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Clinical transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVMR) uses linear regression of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) vs. end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) under steady-state conditions. However, the cerebral blood flow (CBF)-PetCO2 relationship is nonlinear, even for moderate changes in CO2. Moreover, CBF is increased by increases in arterial blood pressure (ABP) during hypercapnia. We used a modified rebreathing protocol to estimate CVMR during transient breath-by-breath changes in CBFV and PetCO2. Ten healthy subjects (6 men) performed 15 s of hyperventilation followed by 5 min of rebreathing, with supplemental O2 to maintain arterial oxygen saturation constant. To minimize effects of changes in ABP on CVMR estimation, cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi) was calculated. CBFV-PetCO2 and CVCi-PetCO2 relationships were quantified by both linear and nonlinear logistic regression. In three subjects, muscle sympathetic nerve activity was recorded. From hyperventilation to rebreathing, robust changes occurred in PetCO2 (20–61 Torr), CBFV (−44 to +104% of baseline), CVCi (−39 to +64%), and ABP (−19 to +23%) (all P < 0.01). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity increased by 446% during hypercapnia. The linear regression slope of CVCi vs. PetCO2 was less steep than that of CBFV (3 vs. 5%/Torr; P = 0.01). Logistic regression of CBF-PetCO2 (r2 = 0.97) and CVCi-PetCO2 (r2 = 0.93) was superior to linear regression (r2 = 0.91, r2 = 0.85; P = 0.01). CVMR was maximal (6–8%/Torr) for PetCO2 of 40–50 Torr. In conclusion, CBFV and CVCi responses to transient changes in PetCO2 can be described by a nonlinear logistic function, indicating that CVMR estimation varies within the range from hypocapnia to hypercapnia. Furthermore, quantification of the CVCi-PetCO2 relationship may minimize the effects of changes in ABP on the estimation of CVMR. The method developed provides insight into CVMR under transient breath-by-breath changes in CO2.
- blood pressure
- carbon dioxide
the prominent cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to changes in arterial CO2 are a unique characteristic of the cerebral vasculature (2, 27). These responses have been quantified to reflect cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVMR) (44), even though the underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood (23). With the advent of transcranial Doppler (TCD) for measurement of CBF velocity (CBFV) with high temporal resolution, the Doppler-CO2 test of CVMR has become a widely adopted method in research and clinical practice. Research exploring the physiological characteristics of CVMR has demonstrated that the relationship between arterial CO2 and CBF is nonlinear and that this relationship is affected by CO2-induced changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) (11, 13, 14, 18, 31, 38, 39, 42, 44). In addition, the control mechanisms that govern the responses of CBF and ABP to CO2 have dynamic properties (11, 31, 39). Despite these complexities associated with the CBF-CO2 relationship, measurement of CVMR has been widely applied in clinical practice to evaluate cerebral vascular function, e.g., in patients with carotid artery stenosis or hypertension (5, 28, 44, 53). These clinical studies have quantified CVMR using linear regression of steady-state responses of CBF to changes in CO2, without incorporation of the effects of ABP. The likely reason for this simplicity is that well-controlled experiments and complex modeling methods may not be practical for clinical use (31, 32). In this regard, development of a new method that is clinically applicable and may assess CVMR reliably under conditions of breath-by-breath changes in end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) is warranted.
We used a modified rebreathing protocol, consisting of a period of voluntary hyperventilation, followed by rebreathing, to obtain a wide range of changes in PetCO2 to assess CVMR under breath-by-breath conditions (10). We hypothesized that the CBF-PetCO2 relationship is nonlinear during transient changes in PetCO2. In addition, we speculated that measurement of cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi) during this process may reveal direct effects of changes in ABP on CBF, leading to a more precise estimation of CVMR based on the CVCi-PetCO2 relationship. Finally, to explore the underlying mechanisms of increases in ABP during hypercapnia, we recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in three subjects in this study.
Ten healthy subjects (4 women) with a mean age of 37 yr (SD 8), height 177 cm (SD 10), and weight 84 kg (SD 18) voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were nonsmokers, were not on any medication, and were normotensive. Participants were free of known cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or respiratory disease. Each subject was informed of the experimental procedures and signed a consent form, approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas.
Each participant visited the laboratory twice, 3–4 wk apart (in three participants, the time interval was 3–4 mo). All experiments took place in a quiet laboratory with a room temperature of 22°C. The subjects refrained from heavy exercise and caffeinated or alcoholic beverages at least 12 h before the tests. The study was conducted with the subjects in the supine position. Therefore, assessment of CVMR would be comparable with those obtained with other imaging technology (32). Participants wore a nose clip and breathed through a mouthpiece with a Y-valve, with one end connected to a 5-liter rubber bag and the other end open to room air. This system was held in place by an adjustable cable, rendering it practically weightless to avoid any discomfort for the subject. After at least 20 min of stabilization, 2 min of baseline data during spontaneous breathing were recorded on room air. A modified Read rebreathing protocol was used (10, 33, 51). The procedure contains a period of voluntary hyperventilation preceding rebreathing to obtain a wider range of CO2 changes. Specifically, a short period of 15 s of hyperventilation with a duty cycle of 1 s and maximal voluntary deep breaths were used. This short period of hyperventilation reduced PetCO2 to ∼20 Torr but did not cause respiratory muscle fatigue or central hypoxia possibly associated with a prolonged hyperventilation as employed in the other rebreathing methods (33, 51). At the end of a deep inspiration, the respiratory valve was switched to the empty bag and then the bag was filled with the subjects' own breathing gas during expiration (with a PetCO2 of ∼20 Torr, comparable to a gas mixture with 2.6% CO2). Rebreathing was continued for 5 min, before returning to room air for recovery (4 min). During rebreathing, a small amount of oxygen was bled into the rebreathing bag at the subject's basal metabolic rate (estimated using the Harris-Benedict formula) to maintain arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) constant (19).
Instrumentation and data acquisition.
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) was insonated with a 2-MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound system (Multi-Dope X2; DWL). The probe was securely attached to the cranium by a mold that was cast individually to fit the facial bone structure (16). In this way, the exact position and angle of the probe were preserved during the repeat tests.
Throughout the test, ABP was monitored noninvasively using a Finapres (Ohmeda 2300) and was corroborated by concurrent electrosphygmomanometry (SunTech Medical) with measurements at intervals of 1 min. PetCO2 was recorded using a capnograph (POET TE; Criticare Systems), SaO2 was measured using a pulse oximeter (Biox 3700; Ohmeda), and heart rate (HR) was monitored with a three-lead ECG connected to a cardiotachometer (Quinton Instruments).
MSNA was recorded in three participants. MSNA signals were obtained by the microneurographic technique (50). Sympathetic bursts were identified by a computer program and then were confirmed by an experienced microneurographer. The number of bursts per minute (burst frequency) and the sum of the integrated burst area per minute (total activity) were used as quantitative indexes. Specifically, total activity was normalized to the baseline value (set at 100%) to reflect changes in sympathetic activity during CO2 stimuli.
Data analysis.
Off-line data analysis was performed with commercially available software (Acknowledge; BIOPAC Systems). For hyperventilation, the time delay between the onset of hyperventilation and the onset of changes in CBFV and ABP was measured. Similarly, at the end of rebreathing, the time delays for recovery between PetCO2, CBFV, and ABP were measured. Values for CBFV, ABP, and PetCO2 at the last minute of recovery were compared with their pretest baseline. Breathing cycles were identified from the respiratory CO2 signal. For each cycle, the corresponding value for PetCO2 and mean values for CBFV, ABP, and HR were measured. Averaging the number of cardiac cycles (usually 6) has been applied previously in an attempt to reduce respiratory hemodynamic variability (17). We preferred to identify each respiratory cycle (22) to derive the breath-to-breath CBFV-PetCO2 relationship. During the short breathing cycles in hyperventilation, an average of data from two cycles was used. Because CBFV is affected directly by changes in ABP (11, 13, 27, 38), CVCi was calculated by dividing mean CBFV by mean ABP within each breath cycle to reveal intrinsic vascular responses to changes in CO2. Furthermore, percent changes from baseline CBFV and CVCi values were calculated for data analysis. Data ranging from the nadir of PetCO2 during hyperventilation to the end of rebreathing were utilized for curve fitting to quantify the CBFV-PetCO2 and CVCi-PetCO2 relationship.
A four-parameter logistic function was used for curve fitting (26): (1) where f(x) represents percent changes in CBFV or CVCi (x representing PetCO2). The model parameter a represents the range of change in CBFV or CVCi, y0 is the maximum value of CBFV or CVCi during hypercapnia, x0 is the level of PetCO2 where the first-order derivative of the logistic function (the slope of the curve) is maximal, and b is related to the overall curvilinear properties of the sigmoidal curve (Fig. 1). Nonlinear curve fitting was performed with a Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm for model parameter identification (SigmaPlot 8.02; SPSS). The selection of this model was based on the feature of curvilinear distribution of breath-by-breath changes in CBFV or CVCi vs. PetCO2 (Fig. 2) and the fact that model parameters of the selected logistic function have clear physiological implications, as shown in Fig. 1 (26).
The first-order derivative of the logistic function was calculated with the following equation: (2)
This derivative function yields the specific CO2 sensitivity (or CVMR) for each PetCO2. At x = x0, CVMR becomes maximal (CVMRmax), and Eq. 2 becomes (a × b)/4. Of note, CVMRmax derived from the CBFV-PetCO2 relationship was denoted as CBFV-CVMRmax and CVMRmax derived from the CVCi-PetCO2 relationship was denoted as CVCi-CVMRmax.
For comparison, linear regressions of changes in CBFV and CVCi vs. PetCO2 were conducted for the entire range of changes in PetCO2, from the nadir of hyperventilation to the end of rebreathing. The slopes of these linear regressions were defined as CBFV-CVMR0 and CVCi-CVMR0, respectively. In addition, to complement the assessment of CVMRmax with the derivative method, CVMR was estimated by the linear regressions in the steep part of the sigmoidal curves, and these results were defined as CBFV-CVMR1 and CVCi-CVMR1, respectively.
The results of curve fitting were examined by the correlation coefficients (r2) and by model residual analysis of individual data (SigmaPlot 8.02; SPSS). Thus individual data for r2 as well as mean sum of squares were available for both linear and logistic curve fits, allowing comparisons of both methods on using paired t-tests (SigmaStat 3.11; Systat Software). Comparisons of cerebral hemodynamics at baseline, during hyperventilation, and during rebreathing were made with one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Comparisons between the estimates of CVMR by different methods were made with paired t-tests. Test-retest reproducibilities for curve-fitting parameters and for CVMR estimation were examined by the analysis of typical error (the SD of the differences between the two tests divided by square root of 2), which was expressed as a coefficient of variation (21). Data are presented as means and SD, and a P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Changes in cerebral and systemic hemodynamics.
All 10 participants completed the experimental protocol, so that 20 data sets were collected. Data from one test could not be used because of poor signal quality; hence, reproducibility results were available only for nine subjects. Representative changes in CBFV, ABP, PetCO2, HR, and MSNA are shown in Fig. 2. Individual values for SaO2 varied within the range of 96–100% during baseline breathing of room air and remained unchanged during rebreathing, owing to the supplementation of oxygen. There was a delayed response of CBFV (mean: 7 s, range 6–10) and ABP (mean: 14 s, range 12–16) to changes in PetCO2 during hyperventilation. Correction for the time delay did not significantly alter the result of data analysis. Because the physiological validity of applying a time correction for CVMR estimation was uncertain, analysis of the raw (uncorrected) data is presented. After the rapid return of PetCO2 to the pretest baseline level at the onset of recovery, a considerable time delay was observed for the ensuing recovery of CBFV (mean: 21 s, range 14–35) and of ABP (mean: 22 s, range 12–30). However, this delay did not influence the data analysis because the recovery period was not included in the models used to assess CVMR in this study. Whereas ABP gradually returned to the pretest baseline after rebreathing, CBFV displayed an undershoot and then gradually returned to a sustained level, which was below the pretest baseline level (mean: 81% of baseline, range 65–90), even at the end of the 4 min of recovery.
On average, PetCO2 was reduced by 22 Torr during hyperventilation and increased by 20 Torr during rebreathing from the pretest baseline (P < 0.001). These changes in PetCO2 resulted in a respective reduction of CBFV by 46% and an increase by 104% relative to the baseline (P < 0.001). CVCi fell by 39% during hyperventilation and increased by 64% during rebreathing (P < 0.001). Of note, ABP was reduced by 19% during hyperventilation and augmented by 23% during rebreathing (P < 0.01). During rebreathing, increases in ABP appeared to be proportional to increases in PetCO2 but leveled off at high levels of PetCO2 (Fig. 2). HR increased by 29% during hyperventilation and by 14% during rebreathing (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2, Table 1).
In the three subjects that underwent recording of MSNA, averaged burst frequency increased from 24 at baseline to 30 bursts/min during hyperventilation, and total nerve activity increased by 166% (P = 0.01). MSNA returned rapidly to baseline after cessation of hyperventilation and subsequentlyincreased to 41 bursts/min and 446% for total nerve activity during the last minute of rebreathing (P = 0.01; Fig. 2). Changes in MSNA were similar in all three subjects.
Curve-fitting and model parameters.
Figure 3 depicts the representative results of sigmoidal curve fitting of the CBFV/CVCi-PetCO2 relationship in one subject. The specific CVMR derived from the first-order derivative of the logistic function is also plotted.
The group-averaged data of changes in CBFV and CVCi as well as logistic regression of pooled data for all subjects are shown in Fig. 4. Because there were no significant differences between results from the first and second tests, all data were used in the pooled data analysis. Logistic regression of individual data demonstrated an excellent curve-fitting result (mean r2 = 0.95, SD 0.04; average of mean sum of squares = 37, SD 19), superior to the use of linear regression (mean r2 = 0.88, SD 0.06; average of mean sum of squares = 85, SD 51; P < 0.01) for both the CBFV-PetCO2 and the CVCi-PetCO2 relationships. Specifically, logistic regression was performed well in all 18 tests for changes in CBFV (r2 = 0.97, SD 0.02) and in 16 of 18 tests for CVCi (r2 = 0.93, SD 0.06). In those two cases of CVCi for which logistic regressions could not be performed reliably, linear regressions yielded an r2 of 0.71 and 0.76 for CBFV and CVCi, respectively.
Table 2 shows the group-averaged model parameters and the calculated CVMR indexes derived, respectively, from the logistic and linear regressions. Over the entire range of changes in PetCO2, the linear regression slope of changes in CVCi (CVCi − CVMR0) was significantly smaller than that of CBFV (CBFV − CVMR0). The steep ranges of the sigmoidal curves were found to lie between 40 and 50 Torr PetCO2 for most subjects (Figs. 3 and 4). As expected, in the steep ranges of the sigmoidal curves, linear regression slopes of changes in CBFV (CBFV − CVMR1) and CVCi (CVCi − CVMR1) were similar to those obtained from the first-order derivatives of the identified logistic function (CBFV − CVMRmax and CVCi − CVMRmax, respectively). Of note, both CVMRmax and CVMR1 were higher than the estimates of CVMR from the linear regressions over the entire range of changes in PetCO2 (CVMR0). Finally, for test-retest reproducibility, coefficients of variation for curve-fitting parameters and for estimates of CVMR are presented in Table 2.
We have developed a clinically applicable method to assess CVMR that addresses the nonlinear relationship and interactions between transient changes in CO2, CBFV, and ABP. Based on a modified rebreathing method, we have observed a wide range of breath-by-breath changes in PetCO2 (∼20–61 Torr) and corresponding changes in CBFV, CVCi, and ABP.
The main findings of this study are twofold. First, consistent with our hypothesis, transient, breath-by-breath responses of both CBFV and CVCi to changes in PetCO2 demonstrate nonlinear properties that can be quantified by a logistic function. Second, the magnitude of increases in CBFV during hypercapnic rebreathing exceeded CVCi (104% vs. 64%) because of the presence of significant increases in ABP by 23%. Consistently, during hypocapnic hyperventilation, the reduction in CBFV (46%) surpassed CVCi (39%), whereas ABP fell by 19%. These observations suggest that changes in ABP during CO2 stimuli have direct effects on CBF.
Study limitations.
The reproducibility of model parameters and estimates of CVMR are comparable with other Doppler-CO2 tests (44, 45, 48). Nonetheless, the coefficient of variation of the model parameter b was relatively large compared with the other parameters (Table 2). Parameter b reflects the overall curvilinear properties of the sigmoidal curve. Therefore, estimation of parameter b may have been affected by the lack of precise control of levels of PetCO2 reached during voluntary hyperventilation between the tests. The technique of dynamic end-tidal forcing may provide much better control of PetCO2 to improve the reproducibility of model parameter's estimation (40).
An additional limitation, inherent to the use of TCD, is that CBFV was measured to reflect changes in CBF. The TCD method has been well validated against other modalities used to measure CBF (4, 9, 30). However, changes in CBFV reflect changes in CBF only if the diameter of the insonated MCA remains constant. Direct and indirect measurements of the MCA diameters and comparisons of changes in CBFV with changes in CBF measured by different modalities during either hypo- or hypercapnia suggest the validity of using TCD (15, 46). We cannot exclude the possibility that a vasodilatation in the MCA may occur at high levels of CO2 (49). If this were the case, the magnitude of maximal changes in CBF may have been underestimated by the measurement of CBFV during hypercapnia. However, the maximum changes in CBFV at a PetCO2 level of 60 Torr (∼100% above baseline) are consistent with results of direct measurements of CBF in other studies with a similar level of changes in CO2 (14, 27).
Magnitude of changes in CBFV and ABP.
We found marked changes in CBFV with a range of nearly 150% from hyperventilation to rebreathing, with rebreathing accounting for an estimated doubling of baseline CBF. This range of changes in CBF is comparable with those found in other studies using TCD or other techniques to measure CBF (14, 24, 27, 35, 40, 51). Prominent CBF responses to arterial CO2 are well established (23, 27, 42, 44). These changes in CBF have been attributed mainly to cerebral vasodilatation during hypercapnia and vasoconstriction during hypocapnia (3, 52).
However, changes in arterial CO2 elicit complicated autonomic reflexes and exert vascular effects not only in the cerebral but also in the systemic circulation (29, 43). ABP increases substantially even during moderate increases in arterial CO2, due largely to sympathetic activation (6, 11, 38, 47), which clearly occurred in our study as well. This chemoreflex-mediated sympathetic activation may have confounding and opposing effects for the cerebral circulation, especially in the setting of CO2-induced cerebral vasodilatation. For example, systemic hypertension may increase CBF prominently when normal autoregulatory mechanisms are impaired by CO2 (13, 18, 37). Conversely, sympathetic activation in the brain may restrain CO2-induced vasodilatation (7, 12, 52, 55), although it is less certain whether such effects occur consistently in humans (25). Both of these opposing effects will influence the measurement of CVMR during rebreathing.
In the present study, we found that estimates of CVMR based on CBFV (during either hyper- or hypocapnia) exceeded those based on CVCi. For example, model parameters a and y0 (which reflect the range and maximal changes in CBFV and CVCi, respectively) derived from the CBFV-PetCO2 relationship were significantly higher than those obtained from the CVCi-PetCO2 relationship. Likewise, linear regressions resulted in higher values for CVMR when derived from CBFV instead of CVCi.
According to Ohm's law, the much higher increases in CBFV (104%) during hypercapnia relative to the increases in CVCi (64%) could be attributed to the 23% increase in ABP. Consequently, increases in ABP led to an overestimation of CVMR based on the linear regression of changes in CBFV vs. PetCO2 (CBFV − CVMR0) (Table 2) (13). Together, these findings suggest that the net CBF responses to acute hypercapnia in humans are dominated by an overwhelming vasodilatory effect of CO2, which impairs cerebral autoregulation and thereby enhances the effects of ABP on CBFV.
Estimation of CVCi.
This study applies changes in cerebrovascular conductance to assess CVMR during transient changes in PetCO2. The use of CVCi, in contrast to changes in CBFV, may better reflect the physiological process of cerebral vasodilatation during hypercapnia and cerebral vasoconstriction during hypocapnia. When an index of cerebrovascular resistance (the inverse of conductance) is used rather than CBFV to assess CVMR, the outcome was less influenced by changes in ABP (13). However, the use of resistance, rather then its inverse conductance, to assess CVMR may lead to difficulties in data interpretation, especially under conditions with increased CBF (34). Because of their reciprocal relationship, in a condition where resistance is low and blood flow is high, a large increase in conductance (vasodilatation) leads to only a small (further) decrease in resistance. Therefore, if vasomotor responses are estimated from changes in resistance, such a small decrease in resistance could be falsely interpreted to represent a small increase in vasodilatation. Because CVMR testing generates high blood flow, conductance rather than resistance was used in this study.
Alternatively, studies have analyzed the ABP-CBFV relationship within each cardiac cycle and used linear extrapolations to calculate the zero-flow pressure (also known as critical closing pressure) or resistance-area product indexes (1, 22, 36). Hypocapnia increases and hypercapnia reduces zero-flow pressure; therefore, changes in these indexes may serve as alternative measures to assess cerebrovascular responses to CO2 (17, 22). Whereas the clinical relevance of assessment of CVMR has been demonstrated in follow-up studies in patients at risk for cerebrovascular events (28, 53), similar findings have not been reported for zero-flow pressure or resistance-area product parameters.
Temporal characteristics of changes in CBFV and ABP.
The CBF response to transient changes in CO2 has a time delay of ∼5–7 s (31, 41). It is therefore of interest to consider whether this factor could affect the estimation of CVMR using the proposed modeling. Identification of the time delay between transient changes in CBF and PetCO2, as performed in these studies, requires complex and stringent control of respiration and CO2 levels. However, in the present study, we are able to approximate the time delay between changes in PetCO2, CBFV, and ABP based on the individual data from each subject. The average time delay of the reduction in CBFV in response to the reduction in PetCO2 during hyperventilation was ∼7 s, consistent with the reported time delay after a negative step change in PetCO2 (6.8 s) (41) and with a time delay of ∼5 s found when spontaneous CO2 oscillations were analyzed (39). This time delay is possibly explained by CO2 transportation time (54). The identification of a similar time delay during hypercapnic rebreathing is less evident because, as can be seen in Fig. 2, rebreathing caused a ramplike increase in PetCO2. Despite the time delay between transient changes in CBFV and CO2, it had little effect on the estimation of CVMR. With a total duration of hyperventilation of 15 s, a (short) plateau phase with minimum and stable CO2 and CBFV values was reached in all individuals. Values at the end of hyperventilation (i.e., in this plateau phase) were used as a starting point for calculation of CVMR. Therefore, "correction" for the time delay did not affect the modeling and data outcome. Similarly, the observed reduction in ABP during hyperventilation also showed a time delay, lagging behind the changes in CBFV by an additional 7 s. This delayed response in ABP may partly explain why there was a smaller difference between changes in CVCi and CBFV during hyperventilation when compared with hypercapnic rebreathing.
During rebreathing, CBFV increased steadily, associated with a continuous increase in PetCO2, and then appeared to level off at high levels of PetCO2. Two mechanisms may have contributed to the saturation of CBFV. First, cerebral vasodilatation may have reached its maximal levels at or greater than a PetCO2 of 60 Torr (42, 44). Second, substantial sympathetic activation may constrain the magnitude of the CBFV responses (7, 25, 52).
With the onset of recovery, PetCO2 returned rapidly to the pretest baseline level within ∼1–2 breaths of room air (<10 s). However, there was a substantial time delay of ∼20 s for CBFV to reach a new sustained level, which was lower than the pretest baseline value. Of note, ABP returned to the pretest baseline level without a similar undershoot. These data suggest a sustained cerebral vasoconstriction during recovery from prolonged acute hypercapnia. In addition, these data confirm that adaptive processes modify the response in both ABP and CBF to CO2, leading to limitations in the use of steady-state data to estimate CVMR (14, 41). However, the time delay in the recovery of CBFV appears to be much longer than that reported with a step change in CO2 (6 s) (40). These discrepancies might be related to the differences in the duration as well as the intensities of CO2 stimuli used.
Assessment of CVMR.
A sigmoidal distribution of data was present in most subjects when breath-by-breath changes in CBFV were plotted against PetCO2. Furthermore, similar distributions were observed for changes in CVCi, indicating the presence of threshold and saturation properties of cerebrovascular changes in response to transient changes in PetCO2, providing further evidence for the nonlinear properties of CBF responses to changes in CO2 (40–42, 44, 54). However, the specific physiological mechanisms underlying the nonlinear CBF-CO2 relationship cannot be determined in the present study.
Data with a sigmoidal distribution could be fitted equally well with several nonlinear functions based on the norm of least-square curve-fitting procedures (42). A modified logistic function was employed for curve fitting (26). Compared with other curve-fitting methods, one advantage of the logistic function used in this study is that the model parameters identified have clear physiological meanings (Fig. 1). In addition, the first-order derivative of the identified logistic function readily provides an estimation of CVMR for each level of PetCO2.
The linear regression slope of the CBFV-PetCO2 relationship (CVMR0, 5%/Torr) over the entire range of changes in PetCO2 is consistent with previous findings (8, 14, 27, 40). However, this method of analysis, although practical, evidently underestimates the maximal cerebral vasodilatory effect of CO2, as indicated by the estimates of CVMRmax using either the first-order derivatives of the identified logistic function (8%/Torr) or the specific linear regressions in the steep portion of sigmoidal curves (7%/Torr) (Table 2).
The inflection point of the logistic function (parameter x0), which corresponds to the maximal rate of changes in CBFV or CVCi to CO2 (CVMRmax), was almost identical for both the CBFV-PetCO2 and CVCi-PetCO2 relationships (Table 2). This demonstrates that CVMRmax occurs during moderate hypercapnia, slightly above the baseline level of PetCO2, consistent with previous studies suggesting that estimation of CVMR is lower during hypocapnia than during hypercapnia (13, 24, 40, 51).
Previous studies have used similar rebreathing methods to estimate CVMR (8, 20, 35, 51). However, these studies investigated only the hypercapnic stimuli and used linear regressions to derive a CVMR from 2.8 to 5.2%/Torr (8, 20, 35). Only one study included the hypocapnic range using hyperventilation before rebreathing and applied a bilinear model, resulting in a smaller CVMR in the hypocapnic range than in the hypercapnic range (1.6 vs. 2.8 cm·s−1·Torr−1) (51). Direct comparisons to these previous findings are difficult because hypoxic and/or hyperoxic conditions were also employed in these studies.
In conclusion, a clinically applicable rebreathing method was developed to assess CVMR during transient changes in PetCO2. We found that both CBFV and CVCi responses to transient changes in PetCO2 are nonlinear and that these responses can be quantified well by a modified logistic function. Furthermore, we found that the magnitude of change in CBFV during CO2 rebreathing (and hyperventilation) is higher than that of CVCi, suggesting direct effects of increases (and decreases) in ABP on changes in CBFV. For assessment of CVMR, the range of changes in CO2 to be studied and the confounding influence of changes in ABP on CBFV must be considered for application of an appropriate modeling method to quantify CBFV or CVCi responses.
This study was supported in part by a grant from The American Heart Association Texas Affiliate 0060024Y and a research scholarship to J. A. H. R. Claassen from the Radboud University Medical Center (Nijmegen, The Netherlands).
We thank the subjects for participating in this study. We also thank Michael Ogawa for valuable assistance in this research.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society


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subset: commoncrawl


text: I would like to find an automated way of getting my dolphin bookmarks into a folder that I can access from the homescreen. I know how I could do this manually but would like to find an automated way so that I can always keep them in sync, does anyone know of one? I was wondering if there's a location on the filesystem where dolphin stores all the bookmarks, I did look but couldn't find one. It would just be nice to be able to click a bookmark and have the browser open at that page rather than open the browser, go to bookmarks and then find and open the particular bookmark. Can anyone help?


text:
Maas offered Hertha stay
By Chris Ives & Gerrit van Leeuwen
Last Updated: 01/01/70 1:00am
DUTCH midfielder Rob Maas has been offered a performance-related extension to his current contract at Hertha Berlin.
General manager Dieter Hoeness has revealed that the club and the player have agreed a basic deal keeping Maas in the German capital until the summer of 2004, but his contract will automatically be extended for a year should he make 25 appearances during the 2003/2004 season.
Maas joined Hertha from Arminia Bielefeld in the summer of 1998 and has played in 17 of the club's 22 league games so far this season.


text:
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text:
Gina M.
Mead, CO, 80542
Joined on July, 2014
Gender: Female
Average Rating:
Weekends at any time
Weekdays after 3PM
Weekdays after 3PM
Lives Near:
Can Meet:
Up to 1 hour away for no additional charge
EducationPh.D Chemistry, 2011, Old Dominion University, VA.
MCHEM Chemistry, 2006, University of Sheffield, UK.
ExperienceExperience Summary:
I have a PhD and Masters in Chemistry, and have taught courses both at the undergraduate and graduate level. I am an expert in organic, analytical and geochemistry, with experiencing teaching at all levels in those subjects. Since I am originally from the UK, I have a solid background in all aspects of chemistry, so am able to tutor students in foundation courses as well. Through my research, I have gathered extensive experience in using the Microsoft Office Suite, and am able to help students in this field.
Teaching Style:
I have found through my 6 years of teaching students, that flexibility is a key component. Explaining a difficult concept to a student should be customized to each individual students' needs. I encourage students to always ask questions even if they think they are stupid. Everyone has to ask those questions at some point in their career! One of the most important goals of my teaching is to help the student grasp the concept of the subject, to help them apply that knowledge throughout their course. I often find that students blankly learn concepts without truly understanding them and as a result struggle to apply them later. I love to teach, and genuinely want to use my knowledge to help others. I am a logical, thoughtful person, who is happy to explain the same concept to students as many times as necessary. I know this subject can be difficult for some, so please contact me and I can help you through it!
HobbiesLiving in Colorado there are so many outdoor activities to enjoy! I love to hike, golf and garden.
Preferred Subjects
Chemistry, , Organic Chemistry, , Science
Inquire about this tutor
The tutor will respond if they are available/interested.


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Due to technical difficulties (the file is on another computer), Unwanted Advice will not appear today. Look for it Monday in its regularly scheduled time slot, then again next Friday.
And you know what that means--TWO Unwanted Advices in the same week! Aren't you positively dizzy with excitement?! (Oh, that's the glaag, is it? Where can I get some?)


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
26 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Spend some remarkable days in Romania and enjoy the hospitality of Continental Targu Mures Târgu Mures! The hotel is offering 111 comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Târgu Mureş. The hotel is happy to have you in the restaurant for a hearty lunch or a romantic dinner. Parking possibility for your vehicle is available nearby. You may also rent a car or join an organized city tour to discover all must-sees of the area. The café or the bar can be an ideal place for a pleasant evening talk or a meeting. You can find the exact list of services provided by Continental Targu Mures Târgu Mures (including those for extra fees) and the exact equipment of the rooms on the information sheet below.
Payment Depeding on the selected room, date and price, you may be asked to provide credit card guarantee or to pay by credit card in advance.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 15:00, the latest time to check out of your room is 12:00. The personnel can speak Romanian and English languages.
RevNGo.com rating The hotel has 9.6 score and thereby "Excellent" evaluation on RevNGo.com, based on three reviews.
Continental Targu Mures Târgu Mures rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Parking (5 €/night)
Organized sightseeing nearby, Car rental nearby
Bar, Cafe, Elevator
Own restaurant


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Orlando Limo Services, we have your limo waiting!
Your Orlando Limo Transportation starts here.....
Orlando Limos - SUV Limos - Reg. SUV - Sedans - Van Service for all your Central Florida Transportation needs!
We specialize in ultimate, personalized, Orlando Limo transportation and complete customer satisfaction. Whether you are traveling in Orlando on a business or personal trip, you deserve your limo travel to be in the safety, comfort, and pampered luxury that our elegant Limos, Town Cars, Vans, and SUV Limos and will offer you, along with our courteous, & professional chauffeurs and staff provide for you.
We provide Orlando limo transportation to and from
all Orlando
and Central Florida Airports (Orlando International & Sanford
International), Orlando cruise transportation to and from Walt Disney World, Universal Studios, Sea World, all
hotels and resorts, International Drive, Downtown Orlando and
Central Florida destinations. We also provide cruise transportation service to and from
Port Canaveral/ Port Hotels / Cruise Ships. Our cruise transfers offer the most inexpensive and luxurious way for your travel.
Our Orlando Fleet: Lincoln
Town Cars, 6-14 passenger Stretch Limos, 10 passenger and Vans with
luggage capacity. Whatever your
Orlando travel plans or occasions may require, we
will be ready to provide your Orlando limo transportation.
In addition we also provide Orlando with discreet limo pickups for VIP's and celebrities. Our limousines and drivers are ready and waiting for you when you arrive. Many limo companies don't offer this special service. We have dedicated limos that are reserved for your special guests. Limousines can be drastically different from company to company. Ask us about the amenities ours contain.
Dependable Orlando Limo Services We Provide:
Orlando Meet and Greet Service
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Extra charge if One-Way
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We request an advance notice of 24 hours for your limos & Orlando transportation services.
Permitted, Licensed and Insured with the City of Orlando, the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority and Port Canaveral.
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Join Fame Digital! Download full-length 25min 24sec movie now!
Dillon goes over to her man's house, so she can fuck him in his huge mansion, and she takes cock in her huge, loose cunt. She kisses him and then, gets down on her knees, to suck on his penis. She climbs on top of him and rides him.
- lolamed
- : 5min 25sec
- : 21 Nov 2012
- Exclusive video


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- Room size (sqm): 15
- Number of bedrooms: 1
- Wi-fi
- Internet access
- Cot on demand
H10 Salou Princess Hotel
- 12Km from REUS Airport
- Low Deposit Options Available
- Interest FREE Payment Plans
The H10 Salou Princess Hotel is located close to the nicest shopping area in Salou, just 400 m from one of the most beautiful beaches in the Costa Dorada and only 1 km from the ... Continue reading
The H10 Salou Princess Hotel is located close to the nicest shopping area in Salou, just 400 m from one of the most beautiful beaches in the Costa Dorada and only 1 km from the famous theme park PortAventura. Boasting several awards to excellence, this 4 Star vacation hotel makes a terrific base from which to explore the area with 327 spacious double/twin guestrooms sporting modern amenities. There are recently revamped common areas, an English pub, the Sports Legend Tavern as well as a solarium and Jacuzzi area. There is a wide range of sports activities close to the hotel from water sports to hiking, paragliding, horse riding and golf as well as a lively nightlife.
Most popular facilities
- WiFi
- Playground
- Air Conditioning
- Bicycle rental (additional charge)
- Billiards (Additional charge)
- Children's playground
- Entertainment staff
- Evening entertainment
- Games room
Other facilities
- Garden
- Sun terrace
- Terrace
- Air conditioning
- Car hire
- Facilities for disabled guests
- Family rooms
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Heating
- Lift
- Non smoking rooms
- Shared lounge/TV area
- Vending machine (snacks)
- Wired internet in the business centre at a cost of €6 per hour
Room facilities
The H10 Salou Princess Hotel features 327 double/twin rooms all with private bathroom and hairdryer, air conditioning and heating, direct dial telephone, LCD TV with international channels, a mini bar and safe. The hotel has rooms for disabled guests and non-smoking rooms. Rooms can accommodate 1, 2 or 3 guests and are booked as Bed and Breakfast, Half Board or Full Board accommodation.
Other Information
There are excellent golf courses in the area including 18-hole courses in Reus and Mont-roig del Camp, and the nine-hole Club de Costa Dorada near Tarragona.
A city tax where applicable is to be paid in cash locally
24-hour reception, free Wi-Fi in the lobby, Internet corner, laundry service, supermarket, parking (with fee).
To make booking a holiday at H10 Salou Princess Hotel in Salou easier for you, we provide a range of different payment options. To find out if you can book H10 Salou Princess Hotel with a low deposit holiday option, please click the "Price and Availability" button above.
Situated on the Costa Dorada's sun drenched coast, 50 miles (80km) west of Barcelona and six miles (10km) west of Tarragona, the popular holiday resort town of Salou is hard to beat for a fun family vacation. It is fairly spread out and merges with the neighbouring resorts of La Pineda to the east and Cambrils to the west, all of which benefit from the string of wonderful clean sandy beaches and secluded rocky coves.
As well as the natural attractions, Salou is also packed with entertainment for all ages, from watersports to an aqua park, go-karting and one of Europe's most thrilling theme parks, attracting thousand of holidaymakers every year, Universal's Port Aventura. Sightseers interested in museums or ancient history will find plenty to occupy them in nearby Tarragona, or on excursions into the Spanish countryside, or on excursions into the countryside. Salou's seafront promenade is set with beautifully landscaped gardens and parks; fountains are lit up at night when holidaymakers stroll to the restaurants, nightclubs, bars and British-style pubs.
Even the most hyperactive child can be kept amused for weeks in Salou. Watersports such as banana boats and windsurfing can be arranged at the main beach and Port Aventura can provide entertainment for two days or more, while the go-kart track and the aqua park in Pineda are great fun for holidaymakers and kids of all ages.
Salou's most recommended eateries include Capri y Creta, The Paddock, Portofino or The Waterfront. Eating out is relatively cheap and although many places cater to holidaymakers and British palates, there are also plenty of good Spanish and seafood restaurants.
Holidaymakers looking for a good night out in Salou should try Christy's Irish Bar, 007 Bond, Double Scotch or Charlie Chaplin's. The nightlife is a bit quiet but Barcelona is under an hour away on the train and well worth a visit for an evening.
There is a good selection of souvenir and fashion stores in Salou, and holidaymakers who want to enjoy more extensive shopping can hop on a train and travel to the renowned shopping Mecca of Barcelona, just 40 minutes away. There is a flea market in the old town centre on Mondays.
The beaches in Salou can get very crowded in July and August, however quieter beaches and empty coves can be found nearby.
Essential Information
Time Zone
Plug TypeVoltage 220V 50Hz
€1 = £0.90
This week's weather forecast
Hotel address : Av. Principat d'Andorra 15, Salou, Costa Dorada, Spain, 43840
Please wait while we load the map for H10 Salou Princess Hotel
Questions and Answers about H10 Salou Princess Hotel
If you can't find what you're looking for or if you have a question about this specific hotel, please get in touch via the Add a Question button below. Our knowledgeable team will aim to respond to your question within 72 hours. In the meantime, previously asked questions can be found below and answers to some of the most commonly asked questions can be found on our FAQs page.


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Enjoy a meal at Heera Indian Restaurant, a fantastic venue that serves the finest in delicious, authentic cuisine. The gleaming reputation that this restaurant has built has not come by accident, and it is something that they work hard to maintain.
The atmosphere of the restaurant is extremely welcoming, and you will be treat with genuine Indian hospitality.
Please note: the tastecard discount is subject to availability on Friday and Saturday evenings. The offer is not available on the buffet; it is on the a la carte menu only. It cannot be used in conjunction with any other offers, including Curry Karaoke.


text:
Wimbledon: Andy Murray gets Britain's sporting summer on track after England Euro exit
ANDY Murray got our sporting summer back on track today.
The flying Scot blasted past his English pal Liam Broady in the first round at Wimbledon.
He was cheered on by wife Kim, who brought along their daughter Sophia Olivia for her first SW19 experience. But the four-month-old tot was not allowed to join her mum or grandma Judy in the Centre Court stands.
Instead, she is understood to have played in a creche specially organised for players' children who are barred from the main courts in case they burst into tears and interrupt play.
"I'm looking forward to seeing Murray, it might cheer us up after last night"TV star Vernon Kay
Murray, 29, eased past Broady, 22, in straight sets. It was the first time two Brit men had faced off against each other at Wimbledon since 2001.
After England's football team sank to its most embarrassing loss ever against Iceland in Euro 2016 on Monday, there had been fears another giant-killing was on the cards.
TV stars Vernon Kay and wife Tess Daly put on a display of solidarity as they took their seats in the Royal Box, months after he was embroiled in a sexting scandal with glamour model Rhian Sugden.
The pair smooched, held hands and laughed together on the second day of action at the All England Club.
Vernon was keen to put England's football hell behind him. He joked before watching the match: "I'm looking forward to seeing Murray, it might cheer us up after last night."
Punters were also clearly desperate to regain some sporting pride, with one Ladbrokes customer gambling £10,000 on Murray winning the tournament again this year.
He would pick up £37,500 should the Scot go all the way.


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Virginia Performing Arts Foundation DBA CenterStage Foundation, Richmond, VA, USA
As a child growing up in Richmond, we looked forward to going downtown to attend concerts, river activities and shopping. Having CenterStage open again to attend ballet, symphony and theatre performances with my teenage daughter has been so enjoyable. I know these memories will stay with her forever, as it has for me. I appreciate the volunteers and community leaders that made this happen for the Richmond community.
More Feedback
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
My daughter was a student at the School of the Richmond Ballet and was selected to participate in the Children's Chorus of the Richmond Symphony's production of "Carmina Burana" when CenterStage opened.
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
Increase efforts to allow all children of the school participate.


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- Home
- Nissan
- Nissan 370Z & G37
- Infiniti G37
- Intake
- Takeda Dual Intake Kit - Infinity G37 07+
Takeda Intake (Dual Intake) - Infinity G37 07+
Horsepower Increase - 9hp
Torque Increase - 8ft/lbs
Takeda Retain is the Takeda Short Ram lineup. These intakes create simple, bolt-on horsepower that requires simple, quick installation and no bumper removal. Some of the short ram intakes include a wrinkle black heat shield.
Takeda Air Intake Systems use a revolutionary new Pro Dry S Filter Media that works without filter oil. This media is easier and faster to clean than traditional foam, and requires no costly and messy solvents or oils. Takeda filters can be cleaned in a matter of minutes and are ready to use after only a couple of hours of drying time. Unlike pre-oiled or disposable filters, Takeda Filters are Lifetime Filters that will last as long as you own your vehicle.
Quick and Easy Installation:
Complete installation in 40 minutes or less.
Cleaning Convenience:
This system includes a Pro DRY S oil free synthetic air filter which will never require to be oiled after cleaning.
Clear-coat Anodized Tubing:
Prevents intake tube discoloring and oxidation
Note: This system does not fit the sedan
Also Fits:
Infiniti Q60 2014 V6-3.7L
This intake is 50-state legal (CARB E.O Number D-550-16).


text:
McCormick On Main
420 Main Street
Weston, Missouri 64098
(816) 640-3149
Monday - Thursday
10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
Friday & Saturday
10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.
11:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Weston has long been the hometown of the Holladay Distillery, home of McCormick Distilling Company. In 1856, Ben Holladay and his brother, Major David Holladay, divined a great purpose for the limestone spring onsite: Bourbon, making the Holladay Distillery the oldest distillery west of the Mississippi operating at its original site. In 2016, the distillery commemoratd 160 years of rich history by going back to its roots and once again bearing the proud name of Holladay Distillery, operated by McCormick Distilling Company. For the first time since 1985, the distillery is again distilling bourbon on site, and opened its doors to the public for tours for the first time since 1995.
The reception has been so positive that it was a natural decision to extend the feel of Holladay into downtown Weston and to turn McCormick on Main, formerly known as the McCormick Country Store, into an additional place to gather. After undergoing a complete restoration, the store now features exposed brick walls, an authentic tin ceiling, and a beautiful bar crafted from reclaimed wood and barrel staves. There are additional seating areas and televisions, making this this perfect spot to relax with a cocktail when visiting Weston.
As always, the store is also a place for customers to buy souvenirs and to sample and purchase products including our premium brands 360 Vodka, Broker's Gin, Tequila Rose, Hussong's Tequila, Triple Crown, KeKe, and Tarantula, as well as the McCormick family brands.
Come visit McCormick on Main to find out more about our products. McCormick on Main is open seven days a week and cocktails are available for purchase daily.
Spirits cannot be shipped but we are happy to ship any logo items in the store.


text:
June 2008
May 2008
April 2008
» This is How You Get sIFR to Work | Design Intellectionby camel & 2 others
After following this tutorial you will have a basic understanding of how sIFR works and will be able to expand into more advanced areas.
March 2008
woork: Perfect pagination style using CSSby camel & 5 others (via)
This tutorial explains how to design a pagination for search results or more in general to split a long list of records in more pages. It's a question I often receive, so I decided to publish a very simple post which explains how to design a perfect pagination style using some lines of HTML and CSS code.


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We are now accepting applications for the Deerfield Park District Golf
Advisory Committee.
Interested individuals can pick-up applications at the Deerfield Golf Club, Jewett Park Community Center, or can download an application HERE. If there are any questions regarding the committee they should be directed to Jeff Nehila, Executive Director, Deerfield Park District at (847) 945-0650 or email@example.com. Please return completed applications to one of the above locations or via email to the Executive Director.
Please submit applications by February 22nd, 2017.
Download Application
« Back


text:
Durbuy, Walloon Region, Belgium
Property Ref:
Description of WarreIf you wish to spend your holiday in a special place, then the chalet Warre is the perfect accommodation for you. Enjoy your stay in a simple holiday house with a large enclosed balcony. The valley of the Ourthe is your garden here. An idyllic path along the slope leads to the river. You can relax on the deckchair on the balcony that overlooks the kayaks down below. Here, you are spared of transit traffic as you stay on a secluded forest path. The cottage with a beautiful kitchen has a cosy living room with wood-fired oven. The rooms and bathrooms are very tidy. In spite of the remote location, you will stay in the vicinity of Durbuy, which always offers something to do. Visit the restaurants in the Grand Place or go shopping in the small shops on the narrow streets. This region has a lot to offer for sports enthusiasts: canoeing, mountain biking and adventure courses. The castle of La Roche and the caves of Remouchamps are worth a visit.
Features of Warre
Updating Calendar
For information about rates or to make a booking.
Location details for Warre
(All distances and times are approximations)
The Ardennes home.Other locations within the Belgium area:


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Drop us a note about your experiences with Moebius Noodles!
– Yelena McManaman, Maria Droujkova, and Ever Salazar, book authors
Showing 1–4 of 81 results
Activities, courses, books, and games by and for the Natural Math community.
Playful algebra, calculus for 5 year olds, inquiry problems and more: join our adventures with Natural Math books!


text:
What I find most compelling about Catholicism though is why it has drawn such ire from SDA's. Though Adventists have issue with all other religions in general, none is held in as much contempt as Catholism. Knowing that seventh day adventism is founded on and fueled by satanic dreams, visions, and teachings leads me to conclude that their most hated rival must be founded on and fueled by the One True God.
- Blog home
- Introduction
- The Sabbath
- Adventism
- Catholicism
- The Early Church
- Debates
- Misc topics


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How can a movie about Brazil not include scenes of its beautiful (topless) beaches?
The Lincoln Lawyer
Matthew McConaughey returns to the form that made him famous: melodramatic overacting.
The only thing insidious about this movie is that it cost me $11 to go see it.
Soul Surfer
Everything was going great. Girls. Surfing. The beach. Then it got better. A huge fucking shark bit someone's arm off. That's when it went to shit. "Love is bigger than any tidal wave or fear." "I don't need easy. I just need possible." I can't wait until Soul Surfer 2: the Revenge, when the shark returns to bite her fucking whiny mouth off.
Not the worst movie Russell Brand made this month. But the worst movie everyone else in it has ever made.
Water for Elephants
Robert Pattinson did not once glamour, bite or complain to another person during this movie. He did, however, fondle 3 elephants.
Madea's Big Happy Family
I'm not sure if people know this, but Madea is played by a man. And if people do know this, please tell them to stop encouraging him/her.
Demi Moore is rolling over in her grave.
Source Code
Jake Gillaenthalleffvdjfh searches for a bomb. Then he finds it on his IMDB page: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time.


text:
Heated Leather Seats, Remote Engine Start, Dual Zone A/C, Back-Up Camera, Hitch, Aluminum Wheels, Satellite Radio, Onboard Communications System, CD Player, iPod/MP3 Input. FUEL EFFICIENT 21 MPG Hwy/15 MPG City! LTZ trim READ MORE!======KEY FEATURES INCLUDE: Leather Seats, Heated Driver Seat, Back-Up Camera, Satellite Radio, iPod/MP3 Input, CD Player, Onboard Communications System, Trailer Hitch, Aluminum Wheels, Remote Engine Start, Dual Zone A/C, Heated Seats, Heated Leather Seats. MP3 Player, Keyless Entry, Privacy Glass, Steering Wheel Controls, Electronic Stability Control. ======EXPERTS ARE SAYING: explains Inside, all versions of the Chevy Silverado have high-quality materials, and we've been impressed by the build quality in all the trucks we've tested. the Silverado's thickly padded seats promise plenty of long-trip comfort.. Great Gas Mileage: 21 MPG Hwy. ======BUY FROM AN AWARD WINNING DEALER: Gerry Lane entered the Chevrolet business over fifty years ago under poor economic conditions, but his business thrived for one simple reason: he believes in the importance of treating the customer the way I'd like to be treated. The service-first mentality that Gerry built this business on is one that we still hold today. We will do whatever it takes to do right by Baton Rouge Chevy customers. Come take a look for yourself! Fuel economy calculations based on original manufacturer data for trim engine configuration. Please confirm the accuracy of the included equipment by calling us prior to purchase.
Price may exclude tax, title, tags, governmental fees, any emissions testing charges and any finance charges (if applicable). Unless otherwise stated separately in the vehicle details, price does not include documentation, processing, administrative, closing or similar fees. Current mileage may vary due to test drives and vehicle relocation.


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Jaw Crusher Wear Rate
wear rate of hammer crushers,YouTube
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Built rugged, the 3258 jaw crusher delivers consistent ... production rates and lower cost per ton. High production ... reducing wear and tear on parts.Read More
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A cone crusher is used for crushing rock material in mines and quarries. The performance of the crusher changes during its lifetime due to wear of the crusher lRead More
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SHANGHAI NMN MACHINERY CO., LTD is one high-tech enterprise, which involves R&D, production, sales and service as well. In the past 20 years, we devote to producing mining equipments, sand making machines and industrial grinding mills, offering expressway, rail way and water conservancy projects ...Read More
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jaw crusher liners rate . Increasing the Capacity of a Jaw Crusher ,bulk-online Forums . Increasing the stroke rate may be successful. I cannot say with the limited information provided.Read More
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Protected pitman hub with rock ribs reduce wear due to feeding of type jaw crusher that does not rely upon gravity alone to move material Capacities will vary depending on size of feed, ... IMMA-Jaw-Crushers-Tech-Sheet,imma global. a rate of somewhere around 3 times a second.Read More
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C series jaw crushers Wear parts application guide. 2 The jaw crusher is a compression type crusher. Feed material is ... jaw die may wear at a faster rate. The table below shows the indicative lifetime of the wear components.Read More
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LIPPMANN MASSIVE LARGE MODEL JAW CRUSHERS ... Replaceable toe wear liners on swing and stationary jaw. 8. ... expect to increase production rates, .Read More
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text:
Ticket #443 (closed task: fixed)
Videos frequently not picked up by Transcode.Daemon for transcoding
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|Who will test this:
We are finding on EngageMedia.org that TD is frequently not picking up new videos and transcoding them. There _may_ be a link to whether they are uploaded via ftp. Generally they will transcode if you click "retranscode" but obviously it is much better if it is done so automatically, both for the admins and for the users.
I don't have any specific examples on EM right now but have a look through the public draft videos. If I see a non-transcoded video for the sake of the user and the site we need to transcode it immediately.
Change History
comment:2 Changed 7 years ago by mike
- Status changed from new to closed
- Resolution set to ready for testing
We've made some changes to catch some of these cases. I've updated testing. While testing stuff, take a look to check if the problem is still there when uploading new videos.
comment:4 Changed 7 years ago by grant
May not be able to mark this as closed until after we deploy 3.1.1 to production on em.org as ftp upload is going to production, not staging. We can test uploading & transcoding videos during acceptance testing but the FTP angle will have to wait.
comment:5 Changed 7 years ago by and
- Status changed from closed to reopened
- Resolution ready for testing deleted
I uploaded 2 videos to staging.em. 1+ hour later they don't seem to been picked up for transcoding. Unless TD is very busy this would suggest to me there are still some issues.
comment:6 Changed 7 years ago by and
comment:7 Changed 7 years ago by grant
Here's another one - uploaded it a while back and still no transcoding and no sign of ffmpeg running (looking via htop).
comment:8 Changed 7 years ago by dimo
- Status changed from reopened to closed
- Resolution set to ready for testing
ok, problem found and fixed!
comment:9 Changed 7 years ago by grant
Uploaded a video and it transcoded successfully. Will upload a few more later this arvo but so far it looks good :)
comment:10 Changed 7 years ago by grant
- Status changed from closed to reopened
- Resolution ready for testing deleted
Uploaded a few more videos and they've all transcoded correctly. Looks like the transcoder is working.
Only thing left to test is the transcoding when a video is uploaded via FTP. Have to wait until we deploy into production for that.
Will mark this as completed and ensure we test the FTP transcoding during production acceptance testing.
comment:11 Changed 7 years ago by grant
- Status changed from reopened to closed
- Resolution set to fixed
All done - closing it out


text:
These thought-provoking images?capture all the stress, despair and frustration of our dog-eat-dog world, one in which we are persuaded to consume sh*t and destroy the planet in order to keep the corporate wheels turning.
It's true that this collection?is depressing, but only because the?images are so close to the truth.
Click "KEEP READING" To View The Scary Images Of Modern Life.


text:
You have until Feb 1, 2018 to return or exchange items bought after Nov 1, 2017. All other standard return policyrwrcywzyyftsbsxzbxtsrarssvruefyd conditions apply.
Shown in Use
Charging Cable Not Included
Show MoreLess
Now Viewing:
highlightsUsed Condition: 10
Preowned equipment, but appears as new
You Pay: $1.95
The Xuma Charge and Sync Dock is compatible with all 30-pin docking iPods, as well as all 30-pin iPhones. It features a 30-pin docking connector that your iPod/iPhone plugs into. Once attached to the dock, your device can charge or sync via USB to your computer using the charge/sync USB cable that came with your iPod/iPhone. You can also use the dock to charge you device from a wall socket, by using your iPod/iPhone power source and charge/sync cable.
Note: Requires iPod/iPhone charge & sync cable
|Dock Compatibility
|Apple iPhone (all 30-pin versions) Apple iPod (30-pin docking models)
|Works with iPhone and iPod 30-pin charge/sync cable (supplied with your iPhone/iPod)
|Dimensions (WxHxD)
|Not specified by manufacturer
|Not specified by manufacturer


text:
No. 50 Lighthouse Street
No. 50 Lighthouse Street is an elegant building, of Dutch heritage, spans a full block of its central Fort location. The original structure, with its white columned facade has been restored with exceptional attention to detail. Most of the five en suite bedrooms have been built into a contemporary extension to the rear and spanning the full length of its narrow cobbled courtyard.
Garden Balcony
Two bedrooms – Occupancy For Four
Located on the first floor, these two spacious bedrooms both feature a four poster king size bed canopied with a mosquito net, a seating area and contemporary en suite bathroom with walk in rain showers. Polished cement floors, Indian block printed fabrics, crisp white bed linen and dhurrie rugs complement the space.
Master balcony suite
Occupancy For Two
Located on the first floor a luxurious suite features a hardwood teak floor, a lounge area and satellite television. A four poster king size bed draped with a mosquito net and crisp white linen and contemporary art work. Textiles from India and Pakistan adorn the space. French doors open onto an outside balcony and seating area with a decorative coral wall and a view of the length of the garden.
Garden Room
Occupancy For Two
Located on the ground floor, this private bedroom is cozy and well appointed, features a four poster king bed canopied with a mosquito net, a comfortable arm chair, with small coffee table. a contemporary en suite bathroom with antique vanity and a walk in rain shower. Indian fabrics and crisp bed linen, and dhurrie rug complement the space.


text:
Key Points
- The PLAN has conducted J-15 operations from its aircraft carrier in the South China Sea
- Service may be preparing the carrier strike group for more complex combat operations in the area
The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has deployed its sole aircraft carrier, Liaoning, to the South China Sea, where it conducted take-off and landing drills with the J-15 multirole fighter aircraft.
According to a report published by the state-controlled news agency Xinhua on 3 January citing a Chinese military source, the drills were conducted the previous day, and also involved a number of unspecified naval helicopters.
However the report had no details on the number of J-15s deployed in the exercise.
Liaoning 's activities in the South China Sea come on the back of its inaugural deployment into the West Pacific in December 2016, where the ship passed through the Miyako Strait south of the Japanese island of Okinawa.
The aircraft carrier was then accompanied by a Luyang III-class (Type 052D) destroyer, Changsha, two Luyang II-class (Type 052C) destroyers, Zhengzhou and Haikou, and two Jiangkai II-class (Type 054A) frigates, Yantai and Linyi.
It is unclear if the same ships were in formation with Liaoning during its latest drills in the South China Sea.
Want to read more? For analysis on this article and access to all our insight content, please enquire about our subscription options: ihs.com/contact


text:
Environmental Politics Analysis
London elects Khan with promise of 'greenest mayor ever'Labour's Sadiq Khan has become the new Mayor of London. But will he make the most of his 'golden opportunity' to address the capital's environmental problems?
UN censures UK on Hinkley transboundary failingsA UN report has revealed continuing disquiet over possible impacts on neighbouring states from a severe incident at the proposed Hinkley nuclear plant
Air Management
Local air quality management guidance updatedNew guidance on local air quality management for Scotland, England and London has been published
Land, Ecology & Development
Old landfill sites could have 'serious environmental consequences'More than 1,200 historic landfill sites vulnerable to erosion and coastal flooding could become a serious source of pollution, according to a study
Consultancies to lead nuclear decommissioning researchThe Nuclear Decommissioning Authority has signed a series of framework contracts on managing land and waste from nuclear facilities
Waste & Resources
Community service for Blackpool skip hire bossThe owner of a skip hire company has been sentenced after feeding out-of-date food to pigs and burning waste food illegally
Land, Ecology & Development Analysis
Regulators toughen act on aliensInvasive non-native species cost the UK £1.8bn every year, and the battle to keep them at bay is intensifying. Rachel Salvidge looks at what is being done to protect Britain from these harmful aliens
Document Watch
Quick links to key documents and reports, powered by


text:
Long Island - New York Hotel ReviewsThe Inn at Fox Hollow provides beautiful suites and event spaces enhanced by our Above and Beyond service philosophy. We are driven by a spirit of hospitality that is instilled in everything we do - from hosting your wedding to giving you a home on Long Island. Read our Long Island hotel reviews and see why the Inn at Fox Hollow is an exceptional retreat for relaxing, dining and celebrating on Long Island's Gold Coast. Find out what guests have to say and experience the Fox Hollow difference.
Post A Review of Our Long Island Hotel
Guest Reviews
Wedding on Long Island (of course:)
Fabulous place! Had a discounted rate for the wedding we attended on premise and they extended the rate to an extra night as we came in a day early to do the City. Staff was more than 4-star. Very accommodating and professional, and young. Courtyard was excellent and we used it well over our stay. Complimentary dinner was perfect and allowed my wife to meet up with an old friend from college without the hassle of driving to another place.
A great stay at the Inn
What an excellent stay we had at the Inn for my daughter's wedding! The accommodations were excellent, the staff so helpful, breakfast delicious and just an all around wonderful experience. We booked a large block of rooms, and all our relatives and friends felt the same! Thank you!
July 27, 2013 Stay
Everything was great and the staff helpful, Only negative was the layout of the room, had to walk through the sleeping area to get to the bath room which was not convenient for the guest on the pull out sofa.
Very Relaxing and Comfortable, with great service
We stayed at Fox Hollow because we attended a wedding on site. Our suite was very spacious and comfortable, complete with a kitchen! We had a courtyard room, which we would highly recommend. The complimentary dinner Thursday night was delicious and breakfast every morning was more than we could ever eat. We had a wonderful time!
Wedding turned Family Reunion!
My brother's wedding was at The Fox Hollow catering venue next door. It was an afternoon wedding, so we got to the inn by 6:30. Since all of the out-of-town guests booked rooms at the inn, many of the Long Islanders did as well. We had 35 rooms and about 75 or 80 people in all! By 7:30, half of our guests were in the pool or at the bar. The pool closed by 9:30, but the party continued until 2 AM.! A mini family reunion! The rooms are luxurious and the staff was wonderful. Special thanks to Christian L. and Gina - Very accommodating!
The best hotel experience on L.I.
From check-in to check-out this was a good experience as usual. Special kudos to Christian at the front desk for great service at check-in. His eagerness to be of service is to be commended.
It was a wedding that called together the clans, the tribal members, the cousins... LI was once home for most -maybe still is- but some came travelling three or four time zones, three or four thousand miles like we did, Ellen & John Darcy formerly of Bellmore (31 years), now of Mesquite NV... What can one say? The Fox Hollow does it all! Comfortable, clean elegant rooms...unobtrusive friendly staff quickly there at every call...excellent food and comfort Beautiful unparalleled North Shore elegance! When it comes to nonpareil excellence in Long Island catering and lodging, the Scotto Bothers' Fox Hollow enjoys a singular category unto itself! And Ellen & John were around LI for over three decades... We know. We really had a wonderful three days as the guests of Cathy & Paul Marchese (of CT!!) in celebration of the wedding of their son Tyler to the beauteous Ali Ahearn! JUST WONDERFUL!!! The very best.
Family visit
I had the opportunity to have my family join me on a trip to NYC. The accommodations provided by Fox Hollow are extraordinary from the room to the service staff to the food service. I especially want to recognize the attentive staff led by Elizabeth who was always ready to make certain all details of our stay were catered too. The fun of watching the wedding families brought a smile to our faces. If I had any complaints it would be the patrons were asked to leave the pool before the 10 PM curfew because one person had complained of the noise. Really 40 + people were told to stop swimming for 1 person. The tyranny of the minority! Other than that I wholeheartedly recommend this business.
I always look forward to coming back
I stay at Fox Hollow at least once every year. I travel frequently, and Fox Hollow blows away the big chains.comfortable,friendly,great suites, super beds, and nice breakfast.
Awesome Accommodations
We stayed at this hotel for 2 nights, the room was very clean, the bed was amazing and the staff are the friendliest and most accommodating ones around! And for New York the rooms are extremely large!


text:
my week. *happy endings to april showers edition*
on friday, karen had an art opening at her store in carroll gardens. the stuff was really good. old printed cartoons and clip art screenprinted on glossy, brightly colored canvases. the schillers even made a purchase. here's karen in front of some of the pieces.
at the show, jacque served up some hangovers. but she saved most of them for herself.
this place does it all. they should use neon lights. and for an extra $5, they'll gift wrap.
fire when ready. matthew low had a game night on saturday, and remember the shocker game? well really, who could forget. anyway, this is similar, except these are remote control tanks, and whoever gets shot, gets shocked. pretty brilliant. it's like the original atari game, combat, but more sadistic.
thanks for the party, matt. and i hope we all get to see pictures soon. no excuses. not with that pretty new camera of yours.
Labels: my week
Hi everybody. This Sunday is supposed to be sunny with highs in the mid-60s. It's also my birthday.
What: Total Picnic Awesomeness
When: this Sunday, May 6th, 1ish.
Where: Prospect Park picnic area, by 9th Street & Prospect Park West
How: F train to 7th Avenue & 9th St., or the 2/3 to Grand Army Plaza
Who: meeeeee!
Why: meeeeee! and the nice weather and bocce and cake and booze, dur!
Call if you need directions, motivation, or you know, just to talk. sometimes we just need to talk it out. Lily's cell: 917-502-9460.
Let's do this,
Do You Cyber?
Labels: friends, ichat, webcam
hey jealousy
In their own words:
"You meet a band. You take them outside, in the streets, and ask them to play there, shoot the movie in one unique shot, whatever happens. Those are the Take-Away Shows, the weekly Video podcast from french weblog La Blogothèque."
Labels: blogotheque, music, podcasts, videos
worst blind date EVER
tape this to your fridge
Labels: literature, r.i.p., vonnegut
the new exhibit at the brooklyn botanical gardens
Labels: botanical gardens, nyc
my week. *spring observation edition*
this week, our favorite band from austin, texas, ghostland observatory, blew through town. we gathered up the GLO posse, and went and watched the boys strut their stuff to a sold-out bowery ballroom. their fans are never afraid to show their love:
once the warm weather finally arrived on thursday, i strolled about aimlessly, and took pictures of my hood. i have a crush on my bridge. she's gorgeous. and i think i love her.
as jacquie posted previously, we went to the brooklyn botanical gardens on saturday. we try and do that at least once a year, and it's sort of becoming a tradition. this year we beat the crowd as the official cherry blossom festival is this upcoming weekend. preeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetty!
while we were chilling out under the not-quite-blossoming cherry trees, we were admiring this kid's bag of grass.
on saturday, we braved the misshapes crowd to see the GLO again. believe it or not, jacquie bobbled a drink or seven. nate thought she could use a blow job to help dry off.
"that's rock 'n roll"
the sun is shining, the flowers are out in full force, blue skies, birds, bees, love is in the air...happy spring!
Labels: Ghostland Observatory, my week
hallo knut!
hello sunshine
:: hello sunshine :: super furry animals
Labels: botanical gardens, nyc
random encounter
today was a gorgeous day for walking a dog and visiting a few cats. after dropping off the bike at the mobile mutts office, i happened to meet tom otterness. mr. otterness is a sculptor, and his pieces can be found throughout new york, as well as the world. his most recognizable pieces (at least to me) may be from the 14th street L and ACE subway station. his studio is in a huge warehouse right next door to the mobile mutts office. i've noticed it before when the gates are up, and i've recognized his style. but today, he was sitting at a table eating chinese food, so i decided to stop and say hi. inside the warehouse/studio there are countless sculptures in various stages of completion. huge molds in flat white are scattered about wrapped in clear plastic, and some pieces nearing completion sit shining dully in their more familiar bronze, waiting to be re-located to some unknown location. some of the pieces are twenty-feet tall, and some are no larger than a football.
mr. otterness was very kind and easy to talk to, so we spoke for a few minutes. i found out that he hails from wichita, and moved to new york when he was 18. for thirty-something years he has lived on stanton street in the LES in a rent-stabalized apartment, and joked that he is trying to stay there longer than the landlord can stay alive. he moved his studio next door to the mobile mutts office in carroll gardens six months ago from dumbo. i also met his dog, shoop, and gave gave the little australian shephard some dog treats. it was a nice little surprise on this beautiful sunday afternoon.
Labels: art, brooklyn, nyc, tom otterness
Same Same but Different
Tom's friend John's uncle James Whitney 's (whew!) Lapis will screen at the Whitney on May 23rd.
Labels: art, film, music, the whitney, videos
dammit, sometimes i really miss texas
even with the observatory...
we're still never gonna be able to see this meteor shower from the dancefloor at misshapes.
Labels: Ghostland Observatory, nyc, planet earth, texas
b) I have a spare ticket if anyone needs one...$25
Labels: concerts, hot chip, music, nyc
Super Dems
It's a bird...
It's a plane...
It's...it's...Democrats as Superheroes!
United against the real evil-doers (coughBUSHADMINISTRATIONcough) and fighting for truth, justice, and obviously, the American way.
Labels: humor, politics, superheroes, videos
now with more lazers! | ghostland observatory @ bowery ballroom, 4.18.07
but ghostland killed it last night at bowery. i'm far too hungover to actually compose any further thoughts about it - so here's a pictorial narrative instead:
don't miss them at misshapes saturday. next time they're in town they'll be selling out webster. just sayin.
Labels: bowery ballroom, concerts, friends of LDT, Ghostland Observatory, music, nyc
stop drooling andrew
fast food: ads vs. reality
guess that's why food stylists get the big bucks
(link from boing boing
Labels: advertising, fast food
my week. *flag at half mast edition*
wheeeeeeeee! moving on. how many french bulldogs and boston terriers can you fit in an elevator? probably more than four. but this is all i'm allowed to walk at a time.
dear mother nature. i know we've all been pissing you off lately, with global warming and all. but please, hear this prayer. on behalf of all new yorkers, we're all trying our best to become green, and do our part to prevent anymore pollution and melting of the ice caps. so if we're really really good, you think we could have some spring now? please? and look at these eyes. how can you refuse? please?
tom had a birthday this week. seriously. do we look like we're joking?
here's the birthday boy. and just to clarify, his hat says, "i don't wanna grow up!". yeah. honest.
the team here at 'let's do this'. most of us anyway.
here's the happy couple enjoying some birthday fondu. happy birthday, tom!
saturday night, nate and i sat on a curb and took the pepsi/coke challenge, and we decided they both taste great. like vodka.
then later that night, we ended up at the crackers-united loft party. we gotta get ourselves one of these cameras. thanks for the photo, crackers. and great party!
Labels: my week
speaking of perverted cinema...
i've been (im)patiently waiting to post this ever since nate and i saw the poster at sunshine last month:
disco dolls in: HOT SKIN
the midnight movie @ sunshine
april 20 / 21
3D glasses included. bring your own salty nuts.
you'll be blown away?
um, glued to your seat?
did somebody say grindhouse?
ok fine, the best joke is already in the poster.
for more hard facts, read between the imdb plot keywords: 3 dimensional / hardcore / sex
Labels: 3D, hot skin, movies, porn, sunshine theater
"i'm sure we don't carry anything like that here, but i can double check if you like"
get your panties out of a bunch lady,
i was just looking for this:
...an exuberant romp through the popular field of dreams known as cinema with Slavoj Zizek, the irrepressible Slovenian psychoanalyst and philosopher. Zizek not only presents clips from films by Alfred Hitchcock, David Lynch, and the Marx Brothers, to name a few, but makes his points by inserting himself into some of the films. Originally a three-part Channel 4/More 4 documentary, Fiennes's exhilarating exegesis on the constant interplay between the unconscious mind and the movies is about "the ultimate pervert art. It doesn't give you what you desire—it tells you how to desire" (Zizek).
sophie fiennes's the pervert's guide to cinema
@ MoMA
april 18–23, 2007
screening info here
what can i say, i like my philosophy in popcorn size bites.
(preferably with some peanut M&Ms.)
Labels: exuberant romp, movies, pervert's guide to cinema, philosophy, slavoj zizek
new york, i love you. but...
out like a whiney bitch.
more last minute. more music. more free.
kaiser chiefs
@ virgin megastore union square, 5:30 pm
:: ruby :: from new album yours truly, angry mob
dangerous muse
@ hiro ballroom, 11 pm (rsvp here)
:: the rejection ::
Labels: dangerous muse, free, kaiser chiefs, music, nyc
nothing like the last minute
download :: 23 :: from new album, uh, 23
and check out this pretty new viddy
Labels: blonde redhead, free, music, videos
Colour by numbers. Guess I should've been a bit faster on the draw.
A cool magazine.
Color, revisited.
When I was in kindergarten, we celebrated hobo day.
Feel your way.
We like the smart boys. And girls.
From my favorite show - Discover!
Labels: art, beautiful decay, books, design, hobo, ira glass, magazine, micro museum, music, npr, performance, phylotaxis, science, sound seeker, this american life
my week. *passover to chunks edition*
we move on to wednesday, where birthday boy andrew borin, along with his friend shannon, spun at botanica. HAPPY BIRTHDAY ANDREW!! more on his actual party in a moment.
on thursday, after shooting a commercial all day, nate was shocked at how much redbull they put in his vodka at gym. no, not the gym. just gym, a gay bar in chelsea. it's actually the same spot where we watched the ball go through tony romo's hands on that cold, cold, january night. hmm. too many jokes in this one. my words should be chosen more carefully, methinks...nah.
after leaving nate at gym, i went to meet up with one of my favorite jews in the whole world: jacquie. i joined her at the friction party at mercury, thrown by our fellow bloggers, crackers-united. hey! i got my jersey juice taken from me! oh well, it was almost gone. and that's what i get for acting like i was in one of nate's commercials.
on saturday, we move on to la palapa where we began the celebration of andrew's birthday, which entailed lunch and drinks, followed by a scavenger hunt and drinking, and then a movie, and then more drinking. and to continue with the theme of passover, here are two more of my favorite jews in the whole world: sarah lewitinn, and andrew borin. here sarah shows that jews can get rough when need be. SHALOM!
one of the items for the hunt that needed to be photographed was bodyshots at mars bar. here shannon illustrates perfect form. i think her quote afterwards was something like, "ew! all i could taste was hair and whiskey!!"
a photo of a hell's angel was also on the scavenger hunt list. so we found one, and when asked if he would be in a photo for our hunt, the hell's angel replied, "no stupid shit." we weren't sure if he was calling us stupid shit, or if he meant no shenanigans, either way we chose to not take any chances, and just took a pic of a killer bike.
too much birthday party for one hand...well, for one week, really. happy passover, and happy birthday, andrew.
Labels: my week