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Buggy Creek virus (BCRV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) is an arbovirus transmitted by the ectoparasitic swallow bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Oeciacus vicarius) to cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). BCRV occurs in two lineages (A and B) that are sympatric in bird nesting colonies in the central Great Plains, USA. Previous work on lineages isolated exclusively from swallow bugs suggested that lineage A relies on amplification by avian hosts, in contrast to lineage B, which is maintained mostly among bugs. We report the first data on the BCRV lineages isolated from vertebrate hosts under natural conditions. Lineage A was overrepresented among isolates from nestling house sparrows, relative to the proportions of the two lineages found in unfed bug vectors at the same site at the start of the summer transmission season. Haplotype diversity of each lineage was higher in bugs than in sparrows, indicating reduced genetic diversity of virus amplified in the vertebrate host. BCRV appears to have diverged into two lineages based on different modes of transmission.
Buggy Creek virus (BCRV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) is an ecologically unusual arbovirus transmitted by the ectoparasitic swallow bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Oeciacus vicarius) to the bug's principal avian host, the cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). The virus is also transmitted to the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), an invasive exotic species of European origin that sometimes usurps the swallows' mud nests [1–6]. BCRV and its variant Fort Morgan virus [7, 8] occur locally at swallow colonies across the western Great Plains of North America [9], and a similar virus was recently isolated from California [10]. BCRV exists as two distinct lineages (A and B) that are about 6% divergent at the nucleotide level [11]. Lineage A appears to be more southerly and lineage B more northerly, with both occurring sympatrically in Nebraska and Colorado [9, 11].
BCRV is frequently isolated from swallow bugs [4–6, 12]. Differences between bugs infected with the two lineages at our Nebraska study site suggest that the lineages have diverged ecologically in their transmission strategies [13]. Lineage A tends to occur at more recently established colonies, at sites with more house sparrows, and in bugs more likely to disperse on birds, than lineage B. Unlike in lineage B, the haplotype diversity of lineage A increases in larger bird colonies, and lineage A peaks in seasonal occurrence when nestling birds are most numerous [13]. Lineage A strains isolated from bugs are more cytopathic on mammalian cells than viruses of lineage B, and lineage A is more likely to persist through the winter in bugs at sites containing resident house sparrows [13, 14]. These differences between the lineages suggest that BCRV lineage A has evolved into a bird-associated virus that is relatively dependent on avian hosts for amplification in a conventional arbovirus transmission cycle, whereas lineage B is a bug-adapted strain that is transmitted mostly among bugs, perhaps through vertical transmission [15]. This ecological divergence may derive from the recent arrival of house sparrows at cliff swallow colonies [13].
Despite considerable information on the ecology of the BCRV lineages in bugs, little is known about how the different lineages infect avian hosts. Work that did not characterize isolates to lineage showed that house sparrows in general amplify BCRV more effectively than do cliff swallows, with nestling sparrows exhibiting higher infection prevalence and higher maximum virus titers than swallows [16]. Based on the previous bug studies [13, 14], we predicted that BCRV lineage A should be more likely than lineage B to (1) infect vertebrate hosts such as house sparrows and (2) replicate in those infected. To test this hypothesis, we sampled nestling house sparrows for BCRV isolates and determined whether the distribution of BCRV lineages A and B in the birds differed from that in bugs at the same location at the beginning of the summer transmission season. We also measured and compared viral genetic diversity of the lineages by host type (bird or bug).
Our study site was a concrete culvert (41°34.106′N, 102°46.576′W) underneath U. S. Highway 26 east of Broadwater, Morrill County, western Nebraska. Cliff swallows attached their mud nests inside the culvert on the walls just below the ceiling. In the summer of 2006, 195 cliff swallow nests and an undetermined number of house sparrow nests were active at this site. On 11 February and 11 April, 2007, we sampled the overwintering swallow bugs there for BCRV [14]. We collected 4–5 old nests or nest fragments on each occasion. Cliff swallows had not yet arrived in the study area from their South American wintering areas on those dates. House sparrows roost in old swallow nests during the winter, and some sparrows were seen at the colony site on 11 April; however, none of the bugs collected had recently fed (known by the absence of a dark blood spot visible in the abdomen). We sifted through the nest fragments by hand, sorted the bugs into pools of 100 while alive, and froze them at −70°C until virus screening. This particular colony site was unusual and selected for this study because it had roughly equal proportions of the two BCRV lineages in mid to late winter. At most bird colony sites, lineage A predominates in winter and early-spring bug samples [14], making field study of potential differences in transmission difficult.
In the summer of 2007, 35 cliff swallow nests and 20 house sparrow nests were active in the culvert. From 28 May to 29 July 2007, we sampled nestling house sparrows (≥4 days old) for virus by removing birds of known age (determined by marking nests and monitoring hatching dates) and taking 0.1 mL of blood by jugular venipuncture. Birds were banded with USGS bands and returned to their nests. Blood was placed in 0.4 mL of BA-1 diluent [12], stored on wet ice in the field, and clarified by centrifugation, and the supernatant was stored at −70°C until analysis. Because of age-related changes in viremia titers for nestlings [16], in analyzing titers, we used only samples taken from nestlings 10 days old or older, which is the age at which titer levels of recently infected birds tend to stabilize. Titers were measured for birds that had become infected within the previous 4 days, these individuals having tested negative for BCRV at earlier ages.
Processing of swallow bug pools was done as described by Moore et al. [12]. For bird samples, viral RNA was extracted from sera by first adding 25 µL of thawed sera in BA-1 diluent to 100 µL of a guanidine-thiocyanate-based lysis buffer [17]. RNA was extracted using a QIAmp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. For screening samples to detect virus, RT-PCR was performed on bird and bug samples using a OneStep RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen) with BCRV-specific primers that yielded a 208-bp fragment from the E2 region of the viral genome [12].
Samples that were initially BCRV-positive by RT-PCR were subjected to plaque assay on Vero cells, as described by Huyvaert et al. [18]. Plaques were scored on day 3 after Vero cell infection. Viremia titers were determined for bird sera by serial dilution. Samples that did not show a cytopathic effect on Vero cells were subjected to re-extraction and repeat RT-PCR to confirm the presence of viral RNA in the sample.
Lineages of all BCRV isolates from bugs and house sparrows were determined by constructing a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree based on sequences of the first 333 bp from the E2 glycoprotein-coding gene, using the maximum composite likelihood method in MEGA [19]. Nodal supports were estimated with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Previously defined sequences characterized to lineage were used as reference [6, 13, 14]. Lineages could be unambiguously assigned based on the 333-bp region; 23 nucleotide sites within this alignment were unique to lineages A and B (Table 1). Further details on determining lineages are provided in Brown et al. [6, 13]. Sequences used in this study are available in GenBank (accession numbers GU597973–GU598046).
For genetic diversity estimates, we used only E2 sequences with 696 bp and excluded six sequences with shorter fragments. Haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities for each lineage from bugs and sparrows were estimated using ARLEQUIN [20]. The same program was used to estimate the number of transitions (Ts) and transversions (Tv) for each data set. The ratio of nonsynonymous (dn) to silent substitutions (ds) (dn/ds = ω) was estimated using DATAMONKEY [21]. The maximum-likelihood-based codon substitution models in the codeml of PAML [22] and the random effects likelihood (REL) approach in DATAMONKEY [21] were used to determine whether any specific codons in either bugs or birds were under positive selection. The best-fitting nucleotide substitution model for each data set was determined with the Akaike information criterion as implemented in MODEL-TEST [23], and this model was used to reconstruct the input tree for PAML with PhyML [24].
BCRV was isolated from 37 pools of bugs collected in February and April 2007 (Table 2). The ratio of lineage A to B did not differ significantly from a 50:50 ratio among the unfed bugs collected in winter (binomial test, P = 0.97). We isolated BCRV from sera of 27 nestling house sparrows from 13 different nests at this site in summer 2007 (Table 2). The percentage distributions of the two lineages in birds versus bugs were significantly different (, P = 0.008), with disproportionately more lineage A isolates in nestling house sparrows than in unfed bugs at the same site (Table 2). There was a larger percentage of lineage B than lineage A isolates from sparrows that did not exhibit plaque formation on Vero cells (having been detected only by RT-PCR; Table 2), but this difference was not quite statistically significant (, P = 0.088). The mean titer for the lineage A isolates was higher than that for the lineage B isolates (Table 2), but this difference was not significant (Wilcoxon test, Z = −0.57, P = 0.58).
These results are consistent with BCRV lineage A being more associated with birds than is lineage B. Despite both lineages being present in equal amounts (and if anything, with slightly less lineage A) in swallow bugs at the start of the virus transmission season, lineage A was apparently transmitted to house sparrows at a ~3:1 ratio and to a significantly greater extent than would be expected based on its relative abundance in bugs (Table 2). This supported our first prediction that lineage A should preferentially infect vertebrate hosts. A greater percentage of the lineage B isolates taken from sparrows were non-cytopathic on Vero cells than were lineage A isolates, and lineage B isolates did not produce as high an average titer in nestlings, although these differences were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the trend in each case supported the prediction that lineage A should show greater replication in vertebrate hosts than lineage B. The possibility that lineage B was equally transmitted to nestling sparrows but caused high mortality prior to day 4, when we first screened these birds for virus, seems unlikely, given the fact that we rarely found nestlings less than 4 days old dead in nests.
If one BCRV lineage is preferentially transmitted to and amplified in house sparrows, genetic diversity of BCRV in the vertebrate host should be less than in the bug vectors (in which both lineages occurred equally). This was supported by haplotype diversity (h) measures for both lineages: in each case, h was higher in bugs than in birds (Table 2). These differences were significant (P < 0.05) based on the non-overlapping confidence intervals (Table 2). This was particularly apparent for lineage B, in which only one haplotype was found among the seven infected house sparrows. Diversity at the nucleotide level (π), however, did not differ significantly between bugs and birds for the two lineages (Table 2). The higher apparent genetic diversity of BCRV in bugs versus house sparrows probably cannot be attributed to multiple infected bugs within single pools [25], because the infection rate for bugs at this colony site, calculated according to Biggerstaff [26], was only 2.93/1,000 bugs (CI 2.04–4.10).
The numbers of transitions and transversions were broadly similar in bugs and birds (Table 2). Although there were more transitions in bugs, overall, there was no strong evidence for a host-dependent bias in mutation type for BCRV. Non-synonymous variation in mutations (ω) was low in both bugs and sparrows (Table 2) and did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) based on confidence interval overlap. As with other arboviruses [25], the low values suggest strong purifying selection on BCRV, but the higher ω for bugs might indicate slightly relaxed constraints on sequence variation in the vectors relative to avian hosts. While likelihood ratio tests [22] did not suggest evidence for positive selection of any codons, an REL approach [21, 27] indicated that site 218 was positively selected (with posterior probability 0.97) in lineage A only. This site coded for methionine in some bug sequences and threonine in others but was always methionine in the bird sequences. The functional significance of this change, if any, is unknown.
The few studies of genetic diversity of arboviruses in vectors versus their vertebrate hosts in vivo have in some cases reported reduced diversity in vertebrates, as we found for BCRV, and in other cases no differences between vectors and vertebrate hosts [25, 28, 29]. The differential infection and/or replication rates by lineage that we found for BCRV is, to our knowledge, the first such report for an arbovirus under natural conditions. Greater bug-to-bird transmission of lineage A and greater replication of that lineage by vertebrate hosts would presumably select against lineage B in the absence of its ability to persist and replicate in the vectors [13, 14]. BCRV is the only North American arbovirus known to have sympatric lineages that differ so markedly in ecology [13] and apparent transmission strategies. This system provides a unique opportunity for further study of the evolutionary divergence of these lineages under natural conditions.
We thank Allison Johnson and Sara Robinson for field assistance and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscript. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln allowed us to use the facilities of the Cedar Point Biological Station. This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (AI057569) and the National Science Foundation (DEB-0514824).
Charles R. Brown, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
Amy T Moore, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
Valerie A. O'Brien, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
Abinash Padhi, Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Sarah A. Knutie, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
Ginger R. Young, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
Nicholas Komar, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Banks Place Hopes in Reviving Mortgage Market ({{commentsTotal}})
Although the Q2 earnings of Estonia's top banks dipped slightly compared with last year, executives sounded a tone of optimism thanks improving consumption, a healthy business environment, and a long-awaited recovery in the real estate market.
Swedbank Estonia reported Q2 earnings of 42.2 million euros, down by 3.8 million euros from last year. The lower profit was attributed to smaller proceeds from loan interest, but the bank said the low base rate set by the European Central Bank has also revitalized the real estate market, resulting in the first growth in Swedbank's mortgage portfolio since 2008.
SEB earned 18.7 million euros, maintaining last year's Q2 profits.
"Having met with various rating agencies it must be admitted that despite the fact that the situation of the major trading partners has once again worsened, Estonia's business climate is fairly good. So good, in fact, that we haven't had such an active summer for five or six years," said CEO Riho Unt, predicting continued growth in the second half of the year.
Meanwhile, Nordea earned 12 millon euros, down by 1 million euros, while LHV earned 0.4 million euros, recovering from losses in Q2 last year.
On the whole, banks noted that savings deposits, both business and personal, saw a small increase since last year, while borrowing reached five-year highs and the number of defaulting loans diminished. Big business has had it best, while SMEs are still struggling, notably with rising salaries. Property values are also being driven up in certain neighborhoods.

subset: commoncrawl


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
Thread: ZReport
04-30-03, 20:53 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Apr 2003
- Location
- Brazil
- Posts
- 12
Unanswered: ZReport
I do a report and now have 2 problems with the ZReport:
1º) I'm not able to eject the page at the finish. What can I do?
2º) When I ask to print only one its ok, but when I ask to print a sequence of registers my report stay confusied and it prints the first header and all the details in only one page. What's the problem?
PLEASE, does somebody help me???
ThanksRenata Fernanda Andreatti
PRINCIPHIA - Comércio de Informática Ltda.
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Alien Rage on Steam Sept. 24th
City Interactive has developed a new game, Alien Rage, which will hit Steam tomorrow and blow the minds of many Sci-Fi fans. The trailer looks really intense, involving guns, metal, and really great graphics. This first-person shooter game will test your wits while fighting against aliens that are dead set on killing your character.
What can we expect from Alien Rage?
This game has 14 levels with "beastly sized bosses." There are 21 different types of alien enemies to fight, with 8 different bosses. Within the game you have 10 different weapons with two different firing modes, and each one has their own special ability. Being light on your feet will help out maneuvering with aliens attacking you from every direction.
Shooting will remain a skill within Alien Rage, so position your shots precisely and go in for the kill. The graphics are up to date, and you can expect the character movements to mimic real action. Alien Rage will be so intense you might not want to put it down.
Tomorrow is the release on the common PC platform Steam, but you may also purchase the game on Xbox 360 and PS3.
What do you think of this old-school genre shooter? I'm not a big fan of shooters, but I might consider this one in the future.
Source vg247.com


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|12 Dec 2013
windows failed to start mvs91xx.sys missing or corrupt.
This happened after I re-installed drivers for a marvell add in sata 6 card. I booted into another OS and replaced the file in the drivers folder but it did the same. Is there any way I can remedy this situation without doing a repair install?
win7x64 gigabyte x58a-ud5 v1. SSD is samsung evo 840.
|My System Specs
|12 Dec 2013
Microsoft Windows 10 Professional / Windows 7 Professional
Load a previous system restore check point?
|My System Specs
|12 Dec 2013
|My System Specs
|12 Dec 2013
system restore says I have no restore points even though I looked earlier from within windows and there are quite a few
|My System Specs
|13 Dec 2013
solved... booted to win 8 on a different drive and after trying several versions of that missing file with no success one file finally got it to boot by dropping it into windows/system32/drivers
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Hello, I have recently installed windows 7 on my 60 ocz harddrive and had a previous windows folder on my c drive disc drive. I wanted to get rid of all the old files and folders so I ran Dban to nuke the hard drive. Now I cannot access Windows at all.. Boot manager is missing and I cannot...
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windows failed to start application missing or corrupt aspire one d255
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hi, basically I have an Acer Aspire 5738Z notebook it was going a bit slow recentley so I decided to wip it clean and start again, before I even had the chance to think about rebooting it the wholoe thing shutdown and failed to boot. I thought this was my chance to wipe the whole think clean (using...
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Danish young people and exercise. Recommendations:.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
50% of pupils in the class was in bad shape
Unhealthy lifestyle among students
Low concentration in class
Low energy in class
Low learning in school
15% of students in the class was in bad shape
Increased healthy lifestyle among students
Increased concentration in class
Increased learning in class
Better grade average in schoolBefore and after the 8 weeks


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3988 River Road S, Afton, Minnesota
$575,0003 Beds1+ BathsActive
$575,0003 Beds1+ BathsActive
3988 River Road S, Afton, Minnesota 55001 - Apx 170' on the St. Croix River in choice location in Afton! Rare opportunity to have year-round or weekend home with this much ftg at this price! Hurry to see this gem before it gets away. Taxes are seasonal as owners only used as get-away. Charming home w/wide plank pine floors. Newer bath on WO level. Glass doors can shut off great room from dining room. Riverfront parcel has lofted playhouse adjacent to BB court. Electric at clubhouse landing for beach/dock area. A/C unit new in 2016.
Listing Courtesy of Edina Realty, Inc.


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A Horse for Summer Trailer (2015)
"How can you find Faith when you don't believe in yourself?" 06 January 2015 Drama, Family 96 mins
When a family emergency forces a troubled teen to do the wrong thing for the right reason, a community discovers the meaning of forgiveness.
Watch the official A Horse for Summer 2015 trailer in HD below or find more A Horse for Summer videos on Vidimovie.


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Reports presented to the Fourth European Conference of Directors of Criminological Research Institutes (1966).
Council of Europe, 1969 - Social Science - 241 pages
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Is screening right for you? The decision is yours. Some medical experts believe all men should be offered regular screening tests for prostate cancer. Other medical experts do not recommend screening. To help you decide, let's begin with the basics.
The Prostate and Prostate Cancer
What is the prostate? The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that only men have. It is part of the reproductive system that makes the fluid that carries sperm. As you can see in the picture below, the prostate is located in front of the rectum and just below the bladder. The urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body) runs through the center of the prostate. As men age, the prostate tends to increase in size. This can cause the urethra to narrow and decrease urine flow.
What is prostate cancer? Prostate cancer is made up of cells that do not grow normally. The cells divide and create new cells that the body does not need, forming a mass of tissue called a tumor. These abnormal cells sometimes spread to other parts of the body, multiply, and cause death.
What causes prostate cancer? As with many types of cancers, medical experts do not know what causes prostate cancer. They are studying several possible causes.
Can prostate cancer be prevented? Medical experts do not know how to prevent prostate cancer. But they are studying many factors. They do know that not smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, staying physically active, and seeing your doctor regularly contribute to overall good health.
How common is prostate cancer? For the general population, a man in his lifetime has about a
- 16 percent chance (1 in 6) of being diagnosed with prostate cancer.
- 3 percent chance (1 in 33) of dying from prostate cancer.
The older you are, the greater the risk for getting prostate cancer. See the chart below.
Who is at increased risk for prostate cancer? While all men are at risk for prostate cancer, some factors increase risk
- Family history. Men with a father or brother who has had prostate cancer are at greater risk for developing it themselves.
- Race. Prostate cancer is more common in some racial and ethnic groups than in others, but medical experts do not know why. Prostate cancer is more common in African-American men than in white men. It is less common in Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, and Native American men than in white men.
Is prostate cancer serious? Some prostate cancers become a serious threat to health by growing quickly, spreading beyond the prostate gland to other parts of the body, and causing death. Yet other prostate cancers grow slowly and never become a serious threat to health or affect how long a man lives. Doctors can't always be sure what type of cancer is present in your particular case.
Among the leading causes of cancer death in men, prostate cancer is second, behind lung cancer. When compared with all causes of death in men over age 45, prostate cancer ranks fifth.
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer? Many men with prostate cancer often have no symptoms. If symptoms appear, they can include
- blood in the urine;
- the need to urinate frequently, especially at night;
- weak or interrupted urine flow;
- pain or burning feeling while urinating;
- the inability to urinate;
- constant pain in the lower back, pelvis, or upper thighs.
If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor as soon as possible. Keep in mind that these symptoms are also caused by other prostate problems that are not cancer, such as an infection or an enlarged prostate.
Prostate Cancer Screening
What does "screening" mean? Screening means looking for signs of disease in people who have no symptoms. So screening for prostate cancer is looking for early-stage disease when treatment may be more effective. The main screening tools for prostate cancer are the digital rectal examination (DRE) and the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test. The DRE and PSA test cannot tell if you have cancer; they can only suggest the need for further tests.
What is the DRE? The DRE or digital (finger) rectal examination is a quick exam for checking the health of the prostate. For this test, the doctor inserts a gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum. This allows the doctor to feel the back portion of the prostate for size and any irregular or abnormally firm areas.
What is the PSA test? PSA stands for "prostate specific antigen." PSA is a substance produced by cells from the prostate gland and released into the blood. The PSA test measures the PSA level in the blood. A small amount of blood is drawn from the arm.
The doctor checks the blood to see if the PSA level is normal. The doctor may also use this test to check for any increase in your PSA level compared to your last PSA test.
As a rule, the higher the PSA level in the blood, the more likely a prostate problem is present. But many factors, such as age and race, can affect PSA levels. Some prostate glands produce more PSA than others. PSA levels can also be affected by
- certain medical procedures;
- an enlarged prostate;
- a prostate infection.
Because many factors can affect PSA levels, your doctor is the best person to interpret your PSA test results.
How accurate are the screening tests? No test is right all the time and that is true of the PSA test and DRE. The PSA test is better at suggesting that small cancers are present, especially those toward the front or sides of the prostate gland, or deep within it. But the DRE can sometimes help suggest cancers in men with normal PSA levels. That is why both the PSA test and the DRE are usually performed.
If 100 men over age 50 take the PSA test
- 85 will have a normal PSA (though a small number of these men will have a cancer that was missed by the PSA test).
- 15 will have a higher than normal PSA and require further tests.
After further testing, results will show
- 12 do not have prostate cancer.
- 3 have prostate cancer.
What do medical experts say about screening? Medical experts agree that every man needs balanced information on the pros and cons of prostate cancer screening to help him make an informed decision. Balanced information is important because medical experts disagree about whether men should be screened regularly for prostate cancer.
Medical experts who encourage regular screening believe current scientific evidence shows that finding and treating prostate cancer early, when treatment might be more effective, may save lives. They recommend that all men who have a life expectancy of at least 10 years should be offered the PSA test and DRE annually beginning at age 50. They also recommend offering screening tests earlier to African-American men, and men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer.
Medical experts who do not recommend regular screening want convincing evidence that finding early-stage prostate cancer, and treating it, saves lives. They believe some of these cancers may never affect a man's health and treating them could cause temporary or long-lasting side effects like impotence (inability to keep an erection) and incontinence (inability to control the urine flow, resulting in leakage or dribbling). Because they believe it is unclear if the potential benefits of screening outweigh the known side effects of treatment, they recommend that all men be given information on the pros and cons of screening before making their own screening decision.
When will medical experts know more? Medical experts are working together on major research studies to get answers. These studies are called clinical trials. They will help determine whether a man who gets screened regularly is less likely to die of prostate cancer than a man who does not get screened. Clinical trials involve thousands of male volunteers and take a long time. Results are expected in five to 10 years. They should help experts know if screening for prostate cancer saves lives.
Should I be screened for prostate cancer? The decision is up to you and your doctor. Know your risk factors for prostate cancer and the pros and cons of screening.
Pros "I will take the screening tests because they will give me peace of mind. It could mean finding a problem, taking further tests, and treating a potentially serious prostate cancer. And because there's no way to tell if the prostate cancer will cause problems in the future, I want it found early when treatments might be more effective."
Cons "I will not take the screening tests until medical experts agree that finding and treating prostate cancer in its early stages reduce the chance of dying from it. Screening tests could lead to further tests and treatment of a prostate cancer that may never cause problems. And treatment can have serious side effects."
Follow-Up Testing
What if the results of your screening tests indicate that you might need further testing? Do not panic. Most men who go for further testing do not have cancer. If your PSA test or DRE suggests a problem, your doctor most likely will refer you to a urologist (a doctor who has special training in prostate-related problems). Additional testing is necessary to determine if the problem is cancer or something else.
The urologist may perform a transrectal ultrasound — a small probe inserted into the rectum that bounces sound waves off the prostate, producing a video image. Transrectal ultrasound does not provide enough specific information to make it a good screening tool by itself, but some doctors find it useful as a follow up to a suspicious DRE or PSA test.
If the urologist suspects cancer, tiny samples of the prostate may be removed with a needle. This is called a biopsy. A biopsy is usually performed in the urologist's office. The samples are examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
Treating Prostate Cancer
What happens if prostate cancer is found? No two men with prostate cancer are the same. Many factors affect the decision whether or not to treat the disease: the patient's age, whether the cancer has spread, the presence of other medical conditions, and the patient's overall health.
When prostate cancer has been found in its early stages and has not spread beyond the prostate, a doctor and his patient may decide upon
- watchful waiting — monitoring the patient's prostate cancer by performing the PSA test and DRE regularly, and treating it only if and when the prostate cancer causes symptoms or shows signs of growing;
- surgery (radical prostatectomy) — removing the prostate;
- external radiation therapy — destroying cancer cells by directing radiation at the prostate;
- internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) — surgically placing small radioactive pellets inside or near the cancer to destroy cancer cells;
- hormone therapy — giving certain hormones to keep prostate cancer cells from growing;
- cryotherapy — placing a special probe inside or near the prostate cancer to freeze and destroy the cancer cells.
More advanced prostate cancers that have spread beyond the prostate can be complex to treat and may be incurable. Patients should discuss with their doctor the best course of action.
Do these treatments have side effects? Side effects from prostate cancer treatment depend mainly on the type of treatment, the patient's age, and his overall health. Men can experience pain, discomfort, and other mild to severe side effects that may be temporary or may last a long time. Two important side effects are impotence and incontinence. When a doctor explains the treatment options, he or she can discuss how mild or severe side effects might be, and how long they might last. Also, a doctor may be able to perform surgery or prescribe drugs to relieve some side effects.


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About Us
Thank you for your trust and support since 1999!
Thanks to you we've grown to be able to offer a full range of services. Click on the links to learn more about:
- Free Puppy & Kitten Checks
- 10 Week Vaccination For Puppies
- Delta-accredited Puppy Preschool Classes
- Our Knowledgebase & Weekly Blog
- Care Advice For Nine Common Pets
- The Services We Offer You
You can expect caring, effective and sensibly-priced services. Our practice offers large, well-equipped consulting, treatment, theatre and hospital areas and the latest equipment and knowledge are always at our fingertips. Over the years the practice has grown into an established part of the community, with many happy and healthy patients.
At Walkerville, we are the closest vet to the north-east of the city, adjacent to North Adelaide, Collinswood, Broadview, Klemzig and St Peters, though many of our clients travel from much further in the North East region. Our three experienced vets, Dr Andrew Spanner, Dr Claire Daly & Dr Sky Measday enjoy caring for range of pets whether they be dog or puppy, cat or kitten, rabbit, ferret, bird, rat or mouse. We are available weekdays plus all day Saturday.
Please come and visit us in our new home in Collinswood- we're very proud of the improvements we have been able to make and will be happy to show you around.


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McObject has released version 4.5 of their eXtremeDB In-Memory Database System (IMDS). eXtremeDB v4.5 embedded database features a new Java application programming interface (API), improved SQL and High Availability interfaces, more efficient and scalable versions of popular database indexes, and an integration option with third-party message router hardware to accelerate communication in fault-tolerant eXtremeDB High Availability deployments.
McObject eXtremeDB v4.5 integrates the database system's High Availability (HA) edition with Solace Systems' Solace Message Router appliance. The integration enables the Solace device to serve as the communication channel in an eXtremeDB-HA deployment. The integration makes eXtremeDB 4.5 ideal for mission critical applications.
With Solace Systems' ultra-fast hardware-based messaging middleware as the "wire" between master and replica database nodes, the Solace router's guaranteed message delivery feature enables eXtremeDB-HA to use a streamlined HA protocol and to eliminate one part of the messaging process (message acknowledgement step). This results in less network traffic, reduced latency and a significantly faster transaction rate.
McObject eXtremeDB 4.5 Features
- eXtremeSQL adds support for static virtual tables, extends the JOIN…ON clause with new operators, adds support for Patricia trie indexes via SQL, and optimizes multiple SQL statements
- High Availability database API has been streamlined for more efficient development with simplified parameters and other improvements
- Dynamic hash index that grows as data is added, for greater speed and scalability
- R-tree index is faster and includes the MCO_NEIGHBORHOOD search type, which facilitates a search for index entries within a given radius of a point, to simplify searches
- Browser utility gives developers a view into databases and a mechanism to list and modify objects
- New tools that enable developers to create browsers for end-users to explore database content and data interrelationships within the context of their applications
- Includes sample code showing how to create such an application-specific browser
- Multiple-reader, single writer (MURSIW) transaction manager has added a "mostly read" mode to accommodate application data access patterns that write to the database only occasionally
- Optimizes multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) transaction manager
- Transaction Logging edition offers faster performance via improved buffering and lightweight locking mechanisms
- New Java application programming interface (API)
- Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) driver for developing applications and accessing existing eXtremeDB databases in Java
- Integrates the database system's High Availability (HA) edition with Solace Systems' Solace Message Router appliance
More info: McObject


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Traveling Luck for Summit Hill Landing, North Carolina, United States
Where is Summit Hill Landing?What's around Summit Hill Landing?
Wikipedia near Summit Hill Landing
Where to stay near Summit Hill Landing
The timezone in Summit Hill Landing is America/Iqaluit
Sunrise at 07:49 and Sunset at 17:59. It's Dark
Latitude. 35.5911°, Longitude. -77.2756°
Weather near Summit Hill Landing; Report from Washington, Warren Field Airport, NC 26.7km away
Weather :
Temperature: 3°C / 37°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Cloud: Sky Clear
Weather :
Temperature: 3°C / 37°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Summit Hill Landing
Loading map of Summit Hill Landing and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Summit Hill Landing, in North Carolina, United States
- populated place;
- a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work.
- Simpson (2.3km)
- Rolling Meadows (2.7km)
- Hardee Acres (2.8km)
- Edwards Acres (3.5km)
- River Hills (4.1km)
- New Belden (4.4km)
- Lake Glenwood (4.5km)
- Twin Creek (4.5km)
- Sherwood Greens (5.2km)
- Brook Valley (5.7km)
- Galloway Farms (6.1km)
- Brittany Ridge (6.3km)
- Galloway Crossroads (6.5km)
- Cherry Oaks (7.2km)
- Speight (7.2km)
- Local Feature;
- A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Summit Hill Landing (0km)
- Tafts Landing (historical) (0.4km)
- Cherry Landing (0.8km)
- Dixon Landing (1.2km)
- Barber Landing (3km)
- Port Terminal (4.4km)
- Community Chapel (6.1km)
- Brook Valley Country Club (6.4km)
- Avon Landing (historical) (6.5km)
- University Square (6.7km)
- Rivergate Shopping Center (6.8km)
- Browns Fishery (historical) (7.2km)
- Redbank Landing (7.2km)
- Yankee Hall (7.3km)
- stream;
- a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- Pillippi Branch (1.2km)
- Hardee Creek (2.7km)
- Barber Creek (3.3km)
- Moyes Run (4.4km)
- Broad Run (4.4km)
- Hardee Creek (4.7km)
- Bates Brunch (4.8km)
- Meeting House Branch (5.4km)
- Juniper Branch (5.7km)
- Bell Branch (6.1km)
- Greens Mill Run (6.6km)
- section of populated place;
- a neighborhood or part of a larger town or city.
- Azalea Gardens Mobile Home Park (subdivision) (4.8km)
- Arbor Hills (subdivision) (5.1km)
- Oakhurst (subdivision) (5.2km)
- Highland Mobile Home Park (subdivision) (5.5km)
- Camelot (subdivision) (6.8km)
- church;
- a building for public Christian worship.
- Saint Peter Church (5km)
- Saint Paul Church (6.2km)
- Sweet Hope Church (6.2km)
- Cedar Grove Church (7km)
Accommodation around Summit Hill Landing
- cemetery;
- a burial place or ground.
- Old Simpson Cemetery (1km)
- Pinewood Cemetery (4.5km)
- swamp;
- a wetland dominated by tree vegetation.
- Baldwin Swamp (5km)
- Cannon Swamp (5.9km)
- administrative division;
- an administrative division of a country, undifferentiated as to administrative level.
- Grimesland, Township of (6.5km)
- school;
- building(s) where instruction in one or more branches of knowledge takes place.
- Pactolus Elementary School (7.3km)
- post office;
- a public building in which mail is received, sorted and distributed.
- Simpson Post Office (2.3km)
- reservoir(s);
- an artificial pond or lake.
- Hardees Pond (4.6km)
- dam;
- a barrier constructed across a stream to impound water.
- Hardees Pond Dam (4.6km)
- lake;
- a large inland body of standing water.
- Glenwood, Lake (5.3km)
- bar;
- a shallow ridge or mound of coarse unconsolidated material in a stream channel, at the mouth of a stream, estuary, or lagoon and in the wave-break zone along coasts.
- Rainbow Bank (0.7km)
- park;
- an area, often of forested land, maintained as a place of beauty, or for recreation.
- Ficklen Stadium (1.1km)
Wikipedia entries close to
Summit Hill Landing
- Simpson, North Carolina city city o
- Grimesland, North Carolina city city o
- East Carolina University landmark education
- Greenville, North Carolina city city o
- Pitt-Greenville Airport airport airport
- Winterville, North Carolina city city o
- Teram Kangri mountain mountain k
- Chocowinity, North Carolina city city o
- Ayden, North Carolina city city o
- Washington, North Carolina city city o
- Washington Park, North Carolina city city o
- Bear Grass, North Carolina city city o
- Falkland, North Carolina city city o
- Parmele, North Carolina city city o
- Bethel, North Carolina city city o
- Robersonville, North Carolina city city o
Airports close to Summit Hill Landing
Craven co rgnl(EWN), New bern, Usa (77.1km)
Goldsboro wayne muni(GWW), Gotha ost, Germany (80.6km)
Seymour johnson afb(GSB), Goldsboro, Usa (85.7km)
Cherry point mcas(NKT), Cherry point, Usa (106.4km)
New river mcas(NCA), Jacksonville, Usa (124.9km)


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После заставок бывает черный экран в игре, что делать?
задан 04 Dec '12, 19:37 DarkZoy 134●7●7●11
Сверните, а потом разверните игру.
отвечен 04 Dec '12, 19:37 heyhey3 112●3●3●8
โรคข้อเข่าเสื่อมอีกโรคหนึ่งที่ต้องระวังควรควบคุมตัวเองตั้งแต่อายุน้อยๆ เพิ่อป้องกันข้อเข่าเสื่อมโรคนี้ส่วนใหญ่จะเกิดขึ้นในคนอายุเยอะๆ เพราะข้อเข่าเสื่อมนั้นมีขึ้นจากการสึกหลอ ของกระดูกออ่นบริเวณข้อกระดูกนั้นเอง ในบางรายที่เป็นอาหารหนักๆเกิดการเสื่อมของข้อกระดูกอาจทำให้ไม่สามารถใช้งานเลยก็เป็นไปได้ คนที่เสี่ยงอันตรายต่อโรคข้อเข่าเสื่อม ที่ควรจะควบคุมตนเองก็คือคนที่มีอายุตั้งแต่ 40ปี ขึ้นไปกลุ่มคนพวกนี้จะค่อนข้างเสี่ยงอย่างมากมาย จำนวนมากจุะมีขึ้นในผู้ที่มีน้ำหนักเกิน ผู้ที่ต้องดำเนินการที่ต้องเดินสม่ำเสมอ และเว้นแต่นั้นได้พบว่าผู้หญิงนั้นยังมีโอกาสที่จะเกิดอาการข้อเข่าเสื่อม ได้มากกว่าผู้ชาย ถึง 3 เท่า เพราะร่างกายไม่สามารถซ่อมแซมได้ดีเท่าผู้ชายนั้นเอง เพราะฉะนั้นวันนี้เราแนะนำให้คุณหันมาช่วยดูแลเรื่องสุขภาพทานอาหารที่มีผลประโยชน์มีแคลเซียมเสริมกระดูก เหตุด้วยป้องกันโรคข้อเข่าเสื่อมที่จะมีขึ้นในอนาคตหากคุณกำลังมองหารูปแบบป้องกันลองแวะเข้ามาดูรายละเอียดได้เรามีรายละเอียดเกี่ยวข้องโรคข้อเข่าเสื่อม รวมทั้งวิถีทางดูแลดูแลรักษาทำอย่างไรในขั้นต้น อยากอ่านบทความแบบเต็มๆคลิกลิ้งค์ด้านล่างได้เลย
отвечен 23 Mar, 13:41 JoshArmstead 11●1
Bagai telah diketahui, selain tempat-tempat wisata, Jogja jua memberi hati wisatawan dengan beberapa kuliner dan bawaan. Menuruti ikut adji pangestu vs bella laki-laki kelahiran 2 Bulan desember 1980 ini, buah tangan di mana dilahirkannya beserta dengan teman-temannya itu, membentuk buah tangan opsi berbentuk kue.
Lapar & Kekeringan Duit, Aron Ashab Bedegong Dalu Pakai Setrika. Sebagian anak berpendapat jika memasak adalah ketika di mana sangat menyukakan. Tidak kecil anak di mana membuat menu olahan atas kreativitasnya personal. Namun, gelagat di mana satu ini segenap hati belaka pintar dilakukan karena si kocak Aron Ashab.
Maknai Idul Fitri, Nia Daniati Bagi-Bagi Bareng Ikhwan Sosialita. Memaknai Lebaran memang pintar dieksekusi dengan berbagai cara. Selain melalui bersyukur karena bertemu dengan puak dan kawan, kamupun bisa berbuat aksi baik di mana membuatmu berterima kasih pukul karunia Tuhan Yang Nian Satu.
Selain mempromosikan video adjie pangestu berantem usaha dagang barunya itu, Dude pun mau mempromosikan Jogja lebih besar juga kembali..
Aktris adun Uli Auliani pernah 8 rembulan ini memutuskan dalam rangka tinggal ketika Amerika dengan tujuan sekolah akting. Biar sempat homesick dan juga kangen pete, Mengadon berterima kasih ia tak juga kembali jalani LDR nama samaran long distance relationship dengan kekasihnya, Reid Spencer Garrett.Reid telah menjadi kekasihnya selama tiga warsa.
Dalam acara kemasyarakatan itu, Kalar dan juga teman-teman membagikan bantuan dan membagikan ketuat pada 150 bapak di mana sedikit becus.
Jalan kedua tersebutlah yang dieksekusi pelagu Nia Daniati bersama-sama teman-teman sosialitanya di mana tergolong di dalam Ikhwan Kartini. Source adjie pangestu wikipedia indonesia. Beberapa musim jelang Ldulfitri kemarin, Kalar dan juga rekan-rekannya mengunjungi salah satu area pada Jakarta Timur dengan tujuan menshare kasih.
Pamer Cacah bersama Pose Bandel Bawa Silicone, Aaron Ashab Dikritik. Aktor dan juga pelagu belia, Aaron Ashab berkelanjutan punya teknik di mana distingtif dalam rangka menilap perhatian khalayak. Source adjie pangestu pacaran pangestu meninggal https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjie_Pangestu. Tidak bertanya-tanya jika sampai kini benda langit cetakan foto MY LAMBAT BROTHER ini diketahui belantara akibat jemaah, meski ada di mana suka maupun enggak puas.
Melewati akun Instagram-nya, Aron baru aja memamerkan video les memanggang dengan menggunakan setrika. Yup, lain kompor alias microwave, Aron benar-benar memanaskan mengenakan setrika! Penasaran bagaikan apa penampakannya?
Ia sempat digosipkan telah menikah dan juga besar perut di sana.
Satu jalan berulang yang membelokkan bikin Menguli nyaman tinggal pada Amerika adalah Reid telah bagai tour guide buatnya.
Seperti diketahui, benda langit film MY IDIOT BROTHER ini sebelumnya sempat bikin dunia maya bergemuruh berkah gelagat selfie-nya beserta seseorang penjaga di mana memprovokasi amarah khalayak beberapa waktu selanjutnya. Abad itu beliau berterus terang terjaga sejak tilangan polisi biar tidak mengenakan helm akibat statusnya sebagai artis.
Baginya biar Reid tak terlalu cantik, tetapi kelucuannya mendirikan Uli anjlok cinta.
Argumentasi Nia bersama teman-teman memilih arena Cipinang alasan banyak masyarakat di mana kurang becus.
Fiil Reid yang celangap jua membuatnya berubah kalau-kalau makin ayu.
Darab ini, Aron kembali membuat kehebohan melalui satu di antara postingan fotograf yang terbaru ketika Instagram. Dengan gaya gokil khas-nya, beliau beraksi 'nakal' dengan memegang dua batu silicone, di mana sebaiknya bagasi endorse-an.
Nia juga sangat kaya bisa melebihi Bulan berkat dan memaknai Ldulfitri kemarin dengan berbagi.
Meski aksi yang dilakukan Aaron di atas mengundang tawa sejak mayoritas netizen, namun ada ahad jalan yang bikin fans kecil cua. Yup, kelihatannya kini pria berdarah Arab-Belanda ini menghiasi tangannya dengan ukiran tato yang barangkali ajek alias temporary.
Uli memastikan anggara dalam hubungannya.
Bapak satu anak ini melahirkan alasan kenapa beliau berkehendak membuka was-was buah tangan di metropolis Gudeg itu. Jalan itu alasan dia menjadikan metropolis tersebut sebagai metropolitan favoritnya dengan tujuan adjie pangestu xenia bertempoh berdarmawisata. Banyaknya pelancong dalam negeri bersama mancanegara yang pengunjung, sebagai alasan Dude mendirikan bawaan sejak Jogja yang kekinian
отвечен 29 Mar, 14:13 RodgerTolliver6 11●1
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отвечен 03 Apr, 17:34 PaulineBurrowes 11●1
Many individuals who love to sea food also want to take in it. There is anything about finding your own seafood which makes them style greater. So that you can enjoy a actual feast, it can be necessary to really find a number of sea food. Several good guidelines can assist you lure fish onto your collection. Below are a few sound ideas to be of assistance in having a great sportfishing trip.
Wearing hide might appear like anything that should be done only for camping, but it additionally is effective with sportfishing. Even though fish do not have excellent vision, they could be quickly spooked once they see brilliant hues. Be sure you wear world colors.
You need to hold your sportfishing range with you on every single fishing trip. You can never notify once you may well get a trophy fish, so it's important that you have a range to weigh up it, particularly if you do get and relieve.
Try using grubs as bait when you find yourself sport fishing for bass sounds. Surprisingly, some modest fishing lures can catch massive sea food. Many people have been successful at catching not only little oral cavity largemouth bass, but big oral cavity bass too. They work great when sport fishing in great reservoirs when there isn't so much insurance coverage.
A lot of people retain the species of fish that they can get for eating reasons. Even so, other people would rather seafood using the catch and launch strategy. Should you be the latter, then to begin with damp your hands, up coming you should very gently get rid of the connect from your sea food. Finally, the sea food can be sent back for the h2o and permit go.
Realize that whenever you go out in to the h2o, the winds are often more forceful and as a result, the heat is going to be chillier. For that reason, if you are fishing, generally provide a coat to face up to these consequences. This can place you in the most secure placement achievable on your vacation.
If you would like move over and above angling with worms, use a spinnerbait, a novice-warm and friendly attract everyone can use. This really is even more helpful when fishing in shallow or shady normal water. Bass sounds might be drawn to each crappie and spinnerbait.
While you are flyfishing, stay away from the wind. If you find too much wind flow then throwing can become lest accurate. Attempt fly fishing inside the nights or earlier morning so that you won't suffer from just as much blowing wind. When it gets also windy simply change your back again for the wind and fish.
A good frame of mind is an essential part of your own angling items, whether you are fully a new comer to the game or perhaps an experienced angler. Fishing can be quite annoying, but a negative mindset is only going to create your sport fishing trip a whole lot even worse. Don't be hard on your self when you practical experience a lull.
Every single excellent angler needs a good tackle container. There are several kinds of handle cases to choose from, you have to opt for the a single good for you. Think about what you need to keep your angling handle correctly, and easily for the use based on your unique likes, and condition.
In the event you sea food and need to do catch and relieve, don't battle using the sea food. Battling using the seafood will use it out or drastically hurt it. Let the sea food go if it's preventing you, and you can't reel it in don't threat eliminating it.
Speak to the local people. In case you are sport fishing in the new location, speak to the regional fishermen, in the hope that they may discuss info together with you. Another great destination to get assistance with the best places to capture by far the most fish is at a bait and handle store - just make sure to acquire plenty of gear just before looking for referrals!
Find the best type of series. The best kind of series for sport fishing is incorporated in the array of 4-8 lb analyze. Less than a number of pounds, your series will break with larger sized seafood, and better than seven pound, in calm waters the sea food will see it and this will discourage sea food from biting. So unless you are getting deeply seas angling for large trophy species of fish, your very best range will likely be among 4-8 kilos.
Pick your rod and reel cautiously, based on the type of drinking water you will certainly be fishing in. Freshwater rods and reels are generally small, whilst saltwater angling requires a much more heavy-responsibility rod and reel. Should you don't have the correct choice in relation to your equipment, you can definitely find which it can't handle the species of fish you are attempting to trap.
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отвечен 09 Apr, 13:05 SylviaBellin... (блокирован)
A strategy that uses marketing concepts — product design, appropriate pricing, sales and distribution, and communications — to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and communities for the greater good. We surveyed over 350 social media marketers, and found that the metrics being focused on don't match the needs highlighted. I consistently seek Katrina's input on strategy and approaches to social media marketing. There was the Mass Media and Health Practices project in Honduras with the help of USAID in light of the infant mortality rates due to acute diarrhea dehydration in 1978, and the Stop AIDS campaign by the Swiss AIDS Foundation started in 1987 to address the growing problem.
clinicalcorrelations.orgThe applicability of marketing concepts to such social problems is examined in this article. Student graphic designers are an integral part of marketing events to students and the campus community. Social marketing programs are based on formative research with the target population, and on the benefits and barriers-to-change affecting behavior. For example, market research is an essential tool of commercial marketing and this is also used in social marketing.
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With that understanding of marketing in mind, let's turn now to the focal point of an effective campaign-the social marketing theory in mass communication consumer. A social marketing message that has been widely disseminated, then, is have fewer children. Products and services but in social marketing we have a customer behavior, more deeply society's behavior to focus. If you have any concerns social marketing theory in mass communication with regards to where and how to use social marketing theory in mass communication, you can get hold of us at our web page. Each year, USF holds a Social Marketing and Public Health Field School and hosts an international conference in social marketing and health, which has drawn over 3,500 participants during the past 11 University of South Florida also houses a CDC funded Prevention Research Center which is developing a community-based approach to social marketing.
Based on this, dialogue is offered in the second level, since a brand that wishes to be active on the social marketing theory examples web" must provide areas for all interested parties and be prepared to have dialogue with consumers there. From a user perspective, access to social media platforms generally requires an internet connection and access to a computer or other mobile device.
Some campaigns are quite large, such as the National High Blood Pressure campaign discussed in the Examples at the end of this section. Other countries began their own social marketing campaigns in the 70's and 80's. Taking inventory enables the organization to prioritize its social media channels and create a consistent presence. A general guide outlining strategies and best practices for utilizing social media platforms in order to spread health messages to a wide audience.
Prepare for a crisis or spikes in social activity through automatic alerts and response simulation planning. Convincing people through a one-on-one conversation can be just as effective at changing someone's point of view as the best made commercial, or even more so. (Think about it. Which would make you get a tetanus booster: a television commercial or a suggestion from your doctor?) Word of mouth is a highly desirable part of social marketing.
отвечен 11 Apr, 08:32 SaulSteil6149 11●1
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отвечен 26 Apr, 07:27 AlejandroUqc 11●1
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отвечен 11 May, 01:21 LeonoreNisbet6 11●1


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Tamil diaspora unites to surmount challenges
Suren Surendiran is a senior member of the British Tamils Forum. The opinions expressed are his own.–
"Colombo should make public its lists of the interned and allow the Red Cross access to all places of detention and all aspects of the "screening" process conducted by the military and intelligence agencies.
The international community has a clear role to play in convincing the Sri Lankan government to take these steps." – Robert Templer, Asia program Director, International Crisis Group, 21 July 2009 In a damming article in the International Herald Tribune, Robert Templer of the International Crisis Group, called for the Tamil doctors who remain detained, having renounced the statements they made during the final stages of the conflict, to be released stating "This farce should end: They should be freed".
As the Government of Sri Lanka continues to imprison over 300,000 Tamil civilians in barbed-wire camps, with limited access for aid agencies and international media, the international community seems content with the military 'guided tours' of these camps orchestrated for the benefit of foreign diplomats and allow the Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence to boast claims that "the welfare centres were the best in the world".
Despite the Sri Lankan government's rigorous crackdown on voices of dissent and efforts to restrict independent reports, the few that have emerged signal a very different image of what lies behind the barbed wire. There are credible reports from The Times UK that the Sri Lankan authorities are building permanent structures within the camps suggesting long term settlement, despite "promises" to resettle 80 per cent of the detainees by the end of the year. Aid agencies have been reluctant to be outspoken of the conditions in the camps in fear that their limited assistance to the detainees could be jeopardized.
It is however astonishing to see that the vast number of warnings by humanitarian agencies have gone largely unnoticed, with the international community hailing to Sri Lankan government's calls for financial assistance by way of IMF loan to aid the development of a 'liberated' country.
What has become evidently clear is the lack of political will from the Sri Lankan regime to address the political aspirations of the Tamil people for the first 30 years since independence that fuelled a further 30 years of armed conflict. While the international community was clear in its support for a "military defeat" as a means to achieve sustainable peace, they failed to ensure the Rajapakse regime would safeguard even their basic rights to freedom, security and respect.
The conceptual launch on Thursday of the Global Tamil Forum comes at a time when the Tamil Diaspora is no longer ready to mourn the sufferings of their brethren, nor wait for world justice to prevail. The symbolic announcement made by a unified body of Diaspora organisations marks a nation set to embark as a formidable force for their voiceless brethren in Sri Lanka, with a vision to "oppose the entire edifice of oppression and discrimination through peaceful means and to champion the rights of Tamil and other communities who have been unjustly deprived of their rights and silenced".
Today poignantly marks the 26th anniversary of the 1983 riot in Sri Lanka, when state sponsored anti-Tamil pogroms resulted in over 3,000 dead and over 150,000 internally displaced. Tamils all over the world recall that since independence, history has only repeated itself, with Tamils being the victims to successive Sinhala regimes intoxicated on hegemony.
The Tamil Diaspora has long voiced the cries from the homeland and warned of impending tragedy which could not thwart the subsequent loss of unimaginable proportions. The callousness of the Sri Lankan regime supported by a large section of the Sinhala masses has affirmed the Tamil People's right to self-determination and democratic self rule as a necessity to safeguard survival.
The Tamil Diaspora has united. United to restore sovereignty for Tamils in their homeland and bring the perpetrators of crimes against humanity to justice.
"The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." – Nelson Mandela
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Posted 03 Oct 2015
Link to this post
I am using the diagram view in MVVM mode and I have built my test app starting from the MVVM SDK sample and the Class Diagram demo.
I can create shapes and connections programmatically. Connections created programmatically can be edited. I am using "gliding" connectors. My test app is able to create new shapes by dragging/dropping shapes from the toolbox. However, I cant create new connections interactively. When I click a shape, the center point of the shape shows up, when mousing over it, it gets highlighted and the tooltip "Connect" does appear. I am getting ConnectorManipulationStarted event. When dragging the mouse away no connector is showing up, and no Completed event ever fires. I have made sure that every editing related property is enabled on shapes, connectors and diagram style, but nothing...
Any idea ?
Thanks !
Posted 05 Oct 2015
in reply to
Link to this post
Ok, I figured it out: The logic limiting connections between shapes was completely broken to a stupid copy/paste error...
Works nicely now..


text:
Onion Girls is the creative community of Amet & Sephy of winter-bornNET. Feel free to join the community if you'd like to see what we're up to.
point 1. The bulk of the fiction herein is based on the works of other authors/mangaka/animators/etc unless otherwise noted. We are not personally affiliated with any large corporations, and thus we can all assume that we're gacking these characters without permission. We make no profit and have no money, so suing us would be just this side of futile.
s i t e s;
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♣ a note on searching this journal: The entries here are memorized, but the limitations of how many categories we can put entries under makes labeling multifandom posts tricky. The easiest way to insure you find everything you're looking for is to hit up the tags, which are more specific. (Or hit up whatever site on winter-bornNET the material you're looking for is archived on, but that takes more effort. ^~) 12.29.2010 Scratch that; our sites are currently in the midst of being overhauled, so please stick to the tags for now.


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Results 1 to 9 of 9
December 9th, 2002, 06:18 AM #1
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 260
Isn't it time that the affiliate population got together and formed a non-profit association/organisation?
We seem to have so many reasons to work together as a group, and yet the majority of the time we are only working against one another.
A formal association would have relevant figures to work with - e.g. our membership of 3000 affiliates would like to address (insert issue here), and so forth.
I would also feel more comfortable with putting $$$ towards a fighting fund against parasites etc, if there was a formal means of doing so.. where accounts were kept and the books were audited, such as with most associations.
Nearly every industry in the world has numerous associations working for the good of the industry. Whilst we are a relatively new industry, our current issues are a grave cause for concern, and I just feel it's time that we showed some unity.
I'm sure the knockers will tell me why it will not work, and why it can't be done, but I think it is worth a shot.
Together we stand.. divided we fall..
December 9th, 2002, 06:27 AM #2
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Posts
- 176
- Ed
"It's my hope that you'll come to appreciate the past should not be forgotten. It should be cherished, and run late-night, in syndication, after the local news." (Orange County)
December 9th, 2002, 06:53 AM #3
I agree!
Vicki [img]/infopop/emoticons/icon_wink.gif[/img]
"It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people's minds..."
Samuel Adams
"All that serves labor serves the nation, all that harms is treason."
Abraham Lincoln
"Our desire for enlightenment and our hatred of injustice leave us no choice but to be Union."
John A. Willard
But if the arrow is straight and the point is slick,
It can pierce through dust no matter how thick. dylan
December 9th, 2002, 07:08 AM #4
I think Haiko's been trying to get something like that started at affiliatetrust.org or some such.
I Will FOCUS On My Goal
December 10th, 2002, 09:47 PM #5
We can all focus on fighting this issue as a group and yes other members are doing something to organize something that will benifit us all in a long run!
Just keep trying your best to voice your opinion and give all the support you can to this issue while we wait for the "Action".
Love Life to the fullest. we only get ONE chance! :-)
December 10th, 2002, 10:14 PM #6
Posted reply in aff only forum ( http://abw.infopop.cc/6/ubb.x?a=tpc&...9&m=8216096081 ) for those of you who have access.
Haiko
The secret of success is constancy of purpose. ~ Disraeli

[This message was edited by Haiko on December 11, 2002 at 01:27 AM.]
December 10th, 2002, 10:20 PM #7
Haiko, sent you a PM
Game on!!!!
December 10th, 2002, 10:29 PM #8
Game on! [img]/infopop/emoticons/icon_wink.gif[/img]
Haiko
The secret of success is constancy of purpose. ~ Disraeli

December 10th, 2002, 11:04 PM #9
I think Nova or HappyMoon put forward a similar idea on another thread...?
Chris Sanderson
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Why It Matters
Practicing professionals who serve on state licensing boards can be liable for antitrust violations unless the board's conduct is subject to active supervision by the state, per the U.S. Supreme Court in North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC, 547 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 1101 (2015). Because licensing boards are gatekeepers that determine who can practice in a profession and under what terms, boards are more exposed to antitrust claims than previously was the case. This decision is of nationwide importance for the many professional licensing boards that are composed primarily of individuals practicing in that profession.
The North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners (Board), which regulates the practice of dentistry in North Carolina, had responded to complaints from licensed dentists that nondentists were charging lower prices for teeth-whitening services. The Board, made up primarily of practicing dentists, issued at least 47 cease-and-desist letters to nondentist teeth-whitening service providers, often warning them that the unlicensed practice of dentistry is a crime.
The Federal Trade Commission subsequently filed an administrative complaint against the Board alleging that the Board's concerted action to exclude nondentists from the marketplace for teeth-whitening services constituted an anticompetitive and unfair method of competition, in violation of federal law. In response, the Board argued that its actions were protected under the doctrine of state-action antitrust immunity set forth in Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341 (1943), and its progeny. In Parker, the Supreme Court had interpreted antitrust laws to confer immunity on anticompetitive conduct of states when acting in their sovereign capacity. The administrative law judge in the North Carolina lawsuit rejected application of that doctrine and ruled against the Board. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed.
The Supreme Court took the case and held that when a controlling number of decision makers on a state licensing board are active participants in the occupation the board regulates, the board can invoke state-action immunity, but only if it is subject to active supervision by the state. "If a State wants to rely on active market participants as regulators, it must provide active supervision if state-action immunity under Parker is to be invoked." In its 6-to-3 decision, the Court held at page 8 that "active market participants cannot be allowed to regulate their own markets free from antitrust accountability." Immunity extends to such actions only if the challenged restraint was "clearly articulated and affirmatively expressed state policy" and the implementation of that policy "was actively supervised by the state."
In this case, the state of North Carolina had not formally defined teeth-whitening as the practice of dentistry, nor did it have any express policy to exclude nondentists from the teeth-whitening market. Further, the state did not actively supervise the Board's actions or exclude nondentists from the teeth-whitening market. In addition, the Board itself was made up primarily of licensed practicing dentists within the state of North Carolina.
State licensing boards often are composed of professionals who practice within the profession that the board is charged with regulating. In that situation, careful consideration should be given to whether the actions of such boards enjoy state-action antitrust immunity. The relevant questions are whether (1) the challenged action was clearly articulated and affirmatively expressed in state policy, and (2) the actions of the board are actively supervised by the state.
Where It Matters
Click here to view a partial listing of states and professional boards that are, or may currently be, composed of a controlling number of actively practicing members.