy14 #Irish"
- To Desert Mountain (Scottsdale, Ariz.) High QB Kyle Allen and WR Mark Andrews on May 1: "If we bring @KyleAllen_10 along better grab "the tower" known as @Mandrews_81 hes taller then a lot of line men #MismatchCity #GoldenArmy14"
- To Red Bank (N.J.) Catholic High OT Quenton Nelson, Good Counsel (Olney, Md.) High OG Sam Mustipher, St. Ignatius (Cleveland, Ohio) Prep OT Jimmy Byrne, Har-Ber (Springdale, Ark.) High DT Josh Frazier, Montgomery Bell (Nashville, Tenn.) Academy OT Alex Bars, Poly (Brooklyn, N.Y.) Prep DT Jay Hayes and Demarest (N.J.) High DE Andrew Trumbetti on May 1: "@BigQ56 @IAmFiveTwo @Jimbo_Slice76 @JoshuaFrazier99 @Alex_Bars70 @JayHayesND @AndrewTrumbetti The ones up front matter most! #GoldenArmy14"
Mustipher, Byrne, Hayes and Trumbetti had already committed to Notre Dame before Hood began his Twitter campaign, but Nelson gave his verbal after Hood reached out with the following tweet: "The Q knows where to be, got to get the #QtoND."
Coincidence? Perhaps. But maybe not if Frazier and Bars -- both of whom have Irish offers and have not yet committed -- join Notre Dame's Class of 2014 in the near future.
"Even though we're all over the place, we're coming together and we're still showing that we can be a strong unit even if we're from different areas, from different regions, from different backgrounds," added Hood. "Notre Dame takes everybody. It's a special place, and I'm just trying to get that across to these guys. I think they're feeling the message."
If the NFL isn't in Hood's future, he at least should land a job somewhere as a Social Media Recruiting Coordinator. And others are sure to follow.
Want more on the best stories in high school sports? Visit RivalsHigh or connect with Prep Rally on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.


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Why would an airline choose one of this 2 types of 757? the one on the left has 8 exits (no one over the wings) and the one on the right has also 8 exits, but 4 are over the wings.
Besides door configurations and pax capacity, are there other major differences between them?
Photo © Miguel Relayze
Photo © Miguel Relayze


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What is a Working Closet?
In essence, a working closet is simply a closet that is very well organized. When people talk about working closets, it really means that the closet works for you and you end up NOT standing in front of your open closet for seemingly hours trying to find that ideal outfit for the day. A working closet is a closet in which you are able to remix your clothing into an infinite amount of outfits. It doesn't always make you want to run out and go shopping for more clothes because you can't find that ideal pairing that you thought you had. A working closet will be one that holds all of the clothes that you need and none of the cloths that you don't need or need to get rid of.
Working closets can save you when it comes to things like stress, money and time.
To get a working closet, you will need to take the time and energy that is needed to declutter it. The thing is, if you haven't worn a garment within the last year, you don't need it. Why is it still in your closet taking up space? If you don't happen to love an item, why is it there? If it doesn't look great on you, why is it there? Get rid of all these things. You don't need to throw them out either, unless they are full of holes or something. Donate them to charity. Someone will be able to make use of them. When you are decluttering, be brutal and ruthless. Get rid of what you don't need and hang on to what you will need.
Once the cut has been made, group items in your closet in a way that makes sense…and this doesn't mean by color. Put all of your pants together, all of your button down shirts together, polo shirts, T-shirts and basically all items that are alike together. This will make it easier to find exactly what you are looking for quickly. Make sure that what you wear the most is easy to find at the front of the closet and things that you rarely wear can be at the back of the closet. This will ensure that your working closet really does work for you.


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I agree completely. Well said.
"Instead, my moral indignation – and that of the vast majority of conservative Americans – is saved for and directed towards the results of actions, not words."
By Michael Giere
Although I don't recommend it, one advantage of growing up on the wrong side of the moral tracks, and not coming to faith until the middle of your life, is that you're not often surprised by bad behavior.
You forgive much because you have been forgiven much.
So, I'm neither surprised nor particularly shocked by Donald Trump's lewd and suggestively vulgar comments about a beautiful woman in a private 2005 conversation with Billy Bush from Access Hollywood. It was playboy bravado on steroids.
Instead, my moral indignation – and that of the vast majority of conservative Americans – is saved for and directed towards the results of actions, not words.
Our anger is focused on a President and his radical lefties, which includes Hillary Clinton, who have spent eight years doing what they promised to do, "fundamentally transform America;" and at the feckless Republican enablers who have refused to do their job standing in opposition.
The Obama-Clinton axis has been on a rampage of destruction and has brought immense pain to tens of millions of Americans.
The economy is flat lined with the slowest growth since the Great Depression, while real wages and net worth has dropped substantially and healthcare has been wrecked. Unemployment and part-time underemployment continues to be obscured by nearly 95 million working age Americans sitting on the sidelines; while one in five households have no family member working at all. Poverty, especially childhood poverty, is up substantially, with a record 50 million people on food stamps. The radicals have flooded the nation deliberately – in violation of U.S. law – with illegal aliens.
These are real actions and real consequences that millions of Americans have to live with and pay for. That should make every American mad.
Overseas, the President and his former Secretary of State basically set the Middle-East ablaze and then turned their back on the catastrophes they helped set in motion. They have emboldened enemies and browbeat friends. They have watched in silence while citizens and military personnel of the United States are disgraced, humiliated and murdered. Their meddling in Egypt and Syria have churned up chaos and death, with millions of refugees set loose on the world.
Ominously, they have allowed the Russians to secure a decade's old dream of an operating platform in Syria from which they can project force into the Gulf, and influence Israeli freedom of action.
Real actions, real consequences.
The Republican crybabies in Congress egged on deliberately by the Speaker of the House, Paul Ryan (and in Northern Virginia, his acolyte, freshman Congresswoman Barbara Comstock), are very good at moral preening; they are quick to faint with vapors over Mr. Trump's sophomoric words, but somehow can't find the outrage to fight the radical actions of these hard core leftists and Hillary Clinton.
In fact, they accommodate them, and then excuse their own inaction.
But most of the Republican crybabies don't even seem to recognize the irony at hand; many of those most publicly "offended" by Mr. Trump's vulgar lust-rant – the far left political operations and the entertainment and news media complex – are their political enemies, and the same folks who have brought us the cesspool public culture we now swim in every day.
You can't watch TV nor go to the movies without hearing much, much worse language than the Donald's. (Is there a female star in Hollywood who doesn't routinely drop the "f" bomb and other profanity in public?) Evidently it is a mark of "real" sophistication, and is now commonplace, driven deep into the general culture. Where are the crybabies speaking up about the sewer the entertainment-news complex has created in the culture? "Bleeping" sad.
There is no such thing as shame anymore, and it crosses gender.
Graphic sex and crude sex terms are now common on prime time TV and in the movies, even when it has no specific purpose. It is pushed like drugs. Promiscuity, one-night-stands and pornography are praised in their situational repetition by woman in virtually every medium. After all, they're just like guys, right?
Likewise, if you're a veteran of politics in Washington, then you probably have plenty of stories about "big name" politicians (some of whom are sharp Trump critics) – in and out of Congress – who make Donald Trump look like he is on the "JV team," to quote our President (who, of course, has a very reckless personal history in Chicago that everyone ignores). Sexual intrigue and conquest, prostitution, pandering, solicitation, drugs and booze – they are simply part of the background noise in the nation's business, and always have been.
None of this excuses Mr. Trump's behavior, and there is probably more similar tapes coming. So, bad on him.
But the question is; does this disqualify him for high office? And, if so, what about Mrs. Clinton and her outrageous behavior? Do the crybabies condone her behavior that has resulted in dead Americans, compromised national security through the email scandal and left America weakened abroad?
Let's load the discussion correctly: There are two presidential candidates that have more baggage than the luggage turnstile at JFK airport. Yet, one of them will be the President-Elect of the United States on November 9th.
One has some bawdy and brash things to say. But he's largely right on the diagnosis and the cure; Washington is corrupt and it needs a good shakeup. Moreover, Mr. Trump is not responsible for the current state of affairs in the nation in any way, shape or form.
Mrs. Clinton on the other hand, is. She has been a bad actor for thirty years in thought, word and deed. The word corrupt simply doesn't have the richness to describe her public or private life. There is no gem in her roughness.
Some of my friends are so offended by Donald J. Trump that they can't pull the lever for him. Fine, we get it, don't vote.
For the rest of us, we have a choice that can be made by the application of reason, deduction and, yes, faith. This is a fight a long time coming. Many of us are surprised by the General we have. But that doesn't mean the war is any less worthy of the effort.
And the Republican crybabies? Here's an idea; do your job or resign.
I agree completely. Well said.
PS, bedroom, marriage and uterus police do not constitute "smaller government".
LOL! The GOP did nothing but obstruct the entire time…and despite any of your BS claims…the country's a lot better off today than when Obama took office. What planet are you from?
Most of the better economy is smoke and mirrors relying on U3 unemployement numbers instead of the more accurate U6 numbers, touting stock market numbers which are fickle and have little bearing on the over all economy, using 10 and 20 year budget plans to "ballance" the budeget and reduce the deficet which is a budget trick that never survies past 1 year, etc. Other areas of the "better country" you claim suffer from the same smoke and mirriors.
so what rock have been hiding under? Try educating your self to what has truely been done to this country and you will see the damage every progressive creates when in office.
Printing money to buy our own debt is a banna repblic tattic that fails and brings countries to thier knees every time it is done. In the short term it makes things look good, but it's just a legal means of cooking the books.
Artificially keeping intrest rates near zero is one of the same money manipulations Obama chastised China for. Not to mention it reduces investments and savings. Just ask Greece and other Euro countries how it's hurt them.
The poor low and middle class who try to save for retirement get the short end the artificialy low intrest rates stick. In the end it's a massive tax on low and middle class. These examples are only a few of the ruinous policies that the progressive leadership has brought us. They don't even touch the. Horrendous foriegn polices.
If yoy choose to ignore the damage the progressives create at least your children and grand children will know who to blame.
What a well written piece! I wholeheartedly agree with everything said. Especially the last line. Do your job or resign.