text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 8, 2011
|Filing date
|Aug 5, 2003
|Priority date
|Aug 5, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Martin S. Maltz, Raja Bala, Lalit K. Mestha
|Original Assignee
|Xerox Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (3), Classifications (25), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Embodiments generally relate to color rendering devices, such as printers and photocopy machines. Embodiments also relate to color rendering control and feedback methods and systems. Embodiments additionally relate to color adjustment methods and systems. Embodiments also relate to color sensors.
In many instances it can be necessary to produce faster, higher quality and more sophisticated rendering devices such as (e.g., printers, copiers, and the like). Additionally, customers demand the ability to reproduce their desired input images to achieve accurate output that does not vary over time (e.g., between pages or when output again at a later time) or among various rendering devices (e.g., among various printers on a network, between home and office marking devices, etc.). These considerations are more difficult to achieve with color rendering devices because of the greater number of variables involved and the sensitivity of these devices to environmental conditions, and also to issues concerning out-of-gamut colors.
In general, a gamut can be defined as the range of color that a rendering device (e.g., printer, copier, and the like) can produce, or the range of color that a color model can represent. In the color digital image processing arts, the space of colors that a printer (or other rendering device) is capable of reproducing is referred to as the "gamut" of the printer. Very often, colors specified in a digital image cannot be reproduced by a particular printer when it comes time to output the color digital image to the printer for purposes of rendering a hard copy printed output of the digital image.
The printer gamut (also referred to herein as the output gamut) is often limited when compared to the gamut of the source digital image (the input gamut) due to physical limitations of the printer's colorants. Colors in the input gamut but not in the output gamut are said to be "out-of-gamut" and must be accounted for before the digital image may be printed—i.e., areas in the output document where these colors are to be found may not simply be left blank in the final printed document.
Prior techniques for dealing with out-of-gamut colors include gamut clipping and gamut compression. In gamut clipping, all out-of-gamut colors are mapped to a color on the gamut "surface" while in-gamut colors are left unaltered. A common form of clipping involves a ray-based approach, wherein a ray is drawn from a desired out-of-gamut color to a point on a neutral axis. The location or point where the ray penetrates the gamut surface is the gamut-mapped color. Such a strategy preserves hue through the gamut-mapping operation. In gamut compression, both in-gamut and out-of-gamut colors are altered to map the entire range of image colors to the printer gamut. In practical systems, the gamut-mapping operation is often incorporated into a 3-dimensional lookup table for efficient computational processing.
A common problem in color printing is the stable rendition of colors over time. In particular, it is desirable when a color is situated near or on the boundary of a color gamut, to stabilize the resulting color rendering. Prior techniques for ensuring stable color control involve iterative closed-loop algorithms that apply a corrective feedback on 3-dimensional color signals. Such techniques can give rise to unstable or erroneous control for colors that are out-of-gamut, or on the gamut-surface.
Accordingly, it has been deemed desirable to provide a color rendering technique that overcomes the inability of traditional print engines and color rendering devices to control the printed color, particularly out-of-gamut colors given a particular gamut-mapping algorithm.
It is a feature of the present invention to provide improved color rendering methods and systems.
It is another feature of the present invention to provide improved control for out-of-gamut and index colors associated with color rendering devices and systems.
Aspects of the present invention related to methods and systems for controlling colors in an image processing device that are located external to a gamut are disclosed. A plurality of color values can be automatically provided as input to said image processing device, wherein said image processing device is under a control of a particular dimensional order, typically a three-dimensional order, but alternatively can be a two-dimensional order. Next, an operation can be performed dynamically determining which color value among the plurality of color values has attained a gamut limit. Thereafter, the particular dimensional order can be automatically reduced from, for example, a three-dimensional order to a two-dimensional or one-dimensional order based on determining which color value among said plurality of color values has attained said gamut limit, thereby providing improved control for colors that are located external to said gamut.
The plurality of color values analyzed using the present invention is generally associated with three colors—cyan, magenta, and yellow. Dynamic selection of appropriate dimensions, along with compensation/transformation inside an iterative controller results in improved out-of-gamut color control and ultimately, a more efficient and cleaner color rendering.
The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally-similar elements throughout the separate views and which are incorporated in and form part of the specification, further illustrate embodiments of the present invention.
The particular values and configurations discussed in these non-limiting examples can be varied and are cited merely to illustrate an embodiment of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In general, an iterative print and measure method can be implemented which determines an appropriate CMY combination for producing a specified L*a*b* (i.e., axes 102, 104 and 106). In the case of a four color printer, for example, the CMY can be processed by a suitable GCR/UCR strategy to obtain a corresponding CMYK. Ink limiting operations may also be performed. Such an iterative technique can, however, run into problems at the gamut surfaces, because the next trial CMY might be located outside the gamut of the printer.
Note that in general, the acronym "CMY" refers to cyan, magenta, and yellow, which are considered the subtractive primary colors, or a color space that describes colors in terms of their cyan, magenta, and yellow components. The subtractive primary colors of cyan, magenta and yellow are generally utilized to create reflective color. Cyan absorbs (i.e., subtracts) all red light, reflecting blue and green. Magenta, on the other hand, absorbs all green light, reflecting blue and red. Yellow absorbs blue light, reflecting red and green.
Because at the surface of the gamut, one of the three colorant coordinates (C, M, or Y) is fixed, the aforementioned three-dimensional problem can be converted into a two-dimensional problem. Consider, for example, the case of an out of gamut red. Producing such a color would require a negative amount of cyan. Because achieving a negative amount of cyan is physically impossible, such a color is out of reach of the printer's gamut. To obtain the gamut mapped color, it is necessary to set C=0, and vary M and Y to obtain the "best" gamut mapped red.
There are several possible strategies for gamut mapping. Ray-based methods represent one possible gamut mapping strategy. In ray-based approaches, a ray can be drawn from a desired color to a point on a neutral axis, which results in the preservation of hue. The location or point where the ray penetrates the gamut surface is therefore the desired color.
To obtain the CMY combination that produces this color, it is necessary to set C=0 and vary M and Y to get the desired color. This color can be found by utilizing an NCD coordinate system, where N is a vector coincident with the desired ray, and C and D are two orthogonal unit vectors at right angles to N. A suitable transformation of the form L*a*b*=M*NCD+V can always be determined in order to transform between NCD and L*a*b* vectors, where M is a 3�3 matrix, and V is a vector. The inverse of this transform can also be found. This transformation can be designated by a symbol, T. In the NCD coordinate system, the desired color results where the C and D component of the NCD vector is equivalent to zero.
Next, a two-dimensional Jacobian matrix can be determined, which describes the printer response in terms of the derivatives of the C and D components of the NCD vector with respect to M and Y at the point where the ray penetrates the surface of the gamut. An initial estimate for the M and Y can also be obtained to produce the desired color. Such estimates can be performed utilizing a variety of techniques. For example, a convenient estimation technique involves the use of an approximate printer model. Because such a model is only an approximate model, printing an initial CMY combination generally produces a color (e.g., E1) that does not lie at the desired point on the surface of the printer gamut.
Utilizing the two-dimensional Jacobian matrix, a gain matrix can be found which is utilized to calculate an improved estimate of M and Y, given the values of the C and D components of the NCD vector for the printed patch. Then, utilizing an iterative print and measure process (e.g., E2 and E3), values of M and Y can be determined, which make the C and D components of the NCD vector equal to zero. This is the desired color.
Another gamut mapping approach involves searching for the color on the surface of the gamut that is nearest to the specified color. This case is usually handled as discussed above, except that the ray (e.g., ray 108) and N vector are selected to be perpendicular to the gamut surface. If the gamut mapped color lies on a gamut edge or vertex, however, a modified approach is used. If the gamut mapped color lies on a gamut vertex, all the CMY components are known, and nothing further need be done. If it lies on an edge of the gamut, the problem becomes one dimensional. In this case, the ray and N vector go from the edge to the specified color, and are perpendicular to the edge. The C unit vector can be located parallel to the edge. Only one colorant is varied, such that the derivative required be evaluated is the derivative of the C component of the NCD vector with respect to the colorant being varied.
Still, a further gamut mapping technique involves searching for the color on the surface of the gamut which is nearest to the specified color, but is constrained to be of the same hue. This case can be handled similar to the previously discussed cases, except that the ray and N vector would lie in a plane of the desired hue, and would be located perpendicular to the contour formed by the intersection between this plane and the gamut surface.
The aforementioned embodiments all involve a dedicated gamut mapping function that determines the surface point, as well as the axes of the NCD coordinate system. In some applications, it may not be feasible or convenient to invoke such a function. In an alternative embodiment, a standard International Color Consortium (ICC) framework can be utilized to realize an embodiment of the present invention. A specified input color can be mapped through a BtoA tag in one of the rendering intents (e.g., preferably a calorimetric intent) of the ICC profile to obtain an initial CMY estimate.
Mapping the CMY point through the AtoB tag produces a corresponding color on the gamut surface in L*a*b* space. Only the NCD axes remain to be determined. Ideally such axes would be calculated for every new input point. In practice, however, it is probably sufficient to store one set of axes for each gamut face and edge. These can be computed and stored a priori in a private ICC tag using information from gamuts that are representative of the device under consideration.
If the specified color is well within the gamut, a standard 3-D control approach can be applied. For example, a 3�3 gain matrix can be derived to iteratively estimate the CMY combination that produces the desired L*a*b* color.
As the desired color approaches the gamut boundary, a proper transition should be ensured from the 3D strategy to the 2-D (or 1-D) strategy described herein with respect to embodiments.
One approach would be to apply a linear interpolation between the outputs of the 3-D and 2-D iterations, where the interpolation weight depends on the distance to the gamut surface. The latter can be estimated by examining the minimum and maximum values of the initial CMY estimate, and their deviation from 0 and 100% area coverage, respectively. Alternatively, the distance to the gamut surface in L*a*b* can be utilized. A measure of the stability of the 3-D iterative algorithm could also be utilized as an indicator of how close the point is to the gamut surface.
System 200 includes a transformation module 204 (i.e., T) which receives input in the form of desired L*a*b* values of memory color, as indicated at block 202. Output 206 from transformation module 204 is generally in the form of desired NCD values of the memory color, which in turn are input to an adder 208. Output from adder 208 is input to an iterative controller 210 whose output 212 reflects compensated CMY values that require correction for printer/media variations.
Output 212 is generally provided to a printer 214 or another graphical or textual rendering device (e.g., a photocopy machine). Output 216 is then generated by printer 214 in the form of patches, which are provided as input to a color sensor 218. Output 220 from color sensor 218 can then generate L* a* b* values of measured patches, as indicated by block 220. Output 220 can then be provided as input to a transformation module 224 (i.e., also T) whose output provides measured NCD values of the memory color. Output from transformation module 224 is then fed as input to adder 208, thereby completing a feedback control loop. Note that system 200 can be utilized not only with online sensors (e.g., color sensor 218), but may also be utilized with offline sensors. utilized with offline sensors.
Transformation modules 204 and 224 generally implement a transformation function, T. An example of a transformation function, T, can be illustrated as follows: Consider a very bright red, where L*a*b*=[100, 50, 50], gamut mapped along a ray that goes to L*a*b*=[50, 0, 0]. For this case, the following matrices M and V can be designated via equations (1) and (2) below:
Variables N, C, and D are governed by a number of parameters. For example, in this transformation example, N extends from L*a*b*=[50,0,0] to L*a*b*=[100,50,50] so that deltaL*a*b* is proportional to [1,1,1]. C is located at right angles in a plane of constant L* so that deltaL*a*b*=[0,−1,1]. Finally, D is N X C, which becomes [2,−1,−1] (i.e., X is the vector cross product).
Refer also to N, C, and D of
The process depicted in
Thereafter, as illustrated at block 316, a Jacobian matrix can be determined at the nominal CMY values utilizing the printer model described earlier with respect to block 312. This Jacobian matrix involves the derivatives of C and D in the NCD orthogonal space with respect to the appropriate axes in CMY space. For example, in the cyan=0 example considered above, the derivatives would be taken with respect to the magenta and yellow axes.
Performing this calculation requires the specification of the T transformation, which can be obtained as indicated at blocks 306 and 308. As depicted at block 306, an operation is performed in which the NCD orthogonal vector space is searched for the desired memory color and desired gamut mapping strategy.
Thereafter, as indicated at block 308, a transformation T can be determined by inverting a biased L*a*b* to an NCD transform. An example of the operation depicted at block 308 is mathematically provided by equation (4) indicated above. Next, as indicated at block 318, the gain matrix can be determined utilizing the Jacobian matrix calculated earlier. This also requires the T matrix calculated as depicted at block 308.
The gain matrix information via the operation indicated at block 318 and the nominal CMY values as depicted at block 314 are next fed to block 328 on
The operation described at block 328 generally involves processing the error vector calculated via the operation indicated at block 310 in a feedback controller that utilizes the gain matrix and nominal CMY values to obtain new CMY values. In the first pass through the iteration loop, however, no error has yet been calculated. In this case, block 328 just passes the nominal CMY values on to block 330, which produces and prints an image containing test patches. Next, as depicted at block 332, L*a*b* values from the test patches can be measured using, for example, a spectrophotometer.
As indicated at block 334, these L*a*b* vectors can be transformed to NCD coordinates utilizing the T transformation matrix, obtained from block 308 through continuation block 320 ("C"). The L*a*b* values obtained the operation illustrated at block 332, and the CMY values as indicated at block 328 can also be stored, as depicted at block 336. When the iterative process has reduced the error to a satisfactory level (the output of comparison block 322 is "yes"), block 322 sends a signal to block 336 through continuation block 324 ("B") to "write out" the CMY and L*a*b* data in a suitable format. Customer images can also be appropriately modified at this time. The process then terminates, as indicated at block 338.
If the process does not terminate, the new NCD values are sent to block 310 through continuation block 320 (i.e. "D"). Block 310 compares the C & D values with the desired C & D values and calculates an error vector. The desired C and D values are usually 0, but more generally could be a function of the NCD orthogonal vector space determined in block 306.
As indicated in block 322, the error calculated in block 310 can be compared to the limit. If the error is above the limit, the error vector can be fed to block 328 through continuation block 326 ("A"), where it can be processed in the feedback controller. An example of a feedback controller that may be utilized in this manner is the iterative controller 210 described earlier with respect to
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the operations depicted at blocks 312 and 314 can be processed in association with the operation depicted at block 328. In other words, the operations of block 312 and 314 can be processed within a feedback controller. For such implementations, the gain matrix for each memory color generally contains 3�3 elements. The selection of appropriate elements can be established within the feedback controller, dependent upon which CMY values reach the boundary.
It can be appreciated from the foregoing that embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in the context of modules. In the computer programming arts, a module can be typically implemented as a collection of routines and data structures that performs particular tasks or implements a particular abstract data type.
Modules generally are composed of two parts. First, a software module may list the constants, data types, variable, routines and the like that can be accessed by other modules or routines. Second, a software module can be configured as an implementation, which can be private (i.e., accessible perhaps only to the module), and that contains the source code that actually implements the routines or subroutines upon which the module is based. Thus, for example, the term module, as utilized herein generally refers to software modules or implementations thereof. Such modules can be utilized separately or together to form a program product that can be implemented through signal-bearing media, including transmission media and recordable media.
The logical operations depicted in
Graph 500 thus generally illustrates convergence plots, wherein cyan and yellow are limited to 0 and 100% respectively. In graph 500, only magenta is variable. A final steady state value for magenta, according to graph 5900, is approximately, 86.7%. Thus the gamut mapped CMY values in percent are [0 86.7 100]. Corresponding gamut mapped L*a*b* values are given by [60.33 55.85 55.85] as indicated in equation (5) below:
Based on the foregoing it can therefore be appreciated that when the consistency of desired memory color is required, an appropriate user interface can be utilized to produce desired L*a*b* values for a memory color control system. Because the memory color control system possesses an inverse characterization table (e.g., L*a*b* to CMY/CMYK), a correct strategy for gamut mapping in association with the desired L*a*b* values can be utilized to obtain three colorant CMY (i.e., cyan, magenta, yellow) coordinates.
If a patch with CMY values is printed and the color measured utilizing a spectrophotometer, the resulting measured L*a*b* value may not correspond to the desired L*a*b* value. Such a discrepancy may result from two possible reasons: (1) gamut mapping of colors to the gamut surface, and/or (2) variations in the engine caused by associated media and processes. Regarding reason (1), gamut mapping of colors to the gamut surface is necessitated primarily by device physics, and can be accomplished by a number of techniques known in the art. After the gamut-mapping step, a comparison of measured colors is generally performed with gamut-mapped L*a*b* values within a memory color control module.
To address reason (2), stable control of the gamut-mapped colors with respect to engine variations is accomplished via the aforementioned order reduction, which converts a three-dimensional control problem to a two- or a one-dimensional control problem. This utilizes a separate algorithm to produce the correct amount of CMY values so that when the patches are printed with those particular CMY values and measured with a spectrophotometer, colors can correspond to the desired L*a*b* after gamut-mapping.
The order reduction can be accomplished by selecting and eliminating appropriate colors at the gamut surface. For example, consider an out of gamut red. Generating such a color would require a negative amount of cyan. Because this action is physically impossible, such a color is out of the printer's gamut. To find the gamut mapped color, it may be necessary to set C=0, and vary M and Y to obtain the "best" gamut mapped red. Varying M and Y can be accomplished within an iterative controller as described herein.
It is appreciated that a variety of spectrophotometers can be implemented in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. One example of such a spectrophotometer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,170, "Simultaneous Plural Colors Analysis Spectrophotometer," which issued to Tandon, et al on May 20, 2003. U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,170 is assigned to Xerox Corporation and is incorporated herein by reference.
It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
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|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method and apparatus for determining a gamut boundary and a gamut descriptor
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|Nov 3, 1998
|Agfa Gevaert N.V.
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|Agfa Gevaert N.V.
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|May 8, 2001
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
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|May 22, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
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|Eastman Kodak Company
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|Jan 29, 2002
|Xerox Corporation
|Gamut mapping algorithm using inverted gamma function
|Apr 22, 1999
|Jun 4, 2002
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Color image reproduction with accurate inside-gamut colors and enhanced outside-gamut colors
|Jan 20, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|Sony Corporation
|Image processing apparatus and method, color gamut conversion table creating apparatus and method, storage medium having image processing program recorded therein, and storage medium having recorded therein color gamut conversion table creating program
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|May 6, 2003
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Color gamut compression method and color gamut compression device
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|Xerox Corporation
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|Jun 1, 1999
|Sep 9, 2003
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Iterative gamut mapping
|Jan 12, 1999
|Jun 15, 2004
|Richard A. Holub
|System for distributing and controlling color reproduction at multiple sites
|Jun 25, 2003
|Jan 23, 2007
|Fujitsu Limited
|Color data conversion method, color data conversion apparatus, storage medium, device driver and color conversion table
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|May 20, 2004
|Samsung Electronics Co.., Ltd.
|Method of color correction
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 2009
|Jun 24, 2014
|Prism Projection, Inc.
|Solid state light fixture with enhanced thermal cooling and color mixing
|May 2, 2012
|Oct 28, 2014
|Xerox Corporation
|System and method for printing with ink limiting
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|Garrett J. Young
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|U.S. Classification
|358/1.9, 358/518, 345/593, 358/521, 345/590, 345/690, 382/164, 358/530, 382/167, 345/549, 382/162, 358/515, 345/591, 358/516, 358/448, 358/1.13, 382/254, 358/519, 382/232, 358/525
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 5, 2003
Owner name: XEROX CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MALTZ, MARTIN S.;BALA, RAJA;MESTHA, LALIT K.;REEL/FRAME:014383/0220
Effective date: 20030801
|Aug 31, 2004
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, TEXAS
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015722/0119
Effective date: 20030625
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT,TEXAS
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015722/0119
Effective date: 20030625
|Jul 18, 2014
|Fee payment
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subset: commoncrawl


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Friday, September 23, 2011
What's in my bag?!
Abby from The Inspired Apple had the brilliant idea to host a What's in your teacher bag linky party. After looking through everyone's bags I'm seriously considering the Erin Condren life planner! It's going to be a quick post tonight because it has been a looong week!
This is my Vera bag. I love it...it holds everything! In front of it are my grad school books.
For some reason the picture keeps uploading sideways...sorry! Here I have some reading logs, interoffice mail, an umbrella, reading a to z books for a guided reading group, word detective sheets to turn into books, my idea notebook, and some books that feature children with disabilities.
As soon as I took everything out of the bag, the kitties moved in!
This was such a fun linky party to join. Thanks to Abby for hosting it and don't forget to join in too!
Posted by Becky at 8:52 PM
4 comments:
- Courtney said...
Hey Becky! Coming over from the linky party and just started following you! I am a resource center teacher part of my day as well...6th through 8th, though. PS- I spy "Mr. Falker" in your bag! Love it. ..I have never read Leo the Latebloomer, though. Will have to check it out! :)
- September 23, 2011 at 9:32 PM
- Becky said...
Hey Courtney! I just checked out your blog and I'm your newest follower! I started this blog as a portfolio of my first few years of teaching too.
- September 24, 2011 at 1:45 PM
- Mrs. Cockrell said...
I love both of those books! We always read Leo the Late Bloomer at the beginning of the year. :)
- September 25, 2011 at 1:42 PM
- Em @ Bunch of Scrap said...
Cute bag, super cute kitties! I am late to Abby's link party, here is my bag http://www.bunchofscrap.com/2011/10/what-is-in-my-teacher-bag-and-reveal.html
- October 1, 2011 at 4:01 PM
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Hyattsville (Md.) DeMatha is expected to have nearly a dozen prospects in the 2008 recruiting class. In addition to Tate and McCleod on offense, at least three other players are getting major Division I looks according to head coach Bill McGregor.
One such players is 6-foot-4, 250-pound tight end Joe Collura.
"He plays tight end and defensive end for us," he said. "I think he'll be a very good Division I player probably at tight end. He's getting interest from the ACC and Big East like Maryland, Virginia, Duke and others.
Article Continues Below
"He's already been to several junior days and we'll see how things fall for him. He's a great kid that is quiet and hard working. He also has very good grades that will get him in anywhere in the country."
McGregor talked about Collura at tight end.
"My gut tells me he'll be a tight end that could possibly make the move to the offensive line," he stated. "He's big and probably will get bigger. At tight end, he's a very good blocker and has excellent hands."
Joining him on offense is 6-foot-1, 205-pound athlete Jonathan Mason.
"He could be a wide receiver or safety in college," he said. "At receiver, he can catch and run and is very athletic. He's a very tough athlete that can go up and jump for the ball. Defensively, he's a big player at safety that can roll out and makes plays.
"He's a very good student with a 3.75 GPA. He'll get in wherever he wants. So far he's getting interest from Maryland, Duke and Virginia."
Two huge offensive lineman are also getting looks in offensive tackles Sheldon Sellman and Tony Dzikowski.
The 6-foot-6, 320-pound Sellman is receiving interest from the ACC, Big East, Big Ten and SEC.
"I know Georgia likes him a lot, but we'll see how serious they get as time goes on," McGregor said. "Sheldon started for us last year at offensive tackle and has great size, feet and toughness. He moves really well for a big guy, has good hips and works hard. He puts in the extra work for special training and wants to get better."
Meanwhile, the 6-foot-4, 320-pound Dickowski is picking up interest of his own.
"He's getting looks from the ACC and Big East," he said. "He like the rest of these guys I expect to have offers before the season starts next year. They're all very talented.
"Tony is strong as can be. He's just like a baby bull. He's big, strong and athletic. In the weight room he benches probably around 400-pounds and recently did 225 for 20 reps. Overall he's just a big kind of kid. Personally I think he may play better at around 300-pounds, but he's strong coming off the ball for us."


text:
National Broadband Scheme Evaluation Plan
Details of NBS Evaluation Plan
National Broadband Scheme Evaluation Plan
MS Word Document, 335KB
This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format.
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email email@example.com. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Projects approved under BDUK's National Broadband Scheme will be subject to an evaluation to assess their impact. The details of the plan can be found in the attached document.
Document information
Published: 9 January 2017


text:
Tyler (KYTX) -- In less than two weeks, early voting gets underway before the March 4th primary election. Ahead of all the excitement the Texas Secretary of State wants to make sure you have the information you need to cast a ballot.
"We are going through rain, snow and sleet across every geographic corner of the state to make sure we do everything possible for voters to get that information," Nandita Berry, Texas Secretary of State, said.
Information that you'll need before heading to the polls, like having a photo ID if you vote in person.
"You can go with a Texas Driver's license, a personal ID, a concealed handgun license, or US passport, a citizenship certificate or a military ID," Berry said.
For voters who don't have one of those forms, you can go down to your local DPS office to get a new election ID certificate.
"They can fill out the forms and get a free photo ID used for voting only," Berry said.
Elections administrators say there have been questions, but overall not too much pushback on the new requirement. "For the most part, people are just going with it and they understand it and they are fine," Karen Nelson, Smith County Elections Administrator, said.
Secretary Berry agrees through various efforts like what her team is doing now, everything has gone smoothly.
"We heard from all the county officials that it was a great success, voter turnout increased 66% in the November 2013 election, as compared to the 2011 election," Berry said.
Early voting takes place February 18th through February 28th.


text:
Spectroscopy. Atoms and Light. Atomic electron energy levels are a source of discrete photon energies. Change from a high to low energy state produces a photon. Atoms can also absorb a photon to excite an electron. Discrete Spectrum. Each atom has its own set of energy levels.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Energy states in molecules contribute to stellar spectra.
Internuclear distances are quantized in discrete states.
Vibrational energy
Angular momentum for the molecule is quantized.
Rotational energyMolecular Spectra
Atoms and molecules can reemit absorbed energy.
Fluorescence typically involves three steps.
Excitation to higher energy state.
Loss of energy through change in vibrational state
Emission of fluorescent photon.Fluorescence
10-12 s
10-15 s
10-7 s


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The much awaited android smartphone from Lenovo called Lenovo K3 Note finally launched in India with top specifications and features. Lenovo K3 Note Price in India is Rs. 9999 as expected. Lenovo K3 Note packed with 72% screen-to-body ratio.
Lenovo K3 Note coming with a beautiful 5.5-inch display for viewing all the contents in a good manner. The display features 178-degree wide viewing angle, 400 nits brightness for clarity viewing experience. Powerpack of the Lenovo K3 Note is a 1.7 GHz Octa-core MediaTek MT6752 processor for high end performance.
Enjoy gaming and graphics in high quality with Mali-T760 MP2 GPU. Processor of Lenovo K3 Note works well in support with 2GB RAM. Internal storage option of the phone is 16GB and this can be more expandable up to 32GB with microSD card to keep all songs films and photos.
Lenovo K3 Note android smartphone runs on latest Android 5.0 (Lollipop) with Vibe UI for android apps and games fun. You have Dual SIM (4G + 2G) support for easy calling and data connectivity option. Lenovo K3 Note smart phone packed with a 13MP rear camera to capture all photos and videos. This is the main camera which supports dual-tone LED flash.
Lenovo K3 Note offers a 5MP front-facing camera to capture perfect selfies and video calls. The smartphone measures Dimensions of 152.6x 76×7.99mm and Weighs 150g. Lenovo K3 Note supports Dolby ATMOS for music enjoyment. You can choose from Peral White, Onyx Black and Laser Yellow colors for this phone.
Data and connectivity options includes 4G LTE / 3G HSPA+, WiFi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0, GPS etc. Battery powers the phone is a 3000mAh battery for long hours of back up and talk time. Lenovo K3 Note will be exclusively available from Flipkart through flash sales starting from 8th July. You can register for the sale from 2PM today on Flipkart.
Lenovo K3 Note Key Features
- Android v5.0 Lollipop OS with Vibe UI
- Dual SIM (4G + 2G) card support
- 5.5-inch display with 178-degree wide viewing angle
- 1.7 GHz Octa-core processor
- 16GB internal storage
- Expandable memory up to 32GB with microSD
- 13MP rear camera with dual-tone LED flash
- 5MP front-facing camera
- 3000mAh battery


text:
The first questions most people ask when starting a new job are "When do I get paid?" and "How much?" They're questions conditioned in us from the time we are kids doing our first odd jobs. And, we ask every single time we start new employment. Yet many of us forget about these questions when we begin working in a multilevel/network marketing/home-based business. Then we find our heads spinning, wondering how everything fits together. How does this happen? Well, most of the time - in Young Living - it's the women who jump into the business first. In other words, guys rarely look at the compensation plan because it's not "their thing". As well, the fact is that most people who enroll as wholesale members with Young Living and later "do the business" never intended to do anything more than simply use the oils or just sell enough to "fund their habit". As such, as the business starts growing and things start humming along, they find themselves with lots of action and little information. The compensation plan is complex - even if clear.
In this field guide, we'll walk through it. You'll learn....
©2014 Andrew Edwin Jenkins (P)2015 Andrew Edwin Jenkins
"Great information!"
So much great information about the Young Living compensation plan and so much more. I am seeing results after using many of the ideas brought up in this book.
"Great Information"
This book is helpful as a husband supporting my wife's Young Living oil habit! I will order a hard copy as well. The narrator is easy on the ears as well.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
Though Canada's top historic hotels offer a window to the past, they still offer all the creature comforts that the 21st century traveler expects out of... Read More
Quebec City enchants travelers with its old-world charm. But it's not just the 400-year-old buildings and cobblestoned streets that made Quebec the No.... Read More
On August 1, 1639, a group of Augustinian sisters from France stepped off a boat into what today is Quebec City, Canada, carrying with them a signed... Read More
Starting Thursday, July 9, you'll have your last chance at $78 passes for the Festival d'été de Quebec, Canada's largest outdoor music festival. The... Read More
At dusk on a glowering February day, we trudged up the snowbound sidewalk of Rue St.-Louis, a street of limestone town houses just inside the walls of... Read More
VancouverA coastal playground basks in its post-Olympics glow.StayOpening just in time for the 2010 Winter Games, the Great Value Fairmont Pacific Rim ... Read More
QUEBEC CITYWHYOld Quebec, with its cobblestoned streets and 17th-century slate-roofed buildings, looks like a fairy-tale village, one with a French... Read More
In December, we asked for your opinions on romance and travel. Here's what turns you on:What's the most romantic place you've ever visited?1. Paris2.... Read More


text:
BIONOVA: The 21st Century Skin Care
Dec 15, 2015, 10:10 ET from BIONOVA
NEW YORK, Dec. 15, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Skincare products with its temporary cover-up formulations of 'natural' minerals, plant substances, oil and other fillers belong to the 20th Century.
The 21st Century offers True Functional Skincare Products that treat the skin as the largest organ of the body taking into consideration human physiology and biochemistry.
Dr. Danielov, MD. Ph.D. and his team of scientists were first to understand and have experimentally proved that the most efficient way to treat health problems without side effects is utilizing same substances composition in the same quantities that found in a human body.
This concept is a pillar of BIONOVA Skincare brand.
The rare combination of BIONOVA's professionals being scientists in experimental medicine with medical background puts them on another level and differentiates them from cosmetic chemist formulators and dermatologists.
What is so unique?
There are NO oil, waxes, minerals, plants or animal extracts, and other foreign to the body substances in BIONOVA products since none of it is produced in a Human Organism and has no biological effect on the skin whatsoever. All foreign to human body substances clog skin pores; interfere with body's metabolic processes causing skin concerns.
BIONOVA uses Hyper-Natural™ Bioactive Substances that are physiologically produced in the Living Organisms and 100% endogenous to a Human body.
Life Science Nanotechnology in Action
Hyper-Natural ingredients are not a simple mixture of substances added to the cosmetic formulation. It is a proprietary technological process that allows using them in Nano and Pico quantities. A composition of Hyper-Natural ingredients incorporated into a proprietary Delivery System is called NANO-COMPLEX. The medical background of BIONOVA's scientists allows them to identify the cause of a problem and create targeted bioactive substances composition to treat the cause of this problem.
BIONOVA's ability to contrive NANO-COMPLEXES depending on customer's needs directly led to Customization. BIONOVA offers different levels of customization. Regardless of a Product Line, all BIONOVA Skincare products contain same ingredients, are powerful and effectively treat the skin. The difference is in the preciseness of customization.
Available on bionovalab.com; dermstore.com; barneys.com
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120229/NY59364LOGO
Photo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110207/NY43170-b
Available Topic Expert: For information on the listed expert, click appropriate link.
Dr. Michael Danielov
ProfNet - http://www.profnetconnect.com/bionovalab.com


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Location & Date
137 Slovenia
Distinct Views: 29,784
Photo Added: January 01, 2005
Photo Added: January 01, 2005
Comments (2)
Neat angle, awesome colors. The runway is solid black, and the grass is radioactive green! Much better than Canada's runways. Yellowish grass and a grey runway with skidmarks does not make a pretty site.
Fantastic shot! Dark runway on the ever so green grass...
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mccartymom Review
beautiful porch swing
I love the look of this porch swing! I get many compliments on it. It is unfortunate, that it needs back and seat padding to make it comfortable to sit on. I hate covering up the detailing.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? Perfect
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Very well made
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Very good on line description
Was This Review Helpful?


text: Junior Gold adds U12 divison for 2014 Lucas Wiseman April 26, 2013 ARLINGTON, Texas - The North Pointe Junior Gold Championships will grow in 2014 when a new age division is added to the event, allowing younger bowlers to get involved in the sport's most prestigious youth event.The new U12 division for boys and girls will feature bowlers 12 and under, joining their counterparts in the U15 and U20 divisions in competing for national titles. The 2014 North Pointe Junior Gold Championships, presented by Track, Columbia 300, Ebonite and Hammer, will take place in Buffalo, N.Y."We received tremendous positive feedback to the addition of the U15 division last year and this is another step in the direction of getting our younger bowlers involved in Junior Gold," International Bowling Campus Managing Director of Youth Development Chad Murphy said. "This is all about athlete development and getting younger bowlers into the pipeline to help them become successful as they get older."Bowlers in the U12 division will compete in qualifying blocks of four games and champions will be decided based on a bracket format. Automatic spots on Junior Team USA will continue to only be available to those in the U20 division, while automatic spots on the developmental Junior Team USA will only be available to those in the U15 division. The new U12 division will operate like the other divisions with bowlers qualifying through the local level to advance to the championships, and the division will have a separate scholarship pool. The U12 winners (one boy and one girl) at the Pepsi Youth Championships from each state will automatically advance.There are two significant changes to the cost structure of the U12 versus the existing divisions. The cost of a U12 qualifying spot has been reduced to $100 and the annual Junior Gold membership fees for U12 bowlers will be $10, while Junior Gold membership fees for the U20 and U15 divisions will remain $30."We realize the cost is a barrier to enter these types of events so, we are trying to keep it down for the younger kids and their families," Murphy said.For more information on the North Pointe Junior Gold Championships, visit BOWL.com/JuniorGold.


text:
Two suicide bombers attacked a camp for refugees in northwest Pakistan
Saturday, killing at least 41 people and wounding more than 60 others.
Police say the bombers struck minutes apart at the Kacha Pukka camp for displaced people as residents lined up to register for aid.
Officials say the bombers were wearing burqas - the full body covering worn by conservative Muslim women.
A retired Pakistani military official (General Mahmood Shah) tells VOA that he believes the Taliban is responsible for the attack.
The camp houses people fleeing violence in the Orakzai district, where Pakistani forces have recently intensified an offensive against Taliban militants.
Northwest Pakistan has suffered a major internal displacement of people as a result of Taliban violence and a series of military operations targeting Islamist militants near the Afghan border.


text:
James DePeyster Lynch
Found 10 Records, 10 Photos and 1,129,793 Family Trees
Born on 17 May 1868 to James Stoughton Lynch and Sarah Adams Johnson. James DePeyster married Julia Henrietta Wright and had 4 children. He passed away on Apr 1917.
Family Members
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Simply start with yourself and we'll do the searching for you.
Potential photos and documents for James DePeyster LynchView All 10 Images
Top record matches for James DePeyster Lynch
Surname meaning for "Lynch"
Irish: reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic'descendant of Loingseach', a personal name meaning 'mariner' (from long 'ship'). This is now a common surname in Ireland but of different local origins, for example chieftain families in counties Antrim and Tipperary, while in Ulster and Connacht there were families called who later shortened their name to and also Anglicized it as .


text:
Anthony Bourdain, Gabrielle Hamilton, and Eric Ripert are all well established, accomplished chefs. Here, they share their early cooking experiences, what influenced their cooking styles, and what made them want to be chefs forever.Bourdain is the executive chef at Brasserie Les Halles, the author of the best-selling book Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, and the host of the popular Food Network series, A Cook's Tour. Panelist Gabrielle Hamilton is the chef and owner of Prune, and Eric Ripert is the chef at Le Bernardin, both New York City culinary landmarks. Moderator Michael Ruhlman is a journalist and author of The Soul of a Chef and The Making of a Chef.
Food connoisseurs, junkies, and interested generalists, this is the conversation for you. Food journalist and author Michael Ruhlman moderates a conversation at New York's famed 92nd Street Y venue with leading chefs Anthony Bourdain, Gabrielle Hamilton, and Eric Ripert, true restaurant legends.
The chefs discuss their formative years in the restaurant business. Sit back and enjoy Bourdain's familiar, smoky voice as he describes entering a trade that, at the time, "only attracted losers" and how he found pride for the first time in his life as a dishwasher. Hear Ripert's account of how a piece of artichoke can bring out the flavor of a fish. This audiobook is best enjoyed over a sauce that nearly broke a cook's back.
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With 12 days to go until Election Day, Democrat Tom Barrett took to the Capitol steps Thursday to rally his supporters.
Barrett accused Republicans of being cocky and overconfident (4:22) and compared "Republican polls" which show him trailing Walker to the college football poll which ranked Wisconsin 18th going into last Saturday's game with number 1 ranked Ohio (4:45).
The Milwaukee mayor trails the Republican in the race for Governor, Milwaukee County Executive Scott Walker, by nine points in the most recent (and most favorable to Barrett thus far) statewide poll.
The rally, ostensibly called to urge Wisconsin voters to take advantage of early voting, also featured Democratic National Committee chair Tim Kaine, U.S. Representative Tammy Baldwin, and Dane County Executive Kathleen…and perhaps 100 were in attendance on another unseasonably gorgeous October day.


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Compare Energy Prices
If you are setting up a home or business, you have a range of decisions to make about where you're going to get energy. Are you going to use electricity for everything? Do you need natural gas? Can you make any of the electricity yourself? You want to compare electricityand gas as well as evaluate different electricity and natural gas providers.To make these decisions, you need good information on the prices and contracts offered by electricity companies in your area. If you live in a state with a deregulated energy market, you may be able to choose between a large slate of companies when deciding who will supply your local utility with electricity for your building.
CompareElectricity can help you to compare energy prices offered by different companies in your area. All you have to do is enter your zip code in the box above; you'll see a list of companies in your area with information about their residential plans. If you are trying to compare business electricity, you may be able to negotiate a better rate; we can help you to get in touch with regional companies in order to see what they can offer you.
Making a Choice
There are a few important comparisons to make for these energy plans:
- You may wish to use gas for heating and your stove, but most households and businesses still need some amount of electricity. When selecting an electricity provider for your household, the first thing to notice is the dollar rate, usually expressed in cents per kilowatt hour. At this scale, the difference between ten and eleven cents can add up to a very noticeable savings on your annual power bill.
- In addition to rate, you will also have to make a decision about variable vs. fixed electricity plans. A fixed-rate plan will stay the same price it is now until your contract comes up for renewal (at which point there may be a large change). If the rate is variable, it will change monthly along with the market. Some providers offer a compromise between risk and stability with plans that lie somewhere in between these two options.
- Other factors to take into account include signup bonuses and energy sources. You might decide that you want your energy to come from a renewable source, such as solar panels or wind turbines; in this case, you may be able to find a company offering exactly this type of product. The rates for all-renewable power are sometimes (but not always!) higher than those for other types.
The Future of Your Electric Bill
Once you sign up for a new electricity provider, you join a freer market for the supply of energy. When your contract ends, you will have the opportunity to go through the same process: check CompareElectricity.com for a new list of suppliers and prices. If you see a better deal, you take it. The site is constantly adding new information about providers, so it's worthwhile to check back if you're still looking for the right contract.
Don't lose hope for an alternative provider if you live in a state without deregulated energy. The success of opening up the energy market in places like Texas and Pennsylvania may entice your state to pursue a similar program. As new options become available, CompareElectricity.com will be ready and waiting to gather information and make it available to you.
To see what the retail electricity situation looks like in your area, simply enter your zip code into the box at the top of the page. You can use this site to compare electric rates or just to get information about the different providers operating in your area. You can also manually navigate to compare electricity rates in different cities and states.
Compare Electricity News
- CL&P and UI ordered to refund $30MThursday, October 16, 2014
- Ameren Illinois Improves Electric PerformanceTuesday, October 07, 2014