text:
Basic SEO Techniques Ashford :
A few basic SEO techniques:
- View Google's cache to see your page the way a search engine sees it. If you can't see an element of the page in the cache, the search engines can't see it either! This means that content isn't gaining you any search traffic.
- Be sure your page is reachable. Crawlers don't perform searches, they travel by links. This means your page has to be viewable by clicking on a link on another page or crawlers won't see it and it won't be searchable.
- Be sure you don't have metaframes preventing your page from being crawled. Many Ashford webmasters use metaframes to prevent rogue bots from crawling their page and don't realize that these metaframes will also prevent search bots from crawling their pages!
- Don't let your links get lost in a sea of links. Pages with hundreds or thousands of links may not get crawled thoroughly in order to prevent spam and skewed rankings.
- Use specific keywords. General keywords will have lots of competition. By using more specific keywords, a webmaster can reduce competition and increase rankings.
- Don't abuse keywords. Use your keywords in natural speech. Optimize your page for one or two specific keywords that searchers might use when looking for information available on your page. Be sure your keywords are relevant to your content.
- Don't use keywords in link anchor text pointing to other pages on your site. (This is known as commiting keyword cannibalization.)
- Be sure your keywords are plain text HTML. Add ALT text for images, transcripts for videos and audio clips, and put captions with java or flash plugins or images. Although crawlers are improving, many are unable to process anything besides plain text.
Be Aware of User Experience
Increasing the usability, accuracy, and visual design of the website will also increase your search metrics. Search engines use search metrics and backlinks to determine the popularity and user-friendliness of your page. These factors play an important role in SEO. Always seek to create content that is pleasing for your reader.
Search Engines use Engagement Metrics to determine user satisfaction. Time spent on a search result means the user found the result much more helpful than a user who immediately hits the back button to look for another search.
The Panda update allows google to use machine learning to rank websites on quality and user friendliness. In 2011, human evaluators ranked thousands of websites based on quality and then implemented machine learning that mimicked those evaluators. This update changed more than 20% of search results.
Selecting Keywords:
Things to consider when selecting keywords:
- The Keyword's relevance to your page. Will the people using that keyword in searches be satisfied with the content on your page?
- The Keyword's specificity. Would a narrower keyword or keyphrase attract an audience that is more interested in your content than the audience of the broader term? On the other hand, is your keyword so specific it won't be searched?
- The Competition on that keyword. Can you compete with the current top ranked websites for your keyword?
Where to Put Keywords:
- In the Title: as close to the beginning as you can put it
- At the Top of the Page
- Several times throughout the body of the page
- At least once in the ALT text
- In the URL
- In the Summary or Meta description tag
Optimizing Title Tags:
- Titles should be between 45 and 55 characters long. Titles that exceed 55 characters in length may not show properly in google searches.
- Keywords should be placed near the beginning of the title
- Consider putting your brandname at the end of the title
- Don't sacrifice readability and emotional impact for keyword optimization
Visit https://moz.com/learn/seo/title-tag to see how the title and summary of your page would show up in a google search.
Constructing URLS:
- Keep them short
- Be sure your reader has an idea of what he will find on the page when reads the URL
- Use plain text links
- Use hyphens to separate words
- Use keywords
How Links to your Page Effect your SEO
- Are a wide variety of websites created by a wide variety of webmasters on a wide variety of topics linking to your site?
- Are many sites on similar topics linking to your site?
- Are the ranking sites for your keywords linking to your site?
- Are sites linking to your page using your keywords in anchor text to link to your site? (Anchor text is the blue text that shows on a webpage instead of the URL to the link)
- Are you getting links from trusted sources?
- Have you refrained from linking to spammy or poor quality websites and websites that link to your page?
- Have you been accruing new links?
- Is your page being shared on social media?
If you can answer yes to the eight questions above, links to your content are doing their job and helping increase your rankings. If you can't answer yes to each question, devise strategies to remedy your answer.
Creating good, quality content that related pages will naturally link to is one of the best ways to get links. Another great way, is through Manual Outreach. Don't under estimate the traffic that a well placed link can generate itself. Target specific websites who cater to similar audiences, preferably websites with few links, high credibility and high rankings for your keywords, and invite them to link to your page. Be sure to explain how linking to your page is a benefit for them, and not just an act of charity for you. You may also use this tool to see your competitors' backlinks. Finding sites who have linked to the top ranked sites for your keyword gives you a list of sites that whose links would be of value to you. Avoid self-created links on lower quality websites. While they may help rankings a little bit, they may also hurt your rankings. If you pursue this option, proceed with caution.
Search Engine Webmaster SEO advice
SEO advice from the major search engine webmasters includes:
- Be sure all pages can be reached by static, plain-text links. (Links of the form: , as opposed to links buried in images, java or flash.) These links are easier for crawlers to find.
- Don't "cloak" your work, or try to present different content to the search engine than you present to the user. Make sure your page is optimized to be found by a search engine when a user searches a relevant query. Don't try to cheat the crawler's and their index.
- Use accurate, descriptive, clear language with appropriate keywords in your titles, subtitles and ALT text. (ALT text is text that appears when an image cannot be displayed.) On hubpages, photo captions are ALT text and are therefore an extremely important part of search engine optimization.
- Create content filled with relevant keywords.
Check for Errors
To check for crawl errors see Google's Webmaster Tools.
SEO Marketing 6 Things to Understand
In 2014, the new Top Level Domains (TLDs) were introduced to much fanfare from the press and tech bloggers. New web address endings were touted as a land rush on the internet and a game changer for marketing strategies. Despite such pronouncements, new TLDs were largely ignored in 2014, leaving some to expect an explosion in activity in 2015. However, before business owners run off to build new sites with fancy new names, it's important to separate fact from fiction regarding TLDs and to ask the question, "Will the new TLDs matter to marketers and consumers in 2015?".
As a brief primer, Top Level Domains are the endings to websites such as .com, .edu, .gov, etc. In the past, these were all handled by the ICANN, but in 2014, the door was opened for entrepreneurs to create their own TLDs that they can control on their own. So now, there are essentially an endless amount of TLDs. Business owners could pay to can have their site end with things like .xyz, .toys, .soy, .wed, and more. Nearly 4 million web sites around the world use one of the newly created TLD.
There have been many different Top Level Domains for website owners to choose from before the introduction of the new TLDs and research has shown that they work in a general sense. People know that the various country TLDs can be used to find information from a certain region of the world. Consumers generally know that .fr is for pages in France and that .ca is for Canada. However, it's not perfect, a study from Moz suggests that nearly 25 percent of Americans can be tricked into thinking that .ca is for California; so they knew that the TLD was for a region, but guessed the wrong region.
Similarly, people know that a .tv site will be about a television show, .edu is for schools, that .org pages tend to be for non-profits. The .edu and .org are the two TLDs that carry the most meaning for consumers. Searchers know that .edu resources will be more reliable since they are from schools and not from businesses. And people associate .org with organizations, groups or non profits with goals other than profit. Many people don't realize that .com itself is short for "commercial" which was chosen in the early days of the internet to identify the sites that weren't the traditional school or government based web pages that first populated the nascent world wide web.
The challenge for these new TLDs is that though people can use them to quickly understand the purpose of a site, consumers don't inherently trust sites with unusual TLDs more than ones with more traditional endings. In fact, having a vanity TLD immediately indicates that this a new site which puts the site at a disadvantage when compared to sites that have been serving customers from a .com web address for years. This is why older alternative TLDs like .biz or .info never really took off.
When NPR followed up with some of the creators of the new TLDs at the end of 2014, they found that adoption has been incredibly slow. The TLD that is doing the best so far is .xyz and even that is based on a large buy from a third party that gave a free year of .xyz registration to their clients or from people who bought .xyz domains to squat on them. A better indicator will come at the end of 2015 when we see how many people who squatted or received their new TLD domain for free decide its worth it to continue paying for it.
The international study from Moz asked users if, based solely on the domain name, they were more likely to trust an insurance quote from a website ending in .insurance. 62 percent of Americans, 53 percent of Australians, and 67 percent of marketers said they were unlikely to trust the quote based on the domain alone.
And despite what people who are trying to sell TLDs may say, when it comes to TLDs and SEO, TLDs offer no intrinsic value to improve SEO. The algorithms for search engines don't include these new TLDs as a ranking factor. These domains will show up in a generic search for a keyword and people can search by TLD extension if they want to. If TLDs become more popular, they may become ranking factors in the future (though Google says they doubt it), but for now, they are treated no differently.
Google's John Mueller recently reposted comments the company made earlier in 2014 to reiterate their position on TLD and search.
"It feels like it's time to reshare this again. There still is no inherent ranking advantage to using the new TLDs," Mueller wrote on Google+ before sharing a postfrom Matt Cutts on the subject. "They can perform well in search, just like any other TLD can perform well in search. They give you an opportunity to pick a name that better matches your web-presence. If you see posts claiming that early data suggests they're doing well, keep in mind that this is not due to any artificial advantage in search: you can make a fantastic website that performs well in search on any TLD."
The sheer amount of TLDs available also undermines one of the reasons some thought they would be so popular. When there so many TLDs to choose from, it's not as effective for squatters to try and wrap of domains with the intent of selling them later. It's not the same as in the early days of the internet. Back then, if someone had the .com you wanted, there was nothing you can do but pay them or get a different name. Now, marketers can just move to a different TLD. The introduction of these new TLDs have created so much internet real estate, it's impractical for one person to try to lock up domains they don't intend to use.
There are a lot of good reasons why business owners may want to create a site using one of the new TLDs, but it's important to be clear about what the benefits are and what is just hype. It's undeniable that business can get domain names using the new TLDs that are unavailable for older extensions. Some states are introducing TLDs for businesses in their state. So BillsGarage.com may be taken, but BillsGarage.NYC may be up for grabs.
However, other than the benefit of giving marketers more options when deciding on domain names, TLDs don't offer any intrinsic benefit to business. As the research from Moz and comments from experts at Google have shown, TLDs have no advantage over .com when it comes to customer trust and SEO visibility.
Given the challenges facing TLD adoption, it's unlikely that TLDs will make a huge marketing impact in 2015 unless there is some sort of game changing development. If you want to use one of the new TLDs to build a site with an easy-to-remember name, you won't be disappointed, but don't expect new domain endings to perform some kind of marketing magic in the coming year.
Which Online Marketing Strategy Has the Best ROI?
If you have an app that you'd like to rank in the search engine results pages (SERPs), it's important that you understand the relevant ranking factors. Otherwise, you're just wasting your time.
In this article, we'll go over the importance of app optimization and explain how you can make sure that your app appears in the SERPs.
Why You Need to Optimize
It's important to optimize your app for the various search engines because a recent report shows that 27% of users find apps with a web search. That's up from just 2-3% in 2014.
Expect that upward trend to continue.
Also, keep in mind that Google is putting on emphasis on app downloads from search results and downplaying Google Play. Even though, at this point in time, 40% of people still find apps by searching in an app store, it's still important to optimize your app for the stragglers who use Google web search for everything.
Finally, keep in mind that Google has gotten better at ranking apps over the past couple of years. That's good news for search engine optimizers who want to use Google's search algorithm to push their apps higher in the SERPs.
The App Pack
Of course, when people talk about "apps," they're talking about mobile apps. That's a reality not lost on Google.
As a result, Google now features an app pack at the top of mobile search results. If you open a browser on your mobile device right now and search for "photo editor," you should see the app pack at the very top of the search results.
The app pack can include one, three, or six apps. If there are more than six apps that match the search criteria, the search results will display an arrow at the bottom of the pack so that users can view more apps.
Each app in the pack not only displays the app title, but also its rating and its price. If a user clicks on the app square, the underlying operating system will open the app in the app store.
Keep in mind that app pack results are specific to the operating system. That means only apps that work on the user's mobile platform will be displayed.
How the App Pack Impacts Your Brand
If you optimize your app so that it appears in the app pack, you could adversely affect your brand presence in the SERPs. That's because for every app that appears in the pack, one web ranking is pushed off the page.
So if your website is ranking at the #1 spot right now for a specific keyword and you optimize your app for that same keyword so that it appears in the app pack, your site will be pushed down lower in the SERPs. That's something you want to keep in mind as you begin your optimization efforts.
Mistake #1: Not Using the Right Keywords
One of the first steps to any optimization effort is to determine the right keywords. App optimization is no different.
When people search for an app, they're usually searching based on a descriptive noun. For example, "travel planner" or "photo editor" are phrases that describe apps frequently search for.
So when you begin your optimization efforts, think about what your app does and come up with a few words or phrases that people might use when searching for it.
Mistake #2: Not Optimizing the Title and Description
Google treats the title of an app similar to how it treats a title tag on a web page. Google also treats app descriptions as on-page text on a web page.
That's why it's a great idea to include the aforementioned keywords in your title and description. You'll have to do that when you submit your app to the OS-specific app store.
Of course, you'll likely want your title to be branded. But if there's enough room for a keyword in the title (for example, "PhotoBomb - A Photo Editor") then include it as well.
Finally, keep in mind that standard rules about keyword usage apply here. Avoid over-stuffing keywords into your description just to rank higher. That strategy will likely backfire.
Mistake #3: Ignoring Reviews
Reviews of your app matter for two reasons.
First, Google might rank your app based on keywords from user reviews on the app page. As with traditional SEO efforts, keywords towards the top of the page are given the most weight.
Also, the star rating of your app will have an impact on its rank as well. It's possible that an app with the keyword that's only in the description might outrank an app with the keyword in the title because it has a higher star rating.
Of course, the star rating might also impact the click-through rate. If your app has only a couple of stars, don't expect too many people to click on it.
Mistake #4: Ignoring App-Specific Keywords
One of the best ways to move ahead of your competition when it comes to ranking your app is to optimize for app-specific words.
For example, use the word "app" in your title or description. While it's not likely that anyone searching for an app in the app store will include that word in the search query, people who are using Google to search for an app are very likely to do so.
Also, include the operating system of the app in the title or description. Again, people searching on Google Play for an app probably won't include the word "Android" in their query, but folks who are using Google search could do so.
Wrapping It Up Application SEO
Moving your app to the top of the SERPs is no different than moving your website to the top of the SERPs in this way: it requires acting on the right information.
Today we just touched on the most basic mistakes. There is a lot to know about this topic and many advanced strategies that you can pursue.


text:
ACS Services Inc
ACS is Boston's premier, full-service IT Solutions Company, equipped to work with clients of all sizes and industry sectors. Our collection of business support services include: Help Desk Support Services, 24/7 Managed Services, Network Security, Hosted Cloud Solutions, Data Recovery, and Off-Site Backup. For 30 years, we have been the choice of successful companies for managed IT services and tech support. Our reputation is well earned.
Dedicated support before you need IT
ACS Data Center
To better service our clients, ACS constructed a 10,000 square [...]
Have you heard about the Cryptolocker virus or ransomware? These [...]
Service Level Agreement
Does your outsourced IT partner provide you with a service [...]
Request a Quote
Complete this form to contact our sales department.
© Copyright 2017, ACS Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
DocumentationMathematicaThe Mathematica BookA Practical Introduction to MathematicaNumerical Calculations
1.1.7 Mathematical Notation in Notebooks
If you use a text-based interface to Mathematica, then the input you give must consist only of characters that you can type directly on your computer keyboard. But if you use a notebook interface then other kinds of input become possible.
Usually there are palettes provided which operate like extensions of your keyboard, and which have buttons that you can click to enter particular forms. You can typically access standard palettes using the Palettes submenu of the File menu.
Clicking the button in this palette will enter a pi into your notebook.
Clicking the first button in this palette will create an empty structure for entering a power. You can use the mouse to fill in the structure.
You can also give input by using special keys on your keyboard. Pressing one of these keys does not lead to an ordinary character being entered, but instead typically causes some action to occur or some structure to be created.
A few ways to enter special notations on a standard English-language keyboard.
Here is a computation entered using ordinary characters on a keyboard.
In[1]:= N[Pi^2/6]
Here is the same computation entered using a palette or special keys.
Here is an actual sequence of keys that can be used to enter the input.
In[3]:= N[ p ^ 2 / 6 ]
In a traditional computer language such as C, Fortran, Java or Perl, the input you give must always consist of a string of ordinary characters that can be typed directly on a keyboard. But the Mathematica language also allows you to give input that contains special characters, superscripts, built-up fractions, and so on.
The language incorporates many features of traditional mathematical notation. But you should realize that the goal of the language is to provide a precise and consistent way to specify computations. And as a result, it does not follow all of the somewhat haphazard details of traditional mathematical notation.
Nevertheless, as discussed in Section 1.10.9, it is always possible to get Mathematica to produce output that imitates every aspect of traditional mathematical notation. And as discussed in Section 1.10.9, it is also possible for Mathematica to import text that uses such notation, and to some extent to translate it into its own more precise language.


text:
We recommend upgrading to the latest Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Firefox.
If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
Handpicked brands for you
Truth be told, @austensweetin is a miracle worker with a camera. See for yourself in his Frames feature on @snowboardmag. Link in their bio. #coalheadwear #film


text:
Russian industrial production jumped 7.0 percent in August compared with a year earlier, picking up from 5.9 percent in July, the federal statistics office Rosstat reported Wednesday.
Output growth however was down from 9.7 percent in June and 12.6 percent in May.
Compared with July this year, output was up 0.1 percent.
Production rose 9.2 percent from January to August compared with the same period of 2009, the data showed.


text: > > Hi all, > > I have a few boxes at home, and I'm willing to set up a mini network. > I have only one IP address. My question is an "architecture" one. > > So far, I had my firewall with nothing running but ssh2 and masquerading > the internal private network (firewall is under potato, kernel 2.2.13). > Seems to work ok. > > Now, I'm willing to provide ftp and www. I'm dedicating another small box > for that. What I though is to have the firewall forward these two services > to this ftp/www box. > > Should I set up two internal private subnets (one for the ftp/www), > and one for the other computers? What kind of communication should I allow > between them, in case the www/ftp box gets broken? Is that the way to go? Internal Network with two subnets, that means you will have to have 1 nic for internet and then two for your internal network (total of 3) or a router to route between the subnets (maybe another linux box), I don't see any benefit in having two subnets, if your FW gets broken into then your whole network is in trouble anyway. With rules (ipchains or iptables) you could still restrict what goes where. > > Also, is it reasonnable to forward ssh2 to an internal box? > Currently, when I'm outside, I log on my firewall, and then inside. > Is one alternative safer than the other and for what reason? > > Finally, should I upgrade to 2.4 to use iptables or is what I'm willing > to do going to be just fine with ipchains and ipmasqadm? > > Thanks a lot. > Julien > > > -- > To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to firstname.lastname@example.com > with a subject of "unsubscribe". Trouble? Contact firstname.lastname@example.com ------------------------------------------------- Get personalized e-mail and a web address or your own free e-mail at http://www.networksolutions.com.


text:
Our mission for Aftershock Youth Ministries at Faith Center is to be children of God who will not conform to the things of the world, but shake this generation with the power of God.
We have service EVERY week on Thursdays in the main sanctuary. Doors open at 6:30pm and services begins at 7pm!
Any student that is in 6th to 12th grade is welcome to come out and have a great time with us!


text:
Atkinson demonstrated that with style and dominance this year with a win in Coolangatta on Feb. 25. In so doing he became only the third male competitor to win the KIA Formula 1 Triathlon title.
Atkinson, the 1999 world junior champion, went into yesterdays round equal on points with Sydney's Chris McCormack, the former world champ wholl be stepping way up in distance two months from now in the Wildflower half-Ironman. In Coolangatta, though, McCormack wasnt a factor.
Atkinson defeated his training partner, Miles Stewart, with Levi Maxwell, making a welcome return to form to claim a podium finish. Olympic gold medallist Simon Whitfield was fourth.
Atkinson debuted in the series four years ago as a 17-year-old and his transition to the senior ranks, competing against the world's best athletes, has been phenomenal. In four years of F1 racing, Atkinson has finished eighth, fourth, second and now first.
"To win my first race and to win the series on the same day is like a double dose of excitement," he said. "I have been after this title for four years and it has been a long haul. I have finally done it and it feels awesome. There is so much self satisfaction to do what you aim to do, especially in a high profile series like this."
In an exciting womens event, top yank Barb Lindquist upset pre-race favorite and good friend Nicole Hackett. The popular Lindquist was ecstatic at her win, with Hacketts second place enough to secure the series and win a third consecutive F1 title, equaling the record set by Jackie Gallagher.
Michellie Jones and Emma Carney had a thrilling sprint finish for the final podium spot, but it was Jones who was victorious.
1. Courtney Atkinson (QLD) 23:33
2. Miles Stewart (QLD) 23:39
3. Levi Maxwell (QLD) 23:44
4. Simon Whitfield (CAN) 23:47
5. Paul Amey (NZL) 23:49
6. Peter Robertson (VIC) 23:54
7. Simon Thompson (ACT) 23:57
8. Marc Lees (QLD) 24:01
9. Chris McCormack (NSW) 24:26
10. Brad Beven (QLD) 24:31
1. Barb Lindquist (USA) 25:22
2. Nicole Hackett (NSW) 25:38
3. Michellie Jones (NSW) 25:44
4. Emma Carney (VIC) 25:45
5. Laura Reback (USA) 26:02
6. Mel Ashton (NSW) 26:18
7. Steph Forrester (GBR) 26:21
8. Pip Taylor (26:48)
9. Josie Loane (QLD) 26:56
10. Trudi Sanders (RSA), 27:27


text:
Immediately seek abuse help and immediately move on.
You are clearly confused.
In the recent days, there are people who have become aware of the fact that social media is one of the best techniques for promoting business online. It is one of the best places where business owners can directly interact with their customers, and can also increase the opportunity of … Read more
Social Media Marketing is the process of gaining website traffic or attention through social .Selection of potential social networks to use; New online marketing concepts of engagement and loyalty have emerged which aim to build customer participation and reputation.
Digital marketing is an umbrella term for the marketing of products or services using digital . To … Read more


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 6, 1983
|Filing date
|Sep 30, 1980
|Priority date
|Nov 13, 1975
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gerard A. Quash
|Original Assignee
|Institut National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale-Inserm
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (66), Classifications (51)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 934,003, filed Aug. 16, 1978, which is a division of application Ser. No. 740,840, filed Nov. 11, 1976.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel insoluble solid supports carrying side chains bearing at least a reactive --NH2, to processes for obtaining them, to processes for chemically binding organic compounds having carbohydrate residues on these supports, as well as to the products and to reagents resulting from said chemical fixation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known that biologically active proteins (such as hormones, antigens and enzymes, for example) can be attached to insoluble solid supports comprising latex spheres carrying lateral chains terminating in primary amine functions, by reaction of active groups of the amino acids of the protein chain with the primary amine groups of the support. It has also been proposed to use antigens fixed in the way which has just been very succinctly described above as biological reagents, but in association with developer reagents. The technique which has been mentioned is described notably by R. S. MOLDAY, W. J. DREYER, A. REMBAUM and S. P. S. YEN in "The Journal of Cell Biology", Volume 64 (1975) 75-88 and by R. W. LIM, R. S. MOLDAY, H. V. HUANG and SHIADO-PIN S. YEN in "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta" 394 (1975) 377-387, which relates to the fixation of antibodies on latex spheres by coupling the antibodies through the intermediary of their primary amine functions via covalent bonds onto the latex spheres, which themselves have previously been provided with lateral chains terminating by a primary amine function activated by the action of activators such as glutaraldehyde, cyanogen bromide or watersoluble carbodiimide.
Such a process for coupling proteins through the intermediary of their amino acids always presents a practical difficulty since to carry out the coupling to biologically active amino acids of the protein chain has the effect of reducing, in certain cases, the biological activity of the fixed protein molecule. In addition, the known processes, notably that of R. S. MOLDAY et al give rise to couplings of relatively low stability and of relatively low yields which reduce again their technical and economic interest.
It is consequently an object of the present invention to provide a process for chemically binding biologically active proteins on a support carrying side chains bearing at least a reactive --NH2 without recourse, to effect the coupling, to biologically active groups of the amino acids of the protein chain. In effect, proteins such as antibodies, antigens and a certain number of hormones and enzymes, in particular those the binding of which on supports by chemical coupling has been described in the prior art, are glycoproteins of which the prosthetic groups, namely, carbohydrate residues, do not contribute in any manner to the biological activity of the molecule.
The applicant has now surprisingly developed a process for chemically binding organic compounds having carbohydrate residues, onto a support through the intermediary of said residues, which in addition to not using any active group of the bound organic compound, provide an attachment of very high stability, with satisfactory yields and without diminishing, denaturing or lowering the specific activity of the bound organic compound. The above references to the binding of an "organic compound having carbohydrate residues" are not limited to the binding of glycoproteins: in effect, the process of the invention permits the chemical binding of a given compound through the intermediary of its carbohydrate residue to take place, and the process according to the present invention has a broader scope than the procedures hitherto known in the prior art in that it is applicable not only to glycoproteins but also to other biologically active organic compounds or to those of industrial interest, when they are coupled to a support such as that defined above, provided only that these organic compounds contain carbohydrate residues. Among such "organic compounds containing carbohydrate residues" one can include, inter alia, not only glycoproteins but also polysaccharides and glycolipids.
According to the present invention there is provided a process for chemically binding organic compounds containing carbohydrate residues onto a support bearing at least one reactive --NH2, which process comprises transforming, in a first step, at least one --CH2 OH group of the carbohydrate residue of the organic compound into a --CHO group by oxidation, and, in a second step, reacting the so-obtained --CHO group at least with a reactive --NH2 carried by side chains attached to the insoluble solid support so as to chemically bind the organic compound on said support, and in cases where the reactive --NH2 is a primary amine group, the resulting Schiff base is stabilized, by chemical reduction.
According to one preferred manner of carrying out the process of the invention, the oxidation of the --CH2 OH groups to --CHO groups is effected using sodium periodate.
According to another preferred manner of carrying out the process of the invention, the oxidation of the --CH2 OH groups to --CHO groups is carried out enzymically.
According to another preferred manner of carrying out the process of the invention, an organic compound containing an appropriate carbohydrate residue, prior to the transformation of at least one of the --CH2 OH groups to a --CHO group by oxidation, is subjected to a treatment with neuraminidase, when the terminal residue of the carbohydrate chain is a sialic acid, which treatment eliminates said sialic acid.
Advantageously, where the step of oxidising the --CH2 OH group to a --CHO group is effected enzymically, the enzyme used is selected according to the nature of the last-but-one residue of the carbohydrate chain, from the group comprising the oxidases which oxidise carbohydrates, namely, glucose oxidase, fucose oxidase and galactose oxidase i.e. according to whether the last-but-one residue of the carbohydrate chain is respectively glucose, fucose or galactose.
According to the invention, when the side chain of said support carries a terminal primary amine group, the reaction between the --CHO group of the organic compound to be bound to the support and the said --NH2 group gives rises to a Schiff base, which is stabilised during a third step of the process of the invention, by chemical reduction, using preferably NaBH4.
Such stabilisation is not necessary in the case where the side chains are terminated by a --NH--NH2 group, which forms a stable hydrazone in the presence of --CHO groups; in cases where the side chain carried both as --NH2 and a --SH, their interaction with a --CHO group also gives rise to the formation of a stable heterocyclic compound, which, for instance, can be a thiazolidine in the case of cystein, where the --SH is in a β-position with respect to the --NH2.
The process according to the present invention for chemically binding compounds containing carbohydrate residues onto solid, insoluble supports having side chains with at least a reactive --NH2, can give rise to coupled products which are useful, in particular as biological reagents.
The applicant has established that, surprisingly, the reactivity and stability of the coupled products so obtained are greatly increased if the length of the side chain is itself sufficiently increased. It has also been established that, surprisingly, diagnostic reagents comprising the aforementioned coupled products possess qualities of sensitivity and precision which are not possessed by diagnostic reagents of similar type proposed in the prior art.
The supports used for the chemical binding of the organic compounds having at least one --CHO group, are insoluble, solid supports selected notably from the group which comprises latex spheres, agarose or dextrane beads, activated glass beads or the like, on which are covalently bound side-chains bearing at least a reactive --NH2 resulting from the binding onto the said supports, of compounds selected among the amines, polyamines, diacids, amino-acids, aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines bearing eventually an acid group.
Among these supports, those which are new and are within the scope of the present invention, are supports on which are covalently bound side-chains bearing at least a reactive --NH2 resulting from the binding on said supports, of a compound selected among the aromatic amines, polyamines other than diamines, substituted amino-acids, aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines bearing eventually an acid group.
According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the side-chains bound to the supports, be they known supports or the new ones according to the present invention, are coupled through the intermediary of their reactive --NH2, with a nitrogeneous compound also containing at least a reactive --NH2 and chosen notably among the aliphatic or aromatic amines and/or aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines, or amino-acids, notably those containing both an --NH2 and a --SH capable of forming an heterocycle in the presence of the --CHO group of the organic compound to be bound.
Advantageously, the insoluble solid supports on which are bound the aforementioned side chains carry carboxyl groups through which the side chains are bound to said supports.
In another preferred embodiment of supports according to the invention, the insoluble solid supports carry --NH2 groups through which the abovementioned side chains are bound to the support.
According to the invention, the amines or polyamines bound to the solid insoluble supports are selected from aromatic diamines, polyamines other than aliphatic diamines, and substituted amino-acids.
Advantageously, there are bound to the abovementioned supports: aromatic diamines, polyamines containing primary and secondary amine groups having, for example, the following formula:
NH.sub.2 (CH.sub.2).sub.x NH(CH.sub.2).sub.y NH.sub.2
where x≧3 and y≧3
and having the formula:
NH.sub.2 (CH.sub.2).sub.x NH(CH.sub.2).sub.y NH(CH.sub.2).sub.z NH.sub.2
where x≧3, y≧4 and z≧3,
or appropriate substituted amino-acids, among which can be included compounds containing a --SH group as in cystein of the formula: ##STR1##
According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the side chains bound to the support result from coupling an aliphatic or aromatic amine, such as a diamine, polyamine or amino-acid, with other aliphatic or aromatic amines such as, in particular: diamines, polyamines, aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines or their derivatives.
According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the solid insoluble support carries hexamethylenediamine (HMD) chains advantageously coupled through the intermediary of their reactive --NH2, to adipic dihydrazide, to p-hydrazino-benzoic acid, or the like.
According to a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the insoluble solid support carries polyamine chains, such as spermidine, diaminopropylamine and spermine, for example, advantageously coupled through the intermediary of their reactive --NH2, to adipic dihydrazide, to p-hydrazinobenzoic acid or the like.
According to a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the insoluble solid supports carry side chains comprising an amino-acid such as β-alanine or ε-aminocaproic acid, for example, advantageously coupled to diaminopropane, to adipic dihydrazide, to p-hydrazino-benzoic acid or to analogous compounds.
According to another advantageous embodiment of the invention, the insoluble solid supports carry side chains ending with an amino-acid carrying a --SH group, as for example cysteine.
According to an advantageous provision of said embodiment, the amino-acid carrying a --SH group is coupled to an aliphatic or aromatic diamine.
The present invention also provides a process for binding side chains having a reactive --NH2 onto an insoluble solid support selected notably from latex spheres, dextrane or agarose beads, beads of activated glass and the like, which comprises binding the aforementioned side chains onto the support in the presence of an appropriate condensation agent, the fixation process including eventually a subsequent coupling step of said chains with nitrogen-containing compounds advantageously selected, in particular, among amines, aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines, amino-acids, which coupling step is also advantageously effected in the presence of an appropriate coupling agent, such as carbodiimide or N-hydroxy-succinimide.
According to the invention, one advantageously uses as the condensation and/or coupling agent glutaraldehyde or a totally or partially water-soluble carbodiimide of the general formula:
in which R represents notably an alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and particularly an ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl; a cycloalkyl radical having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; a mono-aryl substituted lower alkyl radical such as, for example, a benzyl or α- or β-phenylethyl radical; a monoaryl radical such as, for example, a phenyl, morpholino- or piperidyl radical; a lower alkoyl radical substituted by a morpholinyl group, such as, for example, an ethylmorpholinyl radical; a lower alkyl radical substituted by a piperidyl group, such as, for example, an ethylpiperidyl radical; a lower dialkylamino radical; a lower alkyl radical substituted by a pyridyl group, such as, for example, an α-, β-, or γ-methyl- or ethyl-pyridyl radical; their acid addition salts with acids and their quaternary ammonium salts, the two R radicals being identical or different.
According to a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the covalent binding of the side chains on the support is effected in a non-agglutinant buffer, containing no free --NH2 groups and at a pH between 6,0 and 8,8.
According to another preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the covalent binding is followed by dialysis against the same buffer as that used for the binding.
The solid insoluble supports having side chains obtained according to the present invention are themselves novel products, which are capable of numerous industrial applications.
One of these applications consists in using them as supports for organic compounds having at least one --CHO group, chemically bound on said supports by reaction between their --CHO group and the reactive --NH2 of the side chains of said supports.
This application presents a particular interest in the case of the binding of organic compounds comprising carbohydrate residues, which is effected through the intermediary of said carbohydrate residues, in modifying initially by oxidising two adjacent functional groups carried by the latter into --CHO groups, then bringing these --CHO functions to react at least with a reactive --NH2 of the side chains to the solid insoluble support.
The oxidation of the carbohydrate residues of the organic compound to be bound to the support is preferably effected at about pH 6.
Advantageously, the excess oxidising agent is eliminated at the end of the abovementioned oxidation reaction, by all appropriate means, such as dialysis or addition of an agent capable of being oxidized by the oxidizing agent, such as sodium sulfite, glycerol, glucose and the like.
The interest of the above application is increased when the organic compounds having carbohydrate residues at least partially oxidised to a --CHO, bound to the supports according to the present invention, are selected from glycoproteins, polysaccharides and glycolipids; in effect, antigens, antibodies a certain number of enzymes and hormones belonging to the group of glycoproteins and their fixation to an insoluble solid support through the intermediary of their carbohydrate residues which have previously been oxidised to an aldehyde, allows their free protein moiety or their free lipidic moiety (for glycolipids) to be utilised in carrying out tests allowing the precise detection, with high sensitivity, which can be of the order of nanograms of detectable antigen, using the insoluble diagnostic agents realised in this way.
According to the present invention, one again improves the ease of using biological reagents which make them also form further aspects of the present invention, by chemically binding glycoproteins, glycolipids or polysaccharides with solid insoluble supports carrying side chains bearing a reactive --NH2, selected from basic dyes.
One thus obtains coloured biological reagents which allow immunological reactions to be revealed (with antigens or their antibodies in particular) by direct reaction, notably agglutination reactions without having hereafter to resort to the intermediary of red corpuscles, the reading of the results of agglutination reactions in thus found to be greatly facilitated.
According to the invention, these solid, insoluble coloured supports are prepared by binding side chains on the supports in an appropriate buffer, in the presence of a coupling and/or condensation agent added in two successive steps, and selected from, notably, glutarladehyde, N-hydroxy-succinimide and totally or partially water-soluble carbodiimides, the binding process being followed by desorption of remaining non-coupled reagents.
According to an advantageous method of preparing the coloured supports, these are maintained, before use, in a nonagglutinating buffer.
Numerous biological reagents can be prepared and put to use in accordance with the present invention, these ragents distinguishing themselves by their excellent stability and their high sensitivity.
The coupled products resulting from the chemical binding of organic compounds having carbohydrate residues on a solid insoluble support having side chains bearing at least a reactive --NH2 according to the present invention, can also be used as catalysts in numerous chemical, biochemical and biological reactions.
Having regard to the foregoing, the invention includes many alternative embodiments which will be apparent from the following description.
The invention has for its aim more particularly the processes of chemical binding of organic compounds containing carbohydrate residues, on a support having at least one reactive --NH2, according to the foregoing description, to the products thereof, to reagents and catalysts comprising the coupled products obtained in putting these processes into operation and the means themselves of putting into operation these processes and obtaining the said products, reagents and catalysts.
The invention will be better understood with the aid of the supplementary description which follows, which refers to examples of supports and novel products according to the invention, as well as to examples of the preparation of diagnostic reagents according to the present invention, of which the high sensitivity and precision are shown in the frame-work of tests by radioactivity and nephelometry.
It must be well understood, however, that these examples are given solely for the purpose of illustrating the objects of the invention, of which they do not constitute in any manner a limitation.
To 12 mg of "ESTAPOR PSI68 " (Rhone-Progil Registered Trade Mark designating calibrated spherical particals of carboxylated polystyrene of diameter of the order of 0.22μ) bearing free --COOH groups in suspension in a borate buffer of composition 0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M Borate-HCl of pH 8.1 (BBS) were added 80 μmoles of hexamethylene-diamine (HMD). The mixture was shaken at 20� C. for three hours in the presence of 0.02 M of 1-ethyl 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl-carbodiimide)chlorhydrate (EDC). Thereafter, the suspension was dialysed against BBS buffer until its O.D. at 230 nm was equal to zero.
One obtained a support of "Estapor" carboxylated hexamethylenediamine ("Estapor"-HMD).
The procedure described in Example 1 was followed, except that spermine was used in place of HMD.
To 20 mg of "Estapor PSI42 " carrying free --COOH groups in suspension in a BBS buffer of pH 8.5 were added 20 μmoles of ε-amino-caproic acid of which the primary amino group is not in the alpha position. The mixture was shaken for three hours at about 20� C. in the presence of 0.02 M of EDC. Thereafter, the suspension was dialysed against BBS buffer until the O.D. at 230 nm was equal to zero. The fixation of the amino acid on the support was effected through the intermediary of the CONH(CH2)5 COOH groups which formed at the level of the free --COOH groups of the support.
To 10 mg of "Estapor" (registered trade mark of Rhone-Progil to designate carboxylated polystyrene) having free --COOH groups in suspension in 5 ml of 0.14 M NaCl-0.01 M Borate-HCl of pH 8.1 (BBS), is added a solution of Cresyl violet obtained by filtration on a 0.22μ "Millipore" of a suspension of 20 mg of ultrasonically-treated Cresyl violet. The mixture was shaken for 12 hours at 20� C. in the presence of 0.05 M of 1 ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide)hydrochloride (EDC). At the end of this period, one renewed the addition of EDC and continued the shaking for 12 hours.
Thereafter, the suspension was centrifuged at 20,000 g for 1 hour and the residue taken up in 0.1 M acetone buffer of pH 5.5 and recentrifuged to eliminate the excess Cresyl violet. This operation was repeated until the supernatant was clear. One then eliminated the acetate by forming a hydrochloride by three successive washings with 0.1 N HCl, followed by two washings with 0.1 N NaOH, in order to regenerate the amine functions, then two washings in BBS of pH 8.8 to eliminate the excess NaOH.
The obtained product was maintained in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.
One proceeded in the manner described in EXAMPLE 4, but in place of the 20 mg of Cresyl violet, one added 2 ml of a saturated solution of basic fuchsine.
The coupling reactions described above on "Estapor" carboxylated polystyrenes obtained from Rhone-Poulenc and on glass beads have equally been carried out on Dow 816 carboxylated polystyrene spheres obtained from Dow Chemical Corporation, in proceeding to adapt the method of carrying out the coupling reactions of the side chains on the aforementioned spheres, one takes account of a number of available --COOH groups on the spheres with regard to those on the "Estapor" spheres.
To 180 mg of Dow 816 particles were added 560 mg of hexamethylenediamine (HMD) in 20 ml (final) of 0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M borate-HCL of pH 8.1. Some 1-ethyl3-3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) was added to a final concentration of 0.5 M in two successive additions. After shaking at 4� C. for 8 hours, the Dow spheres were washed by three successive centrifugations at 20,000 g for 30 minutes with the same buffer and finally suspended in 13 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.
To 1 g of glass beads bearing free --COOH groups (sold under the commercial designation "CPG/carboxyl" by Corning Glass Works (dimension of pores: 550 A; diameter: 177-840 microns), were added 5 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 and the suspension was degassed under vacuum. 50 μmoles of HMD were added in solution in the same buffer and the mixture was shaken gently at 4� C. for 18 hours in the presence of 0.5 M of EDC. Thereafter, the glass beads were washed with phosphate buffer.
The terminal --NH2 groups of the HMD side chains fixed to the glass beads were coupled to a hydrazine in the manner described in EXAMPLE 13 in the case of an aliphatic hydrazine or in the manner described in EXAMPLE 11 in the case of an aromatic hydrazine.
2 g of commercially available glass beads known under the designation "CPG/N-OH succinimide" (sold by Corning Glass Works) and represented by the formula: ##STR2## were suspended in 10 ml of BBS buffer at pH 8.2 and degassed under vacuum and 40μ moles of spermine added thereto. The mixture was shaken gently for 16 hours at 4� C., then washed with BBS buffer to eliminate the reaction products.
The --NH2 terminals of polyamine residues were themselves coupled to aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines according to the technique described in EXAMPLES 11 and 13.
"CH-SEPHAROSE" (registered trade mark of Pharmacia, Upsala, Sweden to designate beads of agarose gel) already carry side chains of ε-amino-caproic acid.
4 mg of "Estapor"-HMD of 0.22μ diameter were suspended in 2 ml of borate buffer comprising 0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M borate-HCl, of pH 8.8. To this suspension were added 22μ moles of hydrazinobenzoic acid dissolved in BBS. The volume was adjusted to 4 ml with BBS. After the addition of 10 mg of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-carbodiimide, the tube was shaken at ambient temperature (20� C.) for 2 hours. Its contents were then transferred into a dialysis sack and dialysed at ambient temperature for 24 hours against 300 ml of BBS (three changes). One thus obtained a "Estapor"-HMD-p-hydrazino-benzoate support.
To 7 mg of "Estapor"-spermine prepared as described in Example 2 above and having the formula: ##STR3## in suspension in 15 ml of BBS buffer of pH 8.1 were added 100μ moles of p-hydrazino-benzoic acid in aqueous solution. The mixture was shaken for 24 hours at ambient temperature (about 20� C.) in the presence of 0.05 M of EDC. Thereafter, the suspension was dialysed against BBS buffer of pH 8.8 until the O.D. at 230 nm was equal to zero.
To 10 mg of "Estapor" in the --NH2 form (aromatic amine) in suspension in 10 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7, is added 50μ moles of p-hydrazinobenzoic acid in solution in a 0.1 M borate buffer of pH 8. The mixture was shaken at 20� C. for 12 hours in the presence of 0.05 M of EDC. At the end of this time, one renewed the addition of EDC and continued the shaking for 12 hours. At the end of this second period, the suspension was centrifuged at 20,000 g for 1 hour and the residue taken up in 0.1 M borate buffer of pH 8.1 and recentrifuged to eliminate the p-hydrazinobenzoic acid which had not been coupled. This washing was followed by two other washings (0.01 M borate buffer of pH 8.1) then two washings with 0.1 M phosphate of pH 7. The obtained product was maintained in the last-mentioned buffer.
6.0 mg of "Estapor"-HMD prepared as described in Example 1 above and having the formula: ##STR4## suspended in 0.1 M of phosphate buffer of pH 7 were shaken at 20� C. for 1 hour in the presence of glutaraldehyde at a final concentration of 1.25%. Thereafter, this suspension was dialysed against 0.1 M of phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 for 18 hours. To the suspension obtained after dialysis, were added 20μ moles of adipic dihydrazide in aqueous solution. The mixture was shaken for 16 hours at 20� C. and then dialysed to eliminate the excess of adipic dihydrazide.
Diaminopropane is bound to the "Estapor" beads which carry ε-amino-caproic acid according to EXAMPLE 3, by the following procedure:
The contents of the dialysis bag were transferred to a tube containing 25μ moles of diaminopropane. The mixture was shaken for three hours at 20� C. in the presence of 0.05 M of EDC and then dialysed against a BBS buffer of composition 0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M Borate-HCl, pH 8.8, the end of which the diaminopropane was coupled to the ε-amino-caproic acid fixed on the insoluble support.
The coupling of HMD onto the substituted "SEPHAROSE" beads of EXAMPLE 9, is effected according to the procedure described in EXAMPLE 7.
The --NH2 terminals of the HMD substituent of the ε-amino-caproic acid side chains were themselves coupled with an aliphatic or aromatic hydrazine which is substituted on the said --NH2 terminal groups in accordance with two methods described respectively in EXAMPLE 11 and 13.
To 2 mg of "Estapor"-NH2 in suspension in phosphate buffer of pH 6.5 were added 6μ moles of cysteine hydrochloride of formula HSCH2 CH NH2 COOH, HCl dissolved in water. The mixture was shaken at 20� C. for 16 hours in the presence of 0.05 M of EDC. Thereafter, the "Estapor" spheres on which the cysteine was fixed were washed on a 0.22μ Millipore filter to eliminate the excess cysteine and the reaction products. The spheres which had been modified in that way were again put in suspension in 2 ml of phosphate buffer of pH 6.5.
To the suspension of Dow 816 carboxylated polystyrene-HMD obtained in EXAMPLE 6, are added 18 mg of cysteine-HCl dissolved in 2 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6 and then EDC to a final concentration of 0.05 M. After 18 hours at 4� C., the spheres were washed as described in EXAMPLE 6 above.
The determinating role of the oxidation according to the present invention, in the fixation of the oxidised compounds on the solid insoluble supports, is demonstrated in the following EXAMPLE 18.
Gammaglobulins were oxidised as described but prereduced in the presence of NaB3 H4 so that they are tritium-labelled and do not have free --CHO groups. Aliquots of these gammaglobulins (0.3 ml) containing 8400 cpm were put in contact with the samples set forth in the Table below in the presence of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.0. After 16 hours at 4� C., the samples were filtered on a 0.22μ Millipore filter and washed four times with 5 ml of the following buffer:
0.1% Bovine Serum Albumin
0.1% Triton �100
0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M Borate-HCl pH 8.8
______________________________________ cpm retained onSample Quantity Volume filter______________________________________(A) Buffer -- 2 319(B) Estapor 68 500 μg 2 311(C) Estapor NH.sub.2 500 μg 2 276(D) Estapor NH--NH.sub.2 500 μg 2 204______________________________________
It appears from the results gathered in the foregoing Table that: (1) a certain quantity of radioactivity is retained on the filter; (2) the washing with the abovesaid buffer diminishes considerably the adsorption on the filters themselves. In the latter case, the adsorption on the filters due to the gammaglobulins+buffer alone represents approximately 20% of the total radioactivity of the aliquot (1:80 cpm) which remains on the filter; (3) the quantity of radioactivity retained on the filter is not increased significantly in the presence of "Estapor 68-COOH", of "Estapor 68-NH2 " or of "Estapor-NH-NH2 ". In fact, the values are equal or less than the results obtained with the buffer alone (319 cpm). Thus, there is no adsorption of the gammaglobulins on the three types of "Estapor" used. Moreover, in order to make this filtration procedure significant, the radioactivity coupled to the insoluble supports in the presence of the oxidised gammaglobulins must exceed the 20% found with the nonoxidised gammaglobulins.
______________________________________Reagents brought Volumestogether ml Oxidised Non-oxidised______________________________________ESTAPOR-NH.sub.2 in 2.00 1 mg 1 mg0.1M PO.sub.4, pH 6.0Oxidised horse 0.10 2 mg --gammaglobulinsNon-oxidised horse 0.10 -- 2 mggammaglobulins0.1M Borate, pH 8.8 0.90 + +NaB.sup.3 H.sub.4 in H.sub.2 O 0.20 2 μCi 2 μCi______________________________________
After contacting during 18 hours at 4� C., the content of each bag is dialysed during 5 days against BBS pH 8.8 with three or four changes per day, until the dialysis liquid contains no more radioactivity. An aliquot of each preparation is then filtered on Millipore 0.22μ and washed with the buffer 0.1% SAB, 0.1% Triton�100, BBS pH 8.8.
The optical density at 550 nm is measured on another aliquot in order to find the "Estapor" concentration.
______________________________________Sample cpm/mg______________________________________Estapor 68-NH.sub.2 --oxidised 62 466gammaglobulinEstapor 68-NH.sub.2 non-oxidised 11 135gammaglobulin______________________________________
The radioactivity found with Estapor 68-NH2 in the presence of non-oxidised gammaglobulins represents only 17.8% of the radioactivity found in association with the Estapor 68-NH2 in the presence of oxidised gammaglobulins. (This value is of the same magnitude as the value due to the adsorption of gammaglobulins on filters in the absence of Estapor).
On the other hand, with the oxidised gammaglobulins the quantity or radioactivity associated with Estapor-NH2 increases five times.
Some examples of oxidation of various compounds containing carbohydrate residues, by oxidation of at least one of their --CH2 OH groups in --CHO groups, will be given hereafter.
Gammaglobulins obtained from the goat, the rabbit and the horse were purified by NH4)2 SO4 precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
To 60 mg of horse immunogammaglobulins (containing antipolyamine antibodies) in solution in 2 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6 were added 0.2 ml of 0.15 M NaIO4 soluble in water.
The mixture was left at 4� C. and protected from light for 3 hours, then dialysed against a 0.14 M NaCl-0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6 for 1 hour, with three changes. At this pH, th risk of formation of Schiff bridges between the reactive aldehyde groups obtained by oxidation by NaIO4 and the --NH2 groups, be it those of lysine or of terminal amino groups of proteins is reduced.
To 520 μg of goat anti-rabbit gammaglobulins in 0.1 ml of BBS where added 0.1 ml of 0.03 M NaIO4. The mixture was left at 4� C., protected from light, for 3 hours and then dialysed against BBS for 2 hours with three changes of buffer.
To 60 mg of horse immunoglobulins in solution in 2 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6 were added 0.2 ml of 0.15 M NaIO4 soluble in water.
The mixture was left at 4� C. protected from the light for three hours at the end of which the action of the NaIO4 was arrested by addition of glycerol to a final concentration of 0.15 M. After 30 minutes at 4� C., the reaction products were dialysed at 18 hours at 4� C. with several changes against 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.
To 5 ml of an antigenic preparation of measles virus containing 16 mg of protein were added 0.5 ml of 0.15 M NaIO4 in a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 6.
This mixture was left at 4� C. and protected from the light for 3 hours.
0.5 ml of 0.15 M Na2 SO3 was then added to arrest the action of the NaIO4.
After 30 minutes at 4� C., the mixture was dialyzed for 18 hours at 4� C. in order to eliminate the excess oxidation products.
The procedure carried out for oxidising the Canine Distemper virus is that which is described in the foregoing Example 22.
The procedure carried out for oxidising the influenza virus is that which is described in the foregoing Example 22.
The procedure carried out for oxidising the German Measles virus is that which is described in the foregoing Example 22.
The procedure carried out for oxidising this hormone is that described in the foregoing Example 19 and 20.
To prepare a reagent according to the invention using antipolyamine antibodies, which are utilised elsewhere for research and for estimating polyamines in the blood of patients, one fixes these antibodies by substrate affinity chromatography on glass supports containing spermine then one oxidises them with an 0.06 M solution of NaIO4. After 30 minutes at 4� C. in darkness, the antibodies are washed in BBS buffer of pH 8.8 in order to eliminate excess NaIO4.
2 ml of "Estapor"-HMD (10 mg) (prepared as indicated in Example 1 above) were mixed with the oxidised antibody. The suspension was shaken gently by a rotary movement at 4� C. for 14 hours. The Schiff-bases so formed were stabilised by treatment for 5 hours at 4� C. with NaBH4 (3μ moles) under intermittent agitation. The supernatant was recovered, the residue was rewashed four times with BBS and all the supernatants were reunited.
"Estapor"-rabbit anti IgG antibodies, which constitute a utilisation model using antibodies in solution, were prepared. The final preparation presented a very large spectrum of utilisation because it allowed all immunological reactions in which rabbit IgG are used to be detected by the indirect method.
0.1 ml of the solution obtained in Example 20 (260 μg) where then added to 1.7 mg of "Estapor"-HMD-p-hydrazinebenzoate. The mixture was shaken for 3 hours at 4� C.
As in Example 27 above, after the described treatment, the beads of "Estapor" containing the antibodies were washed and concentrated by sedimentation on a layer of 60% sucrose through a solution of 10% sucrose (100 000 g for 1 hour at 4� C.). The "Estapor" concentrated at the interface and was dialysed to eliminate the excess sucrose.
To 2 mg of "Estapor-SH" were added 1 mg of oxidised gammaglobulins as described in Example 10. After 30 minutes of contact at 4� C., one observed a floculation of the "Estapor-SH" particules by formation of thiazolidines. This floculation is not produced with "Estapor-NH2 " nor with "Estapor--SH" on which one has fixed non-oxidised gammaglobulines.
Beads of "Estapor" were rendered radioactive by covalently binding 3 H or 14 C ethanolamine to them. To 20 mg of the "Estapor" in suspension in BBS were added 0.05 ml of 14 C ethanolamine, 10μ Ci (1.6μ Mole) and 6.0 mg of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide in a total volume of 4.0 ml. After rotary shaking for 2 hours at 20� C., 20μ moles of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide were added. The agitation was maintained for 2 hours then the contents of the tube were dialysed against BBS until free radioactivity had been eliminated.
The obtained product had a radioactivity of 2.2�106 cpm per mg of "Estapor".
The fixation of antibodies was effected as described in Example 27. The obtained product corresponded thus to a highly radioactive antibody preparation in which the antibody has not sustained any chemical manipulation other than the fixation to latex of the carbohydrate moiety. The product can be used in all applications of radioimmunological determination which use direct or indirect methods. The measurement of the reaction may be carried out by determining the radioactivity either of the agglutinated antigen-antibody complex, or of the unreacted beads, the separation being effected by centrifugation or filtration.
These reagents (radioactive) allow the quantitative measurement of antigens on the surface of cells to be done by counting the radioactivity adhering to the slides. Thus, it is possible to quantify the data previously obtained when the beads were visualised under the scanning electron microscope.
In so far as it concerns the products derived from the coupling of glyco-proteins and more particularly antibodies to supports comprising at least one reactive --NH2 through the intermediary of a carbohydrate residue, which have been described in a non-limiting manner in Examples 27 and 28, there is available thanks to the present invention, a range of beads containing antibodies which are specific for different antigens of interest to medical pathology and which allow rapid and easy serum diagnosis of a wide range of illnesses. The use of beads containing antibody antigammaglobulins again widens the scope of their use in introducing the indirect procedure. Quantification is easy and precise either by the direct dilution method or by the competitive method.
The procedure can be applied to all dosages (hormones, medicaments etc.) based on an immunological reaction. The use of radioactive beads renders the process as sensitive as all the other radioimmunological methods while diminishing at the same time the risk of modifying the antibodies or antigens in the course of their iodination.
The described method presents, compared to currently utilised procedures (radioimmunological dosage, fluorescence, free radical estimation, immunoenzymological dosage, etc.), the following advantages: ease of use without necessitating particular equipment; sample manner of use thus no long training periods are required; good sensitivity; stability of reagents which can be kept for many months; and very low price.
To 1.5 mg of goat antipolyamine gammaglobulins in 2 ml. of 0.14 M NaCl, 0.02 M phosphatic buffer at pH 6 were added 0.65 ml of 0.06 M NaIO4 in solution in a phosphate buffer of pH 6 (final concentration of NaIO4 : 0.015 M).
The mixture was left at 4� C. and protected from light for 3 hours and then dialysed against a 0.14 M NaCl, 0.02 M phosphate buffer of pH 6 for 1 hour with three changes, to eliminate excess NaIO4 (verified with the aid of starch-iodide paper).
At this pH, the risk of forming Schiff's bases between the reactive --CHO aldehyde groups thus formed and the --NH2 groups, either of lysine or of terminal --NH2 groups of proteins, is reduced.
The contents of the dialysis sack was then transferred to a tube.
An excess of crystalline NaB3 H4 (100 mCi/mMol obtained from New England Nuclear) was then added, followed by 1 ml of 0.1 M berate-HCl buffer of pH 8.8 (this change of pH favours the reduction of --CHO groups to CH2 OH groups). After a contact time of 16 hours at 4� C., under a well ventilated hood, the contents of the tube were transferred to a dialysis bag and dial sed until the dialysis liquid was free of all radioactivity. One thus obtained a labelling of the antipolyamine antibodies of 670 cpm per μg of proteins.
It is also possible to increase the specific activity of the antibodies in the following fashion:--to 1.5 mg of oxidised gammaglobulins were added 20μ Ci of 3 H ethanolamine (3.8 Ci/mMol) at a pH of 8.8; the Schiff's base thus formed were then stabilised by reduction with NaB3 H4 (5 mCi) for 18 hours at 4� C. the excess of NaB3 H4 was eliminated by dialysis. This allowed one to obtain anti-polyamine gammaglobulins having a specific activity of 1807 cpm/μg.
14 C labelled antibodies can be obtained by a similar procedure but using 14 C ethanolamine instend of 3 H ethanolamine and carrying out the reduction with NaB3 H4.
II--Coupling of a solid insoluble support carrying side chains bearing at least one reactive --NH2 to the --CHO groups of oxidised gammaglobulins and stabilisation and lebelling of the Schiff's base so formed, by reduction with NaB3 H4. The techniques used were those described in Examples 27 and 29 above.
As a result reagents were obtained which are of very long stability, which did not emit gamma rays (contrary to known procedures which rely on labelling by iodination of tyrosine groups in the protein chain, using radioactive iodine) and in which the biological activity is unaltered.
(a) The attachment of a side chain carrying terminal --NH2 groups constituted by a diamine is realised according to the procedure described in Example 1 above.
(b) The fixation onto "ESTAPOR-NH2 " obtained in the preceding step, of an amino acid having an --SH group is effected using the procedures describes in Example 16 above.
The oxidation of this virus is performed as described in the foregoing Example 20.
To 20 mg of "ESTAPOR-SH" obtained in step Ib above in suspension in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.0 were added 10 mg of oxidised measles virus as described in II above.
The mixture was stirred at 4� C. for 18 hours. It was then centrifuged at 6000 g for 60 minutes. The supernatant was recovered and the residue washed twice with a phosphate buffer of pH 6.0.
The amount of protein remaining in the supernatant allowed one to determine that 130 μg of viral protein had been fixed per mg of "ESTAPOR-SH"
The preparation of this diagnostic reagent was effected by the procedure corresponding to that described in Example 32 I-II-III.
This reagent was tested under the conditions described in Example for "ESTAPOR" measles no agglutination was obtained in the presence of a rabbit serum anti Canine distemper virus.
The technique used for the preparation of this reagent was that described in Example 32 above, the measles virus being replaced with influenza virus.
The same technique was used to prepare this reagent as that described in Example 32 for the preparation of diagnostic reagent for measles, but replacing the measles virus with German measles virus.
To prepare this reagent the same technique was used as that described in Example 32 but replacing the measles virus but with cytomegalic virus.
The fixation on latex beads of a side chain having terminal --NH2 groups and the fixation on this chain of an amino acid having --SH groups were effected as described in Example 32.
This coupling was carried out according to the technique described in Example 29 above. By this technique, the coupling of gammaglobulins containing antipolyamine antibodies, gammaglobulins anti human fibrin degradation products (FPD) gammaglobulins anti human IgG, gammaglobulins anti human IgM, gammaglobulins anti rabbit IgG and gammaglobulins- anti guinea pig IgG, have been achieved.
The binding on latex beads of a side chain having terminal --NH2 groups and the attachment onto this chain of an amino acid having an --SH group were carried out as described in Example 16 above.
The oxidation was carried out in accordance with the technique described for gammaglobulins in Example 26 above.
This coupling was carried out in accordance with the technique described in Example 29 above.
The effectiveness of the diagnostic reagents thus obtained is demonstrated in the following Chapter VI.
The antigen antibody reaction is effected under conditions of temperature, duration of contact etc., the most appropriate to each particular case. The positive reactions manifest is themselves by agglutination of the beads. Determining the results is effected by estimating the agglutination either simply by macroagglutination or by microagglutination on alveolar plates. It is possible to quantify the reaction either by direct nephelometric measurement or by centrifugation and visualization of the optical density of the remaining latex spheres, or by measurement of the radioactivity in the case of labelled latexes present either on the filters or in the residue.
The dilutions of antiserum were effected in the following buffer: 1% bovine serum albumin, 0.14 M NaCl: 0.01 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.2. The reactive latex-measles virus reagent prepared according to the invention was also used in this test at a rate of 675 μg/ml.
The results obtained by macroagglutination on glass plates are illustrated in FIG. 4 in which the results obtained with the control (rabbit serum anti VSV) appear in the left hand side of the figure and the results obtained with the rabbit serum anti measle, are found on the right hand side of the figure.
This reagent has been tested in the conditions reported in Example 39 above.
Similar results have been obtained in the presence of rabbit serum anti-VSV as control, and of rabbit serum anti-Canine Distemper virus as the sample tested.
Results: The reaction was positive with a rabbit anti-HCG serum diluted to 1/160. At this dilution, inhibition of the reaction was obtained with the urine of a pregnant woman.
The spheres of Dow anti-FDP were suspended in the following buffer: 1% bovine serum albumin; 0.14 M NaCl; 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.2; 0.0015 M sodium azide at a concentration of 8 mg/ml. The reaction was positive with human fibrinogen at 4 μg/ml and as shown in the attached FIG. 5 and also with human serum diluted 1/10.
The spheres of "Estapor"-polyamine prepared as described in Example 2 above, are suspended in a buffer containing 1% bovine serum albumine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.1 M Tris, pH 8.3, 0.0015 M sodium azid, at a concentration of 4 mg latex/ml.
A positive agglutination has been obtained with antipolyamine goat serum diluted to 1/30 rd in the same buffer; the negative reaction has been obtained with the same goat serum, before immunisation.
In those conditions, the positive reaction has been inhibited by the urin of pregnant woman.
The results obtained using coloured Estapor prepared according to Example are shown in FIG. 3 of the attached drawings.
The antiserum dilutions were effected in the following buffer: 0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M borate-HCl of pH 8.1.
A: Serum of rabbit J anti-measles prepared on Vero cells;
B: Serum of rabbit M anti-measles prepared on Vero cells;
C: Serum of rabbit B anti-VSV (VSV=Vesicular Stomatitis Virus) used as control.
The dilution of serum was as follows:
______________________________________Sample 1 1/10 Sample 5 1/160 Sample 9 1/2560-- 2 1/20 -- 6 1/320 -- 10 1/5120-- 3 1/40 -- 7 1/640 -- 11 1/10240-- 4 1/80 -- 8 1/1280______________________________________
Sample 12 contained only buffer.
The reagent latex-measles virus according to the invention was used at a rate of 675 μg/ml.
The reaction was positive for A1 to A6 and negative for A7 to A12.
The reaction was positive for B1 to B5 and negative for B6 to B12.
The reaction was negative for C1 to C12.
It may be seen from the test illustrated in FIG. 2 that the three controls A12, B12, C12 are negative and that there is no non specific reaction with serum C.
The sensitivity of the reaction has been increased by submitting the latex spheres-measles virus according to the invention to a preliminary treatment with tritium X-100 at 1%: with the triton treated latex measles, the negative reaction with serum J does not start until A10 and with serum M until B6. The reaction with serum C is totally negative. This sensitivity of reaction has been controlled by the tests with latex-Vero (that is to say an extract of Vero cells used to prepare the measles virus and coupled to latex under the conditions described in III of the present examples. There is not any reaction between the reactive latex-Vero and the sera J, M and C which allows one to conclude that the reaction with the reactive latex-measles reagent prepared according to the invention is specific and of a high sensitivity.
To obtain a direct agglutination reaction of antipolyamine supports with antigens, one adds a fixed quantity of the reagent "Estapor"-antipolyamine of Example 37, namely 2 μg/ml in 0.1% of Triton X100 -BBS buffer of pH 8.1 of known quantities (15 to 500 nanograms/ml of antigens). The mixture is left in contact for 45 hours. The light diffused at 90� by the mixture is measured. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 1 by Curve I for the normal rabbit gammaglobulins as one antigen and by Curve II for the acid poly L glutamic spermine as the other, the quantities of antigen introduced being shown on the abscissa and the light diffused at 90� on the ordinates. The sensitivity and the precision of measurement are of the order of nanograms.
Dilutions of antigens and of latex antipolyamine antibodies were effected in "Borate BBS" buffer which had been filtered on a 0.22 μ "Millipore" filter (Borate Buffer Saline=0.01 M Na2 B4 O7, 0.15 M NaCl, HCl at pH 8.1). After bringing into contact the reagents, the test samples and the controls were incubated for one hour at 37� C. then at ambient temperature.
Equilibrium was then attained at the 45th hour of incubation in the case of 0.1 n mole of spermine coupled to of poly-L-glutamic acid (P.L.G. Spm) in the presence of 2 μg of latex-antipolyamine (latex coupled to antibodies from goats immunised against polyamines).
The specificity of this reaction has been shown by comparing the agglutination reactions obtained in the presence of P.L.G. Spm antigen with latex-antipolyamine on one hand and latex coupled to rabbit globulins as control on the other.
The application to the measurement of antigen necessitates the determination of the equivalent point: which is the maximum increase of diffused luminous intensity as a function of the ratio: latex-antibody/antigen.
This affinity at the equivalent point is a constant for a given batch of latex-antibodies. It allows, knowing the concentration of latex-antibody at the point of equivalence the deduction of the concentration of unknown antigen present.
In practice, when confronted with a preparation of an antigen of unknown concentration, it is preferable to make a range of concentrations of latex-antibody.
On can prepare a control series and a series receiving a constant quantity of antigen.
I is the diffused luminous intensity for the controls. I' is the diffused luminous intensity for the test samples containing antigen.
I is a linear function of the concentration of latex-antibody in the tested region: from 62.5 ng of 8 μg/ml.
At each point of the range the ratio I'/I% translates the aggregation phenomenon of latex spheres in the presence of the corresponding antigen.
In the case of a preparation of latex coupled to globulins of goats immunised against human fibrinogen for 0.35 ngm of fibrinogen in the presence of variable concentrations of latex-anti-fibrinogen, the equivalent point is attained for 200 mg of latex anti-fibrinogen, that which corresponds to a ratio latex-antibody/antigen of 570. This preparation permits the estimation of a minimum quantity of 70 pg of human fibrinogen with sufficient precision. The ratio at the equivalence point does not vary in a notable fashion in the course of keeping a preparation of latex-antibody for several months at 4� C. This is probably due to the covalent bonding of the antibody to the latex and to the elimination after the binding of antibodies which were simply adopted.
To effect a direct agglutination reaction of "Estapor"-antipolyamines with polyamines, one adds a fixed quantity of "Estapor"-antipolyamines (6 μg), prepared according to Example 27 above increasing quantities (from 31 to 2 000 nmoles) of antigens (spermine, spermidine, putrescine linked to poly-L-glutamic acid and lysine HCl). The mixture is left for 30 minutes at 25� C. then overnight at 4� C. After centrifugation at 3 000 rpm for 15 minutes to sediment the "Estapor" beads and the antigen which is fixed to them, the optical density of the supernatant is measured at 230 nm. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 2, which represents, in the order of reaction, curves I for spermine, II for spermidine, III for lysine, IV for putrescine and V for the blank, with a limit of detectability for spermine of 32 n moles, the optical density being shown on the ordinates and the quantity in n moles of antigens added on the abscissa.
The excellent sensitivity of reagents prepared according to the present invention has been demonstrated in the course of a comparative study of agglutination carried out respectively with coupled products such as those described by R. S. MOLDAY et al in the prior art (references cited above) and with the radioactive coupled products obtained according to Example 30 above, which will be reported below.
I.--Some spherical carboxylated polystyrene beads of 0.30μ (reference PSI 68 of Rhone-Progil) rendered radioactive 14 C labelled ethanolamine were substituted with hexamethylenediamine according to Example 1 and then activated by reaction with 1.25% glutaraldehyde for 1 hour at ambient temperature (20� C.), after which they were subjected to prolonged dialysis to eliminate the excess glutaraldehyde.
The substituted beads so obtained were estimated at 560 micrograms of beads per ml and their radioactivity was 95 000 cpm per ml.
520 micrograms of goat antibodies to rabbit antigammaglobulin were added to it and left in contact therewith with agitation for 5 hours at ambient temperature (20� C.).
II.--Some 0.30μ PSI 68 beads which had been prefiltered on a filter and labelled with 14 C ethanolamine were substituted according to Example 10 above with hexamethylenediamine and p-hydrazino-benzoic acid. 560 micrograms of substituted beads were obtained in this manner per ml and their radioactivity evaluated at 87 000 cpm per ml.
To them was added 0.15 ml (i.e. 520 micrograms) of goat antibody to rabbit antigammaglobulin which had been previously oxidised with sodium periodate according to the present invention.
In the two cases, the bead-antibody complexes were separated from free antibody by centrifugation across a layer of 10% sucrose, the excess sucrose being eliminated by dialysis.
Preparations I and II above were then treated as follows:
A/To 0.15 ml of each of the two preparations were added:
0.25 ml of 2% decomplemented calf serum
0.1 ml of rabbit serum at the following dilutions:
1/1 000
1/5 000
1/10 000
B/The composition of the controls was as follows:
0.15 ml of each of preparations I and II
0.25 ml of 2% decomplemented calf serum
0.1 ml of BBS buffer of pH 8.8.
The four tubes of the experimental series A and the tube of the control series B for each preparations I and II were incubated at 4� C. for 48 hours, then 0.4 ml of each tube was filtered across a 0.80μ Millipore filter presaturated with 2% decomplemented calf serum. The filters were washed with 4�2 ml of 2% calf serum followed by 10 ml of BBS buffer and then followed by 4�2 ml of BBS buffer.
The filters were counted in 10 ml of a mixture of Triton�100/toluene 1:2 vol/vol.
The results obtained are set forth in the following Table.
TABLE__________________________________________________________________________ Maximum reactivity retained on the Progressive Diminution of thePreparation filter, with sarum diluted to radioactivity at dilutions Equivalence Point__________________________________________________________________________I 90 cpm 1/1000 1/5000 1/10000 1/500 dilution to 1/500II 113 cpm 1/500 1/1000 1/5000 dilution to 1/5000__________________________________________________________________________
It can be seen from the Table that: Compared to the fixation procedure according to the present invention, for which an equivalence point of 1/5000 was obtained, the fixation of antibodies on latex particles according to the technique of MOLDAY et al, for which an equivalence point of 1/500 was obtained implies that coupling by the latter technique brings about an important loss of sensitivity.
It results from the preceding that, whichever may be the ways of carrying out, of performing and of application adopted, there are obtained products resulting from the coupling of compounds containing carbohydrate residues, through their --CHO group(s), with solid, insoluble supports bearing side chains carrying at least one reactive --NH2 which reacts with the said --CHO group, to give rise to the said coupled product, which products can be used, notably as diagnostic reagents having a great stability and a very high sensitivity.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Rooms, services Miramonti Schio would be glad to host you for a memorable journey in Italy. The hotel is offering 69 comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Schio. Car parking possibility is available nearby. Nearby billiard opportunities will provide an excellent chance to spend your leisure time actively. In the safe you may secure your valuables. Wireless Internet connection (WiFi) is available at the hotel, enabling portable devices and smartphones to go online. An exact and detailed list of equipment in the rooms and of the services provided by Miramonti Schio you will find on the information sheet below, including any applicable additional fees.
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text:
VideoHive Sawing a Screw with a Hacksaw 10134147
Stock Footage \ Industrial
Hacksaw \ Repair \ Caliper \ Workbench \ Excess \ Sawing \ Mechanical \ Technician
Stock Footage - Sawing a Screw with a Hacksaw 10134147 by creativesight @ VideoHive
Stock Footage \ Industrial
Repairman measures the length of a screw with a caliper and cuts the excess with a hacksaw.
Mechanical sawing a piece of iron with a hacksaw.
A technician fixes a piece of iron to the workbench vice.
Alpha Channel: No; Looped Video: No; Frame Rate: 29.97; Resolution: 1920x1080; Video Encoding: Photo JPEG; File Size: 574.3mb; Number of Clips: 1; Total Clip(s) Length: 0:29; Individual Clip Lengths: 0:29.
Welder with Welding Electrode on the Workbench; Looking for Leaks in the Car Cooling Circuit; Filing a Piece of Iron with a Filing Machine; Filing a Piece of Iron with a Rotating Machine; Making a new Thread with a Thread Tool; Measuring a Screw Piece with a Caliper; Black and White Spiral Spinning Right.
Keywords: Reparation, Saws, calipers, equipment, hand work, handwork, industrial, industries, industry, repair, repair shop, repairing, repairmen, saw, working life.