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ETHNONYMS: Jāṭ, Jaṭ
Identification and Location. Primarily endogamous communities calling themselves and known as Jat live predominantly in large parts of northern and northwestern India and in southern and eastern Pakistan, as sedentary farmers and/or mobile pastoralists. In certain areas they tend to call themselves Baluch, Pathan, or Rajput, rather than Jat. Most of these communities are integrated as a caste into the locally prevalent caste system. In the past three decades increasing population pressure on land has led to large-scale emigration of the peasant Jat, especially from India, to North America, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, and more recently the Middle East. Some maintain that the sedentary farming Jat and the nomadic pastoral Jat are of entirely different origins; others believe that the two groups are of the same stock but that they developed different life-styles over the centuries. Neither the farmers nor the pastoralists are, however, to be confused with other distinct communities of peripatetic peddlers, artisans, and entertainers designated in Afghanistan by the blanket terms "Jat" or Jaṭ; the latter terms are considered pejorative, and they are rejected as ethnonyms by these peripatetic communities. In Pakistan also, among the Baluchi- and Pashto-speaking populations, the terms were, and to a certain extent still are, used to indicate contempt and lower social status.
Demography. No reliable figures are available for recent years. In 1931 the population of all sedentary and farming Jat was estimated at 8,377,819; in the early 1960s 8,000,000 was the estimate for Pakistan alone. Today the entire Jat population consists of several million more than that.
Linguistic Affiliation. All Jat speak languages and dialects that are closely connected with other locally spoken languages of the Indo-Iranian Group. Three alphabets are used, depending primarily on religion but partly on locality: the Arabic-derived Urdu one is used by Muslims, while Sikhs and Hindus use the Gurmukhi (Punjabi) and the Devanagari (Hindi) scripts, respectively.
History and Cultural Relations
Little is known about the early history of the Jat, although several theories were advanced by various scholars over the last 100 years. While some authors argue that they are descendants of the first Indo-Aryans, others suggest that they are of Indo-Scythian stock and entered India toward the beginning of the Christian era. These authors also point to some cultural similarities between the Jat and certain other major communities of the area, such as the Gujar, the Ahir, and the Rajput, about whose origins similar theories have been suggested. In fact, among both Muslims and Sikhs the Jat and the Rajput castes enjoy almost equal status—partly because of the basic egalitarian ideology enjoined by both religions, but mainly because of the similar political and economic power held by both communities. Also Hindu Jat consider the Gujar and Ahir as allied castes; except for the rule of caste endogamy, there are no caste restrictions between these three communities. In other scholarly debates about the origins of the Jat, attempts have been made to identify them with the Jarttikā, referred to in the Hindu epic the Mahābhārata. Some still maintain that the people Arab historians referred to as the ZuṠṠ, and who were taken as prisoners in the eighth century from Sindh in present-day southern Pakistan to southern Iraq, were actually buffalo-herding Jat, or were at least known as such in their place of origin. In the seventeenth century a (Hindu) kingdom was established in the area of Bharatpur and Dholpur (Rajasthan) in northern India; it was the outcome of many centuries of rebellion against the Mogul Empire, and it lasted till 1826, when it was defeated by the forces of the British East India Company. Farther north, in the Punjab, in the early years of the eighteenth century, Jat (mainly Sikh) organized peasant uprisings against the predominantly Muslim landed gentry; subsequently, with the invasion of the area—first by the Persian King Nadir Shah and then by the Afghan Ahmad Shah Abdali—they controlled a major part of the area through close-knit bands of armed marauders operating under the leadership of the landowning chiefs of well-defined territories. Because of their martial traditions, the Jat, together with certain other communities, were classified by British administrators of imperial India as a "martial race," and this term had certain long-lasting effects. One was their large-scale recruitment into the British-Indian army, and to this day a very large number of Jat are soldiers in the Indian army. Many Sikh Jat in the Indian part of Punjab are involved in the current movement for the creation of an autonomous Khalistan.
The Jat as a whole are predominantly rural. Depending on whether they are sedentary or nomadic, the Jat of various regions live in permanent villages or temporary camps. Over the last 200 years there has been increasing sedentarization of nomadic Jat; this trend began in the last decades of the eighteenth century when many pastoralists settled in the central Punjab under the auspices of Sikh rule there, and it continued over a very large area with the expansion of irrigation in British imperial times. With the consequent expansion of cultivation all these pastoralists are facing increasing difficulties in finding grazing lands for their herds. The buffalo breeders face the maximum difficulties in this respect, since their animals need to be grazed in areas with plentiful water, and these are precisely the areas in which agriculture has expanded most. They still live in the moist region of the Indus Delta, but many have had to settle permanently. Formerly the camel breeders migrated over larger areas, but increasingly they are restricted to the delta region of the Indus River, the desert areas of the Thar and the Thal, and the semideserts stretching west of the Indus to Makran and Baluchistan. The camel drivers were, at least a few decades ago, fairly widespread in most parts of Sindh and the western Punjab, and Kachchh. While in some less densely populated areas each Jat clan has a compact geographic area of its own, elsewhere several clans may inhabit the same village. Most Jat peasants live in flatroofed houses made of baked or unbaked bricks in large compact villages, with few open spaces within the inhabited area; all villages have cattle sheds, village commons, and wells or ponds. Depending on the region and the precise community, Jat nomadic pastoralists use a variety of huts, mostly made of reed mats and wood, that are fairly easy to dismantle. The reed mats are woven by the women.
Subsistence and Commercial Activities. The mainstay of sedentary Jat economy is and has always been agriculture, and there are several proverbs and sayings in local languages that emphasize both the skill and industry of the Jat peasant, as well as the traditional attachment of this community to the soil. Cereals such as wheat, maize, and types of millet, as well as pulses and the cash crop sugarcane, are grown by Jat cultivators; in certain areas they increasingly grow fruits and vegetables also. In most areas of India where the Jat farmers live cultivation is now fairly mechanized, but in some areas the plow is drawn by oxen and harvesting is done by hand. Most crops are grown both for subsistence and for commerce. In addition to land the peasant Jat own water buffalo and cows for milk; male buffalo are often used for carrying loads. Milk is for household consumption and is not generally sold. The cattle are grazed on the village commons. The pastoral Jat consist of three distinct groups of water buffalo breeders, camel breeders, and camel drivers (often known as Mir-Jat, rather than simply Jat). The buffalo breeders sell their herd animals for slaughter or as draft animals, especially for the Persian wheel; they also sell excess butterfat but never sell milk. The camel breeders do sell milk, but their main income is from the sale of young male camels, which are much in demand for purposes of transport. The camel drivers hire themselves out with their trained animals, either working for a fee or for a share of the profit. In many areas where former pastureland has come under the plow, due to irrigation facilities, they are obliged to ask local farmers for the rights to graze their herds on their lands; in return they often have to give their labor during the harvest. The women of the pastoral Jat of the north also sell mats and ropes made from the leaves of dwarf palms. The army has been a major source of income for the peasant Jat since the late nineteenth century, and in recent decades many Sikh Jat are in the motorized transport business. Remittances from Jat immigrants in North America and elsewhere also contribute much to the income of a very large proportion of the population.
Industrial Arts and Division of Labor. Among the agricultural Jat, traditionally only the men work in the fields, while the women are entirely responsible for the household. In recent times more prosperous families hire non-Jat, primarily landless labor from other regions, as farmhands, partly as full-time workers but especially as part-time workers in peak seasons. Among the buffalo-breeding nomads, the men graze and milk their animals, and they sell these animals and their butterfat. Their women prepare milk products and do all the housework—cooking, cleaning, fetching water and fuel, rearing the children, sewing and embroidering all textiles for household use, and weaving the reed mats for their huts. Among the camel breeders all work connected with the animals is carried out by the men—grazing the herds, milking, shearing, spinning and weaving the camel's wool into coarse blankets and bags, and selling animals. Household work is done by the women, and encompasses the same tasks as among the buffalo breeders. No food products are made from camel's milk, and in the months when the milk is plentiful enough to provide sole subsistence, little or no cooking is done.
Land Tenure. The landowners of a village stand collectively for the entire land of the village, but within the village each individual head of household has discrete rights within the various lineage segments. Generally, all landowners in a village are descended from a common ancestor who founded the village; his ownership of all the village lands is never forgotten, and by this token all individuated rights are successive restrictions of more general rights, applicable at all levels of genealogical segmentation. Common land is that which has not been brought under cultivation.
Kinship, Marriage, and Family
Kin Groups and Descent. All Jat are divided into several large, usually dispersed clans, whose localized segments are often geographically compact, but among peasants they are sometimes equally dispersed, due to the population pressure on land. Most clans are de facto maximal lineages, which are further segmented; among Jat peasants this segmentation takes place at four broad levels. The minimal lineage is composed of a group of households, which had formed a single household two or three generations previously; they may still share a common courtyard and have joint rights to a well.
Marriage. While among Muslim Jat the practice of exchange marriage takes place at various levels of lineage organization, among Hindu and Sikh Jat no such exchange marriages are allowed, and the rule of exogamy is such that a man may not marry a woman who has any of her four grandparental clans in common with his. Polygyny is allowed though not common, and the custom of adelphic polyandry, or the sexual access by an unmarried man to his brother's wife—which was often practiced by at least non-Muslim peasant Jat, in order to prevent further fragmentation of land—has declined in recent decades. Among all Jat, widow remarriage is permitted; either levirate is required or a widow is not allowed to remarry outside the maximal lineage, especially when she has children by her late husband. The practice of female infanticide, also known among the peasants, has dropped sharply. A woman's relationship with her husband's kin is organized according to a basic pattern of avoidance with seniors and of joking with those younger than the husband. Brothers share a common duty toward their sisters and their children.
Domestic Unit. Most Jat peasant households consist of lineal joint families, with the parents and one married son; many units are nuclear and some are collateral-joint, with two married brothers and their offspring living together. Among nomadic Jat the nuclear family and the lineal joint family are the most common domestic units.
Inheritance. Among those with land, all sons inherit equal shares in terms of both quantity and quality. Formerly, a man's wives shared equally on behalf of their sons, irrespective of the number of sons each had. Although in theory inheritance of land follows a strictly agnatic principle and daughters and sisters do not inherit, daughters' sons have been observed de facto to be among the inheritors in many cases.
Sociopolitical Organization
Social and Political Organization. All Jat are divided into patricLans; among the sedentary communities, each of these has a hereditary headman. By and large, the villages in which Jat farmers live, together with non-Jat, are under the jurisdiction of a clan council, and this council, of which every clan headman is a member, is the decision-making unit at the community level. Traditionally in these villages Jat farmers were integrated as patrons into the patron-client system prevalent in the area. Their clients were members of various service castes; however, this system has largely broken down today. Wealthy Jat landowners have entered local, regional, and even national politics since the beginning of this century, and in many areas they are still active as influential representatives of farmers and rural folk in general. Among the pastoral Jat of the Indus Delta, the clans are organized on the hierarchical principle of age, with the oldest man of the oldest lineage being at the head of the pyramid, followed by the eldest men of the younger lineages. Institutionalized authority over this entire group rests not with a Jat but with a Karmati-Baluch.
Conflict. A frequent source of conflict within the minimal lineage is land; such conflicts often take place between agnatic collaterals, since their lands usually border each other. Factional conflict is fairly common at a broader level.
Religion and Expressive Culture
Religious Beliefs and Ceremonies. A Jat can be Hindu, Muslim, or Sikh, and in 1931 over 50 percent of the entire Sikh population was constituted by Jat. Many ceremonies, especially those accompanying the rites of passage, are common to all Jat, irrespective of religious denomination. Among Hindu Jat there are in addition numerous local or more widely prevalent religious beliefs and observances. These include knowledge of certain but by no means all major mythological figures (gods and goddesses) of the Sanskritic tradition and the celebration of several festivals, both seasonal and annual, both of the all-Indian Hindu Great Tradition and of the localized Little Tradition. The Muslim Jat populations have a strong tradition of venerating a large number of local saints (pīr ). Although most are officially Sunni, they have a large number of Shia traditions, and one group of Jat are Ismaelis. Till recently Sikh Jat, though very conscious of their distinct religious identity, were not very meticulous in their observance of the precepts of Sikhism. Most of them still observe Hindu marriage rites and till recently followed Hindu funeral customs; the majority also employed Brahmans as family priests. In most villages inhabited by Sikh Jat there is the shrine of a Sikh martyr of old that acts as an ancestral focus for the minimal lineage. Various supernatural beings play a role in Jat life and are common to most Jat irrespective of creed; belief in many of them is widespread in the region as a whole.
Arts. The women of the nomadic Jat are very skilled in needlework and embroider various textiles using threads of many colors in the delta region but mainly black and red in the north; tiny pieces of mirror are also used to decorate these textiles.
Death and Afterlife. Jat hold conflicting views on life after death. Some believe in the traditional Hindu concept of rebirth, others believe in going to Hell or Heaven, but many believe that there is no existence after death and that there is no form of life besides the present one on Earth.
See also Ahir; Baluchi; Gujar; Pathan; Punjabi; Rajput; Sikh
Hershman, Paul (1981). Punjabi Kinship and Marriage. Delhi: Hindustan.
Kessinger, Tom G. (1974). Vilayatpur, 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in a North Indian Village. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lewis, Oscar (1958). Village Life in Northern India. New York: Random House.
Pettigrew, Joyce (1975). Robber Noblemen: A Study of the Political System of the Sikh Jats. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Pradhan, M. C. (1966). The Political System of the Jats of Northern India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.
Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid, and Heinz Westphal (1968). Zur Geschichte und Kultur der ]at. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
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Mount Greylock boys roll to win over Frontier in Western Mass. opener
WILLIAMSTOWN >> Mount Greylock showed off its balanced offensive attack on Tuesday and cruised into the Western Mass. Division III quarterfinals with a 64-42 victory over Frontier Regional School in first-round action.
Three Mount Greylock players scored 15 points or more as the Red Hawks' defenders were never able to key in on any one player while trying to defend. Add to that the dominance in the paint by the sixth-seeded Mounties and it was the perfect formula for a game that saw Mount Greylock up by double digits for much of the final three quarters.
"We were getting balanced scoring," Mount Greylock coach Bob Thistle said. "It's one thing when one guy scores, but that makes you easier to defend. We had Pat Storie, Sean McCormack and Zach Ronnow all with 15-or-more points, and also an unsung hero was our point guard Sam Dils, who had eight points. Any time you can get eight points from your point guard and also have him facilitate the offense, that's really great."
The Mounties (15-6 overall) took control of the game in the second quarter as they outscored 11th-seeded Frontier, 19-9, to take a 35-22 lead into the break. The Mounties held Frontier scoreless for nearly 5 minutes in that frame, and led by as many as 17 points in the quarter.
"We knew coming into the game, and we talked about this in our pregame and during timeouts, that our defensive transition was going to be key for us," Frontier coach Ben Barshefsky said. "And also controlling the defensive glass. And we struggled with both of those things tonight, especially in the second quarter. (Mount Greylock) was just brutal on the offensive boards all night and we just had a tough time matching their strength and intensity."
Mount Greylock made sure that Frontier had no ideas of a comeback in the third quarter, as the hosts rattled off the first four points and continued to play tough defense, limiting Frontier to just 10 points in the frame to take a 53-32 lead into the fourth. By then, it was only a matter of what the final score would be. Both teams emptied their benches with plenty of time to go.
Mount Greylock advances to take on third-seeded Palmer High School Friday night in Palmer.
While the Mounties did much of their offensive damage inside the paint, they also had their outside shooting game working, draining eight 3-pointers in the win. Storie (16 points) had three of those, while Dils (8 points) had two, and even the 6-foot-5 Ronnow (15 points) had one, much to the delight of the raucous Mount Greylock crowd. McCormack did not have a 3, but made seven field goals to finish with a team-high 17 points.
Justin Farrick finished with a team-high 17 points in his final game for Frontier, while Myles Freeman added 10. Evan Bourque, another senior, added 9 points, and Trevor Gilmore tossed in 5.
Farrick 7-3-17, Freeman 4-2-10, Bourque 2-3-9, Gilmore 2-0-5, Walker 0-1-1, Warren 0-0-0, Lowe 0-0-0, Evans 0-0-0, Spencer 0-0-0, Muzyka 0-0-0, Parsons 0-0-0, Litskoski 0-0-0, Husted 0-0-0. Totals 15-9-42.
McCormack 7-3-17, Storie 6-1-16, Z. Ronnow 7-0-15, Dils 3-0-8, Foehl 1-0-3, A. Ronnow 1-0-3, Backiel 0-2-2, Joy 0-0-0, Filson 0-0-0, Condon 0-0-0, Hadley 0-0-0. Totals: 25-6-64.
3-point goals — F 3 (Bourque 2, Gilmore), MG 8 (Storie 3, Dils 2, Z. Ronnow, A. Ronnow, Foehl).
If you'd like to leave a comment (or a tip or a question) about this story with the editors, please email us. We also welcome letters to the editor for publication; you can do that by filling out our letters form and submitting it to the newsroom.

subset: commoncrawl


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A Board of Governors, comprised of leaders in the Chicago-area philanthropic, business and golf communities, governs The First Tee of Greater Chicago.
Honorary Chairman: Luke Donald, PGA TOUR Professional
President: Patrick Goss, PGA – Northwestern University
Vice President: Vicki Bednar, Motorola Solutions
Secretary: Derek Linde, Illinois Tool Works
Treasurer: Ron Pullie, Allstate
Mike Affeldt, Hewlett-Packard
Mike Castleforte, Vistria Group
Bill Daniels, Founder – GolfChicago! Magazine
Sidney Dillard, Loop Capital
Stephanie Greisch, Northern Trust
Rick Kaye, Adam Don Foundation
Josh Lesnik, KemperSports
Thad Malik, Paul Hastings
Chris Merrill, Harrison St. Real Estate Capital
Bill O'Neil, Winston & Strawn
Todd Simpson – Goldman Sachs
Peter Spingola, Chapman Spingola LLP
Jim Stadler – Shafer | Condon | Carter
Chris Tierney, PricewaterhouseCoopers
Honorary Member (Past President): Bruce Patterson, PGA
The First Tee National Trustee: Tim Mullen
Honorary Ambassador: Chip Beck, Champions Tour Professional
Honorary Ambassador: Jeff Sluman, Champions Tour Professional
Honorary Ambassador: Mark Wilson, PGA TOUR Professional


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Naomi Campbell accepted a late-night gift of diamonds Charles Taylor had promised her over dinner and boasted about it the next day, actress Mia Farrow and the supermodel's ex-agent told judges Monday.
Farrow and Campbell's then agent, Carole White, both contradicted the model's own evidence to the Liberian ex-president's war crimes trial that she did not know who sent the parcel of gems.
According to White, Campbell and Taylor had flirted throughout a charity dinner hosted by South Africa's then president Nelson Mandela in September 1997.
At one point, "she told me: 'he is going to give me some diamonds'," White said. "She was very excited."
Taylor, seated near the model at the dinner, "was agreeing there was something, a gift coming of diamonds. He was smiling and nodding in agreement," White said.
After dinner, Campbell discussed with Taylor and two other men "how to get the diamonds to Naomi", and two men arrived later that night at the guesthouse where the model and her agent were staying.
"They took out a quite scruffy paper and handed it to Ms Campbell and said: 'These are the diamonds'," White testified. "She showed it to me. She was quite disappointed because they were not shiny."
White said there were about six rough stones.
Prosecutors are trying to link the gift to Taylor, whom they accuse of having taken a consignment of uncut diamonds to South Africa "to sell... or exchange them for weapons" for Sierra Leone rebels.
Taylor, 62, is on trial for his alleged role in the 1991-2001 Sierra Leone civil war that claimed some 120,000 lives.
He is accused of receiving illegally mined "blood diamonds" for arming rebels who murdered, raped and maimed Sierra Leone civilians, amputating their limbs and carving initials on their bodies.
Campbell had told judges that two men brought a pouch containing two or three "dirty-looking stones" to her bedroom at the presidential guesthouse in Pretoria.
She said she did not know who the gift came from, but "assumed" it was from Taylor. She insisted White was not present.
Farrow, also called by the prosecution to testify about the gift, said that Campbell had named Taylor as the man who sent her a "huge diamond".
"She said that in the night she had been awakened. Some men were knocking at her door. They were sent by Charles Taylor and they had given her a huge diamond," Farrow said, recalling Campbell's story to breakfast guests the following morning.
"She said it came from Charles Taylor."
Farrow said Campbell was smiling and "seemed excited, happy" and told the group of the gift "before she even sat down".
The model announced that she intended to give the diamonds to a Nelson Mandela children's charity, the actress added.
About Taylor, she added: "If indeed he is guilty of the crimes he is accused of, I am gratified that he is involved in (this) procedure."
Taylor's lawyer Courtenay Griffiths sought to discredit both women, saying White had a "very powerful motive for lying against Ms Campbell" -- citing a lawsuit she had brought against the model for breach of contract.
At a lunchtime press conference, Griffiths added that Farrow was either "lying or totally mistaken".
"Mia Farrow sees herself as the modern-day Mother Theresa to Africa," he said. "She does not have an open mind so far as Charles Taylor is concerned. She is looking for sainthood."
Jeremy Ratcliffe, a former director of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, has since confirmed that Campbell gave him stones which he handed to police last Thursday and have now been confirmed to be rough diamonds.


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We'll be driving from Philadelphia wrapping up our NYC/Philly trip & hope to get into Brooklyn by 1:30. Our flight is at 5:00 & we need to fill gas before our rental return. Add to this, I'd like to take the kids briefly around Ave Z & Ocean Pkwy where I lived & attended jr. High. Dad worked at Coney Island Hospital. If none of these are doable, please suggest alternative.
Appreciate your help.
Edited to add: this is for tomorrow
Brennan & Carr
3432 Nostrand Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11229


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Dutchess Auto Body & Service
Review for Dutchess Auto Body & Service
Tony V. on 09/10/2012
Spoke with Sharon. She said everything was good. She said she has all of her vehicles serviced at this business and they always do a good job. The business is very friendly and professional. She has no complaints.
Vehicle: Volkswagen Golf
Category: Service
Service Date: 09/05/2012
Review Created: 09/10/2012
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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The National Women's Soccer League debuted this weekend hoping to avoid the failures of two previous American pro leagues and fortify domestic players with Canada hosting the women's World Cup in 2015.
This time, the NWSL is buoyed by financial and tactical help from the US, Canadian and Mexican soccer associations.
The North American national teams are sending their top players to join the league. The associations are also paying their salaries, which range in the league from $6,000 to about $30,000 annually.
"US Soccer, the Mexican federation and the Canadian federation have all stepped in to fund their players, and I think that that is going to make the biggest difference to cut the biggest overhead, which is the players' salaries," American forward Abby Wambach told The Guardian.
"Hopefully the federations will do it until it is necessary."
She's hopeful because of the short-lived existence of the WUSA and WPS, two women's leagues that folded in the past 15 years; they played just three seasons each.
The strategy this time is modest, with just eight teams and 22 games over 5 ½ months.
"As far as goals, we want to create a sustainable league and put down roots," NWSL executive director Cheryl Bailey told ESPN.
"We have a proven platform with players who can compete on the highest level. We want to grow this game, and we've seen growth from all three federations and in the leagues before us."
All games are available for live-streaming online.
The founding clubs are the Boston Breakers, Chicago Red Stars, FC Kansas City, Portland Thorns FC, Sky Blue FC (New York/New Jersey), Seattle Reign FC, the Washington Spirit and the Western New York Flash.
Seattle, Portland and Kansas City are all new franchises while the others played in Women's Professional Soccer.
Initial fan reaction appears mixed.
Portland sold 7,000 season tickets before the season began and is owned by the Major League Soccer's Portland Timbers.
Other teams have already downgraded their stadiums to smaller parks.
So is this going to work?
"I get asked that question a lot: Is this the last chance for professional women's soccer?" Breakers general manager Lee Billiard told the Boston Globe. "I always give the same answer. It's going to work."


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Doug's Photo Blog
An offering of images from Charleston, South Carolina, and travels elsewhere.
Thursday, May 10, 2012
Colonial Lake
Tall Walker, Colonial Lake, Charleston, SC © Doug Hickok All Rights Reserved
(Click on image for larger view)
To continue park week, the narrow greenspace and walkway around Colonial Park offers a perfect setting for walkers and runners who seek the pleasant evening air at sundown. Large oak trees and palmettos frame Charleston single houses which line the lake.
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Veteran journalist and writer Sam Mwaka-Karama's book The Water Trap concerns the attempts of local government in Uganda and other bodies, such as European engineering firms and contractors, to deliver basic running water resources to the people of Gulu Province and elsewhere. The book is over a decade old, but Sam has re-issued it occasionally with updates.
I consider Sam a good friend whom I hope to meet one day, and a valuable and erudite contact whose views on literature and culture sometimes surprise me and always enlighten.
Here are some of Sam's thoughts on where things stand today since he published his exposé.
Nearly all the book's suggested solutions have become areas of national policy shifts - for example, parliamentary and local government electoral seats were MULTIPLIED by government's creation of several smaller districts throughout the various regions of Uganda.
Not only that, the Lake Victoria Basin problems among largely disagreeable country beneficiary referral members have become easier to handle. Ordinarily, people can now pull water from the lake and therefore, the Nile River without being dressed-down by observer organisations who [usually] view the waters as shared international resources and are watchdogging the Basin.
Mwaka-Karama had highlighted not only bureaucratic ineptitude, but issues such as water diversion projects which inadvertently resulted in drought in one area that rarely suffered drought, and a new route for what had been a natural waterway being unsuitable, resulting in stagnant oxbows, changed ecosystems and a lack of infrastructure to capitalise on these same new water routes in the way that had been anticipated and planned, before the new waterways dried up to nothing. It's an interesting read, and Sam sometimes writes like a Ugandan Michael Moore in highlighting ridiculous red tape or stalled projects.
The Water Trap features images, for instance, that show up the construction of treatment facilities and irrigation systems that now sit entirely fallow, waiting for water that has disappeared.
The entire book has had such impact on Uganda Government, to the point it triggered the expanding of the major districts like Gulu as fragmentized to become a subregion with numerous municipalities.
It serves as a nice template for what not to do in terms of international collaboration with government too – whether NGO or private industry.
I was like, if we highlighted this factor... it then should interest researchers - to find out how Uganda Government responded to the points of contention critically discussed in the book.
However Africa is perrenially a study area for a whole lot of students and researchers abroad... my type of non-fiction has that basic information they need.
The Water Trap also covers other subjects of concern, such as the poor hygiene standards in Uganda's public hospitals and health centres.
Today – although available to write, consult and chat – Sam has pulled back from active journalism and urban life, returning to his home village to build a retirement nest.
Today – although available to write, consult and chat – Sam has pulled back from active journalism and urban life, returning to his home village to build a retirement nest.
A few months ago, he apologised for his inability to contact me more frequently from an Internet café, as he was in the process of constructing his home with his bare hands alongside construction workers, making a tech-friendly home in the most sustainable of ways. He admits too that speaking truth to power through his journalism has caused some problems for him. But he is keen to return to a life of reading and academia.
It is only that I am now living in the village and I just moved into my house - I am in the bedroom while I work on the living room - after that I think solar paneling and gadgets will place me back on net from the village - I am getting there..
Public life in as far as politics is concerned was not so good for me beyond mild writing – power is a nasty business. I discovered that a spirituality flew me around and often dropped me in very uncomfortable places and, now I think my life is worth something - having traveled a bit and also gotten involved in some adventures and escapades. If I stick to books I am ok... I also want to find a tunnel into campus, better there I think than anywhere else too.
You can find Sam on LinkedIn and Twitter. His book, The Water Trap, is available on Amazon.
You can find Sam on LinkedIn and Twitter. His book, The Water Trap, is available on Amazon.


text:
It's a running joke on my team that I have a strange obsession with organization, documented processes, folder structure, and naming conventions. I maintain that a well-established system for any collaborative team helps prevent unnecessary mistakes and helps ensure a project run smoothly. I definitely play along with the jokes (because it IS a pretty strange obsession) but taking the time to establish and maintain any kind of system or process will help your team out in the long run.
Naming Project Files
I could write a book on all of the benefits of a sensible organization system (now THERE'S an idea!) but for now, I'll just focus on naming conventions. How you choose to name your project files depends on your team's needs. Even how you treat the actual text in the file name could impact the usability of your naming conventions.
If you have multiple people working on a project, perhaps you should include the author's initials in the file name.
A versioning system could work if you decide to take the project in a new direction and you need to indicate when you changed directions.
orientation script V2
orientation module 1 V2.1
I once worked for a team that created training for many IT systems that all had their own three letter acronym used as a nickname for the project. Each file started with that three letter acronym as a prefix for every file name. This system made it easy to jump right to the files you needed.
Whatever naming conventions you incorporate into your project files, you need to keep them simple, communicate what they are to your team, and use them!
Naming Project Elements
Another place where having a solid naming convention is within an actual eLearning project. Whether you're using Captivate, Storyline, Camtasia, or one of the many other tools on the market, your final project will likely have an extensive library of elements. If you name these elements, you will not have to sort through 20 generically named "Smart Shapes" on a slide.
I'm going to take a closer look at utilizing naming conventions within Captivate, but the rules apply to any piece of software you use.
Naming Slides
The first thing you should get in the habit of naming is your actual slides. Slide names can be used to easily locate a slide or the beginning of a section. You can name a slide to remind you to hide or delete the slide before publishing. If you name a slide and then duplicate that slide, the slide name is also duplicated.
You can name the slides in the Properties panel (Image 1).
The names will appear below each slide's thumbnail in your Filmstrip view (Image 2).
If your project will include any type of branching, naming your slides is essential. Instead of having a long list of generic slide names to choose from, you can quickly find the exact slide you need (Image 3). Plus, naming your slides and objects will make it easier for you to make sure your project meets 508 and W3C standards.
Naming Objects
Now let's take a look at naming the objects on your slides. Captivate automatically creates a unique name for every object in a project, but if you've got 20 objects on a slide, these "unique" names aren't really unique anymore. Check out this post on Advanced Actions, which also addresses naming objects in Captivate.
You can easily name all of the objects on your slide, but it's important to know a couple things. The object names cannot have any spaces in them. Captivate will automatically add underscores as spaces. If you duplicate an object, Captivate will treat the object name like the default name, meaning the underscore and a number will be added for you. Just like with the slide names, object names are also added in the Properties panel.
If you have objects that are part of a group, try and name those objects with a similar pattern so you can easily spot them in your Timeline. For one of my projects, I used an image with an invisible button on top, which I changed to a visited version of the image after the button was clicked (Image 5). I grouped each element on the timeline together, using a repeatable naming convention.
Advanced Actions and Variables
The final area where a naming convention needs to be established is the most important to master: Advanced Actions and Variables. These features are driven by how things are named, and if they're not used correctly, your actions could break. In addition, Variables and Advanced Actions aren't the easiest to clean up or edit after the fact. If you are planning on using Variables and Advanced Actions, a little planning goes a long way.
For the previous example, I created a custom Variable for each of the interactions. My Variable followed the same naming convention. You'll notice that the names weren't 100% the same. I used Mailboxes for the objects and Mail for the Variable. It wasn't hard to make the connection, but it could be very easy to confuse yourself simply by how you named things.
I will be the first to say that I have made a LOT of mistakes when it comes to naming objects, Variables, and Advanced Actions. I've named and renamed things because I realized my system wasn't lining up. I can also recount a couple occasions where I was giving a colleague a tour of a module, tried to explain a naming convention, and things weren't making sense. I couldn't remember why I named things the way I did, which probably means I made it way more complicated than it needed to be. Take it from me: Keep it Simple.
Do you have a naming convention that you rely on for projects? What's the biggest lesson you learned when trying to keep things organized? I'd love to hear from you because I know there's always another way. Let us know in the comments below!


text:
Your Moment Of Zen
Here's your President on the 36th anniversary of the Roe v. Wade decision:
On the 36th anniversary of Roe v. Wade, we are reminded that this decision not only protects women's health and reproductive freedom, but stands for a broader principle: that government should not intrude on our most private family matters. I remain committed to protecting a woman's right to choose.
While this is a sensitive and often divisive issue, no matter what our views, we are united in our determination to prevent unintended pregnancies, reduce the need for abortion, and support women and families in the choices they make. To accomplish these goals, we must work to find common ground to expand access to affordable contraception, accurate health information, and preventative services.
On this anniversary, we must also recommit ourselves more broadly to ensuring that our daughters have the same rights and opportunities as our sons: the chance to attain a world-class education; to have fulfilling careers in any industry; to be treated fairly and paid equally for their work; and to have no limits on their dreams. That is what I want for women everywhere.
To quote Peggy Noonan, let us savor.
Some may quibble with the wording and the emphasis on finding common ground, but on this issue I look at the top line, and the commitment to preserving the right to choose and the right to privacy. This is pretty strong language, and compared to the past eight years, it's yet another sea change. However, he'd better get around to repealing the global gag rule, which didn't happen today. Carrots and sticks.
See also this great piece at Feministing on why Roe isn't enough. We already have a de facto ban on abortion in many states that have limited or eliminated access, and that has to stop.
Labels: abortion, Barack Obama, global gag rule, women's rights


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The 20-year-old Ping wedges with square-shaped grooves will no longer be allowed on the PGA Tour starting March 29 under an agreement reached yesterday with Ping executives.
John Solheim, the chairman and CEO of Ping, said the Phoenix-based company is waiving its right that had kept the PGA Tour from banning Ping Eye2 wedges made before April 1, 1990 that have deeper, wide grooves no longer allowed under new USGA regulations.
Those wedges were allowed through a 1990 settlement from when Ping sued the PGA Tour and U.S. Golf Association. Phil Mickelson, Hunter Mahan, John Daly and Fred Couples were among players who used the Ping wedges. It had become such a divisive issue that Scott McCarron accused Mickelson of "cheating" by using the club.
"John Solheim and Ping had a terrific opportunity to do something very positive and significant for the game of golf, and we very much appreciate his willingness to take this action," PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem said.
Ping also said it will apply the waiver to the U.S. Open.
The waiver takes effect the week after the Arnold Palmer Invitational at Bay Hill and will apply on the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Nationwide Tour. It will not apply to amateur competitions.
In return for the waiver, Solheim is hopeful equipment companies will have a stronger voice when the USGA makes new rules. The USGA will hold a forum this fall to improve the process of creating equipment regulations.
Solheim worked with his father, Ping founder Karsten Solheim, when the settlement was reached in 1990 that allowed for the square grooves in Ping irons manufactured until April 1, 1990.
That settlement took precedence over new rules that changed the specifications in grooves, and eight players took advantage of the loophole. Daly and Dean Wilson were the first players to use them at the Sony Open. Daly said he had collected more than a dozen wedges, while other players found them in the garage or from friends. They even became a hot item on eBay.
Honoring Chelsea
Poway High alum Charley Hoffman will wear an orange ribbon this week at the Puerto Rico Open to honor Chelsea King. Hoffman's wife, Stacy Vasil, said Hoffman will encourage other players to wear a ribbon in Puerto Rico and Miami, where the WGC-CA Championship will be played.
24-hour golf at Pro Kids
BIA Cares, the charitable foundation of the Building Industry Association of San Diego County, is teaming up with Pro Kids to host a 24-hour golf-a-thon on May 14-15 to raise funds for a new golf facility for kids in Oceanside.
The two-day event will be held at Colina Park Golf Course. Golfers will play from noon to noon, using glow balls during the nighttime hours. Each player must commit to raising at least $200 in pledges from the number of holes.
For more information, go to www.prokidsonline.org or www.biacares.org, or call Dana Nitti at Pro Kids at (619) 582-7884.
Player to host local event
Pro golf legend Gary Player will host the first leg of the 2010 Gary Player Invitational Series of charity golf tournaments on April 12-13 at Steele Canyon Golf Club in Jamul.
For more than a decade at venues around the world, top celebrities, businessmen and pros have participated in the Gary Player Invitational in support of underprivileged children's education. Proceeds from the Steele Canyon tournament will benefit local charities, including the Boys and Girls Clubs of National City, Pro Kids Golf Academy, and New Alternatives, Inc., a local organization for abused and neglected children.
Player, who designed Steele Canyon, will host the event, which partners a businessman, celebrity, regular PGA Tour player and Champions Tour player in a team format.
The event begins April 12 with a pairings party/opening ceremony at the U.S. Grant Hotel. Tickets to the party are priced at $150. Spectator tickets for the tournament round and a clinic hosted by Player on April 13 are $10.
For more information, visit www.garyplayerinvitational.com or call (619) 441-6900.
Pat Duncan Jr. and Bucky Coe won the County Pinehurst tournament at Coronado over the weekend. The tournament was the first of several qualifying events to play for the Amateur team in the Century Club Matches.


text:
Mexico's Oil Output May Decline Sharply
Pemex Study Points to Possible Drop At Major Field, Which Would Strain Global Supply
MEXICO CITY – Mexico's huge state-owned oil company may be facing a steep decline in output that would further tighten global oil supply and add to global woes over high oil prices.
The potential decline faced by Petroleos Mexicanos, or Pemex, also could undermine U.S. efforts to reduce dependence on Middle East oil, and complicate Mexican politics and financial stability.
An internal study reviewed by The Wall Street...


text:
Give an Ice Dancer Visa Gift Card simply for the grace and beauty of the artistry is displays. Dancers must be gifted athletes to perform moves that are difficult enough when set to music on a dance floor, but dancing on ice raises the difficulty to a new dimension. The spirals, spins, jumps and laybacks all require a compelling combination of strength and artistic interpretation. Ice skaters will love the Ice Dancer Visa Gift Card, and so will anyone who appreciates grace and elegance.
The Visa Gift Card can be used wherever Visa debit cards are accepted. Please visit our FAQ section if you have additional questions.
Click to view the Consumer Disclosures. Click to view the Terms and Conditions.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 22, 2003
|Filing date
|Dec 2, 1998
|Priority date
|Dec 2, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Stephanie H. Cantwell, David J. Nix, David A. Rostowsky, Adrian M. Yip
|Original Assignee
|At&T Wireless Services, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (23), Classifications (6), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for controlling requests for accessing resources in a wireless network. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for making a remote unit more passive in its attempts to establish a connection to a base unit or base station in the wireless network.
It has long been known that there are many advantages to be derived from providing communication networks whereby communication terminals can communicate without the necessity of a wireline connection. One example of a wireless communication system is a mobile communications network in which mobile devices communicate via air links with base stations. The base stations are connected to mobile switching centers which control routing of communications into, typically, a wireline network.
Another wireless communication network configuration has been proposed. More specifically, it has been proposed to provide a service referred to as "fixed wireless communication". This configuration is meant to be either an adjunct to or substitute for local wireline communication to fixed locations. For example, as an alternative to local exchange carrier service via wireline local loops, it has been proposed to provide a fixed location with a wireless communication device referred to as a remote unit. The remote unit has transmission and receive capabilities for communicating with the base station via the available air links. It also can interface with a telephone or other communication device that is within or at the fixed location.
An example of this second system is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the present application. In this arrangement there are a plurality of remote units 101 to 104, each coupled to a communication device such as a telephone 105 to 108. The remote units communicate via air links to a base unit 110 that is coupled to a local wireline switch 111, for example, a No. 5 ESS supplied by Lucent Technologies.
In this fixed wireless communication system, it is desirable to approximate as closely as possible the service standards provided by wireline communications. As an example, in a wireline situation when a communication device such as a telephone goes off hook, there is a protocol for furnishing dial tone to the telephone device. The user of the communication device has a high expectation that dial tone will be supplied immediately upon taking the communication device off hook. It is desirable then in the fixed wireless context to provide comparable service to the end user. In this circumstance then, it is desirable that as soon as possible after the communication device goes off-hook the remote unit establish a connection to the base unit whereby dial tone can be provided to the telephone.
A problem may arise, however, where a plurality of remote units attempt to establish connections to the base unit at one time. In one example environment, there may be 2000 remote units assigned to a single base station. The base station cannot handle 2000 access requests at the same time. In fact, given the limitations on bandwidth for the airlinks between the remote unit and the base station, only ten or so calls can be handled at any given time. To reduce the burden on this shared bandwidth,the fixed wireless system can provide common access channels for call set up. These common access channels have a small amount of bandwidth for call setup and that small amount of bandwidth is shared by all of the remote units. It is possible in this configuration that various remote units will attempt to establish connections to the base unit at or about the same time thereby creating collisions in the shared bandwidth. This can put a heavy burden on the communication system and can reduce the likelihood that customers or end users will receive the type of service that they have come to expect from wireline communications. It would be beneficial if a technique was available for controlling requests for accessing resources in such a network.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling requests to access resources in a wireless network. A remote unit will first attempt to establish a connection with the base unit when a communication device associated with the remote unit goes off hook. If the base unit responds to this establishment attempt with an indication that the attempt has not been successful, then the remote unit waits a first predetermined amount of time before conducting a second establishment attempt. If this second establishment attempt is also unsuccessful, then the remote unit activates a timer for a second time interval longer than the first time interval. When the second time interval expires, another establishment attempt is made. If additional establishment attempts are unsuccessful, the time interval for further attempts can be expanded, thereby throttling back the remote unit's establishment attempts. This reduces the load on the base unit and thereby reduces the likelihood of a complete system failure or freeze up in which the base unit could ultimately serve no one of the remote units because of the high likelihood of collision between the remote units. Thus, this invention provides that more of the remote units will receive service comparable to wireline service in terms of rapidly providing a dial tone when the communication device associated with the remote unit goes off hook.
In one embodiment of the invention, the timing intervals are set in accordance with a specification provided for wireline services, referred to as the TR303 specification. In accordance with those requirements, the first two time intervals are prescribed by the specification. Additional time intervals can be supplied and extended in accordance with a more detailed algorithm, such as one of the algorithms described in the detailed description set forth below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system in which the method and apparatus of the present invention may be employed.
FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart useful for explaining a first embodiment of a method in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates a second flow chart helpful for explaining a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates a block of diagram of a remote unit, in accordance with the present invention.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for throttling back a remote unit when it unsuccessfully attempts to establish a connection with a base station. When a remote unit sends an establishment attempt over an air link to the base station after the communication device associated with the remote unit goes off hook, it is requesting that the base station supply dial tone over the air to the remote unit and hence the communication device. The remote unit may detect that this establishment attempt has failed. For instance, it is possible that the base station will reply to such an establishment attempt with a message referred to as Release-Complete. This message indicates that the base station cannot accept the establishment attempt at that time. Alternatively, there might be a failure of the network interface, shown as element 130 in FIG. 1, that connects the base station to the local switch. Such a failure would prevent the base station from responding to the establishment attempt. The remote unit could detect a lack of response over some time-out interval as indicating that the establishment attempt has been unsuccessful. Regardless of how the remote unit determines that the establishment attempt has not succeeded, the present invention provides a capability for adjusting the frequency with which the remote unit will retry establishment attempts. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the time for retry is incremented so that as more and more establishment attempts fail the remote unit tries less and less frequently to contact the base unit. This throttling back of establishment attempts is meant to reduce the collisions between the particular remote unit and the other remote units associated with a base station. While it might be possible to just shut down the remote unit after a prescribed number of failed establishment attempts, this would run contrary to a wireline communications specification referred to as TR303 which covers local loop service. Since it is desirable for these fixed wireless configurations to emulate as closely as possible local loop service, it is more appropriate for the remote unit to continue to attempt to establish connection with the base unit so as to try to obtain dial tone on behalf of the customer who is seeking wireline-like service.
A flow chart of a method for performing an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. The method begins with the remote unit transmitting an establishment attempt, 201. This can occur, for instance when the remote unit is advised that the communication equipment connected thereto has gone off-hook and thereby seeks a dial tone. If the remote unit receives a Release-Complete message, step 202 then it starts a first timer (timer 1), step 203. The Release-Complete message is an indication that the establishment attempt has not succeeded. As described above the remote unit could be able to detect a failure of an establishment attempt by some other means, such as by running some other timer and determining that if no response has been received at the expiration of that timer then the establishment attempt must have failed. The precise technique for determining establishment attempt failure is not critical to the implementation of the present invention. When timer 1 has expired as detected in step 204, the establishment attempt is retried, step 205. Timer 1 may be set to a first value which is relatively short it is the goal to provide dial tone to the end user as quickly as possible and it is hoped that the failure of the establishment attempt would not be repeated. If the remote unit again detects failure of an establishment attempt, such as by receiving a Release-Complete message in step 206 then the remote unit detects the number of times that timer 1 has been used for setting a time interval for retrying establishment attempts. If the number of retries using timer 1 is equal to some predetermined number referred to as "n" in step 207, then the remote unit starts a second timer, timer 2, which has a time out interval that is greater than timer 1, see step 208. If timer 1 has not been used the predetermined number of times then the remote unit starts timer 1 again and loops through steps 203, 204, 205, 206 and 207 until such time as either the establishment attempt is successful or timer 1 has been used the predetermined number of times. In one embodiment timer 1, the shortest interval timer, is used only once although it is possible to program the remote unit so as to have timer 1 used more than one time.
If timer 2 is utilized then once it is detected that timer 2 has expired, in step 209, the remote unit again attempts to establish communication with the base station, step 210. As indicated above, the time out interval for the timer 2 is greater than that for timer 1. If the remote unit determines that the establishment attempt has not succeeded, such as by receiving a Release-Complete message as in step 211, then step 212, which is analogous to step 207, determines whether timer 2 has been used some predetermined number of times designated as "m". This assures that the remote unit can use timer 2 one or more times as the time interval for awaiting retries of establishment attempts. If in fact the timer 2 has been utilized "m" times, then the remote unitstarts timer 3 in step 213 and goes through analogous steps 214, 215, and 216 in further attempts at establishing a connection with the base unit.
By using these multiple timers, the present invention allows the remote unit to be controlled so as to throttle back its requests to the base station. This reduces the likelihood of collisions with other remote units that are attempting to establish connection to the same base station. This is an improvement over repeatedly attempting to request a connection with a fixed, short time interval between attempts.
FIG. 4 illustrates in block diagram form part of the contents of the remote unit 400, which might be utilized in connection with the present invention. The remote unit can include a communication device interface 401 which is adapted to receive communications from a communication device such as a telephone, fax or modem. A processor and memory, 402 and 403, control the operation of the remote unit including the signal processing necessary to translate the communications received from the communication device into signals appropriate for wireless communication. Furthermore, the processor and memory together operate software controls which, among other things implement the retry techniques of the present invention. The processor and memory combination may be employed to implement for example the various timers referred to in the description above. Alternatively, it might be possible to provide some other hardware timers for implementing these methods as well. Any technique by which time out intervals might be detected and varied during the course of a plurality of attempts at establishing connection with the base station might be employable in connection with the remote unit. The radio link interface 404 provides the transmit and receive capabilities which enable the remote unit to communicate with the base station over the allocated bandwidth for the these wireless communications.
An alternative method for providing the control of requests for access to network resources is illustrated in FIG. 3.
In step 300, the operational parameters for implementing the retry control are set. For example, timer 1 can be set to 100 milliseconds; timer 2 can be set to 500 milliseconds and a base value for timer 3 can be set to 1 second. Additional parameters referred to as Tfail max is set equal to 30 seconds. This value is the maximum amount of delay between detection of a failure of an establishment attempt and a retry of an establishment attempt. It is the outer boundary for a time interval for establishing when retries should be made. Another parameter provided is a Tfail multiplier. This allows the timer 3 value to be increased at a particular rate over time up to the maximum value of Tfail max. In this instance the Tfail multiplier is selected to be 3. It should be recognized that these values may be selected with various parameters in mind. In particular the first two values may be selected in accordance with the requirements set forth in the wireloop specifications referred to above (TR303) and the values are referred to in that specification are typically referred to as the T303 and T396 values. The timer 3 values are more arbitrary and more system specific. Furthermore, the Tfail max and the Tfail multiplier values are selected mindful of the goals of limiting the delay as well throttling the remote unit. These parameters can be selected for optimal values based on the system design. The particular values set forth in the example in FIG. 3 are meant only for illustrative purposes and not to be limiting. In step 301 the remote unit attempts establishment and receives a Release-Complete signal. Again, this signal is but one way in which the remote unit determines that the establishment has failed. Other techniques might be employed. In step 302 the remote unit waits for the time out interval of timer 1, here 100 milliseconds, and then in step 303 it attempts establishment again. As it detects a failure to establish the remote unit waits for the timer interval of time 2, here 500 milliseconds, (step 304) and then in step 305 again attempts establishment. In this embodiment, as it receives another indication of failure to establish connection, the remote unit waits the timer 2 interval once more, that is it waits for 500 milliseconds before attempting establishment again in step 307. As it receives yet another indication that establishment has failed the remote unit then waits the interval associated with the base timer 3 value which is set equal to an initial Tfail value, here one second (step 308). When that interval expires the remote unit attempts establishment again and may receive a Release-Complete message, step 309. The remote unit then waits for a modified timer 3 value that corresponds to the initial Tfail value times the Tfail multiplier and this new value is assigned to Tfail. If the calculated value does not exceed the maximum of thirty seconds, then the new value is employed as the time out interval. Here in the first run through of this algorithm the remote unit waits for three seconds in step 310 then reattempts establishment in step 311. In step 312 the remote unit again waits for Tfail which is now the previously calculated Tfail times the Tfail multiplier not to exceed the maximum Tfail max or thirty seconds. Here the calculation results in a nine second delay before attempting establishment again in step 313. Step 314 indicates that again the remote unit waits but this time even longer as modified by the Tfail multiplier. In fact, in this implementation in step 314 the remote unit would wait 27 seconds before trying to establish connection with the base unit again. If it was necessary to continue the process, since the next multiplication would result in a number larger than Tfail max, the remote unit would then simply use the 30 second value for each subsequent interval for determining when to retry the establishment attempt.
It should be noted that if, at any time during the course of the implementation of this technique, the remote unit detects that the communication device goes back on hook, that is the user hangs up the communication device, the remote unit goes back to its initial state. That is, the next time the remote unit detects an off-hook condition, it begins again with timer 1 and then timer 2. This is also true with regard to the technique as it was described above in connection with FIG. 2.
It should also be noted that the number of times that the remote unit employs a given interval for determining how long to wait before retrying could be varied from that shown in FIG. 3. For example, the first timer interval might be utilized for more than one retry attempt. The second timer interval, timer 2, could be used for one interval or more than two intervals. Furthermore, any one of the Tfail values used for example in steps 308, 310, 312 or 314 could be used multiple times before further increasing the value. These are all system design choices that the network provider can make to optimize the control of these requests for network resources.
In accordance with the present invention, the remote unit automatically scales back its attempts to establish a connection with a base station while at the same time satisfying wireline type service expectations of end users.
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|Mar 10, 2005
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|Internet service synchronization method for mobile communication terminal
|Jan 28, 2005
|Jun 23, 2005
|Kazuaki Igarashi
|Display device array substrate and display device
|Mar 31, 2004
|Oct 27, 2005
|Cellco Partnership D/B/A Verizon Wireless
|Method and system for handling wireless messaging errors
|Feb 15, 2006
|Jun 22, 2006
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|Apparatus for providing a gateway between a wired telephone and a wireless telephone network
|Apr 10, 2007
|Oct 25, 2007
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|Fixed wireless telephone device
|Oct 15, 2010
|Feb 10, 2011
|Research In Motion Limited
|Method and system for maintaining a wireless data connection
|Mar 27, 2015
|Oct 1, 2015
|Basic6, Inc.
|Open, extensible, scalable, method and system which delivers status monitoring and software upgrades to heterogeneous devices via a common user interface
|Jul 16, 2004
|May 16, 2012
|Internet service synchronization method for mobile communication terminal
|U.S. Classification
|455/516, 455/510, 455/528
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 11, 1999
Owner name: AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES, INC., WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CANTWELL, STEPHANIE H.;NIX, DAVID J.;ROSTOWSKY, DAVID A.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009810/0045;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990202 TO 19990222
|Apr 22, 2005
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRLEESS II, LLC, GEORGIA
Free format text: CERTIFICATE OF CONVERSION;ASSIGNOR:CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017546/0612
Effective date: 20041027
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC., GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NEW CINGULAR WIRELESS SERVICES, INC. F/K/A AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017555/0711
Effective date: 20041027
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRLEESS II, LLC, GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017546/0612
Effective date: 20041027
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRLEESS II, LLC,GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017546/0612
Effective date: 20041027
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC.,GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NEW CINGULAR WIRELESS SERVICES, INC. F/K/A AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017555/0711
Effective date: 20041027
|Mar 29, 2006
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRELESS II, LLC, GEORGIA
Free format text: CERTIFICATE OF CONVERSION;ASSIGNOR:CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017696/0375
Effective date: 20041027
Owner name: CINGULAR WIRELESS II, LLC,GEORGIA
Free format text: CERTIFICATE OF CONVERSION;ASSIGNOR:CINGULAR WIRELESS II, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017696/0375
Effective date: 20041027
|Sep 26, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 24, 2008
Owner name: AT&T MOBILITY II, LLC, GEORGIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CINGULAR WIRELESS II, LLC;REEL/FRAME:021290/0804
Effective date: 20070420
|Jul 30, 2008
Owner name: AT&T MOBILITY II LLC, GEORGIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AT&T MOBILITY II, LLC;REEL/FRAME:021313/0127
Effective date: 20070830
|Nov 29, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 22, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 14, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110422


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Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is all set for its heaviest ever commercial mission on 10 July. In a statement, an ISRO official said on Sunday that the Indian Space Agency along with Antrix – its commercial arm, will be launching five British Satellites that will be carried by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). Altogether these five satellites will weigh nearly 1440 kg and will be launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota.
On Friday, PSLV-C28 will launch three DMC3 optical Earth observation satellites that are identical and build by Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL), United Kingdom. It will be 13th flight for PSLV-C28. Three identical DMC3 satellites, 3 m tall, weighing 447 kg each will be launched into a 647 km Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO). ISRO reported that these launches would be made using high-end version of PSLV (PSLV-XL). Also, the four stage PSLV rocket will start its venture around 10 p.m.
Other two auxiliary satellites, CBNT-1, a technology demonstrator Earth observation microsatellite built by SSTL, and De-OrbitSail, a technology demonstrator nanosatellite built by Surrey Space Centre, also will be carried by the PSLV rocket from the United Kingdom. CBNT-1 weighs around 91 kg while De-OrbitSail is 7 kg.
ISRO chief Kiran Kumar said that to mount such a heavy weight on the launch vehicle was a big challenge but Indian scientists have successfully completed the task and it will be the heaviest launch mission ever in the history of ISRO. To mount the satellite, scientists designed a circular L-adaptor and a triangular Multiple Satellite Adapter-Version 2 (MSA-V2).
DMC3 consists of three super advanced mini-satellites, DMC3-1, DMC3-2 and DMC3-3. It is designed to address the need for simultaneous high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution optical Earth Observation. With 120-degree phase separation between them, these satellites will be able to monitor any surface on the earth and can help in identifying resources, monitoring disasters, watch urban development, etc. DMC3 satellites are powered by Lithium-Ion 480 Whr, Solar panel-230 W Peak BOL with an imaging resolution of 1m Panchromatic, 4m Multi-Spectral (Blue, Green, Red, NIR). The mission will last for 7 years.
France's SPOT 7 satellite launched on June 30, 2014, was the heaviest single foreign satellite carried by a PSLV till date; it weighed 714 kg.


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
63.06 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Guests looking for accommodation in Southend-on-Sea are welcome to book 34 nicely furnished rooms at Camelia Hotel Southend-on-Sea. In case you'd like to have a meal or a drink on the spot, you will be provided freshly prepared dishes in the restaurant every day. Parking possibility for your vehicle is available nearby. Fans of actively spent leisure time will also have the chance to rent a bike, play bowling, minigolf, go sailing and rent a boat nearby. The local café or the bar will provide an ideal location for personal meetings and nice evening chats. You can secure your valuables in the safe. Wireless Internet connection (WiFi) is available at the hotel, enabling portable devices and smartphones to go online. The exact scope of services offered by Camelia Hotel Southend-on-Sea (including those for an extra fee) is available on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance bank card payment or credit card guarantee may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest arrival time is 14:00, the latest time to leave the rooms is 11:00. The personnel is at your service in English.
Camelia Hotel Southend-on-Sea rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Relaxation: Minigolf, Bowling, Bike rental at the accommodation
Sailing nearby, Boat rental nearby
Bar, Cafe, Safe deposit box
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Desk in the room


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World Maleria Day – April 25
World Malaria Day (WMD) is commemorated every year on 25 April and recognizes global efforts to control malaria. The theme of World Malaria Day 2014 and in coming years is "Invest in the future: Defeat malaria". World Malaria Day was established in May 2007 by the 60th session of the World Health Assembly, WHO's decision-making body. The day was established to provide "education and understanding of malaria" and spread information on "year-long intensified implementation of national malaria-control strategies, including community-based activities for malaria prevention and treatment in endemic areas."
Prior to the establishment of WMD, Africa Malaria Day was held on April 25. Africa Malaria Day began in 2001, one year after the historic Abuja Declaration was signed by 44 malaria-endemic countries at the African Summit on Malaria.
World Malaria Day allows for corporations such as Exxon Mobile, multinational organizations such as Malaria No More and grassroots organizations such asMosquitoes Suck Tour globally to work together to bring awareness to malaria and advocate for policy changes.
World Malaria Day is a chance to shine a spotlight on the global effort to control malaria. Each year, Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partner organisations unite around a common World Malaria Day theme. Invest in the future: defeat malaria is a three-year theme partners chose for the period of 2013-2015 to call attention to the need to reach the 2015 Millennium Development Goals and defeat malaria in the future.
What is malaria?
Malaria is an infectious disease that is caused by mosquito-borne plasmodium parasite which infects the red blood cells. It's one of the deadliest diseases in India. There's no vaccine for malaria yet and immunity occurs naturally through repeated infection. Common symptoms are fever, chills, vomiting, nausea, body ache, headache, cough and diarrhoea. If untreated, it can lead to complications like jaundice, dehydration, anaemia, brain malaria, liver failure and kidney failure. Children, pregnant women, and the elderly – anyone with decreased immunity is at a greater risk.
How does one get malaria?
The life cycle of malaria is complicated and it involves two hosts- the human being and the mosquito. Once bitten by a female anopheles mosquito, the malarial parasite enters the blood stream. It travels all through his blood stream to reach the liver. In the liver the parasite matures and multiplies. Some of the parasites stay there whereas the other parasites move out from the liver attacking red blood cells. The parasite then multiplies in the red blood cells. In the next 48-72 hours, more parasites are released into the blood. This is the reason why the chills of malaria are generally seen after 48 to 72 hours corresponding to the release of the malarial parasite in the blood.
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New Beer! Stagediver
After a busy week launching Polar with Millencolin and then another 3 beers with Hospital Records we decided to keep the ball rolling and launch another new beer!!
Introducing Stagediver - a 7.2% double IPA packed full of Chinook, Cascade and organic Citra hops. This one definitely packs a punch, whilst still being dangerously session-able making you wanting to go back for more.
Stagediver will be available to buy on our online store this week, keep an eye out for when we announce stockists


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=> 9 amazing levels with different graphics and challenges.
=> Complete your searching object task before given time.
=> Use clue given as hint.
=> Unlock the successor level by completing successfully previous level.
=> Vivid puzzle levels
How To Play:
=> Match the panel object with actual object spread all over
=> Tap and find the hidden object.


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The agent of Real Madrid's Alvaro Arbeloa says Napoli have not made contact regarding a potential move for his client.
Rafa Benitez's side have today been linked with a summer transfer swoop for the player but Manuel Quilon says there is no foundation to the rumours.
"It is news without foundation," Quilon said to TuttoNapoli.net. "I don't know where the rumours have come from.
"Whenever we have had contact with Napoli they have never spoken about Alvaro Arbeloa."
Follow the stars and start making more informed bets with StrataBet.
Sign Up for FREE now!


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More Videos...
WTCC 2016 - Japan - Race 1 | ENG
THIS IS [WAD]HD™ http://www.facebook.com/WADWILD http://www.youtube.com/WADWILD
Spain - GT1 Navarra Championship Race Watch Again | GT World 27/05/2012
Spain - GT1 Navarra Championship Race Watch Again | GT World 27/05/2012 The FIA GT1 World Championship is a world championship sports car racing series developed by the SRO Group and regulated by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). It features multiple grand tourer race cars based on production road cars and conforming with the GT1 (2010-2011) and GT3 (2012-) regulations competing in one-hour races on multiple continents. Championships are awarded each season for drivers and teams. The FIA GT1 World Championship has started in 2010 as a successor to the previous FIA GT Championship which featured the GT1 category as well as a GT2 category. In 2012 the series originally planned to move away from exclusive use of GT1 cars by allowing 2009-spec GT2 from the former FIA GT Championship as well as current performance balanced GT3 specification cars to compete alongside the series' current GT1 cars. However as there were no interested GT2 teams and only a handful of former GT1 runners were willing to participate, the SRO decided that the 2012 season would be contested with GT3-spec cars only (yet retaining GT1 in the series' title). All vehices will be performance balanced with weight and restrictor adjustments to make different makes artificially more equal. Visit the home of GT1, GT3 and Blancpain on the web http://www.gt1world.com/ Follow us on Twitter for up to the minute updates https://twitter.com/#!/gt1world And click like on Facebook for exclusive photos, polls and more! http://www.facebook.com/pages/FIA-GT1-World-Championship/128187113869543
2012 Race 14 Sucrogen Townsville 400 Full Race
The full race from the Saturday at the Sucrogen Townsville 400 More information about the series, head to http://www.v8supercars.com.au Race 15: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuHxlqOqb4U


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Canada's Globe and Mail has published a good profile of George R. R. Martin. The article is no doubt prompted by the fact that GRRM is touring Canada right now.
Speaking of the tour, for those visitors who might drop by to any of the signings, do check this thread on the Ice and Fire board. A number of fans are trying to meet up at some of these events, and who knows—GRRM might spend an hour or two over drinks after the signing with the BwB.


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Remember the Princess Candy Necklace favors i made for my daughter's birthday? Well, I'm all about upcycling my work, so I made a few modifications so we can use them for EClaire's classroom Valentines. The party favors have been such a hit among all my readers, so I've decided to offer these up as a free Candy Necklace Valentine printable, as well.
This post may contain affiliate links. Please read my disclaimer.
Just print these out, two-sided, on some card stock, cut a slit on either side of the card and finish with a candy bracelet!
Download your free Candy Necklace Valentine Printable here,
Click here to get the princess version, perfect for birthday party favors!
If you love these and plan to use them for your Valentines, please take a moment to tell me about it in the comments!


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+742 Strength
+612 Strength
+437 Strength
+743 Strength
+431 Strength
+650 Strength
+494 Strength
+930 Strength
+665 Strength
+965 Strength
+499 Strength
+448 Strength
+998 Strength
This feature lists your most prevalent gear bonuses. You may select a bonus to see which items provide that bonus.
Strength: 10376
Primary attribute for Barbarians and Crusaders.
Increases all damage for Barbarians and Crusaders by 10376.00%.
Increases Armor by 10376.
Dexterity: 77
Primary attribute for Demon Hunters and Monks.
Increases all damage for Demon Hunters and Monks by 77.00%.
Increases Armor by 7.70%.
Intelligence: 77
Primary attribute for Witch Doctors, Wizards and Necromancers.
Increases all damage for Witch Doctors, Wizards and Necromancers by 77.00%.
Increases resistances by 7.7.
Vitality: 7027
Increases Life, allowing more damage to be taken before dying.
Each point of Vitality increases Life by 100.
Armor: 14954
Reduces all damage from enemies of the same level as you by 0.00%.
Damage: 359608.00
The amount of damage per second you can deal.
Damage is based on your weapons, attributes, attack speed, Critical Hit Chance,
Critical Hit Damage, passive skills, and dual-wielding attack speed increase.
Toughness: 35956100
The total amount of raw damage you can take.
Toughness is based on your maximum Life, armor, dodge chance,
average resistances, and missile, melee, and elite damage reduction.
Recovery: 1269900
The amount of Toughness you can recover every second in combat.
Recovery is based on your Toughness, Life per Hit, Life per Second, Life per Kill,
Life per Fury/Spirit/Wrath Spent, Life Steal, and Health Globe Healing Bonus.
Maximum Life: 815499
If you lose all your Life, you die.
Life can be increased by skills, items, and Vitality.
Wrath 100/100
The Crusader is empowered by Wrath,
and uses it to cast offensive abilities.
Last updated on Mar 23, 2017 8:26 PM PDT


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Like Curtis Joseph's problems with his right ankle, Detroit's goaltending saga won't go away (too bad for the Red Wings, but hockey writers are grateful).
To continue reading this article you must be an Insider
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools
Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.
NHL Home »


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Attention Boy And Girl Scout Troops!
Under blue Waters will host a field trip to earn your
Ocean Adventures and Marine Science Badge!
If earning an Under Blue Waters Ocean Adventure and Marine Science patch sounds exciting,
contact us today to book your trip!
With hands on Marine Science projects and crafts,
water sports and games, it's a great way to fill a space on that scout vest!
For pricing information and more details
Email us at
or Call us at (561)-715-0499
Let us know what your interest is and we can customize a memorable field trip that best fits your group size, age, and budget


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Overkill's PayDay: the Heist free on Steam for 24 hours
- Written by Petrus-Iulian "Devon" Fatu
- Published in Shooter news
Overkill Software promises a free Steam copy for the co-op bank-robbing shooter PayDay: The Heist, later this week.
Following a three-year anniversary since the game's release, which was originally made available via Steam on October 18, 2011. Overkill has been working on bringing in as many possible players in the official PayDay 2 Steam Group, as part of Overkill's Crimefest promotion, rewarding players with in-game loot as new milestones were reached. These bonuses include "secret stuff" still in development that will be made available for free once completed.
Since the 1,500,000 million user goal has been met prior to the expected date, the developer is preparing to give away free-copies of PayDay: The Heist sooner than planned. Starting 10AM Pacific on Thursday October 16, you will have 24 hours to claim a free copy from Steam. At the time of writing, the game is priced at $15.
Crimefest promotion has offered several in-game items to the people joining the PayDay Community, from Brass Knuckles, and FBI files, to new primary weapons and the super Secret Stuff. The free copy was already prepared to be given to players since the game had reached the 1,050,000 user milestone.


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Google and Motorola Promote Gnome
The Gnome Foundation welcomes Google and Motorola as sponsors and new members of its advisory board.
With this new sponsorship, the search engine king and mobile device vendor can now join IBM, Novell and Sun, among others, along with community organizations such as the OLPC project, the Free Software Foundation and the Software Freedom Law Center.
The Gnome Foundation's Advisory Board is not a decision-making body, but reports in an advisory capacity to members and foundation executives. Decisions are made by the board of directors elected annually by (and from) foundation members (list here).
Membership in the Gnome Foundation is free, which does not generally hold for membership on the advisory board. Exceptions are non-profit organizations serving the public good by invitation, but in most cases the advisory board reflects paying members whose logos are displayed prominently on the foundation website. Annual membership fees are between five and ten thousand dollars.
Issue 205/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
Linux Kernel 4.14 Released
Torvalds lashes out at a Canonical developer who introduced a regression.
Fedora 27 Is Released
Developers can now access Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer subscriptions on Fedora 27 at no cost.
Samsung to Bring Linux to the Galaxy Phone
Samsung is testing Linux desktop for its DeX experience.
System76 Releases Pop!_OS
An Ubuntu-based operating system designed for professionals.
News and views on the GPU revolution in HPC and Big Data:
HIP: CUDA Integration with ROCm
Exploring AMD's Ambitious ROCm Initiative
Crypto-Currency Mining Drives a Surge in GPU Sales
New Platform for GPU-Enabled HPC and Ultra-Scale Computing
Radeon Instinct: Evolving, Adapting & Learning Evolving, Adapting & Learning
Linux Comes to Windows
Run multiple Linux distributions in Windows 10.
Docker Embraces Kubernetes
Docker is now offering Kubernetes as an orchestration platform.
Kubernetes 1.8 Announced
The new release comes with two new features for better security.
Final Ubuntu Desktop 17.10 Beta Arrives
Ubuntu completes the cycle of life and goes back to letter A and Gnome.
Linus Torvalds Invites Attackers to Join the Kernel Community
He wants attackers to join the community instead of attacking the code.


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the process of "teabagging" acted out by a female on an unsuspecting victim.
for authenticity an actual teabag must be gripped by the bagger via the genitals making the act all the more impressive.
you should have been there, tracey febagging jen when she p-ssed out, was the funniest thing i've ever seen.
Read Also:
- septiishu
septiishu is the ship name of the irish youtuber 'jacksepticeye' and his girlfriend signe (pr-nounced see nu) or more commonly known as 'wiishu' on tumblr. "jack and his girlfriend are so cute, i love septiishu so much!"
- rebaby
to baby again. from the greco-roman re meaning back or again and the american english baby meaning a small person dude you totally were a baby once so why not just rebaby to dodge your insurance fraud charges?
- letrevyon
a strong fast name someone who's very handsome and very kind usually has a great body structure and is very athletic i wish letrevyon could play football for who he/she is.
- chrome c*cking
to plate ones reproductive needle in chrome. yo dude l just finished chrome c-cking! im ready to go have interco-rs- with a rather attractive women.
- hiphop heavymetal
ghetto hood sh-t area thats what it means this area is f-cking hiphop heavymetal


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Our latest cookbook Muffins & Biscuits is now available from Amazon!
"Whether slathered with mouthwatering homemade spreads or savored just as they are, muffins and biscuits are comfort food at its finest. This follow-up to the successful Grilled Cheese Kitchen features 50 recipes for tender-on-the-inside, crunchy-on-the-outside biscuits and melt-in-your-mouth muffins as well as an irresistible assortment of flavored butters, sauces, and preserves. Featuring sweet and savory varieties and exciting new flavor combinations—think Quinoa Muffins with Cheddar, Apples, and Rosemary or Orange Zest, Ham, and Thyme Biscuits—bakers of all skill levels will delight in these fresh twists on classic treats. Packed with tips and tricks, from making delectable pancakes with muffin batter to turning leftover biscuits into bread pudding, this collection of recipes takes time-tested breakfast favorites to an entirely new level of deliciousness."
Featuring photography by Antonis Achilleos.
Pick up our classic cookbook
"Melted cheese between slices of toasted bread—the ultimate in comfort food. This mouthwatering cookbook features 39 grilled cheese recipes created by Heidi Gibson, winner of seven grilled cheese championships and the co-owner (with husband Nate) of the American Grilled Cheese Kitchen in San Francisco. The classic Mousetrap is dripping with three kinds of cheese. The Piglet wows with its thinly sliced ham and sharp cheddar. And grilled cheese makes a great breakfast—just add an egg! With 40 additional recipes for great accompaniments and side dishes—including hearty soups, many varieties of mac & cheese, spicy pickles, and tangy spreads—plus tips on choosing the best bread and cheese and techniques for grilling each sandwich at just the right temperature, anyone can create the perfect grilled cheese sandwich."
Featuring photography by Antonis Achilleos.