text:
Karnataka Public Service Commission Exam Syllabus is available for download. Candidate who have filled the application form for 1203 Group A, Group B & Group C vacancy should check KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 from the official website. Applicant can also download Karnataka PSC Exam Pattern Pdf from the link given in this page. For the candidate it is important to check exam syllabi before the exam. Study material will help student to make their studies better and score good marks in the exam. So, come and read this page. This is the best source for your preparation. So, don't waste your time and start preparing from today. Check other information like Eligibility details, complete exam pattern, know how many marks you need to qualify the exam.
I Want To Know Details of KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 :
Name of Organization : Karnataka Public Service Commission
Popularly Known as : KPSC
Category : Exam Pattern/ Syllabus
KPSC Exam Syllabus : Available
Exam Date : February/ March
Total No. of Post : 1203
Name of Vacancy : Group A, Group B & Group C
Official website : www.kpsc.kar.nic.in
Karnataka Public Service Commission has released recruitment notification for 1203 Group A, Group B & Group C vacancy. Applicant who are willing to apply for Karnataka Jobs should check the eligibility details before applying. KPSC Recruitment 2017 application form will be filled in online mode. Those who meet the eligibility may fill the Karnataka PSC application form from 17.12.2016 to 15.01.2017. As per the notification the department will be going to conduct written examination in February/ March 2017. Read more…
Till now lots of applicant have filled the KPSC application form. Those who have not filled the form yet should check the eligibility details from here and apply now. In this page we have provided complete exam KPSC pattern/ Syllabus for your convenience. You can check KPSC Group C Syllabus 2017 and may download Exam Pattern Pdf from the below given link.
Selection Process for KPSC Group A, B & C Recruitment : To qualify the written exam candidate need to face two steps i.e. Written exam and Personal Interview. First round is Written exam and on the basis of this exam candidate will be called for Personal Interview. The KPSC exam consist of Objective type questions. The paper will be held in two parts i.e. General Paper & Specified paper. Complete information are given in the next section which is Karnataka PSC Exam Pattern 2017.
KPSC Group A, B & C Exam Pattern 2017 – Check KPSC Exam Pattern Here!!!
Karnataka Public Service Commission has released the exam pattern which is uploaded here. As per the KPSC Exam pattern the paper will be conducted in two parts i.e. General Paper & Specified Paper. In General Paper total time duration of the exam is 1 hour 30 minutes. The Group A, B & C paper is of 200 marks. Second paper is Specified paper which is of 200 marks. Total time taken for Paper II is 2 hours. Remaining information is given in tabular format. Candidate should go through it.
- The KPSC exam consist of objective type questions.
- Karnataka Paper is divided in two parts i.e. General Paper & Specified Paper.
- In General Paper the questions is of 200 marks and total time duration of the exam is 1 ½ hours.
- Paper 2 which is Specified paper is of 200 marks and total time taken is 2 hours.
- For each wrong answer ¼th marks i.e. o.25 marks will be deducted from the question.
- Check Karnataka PSC Group A, B & C Exam Pattern 2017 below.
|General Paper
|1 hours 30 minutes
|Specified Paper
|2 hours
|400 Marks
KPSC Group A, B & C Exam Syllabus 2017 – Karnataka PSC Syllabus :
In this section you are going to know about the questions you have to prepare for the KPSC Group A, B & C exam. You can check subject wise topics from here. To qualify the written examination candidate need to study General Knowledge, English/ Kannada, Physics, Chemistry, Biology & Computer knowledge. To get complete information regarding KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 read the below details.
KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 for General Knowledge | KPSC Teaching & Non Teaching Syllabus :
- Awards and Honors
- General Polity
- Indian Economy
- Countries & Capitals
- Budget and Five Year Plans
- Books and Authors
- Important Days
- International as well as National Organizations
- Current Affairs – National & International
- Indian History
- Sports
- Abbreviations
- Science – Inventions, besides Discoveries
- General Science
- Science & Technology
- Indian National Movement.
KPSC Syllabus 2017 for English/ Kannada | Karnataka PSC Group A, B & C Syllabus 2017 :
- Error Detection
- Grammar
- Synonyms as well as Antonyms
- Phrases
- Comprehension
- Fill in the Blanks
- Translation of Sentences
- Plural Form
- Vocabulary
Karnataka PSC Group A, B & C Exam Syllabus 2017 for Physics | KPSC Exam Syllabus :
- Laws of motion
- Kinetic theory
- Also, Units and measurements
- Thermal properties of matter
- Gravitation
- Mechanical properties of fluids
- Nuclei
- Electromagnetic induction
- Moving charges and magnetism
- Magnetism and Matter
- Electrostatic potential and capacitance
- Electric charges and fields
- Systems of particles and rotational motion
- Alternating current
- Current electricity
- Waves
- Atoms
- Communication systems
- Semiconductor electronics
- Electromagnetic waves
- Dual nature of radiation and matter
- Wave optics
- Work, energy, as well as, power
- Ray optics and optical instruments
- Mechanical properties of solids
- Oscillations
- Motion in a straight line
- Thermodynamics
- Physical world
- Motion in a plane.
KPSC Group C Exam Syllabus 2017 for Chemistry | KPSC Group A, B & C Syllabus 2017 :
- The s – block elements
- Biomolecules
- Organic chemistry
- Polymers
- P-block elements – group 14 (carbon family)
- Surface chemistry
- Solutions
- Atomic structure
- Chemistry in everyday life
- Thermodynamics
- Haloalkanes as well as haloarenes
- Hydrogen and its Compounds
- Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- Solid state
- Also, Electro chemistry and chemical kinetics
- Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases
- General principles of metallurgy
- D and f block elements & coordination compound
- Organic compounds containing c, h, and o
- Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
- P-block elements
- Environmental chemistry
- Stoichiometry
- Chemical bonding and molecular structure
- States of matter: gasses and liquids
- P- block elements group 13 (boron family)
KPSC Teaching & Non Teaching Exam Syllabus 2017 for Biology | KPSC Exam Syllabus :
- Genetics, Cytogenetics, besides Plant Breeding
- Biochemistry & Plant Physiology
- Mycology & Plant Pathology
- Archegoniate
- Ecology & Environment
- Viruses, Bacteria, as well as, Algae
- Angiosperms Morphology Taxonomy & Embryology
- Biotechnology, etc.,
KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 for Computer Knowledge | Karnataka PSC Exam Syllabus :
- MS Office as well as MS Word
- Internet Usage
- Windows
- MS Excel
- Introduction to Computer Science
- MS PowerPoint
- Workplace Productivity Tools
- PC Software and Office Automation
- Computer Software & Hardware.
How To Download KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 PDF ?
- Visit to the official website of KPSC i.e. www.kpsc.kar.nic.in.
- From the For applicants section click on Syllabus link.
- Now, click on KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 link and proceed further.
- Open Karnataka PSC Exam Pattern 2017 Pdf and read all the details.
- If you want to save the KPSC Group C Exam Pattern 2017 Pdf then click on the download link.
- You may also save it by Ctrl + S key.
Download KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 Group C Pdf
Download KPSC Group A, B & C Recruitment 2017 Notification
You may Also Check :
KPSC Excise Sub Inspector & Guard Syllabus 2017
Download KPSC Assistant Librarian Syllabus 2016
Download KPSC Steno Typist Exam Syllabus 2016
Download KPSC Teaching & Non Teaching Syllabus 2016
Check KPSC Group C Non Technical Syllabus 2016
Click Here for KPSC Divisional Assistant Vacancy 2016
Download KPSC KRIES Admit Card 2016
Conclusion : KPSC Exam Syllabus 2017 for 1203 Group A, B & C vacancy. Applicant should download Karnataka Public Service Commission Syllabus from this page. Keep in touch with us for further update.


text:
If you would like to be the first to find out about the beautiful exhibitions and exciting events we have coming up for both the Asian Civilisations Museum and Peranakan Museum, please email your details in the following format to email@example.com:
Subject: Mailing List Registration
Email Address:
Goodbye but not farewell
In September, Alan Chong, director of the Asian Civilisations Museum and the Peranakan Museum for six years, will move to the US to become director and CEO of the Currier Museum of Art in Manchester, New Hampshire.
He accomplished a great deal during his tenure, including the exhibition Terracotta Warriors (2011), the best-attended exhibition in NHB history, with a top-selling catalogue. This exhibition launched an innovative new virtual reality app, which paved the way for the current ACM app and free wi-fi. Last November, the museum opened the stunning Khoo Teck Puat Gallery – the new permanent home for the 9th-century Tang Shipwreck treasures. And the magnificent Kwek Hong Png Wing adds three floors of new galleries to the museum. Alan also worked hard to improve the design and scholarly standards of the museum's publications.
Alan says: "Whatever success we had really came from teamwork between staff, board members, donors, and government agencies. Strong private and public support has allowed us to build a cross-cultural collection that I think will attract attention from around the world. The government believed in our mission, and helped with funding, together with generous private donors like the Hong Leong Foundation, and the Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple. Most of all, the ACM board lobbied on our behalf, and arranged numerous philanthropic events. I could not have had a better chairperson in Mrs Lee Suet Fern.
Collectors and donors also believed in our vision, and contributed funds and objects. Collectors like Peter Lee, Edmond Chin, Whang Shang Ying, and Betty Mariette are true experts in their own right, and are close friends of the museum. I could not have accomplished anything at the ACM without their help, and I will miss them all very much."
Taking over as director is Kennie Ting, who previously served as group director at NHB overseeing the national museums, festivals, as well as corporate and professional development. Alan says, "I hope I left a good foundation for Kennie, whom I will continue to support and advise as required. Kennie brings a new perspective to the museum's focus, and will take it to the next level of excellence. Our new chairman Loh Lik Peng, a highly dynamic worldly entrepreneur, will also bring much value to the museum. Together they bring many new strengths and ideas to the museum that will further improve its public profile. "
Have you seen it yet?
Curtains come down on our Christianity in Asia special exhibition on 11 September! This first of its kind show has been receiving rave reviews locally and internationally with credits including "amazing", "unique", and "remarkable". So waste no time and plan a visit soon. While you're here at the museum, remember to pick up the book specially produced by our museum team for this exhibition. It's a visual treat, and a great gift for Christmas.
A feast for your senses!
Immerse yourself in festive colours, and sounds from East and West on the final weekend of our Christianity in Asia exhibition. Learn the Portuguese Eurasian folk dance "Jinkli Nona", light up your night with the Filipino "parol", a 4m-tall outdoor lantern, and enjoy food and drinks along the scenic Singapore River! View programme.
Surprise in our galleries
We welcomed some international stars this week. We found Dratini chillin' by the Raffles Statue behind the museum, while his friends explored our galleries. Psyduck had a waddling good time at our Tang Shipwreck display, while Weedle and Slowpoke got a little cheeky. We had to remind Slowpoke not to climb onto the daybed in our Chinese Scholar gallery. Fearow was a bit fazed by our "no flying in the galleries" rule, but he still enjoyed our new Riverfront Wing.
Calling all Pokémon Go Trainers!
Dodge the haze, and come for a weekday Pokémon hunt between 11.30am and 2pm, from 31 August to 9 September (excluding the weekend, 3 & 4 September). The first 20 people to present to the ACM Front Desk a photo of a Pokémon in our Christianity in Asia exhibition will receive a $25 Privé ACM dining voucher, and walk straight to lunch!
The grand prize of a $500 EMPRESS dining voucher will be awarded to one lucky winner! For a chance to win, simply post a photo of a Pokémon in our Christianity in Asia exhibition in the comments section of our contest post on the ACM Facebook page. Each unique photo gives you a greater chance to win.
BONUS! ACM will be dropping lures daily between 11.30am and 2pm during the contest. Admission to the Christianity in Asia exhibition is FREE during these times. Save on your data usage with our free wifi, and increase your chances to catch the rarest Pokémon with our Go Radar station at the ACM Front Desk. Come and catch 'em all!
A unique location for your special occasions
Our magnificent new wings and stunning galleries make the Asian Civilisations Museum one of the most enticing venues for corporate entertaining or private celebrations. With our wide range of spaces, we're confident you'll find the perfect fit your event. Contact us for available dates.
Local or Light?
Fancy a fresh and light meal? Choose from our extensive selections of healthy (but hearty) salads and sandwiches for a quick lunch or a light dinner. If local is still your pick, try our delicious Chicken Curry Noodles, available from 1 September 2016.
Extraordinary EMPRESS Evenings
Planning a birthday celebration, anniversary or proposal? Let us help you make your next night out an extra special one with our Extraordinary EMPRESS Evenings celebration package.
Programmes may change at short notice.
Asian Civilisations Museum
1 Empress Place, Singapore 179555 | Tel: 63327798 | Email: email@example.com
By MRT: Raffles Place By Bus: 75,10, 107, 130, 131, 167
By Car: Parking is available at Parliament House. The Fullerton Hotel. One Fullerton. Six Battery Road.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The second most abundant cation in seawater (SW), Mg2+, is present at concentrations of ∼53 mM. Marine teleosts maintain plasma Mg2+ concentration at 1–2 mM by excreting Mg2+ into the urine. Urine Mg2+ concentrations of SW teleosts exceed 70 mM, most of which is secreted by the renal tubular epithelial cells. However, molecular mechanisms of the Mg2+ secretion have yet to be clarified. To identify transporters involved in Mg2+ secretion, we analyzed the expression of fish homologs of the Slc41 Mg2+ transporter family in various tissues of SW pufferfish torafugu (Takifugu rubripes) and its closely related euryhaline species mefugu (Takifugu obscurus). Takifugu genome contained five members of Slc41 genes, and only Slc41a1 was highly expressed in the kidney. Renal expression of Slc41a1 was markedly elevated when mefugu were transferred from fresh water (FW) to SW. In situ hybridization analysis and immunohistochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels revealed that Slc41a1 is localized to vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubules. These results suggest that pufferfish Slc41a1 is a Mg2+ transporter involved in renal tubular transepithelial Mg2+ secretion by mediating Mg2+ transport from the cytosol to the vacuolar lumen, and support the hypothesis that Mg2+ secretion is mediated by exocytosis of Mg2+-rich vacuoles to the lumen.
- magnesium transporter
- proximal tubule
- renal secretion
- seawater fish
- gene expression
seawater (sw) contains ∼53 mM Mg2+, 27 mM SO42−, 10 mM Ca2+, and 10 mM K+, as well as ∼450 mM NaCl, Mg2+ being the second most abundant cation. In the hyperosmotic environment of the sea (∼1,000 mOsm/kg), marine teleosts maintain a plasma osmotic pressure of ∼370 mOsm/kg (38). To balance passive water loss and salt gain across the gills and skin, marine teleosts drink seawater (SW), absorb water, and eliminate salts. Divalent ions (Mg2+, SO42−, Ca2+) are excreted by the kidney in a low volume of urine (4, 26, 49), and monovalent ions Na+, Cl−, and K+ are excreted from ionocytes (chloride cell, mitochondrion-rich cell) in the gills (12).
In marine teleosts, plasma Mg2+ concentration is at a level similar to that of freshwater (FW) fish and is maintained between 1 and 2 mM (5, 9). The difference in Mg2+ concentration between plasma and environmental SW is 30–50-fold. Thus, marine teleosts are at the risk of exposure to excess Mg2+, which enters via integuments in the gills and intestine. In the intestine, much of the ingested Mg2+ and Ca2+ are precipitated as carbonates that are rectally excreted (36, 57), while a small part of Mg2+ is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa (7, 8, 25). Bladder urine Mg2+ concentration of marine teleosts is 57–167 mM (4, 26, 49), and urine/plasma ratios for Mg2+ can exceed 100. In glomerular or aglomerular marine teleost, renal tubular fluid secretion accounts for much or all initial urine production, respectively, and the renal proximal tubule is the major site of active fluid secretion (4, 5). Analyses of the fluid secreted in the isolated proximal tubule demonstrated that the fluid contains ∼22 mM Mg2+ (3, 6), and the exceedingly high Mg2+ concentration in the bladder urine is accomplished by volume reduction of the initial urine in the distal nephron and urinary bladder (4–5). Ion microscopy imaging studies on intracellular distribution of the exogenously injected stable isotope 26Mg observed punctate distribution of injected 26Mg in the proximal tubular cells of SW-acclimated killifish (10). These results indicate that Mg2+ is secreted by a transcellular pathway, and Mg2+-rich intracellular vesicles mediate the Mg2+ secretion. Basolateral uptake of Mg2+ from peritubular fluid is considered to be energetically downhill because of the negative membrane potential of the cell, but extrusion from the cytoplasm into the lumen is uphill against concentration and voltage (4, 5). However, little is known about which proteins are involved in renal Mg2+ excretion by SW fish.
Genetic analyses of bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, which require high Mg2+ (10–100 mM) for growth, identified CorA, MgtA, MgtB, and MgtE as Mg2+ transport systems (27, 50, 51). Genetic analyses of the same group of Salmonella typhimurium strains that are resistant to Co2+ identified CorB, CorC, and CorD as Mg2+/Co2+ transport systems (14). In bacteria, CorA is the dominant transporter mediating as much as 99% of the total Mg2+ accumulated (27, 51). The yeast and mammalian homolog of bacterial CorA were identified as Mrs2p and MRS2, respectively, and were characterized as the inner mitochondrial membrane Mg2+ channels (35, 47). Mammalian homologs of MgtE consist of three proteins (solute carrier Slc41a1–3) and were characterized as plasma-membrane Mg2+ transporters (19, 20, 33, 34, 45, 46). CorC homologs in mammals were identified as ACDP (ancient conserved domain protein) or CNNM (cyclin M) 1–4 (18, 52). Analyses of two TRP (transient receptor potential) channel family members, TRPM6 (CHAnnel Kinase, CHAK2) and TRPM7 (CHAK1; family of Long TRP Channel, LTRPC7), revealed that they are plasma-membrane divalent cation channels that mediate Mg2+ influx and are inhibited by intracellular Mg2+ (48). Microarray analysis of mouse renal epithelial cells identified novel groups of Mg2+ transporters, namely, MagT (magnesium transporter) (22, 59), NIPA (nonimprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome) (15–16), MMgTs (membrane Mg2+ transporters) (21), and HIP14 (Huntingtin-interacting protein) (17) as transcripts whose expression levels are upregulated under a low Mg2+ medium.
To identify candidate transporters that mediate Mg2+ secretion in the renal proximal tubules, two very closely related Takifugu species, the seawater tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes; torafugu) and the euryhaline river puffer (Takifugu obscures; mefugu), were used (29–31). The genome sequence of torafugu is available (2) and enabled us to identify homologs of ion transporters exhaustively by genome database mining. The nucleotide sequences of mefugu genes are 99% identical to those of torafugu (31, 58). Tissue distribution analyses of SW torafugu, SW mefugu, and FW mefugu enabled us to identify genes that are highly expressed in the kidney of SW-acclimated animals as candidate genes responsible for SW acclimation. As the first study of renal Mg2+ transporters in marine teleosts, we report on the Slc41 family of pufferfishes because one of the family members, Slc41a1, was found to be highly expressed in the renal tubules of the pufferfish kidney by the expression analyses in the present study. Moreover, a recent study by others has shown that human Slc41A1 is a Na+/Mg2+ exchanger involved in Mg2+ efflux system of the cell (34). In this study, we identify Slc41a1 as a renal Mg2+ transporter that is localized to vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubules and propose Slc41a1 as a candidate that mediates Mg2+ transport from the cytosol to the lumen, which is exocytosed into the urine of marine teleost.
Experimental animals.
The animal protocols and procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Tokyo Institute of Technology and conform to the American Physiological Society's Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1). Mefugu (T. obscurus) were purchased from a local dealer and held in 150-liter indoor tanks containing brackish water (3–14% diluted seawater) until use. For freshwater samples, mefugu were transferred to 150-liter freshwater tanks and held for 7–9 days before sample collection. For seawater samples, mefugu in freshwater tanks were transferred to 150-liter seawater tanks and acclimated for 7–9 days. Torafugu (T. rubripes) were purchased from a local dealer and held in 150-liter indoor tanks containing seawater until use. The water temperature was maintained at 18–22°C. The fish were fed daily with commercial fish pellets. Artificial seawater (Rohto-Marine) was obtained from Rei-Sea (Tokyo, Japan). The experimental animals were anesthetized by immersion in 0.1% ethyl m-aminobenzoate (MS-222; tricaine) before being killed. After decapitation, the tissues were dissected, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until use.
Quantitative determination of serum and urine magnesium concentration.
Sera magnesium concentrations of mefugu were determined by the xylysine blue method, as described previously (31). Bladder urine was collected from SW and FW mefugu. Urine (50 μl) was transferred to 8-ml Teflon tubes (Nalgene, Tokyo, Japan), and 1 ml of concentrated nitric acid was added. Samples were digested at 90°C for 30 min then 120°C for 3 h, and left to complete dryness at 90°C. The residues were dissolved in 0.08 M nitric acid containing 5 μg/ml Be. Concentrations of magnesium in bladder urine of SW mefugu and torafugu were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES; model ICPS-8100; Shimazu, Kyoto, Japan) with Be as an internal standard. Concentrations of magnesium in bladder urine of FW mefugu were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, model ELAN DRC-e; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA) with Be as an internal standard. Differences among mean magnesium concentrations were assessed by ANOVA, and the 0.05 level of significance was established by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test using GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA).
RNA isolation and molecular cloning.
Total RNA was isolated from various tissues by acidic guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction with Isogen (Nippon Gene, Tokyo, Japan), as previously described (29, 36, 41). Tissues were homogenized in Isogen (1 g of tissue per 10 ml of Isogen) with a Polytron tissue homogenizer, followed by guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction, isopropanol precipitation, and 70% (vol/vol) ethanol washing of precipitated RNA. The RNA was dissolved in diethyl pyrocarbonate-treated water, and its concentration was measured spectrophotometrically at 260 nm.
Genes encoding torafugu Slc41s were identified by mining a torafugu genomic database (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Takru4/Takru4.home.html). Partial and full-length cDNAs of torafugu and mefugu Slc41s were obtained by RT-PCR using primers designed and based on the genomic database (Table 1), and the products were sequenced using BigDye Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Phylogenetic analysis.
Genes encoding Slc41s of other species were identified by mining Ensembl gene predictions (http://www.ensembl.org/index.html). The phylogenic relationship between the amino acid sequences of the fish and mammalian Slc41s was analyzed using ClustalW software (55). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA software based on the maximum likelihood method with 200 bootstrap replicates (53).
Semiquantitative RT-PCR.
First-strand complementary DNA was synthesized by reverse transcribing 5 μg total RNA using an oligo(dT) primer and the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and then diluted eight times with nuclease-free water. The cDNA (1 μl of the SuperScript III reaction) was used as the template for PCR with the specific set of primers of each gene (Table 1). These primers anneal to cDNAs encoding mefugu and torafugu Slc41s. Each reaction consisted of 1 μl of cDNA, 1.5 μM of each primer, 12.5 μl of GoTaq Green Master Mix (2×; Promega, Madison, WI) and nuclease-free water in a final volume of 25 μl. The PCR reaction conditions were as follows: 27 or 32 cycles of initial denaturation (94°C, 2 min), denaturation (94°C, 15 s), annealing (55°C, 30 s), extension (72°C, 1 min), and a final extension (72°C, 10 min). After PCR amplification, 5 μl of each reaction mixture was run on a 1.5% agarose gel in Tris·HCl/acetic acid/EDTA buffer. The gel was stained with 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide, and the fluorescence image was analyzed with an Image Station 2000R system (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY).
Quantitative real-time PCR.
For the quantification of mRNA levels by real-time PCR, total RNAs were extracted from the kidney of mefugu acclimated to seawater and freshwater (n = 5 for each group). RNA (5 μg) was used as a template for the reverse transcription using oligo(dT) primer and the SuperScript III first-strand synthesis system (Invitrogen). After reverse transcription, the cDNAs were amplified by Slc41a1 and GAPDH primers. Reference gene GAPDH sequence was identified by mining the torafugu genome database (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Takru4/Takru4.home.html) and Slc41a1 primers obtained from the mefugu sequence. Reactions were performed with the SYBR Green method using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II Kit (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan) on a Thermal Cycler Dice real-time system (Takara Bio). The optimized 25 μl PCR mixture contained SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (12.5 μl), 900 nM forward and reverse primers (Table 1), and template DNA (1 μl), and the reactions performed in a 96-well plate (Applied Biosystems). Thermal cycling conditions included predenaturation for 5 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s denaturation at 95°C, annealing at 57°C for 30 s, and final extension at 95°C for 30 s. Melt curve analysis was implemented on SYBR Green real-time PCR assays to verify specificity by ramping the temperature from 65°C to 95°C at a rate of 0.1°C/s. For each assay, the threshold cycle (Ct) value, defined as the PCR cycle at which the fluorescence signal increases above the background threshold, was determined to quantify each mRNA product. The reference gene, GAPDH mRNA was stably expressed and mRNA concentrations of Slc41a1 were normalized to GAPDH levels. Experiments were performed in duplicate. Data are expressed as means ± SE, and statistically analyzed by Student's t-test.
Antibody production and specificity.
Polyclonal antisera were made in rabbits that had been immunized with BSA-conjugated synthetic peptides corresponding to parts of torafugu/mefugu Slc41a1 (amino acid residues 92–106, CRANAKGQREEDALL; amino acid residues 417–431, NGVPMGDPNPTSRKC). Antibody specificity was established by staining COS7 cells exogenously expressing mefugu (mf)Slc41a1. For expression in mammalian cells, full-length cDNA of mfSlc41a1 was subcloned into the KpnI and XhoI site of pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen). COS7 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding mfSlc41a1 or an empty vector (mock transfection) using Lipofectamine LTX (Invitrogen), as described previously (29, 37). For immunofluorescence experiments, at 36 h after transfection, the cells were fixed and stained with anti-mfSlc41a1 or preimmune serum (1:1,000) for 1 h at room temperature, as described previously (29, 37). Cells were then treated with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled secondary antibody (1:2,000; Invitrogen) and Hoechst 33342 (100 ng/ml; Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. Fluorescence images were acquired with a laser confocal microscope (model TCS-SPE; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) by using a fixed setting and processed with LAS AF software (Leica).
Western blotting of the membrane fractions from mfSlc41a1-overexpressing or mock transfected COS7 cells was performed, as described previously (29, 40). The membrane proteins (1 μg) were separated by SDS-PAGE using 10% polyacrylamide gel and electroblotted onto a PVDF membrane. The PVDF membrane was probed with anti-mfSlc41a1 or preimmune serum at 1:1,000 dilution for 12 h at 4°C. Bound antibodies were detected using peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA) and chemiluminescent substrate solution (Immobilon Western, Millipore, Billerica, MA) and the signals were captured using Image Station 2000R.
In situ hybridization.
Kidney from SW mefugu was perfused and fixed with 10% buffered neutral formalin (Muto Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan), harvested, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned (4 μm). cDNA of mfSlc41a1 (129–609 nucleotides, 481 bp) was used as the template to prepare digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled riboprobes. A DIG RNA-labeling mix (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was used to synthesize DIG-labeled sense and antisense probes. Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-DIG antibodies, nitro blue tetrazolium chloride, and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate substrates were used to visualize the signal; the sample was then counterstained with Kernechtrot (Muto Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan). Serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibodies, as previously described (32). Images were acquired using TOCO automatic virtual slide system (Claro, Hirosaki, Japan).
Immunohistochemical analyses of frozen sections (6 μm) of SW mefugu kidney were performed, as described previously (29). The sections were reacted with anti-mfSlc41a1 or preimmune serum (1:2,000) for 8 h at room temperature. Sections were then washed with PBS and stained with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (1:2,000; Invitrogen), tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labeled phalloidin (0.15 μM; Sigma-Aldrich), and Hoechst 33342 (100 ng/ml; Invitrogen). The fluorescence images were obtained as described above. Immunohistochemistry staining was also performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique, as described previously (40) using anti-mfSlc41a1 or preimmune serum (1:10,000). The bound peroxidase was demonstrated using 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB).
Transmission electron microscopy.
Kidney from SW mefugu was perfused, fixed with 2% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde, and postfixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde. The kidney sections were treated with anti-mfSlc41a1 or preimmune serum (1:10,000), and the specific signals were visualized using an ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and DAB staining. After washing, the sections were incubated in 1% OsO4, washed, dehydrated in an ethanol series, and flat-embedded in epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were cut and examined with an electron microscope (model H-7500; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).
Expression of Slc41a1 in Xenopus oocytes and immunohistochemistry.
The entire coding region of mfSlc41a1 cDNA was inserted into the pGEMHE Xenopus laevis expression vector. The plasmid was linearized with NotI, and cRNAs were transcribed in vitro using the T7 mMessage mMachine kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). X. laevis oocytes were dissociated with collagenase and injected with 50 nl of water or a solution containing cRNA at 0.5 μg/μl (25 ng/oocyte), as previously described (44). Oocytes were incubated at 16°C in OR3 medium, and studied 3 or 4 days after injection. Frozen sections (6 μm) of oocytes were prepared and incubated with anti-mfSlc41a1 or preimmune serum (1:1,000), as described previously (29, 37), and the bound antibody was detected with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled secondary antibody. Fluorescence images were obtained as described above.
Determination of magnesium in urine and serum of mefugu and torafugu.
Bladder urine and serum magnesium concentrations from SW torafugu, SW mefugu, and FW mefugu were shown in Table 2. Bladder urine magnesium concentrations of SW pufferfish were 94–140 Mm, while that of FW mefugu was ∼4 mM. Serum magnesium concentrations of SW torafugu, SW mefugu, and FW mefugu were as low as 1–2 mM.
Identification of pufferfish Slc41 family members and phylogenetic analysis.
A phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the relationship between the torafugu Slc41 genes and related genes from other organisms (Fig. 1). In the torafugu genome, one Slc41a1 gene, two Slc41a2 genes, and two Slc41a3 genes were identified. Paralogs for Slc41a2 and Slc41a3 were also identified in the genome databases of Tetraodon nigroviridis (data not shown), Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback) (data not shown), and Oryzias latipes (medaka) (Fig. 1), but not in those of mammals, Gallus gallus and Xenopus tropicalis (data not shown), suggesting that those paralogs had been generated by fish-specific, whole-genome duplication or gene duplication. Zebrafish genome database had paralogs for Slc41a2 but not for Slc41a3, suggesting that zebrafish lacked Slc41a3b after the speciation.
Full-length cDNA for torafugu Slc41s were isolated by RT-PCR from the kidney (Slc41a1, Slc41a2b), gill (Slc41a2a), skeletal muscle (Slc41a3a), and heart (Slc41a3b) (DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession numbers: AB700621-AB700625). Multiple sequence alignments of torafugu and human Slc41s are shown in Fig. 2. We also isolated full-length or partial cDNAs for mefugu Slc41s and determined the sequences (DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL numbers: AB700626-AB700630). Eleven transmembrane domains are conserved among Slc41s (overlines in Fig. 2). In the cytoplasmic regions of all Slc41s, there were sequences that match the consensus sequence for the PKC phosphorylation site [-S/T-X-R/K-, where X is any amino acid (42)] (red filled boxes in Fig. 2). The consensus sequences for PKA [-R/K-R/K-X-S/T-, where X is any amino acid (54)] were observed in the cytoplasmic region of fugu Slc41a3a only (blue-filled boxes in Fig. 2). Amino-terminal cytoplasmic regions were not well conserved among the family members except for a 40-amino-acid residue region of Slc41a1 (open green boxes in Fig. 2). PX6GN and P(D/A)X4PX6D motifs (56) were conserved among all fugu Slc41 members (green filled boxes in Fig. 2).
Tissue distribution of pufferfish Slc41s and selection of renal magnesium transporter.
Tissue distribution of torafugu Slc41s was analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR (Fig. 3). The primers were designed to anneal to Slc41 cDNAs of both mefugu and torafugu (Table 1). In the torafugu kidney, only Slc41a1 was highly expressed (Fig. 3A, left, 27 cycles). Slc41a3a and Slc41a3b were highly expressed in the skeletal muscle and heart, respectively (Fig. 3A, left). Slc41a1, Slc41a2a, and Slc41a3a were ubiquitously expressed at low levels (Fig. 3A, right, 32 cycles).
To compare the expression of Slc41s in fish acclimated in SW and FW, we analyzed tissue distribution of Slc41s of SW- and FW-acclimated mefugu (Fig. 3B). Tissue distribution patterns of Slc41s were essentially similar between torafugu and mefugu, and high-level expression of Slc41a1 was also observed in the kidney of mefugu (Fig. 3B, left, 27 cycles). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that renal expression of Slc41a1 in SW mefugu was 3.6 times higher than those detected in FW mefugu (P < 0.05; n = 5) (Fig. 3C), making it a good candidate transporter that mediates Mg2+ secretion in the renal tubule.
Expression of Slc41a1 in the proximal tubule.
In situ hybridization was performed to determine the localization of Slc41a1 in the kidney of SW mefugu. A DIG-labeled antisense cRNA probe for mfSlc41a1 produced strong signals in the renal tubule, and no hybridization was observed with the sense probe (Fig. 4).
Expression of Slc41a1 in the second segment of the proximal tubule was confirmed by staining serial sections with hematoxylin or anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibody. Proximal tubules were characterized by the presence of a brush border and shallow basolateral infoldings that are labeled by anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibody. The proximal tubule consisted of two segments based on their Na+/K+-ATPase content (32): segment I (PI) that was weakly stained with anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibody and segment II (PII) that was strongly positive for anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibody. Distal tubule and collecting duct were identified by the lack of a brush border at the apical membrane and deeply invaginated basal infoldings that express Na+/K+-ATPase at high levels (32). Expression of Slc41a1 was observed in PII but not the glomeruli, PI, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
Immunofluorescence of Slc41a1 expressed in COS7 cells and Xenopus oocytes.
Antisera of Slc41a1 were prepared by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptides of mfSlc41a1. Immunocytochemical analyses showed that anti-mfSlc41a1 antiserum strongly stained COS7 cells expressing mfSlc41a1 (Fig. 5A). No signal was detected with preimmune serum in COS7 cells expressing mfSlc41a1, and mock-transfected COS7 cells were not stained with the antiserum (Fig. 5A). Bands of ∼60 kDa were detected by Western blot analysis using anti-mfSlc41a1 antiserum in the membrane preparation of COS7 cells expressing mfSlc41a1 but not in that of mock-transfected COS7 cells (Fig. 5B). The antibody also labeled Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA for mfScl41a1, but not water-injected oocytes (Fig. 5C). These results indicated that anti-mfSlc41a1 antiserum specifically recognizes mfSlc41a1. In both COS7 cells and Xenopus oocytes, the major part of exogenously expressed mfSlc41a1 is localized intracellularly (Fig. 5, A and C).
Vacuolar localization of Slc41a1 in the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubule.
To determine the subcellular localization of Slc41a1, immunohistochemical analyses were performed on frozen sections of the SW mefugu kidney using the anti-mfSlc41a1 antiserum. Slc41a1 was detected near the apical membrane of the proximal tubules (Fig. 6, A and B). The proximal tubules were identified by staining the apical brush borders with F-actin marker phalloidin-TRITC (32). No signals were observed in the negative controls stained with preimmune serum (Fig. 6, A and B) or antigen-absorbed antiserum (data not shown).
A highly magnified image of the proximal tubule showed that Slc41a1 is localized to intracellular vesicles (right panels of Fig. 6, A and B). Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the Slc41a1 immunosignals are associated with intracellular vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm but not with the brush-border membrane (Fig. 6C).
Since the initial findings that urine of SW fish contains ∼150 mM Mg2+ in the 1930s (28) and the proximal tubular cells secrete fluids rich in Mg2+ (3), the molecular mechanism whereby Mg2+ is secreted by renal tubular epithelial cells has not been clarified. The present study is the first report describing the identification of an Mg2+ transporter that is likely to be involved in renal Mg2+ excretion by a marine teleost.
As reported for other SW fishes, torafugu and mefugu in SW concentrated Mg2+ into the urine, confirming that torafugu and mefugu have a system, whereby Mg2+ is secreted into the kidney as do other marine teleosts. Taking advantage of the Takifugu species, whose genome sequence is known, we identified homologous genes of Slc41 Mg2+ transporters in the fugu genome database and selected genes that are expressed in the renal tubule at high levels by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We found that Slc41a1 is highly expressed in the proximal tubules, and the expression is upregulated when mefugu is transferred from FW to SW when Mg2+ excretion is essential for survival. As the proximal tubule is the site of transcellular secretion of Mg2+, Slc41a1 is expected to be involved in the transcellular Mg2+ secretion by the proximal tubules.
Since most of the mfSlc41a1 expressed in culture cells and Xenopus oocytes were intracellularly localized, further study is required to analyze the activity of mfSlc41a1. Slc41 families are homologs of the bacterial MgtE Mg2+ channel that is involved in Mg2+ uptake of bacterium. The cytosolic domain of MgtE acts as a Mg2+ sensor that changes the "opened form" to the "closed form" when intracellular Mg2+ is elevated (23), but vertebrate Slc41s lack the sensor domain. Mouse distal convoluted tubule cells cultured in low-magnesium media and the kidney and heart of mice maintained on low-magnesium diets were found to have elevated Slc41a1 expressions (56). Xenopus oocytes expressing mammalian Slc41a1 exhibited Mg2+ channel-like activity when Mg2+-elicited current was measured (19, 22). More recently, however, another group demonstrated that HEK293 cells expressing human Slc41a1 reduce intracellular [Mg2+] and increase extracellular Na+-dependent Mg2+ efflux activity and proposed that Slc41a1 is a plasma membrane electroneutral Na+/Mg2+ exchanger mediating cellular Mg2+ efflux (34). Although the activity of mfSlc41a1 has not been clarified yet, it is highly likely that mfSlc41a1 also has Na+/Mg2+ exchanger activity, which is advantageous to excrete Mg2+.
In the proximal tubules of SW-acclimated mefugu, Slc41a1 was localized to the vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm. Vacuoles rich in Mg2+ were found in the proximal tubules of SW-acclimated killifish (Fundulus heteroclitu) (10) and shark (Scyliorhinus caniculus) (24). In shark, small apical vacuoles contained Mg2+ at an equivalent concentration of 229 mmol/kg water (24). Peritubular uptake of the radioisotope 28Mg by renal tubules isolated from winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) was stimulated by cytochalasin B, which inhibits actin filament assembly and modulates vesicular trafficking (43). These findings are evidence of vesicular trafficking-mediated Mg2+ secretion that was initially proposed by Hickman and Trump based on ultrastructural evidence of marine teleost nephrons (26). Vacuolar localization of Slc41a1 strongly suggests that Slc41a1 mediates vacuolar accumulation of Mg2+, i.e., transporting Mg2+ from the cytosol to the vacuolar lumen, which is later exocytosed into the urine. In contrast, brush border membrane vesicles of the proximal tubules of fresh water rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and winter flounder indicated an electrical gradient-driven Mg2+ transport (13, 43), which is advantageous for Mg2+ absorption. Therefore, the brush border is the likely site of Mg2+ reabsorption but not the major site of Mg2+ secretion, and the vacuole is the major site of Mg2+-efflux activity in the proximal tubule.
In mammals, TRPM7 is a Mg2+-permeable cation channel. Using a negative membrane potential as a driving force, TRPM7 absorbs extracellular Mg2+ and elevates intracellular [Mg2+] (48). In the apical membrane of renal tubular cells of mammalian kidney, TRPM7 forms a complex with TRPM6, whose mutation causes failure of renal Mg2+ reabsorption resulting in hypomagnesemia (11, 48). CNNM family members are homologs of bacterial CorC protein, which is involved in Mg2+ and Co2+ efflux (52). Human mutation of CNNM2 and CNNM3 is also associated with hypomagnesemia (39, 52). In contrast to TRPM7, CNNM2 localizes to the basolateral membrane of renal tubular cells. Although the mode of Mg2+ transport by CNNM2 and CNNM3 is under debate, the basolateral membrane localization suggests that CNNM2 mediates or stimulates Mg2+ efflux from the cytosol to the tissue fluid, the failure of which results in reduced renal reabsorption of Mg2+. Future comparative analyses of fish homologs of these Mg2+ transporters will reveal the whole image of renal tubular Mg2+ secretion by marine teleost.
Perspectives and Significance
In marine teleosts, the proximal tubule is the site of divalent ion secretion. In SW mefugu, transporters that mediate efflux of SO42− (Slc26a6A; Cl−/SO42− exchanger) and Ca2+ (NCX2a; Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) are present in the brush border region of the proximal tubule (29, 30). The vacuolar localization of Slc41a1 shown in the present study is a notable contrast to their normal localization. The reason why Mg2+ is not directly secreted via the brush border should be clarified in a future study. Since Mg2+ efflux system is still largely unknown in mammals, our results suggest that vacuolar Slc41a1-mediated Mg2+ efflux system is also present in mammals.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21770077 and 22370029), the 21st Century and Global Center of Excellence Program of MEXT, and the Sumitomo Foundation (100535). Work in the Romero laboratory was supported by the National Institutes of Health (EY-017732, DK-083007, and DK-090728).
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
Author contributions: Z.I., M.F.R., S.H., and A.K. conception and design of research; Z.I., N.H., Y.Y., H.D., and A.K. performed experiments; Z.I., N.H., and A.K. analyzed data; Z.I., N.H., M.F.R., S.H., and A.K. interpreted results of experiments; Z.I., N.H., and A.K. prepared figures; Z.I., N.H., and A.K. drafted manuscript; Z.I., M.F.R., S.H., and A.K. edited and revised manuscript; Z.I., N.H., H.D., M.F.R., S.H., and A.K. approved final version of manuscript.
We thank Dr. Min-Hwang Chang, Dr. Hana Inoue, Dr. Michiko Tashiro, and Dr. Masato Konishi for discussion, Heather L. Holmes, Elyse M. Scileppi, Ayako Takada, Nana Shinohara, Yuuri Kimura, Takahiro Umezawa, and Noriko Isoyama for their technical assistance, Shinpei Nakamura for the ICP-AES and ICP-MS experiments, and Yuriko Ishii and Tomoko Okada for their secretarial assistance.
- Copyright © 2013 the American Physiological Society


text: Not sure how much actual money we really should carry with us. We did get ddp, so already paid all that money. We did put a credit card to charge with on our cards. So how much cash should we really need? I imagine some of the carts selling things don't take cards, what else would we need cash for?


text:
We tell ourselves that they will not be able to manage, without us.
That things will not get done, without us.
Indeed, the world might stop, without us.
We use this mindset to drive us.
To motivate us, to keep us going.
Without us, the world is basically screwed.
At least that's what we secretly think.
But the reality is that the world was here long before us.
And it will hopefully be around a whole lot longer after us.
Without us, the world will keep spinning.
Without us, life will go on.
Without us, our loved ones will be okay.
We need to let go of this delusion that the world will stop when we pass on.
It is simply vanity. And maybe a little fear thrown in.
Abandoning the mindset of our essentialness to the world frees us to simply live.
To live in the moment and realize that while we can and do contribute to the world in a meaningful way, we are not the center of the universe.
We are certainly unique and have our own abilities, but the world does not revolve around us.
The world will be just fine.
Humanity will survive.
Without us.


text:
Melbourne Weather
December is the start of the summer season in the southern hemisphere, making Australia and Melbourne ideal to visit in order to escape the cold winters on the northern half of the globe. The weather in Melbourne is comfortable; while it is still chilly in the early morning hours, the afternoon temperatures are beginning to feel like summer.
However, Melbourne is famous for its extremes of weather, with one day cold and the next very hot. It is suggested you check the forecast closer to your departure date, at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Average Temperatures: December: 20C maximum (66F), 14C minimum (56F).
Time Zone
Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) UTC+10hours.
Business Hours
Bank Hours
Banking hours are usually 9.30am to 4pm Monday to Thursday and until 5.00pm on Friday. Some branches can be found open on Saturday mornings. Australia's four largest banks are: National Australia Bank (NAB), Australia New Zealand Bank (ANZ), Commonwealth Bank of Australia and Westpac Banking Corporation.
The easiest way to get cash away from home is from an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) with an international network such as Cirrus (Mastercard) or PLUS (Visa). Australian ATMs use a four-digit code, so check with your bank and make sure you change yours before you leave home.
Office Hours
Business hours are most commonly 8.30am to 5pm, Monday to Friday, with a small variation either side. If trying to contact a business in another part of Australia, remember time differences apply.
Government offices often close at 5pm, or even 4.30pm.
Trading Hours
Shops may stay open later, particularly on Thursday and Friday evenings, and most will be open on Saturdays and Sundays as full weekend trading hours apply in Melbourne.
Typical hours are:
9am-5pm, Monday to Saturday
10am-4pm, Sunday
8am-11pm, Monday to Friday
Goods and services tax (GST) is a broad-based tax of 10% on most goods, services and other items sold or consumed in Australia.
Generally, businesses and other organisations registered for GST will:
- Include GST in the price of sales to their customers.
- Claim credits for the GST included in the price of their business purchases. A 10% surcharge including government tax is applicable in most hotels and restaurants.
The Tourist Refund Scheme (TRS) lets you claim a refund of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Wine Equalisation Tax (WET) that you pay on certain goods you buy in Australia and then take out of Australia with you or in your checked luggage or carry-on bags. See http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page4263.asp for more information.
Tipping is not customary in Australia but is at your discretion.
Australia's national currency is the Australian dollar (AUD) which comes in denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100 notes. Coins come in 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent and one and two dollar denominations.
Credit cards such as American Express, Bankcard, Diners Club, MasterCard, Visa and JCB are accepted in Australia. VISA or MasterCard are accepted everywhere credit cards are accepted. American Express and Diners Club are accepted at major supermarket and department store chains and many tourist destinations. JCB is only accepted at very limited tourist destinations. Discover is not usually accepted.
It is best to carry more than one type of card as not all cards are accepted by all merchants. Always carry a little cash if possible. Merchants may impose credit card surcharges in some places.
Smoking is actively discouraged and governments collect huge taxes on cigarettes and tobacco products.
Smoking is prohibited on all international and domestic airline flights, inside all Australian airports, on all forms of public transport and on tourist coaches. It is not allowed in any cinema, theatre, gallery, government or private office building, except in restaurants or cafes which have a smoking section (outdoors).
Smoking is now completely banned inside in all buildings including restaurants and clubs/bars, down the Bourke Street Mall and RMIT footpaths. Smoking is not allowed in department stores and shops. Many rental car companies take the ashtrays out of their vehicles to discourage smoking, which is also prohibited in taxis.
There are heavy on the spot fines for smoking in prohibited areas.
More information


text: My girlfriend's Eris is running really slow. I'm trying to speed it up for her and I noticed a few things... She only has like 80mb of memory available on the phone, while there is only .1 gb used on the SD. She has about 70 pictures and 1 video, are these defaulting to the phone memory and not the SD? If so, how would I transfer them to the SD and set the default to SD? Going through the apps, theres a crap load of HTC junk and random things that don't even seem like apps to me. A lot that are 0 bytes. Should these be deleted? She has like 4000 texts from me that she doesn't want to delete. Is there a way to save text messages to the SD and/or transfer them to a PC? Maybe an app or something? Thanks


text:
Category Archives: Social media
Uhuru,Karua most popular presidents on Social Media
Jubilee presidential candidate Uhuru Kenyatta has the largest following on Social Media closely followed by Narc Kenya presidential hopeful Martha Karua. At the third place is Eagle Alliance Peter Kenneth while Raila Odinga of Cord comes fourth.
Uhuru Kenyatta has 330,000 likes on his Facebook page and 92,000 followers on Twitter. In total Uhuru has about 430,000 followers on Social Media. But it should be noted that most social media users may follow a candidate both on Twitter and still like their page on Facebook.
Posted in Social media
Tags: Kenya, Kenya Politics, Martha Karua, Raila Odinga, social Media, Uhuru Kenyatta
Facebook is watching you, even when you log out
Posted in General News, Social media
Tags: Facebook, Privacy, social Media
Wangari Maathai:The death of an icon
Kenya 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai died September 25,2011 at Nairobi Hospital. This is what the social media reacted to her death.
|Wangari Maathai, a Kenyan environmentalist who made it her mission to teach her countrywomen to plant trees and became Africa 's first female Nobel Peace Prize winner, has died. She was 71.
|Mrs. Maathai was a Kenyan environmentalist who started out paying women a few shillings to plant trees and went on to become the first African woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize.
|"I will disappear into the forest": An Interview with Wangari Maathai http://t.co/GaSbvd46 via @motherjones #inspirational
|Kenyan Nobel winner Maathai, savior of trees, dies: NAIROBI (Reuters) – Wangari Maathai, the first African woman … http://t.co/jgnAmjr7
|RT @DalaiLama: His Holiness the Dalai Lama offers condolences to the family of fellow Nobel Laureate Wangari Maathai. http://t.co/Kk2gazNm
|@UN @UNEP A practical tribute to Wangari Maathai can be demostrated by discarding all their fuel guzzlers for fuel efficient vehicles.
|The Nobel laureate put the links between environmental and social progress onto the world stage in a way few others have managed.
|Wangari Maathai obituary
For a young Kikuyu girl growing up in the early 1940s, the small village of Ihithe, in the lush central highlands of Kenya, was next to perfect. There were no books or gadgets in the houses, but there were leopards and elephants in the thick forests around, clean water, rich soils, and food and work for everyone.
|The Green Belt Movement | About Wangari Maathai
About Wangari Maathai at The official site of the Green Belt Movement and its founder, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai.
Posted in General News, Social media
Tags: social Media, Storify, Wangari Maathai


text:
Global uniformity is central to the strategy to prevent money laundering and suppress the financing of terrorism. In the early 1990s, the Financial Access Task Force formulated 40 recommendations for the control of money laundering to guide countries in the drafting of appropriate laws, known as the Forty Recommendations. In 2001 the Forty Recommendations were supplemented with a set of Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing. Both these sets of recommendations are now used by the international community as yardsticks to measure the efficacy of a country's laws and procedures against money laundering and financing of terrorism.
There is the possibility that inappropriate anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) standards may exclude the financially vulnerable and marginalized citizens of such countries from the formal financial system. Of particular concern is the potential impact on mobile and other non face-to-face distribution models and cross-border transfers. Recognising the potential negative effects on inclusion, FinMark Trust embarks on a number of initiatives to safeguard inclusion while supporting compliance with international standards. FinMark Trust also supported the development of an AML/CFT annex to SADC's Finance and Investment Protocol, which recognized the potential impact on financial inclusion and included checks to limit this.
A number of challenges to inclusion remain as countries implement their AML/CFT frameworks and FinMark Trust will focus on the impact of AML/CFT on cross-border transfers.


text:
Kristen G.
Ames, IA, 50010
Joined on August, 2011
Gender: Female
Average Rating:
Mon/Wed/Fri after 12 Noon
Tuesday after 2PM
Thursday after 4PM
Sunday after 4PM
Tuesday after 2PM
Thursday after 4PM
Sunday after 4PM
Lives Near:
Can Meet:
Up to 15 minutes away for no additional charge
EducationJunior at Iowa State University. Currently open option major. Considering an advertising major.
ExperienceI want to be a tutor because I can communicate well and I work well with others. And I want to help other succeed in their academic careers.
HobbiesI was involved in my high school's yearbook program, national honor society, student council, optimist club, and was on the honor roll. I played soccer since I was child and all throughout high school (school, club, indoor). I have also been playing the piano for 15 years and the guitar for two years.
Preferred Subjects
English, ACT, Kindergarten - 8th Grade, Music, Organization, Study Skills, Writing
Inquire about this tutor
The tutor will respond if they are available/interested.


text:
Taylor Lynn Morgan
- 20 years old
- Date of birth: Jul 30, 1994
- Date of passing: Oct 14, 2014
|Let the memory of Taylor be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Taylor Morgan, 20, born on July 30, 1994 and passed away on October 14, 2014. We will remember her forever.
Leave a Tribute:
Invite your family and friends
to visit this memorial:
to visit this memorial:
Subscribe to receive e-mail notifications when others contribute to this memorial.
292 views
Have a suggestion for us?


text:
Denver, CO (PressExposure) October 29, 2007 -- The average grocery store carries 40,000 different products, and each year another 22,000 new food products are introduced. Deciding which of these to buy can be overwhelming, nerve racking, and down-right time consuming. Finddiethelp.com owned and operated by two Registered Dietitians, saw a need to develop Brand Name Grocery Lists to help consumers eat well without all the confusion.
Their brand name grocery lists allow people to walk into the grocery knowing which foods by name brand to buy to help them manage their weight, diabetes, cholesterol, blood pressure or just eat healthy. Having these grocery lists can save a lot of time and frustration trying to figure out exactly what the food labels mean. âI know nutrition is not everyoneâs hobby, so we made eating healthy easier in a sea of deceptive food optionsâ, said Susan Mindoro, Register Dietitian and co-owner of Nutrition Education Partners.
What most people think are health claims on a productâs packaging, may really just be deceptive marketing. Government approved claims on food labels, like "low-fat" and "light," often don't tell the whole story. These products may contain trans fat as well as a lot of sugar, salt, and/or calories. This is why looking at both the nutrition facts and the ingredient list is so important. In an attempt to cash in on the latest diet trend, many companies will promote their products based on a single item despite other unhealthy aspects. A truly healthy product must meet several nutritional criteria including low fat, trans fat free, high fiber and low sodium to make Nutrition Education Partnerâs grocery lists.
In addition to the grocery lists, [http://www.finddiethelp.com] also provides expert nutrition information in the form of podcasts and other downloadable documents. Personalized nutrition help is available from the experts with nutrition education and training. The website provides a national dietitian directory where you can select a dietitian by specialty, location and how you want to receive your nutrition information-in person, by phone or internet. Anybody can call themselves a nutritionist, but only a person with a bachelorâs degree in nutrition/dietetics, completed 6-12 month internship, and have passed a National Registration Exam, can call themselves a Registered Dietitian. These are the people you want to help you meet your diet and health needs.
To obtain your own grocery list or check out other nutritional services, log onto [http://www.finddiethelp.com]. ###
Interview Contact: Kristine Thornham , Co-Owner of Nutrition Education Partners, LLC Telephone: 303-564-8230


text:
New Document Checking Service
Due to a recent effort by the government to streamline the number plate transfer process there are no longer any local DVLA officers, the last of which closed in December 2013.
Applications to transfer or assign personalised registrations will be dealt with by DVLA, Swansea. Turn-round time at the local offices was usually 2 or 3 working day, and sometimes transfers could be complete "over the counter" within a few hours. In contract, DVLA, Swansea times can be as long as 2 or 3 weeks.
It is imperative, therefore, to make sure that all documentation submitted is correct since, if anything is wrong, the whole transaction will be sent back. Obviously, upon re-submission, the paperwork will go right back to the end of the queue. Essentially, you could be waiting 3 weeks to be told to try again, which will then take another 3 weeks.
National Numbers Ltd provide a Document Checking Service whereby our experienced admin staff checks that all your paperwork is correct before submitting the transfer to the DVLA. This will prevent unnecessary waiting times. The DVLA will then return the completed transaction back to National Numbers so we can check one final time that all is correct before we send it back to you.
The fee for this new service is £49, which includes VAT and the Royal Mail Special Delivery charge between National Numbers and the DVLA.
If you wish to use this service please ring 01642 363738 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Navigate Guide Content


text:
Hometown: Stockholm
January 15, 2011
Programming languages (Java, Scala, etc.), OSGi and software geek in general, music, bee keeping, technology, literature, art, lifelong learner, etc.
Yes, a cool bunch I'd like to meet more often! Just right level on the meetup, the technical stuff and the social part (also important!).
Already a member? Log in.
Already a member? Log in.
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
was were added to your cart. added to wishlist. added to compare products.
The commercial electrical contractor's source for LED candelabra lighting. Compare and buy energy-efficient LED torpedo lighting, LED candelabras, and other LED lamps for your commercial project or retrofit. Candelabra bulbs and LED candelabras are simply small-based light bulbs used for commercial or industrial lighting projects in wall sconces, chandeliers, and light pendants. Their many applications include – restaurants, hotels, boutiques, retail, offices and can they are typically seen in foyers, meeting rooms, ball rooms, formal dining rooms, and lobbies.


text:
This piece may be shown differently in our showroom than as pictured on website.
Select items have different fabric choices available, price may vary depending on fabric chosen.
Pricing is "as displayed" in our showroom. Please contact us for more
information on this piece.
As you sit for hours, cushions can start to be worn in. With fully upholstered seat cushions you can rotate them any which way to make sure the best side if always facing up. Keep cushions fresh and looking great with the ability to rotate them any way because they are fully upholstered.
Interlocking wood forges a sturdy frame that can withstand the heavy use it will receive from being in an important room in your home. Quality construction and long lasting cushions come together in these pieces, giving you the durability you need in your home.
The Greenwich Stationary Living Room Group by Broyhill Furniture at Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
The Greenwich collection offers upholstered pieces with a subtly sophisticated, cleanly polished look and exceptional seating comfort. Adorned with transitional style features, these pieces have a clean silhouette created by tight attached backs, slender rolled arms, and tapered exposed wood legs. Outfit your living room with a transitionally styled sofa, chair, or loveseat that will perfectly complement your traditional or modern styled room in classic pieces that will stand the test of time. Specially designed for long-lasting, consistent comfort, these pieces feature Duracoil cushions and sinuous, no-sag springs, engineered to hold their resilient support and tailored look for years of use.
The Greenwich collection is a great option if you are looking for Transitional furniture in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Greenwich collection from Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


text:
We recommend upgrading to the latest Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Firefox.
If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
Handpicked brands for you
We launched our #snowboard program #snowmentor in NYC! It's our 10th year and we're going big! Thanks @belleayre! #stokedorg #actionsportschanginglives #shreducation


text:
Home › Make-up & Skin Care › Aderma ›
Developed by French Laboratories Pierre Fabre, Aderma is one of the major dermo-cosmetics and dermatological range products which developed to promote good skin repair for both adults and children. Aderma has specific range of hygiene and skin care products for sensitive skins, irritated skins and damaged skins problems. A-Derma Exomega skin care with extract Rhealba® the Oats to alleviate and repair the skin problems fully. Formulated with anti-inflammatory, anti-irritating, alleviating, healing, hydrating, and protective agents, Aderma range brings the irritated skins all the appeasing and all the softness which they need.
Select Your Currency
Quiz Info X
Your chance to win a Mustela newborn essential Pack worth £25 containing:
- VBC Cream
- 2 in 1 200ml
- Hydrabebe Body Lotion 300ml
- PhysiObebe 300ml
- Domino Game
- Dermo-Cleansing travel size 100ml
First correct answer to be chosen at random when the competition closes, will be the winner, and will be notified by email.
Competition closes on 31st May. Good luck!
Please log in first to enter the quiz.


text:
Despite an avalanche of hype about unsurpassed availability, fault-tolerance and security capabilities in UNIX, Linux and even Windows Server 2003, the OpenVMS operating system is leaving them in the dust in test after test. On top of that, real world examples abound of this unfashionable operating system standing up to the most rigorous disaster scenarios.
One online brokerage, for example, had a full-blown outage right before the start of the trading day. A brand-new security guard heard an alarm emanating from a UPS device and panicked. He hit the emergency power-off button, which took down the whole site. Fortunately, the brokerage had a disaster-tolerant OpenVMS cluster and a second data center 130 miles away with a full complement of servers and complete backup of stored data.
A steady diet of similar stories is convincing Fortune 500 companies to either look again at OpenVMS or postpone their plans to phase out this ''legacy'' system.
After Sep. 11, 2001, for example, word spread that seven disaster-tolerant OpenVMS clusters actually survived the ordeal. That's why most of the big financial services houses, healthcare, telecommunications and big government agencies are firm advocates of OpenVMS.
Commerzbank, International Securities Exchange, Veterans Administration, Dow Chemical, Vodafone, and the U.S. Postal Service are just some of the business that rely on it to continue operations.
Surprisingly, the stats of this old OS are impressive.
According to Ken Farmer of OpenVMS.org, the operating system boasts 10 million users worldwide and hundreds of thousands of installations. It also shows annual growth rates of 18% over the last few years, and cluster uptimes surpassing the five-year mark.
In terms of performance, OpenVMS claims 3,000 simultaneous active users; almost 2 million database transactions per minute (with Oracle); up to 96 cluster nodes (over 3000 processors), and a full cluster capability up to 800 kilometers.
''OpenVMS has moved almost seamlessly from VAX to AlphaServer system and now to HP Integrity Servers,'' says Farmer. ''It is bulletproof, genuinely 24/7, disaster tolerant, remarkably scalable, rock solidly stable and virtually unhackable.''
See the complete story on Datamation.com.


text:
|Brown bear at Fortress of the Bear
I like vacation. You wake up in a beautiful place, you sort of know what direction you are headed but you have time to be distracted by anything else that presents itself. You can stop to see the view, or you can keep going. You can go out to the bear rehab center, or you can go to the
, or you can see the
Russian Orthodox Church. Those are the kind of choices we had in Sitka
National Historic
Park . We did all three. Sitka, Alaska
We got there from Juneau by way of a four and a half hour trip on the Alaska Ferry. An hour after we got off the ferry, we walked along the ocean front from downtown
Sitka, trying to figure out why we kept seeing fish leaping out of the ocean. A local man explained that these pink salmon were trying to loosen up their eggs in preparation for spawning at the fish hatchery. Plop, splash, went another pink salmon throwing itself up in the air.
The trail led to a path through the woods. The quiet closed-canopy forest with large Sitka spruce and Western hemlock trees was soothing. Eighteen Tlingit and Haida totem poles and house posts were spaced along our walk. During the ferry ride, Winnie had been cooped up in the RV (not exactly cooped since the RV is spacious), so we all enjoyed stretching our legs. Lynne and I learned about the Tlingit and Haida cultures while we were at it.
The trail led to a path through the woods. The quiet closed-canopy forest with large Sitka spruce and Western hemlock trees was soothing. Eighteen Tlingit and Haida totem poles and house posts were spaced along our walk. During the ferry ride, Winnie had been cooped up in the RV (not exactly cooped since the RV is spacious), so we all enjoyed stretching our legs. Lynne and I learned about the Tlingit and Haida cultures while we were at it.
We did a bit more wandering that afternoon. We actually went to part of a Russian Orthodox vesper service on Saturday night. The Russian Orthodox church was resplendent with gold, lots of precious chandeliers, iconic paintings and an aging bearded priest in a long flowing gold robe. The service was intoned (chanted), in a style that I had heard before in the Episcopal church, and highly stylized. The words being chanted were read out of a printed liturgy. I enjoyed the visual richness, and I was interested to see threads of commonality with Episcopalian ritual. We didn't stay for the whole service, but I was glad to get a glimpse of this remnant from the time when Russian people occupied
. Sitka
More to my taste was Fortress of the Bear, a cleverly named facility at the east end of the fourteen miles of paved road in Sitka. Fortress of the Bear re-purposes several huge old waste water treatment cisterns to provide sheltered spaces for orphaned bears: six brown bears (aka grizzlies) and three black bears from three different sibling groups. They all have been given human names, so you have this feeling of being close to wild animals while simultaneously feeling like you are watching your pets play. The bears have ponds, toys to float around with, multiple spaces to go into and camaraderie. The black bears (in a separate enclosure from the brown bears) have the stump of a tree to climb up. People have constructed platforms above the bears, so we of the two legged species can safely observe examples of four legged creatures that are bigger than we are. Like you, I am sure, I would prefer to spontaneously see bears in their natural habitat, but since bears, and most wildlife, run away from people when they can, the chances of seeing bears playing, eating, swimming, and relaxing in broad daylight like this are slim-- except at Fortress of the Bear. The above pictures are brown bears, which is what they call grizzly bears on the coast.
This next picture shows the black bears. Watching the black bears gracefully climb up the stump and stand on their two hind feet made a big impression on us. Don't try to get away from a black bear by climbing up a tree.
|Three brother black bears at Fortress of the Bear
One of the other choices we had in Sitka was where to camp, and even though we had reserved a site in the wooded Starragavin campground, we ended up staying at the Sitka municipal RV park, right on the waterfront, with this lovely view out the window. I enjoyed watching the boats leaving the marina and returning from the day on open water.
|The view from our RV
And here are some houses built on small rocky bases out in the water.
|Looks like a boat is the only option for leaving this house
My biggest impression of
—gosh, it is way
away from everywhere. It faces the
Pacific Ocean from the west side of Sitka . The only way to
get there is a four to eight hour ferry ride from Baranoff
Island , or a plane ride. Of course, Juneau is a haven for fishing. It is filled with marinas, and fishing conversations
include terms that I had to look up: long-lining and leasing halibut percentages of catch (which I still don't understand). Only 14 miles of road are paved in Sitka . We drove it from end to end, enjoying the Whale
Park at one end and Sitka Starragavin Park at the other, the museum at
in the middle, a good restaurant (Fly Inn Fish Inn) but then what? Sitka National
Historic Park is a long way from stores, theatre,
medical expertise, …but then again, that's why I went there. I wanted to see what it is like to live in a
naturally beautiful place, without the traffic congestion and noise of our more
populous home, and I did. Sitka
Up next: 36 hours on the Alaska Ferry from Sitka to Prince Rupert, BC.
Up next: 36 hours on the Alaska Ferry from Sitka to Prince Rupert, BC.
|View from the ferry as we approached Sitka


text:
A venture incorporated by the "Poddar Sisters" on 9th April, 2012. Coming from a family background engaged in the business of exporting home furnishing, Kasturi Poddar (Director and a post graduate from Chelsea College of Art & Design,London), worked with her father for a while and switched to retail sector later. This gave birth to Nidra Textiles Pvt Ltd, one of the leading Supplier and manufacturer of fabrics, cotton fabric, silk fabric, sythetic fabric, nylon fabric. After experimenting on different fabrics, Kasturi came up with the concept of mosquito repellent used on textiles. The textile expert soon figured out the technical aspects of these treatments, the chemistry and safety processes involved. Before finalizing on a treatment that was effective, safe and matched up to WHO standards, various trials were conducted with different chemicals and a list of shortlisted vendors was prepared. It took almost a year to produce a bulk quantity to supply.
It was in the next stage when Kasturi roped in her psychologist-therapist sister, 27-year-old Shreya( Director0) , in setting up the supply chain and materialize it into a proper business, which got materialized into a wonderful business idea – Mos-Quit-O, a mosquito repellent blanket. The journey for the duo hasn't been easy. After facing a lot of resistance from the market and distributors, the pair scored their first distributor
in October 2013 and now have more than 40 distributors, supplying to approximately 700 stores in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi. Although priced at Rs 1999 per blanket, Mos-Quit-O has sold over 3000 blankets in the last year. They are currently focusing on market penetration in the cities of Karnataka and UP, Wellness Forever across Mumbai, Religare Wellness in Pune, Delhi & Bangalore, Outdoor Travel Gear in their shops and online and are in talks with Mom & Me. Mos-Quit-O has recently launched a baby version of the blanket – in Bubblegum for girls and Spearmint for boys – which sold out almost 700 blankets since its launch in June 2014. The venture is also involved in online sales on their e-commerce portal as well 10 other portals such as amazon, snapdeal, etc.


text:
|23 Jul 2012
thumbnail refresh in folders
As we know W7 didn't provide the "refresh" option as in WinXP
Is there already a bypass or a fix available
|My System Specs
|23 Jul 2012
Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit
Might be a bit of a hassle but in lieu of anyone else posting I can suggest this, the long way.
In the folder press Alt to call up the File bar and then go to Tools (or press T to instantly expand the menu). At the bottom is the option Folder Options, click this to call up the, well Folder Options window. In this window head to the 'View' tab and in the Advance Settings box you will find "Show hidden folders, files and drives."
Once you check the box for this and apply the change, you should see a new file called "Thumbs.db". Delete that and then wait for Windows to recompile the thumbnail database!
If that's not what you meant then I do apologise if I've listed something you already knew how to do.
|My System Specs
|23 Jul 2012
Thx , but this was already done , and the solution is only for 1 map , not for the submaps, and it doesn't work always because the thumbnails are probably cached
|My System Specs
|23 Jul 2012
Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit 7600
try this...
Thumbnail Cache - Clear and Reset
|My System Specs
|24 Jul 2012
Thx , THe Clear and Reset in combination with the changeview solved the problem
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Library folders won't show file deletion until I refresh
I have to manually refresh to show that a file is deleted. As far as I'm aware, this only happens in the picture and music library. Any way to fix this?
|General Discussion
Set thumbnail for Files but not folders?
I would like to know if it is possible to set thumbnails for files themselves but not the folders? Thanks. :)
My folders don't open, refresh on the desktop don't also work
My computer boots alright but I can't refresh, neither can I open any of my folders not even Control Panel. Also searching programs and files in the start button window doesn't work i.e you can type but there won't be any results. The only thing I can open are files on the desktop. What is wrong...
|General Discussion
Any resolve for Forced Automatic Refresh & Sorting of files/folders
Hi Brink, Was there ever any kind of resolve for Forced Automatic Refresh & Sorting of files and folders in Win7 (I'm not talking about Auto Arrange and I need that like it is) It's when you copy/paste files into a folder and they instantly disperse and sort themsleves upward within the...
|General Discussion
Proliferating Thumbnail Folders of jpg and mts files
In my Pictures and Videos folders, Win 7 Home Premium 64, I'm getting swamped with thumbnail folders (for example: photoname.jpg.files) with two jpg thumbnails of the every photo or video named "vcm_s_kf_m160_160x120.jpg" and "vcm_s_kf_repr_832x624.jpg". I've tried every method to hide them and...
|Music, Pictures & Video
Explorer windows auto refresh then don't auto refresh. Why?
Hello everyone. I'd like to know why win7 64bit decides by itself to auto refresh a window minute and literally the next second or two later it does not. Lets say, I save a pic from the net, just before I go into the browser I already have my downloads folder open. I save a couple pics and I go...
|Our Sites
|Site Links
|About Us
|Find Us
Windows 7 Forums is an independent web site and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft Corporation. "Windows 7" and related materials are trademarks of Microsoft Corp.
© Designer Media Ltd
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 00:43.


text:
I'm thinking about placing a long distance order for some Jeni's ice cream (which I've never had before but sounds delicious). I was hoping to get some input on favorite flavors.
Min. orer is 6 pts -- here's what's on my list right now:
Salty Caramel
Cucumber Granita
Bartlett Pear and Riesling Sorbet
Sweet Corn with Blackberry
Backyard Mint
Butterscotch with Cocoa Nibs


text:
It appears you have not yet Signed Up with our community. To Sign Up for free, please click here....
In Reply to: Re: DBS surgery: yes or no? posted by Darrell on September 10, 2000 at 21:05:37:
: : How many of my parky friends are thinking about having the implant )DBS) brain surgery? On the flip side, how many of you would not have the surgery? Any comments? Bruce
: I am considering it, I am just know starting research. Any info you have would be appreciated.
This site should tell you every thing you need to know about STN surgery: www.rewiredforlife.org Bruce
Site owned and operated by HealthBoards.com Terms of Use © 1998-2017 HealthBoards.com All rights reserved.
Do not copy or redistribute in any form!


text:
Back to Top
Variety. Value. Super Service.
<< Back
Wagtail JetStream2 Waterfed Microfibre Scrubber
Wagtail JetStream2 Waterfed Microfibre Scrubber
Add to cart
JetStream2, a pivoting water-fed scrubber for water-fed pole work with water jets embedded above microfibre pad to rinse as you scrub, so there is no need to lift the tool off the window to rinse. This saves time and effort.
It has a microfibre pad instead of a brush, hence, it is a great alternative tool for window washing. Microfibre cleans more effectively than brushes do. It creates a plane of water hence no water droplets left to dry on the window. It can be used with pure water or tap water. The available sizes for this waterfed scrubber are 14″ & 18″. Use replaceable blue microfibre pad. Recommended use: high windows, walls, glass swimming pool fences, truck curtains, floors.
Related Products
12" ZapBrush
More details
Buy now
Wagtail 10M Water Feed Tubing with Connector
More details
Buy now
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
© 2017 Cleaners Supermarket Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Mobile mode
Powered by ShopFactory
Desktop mode
Mobile mode


text:
Daily Grace For the Daily Grind
Larry Briney
Daily Devotional Readings
With Scripture and Topic Indexes
Published by Larry Briney at Smashwords
Copyright © 2010 by Larry Briney
All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the
Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1995
by the Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.
Scriptures marked NIV are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version®, Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations marked The Message are from The Message, Copyright © 1993. Used by permission of NavPress Publishing Group.
Certain names have been changed in accounts used as illustrations.
This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be resold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each person you share it with. If you're reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.


text:
Malware Infected WordPress Site
There is a website [url removed – Mark]. It is infected with malware, and whenever a PC visits the website or tries to login to the dashboard, it becomes infected with malware called Security Sphere 2012. If the website is searched on google porn advertisment appears. I believe a bad third party plugin was installed. Are there any suggestions or helpful websites I can visit that can guide me to eliminate the malware from the website and restore an appropriate google search? I have been searching for and answer with little sucess. I would also like to prevent this from happening again in the future. I am aware it is probably very neccessary to update to the newest wordpress, but the original web developer is afraid updating the wordpress will affect the appearence of the current theme. Thank you very much.
Best Regards,
- The topic 'Malware Infected WordPress Site' is closed to new replies.


text:
2. We believe in Jesus Christ, the Second Person of the Triune Godhead; that He was eternally one with the Father; that He became incarnate by the Holy Spirit and was born of the Virgin Mary, so that two whole and perfect natures, that is to say the Godhead and manhood, are thus united in one Person very God and very man, the God-man.
We believe that Jesus Christ died for our sins, and that He truly arose from the dead and took again His body, together with all things appertaining to the perfection of man's nature, wherewith He ascended into heaven and is there engaged in intercession for us.
(Matthew 1:20-25; 16:15-16; Luke 1:26-35; John 1:1-18; Acts 2:22-36; Romans 8:3, 32-34; Galatians 4:4-5; Philippians 2:5-11; Colossians 1:12-22; 1 Timothy 6:14-16; Hebrews 1:1-5; 7:22-28; 9:24-28; 1 John 1:1-3; 4:2-3, 15)
Lets look at the actual the name of Jesus a little closer:
- As stated in the poll that I quoted, the historical fact that a man named Jesus lived. There is overwhelming historical data that goes beyond the Bible to back that up.
- Jesus is Greek for the Hebrew "Joshua." Joshua in the Hebrew meant, "to save, salvation, healing and wholeness."
- Just as Joshua led the people of Israel, so Jesus of Nazareth is our "savior" in whom we are restored to abundant life with God.
- Christ is the greek word for "Messiah" and Messiah carried with the meaning, "anointed one." You'll see the phrase, "anointed one" in the Old Testament to describe the Kings and/or the prophets. The be "anointed" was to be set apart for God's purposes and plans.
- In Christ, we have the ultimate anointed one. The prophet Isaiah writes about the anointed one who would bring good news to the oppressed…liberty to the captives and release to the prisoners.
- In Mark 8:29 the disciples admitted that Jesus was the Messiah, but they were given warning to not tell anyone because Jesus knew that at the time they did not fully understand what kind of "Messiah" Jesus came to be.
His Only Son:
- This confession was extremely important for the Greco-Roman world in which early Christianity was growing and blossoming. It was important because it was believed that the roman and greek gods also had children, but to confess that Jesus was the only son of the one true God brought many objections from greeks and romans.
- Remember this does not mean that we worship many Gods…in the Father – Son and Holy Spirit there is only One God. The Jews struggled with early Christianity because of placing Jesus Christ at level of divinity. But this was not polytheistic because the Father and Son are one. (Luke 10:22)
Here are a few Scriptures for us to consider in formulating our theology about who Jesus Christ is.
John 1:1-18 in its entirety should really be considered, but for the sake of brevity lets look at verses 1-2, 14 and 18.
John 1:1-2: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God.
14: And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father's only son, full of grace and truth.
18: No one has ever seen God. It is God the only Son, who is close to the Father's heart, who has made him known.
Colossians 1:13: He has rescued us from the power of darkness and transferred us into the kingdom of his beloved Son, 14 in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins.
Colossians 1:15-23: He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation; 16 for in him all things in heaven and on earth were created, things visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or powers—all things have been created through him and for him. 17 He himself is before all things, and in him all things hold together. 18 He is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that he might come to have first place in everything. 19 For in him all the fullness of God was pleased to dwell, 20 and through him God was pleased to reconcile to himself all things, whether on earth or in heaven, by making peace through the blood of his cross. 21 And you who were once estranged and hostile in mind, doing evil deeds, 22 he has now reconciled in his fleshly body through death, so as to present you holy and blameless and irreproachable before him— 23 provided that you continue securely established and steadfast in the faith, without shifting from the hope promised by the gospel that you heard, which has been proclaimed to every creature under heaven. I, Paul, became a servant of this gospel.
A few things to consider…
- Jesus Christ was at the beginning. Any theology that teaches that Jesus Christ was not always eternally one with the Father is a theology that is contrary to 2,000 years of Christian history and tradition. More importantly, it is a theology that is contrary to scripture.
- Jesus was at the beginning and is the beginning. New life begins with Jesus Christ.
- To confess Jesus Lord of our lives is to understand that He desires to be first place in everything…every aspect of our lives.
- The call to holiness is the call of God. Holiness is the very essence of God and we are called to pursue this likeness of God in our lives.
Theological Implications…"Eternal Security:"
Colossians 1:23 causes us to ask ourselves, "what is the essence of this Salvation that is offered through Jesus Christ, is this something we can lose?" To fully understand the debate on "eternal security" I believe we have to go back to last week's sermon and remind ourselves of the very nature of the Triune God. The Trinity reminds us that we serve a relational God, as the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are in relationship and mutually connected with each other. This is the essence of the one true God that we serve.
The Christian faith is more than just making a one time decison for God or a one time salvation experience. While God is the eternal judge who will ultimately name right and wrong, we should not view God as this far away judge who is just waiting for us to "mess up." The best description of our God is when we understand that God calls us into a unique covenental relationship so that we can participate in God's work and moving. Like any relationship, this is a two way street in which we have to choose to walk with God or not. God makes the first move in inviting us into relationship, but what happens next is up to us. God will never move, nor will He ever leave us or forsake us. However if we have the choice to walk into this relationship with God we then have the choice to walk out of relationship with God. Like the prodigal son we can go our own way, but I hope we never forget the God we can walk away from is the same God who will be right where we left Him ready to welcome us back with opens arms of grace and mercy.
In our relationship with Jesus Christ, Paul is reminding us to stay steadfast and grounded. He is appealing to us to not walk away from the hope that is ours in Christ.
Book for further Study:
Harn, Roger E. Van. Exploring and Proclaiming the Apostles' Creed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004.


text:
I have been a contributor to Edpowerment for the past two years. I have known the founder of this group as a colleague and a friend. Her commitment to educating the "whole" person has been transferred from a competitive all girls' high school in NJ, to the children of Tanzania. From digging a well for water to computer education, much has been achieved in a short period of time,
due to her commitment, perseverance and dedication. Her passion has encouraged others to join her as volunteers and partners in this very worthwhile endeavor.
This nonprofit was started by a close friend from college whom I admire enormously. Her commitment to women and education is boundless and what she's been able to accomplish awes me. I am proud to be a major donor and also provide matching funds from my company.
Over the past year, I have been a proud supporter of EdPowerment Inc. through District 117 Interact Club. I have helped with numerous fundraising projects in order to help EdPowerment and everything it does for Tanzania. The education they provide for students who don't have access to everyday necessities is outstanding. Many students from the Interact Club have gone to help the cause and come back with positive feedback that can inspire many and change lives forever. The work they do internationally spreads to our local causes and motivates many people to make a difference in the world. The program managers of EdPowerment have committed their lives to making a change. I have never met more inspiring people than the ones who are involved in EdPowerment.
EdPowerment is committed to not only helping students obtain the education they require, but to empowering and educating the community. This allows the organization's efforts to be widespread and its impact lasting. Much care is taken in ensuring that students receive the support they need to work through the educational stages towards completion.
I was able to see first hand how the population in Moshi, Tanzania is directly served by EdPowerment's programs. Textbooks appeared for the first time in the small Kilimahewa school. Real teachers were hired. Curriculum was developed. A lunch program was started to provide nourishment and allow students to focus on learning. Students with impossible living situations were placed in boarding schools. Community awareness programs were offered for parents and neighbors. A well was dug to provide clean water... The best part is that even the smallest donations make a huge impact.
With these accomplishments and more over just a few years, I believe that
EdPowerment's impact, progress, and transparency make it an organization worth supporting.
After a short four years of activity in the Moshe district of Tanzania, EdPowerment has an impressive list of successes to its name. Its very first scholarship student, sponsored after being cut off from the limited local educational opportunities, will obtain his B.S. degree this autumn. Another will shortly be entering her first year of medical school. A third has just completed her first year of law studies. In addition to scholarships such as these, EdPowerment supports the Kilimahewa Educational Center, providing teachers, books, supplies, and one meal a day to the fifty or so teenage students who walk sometimes three miles each way to attend. Actively engaged not only with the school but with the local population, EdPowerment has funded a well to provide safe water to both, has hosted seminars to raise awareness of Aids/HIV and has created Autism Connects Tanzania (ACT) to educate families about the disability and to protect children who have it. On limited funding from donors such as me, it has done extraordinary work. With more, it will only do better. I urge you to donate, volunteer, help in any way you can.
I have been a part of this foundation since its inception. I have watched its growth and the devotion and energy that has been expended by its founders. As I read the accomplishments that have and are occurring amazes me at the amount of time, finances and devotion that is ongoing.
Please assist this great foundation in continuing their goal of educating these students and assisting the families in so many ways.


text:
We have some AWESOME news for you, Avatar fans! After reading Uiop60's awesome blogs about Gene Luen Yang and The Promise, I also got in touch with Gene Yang and he very kindly agreed to do an exclusive interview for Avatar Wiki!
Gene Yang is also a user of Avatar Wiki and now follows @AvatarWiki and @WikiaAnime, which we couldn't be more thrilled about.
Since we have such an amazing chance to pick his brains about The Promise, we wanted to give the Avatar Wiki community a chance to ask Gene Yang a few questions about his work for Avatar.
Please consider some burning questions you may have about The Promise, and comment below! Although Gene Yang may not be able to answer completely spoiler-y questions, maybe he'll be able to hint at what we can expect from the link between Aang's world and Korra's world.
Ideally, we want to compile some of the best questions to ask Gene Yang, and we'll hold a community vote so that everyone's voice will be heard.
As a huge fan of Avatar: The Last Airbender myself, I can't wait to speak with him, and we hope that everyone is equally excited about this opportunity!
The interview will be next Thursday, December 8. We plan to ask Gene Yang about 10 questions (might be a little more or less, depending on the questions) and we want everyone in the community to have an equal say on which questions will be featured.
Please continue to post your questions until the END OF MONDAY. On TUESDAY, we would like to hold a community vote as to which questions will be asked.
We are looking for thoughtful, unique questions, and value the opinions of our Avatar Wiki community.
Please stay civil. You should not harass other users or their views.