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Coach, seriously the fact that you do not even understand how the income of a school district works is pathetic. Hey, I'll be in the front row of the next board meeting, you know where I sit, you can apologize in person if you like!Just to shed some light. It's tax payers delight website, based on income right? Someone help me here... If so, Sam is receiving no income ( because he was fired for being the same $hit disturber on here that I'm sure he WAS at work) therefore paying no taxes...thus, has no levity whatsoever. Sam, get a job in the district and then I'll listen. I love watching people try to make a negative change by whining a bitching. Never works. Only makes things look worse by your posts. As for Red, I'll oblige you and state that the odds are that you are a disgruntled fat bottomed beeotch like a few others on here. I'm sure the sign in name of "RED 5" came from the color and square footage of chaffing you experience between the ham hocks you refer to as your legs.
Saint Louis, MO
#1079 Feb 28, 2013
#1080 Feb 28, 2013
No need to pay me for advice. Keep on paying your Lawyer, lots and lots of money.
I am sure he will not exhaust your lawyer, as long as your bank account holds out.
Glad you are putting it all together Sam.
It looks as if you have gone beyond voicing your opinion about issues and have gone to war with the district. Sad thing is, War is Expensive.
I do hope you keep going, on and on. I would love to see you push it straight to a courtroom. Drag it out as long as you can just to prove your point. Just understand you will pay to prove the point.
The real sad thing in all of this is the only way to get real change in this district is with the April Election, and I do not see any signs posted or see any candidates that seem really interested in getting their name out there to win. Everyone has waited too long.
Saint Louis, MO
#1081 Feb 28, 2013
I don't worship money, it is not central to why people do the right thing, it comes and goes, so that's a fear I just don't have. Please tell me you understand that this legal process protects our rights to voice our opinions? A fight for my rights is a fight for all rights,even yours! Seems like anyone who puts a dollar amount on it's worth doesn't really understand it. The right to voice our opinion,even yours with which I completely disagree, is worth going broke over! But hey, that's just me! If that fight were brought on by a school district, or a city, or a state,or the federal government itself not only would I spend every dollar I have ever made but I would lay down my very life! I did not choose this "war", your friends did! There are fleeting moments where I wish I could just be a puppet, but they pass more quickly than they come!
I am glad to hear that you also want change this April. I do not think you should place your bets so soon though.
United States
#1082 Feb 28, 2013
Anyone see elliott davis reports on the news last night?
United States
#1083 Feb 28, 2013
I am an employee of the district and know Sam well. Your personal attack on him is wrong. He was a very good employee and a good man. He was railroaded by the bullies because he stood up to the idiot in charge if the Custodians.
#1084 Feb 28, 2013
Attacks are random. you may be next???
#1085 Feb 28, 2013
C-6 Parent said "Sad thing is, War is Expensive."
Sad thing is, your administration and crew started the "war" with Sam; he was just exercising his right to free speech. Sam has never been malicious, crude, or vulgar like The Troopster et al who speak in favor of the Dr. and her administrative decisions and practices. You secretly "want him on that wall, you need him on that wall".
#1086 Feb 28, 2013
None of the people being attacked did anything but exercise their freedom of speech. The board and administration started this war when they made stupid moves like hiring Kelly Nash!
#1087 Feb 28, 2013
It has been proven time and time again, that when those in power see their power slipping away, they desperately attack any and all who not only have opposing views but are able to back those views up with documentation. The power lies with the people, as long as you all stand together. Do not be bullied into thinking you cannot win, because you can! They may call you a bully, like they have labeled me, but people know who the true bullies are...if they have nothing to hide are haven't done anything wrong, they would pay you no heed. The fact that they are acknowledging you at all is a victory in itself. They know you are serious and that you mean business.
They know the difference between right and wrong, they know you do too. They are used to dismissing people and holding themselves as being superior to those who are footing the bills. They are used to things dying down after a while, but it is not happening. People see the injustice and are speaking out.
Sam, keep speaking, I am fighting a battle on a different front, but look around you and I are not alone. Look at Ellisville, Louisana, or anywhere the people are standing up against the people who routinely use our tax money against us. Hold their feet to the fire, hold them accountable for their actions, hang in there and DON'T GIVE UP OR GIVE IN!
#1088 Feb 28, 2013
Thank you Doris! You know what we are dealing with, and we all know the only reason they are attacking people is because they are hiding something. If they had nothing to hide, they wouldn't care one bit. The people fighting have no intention of quitting and they are growing in numbers.
#1089 Feb 28, 2013
What the heck is this? A scene out of Stars and Stripes? Nice speach. This batch of cartoon characters on here is entertaining. Keep it up!
#1091 Feb 28, 2013
Ive been reading this for a while. Sam needs to go put in for the school board. I've read about a few others and think Sam needs to represent us... Sam Sam he ours man!!!
#1092 Feb 28, 2013
Elliott needs to get back in there. Apply some much needed heat. I hear the admins are taking it out on the staff.
#1093 Feb 28, 2013
A great fictional movie. What's funny is the forefathers of the fox district just 40 years ago once opposed the welcoming of African Americans into this district, now you hope they show simply to create a scene. Confused people in this area nowadays. Let's pretend fox brings in hypothetical desegregation. What would be your complaints?
#1094 Feb 28, 2013
True, I am now told she has even more butchy purple hair that highlights her already evil face. Nothing like praising a fired district employee, a purple headed, oil changing dyke, and the mentally unstable son of a superintendent. Sam, find a way to get out tomorrow...go job searching. Go for a walk. For the other disgruntled hags on here. Follow Sam. He will be walking. You can pick up his offal as you epitomize the blind leading the blind.
The district is strong and improving daily. Things just seem to keep improving as the whiners on here keep whining.
I've found another site that interests me more. I'll let you crabs in the bucket carry on for a while...lol
United States
#1095 Feb 28, 2013
Looks like someone is running scared and it shows.
Saint Louis, MO
#1096 Feb 28, 2013
Thank you! Wished I could shake your hand, hopefully I'll get the chance to do that someday soon. I spent some time with Mark Jones and some of his supporters tonight, it was such a joy to be around someone who honestly wants to work WITH the community and not just for it! This next month should be fun! Thanks again for the kind words.
Saint Louis, MO
#1097 Feb 28, 2013
I have an older brother who is about the roughest cut man I have ever known. Lives in northern California. We tell each other about every month or so that there is no one we'd rather be in a fox-hole with. You fall into that category. I thank God for you! I always like to look a person in the eye and tell them face to face how I feel but in this case I can only do that here. Thanks! I'll get back to you later today on that P.O. box.
Saint Louis, MO
#1098 Feb 28, 2013
Don't know you and have never met you, but I agree 100% with these comments. Thank you for the words of encouragement and I am looking forward to meeting you. Good luck on you campaign!
Saint Louis, MO
#1099 Feb 28, 2013
I went back and read every single post on this thread tonight, trying to keep my head right. I gotta tell you man you are funny, genuinely funny. Of all the posts yours are by far the most enjoyable for me. Just wanted to tell you.
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Central for all attractions, from the outside this hotel does not do itself justice. Rooms were well maintained and nicely decorated. The bar was small but had a friendly atmosphere and it cost just over 5 euros for a white wine and a bottle of bud. Would highly recommend did not try breakfast because we slept in ................
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Member Since: 5/2/04
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Posts: 2625
I have been back in San Diego training this week. I can't believe I used to take for granted the talent pool in this city. IMO I think it is the best city for Bjj in the states. (Los Angeles a very close second).


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In the present study, we have investigated gender differences in rat liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Total mitochondrial population (M) as well as the heavy (M1), medium (M3), and light (M8) mitochondrial fractions obtained by means of differential centrifugation steps at 1,000, 3,000, and 8,000 g, respectively, were isolated. Electron microscopic analysis was performed and mitochondrial protein content and cardiolipin levels, mitochondrial O2 flux, ATP synthase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) protein levels were measured in each sample. Our results indicate that mitochondria from females have higher protein content and higher cardiolipin levels, greater respiratory and phosphorylative capacities, and more-energized mitochondria in respiratory state 3. Moreover, protein levels of TFAM were four times greater in females than in males. Gender differences in the aforementioned parameters were more patent in the isolated heavy M1 and M3 mitochondrial fractions. The present study demonstrates that gender-related differences in liver mitochondrial function are due mainly to a higher capacity and efficiency of substrate oxidation, likely related to greater mitochondrial machinery in females than in males, which is in accord with greater mitochondrial differentiation in females.
- energy metabolism
- mitochondrial biogenesis
- high-resolution respirometry
- mitochondrial membrane potential
- mitochondrial transcription factor A
energy balance depends on the mechanism that regulates and coordinates energy uptake and the different components of energy expenditure, including basal metabolism, physical activity, and facultative thermogenesis. Gender differences in energy expenditure of adult rats at the usual rodent housing temperature have been established. Females have greater global O2 consumption, which is indicative of a higher energy expenditure than that of male rats (48). Gender-related dimorphism in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic capacity also has been found whereby females have greater tissue recruitment, which is reflected mainly in their mitochondrial features. These could be responsible, at least in part, for the differences in energy expenditure found between genders (42, 45, 48). Although liver is a significant contributor to basal metabolism (44), few studies actually have shown gender-related differences. However, recent research has found higher intrinsically antioxidant capacity in liver mitochondria in females than in males (3).
There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial function may be important for the switch between normal and pathological status of organs and tissues (6), which plays a crucial role in the pathological progression of diseases such as cancer (13), diabetes mellitus type 2 (33), and inflammation, as well as in aging-related diseases (49), hence making mitochondria suitable targets for therapeutic strategies (53). However, the role of mitochondria in gender dimorphism in the different incidence of these pathologies has not yet been defined fully.
Differences in mitochondrial characteristics, which include changes in size, mass, number, and composition, imply variations in their biogenesis in both proliferation and differentiation processes (11). In this sense, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) plays a key role in mitochondrial biogenesis because it is basic to initiation of both replication and expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (11, 34). It is important to point out that mtDNA replication can be initiated by small amounts of TFAM and remains highly active over a range of TFAM concentrations, whereas expression of mtDNA, which is related to mitochondrial differentiation, is activated only at high concentrations of TFAM (10, 12, 27).
Previous studies also have shown that total mitochondrial population from liver and other tissues may be resolved by differential centrifugation into several fractions that show different morphological and functional features (14, 16, 21, 26). A connection between the process of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial fractions has been suggested, which implies that the lightest mitochondria would act as transitional forms of the heaviest, more differentiated, ones (23, 26, 29). In fact, gender differences in BAT mitochondrial fractions have been found whereby females show a higher degree of mitochondrial differentiation, especially in the heavier fractions (22).
Taking this background into account, the aim of this study was to examine gender-related differences in rat total liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and biogenesis. We have analyzed several features of liver total mitochondrial population, as well as mitochondrial fractions, a tool of mitochondrial biogenesis study. This study may be important to the further understanding of whether mitochondria are involved in the different incidence of several pathologies between the sexes.
Reagents and chemicals.
All enzymes, substrates, and coenzymes were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Routine chemicals were supplied by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Little Chalfont, UK), Panreac (Barcelona, Spain), Sigma-Aldrich, Roche, and Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). 10-Nonylbromide acridine orange (NAO) and perchlorate of tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) mitochondrial probes were supplied by Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Polyclonal TFAM antibodies from rabbit were generously donated by Dr. Hidetoshi Inagaki (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan).
Animals and mitochondria isolation.
Animal experiments were performed in accordance with general guidelines approved by our institutional ethics committee and European Union rules 86/609/ECC. Wistar rats (110 days old; 13 males and 13 females) were supplied by Harlan (Barcelona, Spain). The animals were acclimated to 22°C and a 12:12-h light-dark cycle (lights on at 0800 h) and had free access to water and a standard chow diet (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain). All animals had been weighed previously and were killed at the start of the light cycle. The liver from each animal was dissected, washed, and weighed. Tissue was minced and homogenized in Tris-sucrose buffer (in mM: 250 sucrose, 10 Tris, and 1 Na2-EDTA, pH 7.4) using a Teflon/glass homogenizer at 500 rpm. An aliquot of the homogenate was used for measuring both DNA and mtDNA content as described elsewhere (see Refs. 54, 23, respectively). The homogenate was cleared of nuclear and cellular debris by performing centrifugation at 800 g for 10 min at 4°C. To obtain whole liver mitochondrial population (M), an aliquot of the cleared homogenate was centrifuged at 8,000 g for 10 min at 4°C. To isolate mitochondrial fractions, the rest of the cleared homogenate was subjected to three sequential centrifugation steps for 10 min at 1,000, 3,000, and 8,000 g to produce the heavy (M1), medium (M3), and light (M8) mitochondrial fractions, respectively. Pellets were resuspended in a suitable buffer, depending on the requirements of the analysis. Protein content was measured in each sample (4), thus providing a controlled protein load in cytometry, respirometry, and Western blot analysis.
ATP synthase activity.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase (EC 220.127.116.11) activity was measured spectrophotometrically in each sample following the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm of NADH by coupling the production of ADP via the pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase reaction (43). The final volume of the reaction mixture was 1 ml and contained 0.950 μl of reaction buffer (in mM: 260 sucrose, 5 MgSO4, 50 HEPES, and 0.35 NADH, pH 8.0, equilibrated by 1 M KOH), 5 μl of 0.5 M phosphoenolpyruvate, 10 μl of 50 μg/ml pyruvate kinase, 5 μl of 50 μg/ml lactate dehydrogenase, and 10 μl of mitochondrial sample. The activity was determined in the presence of 10 μl of 10 μg/ml antimycin A to prevent NADH oxidase activity catalyzed by the electron transport system. The enzymatic reaction was started at 37°C by the addition of 10 μl of 0.5 M ATP in the medium. An extinction coefficient of 6.22 mM−1·cm−1 was used for NADH to calculate the activity in micromolar ATP hydrolyzed per minute.
Electron microscopic analysis.
Mitochondrial pellets were obtained under the same conditions indicated above and were placed in ice-cold fixative buffer (2.5% glutaraldehyde in 200 mM trihydrated sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2) for 2 h. The specimens were washed four times in 200 mM trihydrated sodium cacodylate buffer and postfixed (1% OsO4) for 2 h. They were then dehydrated in graded acetone steps, stained with 2% uranyl acetate overnight, and embedded in Spurr's resin. Ultrathin sections for electron microscopy, ∼50 nm thick, were stained with saturated lead citrate solution and examined using a Hitachi H-600 electron microscope at 75 kV. Transmission electron photomicrographs were obtained at ×10,000 magnification and analyzed using Scion Image software, randomly measuring 75–150 mitochondria from three animals per group.
Mitochondrial O2 consumption was measured using the high-resolution Oxygraph respirometer (Oroboros, Austria) (15). The respiration medium consisted of 200 mM sucrose, 3 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM EGTA, 0.1% BSA, 20 mM HEPES, 20 mM taurine, and 10 mM KH2PO4, adjusted to pH 7.1 with KOH at 37°C. The medium had previously been equilibrated with air in each chamber (set at 2 ml) at 37°C and stirred at 750 rpm until a stable signal was obtained for calibration at air saturation. A final concentration of 100 μg of total protein content per milliliter of respiratory buffer was used for the measurements. A protocol was developed for the measurements of the different mitochondrial chain respiratory states as follows: mitochondrial respiratory state 4 was measured in the presence of 5 mM succinate, active respiration (state 3) was then activated using 1 mM ADP, ATP synthases were inhibited by the addition of 1 μg/ml respiratory medium oligomycin (state 4o), and uncoupled respiration (state 3u) was provoked by the addition of 1 μM uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP). Finally, mitochondrial respiration was stopped using 5 μM antimycin A. The titration protocol, which was completed within 50–60 min, was recorded at 2-s intervals using a computer-driven data acquisition system (Datlab, Austria).
Flow cytometry.
Mitochondrial samples were diluted in a suitable respiratory buffer (220 mM sucrose, 20 mM glucose, 11 mM MgCl2, 3 mM HEPES, 2 mM KH2PO4, 0.5 mM EGTA, and 0.5% BSA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 100 μg of total protein content per milliliter. Mitochondria were activated to respiratory state 3 by the addition of both 5 mM succinate and 1 mM ADP. To measure mitochondrial membrane potential, activated mitochondria were incubated with 400 nM TMRM (Molecular Probes) for 15 min at 37°C. For mitochondrial cardiolipin measurement, activated mitochondrial samples were incubated with 1 μM of NAO (Molecular Probes) for 15 min at 37°C. Samples were analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) equipped with a 15-mW, 488-nm Argon ion laser. The green fluorescence (FL1), used for detecting the NAO signal was collected through a 530/30 band-pass filter. Regarding the TMRM signal, the orange fluorescence (FL2) was collected through a 585/42 band-pass filter. Data acquisition (104 events for each sample) was performed using CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson).
Western blot analysis of TFAM.
Ten micrograms of protein from mitochondrial samples were fractioned by performing SDS-PAGE on 15% polyacrylamide gel according to the method Laemmli (25) and electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose filter as described elsewhere (41). Staining with Ponceau S was used to provide visual evidence of correct loading and electrophoretic transfer of proteins to the nitrocellulose filter. Blocking and development of the immunoblots were performed using an enhanced chemiluminescence Western blot analysis system (Amersham). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against TFAM were used as primary antibodies. Bands in films were analyzed using scanning photodensitometry and quantified using Kodak 1D Image Analysis software. Autoradiograms of membrane proteins revealed a protein exhibiting an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa.
All data are presented as mean values ± SE. Total mitochondrial population (M) and mitochondrial fractions (M1, M3, and M8) were analyzed as independent groups. Differences between genders with respect to body and liver weights and parameters measured both in liver homogenate and total mitochondrial population were assessed using Student's t-test. Correlations of body and liver weights were analyzed separately in male and female rats by performing simple linear regression analysis. Differences between gender and mitochondrial fractions were assessed using two-way ANOVA and least-significant differences (LSD) for post hoc comparisons (P < 0.05). Because mitochondrial area data do not follow a normal distribution, differences between mitochondrial fractions were assessed using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 11.0 for Windows software (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
General parameters.
Male and female Wistar rats (age, 110 days) showed differences in body and liver weight as expected (Table 1). Relative liver weight was the same in both sexes, indicating a close relationship between body and liver weight in accordance with previous studies (2, 20). In addition, a positive correlation between body and liver weight in both male and female rats was found (R2 = 0.870, P < 0.021 and R2 = 0.962, P < 0.003, respectively). Total DNA content, which illustrates the cellular content, was similar in both genders. Mitochondrial DNA content was not significantly different between genders.
Mitochondrial respirometry.
Mitochondrial respiratory states (expressed as pmol O2·s−1·g of tissue−1) were measured using high-resolution respirometry in total hepatic mitochondrial population (M) from male and female rats (Fig. 1). O2 consumption in the presence of succinate (mitochondrial respiratory state 4) did not show significant differences between genders. No statistical differences in state 4 in the presence of oligomycin (state 4o), which allows respiration through proton conductance (proton leak) of the mitochondrial membrane, were found either. In contrast, O2 consumption in state 3 (maximum ATP synthesis from ADP) was twice as high in females as in males. Uncoupled state 3, provoked by the addition of FCCP (state 3u) was almost identical to state 3, reflecting that the phosphorylation of ADP was not limited by the exchange of adenine nucleotides across the inner mitochondrial membrane under our experimental conditions. Furthermore, greater O2 consumption in females in state 3u could indicate that female mitochondria have a higher content and/or activity of the electron transport mitochondrial chain (55).
Mitochondrial biochemical parameters.
Protein content, ATP synthase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cardiolipin levels of both mitochondrial population and mitochondrial fractions are summarized in Table 2. Although the protein content of mitochondrial population did not reach statistically significant differences between genders, the protein content of each mitochondrial fraction from females was significantly higher than the male counterparts, following the same tendency as the whole population. Regarding protein content distribution into mitochondrial fractions, both genders displayed a similar pattern in which M1 heavy fractions showed the highest values and the M8 light fractions showed the lowest.
To assess whether gender-related differences in O2 consumption in respiratory state 3 was accompanied by differences in mitochondrial phosphorylative capacity, ATP synthase activity was measured. Female total mitochondrial population showed higher ATP synthase values (+33% compared with males). To conduct an exhaustive study of mitochondrial phosphorylative capacity, ATP synthase activity of each mitochondrial fraction also was analyzed. ATP synthase expressed per gram of tissue exhibited a profile similar to that of mitochondrial protein content, where the heaviest mitochondrial fractions (M1 and M3) showed the highest values. Furthermore, female mitochondrial fractions displayed higher phosphorylative capacity than those of males.
Mitochondrial membrane potential in respiratory state 3 was analyzed because there is a direct correlation between this parameter and mitochondrial energy state in active respiration (30, 50). Mitochondrial membrane potential per mitochondrion in the total mitochondrial population from females was greater than that of males (+65%). Both genders displayed a common pattern in mitochondrial fractions, similar to protein content distribution, with M1 being the most energized and M8 being the least. However, females showed higher mitochondrial membrane potential than males in each isolated fraction.
Mitochondrial functional differences (O2 consumption, phosphorylative capacity, and energy status) between genders could be linked to changes in mitochondrial composition. Because cardiolipin has great relevance to both mitochondrial structure and respiratory function (51), mitochondrial cardiolipin levels also were measured. Although the total mitochondrial population did not reach statistically significant differences between genders, cardiolipin per mitochondrion from females in mitochondrial fractions was higher than in males, following the same tendency as the total population.
On the whole, compared with data in males, female liver mitochondria display higher protein content and cardiolipin levels, accompanied by more-energized mitochondria and greater phosphorylative capacity. This points to a greater mitochondrial differentiation state in female rat liver mitochondria focused in the heaviest fractions.
Mitochondrial area and morphology.
To assess whether functional features of mitochondrial fractions are linked to mitochondrial morphological differences, transmission electron microscopic analysis was performed (Fig. 2 and Table 3). Previous morphometric studies concerning liver mitochondrial subpopulations have established a decreasing size pattern parallel to the increasing gravitational force used to obtain each subpopulation (26). In accordance with these findings, the morphometric analysis in our present study showed a typical profile with regard to the mitochondrial size of the fractions in both genders in which the heavy fractions (M1 and M3) had a greater area than the light fraction (M8). All mitochondrial fractions from female rats were significantly different in size, whereas in males, the heavier M1 and M3 mitochondria were almost identical in size. In addition, the mitochondrial area of the M1 fraction in females was significantly greater than that in males. Bearing in mind that protein content was higher in the M1 fraction (Table 2), these data suggest higher protein content per mitochondrion in female M1 mitochondria than in the male counterparts. In addition, M1 mitochondria from male rats were similar in size to the M3 mitochondria obtained from female rats, indicating that the former are more dense than M3 female mitochondria, probably because of a higher protein content per mitochondrion. No clear differences between genders regarding mitochondrial morphology in a given fraction were found (Fig. 2).
Mitochondrial transcription factor A.
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) levels were measured (Figs. 3 and 4) as a mitochondrial differentiation marker (10). Both genders displayed a similar pattern of TFAM distribution. The M1 fractions showed the highest values, whereas the M8 fractions showed the lowest. However, females showed higher TFAM protein levels in total hepatic mitochondrial population, approximately four times greater than those in males. All mitochondrial fractions also showed higher levels in females than in males, especially in the M1 and M3 fractions. These data reflect that females, particularly regarding the M1 mitochondria, could be more highly differentiated.
In this study, we have investigated structural and functional gender-related differences in rat liver mitochondria. Compared with males, females showed higher mitochondrial protein content and cardiolipin levels, greater respiratory and phosphorylative capacities, and more-energized mitochondria. These features suggest that females have more highly differentiated mitochondria, which are likely linked to differences in mitochondrial biogenesis as displayed through the mitochondrial fractions study.
It is well known that the mitochondrial membrane potential steady state is the result of a balance between three subsystems: substrate oxidation, proton leak, and phosphorylation (5, 18, 37). The greater mitochondrial membrane potential found in females than in males suggests sex-related differences in the contribution of one or more of these subsystems. Taking into account that phosphorylative capacity, measured according to ATP synthase activity, is higher in females than in males, gender differences in mitochondrial membrane potential could be a result of lower mitochondrial proton leak and/or higher mitochondrial substrate oxidation. However, the mitochondrial proton leak in the total hepatic mitochondrial population, estimated on the basis of O2 consumption in state 4o, was similar in male and female rats, whereas the enhanced respiratory capacity of female mitochondria, estimated on the basis of uncoupled respiration (state 3u), indicates that female rats have a higher substrate oxidation capacity than do males. It is important to point out that increased mitochondrial membrane potential and/or elevated O2 consumption may result in elevated reactive oxygen species (31). Previous studies have demonstrated that female rat liver mitochondria in respiratory state 4 generate fewer reactive oxygen species than found in males (3). These results, together with our present data, suggest that the mitochondrial respiratory chain from females is more efficient than that of males.
At the tissular level, changes in the oxidative capacity and cellular O2 consumption are due to differences in mitochondrial number, size, and density per cell as well as to changes in mitochondrial components and/or activity (36, 38, 52). Because mtDNA content, which could be a suitable marker of mitochondria number (9, 24), between the sexes was not different, increases in mitochondria number as the main cause of higher capacity of substrate oxidation in females can be ruled out. Furthermore, taking into account morphometric analysis of mitochondrial fractions, female rats displayed larger mitochondria than did males, suggesting a link to the greater substrate oxidation system. However, oxidative substrate capacity differences (2-fold in females) could not be explained only by morphological features. In addition, because male and female rats have the same number of cells per gram of tissue as estimated on the basis of total DNA content, the greater oxidative capacity in female rat liver mitochondria could be linked to a greater machinery per mitochondrion and therefore to higher mitochondrial differentiation.
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the combination of both proliferation and differentiation processes. Proliferation is an increase in the mitochondrial population, while differentiation can be defined as an improvement of the functional capabilities of preexisting mitochondria (22, 23, 28, 39, 40, 56). Specifically, differentiation in liver mitochondria is based fundamentally on the construction of an adequate respiratory chain to make the ATP synthesis mechanism as efficient as possible (1, 17, 19, 26, 32). It is known that differences in the composition and/or number of mitochondria imply a different pattern in mitochondrial biogenesis (11). Female liver mitochondria show higher TFAM levels, a marker of mitochondrial differentiation that implies more highly differentiated mitochondria than found in males. This finding has been related to greater transcription of mtDNA (12), which is reflected in the greater mitochondrial machinery described in females in the present study.
Mitochondrial fractions have been used as a tool with which to study mitochondrial biogenesis because it seems there can be a connection with mitochondrial differentiation processes, whereby heavier mitochondria are the differentiated forms of the lighter ones (14, 21, 26). In fact, our data in both sexes show that heavy M1 fractions contained larger mitochondria, accompanied by greater protein content and phosphorylative capacity (features of more-differentiated mitochondria), whereas the lightest fractions had the lowest values (features of less-differentiated mitochondria). Furthermore, TFAM levels, which were higher in the heaviest than in the lightest fractions, support the hypothesis of a higher degree of mitochondrial differentiation in heavy fractions and reinforce the link between fractions and mitochondrial differentiation. In fact, as was true of the total mitochondrial population, functional markers in the mitochondrial fractions were higher in the female rats than in their male counterparts. Therefore, mitochondrial fractions highlight differences in mitochondrial differentiation between the sexes.
Previous studies have demonstrated that female rats have a higher total energy expenditure than do males (48). Differences between the sexes regarding in BAT recruitment, in which females contain more highly differentiated mitochondria, also have been found (42, 45–48). Likewise, the gender-related differences of functional features in liver mitochondria demonstrated in the present study could play an important physiological role and also could be related to the higher energy expenditure previously found in females (48).
One of the main factors responsible for the differences described in the present study could be the hormonal milieu. Previous studies have described the possible role of thyroid hormones regarding liver function, because female rats are more efficient in hepatic 3,3′5′-triido-l-thyronine generation from thyroxine than that of males (8). The influence of sex hormones, estrogens in particular, on mitochondrial liver structure and function also has been described (3, 7, 35). Thus a possible influence of both sex steroid and thyroid hormones in liver mitochondrial function cannot be ruled out. In this sense, further research must be performed to clarify the main factors involved in sex-related differences in mitochondrial function, because this could be important information with respect to the mechanisms responsible for the different incidence of pathologies between the sexes regarding mitochondrial dysfunction. This information is important to the ability to optimize gender-specific protocols for treatments that target mitochondria.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates sex-related differences in hepatic mitochondrial function. These differences are focused on the greater machinery per mitochondrion in females compared with males, which could be linked to more highly differentiated mitochondria and therefore to differences in mitochondrial biogenesis between the sexes.
This investigation was supported by Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica (BFI2000-0988-C06-06 and BFI2003-02539) and by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PI021339) of the Spanish government. R. Justo was funded by a grant from the Comunitat Autònoma de les Illes Balears. M. Frontera was funded by a grant from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte of the Spanish government.
We thank Dr. Hidetoshi Inagaki (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan) for providing TFAM antibodies and Dr. Isabel Lladó, Dr. Pilar Roca, Dr. Francisco J. García-Palmer, and Dr. Ana M. Proenza (Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain) for critical comments and suggestions regarding the manuscript. We acknowledge Dr. Teresa Roig and Eduardo Cuesta (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain) for help and assistance in the development of the experiments. We are grateful to María Pocoví and Dr. Ferran Hierro from Serveis Científico-Tècnics of the Universitat de les Illes Balears for providing technical assistance in electron microscopic analysis. We thank the Serveis Científico-Tècnics of the Universitat de Barcelona for help in flow cytometric analysis.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2005 the American Physiological Society


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text: I put a few comments in blue. Full article here: http://news.aol.com/article/ap-impact-security-firms-join-somali/226037?cid=12 ======================================== Security firms join Somali piracy fight By KATHARINE HOURELD, AP NAIROBI, Kenya -Blackwater Worldwide and other private security firms — some with a reputation for being quick on the trigger in Iraq — are joining the battle against pirates plaguing one of the world's most important shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia. The growing interest among merchant fleets to hire their own firepower is encouraged by the U.S. Navy and represents a new and potential lucrative market for security firms scaling back operations in Iraq. But some maritime organizations told The Associated Press that armed guards may increase the danger to ships' crews or that overzealous contractors might accidentally fire on fishermen. The record in Iraq of security companies like Blackwater, which is being investigated for its role in the fatal shooting of 17 Iraqi civilians in 2007, raises concerns about unregulated activity and possible legal wrangles. "Security companies haven't always had the lightest of touches in Iraq, and I think Somalia is a pretty delicate situation," said Roger Middleton, who wrote a recent report on piracy in Somalia for Chatham House, a think tank in London. NATO, with a flotilla of warships due to arrive in Somali waters this weekend, is trying to work out legal and regulatory issues surrounding the use of armed contractors before adopting a position on private security companies. But the U.S. Navy, part of the coalition already patrolling off the coast of Somalia, says the coalition cannot effectively patrol the 2.5 million square miles of dangerous waters and welcomes the companies. "This is a great trend," said Lt. Nate Christensen, a spokesman for the Bahrain-based U.S. 5th Fleet. "We would encourage shipping companies to take proactive measures to help ensure their own safety." Somali officials also approve of the private contractors. Abdulkadir Muse Yusuf, deputy marine minister of the semiautonomous region of Puntland, said private firms are welcome in Somali waters. As well as fighting piracy, he said, they could help combat illegal fishing and toxic waste dumping. After a series of shootings that killed civilians, Iraqi legislators negotiated an agreement with the U.S. that will remove some of the private contractors' immunity from prosecution. U.S. authorities are investigating Blackwater for improperly bringing weapons into Iraq and for its role in the 2007 Iraqi civilian deaths. The removal of immunity, Iraq's stabilizing security situation and a glut of security operators in the country have combined to tempt some companies to seek a new market in the pirate-infested Gulf of Aden off Somalia. Last week, Blackwater announced it was hiring a ship fitted with helicopters and armed guards for escorting vessels past Somalia's pirate- ridden coast. Spokeswoman Anne Tyrrell said it had received 15 inquiries so far. In addition to Blackwater, Mississippi-based Hollowpoint, which has not been active in Iraq, says it will provide guards and recover seized ships. "We'll get your crew and cargo back to you, whether through negotiations or through sending a team in," said CEO John Harris, who is discussing contracts with several companies. There have been 63 reported attacks on ships off the Somali coast this year alone and probably many more have been carried out. Almost a third of the recorded attacks have been successful. Ransoms can reach into the millions of dollars. That's a fortune in a failed state like Somalia, where almost half the people depend on aid and warlords plunder food shipments meant for starving children. The money goes to clan- based militias, some of which are fighting in Somalia's civil war. Mody says armed guards onboard ships may encourage pirates to use their weapons or spark an arms race between predators and prey. Currently, pirates often fire indiscriminately during an attack but don't aim to kill or injure crew. The pirates usually use assault rifles but have rocket-propelled grenades; some reports also say they have mini-cannon. "If someone onboard a ship pulls a gun, will the other side pull a grenade?" Mody asked. Then the contractor should pull a 10mm British contractors stress the importance of intelligence and surveillance, a safe room for the crew to retreat to if the ship is boarded, and the range of non-lethal deterrence measures available. "The standard approach is for (pirates) to come in with all guns blazing at the bridge because when a boat is stopped it's easier to board," said David Johnson, director of British security firm Eos. "But if you have guns onboard, you are going to escalate the situation. We don't want to turn that part of the world into the Wild West." In the Wild West, people could fight back. Ref: Tombstone Johnson's employees don't carry arms, relying on tactics that can be as simple as greasing or electrifying hand rails, putting barbed wire around the freeboard — the lowest area of the deck — or installing high-pressure fire hoses directed at vulnerable areas of a ship. One tugboat confused its attackers by going into a high-speed spin when pirates approached, causing the attackers to give up — and leaving the crew sick but safe. High-tech but non-lethal weapons include dazzle guns, which produce disorienting flashes; microwave guns, which heat up the skin causing discomfort but no long-term damage; and acoustic devices that can blast a wave of painful sound across hundreds of yards. In for confusing pirates with dazzling weapons, then sniping them. The 20,000 ships that pass through the Gulf of Aden on the way to or from the Suez Canal each year can't avoid the 1,800 miles of Somali coastline without sailing around the entire continent of Africa. The jump in interest in private contractors — spurred by last month's hijacking of a Ukrainian ship loaded with tanks and other weapons — has brought new players into the market and a flood of business for well- established firms. Maritime operations manager Michael Angus says the yacht business has doubled. And now, he says, merchant ships such as bulk carriers or oil tankers are asking the company for teams of armed guards, making what was once a seasonal business off Somalia a year-round enterprise. London-based Olive Group, which protects Shell operations in Iraq, began offering services in the Gulf of Aden earlier this year. Its security consultant, Crispian Cuss, says just the presence of armed guards may be a deterrent. Pirates get information on crews and cargos from contacts in ports or at shipping companies and avoid vessels with armed men on board, he said. "No client's ship has been approached by pirates while we've been on them," he said.


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The Interurban Electric Line
When the train reached Medina's familiar public square in 1897, people young and old gathered with anticipation as it brought friends, family, goods, and the creamery car. The excitement buzzed in the air as everyone heard the friendly whistle as the cars rolled down West Liberty Street. Medina had never been more accessible, bustling, and full of life.
A welcome source for transporting people and freight throughout Medina County, the streetcars that ran through Medina followed a line that from an extension of the Cleveland-Berea line, which began in downtown Cleveland. The extension picked up in Berea, stopping at Kamm's Corners at the intersection of Front Street and Lorain Avenue.The train arrived in Medina from the north at a station along Rt. 42 to pick up passengers, then continued into Medina Square and hooked a right onto East Liberty Street. It then proceeded to Chippewa Lake and Seville, to Creston, Wooster, Ashland, and Columbus. The trolley opened a whole new way of communication for Northeast Ohio.
The line arrived in Medina at the peak of industrialization, so the construction and processes put into the creation of the track brought lots of job opportunities to our area.An electric line could penetrate an area with inadequate or no railroad service, such as early 1900's Medina, mainly because of lower overall construction costs (most did not embrace the high construction standards of the steam roads).
One problem about the Interurban Electric Line persisted as its limited use of power. During some periods of time, the power turned off for hours on end. This took away a lot of customer satisfaction, making many passengers stay in the Station house to wait for the power to eventually come back on. On December 16,1903, an accident occurred. The train had a defective wheel that eventually broke, causing the train to go off the tracks. The incident left one man to eventually have his leg amputated and quite a few other passengers ultimately injured.
Due to the automobile industry and the constant power problems that plagued the operators, the use of the cars dwindled in the 20's. February 1st, 1931, the streetcars in Medina County stopped for the last time.


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The "Combo" Package
A combined high-altitude 2000' tandem introductory flight lesson – aero towed up over the Connecticut River valley and a foot launched, hillside Hang Gliding introductory lesson.
Tandem & Lesson
HG Mountain Pilot Package
If you are ready to commit and prepared to train all the way up to the Hang 2 level this is the package for you. Book Gift Certificates The Mountain Pilot course is an accelerated Hang II Program, which consists of about 12-lessons that aim to provide all the instruction and training necessary to earn […]


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A CHARITY shop is hosting its first wedding fair to show people that getting hitched does not have to cost a bomb.
The Mind shop in North Road, Durham is hosting the event on Saturday, March 18 and Sunday, March 19.
Store manager Denise Hedges said: "My two sons are getting married and seeing how much they are paying for their weddings inspired me to think of something for the people who can't afford that.
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"We have all these dresses and other bits and pieces and if people buy them they will also be helping mental health care and lobbying for better services.
"Hopefully the weekend will give us a boost and remind people that North Road is still open."
Stores from around the region have donated wedding items, including bridal dresses, bridesmaid dresses, groomsmen suits, shoes, hats, veils and mother of the bride outfits.
Head volunteer Paula Colwill said: ""We've got a range of sizes and colours, vintage styles and modern ones. Some of the outfits cost £600 and they still have the tags on."


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Planning New Zealand's best PLAYGROUND for Takapuna
We love warm and fuzzy community news in Channel, and it doesn't come much better than this. A much-needed children's playground is looking like coming to fruition in Takapuna as the result of the tireless efforts and generosity of local grandparents Jackie Kerridge and Chris Reeve. Aidan Bennett had a chat to this can-do couple...
Jackie and Chris are locals who have lived on Takapuna Beach for nine years. Their place is well-known for having a playground in the back yard and a well-used swing hanging from their big tree and on to the sand of Takapuna Beach. The swing provides hours of pleasure for the community, so much so that a supportive local recently donated a new swing in gratitude for the hours of enjoyment his family has had.
Recently there has also been a notice on the fence gathering support for their desire to see a very special playground be built for the community on Gould Reserve, the main reserve between The Strand and the beach in Takapuna. They have collected dozens and dozens of letters of support over the past few weeks.
"We have seven grandchildren who are desperate for somewhere to play in Takapuna," says Jackie. "They love visiting our place but playing on the beach and our small playground only satisfies them for a short period. We have spent many hours taking them to other playgrounds around Auckland and it got us thinking about creating something special for Takapuna. There just isn't anything for children and families at the moment."
From that time Jackie and Chris have become experts on playgrounds. They have spent hours and hours researching the best spot for it in Takapuna and the best equipment to create what Jackie calls "an everybody playground". In fact, the day I visited their impressive home there were brochures, sketches and letters of support scattered throughout their lounge. They are leaving no stone unturned in getting this much-needed facility for Takapuna. Their goal is to have it built by next summer and they are prepared to put up to $100,000 of their own money into it to make it happen.
"My concept is to make this an all inclusive area for the community – for everybody," says Jackie. "An area that not only the kids will love. An area that caters for those with disabilities and also that the adults will get hours of enjoyment from as well. Fitness-type apparatus will also be included. Chris and I have spent hours at playgrounds all over the place to see what the kids love playing on. We have talked to the kids, we have talked to parents with disabled kids and we have seen first hand which are the most popular and most used features of these playgrounds. our aim is to use this research to create the best playground in the country right here in Takapuna."
Jackie says that she is not really a leader with these types of things and has gone right out of her comfort zone with this project. But she is determined to see it happen. They are setting up a charitable trust to raise the total funds required to complete the project. Jackie has attended community meetings, is engaging with different community and business groups, the police with regards security advice and is working with the Local Board and Council to see it come to fruition. And she has been thrilled with the positive response. It is her and Chris' intention to follow the project through to ensure it is built exactly as it should be and within the budget. This will include dealing with equipment suppliers, contractors and council representatives.
"This playground will be a real asset for Takapuna," adds Chris Reeve. It will be a destination playground that will bring people into the area who will spend money in the hospitality and shopping outlets. The site, on the southern end of Gould Reserve, is ideal. It is close to the shops, close to parking and close to the beach. It will work well with the much-publicised plan of linking the Hurstmere Road shopping area through to the beach. We are also conscious that it needs to fit in with the environment. So a lot of the equipment will be timber frames so it blends in with the surroundings."
It is so neat that Jackie and Chris are focussed on delivering this as a totally community driven project and are prepared to put all this effort and their own money into it to see it happen. Towards the end of May they were presenting the concept to the Local Board to seek their approval and support. We will keep you informed of their progress in future issues of Channel.


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Discussion in 'The Entertainment Lounge' started by Sovieto, Aug 30, 2007.
Compared to Dragon-Wars, who else is gonna go see this god like movie?
I read that title and expected a heated debate about the current state of the film industry...
After looking it up on IMDB, I've got to say it sounds naff.
i thought mr bean's holiday was pretty good
D.O.A Thats all im saying
Great movie...Def agree
Lookin forward to the new Resident Evil movie comin in mid september also.
The Simpsons Movie, Rush Hour 3 and The Bourne Ultimatum were all pretty good.
It's kind of ignorant to say one thing is good and everything else is ****.
Ya know?
D-wars looks horrible in my opinion the next 'monster' movies that I will see will most likely be AVP-R and 1-18-08.
Dragon wars was pretty horrible, Rush Hour 3 and DOA were both pretty good though
Super Bad was epic for the record.
All you guys think that movies like DOA are good just because there's babes in them? well you are wrong, that's not a good movie, that's just a **** raising movie, and yeah we all want that, but don't categorize it as a good movie just because of it. Now I agree with Sovieto of there not being enough good movies now and no originality either, I mean Little Miss Sunshine nominated for best movie of 2006? no..now good Unitedstatian movies worth noting: The Departed, Heat, The Bourne Trilogy, Godfather, Scarface, Insomnia,. now when it comes to comedy, the best comedy is not that of dumb, preverted or exagerated comedy, so the best comedy out there has to be real but funny as well like: Mrs. Doubtfire, Nacho Libre, Kickin and Screamin..you know movies like those. and Horror..well there isn't a good horror movie nowadays.
Good Mexican movies: Amores Perros, Pan's Labyrinth, Espinazo del Diablo, Nicotina, etc. watch them if you haven't
and about Dragon Wars, yeah I like reptiles of every kind so I am watching this, but I fear it may end up being like Transformers but instead of Robots, giant Dragons. I expect it will be good, though. I enjoyed Reign of Fire, how about you guys?
Actually I liked doa becuase A) i like the game and B) I was prepared for the worst so my expectations had no where to go but up! Yeah Mrs. Doubtfire was funny as hell, and I actually want to see Pan's Labyrinth.
O all right, well I need to watch DOA, and yeah watch Pan's Labyrinth, you won't regret it, my friend!
Just go into doa expecting the worst movie youll ever see XD I will admit it does have some pretty stupid things (Max) but its decent, so if your not a fan rent it or check it out online. Ill prob check Pans out in the next few days
so...so far the only good movies based on games are the two final fantasys, resident evil series and doa?
no not at all...well one Final Fantasy yes..and Mortal Kombat 1 and 2 but 1 is better...
All of them = crap. Well alright, Advent Children wasn't completely terrible.
I am a fanboy of the films:lol:
I loved them apart from a few things like the dragon fight at the end of the second.
Movies? You mean the ones I download and don't pay for? xD
Don't get me wrong, I'm a FF fanatic, but I have high standards when it comes to the FF franchise. In Spirits Within, the ending was so so. Advent Children was a bit too short to get the full story of post Meteor. On the plus side, probably the best fight sequences ever created.
Movies today are simply theme rehashes and remakes of the movies of yore. Nothing truly original has been released so far and probably never will. Then again after the Transformers movie, my childhood is complete! Except for the "other" scenes.
The best fight sequence ever created was in Bourne Ultimatum..that Final Fantasy fight sequence was exaggerated.


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This topic contains 3 replies, has 4 voices, and was last updated by Anonymous 8 years, 2 months ago.
- AuthorPosts
- September 3, 2009 at 11:14 am #55189
Just been sent this by email. Just goes to show that people do value this website and forum, and do benefit from what we discuss here, even if they don't participate. Nice to know we are doing some good, and that it is appreciated. Mark
Dear Spanish Property Insight,
We have just completed the purchase of a flat in Spain and would just like to thank you for the invaluable information and guidance that your website has provided me with. I have been searching for a property in Spain for nearly two years and have read everything I can spoken to everyone who would talk to me about buying property in Spain. Without doubt your website has been the best guide to what to expect when buying property in Spain.
We have now completed our purchase, paying a price we are happy with and completing the formalities with amazingly few problems. This happy experience I attribute to large to part to following the advice on your website.
Since, you provide your site for free the only return I could think of was few kind words, so please feel free to use any part of my mail in promoting your site.
Once Again Many Thanks
- September 3, 2009 at 4:35 pm #94061
Very gratifying Mark. Well done!
- September 3, 2009 at 6:51 pm #94062
Hi Mark
I too have been a reader of the site for nearly 2 years and have found it an excellent resource for information and advise.
We returned from our normal yearly November visit to the Costa Blanca in 2007, me and the misses go for the Moto GP at Valencia and to get some winter sun with the idea to buy a holiday home one day. We did the normal thing on our return of looking on the web and stumbled on your site very early on, five trips later we found and completed our purchase of a villa on the Benissa coast a month ago using a solicitor recommended on your site who was truly excellent.
I am sure there are more people like us that value and use your site but through reasons of time ect don't make themselves known, so a big thank you and keep up the good work
- September 4, 2009 at 5:27 pm #94072
Hi Mark,
As I run various forums myself, I know only too well that the complaints tend to outnumber the praise by a wide margin, and so it is always nice to get some acknowledgment that your efforts are appreciated. I have personally found this forum very informative and helpful. Many thanks!
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awesommee!! t-swift and kellie r gr8 2gether!
speechless! the best vid ever!
I love all your songs but The Best Days of Your Life is the best. And of course Taylor Swift you rock.
I love your song called the best days of your life you and taylor rock!!!
I love you Kellie Pickler and Taylor swift! you rock
I love this song if i was a country singer i would have made this video the same way i know how you fell kellie
try hader?


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Basal Cell Carcinoma Recurrence
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States,
affecting nearly one million of all Americans. While BCC is rarely mortal, it has
significant associated physical, psychological, and monetary costs to patients such as
disfigurement and sensory loss. Individuals who have been diagnosed with at least one BCC
lesion are likely to be diagnosed with more in the future. Treatment of these lesions and
recurrent physician appointments can be a great inconvenience to patients, resulting in
expenses to patients and loss of work and family time.
The Mohs surgery technique is associated with a low recurrence rate for BCC and is preferred
for higher risk tumors and for tumors in cosmetically sensitive sites on the head and neck.
While recurrence rates of BCC post Mohs are 1-2% for primary basal cells, recent data is not
available to validate this historical assessment. Currently, comprehensive rates of
recurrence are not available because a national registry of recurrence rates for BCC and
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) does not exist.
The purpose of this study is to both historically and prospectively assess current basal
cell carcinoma recurrence rates in patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery.
Observational Model: Cohort, Time Perspective: Prospective
Recurrence of BCC
either after 1 study visit (historical arm), or 3 years (prospective arm)
Murad Alam, MD
Principal Investigator
Northwestern University
United States: Institutional Review Board
May 2008
May 2009
|DuPage Medical Group Dermatology
|Naperville, Illinois 60563
|Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology
|Chicago, Illinois 60611


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Jesse Alamo Hamman
Looking for any information on my grandfather's sister, Jesse Alamo Hamman, b. 14 Nov 1895, d. 29 Dec 1964. She is daughter of Adam Hindman Hamman, sibling of John 'Clem' Hamman, Altha Louella 'Ella' Hamman, Tom Stewart Hamman and Grace Anne Hamman. She is a half sibling to Mattie Leona, Edward, and Addie Mae Hamman. Any info appreciated.. all I have is birth and death dates... no history or locations. Thanks.
Barbara Davis


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Currently 2.67/512345 Rating: 2.7/5 (Total votes: 43)
Rating: 2.7/5 (Total votes: 43)
Turn your phone into a sketchbook!
Paint Pad is a fabulous drawing tool, with 16 simple but useful drawing tools, it discovers and magnifies your creativity! Just draw your mind right on your mobile phone!
Tools including pencil, eraser, spray, zoom, text input, 48 color palette and 3 thickness selections. With the help of handy one step undo and redo fuctions, sketching on mobile is no longer a difficult task. You can even draw geometric diagram easily using the circle, rectangle and straight line tools! Both line mode and filled mode are availbale.
Finding it dull to draw on plain color background? Why not draw on your face? You can draw on images saved in [Gallery] or even a photo taken instantly!
Enjoy the fun of drawing: set your masterpiece as mobile phone wallpaper, send your greetings to your friends via Bluetooth, and print it out through [Gallery].
Apart from having fun, Paint Pad is also good for taking notes! As convenient as having a piece of writing paper, but the difference is, it will not be used up!


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A CAR dealership has had to close after the recession left little demand for luxury motors.
The Paul Cummings dealership, on Peterlee's North West Industrial Estate, opened two-and-a-half years ago, having previously spent five-and-half years trading at Pennywell, in Sunderland.
Mr Cummings, 51, said he was "devastated" at the loss of the dealership and blamed the recession affecting people being able to afford, and get credit for, luxury cars such as Bentleys and Ferraris.
He said: "I just think at this moment in time, luxury cars are costing people a lot of money.
"They struggle to try and keep them going and, in the current climate, with people being laid off and losing jobs, they are not wanting to show or display their wealth by having specialist cars.
"It's purely down to the economic climate.
"We have not gone into receivership. We found it better to close the business down."
Mr Cummings said he will continue trading, under the name PAC Motor Company, but from his home in Tyne and Wear and via a website that will be launched in two weeks.
He appeared in the Echo last year when was selling football legend Sir Bobby Robson's Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph for an undisclosed sum.
Mr Cummings is still in possession of the classic car, and says he has two interested buyers.
At its peak, the dealership had 12 staff, but more recently six people worked at the business and Mr Cummings had to lay them off.
He said: "I'm devastated at the fact we had to close.
"We had a lot of good customers and I've had many phone calls from people saying 'I'm really sorry' and 'where do we go now and get good service?'.
"At the end of the day, the problem I had is there wasn't enough of them to even the books up."
He said he was looking forward to his new web-based venture.
"I'm confident it will succeed," he added. "I have gone back to basics.
"I think the majority of people purchase cars online. The days of having a big garage have been replaced by people researching cars online."
The dealership, which is owned by Mr Cummings, is up for sale. He says he has already received a number of inquiries.


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Discount on Malaysia Airlines Tickets
Malaysia Airlines Tickets and online Check In - EaseMyTrip.com
Malaysia Airlines is the government owned flag carrier airline of Malaysia. Headquartered at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah International Airport, Subang, Selangor, the main hub of this airline is at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Founded as Malaysian Airways in 1947, the airline currently operates with its flights in major part of Asia and Middle East and on the Kangaroo Route between Europe and Australasia. It also operates transpacific flights from Kuala Lumpur to Los Angeles through Tokyo. The airline has fleet size of 102 aircrafts that cover 61 destinations. Anywhere you want to travel, cheapest air tickets are available in Malaysia Airlines. Book Malaysia Airlines Flight Tickets using EaseMyTrip.com


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|via here
Sunday, December 8, 2013
Trim the tree
Here Comes Trouble
by Kelly Reemtsen
More of her work here
Deck the halls and trim the tree. Literally, I trimmed the tree this year.
Where have all the Charlie Brown Christmas trees gone? Every tree on the lot this year….perfectly symmetrical cones of evergreen, no little nooks for hanging ornaments or glimpses of textured bark.
Camellias, I was once told, should be thinned until "you can throw a cat through it." Well, I'm applying the same practice to my tree….except maybe just a hamster.
Trimmed….and trimmed with ornaments.
Despite my efforts, Mischief and Mayhem are much more interested in the train shadowed by our thinned out tree.
Toot toot, Christmas is right around the corner.
Posted by Jennifer C. Webb
Labels: *IN MY HOME, holidays, Kelly Reemsten
5 comments:
- pve design said...
It's perfect. A little plastic surgery of sorts. As my friend says, "I went with bangs rather than botox!" A little trim can take years off~ Your tree looks young and spiffy!
Up early, heading in to NYC to bring our son for ACL surgery....and I found so many great medical illustrations.....wondering of you did some that I found. Snip snip.
- December 9, 2013 at 4:03 AM
- I Dream Of said...
What a sweet tree! It looks lovely - you are a master barber. I hope there are no railway incidents this year! XOXO
- December 9, 2013 at 9:42 AM
- Lissy Parker said...
The thinned out tree looks great—but, the girls steal the show. They are so Very cute! Merry Christmas!
xo, lissy
- December 9, 2013 at 9:59 AM
- Jennifer C. Webb said...
oh no Patricia, many prayers for his speedy recovery
- December 9, 2013 at 10:17 AM
- Jennifer C. Webb said...
oh yes Jeanne, we've already had a derailment to clean up
- December 9, 2013 at 10:17 AM
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Chapter 10 . ACIDS and BASES. PROPERTIES OF ACIDS. All acids contain the element hydrogen in a combined form. HC 2 H 3 O 2 acetic acid (vinegar) HCl hydrochloric acid H 2 SO 4 sulphuric acid All acids have a sour taste. Acids are corrosive (eat away or destroy a substance.).
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
ACIDS and BASES
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
2HCl + CaCO3 CO2 + H2O + CaCl2
Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH


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Check out our Weekly Specials and Coupons for extra discounts!!
Please note: NO Outside Food or Beverages may be
brought into Ozzy's. The only exception is a birthday cake.
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Journal of Paleontology
Article Information
vol. 89 no. 2 360-365
Published By
- Accepted July 17, 2014
Copyright & Usage
Copyright © 2015, The Paleontological Society This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Author Information
View Full Text
- 1 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA, 〈bmacfadd{at}flmnh.ufl.edu%E3%80%89; 〈dsjones{at}flmnh.ufl.edu%E3%80%89; 〈arincon{at}ufl.edu%E3%80%89
- 2 New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, USA, 〈gary.morgan1{at}state.nm.us%E3%80%89


text:
Pinnacle Buttes-- Main Summit and Jules Bowl
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Seen from Pinnacle Butte NW.
Want a thrill? Try climbing that pinnacle on the right. It's one of the many formations here that has been climbed a few times or never at all. Good luck getting to it, though; the other side looks like this one, and the rock is probably too loose for you to protect your climb.
Absaroka Range, WY-- June 2009
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Pinnacle Buttes-- Northwest Peak (Mountain/Rock)
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text:
by Tracee Sioux
It's effective to make some rules when children are still very young to ensure a healthy self-image, including body image.
Most parents forbid name calling when it comes to siblings or friends.
It's appropriate to make the same rule for name calling against themselves.
I punish my children for saying "I'm stupid" and "My legs are fat" the same as I would punish them if they said, "You are stupid" or "Your legs are fat."
Children learn to respect, accept and appreciate their bodies and skills or they learn to self-deprecate.
Respect, acceptance and appreciation doesn't lead to anorexia, self-mutilation or other self-destructive behaviors.
Self-deprecation has been shown lead to self-destructive behavior, depression, low self-worth, drug use and suicide.
Children learn from a Do As I Do as opposed to Do As I Say. Obviously mothers (and fathers) will have to forgo self-deprecation as a form of humor or bonding with other women.
Naomi Wolf said, "The mother who radiates self-love and self-acceptance vaccinates her daughter against low self-esteem."
A woman can not stand in front of the mirror annihilating her body and her reflection and expect her children to have a positive self esteem. That's just not likely to happen.
My daughter holds me to this standard. I've spoken with her about my own accountability in this area. If I cut loose with an, "I am so stupid!" she will call me on it and has actually sent me to "time out."
I did go to time out, because I want her to know that what I did by calling myself a name was very, very wrong. If I refuse to live up to the standard I set for her then essentially, the message is that it's "not really that important."
When I read the statistics about teenage girls that declare that 13% of girls are depressed, 10 million women have an eating disorder, 81% of 10 year olds are afraid of being fat, 42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinner. All because girls never learned to be kind to oneself? I know I must vigilantly teach my daughter how to take care of emotional self and accept and appreciate her body from a very early age. More on Body Image at Empowering Girls: So Sioux Me
All because girls never learned to be kind to oneself?
I know I must vigilantly teach my daughter how to take care of emotional self and accept and appreciate her body from a very early age.
More on Body Image at Empowering Girls: So Sioux Me


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Free Dare2b Junior Ski Jacket set!
We've got lots of Dare2b junior ski jacket and bottoms for 5-10 year olds to give away!* If you place an order with us over 600 euros we'll pop you a set in the post for free. This high quality ski gear will ensure your child is warm and dry on the slopes this winter.
So what are you waiting for? Go on and order today with SkiDiscount.co.uk - remember stock is limited!


text:
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text:
Pipe Dream
A story of two wannabe Schoolies on the Gold Coast during a state-wide crackdown on drugs. The boys stumble upon a stash of "weed", and through the misguidance of an older brother trying to replace his earlier Schoolies experience, they get caught up in the war on drugs waged by the authorities. Selling drugs to earn enough money to replace a broken heirloom they are oblivious to the battle around them. As they are pursued by an overzealous Police Chief and a violent underworld, they aim to be kings and make this the best Schoolies ever.
Genres: Comedy
Actor: Nathan Wright, Chris Schmuttermaier, Robert Griffiths, Mercedes Porter, Darrell Plumridge, Michael Balk, Angela Olyslager, Troy MacKinder, Peter Muir, Amanda McErlean, Jesse Lee Harris, Tamara McLaughlin, Gregory C. Stone, Karen Oinsdale, Emma Randall
Director: Aaron Singfield
Country: Australia


text:
The Sunday Funnies & Factoids
by Keith Lennox, All-len-All, 08/02/15 –
Happy Sunday…. Happy August. I hope you are all having a wonderful day/weekend thus far. Perfect weather up here north of the 49th. So much so that I will hit the deck with my coffee and bagel and cream cheese immediately and just let you get to the factoids and chuckles.
1) In 2001, Pope John Paul II entered and prayed in a mosque and even kissed the Qur'an to improve relations with Islam.
2) 359 years after the Catholic Church forced Galileo Galilei to recant his theory that the Earth moves around the Sun, it declared he was right in 1992.
3) GPS is owned and controlled by the U.S.Government. It can be 'switched off' at any time.
4) Drug lord Pablo Escobar had a prison built to his specifications and to choose his own guards. It featured a soccer field, a giant doll house, a bar, jacuzzi, and a waterfall.
5) Over 1,000,000 Euros are thrown into the Trevi fountain in Rome, Italy every year. The money is used to subsidize a supermarket for the needy.
6) Due to wasabi's high cost, most of the 'wasabi' people eat is actually a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch and green food coloring
7) The burnt remains of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were destroyed in 1970 by order of KGB head Yuri Andropov except for a few fragments of bone and skull, which were rediscovered in 1993. In 2009, DNA testing by University of Connecticut on the fragments confirmed they didn't belong to Hitler or Braun.
8) Coffee loses caffeine as it is roasted, so a dark, "bold" cup of coffee actually has less caffeine than a lighter roast.
9) In 1859, English settler Thomas Austin released only 24 rabbits onto his property in Australia, stating "The introduction of a few rabbits could do little harm and might provide a touch of home, in addition to a spot of hunting." By the 1920's the population of rabbits in Australia reached 10 billion.
10) The Voyager missions were timed to take advantage of a unique planetary arrangement that allowed flight time to Neptune to be reduced from 30 years to 12. This alignment occurs once every 175 years.
11) Clint Eastwood booted Phillip Kaufamn as director of The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and assumed the job himself. In response, the Directors Guild of America created the Eastwood Rule that prohibits an actor or producer from firing the director and then becoming the director himself.
12) Mr. Rogers' parents adopted an African-American teenager named George. Rogers came to consider George his older brother, and George later became an instructor for the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II and also taught Rogers how to fly.
13) Pumpkins, watermelons, avocados, and bananas are all berries while strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries are not.
14) The highest temperature ever recorded in Canada, 45.0°C, is higher than any temperature ever recorded in either Brazil or Thailand.
15) In 2013, a man in Michigan whose house was slated for demolition switched the house numbers with his neighbor so the crew demolished the wrong house. Regardless, the man's plan didn't work for long. Crews returned later to actually tear down the right one.
16) E.T., Blade Runner, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn, Poltergeist, and The Thing were all released on the same month and competed with each other at the box office.
17) James Joyce's grandson, Stephen Joyce, as an executor of his grandfather's estate sued anybody who attempted to write about, quote, recite, display, or perform any of James Joyce's work or personal effects and effectively halted any scholarly research on any of James Joyce's work for decades.
18) The average U.S. wedding now costs $31,213 (excluding the honeymoon).
19) George Foreman was collecting 40% of the profits on each grill sold (earning him $4.5 million a month in payouts at its peak) until they paid him $137 million to buy the rights to use his name.
20) The world's largest swimming pool is in Chile. It's 1,013 m (3,323 ft) long and contains some 250 million litres (66 million US gallons) of seawater.
21) The Nile Crocodile can hold its breath underwater for up to 2 hours while waiting for prey.
22) In 1967, the Nigerian Civil War ground to a halt for two days because both sides wanted to watch soccer player Pele in an exhibition match.
23) When scientist Niels Bohr won the Nobel Prize in 1922, the Carlsberg brewery gave him a perpetual supply of beer piped into his house.
24) German chocolate cake isn't German. It's named for Sam German, an American baker.
25) Mark Twain called The Book of Mormon "Chloroform in Print".
Yowzah… that's it for today…… hope you learned something absolutely useless. Have a great rest of your Sunday and come back next week for a trivia top up.
Until then, stay safe and happy.


text:
Medical Specialty >> Cardiology
Doctors Lounge - Cardiology AnswersBack to Cardiology Answers List
If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately. Doctors Lounge (www.doctorslounge.com) does not recommend or endorse any specific tests, physicians, products, procedures, opinions, or other information that may be mentioned on the Site.
DISCLAIMER: The information provided on www.doctorslounge.com is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Please read our 'Terms and Conditions of Use' carefully before using this site.
Date of last update: 10/20/2017.
Forum Name: Clots & Anticoagulants
Question: Leg Pain & Ultrasound
|Cowboy1978 - Thu Dec 27, 2007 7:58 pm
I had an ultrasound in my left leg today because of some pain I had been having. I believe she called it a Dopplar/Doppler ultrasound. She said that there are no clots in my legs, however, I am still having the pain. The pain I'm feeling is on the back of my knee, and about 5 or 6 inches above that up the back of my thigh. It is worse when I sit down & put pressure on the back of my leg while sitting. Does anyone have any reccomendations? Could it be nerve pain? I first felt the pain when I was laying in bed, so I know it wasn't a muscle injury because I wasn't doing anything. It just kind of started on its own. Please, if you have any ideas or suggestions, I would like to hear about them. Thanks a lot.
|Theresa Jones, RN - Fri Dec 28, 2007 7:04 am
Hi Cowboy1978,
Do you have any swelling, redness or warmth in your left leg? Was the diagnostic doppler ultrasound performed on the entire leg or a specific location?
Theresa Jones, RN
|Cowboy1978 - Fri Dec 28, 2007 11:50 am
There was no redness or swelling or warmth, there was a little bit of tingling & it made it worse if I sat down & Put pressure on the back of my leg where the pain was. They did the ultrasound all over, Between my thigh & Groin, Over my Thigh (inside), & My calf in 2 different spots. They kept having to squeeze my leg in the calf area. The pain is not as bad today but still noticable, it's actually getting better, could it be that I injured it & didn't notice? It did worry me that I was just laying in bed, awake after I had just gone to the restroom, & the pain was appeared out of nowhere. Thank you very much for your response & I hope to hear from you again soon.
|Theresa Jones, RN - Fri Dec 28, 2007 6:39 pm
Hi Cowboy1978,
I am glad to hear that the ultrasound was performed on your groin, thigh, calf, and I hope behind your knee as well. Generally speaking, when a clot is present, there is typically swelling and pain. As the condition worsens, symptoms may include warmth and redness or discoloration. It is certainly possible that you could have unknowingly injured your leg or lower back. That would also produce tingling sensations aside from other symptoms. I am glad to hear there is improvement but if symtoms worsen please notify your physician as a re-evaluation would be recommended. I hope this was helpful. Best wishes!
Theresa Jones, RN
|Cowboy1978 - Sat Dec 29, 2007 6:37 pm
Just to update, I went to the ER again last night. I had more leg pain & hip pain. While I was in the ER I had chest pain. I was in the ER for 9 hours where all they did was run a EKG which came out abnormal & send me home with a copy of it, & told me to bring it to my doctor. No strenuous activity until released by him. I was very unhappy with that so I went to a different ER about 10 minutes down the road & was only there 2 hours. They gave me an aspirin, did an EKG, hooked me up to a heart monitor, did X-rays & took blood. They said I had no clots, did not have a heart attack & no pneumonia so they don't know what is causing the chest pain. They gave me a "GI Coctail" & this helped some but I still had some chest pain. The pain that stayed after I had the medicine was in my upper left chest, like a horizontal line that kept squeezing. I also had residual pain from when the center of my chest was hurting, but it didn't keep on. Is there any suggestions on what this could be? I have never had heart problems before, so this is a little weird & scary for me. I have been advised to see my doctor first thing monday morning & would like to have an Idea of what to expect.
|Theresa Jones, RN - Sun Jan 06, 2008 1:15 pm
Hi cowboy1978,
I certainly hope that you had the abnormal EKG evaluuated by both a Primary Care Physician and a Cardiologist. Sometimes an EKG can appear abnormal and it it be relatively insignificant. By the same token though it should not be brushed off as merely nothing unless it is evaluated by a specialist. Now as far as the chest pain you describe being somewhat relieved with a gi cocktail this indicates a relationship to a gastrointestinal disorder such as GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease). I hope there has been improvement in your symptoms and an evaluation has been completed.
Theresa Jones, RN
|Cowboy1978 - Mon Jan 07, 2008 1:50 pm
Well, I have an appointment with a cardiologist tomorrow morning actually. My primary physician did take a look at the EKG & said he doesn't see anything 'too abnormal' & referred me to the cardiologist just incase. I haven't really felt any pains except for a slight pinching in my chest. This happened before this episode at the ER though, & I'm watching it carefully.
|Cowboy1978 - Tue Jan 08, 2008 2:13 pm
I went to the cardiologist this morning. I had an ultrasound on my heart he said was normal, & said the abnormal EKG wasn't really that abnormal. I am a little frustrated with the pain still being there though. This pain is goes up from the lower center of my chest, up my left chest muscle, kind of up into my shoulder. It's kind of like this /(the direction it goes). It comes & goes, actually it's rather short when it happens like 2 or 3 seconds. It's really frustrating me because they are brushing everything off when I STILL have pain. Shouldn't that be something to consider? Isn't pain a 'sign'?
|Theresa Jones, RN - Wed Jan 09, 2008 9:44 am
Hi Cowboy1978,
We would very much appreciate an update when your time permits.
Theresa Jones, RN
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Leadership Certificate: Strategic Communications
NEW Class Dates: April 11 & 13, 2017.
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Gaining these essential skills will help you gain confidence and credibility in your role, and ensure that your constituencies will be well informed and engaged in your organization's efforts.
Course Schedule and Descriptions
Courses are offered on the following days and times. If you have any questions about the curriculum, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Additional Course Descriptions here.
Seminar 1: Communication Planning and Content Creation for Public Organizations
April 11 9:30 am - 12 noon
Communication is essential to nearly everything your municipality or nonprofit organization undertakes. This hands-on workshop takes participants through the steps of developing a communication plan for any type of activity, from setting goals and identifying key audiences and messages, to selecting tactics and establishing timelines and budgets. Working in teams, participants will develop communication plans for real initiatives.
Seminar 2: Digital Communications and Social Media
April 11 12:30 pm - 3:00 pm
Facebook, Twitter, Vimeo, Pinterest - the social media options available are overwhelming! But which platform is best for your organizations and which can meet your communications needs? This course will review how the right social media tools can be used in community engagement and public relations. The course materials include a toolkit for getting started with social media for personal and municipal use. Tips on setting a social media policy for your municipal employees will also be discussed.
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April 13 9:30 am - 12 noon
The news media can be a valuable conduit of important information to your key audiences. But working with the media can be challenging, as any public official knows. This workshop will discuss strategies for promoting "good" news and dealing with "bad" news; using social media vs. traditional media; developing productive relationships with reporters; the difference between hype and news; and the pros and cons of press conferences.
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Getting key messages and critical information out before, during, and after an emergency presents many challenges. To be prepared for such challenges, public organizations need to prepare an Emergency Communications Plan (ECP) that describes how the organization will respond to an incident and how information is shared with constituents. This course will walk through the steps of establishing a communications protocol, preparing a written plan, developing strategies for using traditional and digital media, and reviewing processes.
Additional Course Description and instructor bios available. Please email questions to: firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Participants must complete the four seminars to earn a Rutgers Leadership Certificate in Communications.
Call 732-932-6998, ext. 603 or email email@example.com for more information.


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|19 Apr 2014
Let's try this, download the attached zip file, it has the cmd.exe from my PC. Go to C:\Windows\System32 and put the unzipped file in that folder, reboot and test.
Attachment 314481
|My System Specs
|19 Apr 2014
Let's try this, download the attached zip file, it has the cmd.exe from my PC. Go to C:\Windows\System32 and put the unzipped file in that folder, reboot and test.
Attachment 314481
|My System Specs
|19 Apr 2014
Windows 7 Ultimate X64 SP1
Good, glad to help.
(I didn't know for sure if your system would accept the file, I learned something too.)
|My System Specs
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