text:
4 days PGP/EMCOU-E
- Engineers involved in Oil & Gas Downstream projects.
- This course provides a thorough knowledge on how to estimate and control the cost of Oil & Gas Downstream projects.
Learning Objectives
- Upon completion of the course, participants will be able to:
- estimate the cost of a project at its various stages, using an accurate database,
- evaluate the accuracy of this cost estimate and the main risks of cost overrun,
- contribute to project cost optimization and value engineering,
- control the cost of a project during execution.
- Operational knowledge of the Project Management process.
Ways and means
- Each type of estimating method is illustrated by a practical cost estimating exercise (possibly on Excel).
- Use of Internet references (AACEI, Oil & Gas Journal, well-known software tools and databases).
- Group discussions to share feedback experience from participants on actual projects.
Course consistent with the PMI and AACE standards. Worth 24 PDU.
PROJECT COST ESTIMATING METHODS 2.5 days
- Project Management Process reminder, including deliverables at each stage.
- Definitions, cost references, AACE classes. Direct and Indirect costs. WBS. CAPEX vs OPEX.
- Order of magnitude estimate (Chilton factors). Typical accuracy and traps. Localization factors.
- Factored estimate (Lang/Guthrie factors). Escalation, Nelson-Farrar indices.
- Cost of main equipment, of works, of engineering services. Owner costs.
- Semi-detailed estimate, detailed estimate. Key role of engineering studies.
- Elements needed for final approval by Owner and EPC contract endorsement.
COST RISK MANAGEMENT 0.5 day
- Project risk identification and evaluation. Potential impact on cost estimate. Action plan.
- Allowances and contingencies, evaluation through statistical and deterministic methods.
COST CONTROL 1 day
- Principles and purpose of cost control. Responsibilities of Owner and EPC Contractor.
- Cost optimization: brainstorming process, Owner roles and responsibilities. Typical ideas.
- Cost reporting: frequency, consistency with budget/WBS, presentation.
- Relationship between cost control and progress control. Cost forecast to complete.
- Cost reduction during execution. Cost Controller duties. Action plan monitoring.
- Change management: impact of changes, evaluation, decision-making, communication within Owner.
2017 course calendar
|Mar 14 - 17
|By email
|Oct 10 - 13
|By email


text:
The Standing Directions of the Minister for Finance 2003 (2003 Directions) and associated rules set the standard for financial management by Victorian government agencies from 1 July 2003 until 30 June 2016.
The Financial Management Compliance Framework 2005 assists the Victorian Government to monitor the standard of financial management including compliance with the Standing Directions.
The Standing Directions of the Minister for Finance 2016 (2016 Directions) replaced the 2003 Directions on 1 July 2016. Agencies must continue comply with the 2003 Directions until 30 June 2016, and for some months after that date undertake compliance activities in accordance with the Financial Management Compliance Framework 2005.
The 2003 Directions were designed to supplement the Financial Management Act 1994 by prescribing mandatory procedures for all departments and public bodies.
Purchasing Card Rules, Thefts and Losses Rules and Tax Compliance Rules support the 2003 Directions to encourage the application of government policy and key principles in monitoring and reporting.
The FMCF User Guide, used as guidance only, provides departments and agencies with supplementary material on aspects of the 2003 Directions.
The Financial Management Compliance Framework 2005 (FMCF) assists Victorian public sector agencies to establish and maintain effective financial management and allows the Victorian Government to monitor the standard of financial management.
The FMCF was launched by the Department of Treasury and Finance in July 2003 and was updated in July 2005. It will not apply to the 2016 Directions.
The Compliance Monitoring System (CMS) supports, facilitates and automates the annual certification process for agencies and portfolio departments.
The FMCF requires agencies to annually complete a certification letter to their Portfolio Minister (via portfolio departments). Portfolio departments are then required to provide a portfolio summary report to the Minister for Finance, via the Department of Treasury and Finance.
The aim of the CMS website is to support, facilitate and automate the annual certification process for Victorian public sector agencies and is open from 1 July until 30 September of each year.
The CMS User Guide provides relevant information on how to certify using the CMS.
Agencies, portfolio coordinators and administrators can log on to the CMS at the following webpages:
For assistance, contact your portfolio coordinator (accessible only to agencies internal to Victorian public sector).
Certification of compliance is made annually to the responsible body or relevant delegate e.g. Audit Committee. Agencies subject to the FMCF are also required to annually certify compliance with these Directions to their Minister.
The FMCF certification checklist guides agencies through the certification process. Agencies are encouraged to complete the certification checklist before online certification via the CMS.
DTF requires certifying agencies to complete an annual reporting form in relation to thefts and losses and purchasing cards to ensure the rigour of reporting of thefts and losses and unauthorised use of purchasing cards.
Under Direction 4.5.5, departments and agencies must provide an annual attestation of compliance with risk management and insurance requirements in their annual report. Refer to the Victorian Government Risk Management Framework for details of the requirements and guidance material in support of the attestation requirements.
Key advice updates aim to assist agencies in interpreting the requires of the Directions. Key advice updates have been issues with respect to CFAOs, Audit Committees, authorisations, managing outsourced financial services and thefts and losses.
The financial management annual compliance reports give an overview of Victoria's FMCF.
The reports also provides a high-level overview of current and recent historic levels of compliance with the Standing Directions across the Victorian public sector.
Answers to frequently asked questions have been compiled to assist agencies in complying with their financial management obligations.
The following table summarises the applicable Directions and requirements for internal and public attestation, for the 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 compliance years:
All Directions applicable
All Directions applicable, subject to transitional arrangements under 2016 Direction 1.4.
Compliance reporting/
Internal attestation
2005 Financial Management Compliance Framework
Compliance reporting as required under 2016 Instruction 5.1, including trial attestation.
Compliance reporting as required under 2016 Instruction 5.1.
Public attestation in Annual Report
2003 Direction 4.5.5 Risk management framework and processes
2003 Direction 4.5.5 Risk management framework and processes
Attestation in relation to all applicable Directions and Instructions under 2016 Direction 5.1.4.
For issues regarding the 2003 Directions email email@example.com.
For queries relating to your portfolio, contact your portfolio coordinator (accessible only to agencies internal to Victorian public sector).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The suspect in the fatal shooting of an animal control officer trying to retrieve pets from a Galt home was taken into custody early Thursday morning after an all-night standoff, authorities said.
Joseph Francis Corey, 65, was arrested around 5 a.m. by members of a SWAT team that had managed to get access to the home's garage, according to Sheriff's Sgt. Jason Ramos.


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Posts: 2656
Joined: Fri May 14, 2010 11:53 pm
Location: wisconsin,home of the Green Bay Packers!
changed out tubes in my 390t
Hey guys just got done changing out the tubes in my 390t with 1969 amperex orange logo globe getters, they are not NOS but good used, tested very strong with tube tester, letting them warm up for a few hours and waiting to give them a test, hoping I see/hear something I like WILL LET YA KNOW!!
Carver Silver 7t mono blocks, Carver M-4.0t & 2 tfm 42,s. ct-6 & ct-17, sda390t,TX11 tuner, jolida jd 100A & JBL L96,s Modified JBL 4401,s W/Ribbon Tweeters, Carverfest vacuum tube amp & CF Lucas Labs Linestage, Dared SL-2000A tube preamp, Dared MP-5BT Integrated vacuum tube amp, Carver AL3 speakers in natural oak.Carver Amazing Silver speakers in piano black. 2 Carver Cinema 5.1 subwoofers & Tesla audio Carverfest satellite ribbon speakers & stands & Douglas connection cables


text: They're saying over at Android Central that the Hero's 2.1 update is now due on May 21st. Once again, they neglect to mention the year. I say Thanksgiving, but it could slip to Easter. What does this have to do with the Moment? -I don't know, but it sure gets everyone all riled up. Will this really be the day? -ROTFLMAO!


text:
For the first time in cinemas, The Australian Ballet presents Coppélia: the sunniest, funniest ballet you'll see all year!
A sparkling tale of magic and mischief, Coppélia has everything a good story ballet should: a touch of enchantment, a dash of romance and masses of sumptuous costumes. Swanilda and Franz are in love until the appearance of Dr Coppelius and his mysterious daughter Coppélia upset the celebrations. However, Dr Coppelius' haughty daughter is not what she seems, and Swanilda must rescue Franz from the magician's sinister doll-filled lair – with the help of some fancy footwork!


text:
Video: Iconic WWII sailor-kissing nurse dies at 91
Transcript of: Iconic WWII sailor-kissing nurse dies at 91
NATALIE MORALES, anchor: The nurse whose image was immortalized as she kissed a sailor in Times Square to celebrate the end of World War II has died. According to her family, Edith Shain died in Los Angeles over the weekend at the age of 91. She leaves behind three sons, six grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. She had a good, long life. It is now 7:20. Back over to Matt and Meredith .
MATT LAUER, co-host: All right.
MORALES: Such an iconic image.


text:
Current dogma holds that a canonical cortical circuit is formed by cellular elements that are basically identical across species. However, detailed and direct comparisons between species of specific elements of this circuit are limited in number. In this study, we compared the morphological and physiological properties of neurogliaform (NGF) inhibitory neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of macaque monkeys and rats. In both species, NGF cells were readily identified based on their distinctive morphological features. Indeed, monkey NGF cells had only a few morphological features that differed from rat, including a larger soma, a greater number of dendrites, and a more compact axonal field. In contrast, whole cell recordings of the responses to injected current steps revealed important differences between monkey and rat NGF cells. Monkey NGF cells consistently generated a short-latency first spike riding on an initial depolarizing hump, whereas in rat NGF cells, the first spike appeared after a substantial delay riding on a depolarizing ramp not seen in monkey NGF cells. Thus although rat NGF cells are traditionally classified as late-spiking cells, monkey NGF cells did not meet this physiological criterion. In addition, NGF cells in monkey appeared to be more excitable than those in rat because they displayed a higher input resistance, a lower spike threshold, and a higher firing frequency. Finally, NGF cells in monkey showed a more prominent spike-frequency adaptation as compared with rat. Our findings indicate that the canonical cortical circuit differs in at least some aspects of its constituent elements across species.
It is widely accepted that a canonical cortical circuit is conserved across mammalian species (see for review, Douglas and Martin 2004; Nelson 2002). As a consequence, interspecies differences in cortical function are thought to reflect solely differences in the number of these circuits and in their extrinsic connections. However, some existing data suggest that the interneuron component of the circuit also differs across species. For example, rodents and primates differ considerably in the proportions of neocortical interneurons immunoreactive for specific calcium-binding proteins. Parvalbumin-positive interneurons are the most prevalent interneuron subpopulation in rat PFC (Gabbott et al. 1997; Kawaguchi and Kubota 1997), whereas calretinin-positive interneurons outnumber other interneuronal subtypes in monkey PFC (Conde et al. 1994; Gabbott and Bacon 1996). Moreover, subtypes of cortical interneurons also appear to differ in their developmental origin between rodents and humans (Butt et al. 2005; Letinic et al. 2002; Xu et al. 2004).
The morphological and functional diversity of cortical interneurons (Kawaguchi 1995; Markram et al. 2004; Nelson et al. 2006) makes cross-species comparisons challenging because they require identification of the same interneuron subtype. NGF cells are a very suitable population of interneurons for interspecies comparisons because they possess distinctive morphological properties that are readily recognized across cortical regions in many species (Jones 1984; Kawaguchi 1995; Lund and Lewis 1993). NGF cells have a spider-like appearance with a small round soma, short dendrites, and densely arborizing axons that synapse primarily on the distal dendritic spines of pyramidal cells (Kawaguchi and Kubota 1997; Kisvarday et al. 1990; Tamas et al. 2003). In rat neocortex, NGF cells provide long-lasting inhibition onto pyramidal cells via connections that contain both GABAA and metabotropic GABAB postsynaptic receptors (Tamas et al. 2003), enabling NGF cells to modulate the firing rates of pyramidal cells during sustained activity (Mittmann et al. 2004; Pouille and Scanziani 2001). In addition, NGF cells in rat neocortex connect inhibitory interneurons of different classes via gap junctions and thus could contribute to neocortical interneuron synchrony (Simon et al. 2005).
Previous studies have established that rat cortical NGF cells are characterized by the late-spiking electrophysiological phenotype in vitro (Chu et al. 2003; Kawaguchi 1995; Tamas et al. 2003) and in vivo (Zhu and Zhu 2004). Our recent physiological study of interneurons in monkey dorsolateral PFC (Krimer et al. 2005) suggested that NGF cells in primates might differ from those in rats. However, comparison of our data with the published data in rat was not possible at that time because of the significant differences in age of the studied animals. Here we directly compared morphological and physiological properties of NGF cells between adult monkeys and adult rats. The hallmark physiological feature of NGF cells in rat, a prominently delayed first-spike latency ("late spiking" cells), did not hold for monkey NGF neurons. Furthermore, NGF cells in monkey appeared to be markedly more excitable than in rat: they had a lower spike threshold, higher input resistance, and higher firing frequency.
The finding that similar anatomical units of PFC circuitry demonstrate functional differences between monkey and rat suggests that species differences are present in the canonical cortical circuit.
Slice preparation
Brain slices were obtained from adult (P56–P135, 350–550 g) and juvenile (P19–P28) male Wistar rats and adult (4–5 yrs old, 3.5–6.0 kg) male long-tailed macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). All animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Rats were killed with halothane and decapitated. The brain was quickly removed and immersed in ice-cold preoxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Tissue blocks containing the prelimbic cortex in rats (Paxinos and Watson 1998) were excised for further slicing. The protocol employed to obtain tissue blocks from monkey PFC has previously been described (Gonzalez-Burgos et al. 2000). Briefly, animals were treated with ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg im), dexamethasone phosphate (0.5 mg/kg im), and atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg sc). Endotracheal anesthesia was maintained with 1% halothane in 28% O2-air. Monkeys were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a craniotomy was performed over the dorsolateral PFC. The dura was removed in a location determined by stereotaxic coordinates and by the position of relevant sulcal landmarks. Small blocks of tissue containing a portion of dorsal area 9 and both the medial and lateral banks of the principal sulcus (area 46) were excised. After the surgery, all animals recovered quickly with no impairments in eating or drinking, and no overt behavioral deficits were observed. Animals were allowed to recover for 2–4 wk, after which a second craniotomy under terminal anesthesia was performed. Animal were given an overdose of pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and were perfused through the heart with ice-cold modified ACSF. A tissue block containing portions of areas 9 and 46 from a nonhomotopic portion of the intact brain hemisphere was quickly excised and placed in ice-cold ACSF. Subsequent treatment of the tissue was the same for both procedures.
Coronal slices (350 μm thick) were cut with a vibratome (Leica VT1000S, Leica). Slices were incubated at 37°C for 0.5–1 h and further stored at room temperature. Slices were transferred to a recording chamber perfused with ACSF at 31–32°C. Through all steps of the experiments, ACSF of the following composition was used (in mM): 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgSO4, 2 CaCl2, 24 NaHCO3, and 10 dextrose. ACSF was perfused with 95% O2-5% CO2 gas mixture. Tissue slices from the same monkeys were also used in other experiments.
Electrophysiological recordings
Whole cell voltage recordings were made from layer 2–3 neurons visualized using IR-DIC videomicroscopy equipped with Zeiss Axioskop 2 FS microscope, ×40 water-immersion objective and a Dage-MTI NC-70 video camera (Dage-MTI Television, Michigan City, IN). Interneurons were selected based on their small and round cell body and lack of apical dendrite. Patch electrodes were filled with an internal solution containing (in mM) 114 K-gluconate, 6 KCl, 10 HEPES, 4 ATP-Mg, and 0.3 GTP. pH was adjusted to 7.25 with KOH. Biocytin (0.5%) and Alexa 488 or 568 (0.075%) were added to the solution for later morphological identification of the recorded neurons. Electrodes had 5- to 12-MΩ open-tip resistance. Voltages were amplified with an IE-210 electrometer (Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT) or MultiClamp amplifier (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA) operating in a bridge-balance mode. Signals were filtered at 5 or 4 kHz in the IE-210 and the MultiClamp, respectively, and acquired at a sampling rate of 20 kHz using a 16-bit resolution Power 1401 interface and Signal 2.03 software (CED, Cambridge, UK). Access resistance and capacitance were compensated on-line. Access resistance typically was 15–30 MΩ and remained relatively stable during experiments (≤30% increase) for the cells included in the analysis. Membrane potential was not corrected for the liquid junction potential.
Electrophysiological data analysis
To characterize the membrane properties of neurons, hyper- and depolarizing current steps were applied for 500 ms in 5- to 10-pA increments at 0.5 Hz. Input resistance was measured from the slope of a linear regression fit to the voltage-current relation in a hyperpolarizing range. The membrane time constant was determined by single-exponential fitting to the on-phase of the average voltage responses to the small (5–15 pA) hyperpolarizing current steps, which presumably are less affected by voltage-dependent membrane conductances. The ramp coefficient was estimated at the RMP as the voltage difference between the two points: at 75 ms from the beginning of the current pulse and at the end. All action potential measures were taken from the first evoked action potential. Peak amplitude of the action potential and the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) was measured from the action potential threshold (level of voltage deflection exceeding 10 mV/1 ms). The amplitude of the fast component of AHP was measured from the spike threshold downward the fast voltage drop until the point of a marked slowing in the voltage drop to <10 mV/1 ms. The amplitude of the medium component of AHP was measured from the point of the voltage deflection to the most negative voltage peak of the AHP. The slow AHP was measured as the AHP amplitude at 300 ms after the end of a train of spikes. Duration of the action potential was measured at its half-amplitude. The spike rise time was measured as 10–90% of the total rise time; 10-to-90% spike decay time was measured between the spike peak and its threshold.
We used an adaptation ratio (AR) to describe spike-frequency adaptation in evoked trains. The AR was calculated as a ratio between the first and the last interspike interval for different current intensities. Because the AR changes with the increase of the stimulation current, we employed the AR coefficient for the interspecies comparison. The AR coefficient was estimated from the linear regression of AR versus current at two times threshold level of current.
The onset frequency was calculated at the first interspike interval; the steady-state frequency was calculated as average instantaneous frequency within the last 200 ms of the response to depolarizing current pulses where firing frequency remained relatively stable.
Morphological analysis
To identify cell morphology during the experiments, neurons were filled with the fluorescent dyes Alexa 488 or 568 (0.075% solution, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and with biocytin (0.5%, Molecular Probes) added to the internal solution. Cells were filled for ≥30 min to ensure complete cell labeling by the dyes. Slices were fixed in cold 4% paraformaldehyde for ≥72 h, then transferred into an anti-freeze solution (ethylene glycol and glycerol in 0.1 M phosphate buffer) and stored at −80°C. Some neurons filled with a fluorescent dye were confocally reconstructed using an Olympus Fluoview 500 confocal microscope (Olympus America, Melville, NY) with FITC and CY3 filters. Images were acquired with Fluoview software (Olympus America) and further processed using Imaris (Bitplane, Saint Paul, MN) and Photoshop (Adobe System, San Jose, CA) programs. To process for biocytin, the slices were rinsed in 0.1 M Na-phosphate buffer and then serially resectioned at 50 μm. After the sections were treated with 1% H2O2 for 2–3 h at room temperature, they were incubated for 12 h at 4°C in blocking serum containing 2% goat serum, 1% bovine serum albumin, and 0.4% Triton X-100. After rinsing, the sections were incubated with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (Vectastain Elite ABC kit; 1:100; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) in 1% bovine serum albumin for 4 h. Sections were rinsed, stained with Ni-3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), mounted on gelatin-coated glass slides, dehydrated, and covered with a coverslip.
Of 30 monkey NGF cells, 14 cells were identified based on the confocal reconstructions and consecutive biocytin processing, 3 cells were identified solely based on confocal reconstructions, and 13 cells were identified only by the DAB reaction. Of 28 rat NGF cells (adult and juvenile), 18 cells were identified based on confocal reconstructions and DAB processing, 3 cells were identified based on confocal reconstructions, 2 cells were identified solely by visualizing in the UV light, and 5 cells were identified only by DAB processing.
For a quantitative morphological analysis, 22 monkey (9 fully reconstructed, 13 dendritic trees only) and 9 rat (7 fully reconstructed, 2 dendritic trees only) biocytin-processed NGF cells were reconstructed with the Neurolucida neuron tracing system (Microbrightfield, Colchester, VT) using Axiophot 2 Zeiss microscope equipped with a ×100 planapochromate objective (NA 1.4) and ×2.5 optovar. The intermediate image was further captured on a video camera and projected on a computer LCD screen. These reconstructions were used for a quantitative morphological analysis, which was made in NeuroExplorer (Microbrightfield). Horizontal and vertical spans of NGF cells were measured as the distances between the two extreme axonal endings in horizontal and vertical dimensions, respectively.
Statistical analysis
Two-tailed t-test were used for group comparisons in most of the cases. Fisher exact test was used to compare percentage of cells with different numbers of dendritic branches. Unless otherwise noted, values are presented as means ± SD. Statistical tests were performed using Microsoft Excel or Statistica 6.1 (Statsoft, Tulsa, OK). Fourteen NGF cells from monkey dorsolateral PFC were reported in our previous publication (Krimer et al. 2005).
Morphology of monkey and rat NGF cells
Interneurons from monkey and rat PFC were identified as NGF cells based on the morphological features described earlier (Jones 1984; Kawaguchi 1995; Lund and Lewis 1993). In these cells, a large number of primary dendrites (typically >6) arose radially from a small round soma located in layers 2–3 (Figs. 1 and 2). Dendrites were short, smooth, or slightly beaded and gave rise to only a few secondary branches that formed a relatively small sphere centered on the soma. The axon of NGF cells originated from the cell body or one of the primary dendrites, branched, and established a dense axonal mesh with thin shafts. Axons occupied a volume several times larger than that of the dendrites but still were confined mainly within layer 2–3 where the somata were located. Axons rarely extended into layers 1 or 5. Both dendrites and axons sometimes curved back toward the soma.
For a quantitative inter-species comparison, NGF cells from adult monkey and rat PFC were reconstructed using transmitted light microscope (monkey: dendritic trees were reconstructed in 22 cells, full reconstructions were made in 9 cells; rat: dendritic trees in 9 cells, full reconstructions in 7 cells). Soma size was significantly (40%) larger in monkey NGF cells than in rat (Table 1) The number of primary dendrites was also significantly (43%) greater in monkey than in rat although the total dendritic length did not differ between the species (Table 1). Dendrites of rat NGF cells tended to branch more often than in monkey: half of the rat NGF cells possessed sixth-order dendrites, whereas most of the monkey NGF cells had dendrites that branched only to the third or fourth order (Fig. 2C); however, this difference between the two species was not statistically significant (Fisher exact P > 0.1). Sholl analysis demonstrated that the dendrites in monkey NGF cells had a more compact proximal distribution as compared with rat. First Sholl's circle of 10 μm had more dendritic intersections in monkey than in rat (Fig. 2D).
Axons in monkey NGF cells branched more frequently than in rat; however, the total axonal length did not differ between the two species (Table 1). Axons in monkey NGF cells, similar to their dendrites, had a tendency for a denser perisomatic distribution than those in rat (Fig. 2E). However, more distally from the soma (200–400 μm) rat NGF cells had more intersections than those in monkey. Therefore even though the total dendritic and axonal lengths were comparable in the two species, both axonal and dendritic distributions of NGF cells were more compact in monkey than in rat.
Thus although all the cells included in this study belonged to the "neurogliaform phenotype," quantitative analyses revealed some morphological differences between the species.
Subthreshold membrane properties of NGF cells in adult rat and monkey
Whereas the resting membrane potential of NGF cells was comparable in the two species (Table 2), some of the other subthreshold membrane properties appeared to be different. Thus input resistance was significantly larger in NGF cells from monkey than from rat (Table 2, Fig. 3, A and B), indicating their greater excitability. Hyperpolarizing current steps of the same strength generated larger voltage responses in NGF cells from monkey than from rat. Accordingly, I-V curves obtained from the subthreshold responses to hyperpolarizing current pulses in monkey cells were much steeper than in rat (Fig. 3B). The current-voltage plot revealed time-independent inward rectification in both monkey and rat NGF cells (Fig. 3B). In addition, 56% of monkey NGF cells showed a time-dependent depolarizing sag in their hyperpolarizing voltage responses that was never seen in rat neurons.
In response to subthreshold depolarizing current steps, rat NGF cells generated depolarizing ramps especially noticeable at membrane potentials close to spike threshold (Fig. 3C). Such responses may be attributed to low-threshold potassium currents (Connor and Stevens 1971). A ramp coefficient was estimated at the RMP and was found to be larger in rat NGF cells than in monkey (Fig. 3D). This depolarizing ramp was previously described as a distinctive feature of NGF cells in immature rats (Kawaguchi 1995).
In striking contrast, monkey NGF cells did not generate a ramp in response to the depolarizing current steps. Moreover, when the cells were held at a more hyperpolarized membrane potential (close to −80 mV), they showed a hump-like upward voltage deflection at the beginning of the responses to current injection (Fig. 3C).
Firing properties of NGF cells in adult monkey and rat
Single spikes of monkey and rat NGF cells were similar in a number of parameters, including spike amplitude, spike duration, spike rise and decay time, and the shape of the AHP (Table 2, Fig. 4A). However, differences in AHP amplitude, spike threshold, and first-spike latency were observed. In monkey NGF cells, AHPs after single spikes had larger amplitudes than those in rat but similar form (Fig. 4A). In both species, AHP had a complex shape and could be divided into two components—an early, fast AHP and a delayed, medium-duration AHP (Fig. 4B). The differences in AHP amplitude were due to the differences in the fast component (monkey: 12 ± 3 mV, rat: 17 ± 3 mV; P < 0.05) but not in the medium-duration component (monkey: 7.4 ± 4.1 mV, rat: 7.6 ± 3.2 mV; P > 0.1). Action potential threshold was considerably lower in NGF cells from monkey than from rat PFC (Fig. 4C, Table 2); this could be associated with the higher input resistance in monkey NGF cells (Prescott et al. 2006; Segev and London 1999) as well as with the other mechanisms, and, again, could be indicative of greater excitability of monkey NGF cells as compared with rat.
All NGF cells from rat PFC demonstrated the characteristic delayed firing pattern (Table 2, Fig. 4, D and E). This delay of the first spike progressively shortened with subsequently stronger current stimulation. Based on this observation, rat NGF cells have been previously defined as late-spiking interneurons (Chu et al. 2003; Kawaguchi 1995). In contrast, at a near-threshold level of stimulation current, monkey NGF cells fired with a significantly shorter first-spike latency than those in rat (Table 2, Fig. 4, D and E). In addition, the first-spike latency in rat NGF cells was dependent on the membrane potential as demonstrated by manipulations of the resting membrane potential. The first-spike latency was longer at more hyperpolarized membrane potentials and progressively shortened at more depolarized membrane potentials (286 ± 139 and 194 ± 131 ms, P < 0.05, t-test paired comparison, n = 9). Similar observations were made in NGF cells from immature rats (Kawaguchi 1995). In contrast, monkey NGF cells failed to increase delay of their first action potential when they were current-clamped at membrane potentials close to −80 mV (Fig. 4D). The estimated latency of the first spikes evoked at the more hyperpolarized level was 57 ± 23 ms, which was basically indistinguishable from the first-spike latency at the RMP (72 ± 33 ms, P > 0.10, t-test paired comparison, n = 5).
Representative examples of the firing pattern in monkey and rat NGF cells are shown on the Fig. 5A. In both species, the temporal pattern of firing was characterized by an early adaptation of spike frequency—a considerable increase in duration from the first to the second interspike interval. Although the increase in duration between the first and the second interspike intervals was small with near threshold stimulation currents, it progressively increased with stronger currents (Fig. 5, A and B). In addition, in both monkey and rat NGF cells, the AR progressively decreased with the increase in stimulation current (Fig. 5C). When average AR was plotted against stimulation current intensity, a significant negative relationship was revealed (slope of −4.7 for rat and −4.6 for monkey).
Although the temporal structure of firing pattern was similar in monkey and rat NGF cells, monkey cells showed more prominent spike-frequency adaptation. The AR was smaller in monkey than in rat for all current intensities (Fig. 5C). In addition, in rat NGF cells, the first interspike interval was considerably shorter than the remaining interspike intervals, which in turn were of relatively constant duration in the same sweep. Whereas rat NGF cells showed almost no adaptation from the second to the last interspike interval, monkey NGF cells continued to adapt: the ratio of the second interspike intervals to the last interspike intervals (at the level 2 times threshold) was close to 1 in rat and considerably smaller in monkey [0.92 ± 0.17 (n = 19) and 0.68 ± 0.18 (n = 21), respectively, P < 0.001]. It was shown before that Ca2+-dependent slow K+ currents may be responsible for spike-frequency adaptation in different types of neurons (Lopez de Armentia and Sah 2004; Sah 1996), and the AHP that follows a train of action potentials, slow AHP, could be the best indicator of their activity. Indeed, the slow AHP (measured at 300 ms after the end of the voltage step) was larger in monkey than in rat NGF cells [1.92 ± 0.76 (n = 12) and 0.64 ± 0.39 (n = 10), P < 0.001; Fig. 5D].
To further compare the excitability of monkey and rat NGF cells, we measured evoked firing frequency in these cells. Because NGF cells showed spike-frequency adaptation, both onset and steady-state frequencies were compared between monkey and rat NGF cells. The onset and steady-state frequency at two times threshold was higher in monkey NGF cells than in rat (Table 2). We also found a significantly steeper slope in the frequency/current plot from monkey NGF cells than from rat [onset frequency: 1.3 ± 0.12 Hz/pA (n = 17) and 0.3 ± 0.03 Hz/pA (n = 19), P < 0.001; steady-state: 0.24 ± 0.16 Hz/pA and 0.1 ± 0.04 Hz/pA, respectively, P < 0.001, Fig. 5, E and F]. The difference in onset frequency was more prominent than the difference in steady-state frequency between the two species. Accordingly, NGF cells in monkey generated more spikes than rat at firing threshold [3.1 ± 1.5 (n = 30) and 2.0 ± 1.0 (n = 19), P < 0.01].
Firing properties of NGF cells in juvenile rats
Matching different mammalian species by a certain phase of their brain development is a challenging task (Clancy et al. 2001). Membrane properties of neurons have been shown to undergo changes through the time span of postnatal development in rat neocortex and seem to achieve a mature state by the third to fourth postnatal week in rat (Zhou and Hablitz 1996; Zhu 2000). To address the stability in membrane properties of NGF cells from the maturation point until postadolescence, we also analyzed NGF cells from younger rats (P19–P28, n = 9). We found that almost all sub- and suprathreshold properties of NGF cells in younger animals were similar to those found in adults. Importantly, NGF cells from juvenile rats displayed the late-firing pattern with just suprathreshold stimulation currents (Fig. 6A) and had firing threshold indistinguishable from the adults.
NGF cells from juvenile rats tended to have less adaptation of firing than those in adult rats (Fig. 6, A–C) although the difference did not reach the level of significance. Two of nine juvenile NGF cells demonstrated acceleration of firing frequency from onset to the end of the spike train in response to near-threshold stimulation currents. Notably, as in adult rats, the AR in juvenile rats decreased with increase of stimulation current (mean slope of −3.1 ± 2.2), which seems to be a characteristic feature of NGF cells from different species.
The results of this study revealed important differences between monkey and rat PFC in the intrinsic physiological characteristics of NGF cells. In contrast to rat, the first spike in monkey NGF cells was not delayed, challenging the physiological definition of NGF cells as late-spiking cells. Furthermore, NGF cells in monkey were more excitable than in rat because they demonstrated lower spike threshold, higher input resistance, and firing frequency. Finally, monkey NGF cells showed more prominent spike-frequency adaptation than those in rat. In contrast, morphological characteristics of NGF cells were qualitatively similar between the species, and the differences were only appreciated using quantitative measures. Our findings suggest that interspecies differences can be detected at the level of intrinsic cellular properties.
Morphological analysis of monkey and rat NGF cells
All cells included in the analysis satisfied the morphological criteria defined for the "NGF" phenotype. In particular, NGF cells had a relatively large number of dendrites—on average eight, which corresponds to the data reviewed by Jones (1984) but is greater than reported previously in layer 1 of immature rat neocortex (Hestrin and Armstrong 1996). Although the morphology of NGF cells was qualitatively similar between monkey and rat, morphometric analysis revealed several differences including a more compact distribution of processes, less prominent branching, larger soma, and larger number of primary dendrites in monkey than in rat NGF cells. Average horizontal span of axons was smaller in monkey than in rat NGF cells, although in our study the values in monkey were somewhat larger than those previously reported in Golgi-based data from monkey PFC (Lund and Lewis 1993). The width of the axonal field is critical for circuitry organization because it defines a potential spread of inhibition in the cortex provided by an interneuron.
Membrane properties of NGF cells
Several physiological membrane properties of NGF cells, including spike amplitude, spike duration, and low steady-state firing rate, were preserved across the species. However, many of the important physiological properties differed between monkey and rat NGF cells. First, in striking contrast to rat, monkey NGF cells did not show late-spiking firing with the near-threshold stimulation currents. Voltage dependence of the first-spike latency in rat NGF cells demonstrated in this study suggests the contribution of the low-threshold outward K+ currents to their electrical activity (Banks et al. 1996; Connor and Stevens 1971; Yang et al. 1996). Delayed spike firing can be critical to the role of NGF cells in microcircuit function. It is shown that the cells that respond with a delayed first spike to depolarizing current steps may respond with a similar delay to synaptic stimulation (Beggs et al. 2000). Thus in rat PFC, sustained inputs might be significantly more efficient than transient inputs to elicit NGF cell firing, whereas sustained and transient synaptic inputs might be similarly effective to recruit NGF cells from monkey PFC. Delay in firing can as well affect transition from the "down" states to the "up" states (Sanchez-Vives and McCormick 2000) because currents that underlie this delay can limit the subthreshold depolarization associated with the onset of the "up" state (Gabel and Nissenbaum 1998).
Also, in this study monkey NGF cells appeared to be more excitable than those in rat because they displayed higher input resistance, lower spike threshold, and higher firing frequency. Cells that show a higher responsiveness to excitatory stimuli were shown to be more effective in mediating synaptic plasticity because higher excitability can facilitate activation of neurons by fewer glutamate inputs (Schmidt-Hieber et al. 2004).
Finally, we found that rat NGF cells show less pronounced spike-frequency adaptation than those in monkey. According to the previous studies from young rats, NGF cells demonstrate a nonadapting firing pattern with low current intensities and slightly adapting with the increase of stimulation current (Kawaguchi 1995; Simon et al. 2005). This difference in adaptation could be a developmental phenomenon because we found that NGF cells from juvenile rats tended to have less adaptation than those from adult animals. Some juvenile NGF cells demonstrated acceleration of firing frequency, the phenomenon shown previously by Simon et al. (2005).
Although heterogeneity of NGF cells was beyond the scope of this study, more than one class of NGF cells might exist in the cortex. Thus the cluster analysis of monkey interneurons demonstrated that the group of NGF cells included two physiological clusters (Krimer et al. 2005). Neurochemical and associated topographic heterogeneity of NGF cells have been reported in human motor cortex (Kalinichenko et al. 2006). According to Hestrin and Armstrong (1996), NGF cells from neocortical layer I possess physiological features not found in NGF cells from the other cortical layers described elsewhere. In addition, different subpopulations of NGF cells in terms of intrinsic properties and short-term dynamics were found by Price et al. (2005) and Zsiros and Maccaferri (2005) in the hippocampus of immature rats.
NGF cells in the PFC circuitry
NGF cells in rat were described to have delayed first spike and thus were defined physiologically as late-spiking interneurons (Chu et al. 2003; Kawaguchi 1995). Because monkey NGF cells do not demonstrate delayed first spike, the existing physiological definition cannot be applied to them. Several properties of the NGF cells, however, are shared between monkey and rat PFC, among them are a relatively slow steady-state firing rate and an increasing spike-frequency adaptation with increase in stimulation current (progressively increasing adaptation) (Kawaguchi 1995; Krimer et al. 2005). Thus one of the physiological definitions of NGF cells could be slow-firing interneurons or progressively adapting. However, application of these characteristics as defining features of NGF cells is also difficult. For example, an increase in adaptation, although clearly present in adult monkey NGF cells, is more difficult to appreciate in NGF cells from juvenile rats, which basically lack adaptation. Thus perhaps only a combination of properties can accurately describe specific physiological type of interneurons (Markram et al. 2004; Yuste 2005).
Distinct cellular properties of one of the interneuronal classes between monkey and rat might further elucidate the nature of the functional differences between primate and rodent PFC (Brown and Bowman 2002; Preuss 1995; Uylings et al. 2003). Our findings indicating that the canonical cortical circuit differs in at least some aspects of its constituent elements across species, suggest the need for caution in extrapolating data from rodents to primates, and, ultimately, to humans. This approach is critical for the studies aiming to understand pathophysiological mechanisms of mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, associated with dysfunction of interneurons in the PFC (Lewis et al. 2005).
This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH-067963 to L. S. Krimer and MH-051234 to D. A. Lewis.
The authors thank Dr. Takanori Hashimoto for helpful comments on the manuscript, and Mr. James Kosakowski for his excellent technical assistance.
Present address of S. Kröner: Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., 403 BSB, Charleston, SC 29425.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2007 by the American Physiological Society


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How can I copy text from a doc and then paste it into my html email?
Hi jaredycahill,
You should be able to use keyboard shortcuts. It's CTRL+V to paste (in Windows) and CTRL+C to copy. If you're having problems with that, though, please let us know.
D. Potter you are my HERO! The right click on my pad didn't work, but the CTRL+V did.
My Hero,
How do I change a template?
Ha, glad I could help and be a hero!
With a template change, the answer is it depends :). If it was built via the template builder you'll want to go to the Templates tab and when you mouse over the name a gear will pop up, Click update.
If it's an imported template then in that same menu click export. You'll want to make your changes locally in an HTML editor and then back on the templates tab choose update and import your updated files.
From Australia to Zimbabwe, and everywhere in between, companies count on Campaign Monitor for email campaigns that boost the bottom line.Get started for free


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The term yard sale is taking on a brand new meaning on a much larger scale.
Muskingum County is taking part in the National Road yard sale tomorrow. Local businesses and families will be selling antiques, crafts, and much more.
"This is the fifth annual National Road yard sale and it does take place from St. Louis, Missouri all the way to Baltimore, Maryland, so it's a huge hard sale that's been going on for several days and we will celebrate all day tomorrow, saturday, here in Muskingum County with furniture for sale, glassware, antiques, lots of bargains located along the National Road," says Kelly Ashby, Vice President of the Zanesville Muskingum County Chamber of Commerce.
The yard sale takes on 227 miles in Ohio and gives people a chance to check out the attractions on the National Road.
"It's a federally-funded highway. Would go through many many main streets and we happen to be one of those main streets," says Ashby.
For more information you can go to www.visitzanesville.com.


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Step by Step Guide to SharePoint External Sharing
FACT: SharePoint External Sharing is one of the most complicated features in SharePoint. For both end users and administrators. Sure, you can easily share externally from your personal OneDrive or DropBox account, but with SharePoint we are dealing with files, folders and content that is not just yours. They belong to the organization and they reside in a common team site that… keep reading >
Most Popular Tags
Learn how to come up, create and set up metadata as well as company-wide taxonomy
Best Practices
A mix of best practices related to implementation and configuration of SharePoint
Everything related to security and permissions of SharePoint
User Adoption
Tips and tricks to improve SharePoint and Office 365 user adoption
Need SharePoint Help?
Hourly consulting, training and configuration services are availableLearn More


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Contact Info / Websites
- el9chupacabra413
All 1 movie Review
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Mixed feelings
The idea was really good, but you gave me mixed feelings. The beginning had a really serious feel to it, then you managed to mix it, but not completely. You went to places that weren't expected, which is great! I say you got an original style, just work on it a little more :)


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From the merchant: Over 20+ in business specializing in fine articles such as : wedding gowns, leather, suede, fur etc.
Discover top restaurants, spas, things to do & more
Check back every day for new deals near you
Buying is fast, easy, and secure
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Classic sports cap made from high gloss nylon, reminiscent of classic military nylon fabrics, finished with a nylon adjuster strap and 'Norse Projects' embroidered at back.
-100% Nylon
-Made in USA
-Regular fit
Danish orders are shipped with Post Danmark, international orders with Fedex. All packages are fully insured. Delivery time to all EU countries is 2-3 working days. To the rest of the world, delivery time is 2-5 working days. All packages are insured and have a tracking number so the package can be traced. An email containing the tracking number will be sent to you upon shipping of the order.


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Welcome to the Shasta Teachings which form the bridge of Love connecting all Beings of Life and Light through the powerful energies of the Crystal & Mineral Kingdom.
The Shasta Teachings guide you on a journey of Spiritual Enlightenment and Healing, sharing the library of information and ancient wisdom of the Crystals thus empowering you to raise your conscious awareness. It is the essence of your Soul to BE in a state of Love in the Light. Crystals are like mirrors, reflecting back to you what you are needing to work on in order to achieve this state ("Alstar/Shasta").
Crystals are the limitless record keepers of Universal Truth and Love and assist us in our Soul journey and our understanding of the interconnectivity between all life forms (animal, plant, human…."Alstar/Shasta").
Allow the Shasta Teachings to develop your confidence in living consciously in your Soul-like presence, integrating crystal energy with the higher knowledge of the various life forms in Light ("Alstar/Shasta").


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Alanis Morissette Responds to Ex-Manager's ApologyIn his letter, Schwartz wrote: "At first, I 'borrowed' a little from clients, with the hopes that I would pay them back if I won that night's bet.
Alanis Morissette's Manager Admits to Stealing Nearly $5 MillionSchwartz admitted to stealing nearly $5 million from Morissette between May 2010 and January 2014.
Justin Timberlake Joins Jimmy Fallon at Camp in 'Tonight Show' SkitIn a room surrounded by childhood games of the '90s like Guess Who? and Battleship, the two friends decide to sing a song they heard on the radio earlier that day -- "Ironic" by Alanis Morissette.
Alanis Morissette Gives Birth To Baby GirlSee the adorable photo she posted on Instagram!
Alanis Morissette Shares Naked Underwater Pregnant PhotoAlanis Morissette has documented her pregnancy with an amazing photo of her submerged in a pool nude and floating weightlessly.
Alanis Morissette Sues Ex-Business Manager for $15 MillionAlanis Morissette has filed papers claiming her former manager transferred millions of dollars to his own accounts without her permission.
Alanis Morissette Updates 'Ironic' Lyrics For The Modern DayCheck out the hilarious video!
Listen to Alanis Morissette's Demo for 'Closer Than You Might Believe'"This song was about my lamenting the fact that i was relegated to the 'friend zone' with someone i cared deeply about in a romantic way."
Alanis Morissette Shares Unreleased Track From 'Jagged Little Pill'The track is called "Superstar Wonderful Weirdos."
Lionel Richie Signs On As Musical Adviser For 'The Voice'


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February 14, 2013 BY Brendan Dunne
The new 'Split' group of Nike Roshe Run releases brings in a little bit of color flip for the inside of the sneakers as well as the outside. The Nike Solarsoft padding that provides the cushioning is actually made to match with the accenting color of the sneakers, wherein the typical releases for the silhouette have just gone the Volt route. Continue reading to get a preview of the anthracite and crystal mint pair that's coming soon and let us know which Nike Roshe Run you've seen so far is your favorite. And if you like what you see, grab a pair right now from the team at Caliroots.
Nike Roshe Run
Anthracite/Crystal Mint
Filed under: Nike Roshe Running Upcoming Sneakers
Tags: Nike Roshe Run


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Affordable Condo Program (CPAN)
In 2002, the Chicago Department of Housing launched a program referred to as CPAN (Chicago Partnership for Affordable Neighborhoods). It assists moderate income residents in purchasing market-rate condos.
In 2003, approximately 50 Uptown condos were made available through this program. There are several Uptown condo developments underway which will provide additional units in 2004. The 2003 affordable condo price tag was between $140,000 and $155,000, well-below the area's market price.
To qualify, residents must meet several requirements:
To obtain more information and register for pre-purchase counseling, please contact Brian White, Executive Director of the Lakeside Community Development Council at 773-381-5253.


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Wachau-Nibelungengau-Kremstal rentals, holiday lettings direct from the owners
A good holiday plan to share with family or friends? Destination Wachau-Nibelungengau-Kremstal for holiday letting with IHA, the private letting expert. Enjoy the cheapest accommodation, promotions and last minute in Wachau-Nibelungengau-Kremstal. Book your house, villa, flat and studio letting in Wachau-Nibelungengau-Kremstal direct by owners without fees nor commissions. Take the time of a holiday and enjoy an unforgettable stay in Wachau-Nibelungengau-Kremstal with holiday letting, either short term or seasonal rental. All ads are verified, travel with confidence, your holidays in Wachau-Nibelungengau-Kremstal are here!
Guest House - Bed & Breakfast for rent in a house
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Weinbergblick House in a wine estate. panoramic, unobscured, swimming pool, garden/park view
5 guest roomsGuest House - Bed & Breakfast Rental in Spitz in a house #61198 >Swimming poolParking
Interior facilities
- Veranda
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Traditional accommodation in a wine estate. dominant, country side, garden/park, meadow viewHouse Rental in Krems an der Donau #38357 >Parking
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- Sleeping area
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- Setting : Characteristic
- Village centre at 0.3mi.
- Golf, Festival, Culture
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2 January 1999
There's an ecologist in Massachusetts that Henry Kock loves to quote, named Reed Noss, who maintains that, « Nature is not only more complex than we think, but more complex than we can think.''
It's difficult to warm to this quotation, because the idea that something is impossible to understand runs smack into the human ego. Western civilization has thrived on the belief that the scientific method can master any enigma. And now that we're about to achieve the god-like power to recreate ourselves through cloning, the impossible is an impossible thought.
But not for Kock. He accepts the idea of unfathomable complexity. He is an interpretive horticulturalist at The Arboretum at Guelph University with a close-up view of the web of interconnections that exist within nature. And of how changes can ripple through the web, even altering other ripples.
We haven't come close to identifying all the interconnections, even within one species. And the ripple effects are beyond calculation.
For instance, I mentioned that I had never seen so many cones on the spruce trees near our house. He nodded. "It's the largest seed crop in memory,'' he said. Not only with white spruce, but with sugar maples, red maples, elms, white pines, cedars, beeches, and white oaks.
He collects tree seeds from across Ontario for research at the arboretum. Trees go through cycles in seed production. Over two or three years, they'll build up to a heavy crop, and the following year there'll be none.
His best guess is that it's a survival technique. The trees increase seed production to keep ahead of population growth among seed-eating birds and animals. And then they quit for a year, so that the bird and animal populations will dip, and the cycle can begin anew. In 1984, 1988, 1992, 1993, 1995, and 1998, seed production peaked.
But production in 1998 was enormous. Why? No one knows, because no one can track all the stimuli — temperature shifts, amount of daylight, rainfall patterns, pest concentrations, soil conditions, wind patterns, a hundred and one different interactions, each with its ripple effects. « My personal theory is that it's because the trees are coming under greater and greater stress,'' Kock says.
That, to me, spells climate change, especially since the 1998 phenomenon happened everywhere in the province, and therefore can't be attributed to strictly regional influences.
Does he agree? Instead of answering, Kock gently shifts the conversation.
Scientists, he says, are discovering that trees are producing more pigment in their leaves. They're doing this to protect the chlorophyll they contain from an increase in ultraviolet rays which could damage their ability to convert sunlight into growth. (Ozone depletion, which allows more ultraviolet light to reach the earth, has been a companion development to global warming.)
Since trees can alter their makeup like this without going through genetic change means they've been through this before, says Kock. Their ability to respond, which was probably acquired as the last ice age advanced and then retreated, is stored in their genes.
But will that genetic ability to adapt be sufficient if climate change happens relatively quickly? If it isn't sufficient, will trees be able to migrate quickly enough to survive, seeding farther and farther north as temperatures rise?
Nobody knows for sure, says Kock. The only hope is to protect the old trees, the matriarchs, that have proved they can flourish in their particular location.
The same kind of tree may grow across a wide expanse of Ontario, but every different location — some less than a county in size — will have its own matriarchs, its own genetic type, or genotype as Kock calls them. Their genetic structure will be unique to that spot.
We don't know which genotypes will be best able to adapt to climate change. So, says Kock, we need to protect the matriarchs in every possible location.
His challenge offers the best hope we have of passing on the heritage that has meant so much to us.


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There was a new rumour regarding his next club in today's Manchester Evening News: apparently Owen Coyle might try to take him to Bolton Wanderers. I had initially feared he would go to one of our rivals on a free, but the worse his knee problems get the less likely it is that Everton or Spurs would sign him. That being the case, I am very keen for him to go to the next set of teams - and Bolton, or West Ham, with whom he was also linked - would be perfect.
Monday, 7 June 2010
MEN: Bolton want Petrov
With Jérôme Boateng being given the 17 shirt, we can be fairly sure Martin Petrov will not be extending his contract this summer.
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Sesame seeds are tiny seeds that come in a wide variety of colours. The scientific name of sesame is sesamum indicum. It is commonly added to salads and is used as a topping on burgers and cakes in Asia and Middle east. It is used in traditional medicines for its curative, therapeutic and preventive properties. It is a powerhouse of nutrition and has a plethora of health benefits.
7 Ways Pumpkin Juice Benefits Your Health
Sesame is an excellent source of copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorous, zinc and dietary fibre. Sesame contains two compounds sesamin and sesamolin which lower cholesterol levels. These seeds can also save your liver from oxidative damage.
Sesame offers many health benefits. It can prevent diabetes, cure sleep disorders, detoxify your body, eliminate stress, prevent osteoporosis, reduce inflammation, enhance circulation, reduce stress, cure migraine and fight depression. Now, let us discuss about the health benefits of sesame in detail.
Prevents Diabetes
Magnesium and other nutrients present in sesame prevent diabetes and even improve plasma glucose. Sesame regulates the insulin levels in the body and helps manage the symptoms of diabetes.
Reduces Blood Pressure
According to a study, sesame oil is shown to lower the blood pressure in diabetics because of its high magnesium content. It reduces strain on cardiovascular system and prevents certain heart related issues.
Lowers Cholesterol
The phytosterols present in sesame blocks the cholesterol production and thereby reduces the cholesterol levels. It regulates the glucose and insulin levels in the body.
Aids In Digestion
The high fibre content in sesame also assists in digestion. It even reduces conditions like constipation, diarrhea and gastrointestinal disorders. It protects against heart attacks and strokes.
Boosts Heart Health
The antioxidants and anti inflammatory compounds of sesame (sesamol) prevent atherosclerosis and promote heart health.
Reduces Anxiety
Sesame contains stress relieving minerals like magnesium and calcium. The calming vitamin thymin present in it produces serotonin, reduces pain and promotes good sleep.
Prevents Wrinkles
Sesame seed oil protects your skin from the UV rays from the sun and prevents the appearance of wrinkles and pigmentation.
Prevents Osteoporosis
The calcium, zinc and phosphorous present in sesame boosts bone density and prevents osteoporosis. Sesame strengthens and repairs injured bones.
Alleviates Anemia
Since sesame is rich in iron, it increases the blood count and is highly recommended for those who are anemic.
Respiratory Health
The magnesium content in sesame seeds helps prevent respiratory disorders and also reduces the risk of asthma.
Relieves Arthritis
The high copper content of sesame prevents and relieves arthritis. It even strengthens your joints and bones.


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Before Adverb Synonyms: previously, earlier, already, beforehand, formerly, in the past, once
Before Conjunction Synonyms: previous to or preceding the time when
Before Preposition Synonyms: ahead of, in advance of, in front of, forward of
Income Adjective Synonyms: return, revenue(s), receipts, proceeds, profit(s), gain(s), takings
Net Noun Synonyms: network, netting, mesh, mesh-work, web, webbing, openwork, lattice, lattice-work, trellis, trellis-work, lace-work, reticulum, reticle, rete, plexus, grid, grid-work, grille, grate, grating, fretwork, sieve, screen, strainer, sifter
Net Adjective Synonyms: make, realize, clear, take home, bring in, earn, pocket, take in, get
Net Verb Synonyms: catch, capture, trap, entrap, snare, ensnare, bag
Business / Finance / Before-Tax Profit Margin: The ratio of net income before taxes to net sales. MORE
Business / Finance / Net Period: The period of time between the end of the discount period and the date payment is due. MORE
Entertainment / Tennis / Net Point: A point won or lost on approaching the net, as opposed to a point won or lost by a stroke from the baseline MORE
Business / Agriculture / Net Pen Culture: A type of aquaculture where fish remain captive throughout their lives in marine pens built from nets, used by the salmon industry. MORE
Business / Finance / Net Parity: Antithesis of gross parity. MORE
Business / Finance / Net Operating Margin: The ratio of net operating income to net sales. MORE


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Ready To Put Some Rhythm Into Your Life? Level 1 & 2 Tap Dancing Classes Start July 18! Tap dancing is a highly rhythmic dance and is recommended for all dancers who wish to improve their rhythm and footwork ability. Tap dancing … Continue reading
Smooth Hustle on Tuesdays @ 8:30 pm Don't miss our Hustle class on Tuesdays starting at 8:30 pm. What is the Hustle? In the early 1970's a new partner dance called the "Hustle" became popular on the crowded dance floors of … Continue reading
I would like to congratulate all our ballroom dancing students on a job well done at this years Emerald Ball, the largest ballroom dance competition in Southern California. You made us proud! By Your Side Dance Studio had 75 ballroom … Continue reading
The most popular ballroom dance competition in Southern California, The Emerald Ball, is being held April 28th – May 3rd at the LAX Hilton. This year we will have many By Your Side ballroom dancers competing in the ballroom dance … Continue reading
Have you ever arrived at a ballroom dance event, excited to try out your new ballroom dance moves and once you get on the dance floor – Doh! – your mind blanks out and you can't remember those fancy dance … Continue reading
A big congratulations to our ballroom dance students who recently performed at the California Open Dancesport Championships, one of the most popular ballroom dance competitions in California. Our ballroom student Brooke Dunn started off with a first place in a … Continue reading
Taking ballroom dancing lessons allows you to improve your coordination, get a great dance workout, and most importantly have fun. But, if there are no set goals for a ballroom dance lesson, your dance lessons can quickly become dull and … Continue reading
For this Ballroom Dancing Tip we cover the Aspects of Connection in Swing Closed Position: Connection in Swing Closed Position differs from Rhythm and Latin Closed Position in the following ways: Keep Joined Hands Low: There is a tendency for students … Continue reading
With many of our ballroom dance students competing or preparing to compete this year, as well as those on the fence about it, I thought I'd post this information. Why Compete In A Ballroom Dance Competition? Going to a ballroom … Continue reading
There is something mysteriously attractive, fascinating and seductive about the Latin sounds of Salsa music. There is just something about Salsa that makes you just want to get up and dance! But first you need to know how to salsa … Continue reading


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Malayalam TV Serial actress arrested in sex scandal / Sex racket case
Description:Malayalam TV Serial actress arrested in sex scandal and for running Sex racket case - Asianet News Report
Category:News & Events
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Joseph george marks
- 33 years old
- Date of birth: Aug 18, 1978
- Date of passing: Jul 1, 2012
|Let the memory of Joseph be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Joseph marks, 33, born on August 18, 1978 and passed away on July 1, 2012. We will remember him forever.
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"May ur spirit always be with us Joe as long as I'm alive ur spirit will live on threw me!"
"Rest easy my friend"
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Wellness Delivered
What is your delivery range?
We will do office fresh fruit delivery to any location in the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex.
How often can I have fruit delivered?
You can schedule as frequently - or infrequently - as you like. Most customers schedule a weekly delivery. However, larger offices schedule several deliveries throughout the week, while smaller offices may do a bi-weekly delivery. You can even do one-time orders if that's what suits your needs!
Can I customize our order?
Absolutely! If you want more of one fruit and less of another, simply put that information in the "Notes" field when you make your delivery, or contact us.
What do I do with the empty basket?
We recycle our fruit baskets, so please save the empties and we will pick them up at your next delivery.
Can you split our order over several floors, or offices?
Absolutely! Just let us know how you would like the order to be split over the floors in the "Notes" field and we will make every effort to fulfill your request.
Is your fruit guaranteed?
All our fruit is hand-selected and guaranteed to be free of spoilage upon delivery. We offer a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. If, for any reason, you are dissatisfied, we will be happy to offer you either a replacement or full refund.
Do you sell fruit by the case?
Yes, we do offer select fruits by the case for larger offices and special events. Contact us for additional information.
Can I order over the phone?
Of course! Just give us a call at 972.295.9091 and we'll be happy to take care of you.
What time will my delivery arrive?
We deliver between 7:00am – 4:30pm. If you need special arrangements we will do our best to accommodate your request.
Is there a delivery fee?
We charge a nominal fee of $5 for each delivery, regardless of order size. Order as much as you like - the delivery fee will remain the same!
Is there a contract?
There are no contracts! If you have a scheduled delivery and need to cancel, please give us 48 hours notice prior to your next order.
When will we be invoiced?
ORCHARD At The OFFICE offers several payment options. It is recommended that weekly deliveries are handled with credit card payment, but we can also invoice your company on a weekly or monthly basis.


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The Texas Longhorns (20-13) are in the Big Dance once again. For the 14th straight season, Texas has earned a bid to the NCAA tournament. The Longhorns are in the East Region as a No. 11 seed. They open the tournament on Friday against No. 6 seed Cincinnati (24-10).
The East Region features No. 1 seed Syracuse, No. 2 Ohio State and No. 3 Florida State. Texas
Texas is one of just six teams to make the tournament in each of the last 14 seasons. This will also be the Longhorns' 30th overall trip.
For more, here's the official bracket.
Or take on your friends and the nation with Tournament Challenge.


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