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Welcome to the first installment of Fight Fiction™, where any fight is possible... regardless of weight class, fighting style, time alive, monetary requirements, logistics, etc. These are the fights that we would all pay ridiculous and copious amounts of money to see happen.
The rules here are simple. The fight takes place in an Octagon, under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts (UFC rules). Weight classes are not enforced, so no pre-fight weight cutting occurs. Both martial artists are assumed to be in their "prime," whatever age they are generally considered to be at their physical peak.
Additionally, in these fantasy scenarios, both fighters are given exactly three months to train and work on styles of fighting that might be new to them.
In this case, we have...
Legendary Boxer Mike Tyson vs. Legendary MMA Boss Chuck Liddell
I think there's no better fight to kick off this series with than Chuck Liddell vs. Mike Tyson. Both men packed a serious punch and were physically imposing in their respective primes. Of course, Tyson has the clear advantage in striking - as a professional boxer - but Chuck Liddell's ground game and ability to be comfortable in the Octagon would help him tremendously.
The Case For Tyson
Mike Tyson could have the edge in this fight for four reasons:
1. He would likely knock out Chuck Liddell with relative ease, as long as he didn't get taken to the ground. Liddell has a strong chin, but it's far from rock solid. 6 of his 8 losses have come via KO or TKO... and Tyson is easily one of the hardest hitting men to ever grace combat sports. Nearly half of Tyson's wins came in the first round, and that's while wearing the more heavily-padded boxing gloves.
2. Liddell is not typically known as a "smart fighter," a fact that guys like Randy Couture and Keith Jardine have used to tactically out-fight him (Couture with short straight punches, Jardine with leg kicks). Liddell is a very effective martial artist overall, but outside of his power hooks and takedown defense, he does not often demonstrate a great ability to improvise. His losses are generally against more precise, technical fighters.
3. Even if Tyson ends up on the ground, we have to consider the fact that he would have time to work on his BJJ skills, and with his already naturally athletic frame, he'd be no easy prey on the mat. This is especially true when you consider that Liddell had exactly zero submission victories during his UFC career.
4. Tyson also has a significant weight advantage, typically weighing in at around 240 lbs. Liddell fought in the UFC at 205 lbs (although it's worth noting that since Liddell is not cutting weight for this fight, the difference is not quite as extreme as it may appear).
The Case For Liddell
Chuck Liddell could win this fight for four reasons:
1. Even with a month to train, the grappling edge is still entirely Chuck Liddell's. He's a former NCAA Division I wrestler, and began training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu very early in his MMA career. While he mostly used this experience to prevent takedowns, his ground game will still be miles ahead of Tyson's
2. Liddell would likely be able to hold his own on his feet, as long as he fights smart. While Liddell is no championship boxer, he does have professional kickboxing experience, and a significant 8 inch reach advantage. He could potentially use both of those factors to maintain his distance until he can get the fight to the ground. Plus, he's more familiar with striking using MMA gloves, while Tyson spent his career fighting with much bulkier boxing gloves.
3. Many boxing analysts believe that Mike Tyson's biggest weakness was his heart and resolve in a fight. In his bouts against fighters like Evander Holyfield, Kevin McBride, and Lennox Lewis, Tyson was unable to dominate the fight early, and became visibly demoralized. His inhuman KO power also allowed him to avoid long fights, which would end up costing him against particularly resilient opponents. Almost every single one of Tyson's losses came after the fourth round. While his cardio was not great either, Liddell was notoriously tenacious, once defeating Tito Ortiz with both a torn MCL and a popped tendon in his hand. If Liddell could pull Tyson into the championship rounds, he may have a significant advantage.
4. The biggest and most obvious advantage though is the fact that Chuck Liddell is a UFC fighter. He's not especially extraordinary in any particular martial art discipline, but he has proven that he can connect it all into an extremely fight-ready system. Tyson meanwhile has spent his entire career training for a sport without kicking or submission fighting, which means he's built up habits which are going to be difficult to break.
Our Verdict
Overall, I think it'd be a tough fight to call, but gun to my head, I'd put my money on Mike Tyson.
Chuck Liddell has consistently proven that he has a difficult time adapting his fighting style to specific opponents, and when faced with a striker as agile and powerful as Tyson, I don't think he'd be able to absorb that punishment.
Most of Liddell's biggest victories came against grapplers, due in large part to his phenomenal ability to nullify takedowns. However, in his fights against guys like Alistair Overeem and Rampage Jackson, we've seen that he struggles to find a rhythm against more technical boxers.
If Liddell could get it to the ground, he would certainly have the advantage, but he's rarely demonstrated an ability to submit his opponents, or even maintain dominant positions. I think with the right training, Tyson's pure physical strength would be enough to either nullify Liddell's submission game... or let Tyson pull a Liddell himself, and avoid the takedown altogether with counter-striking.
What do you think?


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The wife of San Francisco Sheriff Ross Mirkarimi is expected to testify Wednesday at his misconduct hearing.
KGO-TV ( http://bit.ly/Mk4XOp ) says Eliana Lopez returned from her native Venezuela to appear before the city Ethics Commission. The commission is deciding whether to recommend removing Mirkarimi from his post.
Mayor Ed Lee cited Mirkarimi with misconduct and suspended him without pay in March, shortly after the sheriff pleaded guilty to misdemeanor false imprisonment for bruising his wife's arm during a New Year's Eve dispute.
Mirkarimi's wife had refused to cooperate with authorities, calling the mayor's efforts a political witch hunt.
Information from: KGO-TV.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Oct 11, 2011
|Filing date
|May 1, 2006
|Priority date
|May 4, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Roberto Marzari, Daniele Sblattero, Francesco Tedesco
|Original Assignee
|Quark Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (46), Classifications (14), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a §371 national stage of PCT International Application No. PCT/IL2006/000521, filed May 1, 2006, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications Nos. 60/733,950, filed Nov. 3, 2005; 60/699,024, filed Jul. 13, 2005; and 60/677,752, filed May 4, 2005, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into this application. Throughout this application various patent and scientific publications are cited. The disclosures for these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
The present invention relates to immunoglobulins and functional fragments thereof, useful for neutralizing the complement regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59, compositions comprising the immunoglobulins and methods of using the immunoglobulins therapeutically, in particular for controlling complement resistance in cancer.
The complement (C) system is an essential component of innate immunity and is actively involved in the host defense against infectious agents and in the removal of immune complexes and apoptotic cells (Walport, 2001, N Engl J Med, 344: 1140-1144). Tumor cells may also be potential target of C since C4, C3 and C5b-9 are deposited on breast and thyroid carcinoma. The C system has a definite potential advantage over cytotoxic cells as a defense system because it is made of soluble molecules that can easily reach the tumor site and diffuse inside the tumor mass. Moreover, C components are readily available as a first line of defense because they are synthesized locally by many cell types, including macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and the amount of components released is regulated by cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules.
The C system requires an activation process to release the biologically active products that are capable of recognizing and attacking neoplastic cells. The system can be activated by tumor cells, as for example B lymphoblastoid cells that trigger the C sequence through the alternative pathway. Some glioma cell lines bind mannose binding lectin and activate the lectin pathway. Apoptotic tumor cell lines can also activate the alternative pathway by expressing a surface molecule undetectable on normal cells. However, antibody-mediated activation of the classical pathway represents the most efficient way to target C activation products to tumor cells in sufficient quantity to cause cell damage. Unfortunately, only low-titer and low-affinity antibodies (Abs) to tumor antigens are usually detected in cancer patients. These Abs are poor C activators and are therefore unlikely to mediate C-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of tumor cells.
A renewed interest in C as an important effector system for tumor cell cytotoxicity has been raised by the introduction of chimeric or humanized monoclonal Abs in cancer therapy. Several Abs have been developed and some of them are currently used in the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors (Gelderman, et al., 2004, Trends Immunol. 25: 158-164). Rituximab® is the most extensively studied chimeric Ab and has been used for the treatment of low-grade/follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphomas as a single therapeutic agent with a success rate of about 50%. This mouse/human chimeric Ab is directed against CD20 expressed on mature B lymphocytes and on 90% of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and contains the C-fixing human IgG1 and κ regions.
The mechanisms implicated in the killing of lymphoma cell lines mediated by Rituximab include a direct apoptotic effect of the Abs, Abs-dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and CDC. However, these three mechanisms may not be equally effective in inducing tumor cell death in vivo. Analysis of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells for their susceptibility to Rituximab-mediated killing showed that Rituximab had a negligible apoptotic effect. Furthermore, the susceptibility of all the cells examined for ADCC did not correlate with the clinical response to the Abs, whereas the in vitro cell-sensitivity to CDC was found to be the best predictor of the in vivo effect of Rituximab. Additional support for the important role played by CDC in mediating the therapeutic effect of Rituximab was provided by Di Gaetano and colleagues (Di Gaetano et al., 2003, J Immunol. 171: 1581-1587) who showed that Rituximab inhibited the growth of a murine lymphoma transfected with CD20 in C sufficient mice, but not in C1q deficient mice.
A major limitation to the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs is represented by the surface overexpression of the C regulatory proteins (CRPs) CD46, CD55 and CD59 that inhibit the C sequence at different steps of activation. These CRPs restrict the susceptibility of tumor cells to Abs-dependent CDC and provide a mechanism of evasion for tumor cells to resist C attack. Golay and colleagues (Golay et al., 2001, Blood 98: 3383-3389) analyzed several B lymphoma cell lines and a few samples of fresh follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells for their sensitivity to CDC induced by Rituximab and observed that C resistance was dependent on the expression level of CD55 and CD59. The same group later extended these findings to freshly isolated B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In both of these studies lyses of the C-resistant cells was restored by the addition of neutralizing antibodies to CD55 and CD59 suggesting that blocking the inhibitory activity of the two CRPs would enhance the therapeutic effect of Rituximab.
Patent application US2003219434 discloses a method for making antibodies, for example antibodies directed against decay accelerating factor (DAF) (CD55), using a naive antibody phage library. The human antibody LU30 is suggested for use in assessing overexpression of DAF and for treatment of lung cancer particularly when combined with cytotoxic agents. Patent application WO2004048413 discloses the use of an antibody which binds to both complementary determining region SCR1 and SCR2 of CD55 in the treatment of tumors and leukaemia. Patent application WO9732021 describes the production of the anti-idiotype antibody 105AD7 and potential therapeutic uses of the antibody.
Therapeutic studies with antibodies directed to complementary determining region (SCRs) have been limited to immunoconjugated molecules (EP0552142, and Byers et al., 1987, Cancer Res 47: 5042-5046). Byers et al., describes studies with 791T/36 linked to ricin A chain and showed significantly inhibition of tumor growth in athymic mice. 791T/36-RTA was therefore screened in a phase I clinical trial in advanced colorectal cancer patients (Byers et al., 1989, Cancer Research 49: 6153-6160). However the trial was unsuccessful due to dose limiting toxicity.
Despite the evident progress, there remains a continued need for improved molecules able to elicit an immune response to human cancer cells in general and to cancer cells positive for CD55 and CD59 overexpression in particular.
The present invention provides specific recombinant antibody molecules and antibody fragments which bind to one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59, and modulate activation of the complement system.
The present invention further provides a method of neutralization of one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59 comprising administration of recombinant antibody molecules or antibody fragments which specifically bind to one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59. By neutralizing one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59, complement activation is facilitated. Accordingly, the invention provides a method for treatment of cancer comprising administration of antibodies or antibody fragments which specifically bind to one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59.
The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient a recombinant antibody molecule or antibody fragment of the invention useful for treating cancer. The present invention additionally provides a method for enhancing complement activation in the tissues of subjects in need thereof by exposure to recombinant antibody molecules or antibody fragments capable of neutralizing one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59.
According to one aspect, the present invention provides a molecule comprising at least the antigen binding portion of a recombinant antibody which has specific binding affinity for one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59, and which is useful for treating cancer. Without wishing to be bound by any theory or mechanism of action, it is now disclosed that the preferred antibodies of the invention neutralize the complement inhibitory activity of one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59.
According to certain embodiments, the present invention provides a recombinant antibody molecule comprising one or more of the CDR3 variable regions of SEQ ID NO: 14, 16, 18 or 20 of the recombinant antibody. This molecule may be encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, 17 or 19 respectively.
The present invention also provides a recombinant antibody molecule comprising VL and VH regions selected from SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 6 respectively. The molecule may further comprise a linker consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4. This molecule may be encoded by a polynucleotide (e.g. DNA) comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5 respectively and the linker may be encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3.
The present invention additionally provides a recombinant antibody molecule comprising VL and VH regions selected from SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 12 respectively. The molecule may further comprise a linker consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10. This molecule may be encoded by a polynucleotide (e.g. DNA) comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 or 11 respectively and the linker may be encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 9.
The molecules of the invention include recombinant antibody molecules or antigen binding fragments thereof. According to one embodiment, the present invention provides cloned human single-chain antibody fragments (scFv), which bind to CD55 or CD59 and control the complement resistance in cancer. According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a recombinant antibody comprising one or more of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 2, 6, 8, and 12. According to a further embodiment, the present invention provides a recombinant antibody encoded by one or more of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, 5, 7 and 11. According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a recombinant antibody which binds to CD59 and comprises VL and VH regions having SEQ ID NO: 2 and 6, respectively. The recombinant antibody may further comprise a linker consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4.
According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a recombinant antibody which binds to CD55 and comprises VL and VH regions having SEQ ID NO: 8 and 12, respectively. The recombinant antibody may further comprise a linker consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10. According to another embodiment the present invention provides a miniantibody (MB); in a particular embodiment the miniantibody was produced by genetic fusion of the anti-CD55 or anti-CD59 scFv to human IgG1 domains in particular Hinge-CH2 domains.
According to another aspect of the present invention, polynucleotides encoding molecules which bind to CD55 and/or CD59 and enhance the complement system activation are provided.
According to certain embodiments the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising one or more of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, 5, 7, and 11, or a nucleotide sequence hybridizing under high stringency conditions thereto. According to one embodiment of the present invention, an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule is provided. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the host cell transformed with the vector is provided.
A further aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient the recombinant antibody molecules of the present invention useful for treating cancerous diseases. The molecules of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with one or more further active agents. Thus, the present invention further provides products comprising antibody molecules, which bind to CD55 and/or CD59 and an active agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of cancer. According to one preferred embodiment, the additional active agent is an antibody. According to a specific preferred embodiment, the additional antibody is a B cell target antibody, e.g., anti-CD20, anti-CD22, anti-CD19 or anti-CD40. Specifically preferred is an anti-CD20 antibody, i.e. an antibody which is specific for the CD20 epitope on cancer cells (e.g. Rituximab). The combination of anti CD55 and/or CD59 antibodies with anti CD20 antibodies in a combined composition is advantageous in order to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells overexpressing both CD20 and CD55/CD59. According to this specific example, the combined composition of anti CD55 and/or CD59 antibodies with anti CD20 antibodies comprises either separate antibody molecules or bispecific antibodies such as quadroma molecules, chemically crosslinked F(ab)2 molecules, single chain bispecific antibody molecules or diabodies.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the cancerous disease is selected from lymphoma, leukemia, colorectal, breast, ovarian, cervical, gastric, lung, liver, skin, bladder and myeloid (e.g. bone marrow) cancer. In another embodiment, the lymphoma is selected from B-cell lymphoma, thymic lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma.
The therapies of the present invention are especially suitable for treating a wide range of lymphomas, including but not limited to low grade/follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), small lymphocytic (SL) NHL, intermediate grade/follicular NHL, intermediate grade diffuse NHL, high grade immunoblastic NHL, high grade lymphoblastic NHL, high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL, bulky disease NHL and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, chronic leukocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myelogenous leukemia, and promyelocytic leukemia. Preferred targeted diseases are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and particularly low-grade, follicular NHL.
The compositions of the present invention are also useful for treating solid, non-hematologic (non-lymphoid) cancers, including by way of example, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, and other digestive cancers, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and testicular cancer. These cancers may be in early, intermediate or advanced stages, e.g. metastasis.
A still further aspect of the present invention provides methods for treating the aforementioned cancerous diseases by administering a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an recombinant antibody molecule of the present invention to a subject in need thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a B cell lymphoma in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of the anti CD55 and/or CD59 recombinant antibody molecules simultaneously with or consecutively with in either order an anti-CD20 antibody.
The present invention further provides a method for enhancing the complement activation in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition thereby neutralizing one or more of the C regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59.
The present invention relates to recombinant antibody molecules and fragments thereof, comprising at least an antigen-binding portion of CD55 and/or CD59. The present invention relates specifically to recombinant cloned human single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) against CD55 or CD59 which modulate complement activation. The present invention is based on the discovery that human antibodies against CD55 and/or CD59 are useful in overcoming the resistance of cancer cells to complement attack.
Molecules, including antibodies and fragments thereof, comprising at least an antigen binding portion of CD55 or CD59 antibody are useful for the development of anticancer therapeutic agents.
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, comprise two heavy chains linked together by disulfide bonds and two light chains, each light chain being linked to a respective heavy chain by disulfide bonds in a "Y" shaped configuration. Proteolytic digestion of an antibody yields Fv (Fragment variable and Fc (fragment crystalline) domains. The antigen binding domains, Fab′, include regions where the polypeptide sequence varies. The term F(ab′)2 represents two Fab′ arms linked together by disulfide bonds. The central axis of the antibody is termed the Fc fragment. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (VH) followed by a number of constant domains (CH). Each light chain has a variable domain (VL) at one end and a constant domain (CL) at its other end, the light chain variable domain being aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain and the light chain constant domain being aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain (CH1). The variable domains of each pair of light and heavy chains form the antigen binding site. The domains on the light and heavy chains have the same general structure and each domain comprises four framework regions, whose sequences are relatively conserved, joined by three hypervariable domains known as complementarity determining regions (CDR1-3). These domains contribute specificity and affinity of the antigen binding site.
The isotype of the heavy chain (gamma, alpha, delta, epsilon or mu) determines immunoglobulin class (IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE or IgM, respectively). The light chain is either of two isotypes (kappa,κ or lambda,λ) found in all antibody classes.
It should be understood that when the terms "antibody" or "antibodies" are used, this is intended to include intact antibodies, such as polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as well as proteolytic fragments thereof such as the Fab or F(ab′)2 fragments. Further included within the scope of the invention are chimeric antibodies; human and humanized antibodies; recombinant and engineered antibodies, and fragments thereof. Furthermore, the DNA encoding the variable region of the antibody can be inserted into the DNA encoding other antibodies to produce chimeric antibodies (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). Single chain antibodies fall within the scope of the present invention. Single chain antibodies can be single chain composite polypeptides having antigen binding capabilities and comprising amino acid sequences homologous or analogous to the variable regions of an immunoglobulin light and heavy chain (linked VH-VL or single chain Fv (ScFv)). Both VH and VL may copy natural monoclonal antibody sequences or one or both of the chains may comprise a CDR-FR construct of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,513, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The separate polypeptides analogous to the variable regions of the light and heavy chains are held together by a polypeptide linker. Methods of production of such single chain antibodies, particularly where the DNA encoding the polypeptide structures of the VH and VL chains are known, may be accomplished in accordance with the methods described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778, 5,091,513 and 5,096,815, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Additionally, CDR grafting may be performed to alter certain properties of the antibody molecule including affinity or specificity. A non-limiting example of CDR grafting is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539.
A "molecule having the antigen-binding portion of an antibody" as used herein is intended to include not only intact immunoglobulin molecules of any isotype and generated by any animal cell line or microorganism, but also the antigen-binding reactive fraction thereof, including, but not limited to, the Fab fragment, the Fab′ fragment, the F(ab′)2 fragment, the variable portion of the heavy and/or light chains thereof, Fab miniantibodies (see WO 93/15210, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/256,790, WO 96/13583, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/817,788, WO 96/37621 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/999,554, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference) and chimeric or single-chain antibodies incorporating such reactive fraction, as well as any other type of molecule or cell in which such antibody reactive fraction has been physically inserted, such as a chimeric T-cell receptor or a T-cell having such a receptor, or molecules developed to deliver therapeutic moieties by means of a portion of the molecule containing such a reactive fraction. Such molecules may be provided by any known technique, including, but not limited to, enzymatic cleavage, peptide synthesis or recombinant techniques.
The term "Fc" as used herein is meant as that portion of an immunoglobulin molecule (Fragment crystallizable) that mediates phagocytosis, triggers inflammation and targets Ig to particular tissues; the Fc portion is also important in complement activation.
The term "epitope" is meant to refer to that portion of any molecule capable of being bound by an antibody or a fragment thereof which can also be recognized by that antibody. Epitopes or antigenic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics as well as specific charge characteristics.
An "antigen" is a molecule or a portion of a molecule capable of being bound by an antibody which is additionally capable of inducing an animal to produce antibody capable of binding to an epitope of that antigen. An antigen may have one or more than one epitope. The specific reaction referred to above is meant to indicate that the antigen will react, in a highly selective manner, with its corresponding antibody and not with the multitude of other antibodies which may be evoked by other antigens.
A monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies to a specific antigen. MAbs may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art. See, for example Kohler et al (1975); U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110; Ausubel et al (1987-1999); Harlow et al (1988); and Colligan et al (1993), the contents of which references are incorporated in their entireties herein by reference. The mAbs of the present invention may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and any subclass thereof. A hybridoma producing a mAb may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo. High titers of mAbs can be obtained by in vivo production where cells from the individual hybridomas are injected intraperitoneally into pristine-primed Balb/c mice to produce ascites fluid containing high concentrations of the desired mAbs. MAbs of isotype IgM or IgG may be purified from such as cites fluids, or from culture supernatants, using column chromatography or other methods well known to those of skill in the art.
Chimeric antibodies are antibodies, the different portions of which are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Antibodies which have variable region framework residues substantially from human antibody (termed an acceptor antibody) and complementarity determining regions substantially from a mouse antibody (termed a donor antibody) are also referred to as humanized antibodies. Chimeric antibodies are primarily used to reduce immunogenicity in application and to increase yields in production, for example, where murine mAbs have higher yields from hybridomas but higher immunogenicity in humans, such that human/murine chimeric mAbs are used. Chimeric antibodies and methods for their production are known in the art (See for example Better et al, 1988; Cabilly et al, 1984; Harlow et al, 1988; Liu et al, 1987; Morrison et al, 1984; Boulianne et al, 1984; Neuberger et al, 1985; Sahagan et al, 1986; Sun et al, 1987; Cabilly et al; European Patent Applications 125023, 171496, 173494, 184187, 173494, PCT patent applications WO 86/01533, WO 97/02671, WO 90/07861, WO 92/22653 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,693,762, 5,693,761, 5,585,089, 5,530,101 and 5,225,539). These references are hereby incorporated by reference.
Besides the conventional method of raising antibodies in vivo, antibodies can be generated in vitro using phage display technology. Such a production of recombinant antibodies is much faster compared to conventional antibody production and they can be generated against an enormous number of antigens. In contrast, in the conventional method, many antigens prove to be non-immunogenic or extremely toxic, and therefore cannot be used to generate antibodies in animals. Moreover, affinity maturation (i.e., increasing the affinity and specificity) of recombinant antibodies is very simple and relatively fast. Finally, large numbers of different antibodies against a specific antigen can be generated in one selection procedure. To generate recombinant monoclonal antibodies one can use various methods all based on phage display libraries to generate a large pool of antibodies with different antigen recognition sites. Such a library can be made in several ways: One can generate a synthetic repertoire by cloning synthetic CDR3 regions in a pool of heavy chain germline genes and thus generating a large antibody repertoire, from which recombinant antibody fragments with various specificities can be selected. One can use the lymphocyte pool of humans as starting material for the construction of an antibody library. It is possible to construct naive repertoires of human IgM antibodies and thus create a human library of large diversity. This method has been widely used successfully to select a large number of antibodies against different antigens. Protocols for bacteriophage library construction and selection of recombinant antibodies are provided in the well-known reference text Current Protocols in Immunology, Colligan et al (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1992-2000), Chapter 17, Section 17.1.
Phage display of human antibody fragments has proved to be an effective method to isolate human antibodies to specific human antigens. In this method, a patient's antibody repertoire is expressed fused to the coat protein of a phage vector that carries the encoded protein gene, with each phage carrying a single antibody specificity. Briefly, antibody V regions are amplified with regions of overlap, either to a separately amplified linker region, or to each other, in such a way that mixing the two V regions recreates a linker region joining the two V genes. A number of amplification cycles without the addition of external primers are first performed. These involve an initial annealing of the regions of overlap followed by an extension. In this way VH regions are joined to VL to make the single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) which is, finally, cloned upstream the gene III coding for the minor coat protein g3 in a phagemid vector. Following E. coli transformation and infection by a helper phage, phage particles expressing a reactive antibody on their surface are produced. Antibodies specific to a given antigen can be isolated from phage antibody libraries by recursive cycles of binding on an immobilized antigen, washing, elution, and amplification by bacterial infection of bound phages. Finally, bacterial clones expressing single antibody specificity are characterized for the epitope recognized.
Antibodies Against CD55 and CD59 from a Human Phage Display
Cancer cells evade complement-dependent cytotoxicity triggered by humanized antibodies to tumor antigens currently used in cancer therapy, thus limiting the therapeutic potential of these antibodies.
This is due to overexpression of membrane complement regulatory proteins (CRP) including CD55 (decay-accelerating factor (DAF)), that neutralize the activation of C3 convertase, and CD59, that inhibit the polymerization of C9 within the assembling membrane attack complex. Neutralizing murine anti-CRP mAbs have been developed and have been shown to be effective in overcoming the resistance of cancer cells to complement attack as a result of CRPs overexpression. With the introduction of complement-fixing humanized antibodies in cancer therapy, the development of neutralizing humanized or human antibodies may provide an important means to potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer antibodies.
The inventors of the present invention selected neutralizing human antibodies because the humanized antibodies, though less immunogenic than the parental murine antibodies, maintain the murine CDRs coding for non-human V region sequences and may still elicit an antiidiotypic response. The inventors of the present invention have isolated human antibodies to CRPs CD55 and CD59. These antibodies are amenable for development as anticancer therapeutic agents.
An increasing number of mAbs are entering the clinic as therapeutic tools to control tumor growth. The advantage of such Abs over the chemotherapeutic agents is the specificity for the tumoral targets and the recruitment of other soluble or cellular components of the innate immunity to attack cancer cells. The complement (C) system is one of the effector systems called into action by the Abs, but overexpression of CRPs by tumor cells restricts the destructive effect of C. To neutralize the inhibitory activity of CRPs and to potentiate C-mediated killing of B lymphoma cells, the inventors of the present invention have isolated scFv to CD55 and CD59 from a human phage display library to be used alone or in combination with C-fixing Rituximab and other C-activating mAbs. The human phage Abs libraries offer the advantage over conventional mAbs of a large Abs repertoire not shaped by the constraints of the immune system with a dramatic increase in the chances of isolating Abs to self-antigens. On the other hand, the Abs currently used in cancer therapy, unlike human scFv, are of murine origin, and, although engineered to become chimeric or humanized, they still contain murine variable portions of the original Ig that may elicit an antiidiotipic response resulting in their rapid clearance.
As shown in the present invention, the scFvs to CD55 and CD59 were found to be specific for their target antigens and did not cross-react with other CRPs. CD46 was included in the assay as a control antigen because both CD55 and CD46 are members of the same family of proteins named regulators of C activation that share the common domain known as short consensus repeat or C control protein repeat. This family of proteins also includes Factor H, CR1, CR2 and C4 binding protein and is distinct from the Ly-6 multi-gene family, which comprises CD59, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and several other proteins.
The therapeutic use of scFv has so far been limited by the problems encountered in their large-scale production and also by the difficulties in achieving effective and sustained levels at tumour sites. To overcome these problems, the inventors have followed the strategy of engineering a miniantibody (MB), which was produced by genetic fusion of anti-CD55 and anti-CD59 scFv to human IgG1 Hinge-CH2 or to human IgG1 Hinge-CH2 CH3 domains. CH2-CH3 MB were previously found to have increased antigen binding activity and in vivo stability. In the initial screening analysis the scFvs were selected for their ability to neutralize the inhibitory activity of the two CRPs as assessed by the increased C-dependent lysis of erythrocytes expressing these C regulators. It is interesting to note that the two MB derived from the original scFvs inhibited the function of the CRPs to a degree similar to that obtained with well known murine mAbs used as positive controls.
The present invention supports the conclusion that these CRPs play an important role in protecting the tumor cells from C attack and justifies the therapeutic use of the human MB to neutralize their C inhibitory activity thus potentiating the C-mediated destruction of tumors cells induced by C-fixing mAbs.
MB to CD55 and CD59 secreted by cells that were transfected with MB expression vectors were found to be highly effective in reducing the surface expression of the target antigens to about 70 and 80% of the control respectively. The effect obtained in transfected cells raises the possibility of exploiting this strategy to target the tumour cells with immunoliposomes containing MB expression vectors. This may result in the synthesis of intracellular antibodies leading to surface depletion of the CRPs and also in the secretion of MB that neutralize CRPs expressed on the surrounding cells.
The present invention provides two human neutralizing MB to CD55 and CD59 that enhance the C-mediated killing of cancer cells. Co-expression of two MB in the same cell or engineering a bispecific binding molecule may allow the simultaneous abolishment of both CD55 and CD59 on the cell surface.
In another embodiment, the anti CD55 and/or CD59 antibodies according to the present invention are combined with anti CD20 antibodies in a combined composition. This combined composition is advantageous in order to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells overexpressing both CD20 and CD55/CD59. According to this specific embodiment, the combined composition of anti CD55 and/or CD59 antibodies with anti CD20 antibodies comprises either separate antibody molecules directed against the different epitopes, or single bispecific antibody molecules directed against both epitopes. Bispecific antibody molecules are for example quadroma molecules, chemically crosslinked F(ab)2 molecules, single chain bispecific antibody molecules or diabodies.
In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecules of the present invention are bispecific molecules containing two different antigen-binding regions being operatively attached. The term "operatively attached" is meant attached by covalent or ionic or other linkage. The first antigen-binding region binds to the CD55 or CD59 epitope, and the second antigen-binding region binds to a tumor-specific antigen overexpressed in tumor cells, preferably the CD20 epitope. Without being bound by theory, the combined specificities of the bispecific molecules trigger the immune response to cancer cells overexpressing CD55 and CD59. In one embodiment, the bispecific antibodies are produced by fusing two established hybridoma cell lines to form quadromas (the preparation of quadroma molecules is disclosed for example in Milstein et al., 1983, Nature p. 537-540), or by chemical cross-linking of respective F(ab′) fragments (Karpovsky et al., 1984, Exp. Med. 160, p. 1686-1701). Both technologies allowed the production of multiple combinations of antigen specificities.
In another more preferred embodiment, bispecific single-chain Fv fragments may be constructed by combining two single-chain Fv fragments of CD55 or CD59 and CD20 using a polypeptide linker (the preparation of bispecific single-chain Fv fragments is disclosed for example in Mack et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 92 p. 7021-7025). These constructs are expressed as single covalently linked molecules, showing high thermal stability at 37° C. Thus single-chain Fv fragments derived from monoclonal antibodies against CD55 or CD59 are covalently linked with single-chain Fvs directed against CD20 to produce the bispecific single-chain Fv fragments.
In another preferred embodiment, the dual specificity is obtained with diabodies that are non-covalently associated dimers, in which each chain comprises two domains consisting of VH (variable heavy) and VL (variable light) domains from two different antibodies (Holliger et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90, p. 6444-6448). Both domains are connected by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between domains of the same chain. Thus, each chain alone is not capable of binding antigen, but co-expression of the two chains (VHCD55/59-VLCD20 and VHCD20-VLCD55/59) leads to assembly of heterodimeric bispecific diabodies. In contrast to IgG or F(ab)2, the diabody structure is more compact, with the two binding sites separated by only 6.5 nm (less than half the distance present in IgG), and with a typical molecular mass of only approx. 50 kDa. Owing to this small size, diabodies are expected to show rapid pharmacokinetics and improved tumor penetration in vivo.
In a more specific embodiment, the dual specificity is obtained with heterodimeric diabodies having two separate arms as follows. The first arm comprises a single-chain Fv fragment of CD55/59 (VH and VL domains) preferably covalently linked with human CH2 and CH3 constant domains. The second arm comprises a single-chain Fv fragment of CD20 (VH and VL domains) preferably covalently linked with human CH2 and CH3 constant domains. The inclusion of CH2 and CH3 constant domains allows the activation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this context, one arm of the heterodimeric diabody binds the CD20 antigen on the tumor cell, and the other arm binds the CD55/59 antigen overexpressed in the tumor cells.
The bispecific antibody molecules according to the present invention may be produced using methods known in the art such as hybrid hybridomas, DNA co-transfection and chemical conjugation. A major obstacle in the development of bispecific antibody molecules has been the difficulty of producing proper heterodimers with two different arms and in sufficient quantity for clinical application by the traditional methods. Hybrid hybridomas and DNA co-transfection give rise to a large number of undesired products which require a purification of the desired products from the other products. Another traditional method for heterodimeric diabodies production is chemical conjugation of two antibodies (or their fragments) of different specificities. The purification from undesired products leads to a low yield and poor quality of heterodimeric diabodies. Preferred method for heterodimeric diabodies production is the "knob into holes" method first developed by Carter et al (Ridgway, J. B., Presta, L. G., Carter, P., 1996. "Knobs-into-holes" engineering of antibody CH3 domains for heavy chain heterodimerization. Protein Eng. 9, 617). The "Knobs-into-holes" method favours the production of heterodimers over homodimers and is based on the idea that simple mutations can be introduced into one half of the CH3 dimer, such that the steric complementarity required for CH3/CH3 association obligates the mutated CH3 domain to pair with a CH3 domain that has different, accommodating mutations. In a preferred embodiment, a mutation designated as a "knob" mutation is obtained by replacing a small amino acid residue (e.g. threonine) with a large amino acid residue (e.g. tyrosine) in the CH3 domain of the first minibody (the CD20 minibody). This mutation creates a steric barrier to homodimerization. To promote heterodimerization, an accommodating mutation designated as a "hole" mutation is obtained by replacing a large amino acid residue (e.g. tyrosine) with a small amino acid residue (e.g. threonine) in the CH3 domain of the second minibody (the CD55/CD59 minibody). In a non-limiting example of the present invention, threonine-26 residue is replaced with tyrosine in the CD20 minibody, and tyrosine-67 is replaced with threonine in the CD55/59 minibody.
Recombinant bispecific antibodies can be successfully produced in various expression systems. Production in Escherichia coli is most commonly used for the diabody format (see for example Xiong et al., 2002, Cancer Lett. 177, p. 29-39). Short-chain bispecific antibodies are preferentially expressed in mammalian cells such as CHO or COS cells (Wuest et al., 2001, J. Biotechnol. 92, 159-168). Other possible expression systems include yeast or insect cells, as well as transgenic plants or animals (Verma et al., 1998, Immunol. Methods, 216, p. 165-181; Gavilondo et al., 2000, Biotechniques 29, p. 128-132). Purification of recombinant bispecific antibodies can be achieved by methods known in the art, for example by one or more of several well-defined affinity tags, such as poly-histidine or strep (Skerra et al., 2000, Methods Enzymol. 326, p. 271-304).
In another embodiment, the antibody molecules of the present invention are, trispecific antibody molecules containing three different binding specificities: the first binding specificity is directed against a CD55 epitope, the second binding specificity is directed against a CD20 epitope, and the third binding specificity is directed against a CD59 epitope.
The trimeric specificity is obtained with heterodimeric minibody having two separate arms as suggested for example in Shahied et al. (Shahied L S, Tang Y, Alpaugh R K, Somer R, Greenspon D, Weiner L M. Bispecific minibodies targeting HER2/neu and CD16 exhibit improved tumor lysis when placed in a divalent tumor antigen binding format. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec. 24; 279(52):53907-14.)
According to a preferred embodiment, the first arm of the heterodimeric minibody comprises a single-chain Fv fragment to CD55 (VH and VL domains) operatively attached, preferably covalently attached with human CH2 and CH3 constant domains. The second arm comprises a single-chain Fv fragment to CD20 (VH and VL domains) operatively attached, preferably covalently attached with human CH2 and CH3 constant domains. The second arm contains at the C-terminal end of the CH3 a linker peptide followed by the third single chain Fv fragment to CD59 (VH and VL domains). The linker is in the length of between 10 to 40 amino acid residues, preferably between 20 to 30 amino acid residues, most preferably between 20 to 25 amino acids residues. The relative position of the scFv to CD55 and CD59 in the different arms of the molecule may be inverted. The trispecific antibodies could be produced using specific expression vectors known in the art such as the vector described herein in the Examples.
One aspect of the present invention is directed to neutralizing antibodies and more generally to a molecule that comprises one or more of the CDR3 variable regions of SEQ ID NO: 14, 16, 18, 20 of a recombinant antibody which binds to CD55 and/or CD59. The antibodies may be encoded by polynucleotides (DNA) having SEQ ID NO:13, 15, 17, 19 respectively.
The molecule having the CDR3 variable regions of an antibody according to the present invention can be used in a method for modulating complement activation. A preferred embodiment of such antibodies/molecules, obtained from a phage display of human antibody library, are the specific clones with the unique VH CDR3 and VL. CDR3 sequences given in Table 1.
CDR3 amino
CDR3 nucleotide sequence
The two scFv, further developed in minibodies by adding CH2 and CH3 human antibody domains. The two scFv show unique characteristics and their encoding nucleotide sequences (both total and partial) are novel. The main features are:
A. Sequence
Clone anti CD 59
VL-nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1):
VL -corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2):
Linker-nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3):
Linker - corresponding amino-acid sequence of (SEQ ID NO: 4):
VH nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5):
VH -corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6):
Clone anti CD 55
VL-nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7):
VL -corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8):
Linker-nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9):
Linker - corresponding amino-acid sequence of (SEQ ID NO: 10):
VH nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11):
VH -corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12):
The antibodies of the invention are preferably of human origin, i.e. they are entirely derived from an antibody repertoire obtained from human serum. These antibodies have both framework and antigen complementary regions (CDR) of human origin, unlike humanized antibodies where only the framework is of human origin, while the CDR are of murine origin.
In one embodiment, the recombinant antibody of the invention comprises a VL chain consisting of a sequence preferably corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 2 or 8 that could be covalently linked to a VH chain preferably corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 6 or 12, respectively. In another embodiment, the recombinant antibody comprises one or more of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 2, 6, 8 or 12. In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant antibody comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 6 and a linker consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4 respectively. In another preferred embodiment, the recombinant antibody comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8 and 12 and a linker consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10 respectively.
In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antibody molecules. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention are similar to those used for passive immunization of humans with other antibodies. Typically, the antibody molecules of the present invention comprising the antigen binding portion of an antibody are suspended in a sterile saline solution for therapeutic uses. The pharmaceutical compositions may alternatively be formulated to control release of active ingredient (molecule comprising the antigen binding portion of an antibody) or to prolong its presence in a patient's system. Numerous suitable drug delivery systems are known and include, e.g., implantable drug release systems, hydrogels, hydroxymethylcellulose, microcapsules, liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, and the like. Controlled release preparations can be prepared through the use of polymers to complex or adsorb the molecule according to the present invention. For example, biocompatible polymers include matrices of poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and matrices of a polyanhydride copolymer of a stearic acid dimer and sebaric acid. The rate of release of the molecule according to the present invention, i.e., of an antibody or antibody fragment, from such a matrix depends upon the molecular weight of the molecule, the amount of the molecule within the matrix, and the size of dispersed particles.
The pharmaceutical composition of this invention may be administered by any suitable means, such as orally, intranasally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, intra-arterially, intralesionally, rectally, vaginally or intraperitoneally. Ordinarily, intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular administration is preferred.
It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the therapeutically effective dose of the molecule according to the present invention will depend, inter alia upon the administration schedule, the unit dose of molecule administered, whether the molecule is administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, the immune status and health of the patient, the therapeutic activity of the molecule administered and the judgment of the treating physician. As used herein, a "therapeutically effective dose" refers to the dose of a molecule required to alleviate one or more symptoms associated with a disorder being treated over a period of time.
Although an appropriate dosage of a molecule of the invention varies depending on the administration route, age, body weight, sex, or conditions of the patient, and should be determined by the physician in the end, in the case of oral administration, the daily dosage can generally be between about 0.01-200 mg, preferably about 0.01-10 mg, more preferably about 0.1-10 mg, per kg body weight. In the case of parenteral administration, the daily dosage can generally be between about 0.001-100 mg, preferably about 0.001-1 mg, more preferably about 0.01-1 mg, per kg body weight The daily dosage can be administered, for example in regimens typical of 1-4 individual administration daily. Various considerations in arriving at an effective amount are described, e.g., in Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics, 8th ed., Pergamon Press, 1990; and Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990.
The antibody molecule of the present invention as an active ingredient is dissolved, dispersed or admixed in an excipient that is pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient as is well known. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like and combinations thereof. Other suitable carriers are well-known to those in the art. In addition, if desired, the composition can contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents.
The antibody molecules of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with one or more further agents. Thus, the present invention further provides products comprising molecules that bind to CD55 and/or CD59 and an active agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of cancer. Active agents may include antibodies directed against, tumor-specific antigens, preferably antibodies directed against tumor-specific antigens overexpressed in B cells such as an anti-CD20 antibody e. g Rituxan (Rituximab) (Biogen IDEC (Cambridge, Mass., USA); an anti-VEGF antibody e. g. Avastin (bevacizumab), Genentech (South San Francisco, Calif., USA)/(Roche (Basel, Switzerland); an anti-CD171A antibody, e. g. Panorex (edrecolomab) Centocor (Malvern, Pa., USA)/Glaxo SmithKline (Uxbridge, UK); an anti-CEA anti-idiotypic mAb e.g. CeaVac, Titan Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, Calif., USA); an anti-EGFR antibody e.g. Erbitux (cetuximab), ImClone (New York, USA)/Bristol Myers Squibb (New York, USA), Merck (Whitehouse Station, N.J., USA); an anti-HMFG anti-idiotypic mAb e. g TriAb, Titan Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, Calif., USA), an anti-EGFR antibody e.g. ABX-EGF, Abgenix (Fremont, Calif., USA)/Amgen Thousand Oaks, Calif.) and/or an anti-HER2 antibody e.g. Herceptin, Genentech (South San Francisco, Calif., USA). Preferably, the active agent synergizes with the antibody molecule of the invention. Without being bound by theory, the ability of the molecule of the invention to synergize with an active agent to enhance tumor killing may not be due to immune effector mechanisms but rather may be a direct consequence of inactivating CD55 and/or CD59 allowing enhanced complement deposition and complement lysis.
An "antibody directed against tumor-specific antigens overexpressed in B cells" herein is an antibody specific for a marker expressed on the surface of a B cell. Exemplary B cell surface markers include the CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD37, CD53, CD72, CD73, CD74, CDw75, CDw76, CD77, CDw78, CD79a, CD79b, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CDw84, CD85 and CD86 leukocyte surface markers. The B cell surface marker of particular interest is preferentially expressed on B cells compared to other non-B cell tissues of a mammal and may be expressed on both precursor B cells and mature B cells. In one embodiment, the marker is one, like CD20 or CD19, which is found on B cells throughout differentiation of the lineage from the stem cell stage up to a point just prior to terminal differentiation into plasma cells. The preferred B cell surface markers herein are CD19 and CD20.
As used herein, the term "anti-CD20 antibody" is an antibody which specifically recognizes a cell surface non-glycosylated phosphoprotein of 35,000 Daltons, typically designated as the human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen Bp35, commonly referred to as CD20.
Examples of antibodies which bind the CD20 antigen include: "C2B8" which is now called "Rituximab" (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference); the yttrium-[90]-labeled 2138 murine antibody designated "Y2B8" (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference); murine IgG2a "131" optionally labeled with 1311 to generate the "1311-B1" antibody (U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,721, expressly incorporated herein by reference); murine monoclonal antibody "1F5" (Press et al. Blood 69(2):584-591 (1987)); "chimeric 2H7" antibody (U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,180, expressly incorporated herein by reference); and monoclonal antibodies L27, G28-2, 93-1133, B-C1 or NU-B2 available from the International Leukocyte Typing Workshop (Valentine et al., In: Leukocyte Typing III (McMichael, Ed., p. 440, Oxford University Press (1987)).
Examples of antibodies which bind the CD19 antigen include the anti-CD19 antibodies in Hekman et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 32:364-372 (1991) and Vlasveld et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 40:37-47 (1995); and the B4 antibody in Kiesel et al. Leukemia Research 11, 12: 1119 (1987).
The terms "Rituximab" herein refer to the genetically engineered chimeric murine/human mono clonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen and designated "C2B8" in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference. The antibody is an IgG, kappa immunoglobulin containing murine light and heavy chain variable region sequences and human constant region sequences. Rituximab has a binding affinity for the CD20 antigen of approximately 8.0 nM.
In another embodiment, the antibody molecules of the invention may be administered in combination with at least one cytokine, wherein the therapeutic effect is better than the additive effects of either therapy administered alone. Preferred cytokines are selected from the group consisting of alpha interferon, gamma interferon, IL-2, GM-CSF and G-CSF. Again, the anti-CD-55/59 antibody and the cytokine(s) may be administered sequentially, in either order, or in combination.
In another embodiment, the antibody molecules of the invention may be administered before, during or subsequent to a chemotherapeutic treatment or combination regimens. Such chemotherapeutic treatments may be for example: CHOP (cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, prednisone and doxorubicin), ICE (Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, Etoposide), Mitozantrone, Cytarabine, DVP (Daunorubicin, Vincristine Prednisolone), Idarubicin, ABVD (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine), CEOP (Cyclophosphamide Epirubicin, oncovin, Prednisolone), 2-CdA (2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine), and DHAP (Dexamethasone, High dose Ara-C (Cytarabine), Cisplatin (platinum)).
Other chemotherapeutic treatment that may be used in combination with the present invention are for example: etoposide, 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), cis-platinum, doxorubicin, a vinca alkaloid, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, taxol, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, mechlorethamine, mitomycin, dacarbazine, carboplatinum, thiotepa, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, bleomycin, esperamicin A1, dactinomycin, plicamycin, carmustine, lomustine, tauromustine, streptozocin, melphalan, dactinomycin, procarbazine, dexamethasone, prednisone, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, cytarabine, docetaxel, fludarabine, gemcitabine, herceptin, hydroxyurea, irinotecan, methotrexate, oxaliplatin, rituxin, semustine, epirubicin, etoposide, tomudex and topotecan, or a chemical analog of one of these chemotherapeutic agents.
"Treatment of cancer" includes treatment of conditions caused by cancerous growth and includes the treatment of neoplastic growth or tumors. Examples of tumors that can be treated by the molecule of the invention are, for instance, sarcomas, including osteogenic and soft tissue sarcomas, carcinomas, e.g., breast-, lung-, bladder-, thyroid-, prostate-, colon-, rectum-, pancreas-, stomach-, liver-, uterine-, cervical and ovarian carcinoma, lymphomas, including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, neuroblastoma, melanoma, myeloma, Wilms tumor, and leukemias, including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute myeloblastic leukaemia, gliomas and retinoblastomas. The antibody molecules of the invention may, upon binding to CD55 and/or CD59 present on cancerous cells or tissues, including tumor and non-tumor cells, neutralize CD55 and/or CD59 and enhance complement deposition and complement mediated lysis of these cells. The compositions and methods of the invention may be particularly useful in the treatment of existing cancer and in the prevention of the recurrence of cancer after initial treatment or surgery.
When combined with anti CD20 antibodies, the antibody molecules of the present invention may be used to treat a range of cancers as described above, in particular to treat a variety of B-cell lymphomas, including low grade/follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), small lymphocytic (SL) NHL, intermediate grade/follicular NHL, intermediate grade diffuse NHL, high grade inimunoblastic NHL, high grade lymphoblastic NHL, high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL, bulky disease NHL and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia.
The present invention also provides for a nucleic acid molecule, which contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the molecule having the antigen binding portion of an antibody that neutralizes CD55 and/or CD59 and a host cell transformed with this nucleic acid molecule. Furthermore, also within the scope of the present invention is a nucleic acid molecule containing a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity, preferably about 95%, and more preferably about 97% identity to the above encoding nucleotide sequence as would well understood by those of skill in the art.
The invention also provides nucleic acids that hybridize under high stringency conditions to polynucleotides having SEQ ID NO: 1, 5, 7 and 11 or the complement thereof. As used herein, highly stringent conditions are those which are tolerant of up to about 5-20% sequence divergence, preferably about 5-10%. Without limitation, examples of highly stringent (−10° C. below the calculated Tm of the hybrid) conditions use a wash solution of 0.1×SSC (standard saline citrate) and 0.5% SDS at the appropriate Ti below the calculated Tm of the hybrid. The ultimate stringency of the conditions is primarily due to the washing conditions, particularly if the hybridization conditions used are those which allow less stable hybrids to form along with stable hybrids. The wash conditions at higher stringency then remove the less stable hybrids. A common hybridization condition that can be used with the highly stringent to moderately stringent wash conditions described above is hybridization in a solution of 6×SSC (or 6×SSPE), 5×Denhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 100 μg/ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA at an appropriate incubation temperature Ti. See generally Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989) for suitable high stringency conditions.
Stringency conditions are a function of the temperature used in the hybridization experiment and washes, the molarity of the monovalent cations in the hybridization solution and in the wash solution(s) and the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution. In general, sensitivity by hybridization with a probe is affected by the amount and specific activity of the probe, the amount of the target nucleic acid, the detectability of the label, the rate of hybridization, and the duration of the hybridization. The hybridization rate is maximized at a Ti (incubation temperature) of 20-25° C. below Tm for DNA:DNA hybrids and 10-15° C. below Tm for DNA:RNA hybrids. It is also maximized by an ionic strength of about 1.5M Na+. The rate is directly proportional to duplex length and inversely proportional to the degree of mismatching.
Specificity in hybridization, however, is a function of the difference in stability between the desired hybrid and "background" hybrids. Hybrid stability is a function of duplex length, base composition, ionic strength, mismatching, and destabilizing agents (if any).
The Tm of a perfect hybrid may be estimated for DNA:DNA hybrids using the equation of Meinkoth et al (1984), as
Tm=81.5° C.+16.6(log M)+0.41(% GC)−0.61(% form)−500/L
and for DNA:RNA hybrids, as
Tm=79.8° C.+18.5(log M)+0.58(% GC)−11.8(% GC)2−0.56(% form)−820/L
Filter hybridization is typically carried out at 68° C., and at high ionic strength (e.g., 5-6×SSC), which is non-stringent, and followed by one or more washes of increasing stringency, the last one being of the ultimately desired high stringency. The equations for Tm can be used to estimate the appropriate Ti for the final wash, or the Tm of the perfect duplex can be determined experimentally and Ti then adjusted accordingly.
The present invention also relates to a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. The vector of the present invention may be, e.g., a plasmid, cosmid, virus, bacteriophage or another vector used e.g. conventionally in genetic engineering, and may comprise further genes such as marker genes which allow for the selection of the vector in a suitable host cell and under suitable conditions.
Furthermore, the vector of the present invention may, in addition to the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, comprise expression control elements, allowing proper expression of the coding regions in suitable hosts. Such control elements are known to the artisan and may include a promoter, a splice cassette, translation initiation codon, translation and insertion site for introducing an insert into the vector.
Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention is operatively attached to the above expression control sequences allowing expression in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. Control elements ensuring expression in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells are well known to those skilled in the art. As mentioned herein above, they usually comprise regulatory sequences ensuring initiation of transcription and optionally poly-A signals ensuring termination of transcription and stabilization of the transcript.
Methods for construction of nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention, for construction of vectors comprising the above nucleic acid molecules, for introduction of the vectors into appropriately chosen host cells, for causing or achieving the expression are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989; Ausubel et al., 1994).
The invention also provides for conservative amino acid variants of the molecules of the invention. Variants according to the invention also may be made that conserve the overall molecular structure of the encoded proteins. Given the properties of the individual amino acids comprising the disclosed protein products, some rational substitutions will be recognized by the skilled worker. Amino acid substitutions, i.e. "conservative substitutions," may be made, for instance, on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved.
For example: (a) nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; (b) polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; (c) positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and (d) negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Substitutions typically may be made within groups (a)-(d). In addition, glycine and proline may be substituted for one another based on their ability to disrupt α-helices. Similarly, certain amino acids, such as alanine, cysteine, leucine, methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine and lysine are more commonly found in α helices, while valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and threonine are more commonly found in β-pleated sheets. Glycine, serine, aspartic acid, asparagine, and proline are commonly found in turns. Some preferred substitutions may be made among the following groups: (i) S and T; (ii) P and G; and (iii) A, V, L and 1. Given the known genetic code, and recombinant and synthetic DNA techniques, the skilled scientist readily can construct DNAs encoding the conservative amino acid variants.
As used herein, "sequence identity" between two polypeptide sequences indicates the percentage of amino acids that are identical between the sequences. "Sequence similarity" indicates the percentage of amino acids that either are identical or that represent conservative amino acid substitutions.
Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
Materials and Methods
Cell fluorescence was analyzed using a FACScalibur instrument (BD Biosciences) equipped with an air-cooled 15 mW Argon-ion laser, operating at 488 nm. FITC green fluorescence was measured at 530±30 nm bandpass filter. Data were collected using linear amplification for forward and side scatter (FSC and SSC), and logarithmic amplification for FL1. For each sample, 10,000 events were collected and analyzed using CellQuest software (BD Biosciences).
Screening of human phage Abs library by ELISA against CD55 and CD59 purified from human red blood cells led to the identification of 4 positive clones for CD55 and 9 positive clones for CD59 after 2 cycles of selection. DNA fingerprinting analysis of the positive clones allowed the recognition of two different clones, each specific for CD55 and CD59, which were named TS-55 for the anti-CD55 and TS-59 for anti-CD59 clone.
The specificity of the selected clones was assessed by ELISA using both phage and soluble scFv (
The coding sequences of the scFvs TS-55 and TS-59 were cloned into a modified version of PUT-SEC vector (Li et al., 1997, Protein Eng. 10: 731-736) containing the Hinge-CH2-CH3 Fc domains of human IgG1 (see materials and methods). After subcloning into pcDNA3, the resulting constructs were transfected into HEK293T cell line and stable clones expressing soluble dimeric miniantibodies (MB) were obtained for both constructs. The reactivity and the specificity of the original scFvs for their specific antigen were confirmed with the MB purified from cell supernatant. The two NB reacting with CD55 and CD59 were named MB-55 and MB-59 respectively and used in all the experiments reported herein.
Since CD55 and CD59 expressed on the cell surface inhibit C activation and in this way protect the cells from C attack, it was decided to ascertain whether MB-55 and MB-59 directed against these two CRPs were able to neutralize their C inhibitory activity. To this end, Abs-sensitised sheep erythrocytes (EA) and guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE) were rendered resistant to C-dependent lysis following incubation with CD55 and CD59 respectively. To investigate if the MB bad a neutralizing activity for the two CRPs, the two Ab were each incubated with the C-resistant erythrocytes and their ability to restore red cell lysis induced by the C system was evaluated. As shown in
Having found that the two MB were able to bind to CD55 or CD59 and to neutralize their C-inhibitory activity on red cells, the inventors decided to assess the binding and the effect of these Abs on B lymphoma cell lines. After screening several B lymphoma cell lines, it was decided to use Karpas 422 cells because they express both CD55 and CD59, as evaluated by FACS, using the two mAb BRIC216 and YTH53.1 (
To assess the neutralizing activity of MB-55 and MB-59, the effect of these two MB on the susceptibility of Karpas 422 to C-mediated damage stimulated by Rituximab (a humanized mAb to CD20 expressed on this cell line) was evaluated. As previously reported by Golay et al. (Golay et al., 2000, Blood, 95: 3900-3908) and shown in
HEK293T cells were transfected with MB-55 or MB-59 encoding vectors with the aim of producing MB in substantial amounts to be used in all the experiments. Since HEK293T cells are of human embryonic origin, it was decided to analyze these cells for the expression of CD55 and CD59 before and after transfection to ascertain whether the surface expression of these molecule was modulated in transfected cells. As shown in
General Description of the Vector:
The genes for the anti-CD55 or the anti CD59 and the anti-CD20 (Rituximab IDEC) scFvs are each cloned into the newly designed vector (pDUO-scFv) for the expression of soluble bispecific minibody molecules.
The pDUO-scFv vector has the backbone of pCDNA3.1Hygro(+) (Invitrogen). In the polylinker the following structures are present (as described in the scheme below):
The Leader sequence is composed of 20 amino acids and includes, at the DNA level, also a mini-intron to increase the transcription efficiency. The leader sequence is included to allow secretion of the first minibody molecule into the culture medium.
The ScFv of the CD55/59 is cloned in the VL-Linker-VH orientation.
The Fc region selected is part of the human IgG1 Fc region. It includes the hinge domain and the CH2 and CH3 domains. A single mutation is inserted in the CH3 domain of either the CD55 or the CD59 minibody to create the "knobs-into-holes" configuration. In the Fc region strand the larger CH3 Tyr-67 molecule is converted to a smaller threonine residue by mutating the tyrosine codon, TAT, to the threonine codon, ACC, using PCR primers.
The SV5 tag is included at the end of the Fc region.
A FURIN cleavage site sequence is present. This sequence is 4 amino acids long (RAKR) to allow elimination of the residual 2 amino acid sequence peptide.
A FMDV 2A sequence is taken from the FMDV; it is 24 amino acids long (APVKQTLNFDLLKLAGDVESNPGP) (SEQ ID NO:26) and is efficiently processed in vitro (in HEK 293 cell) and in vivo.
The Leader sequence is composed of 22 amino acids and it is the leader sequence originally used for the secretion of the light chain of the anti-CD20 Rituximab antibody. The leader is included to allow secretion of the molecule into the culture media.
ScFv. The anti CD20 (Rituximab) sequence is cloned in the VL-Linker-VH orientation.
Fc region. The region selected is part of the human IgG1 Fc region. It includes the hinge domain and the CH2 and CH3 domains. A single mutation is inserted in the CH3 domain of the minibody Rituximab to create the "knobs-into-holes" configuration. In this case, the smaller CH3 Thr-26 residue is mutated to a larger tyrosine residue by using PCR primers to change the threonine codon, ACC, to the tyrosine codon TAC.
SV5. The SV5 tag is includes at the end of the Fc region.
Stop Codon
The pDUO-scFv bispecific minibody vector is transiently and stably transfected into HEK 293 cells and CHO cells. Hygromicin is used for the selection of positive HEK 293/CHO cell clones. The fully assembled minibodies are secreted into the culture supernatants. A detailed sequence of the pDUO-scFv vector is listed below as SEQ ID NO: 25.
pDUO-scFv- detailed nucleotide sequence (SEO ID NO: 25):
tctaga tgc cac c ATG GGC TGG AGC CTG ATC CTC CTG TTC CTC GTC GCT GTG GCT ACA G
(XbaI) (kozak) (secretory leader)
(Mini intron)
(ApaLI) (BSSH2) (Hinge)
(SpeI) (SV5 tag) (ScaI)
(Furin site) (AgeI) (FMDV 2A peptide)
(Leader peptide)
(Nhe I) (Hinge)
(SpeI) (SV5 tag) (ScaI) (Stop)(HindIII)
Trispecific antibodies are produced using the pTRIS vector (a modified version of the pDUO vector). As illustrated in
Rituximab, MB55 and MB59 antibodies were biotin labeled and were used in an in vitro complement-dependent killing assay using LCL2 lymphoma cells. The results of the in vitro assay are demonstrated in
As revealed from the results demonstrated in
In order to examine the in vivo effect of Rituximab and the anti-CD55 and anti-CD59 minibodies in the treatment of lymphoma, the following animal model was established: LCL-2 lymphoma cells (1.5×106) were injected intra-peritoneally in SCID inbred mice at day 0. These mice are homozygous for the Prkdcscid mutation and lack both T and B cells due to a defect in V(D)J recombination. Therefore, they easily accept foreign tissue transplants, including human tumors. Following the injection of the LCL-2 lymphoma cells, the animals were treated in four groups (six animals per group) as following: (i) Rituximab-biotin antibodies (25 μg); (ii) anti-CD55-biotin and anti-CD59-biotin minibodies (100 μg); (iii) Rituximab-biotin antibodies (25 μg), Avidin (40 μg) and anti-CD55-biotin and anti-CD59-biotin minibodies (100 μg); and (iv) Saline. The antibody injections were carried out at days 4 and 11 post LCL-2 lymphoma cells injection and the survival of the mice was monitored over time.
The survival of the animals was demonstrated using the Kaplan-Mayer survival curve (
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without undue experimentation and without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
Citation of any document herein is not intended as an admission that such document is pertinent prior art, or considered material to the patentability of any claim of the present application. Any statement as to content or a date of any document is based on the information available to applicant at the time of filing and does not constitute an admission as to the correctness of such a statement.
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|U.S. Classification
|530/387.1, 530/387.3
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 19, 2008
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GraphicRiver Icons Workplace Items of Business Vector 9608921
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