text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 2011
|Filing date
|May 26, 2006
|Priority date
|May 26, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yunnan Wu, Jitendra D. Padhye, Ranveer Chandra, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Philip A. Chou, Mohamed Jawad Khaki
|Original Assignee
|Microsoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (19), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Network coding allows a node in a network to generate output data by mixing (or computing certain functions of) its received data. This extends the conventional routing scheme that only allows a node to forward its received data. The broadcast property of the wireless medium renders network coding particularly useful for wireless networks. For instance, a single broadcast transmission on a wireless network of a proper mixture packet may simultaneously present useful information to multiple wireless nodes.
By way of example,
One technique of supplying x1 and x2 to node A and node B is called traditional piggybacking. Traditional piggybacking concatenates packets such that, for example, in
In order to implement this in practice, node R needs to have some way of knowing that node A has x1 and node B has x2. A recent wireless network coding framework takes advantage of physical piggybacking to improve the efficiency of unicasting in multi-hop wireless networks. In this approach, each node snoops on the medium and buffers whatever packets that it hears. A node also informs its neighbors which packets they have overheard. This allows nodes to have some knowledge of what packets are available at each neighboring node. Based on this knowledge, each node then determines whether there are opportunities to do mixing. Using the example of
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
The local network coding framework and method disclosed herein includes techniques that can improve the communication efficiency in a wireless network (especially a multi-hop wireless network) by reducing overhead and improving efficiency. In the exchange of data availability, Bloom filters of lists of packets are sent to neighboring nodes. The Bloom filters received within a certain amount of time are used to infer whether the sender of the Bloom filter has the packet in its possession. In addition, a separate acknowledgement buffer is used to keep track of the pure packets that are transmitted but not acknowledged. If an acknowledgement does not arrive after a certain time period, the packet is assumed to be lost and is retransmitted. This enhances the reliability of the packet delivery process.
Once the data availability of local node has been determined, an optimized packet mixing process is used to generate mixture packets and decide to which nodes to send the mixture packets. The composition of the mixture packet is determined using a two-step procedure: (1) select a set of pure packets to be mixed and a set of intended receivers; and (2) decide the mixing coefficients. For the first step, an optional preprocessing step includes identifying a set of candidate pure packets for the purpose of in-order delivery of packets belonging to the same transmission control protocol (TCP) flow. A packet is regarded as a candidate if there does not exist another pending outgoing packet that is an earlier packet in the same TCP flow. The selection of packets to be mixed may be performed by (i) enumerating the receiver sets, (ii) for each receiver set, optimizing the selection of pure packets, and (iii) retaining the best solution. For some embodiments, the enumeration of receiver sets is in an order such that a receiver set is considered only if all its subsets have been considered.
In step (ii), for a given receiver set, the selection of pure packets can be done using at least three techniques. In a first technique, for a given receiver set, the packets to be mixed are selected by first selecting one or more packets (for example, by maximizing a per-packet utility function) for each receiver and then taking the union. In a second technique, for a given receiver set, the packets to be mixed are selected by starting with an initial set, and then adding a packet whose addition leads to the largest increase of a function. When the function value cannot be increased further, no further packets are added. A third technique selects packets to be mixed by starting with an initial set, and at each step removing a packet whose removal leads to the largest increase of a function. Again, when the function value cannot be increased further, no further packets are removed.
For the second step, once a given set of pure packets to be mixed and a receiver set are found, then the mixing coefficients are determined. If a packet is wanted by only one receiver in the receiver set, then the mixing coefficient is set to one. Otherwise, the mixing coefficient is set to a randomly-chosen element of the set of nonzero elements of a finite field.
The local network coding framework and method also includes methods for representing the composition of a mixture packet in order to potentially reduce the overhead. One method includes recording hashes of the identifiers of pure packets that were combined to form a mixture packet, instead of the original identifiers. Another method includes recording a Bloom filter of the pure packets that were combined to form the mixture packet, when the combining operation is limited to XOR. Another method includes representing a linear mixture of a packet over a finite field by the number of packets being mixed, the Bloom filter of the packets being mixed, and the mixing coefficients which are arranged in some ordering based on the packets. In addition, after de-mixing, the integrity of the de-mixed packet can be checked by verifying the checksum of a de-mixed packet.
The local network coding framework and method also includes using mixing at a wireless access point to improve the performance of the wireless local area network.
It should be noted that alternative embodiments are possible, and that steps and elements discussed herein may be changed, added, or eliminated, depending on the particular embodiment. These alternative embodiments include alternative steps and alternative elements that may be used, and structural changes that may be made, without departing from the scope of the invention.
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout.
In the following description of the local network coding framework and method, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific example whereby the local network coding framework and method may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the claimed subject matter.
I. General Overview
In the example of
where αiεF, and the multiplication and addition operations are defined in F. The connotation "pure packet" is used to refer to a packet that was not generated by a mixing operation. A "mixture packet" includes a packet that is created through a mixing operation. In this sense, a pure packet is regarded as a degenerate mixture packet.
In the local network coding framework, each node listens to the medium and tries to receive packets. Each node also buffers each of the packets that it receives. In general, the local network coding framework maintains two buffers. One buffer holds mixture packets and another buffer holds pure packets. Because each packet is a linear combination of pure packets, the contents in the buffer can be viewed as a system of linear equations in terms of the pure packets. Upon receiving a packet
the packet is put into the buffer and Gaussian elimination is applied to the buffered packets to recover new pure packets if possible. In this manner a node can recover from the received mixture packet the pure packet that the mode is missing.
Each node periodically announces (via broadcasts) to its neighbors a list of some pure packets in the buffer. Such announcements collectively allow a node to approximately know the data availability in the neighborhood. Using the example of
Based on a table (such as illustrated in
II. Operational Overview
Once the data availability of the local nodes is known, the local network coding method optimizes the mixing of pure packets (box 310). This mixing is based on the data availability. The optimized mixing of the pure packets creates a mixture packet that is ready for output on the wireless network. As discussed below, the variety of techniques used to optimize the packet mixing, including finding receiver sets which to send the mixture packet, finding the pure packets to send to each receiver in the receiver set, and determining mixing coefficients.
Once the mixture packet is generated by combining the necessary pure packets, it is ready for output on the wireless network. Support of reliable packet delivery is provided by the local network coding method by defining a separate acknowledgement buffer (box 320). The acknowledgement buffer contains packets that have been sent but not acknowledged by their intended recipients.
III. Exchange of Data Availability
One of the first steps to be performed in network coding is to let each node on the wireless network know which packets are in possession of each of their neighbors. This is another way of saying that it is determined locally which node has what. Once this exchange of data availability is performed, then it can be determined whether and what type of mixing can be done so that neighboring nodes can be given packets they need and perform de-mixing upon receipt. This exchange of data availability process serves at least two purposes. First, it facilitates identifying mixing opportunities, and, second, it provides reliability support by acknowledging any received packets.
Use of Bloom Filters and Hash Functions
Exchange of data availability by the local network coding method disclosed herein includes the use of Bloom filters and hash functions to exchange data availability between nodes. Use of the Bloom filters and hash functions reduces the overhead of letting others know who has what. In some embodiments, the exchange of data availability process also uses hash functions instead of the original packet identification (or "ID"). Using a hash function in place of a packet ID allows the packet to be represented with fewer bytes. By way of example, the original packet ID may be six bytes, but, by using a hash function, only two bytes are needed to represent the packet.
It should be noted that a node on the wireless network can obtain some partial information about its neighbors' data in a passive fashion, such that dedicated control packets are not used. For example, referring to
To obtain additional information about local data availability, the exchange of data availability process has each node explicitly announce to its neighbors the packets it currently possesses. These data availability announcements are sent out periodically. By way of example, in some embodiments, these data availability announcements are sent out approximately once every 100 ms. The challenge in practically using this scheme lies in keeping the incurred overhead low. If the data availability announcement simply includes the identifier of each pure packet in the buffer, the overhead can be six bytes per packet, which is a significant size. Moreover, since the buffer content changes over time, the data availability announcement needs to be sent out periodically. This makes overhead reduction even more important.
To reduce the control overhead, the exchange of data availability process makes use of the aforementioned passive inference as much as possible and also uses Bloom filters to summarize the list of packet IDs. Bloom filters of lists of packets are sent to neighboring nodes for the purpose of exchanging data availability in the wireless network. The Bloom filter is known in the art and will not be discussed in further detail.
Each data availability announcement is the Bloom filter (or compressed Bloom filter) of a certain subset of pure packets held by a node. When constructing the Bloom filter, either the entire packet can be hashed or a certain unique identifier of the packet can be hashed. In some embodiments, each data availability announcement also has a validity period. As a result, at any instant, each node has a collection of Bloom filters sent by its neighbors that have not expired. Each node then enumerates its pending output packets to infer their availability at the neighbors. Specifically, for each pending output packet, a check is made as to whether the pending output packet is accepted by any Bloom filter from each neighbor. A set for each neighbor that represents the packets in possession of each neighbor then is created in this manner. In some embodiments, the checking process and the update of "who has what" information can be invoked each time a Bloom filter is received. In these embodiments, each "who has what" entry has an expiration time.
A general embodiment of the data availability announcement is as follows. A generic node (such as node R) sends out an announcement every time a checkpoint in time is reached, such that t1< . . . <tk denote the times of the checkpoints. A new checkpoint is generated when either one of the following occurs: (1) a certain number of new packets have arrived since the last checkpoint; or (2) a certain time duration has passed since the last checkpoint. Each data availability announcement is sent as a broadcast packet. At time ti, two (or other fixed number) data availability announcements are sent, the first announcement for packets received in [ti-2, ti-1) and the second announcement for packets received in [ti-1, ti). The first announcement is included to guard against the loss event of a previous announcement packet. It should be noted that this is an optional step. In addition, the sequence number i of the checkpoint is also included in the data availability announcement packet. Each node only examines the announcements about intervals in the past tv seconds, where tv is a parameter representing the validity period.
In other embodiments, when composing data availability announcements, packets are excluded whose availability does not need to be announced. In this situation there can be two cases. In the first case, if the current node is not the intended receiver of a pure packet (which may occur if a node overheard this packet), and furthermore if it is inferred that the pure packet is less likely to be piggybacked (such as when a node has already heard the next hop of the packet transmitting a mixture involving this pure packet), then such a pure packet can be excluded. In the second case, if the current node is the intended receiver of a pure packet and the packet has already been acknowledged by the media access control (MAC) layer, then such a packet also can be excluded. The MAC layer is a sublayer of the data link layer (of the OSI model), which controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and obtains permission to transmit the data.
Acknowledgement of Received Packets
The exchange of data availability process also provides reliability support by acknowledging any received packets. One problem with the existing 802.11 standard (the IEEE standard for wireless local area networks) is that only one node can be designated as the intended receiver. When sending to multiple receivers, only one receiver can acknowledge in the MAC layer. For example, referring to
In general, reliability support is achieved by keeping track of the pure packets that are transmitted but not acknowledged, and retransmitting pure packets which are inferred to be lost or for which an acknowledgment does not arrive after a certain time period. Both the first transmission and any retransmission are handled in a similar fashion. This means that a pure packet to be retransmitted can also be mixed with other packets.
More specifically, in some embodiments a separate buffer is used to keep track of packets transmitted but not acknowledged. This separate buffer can be called an acknowledgement buffer. The purpose of this separate acknowledgement buffer is to hold packets that have been sent but are waiting for acknowledgement. Once it is acknowledged that a node has received the packet, then the packet is removed from the acknowledgement buffer. Using the previous example, once node A acknowledges that it has received packet x2, then packet x2 is removed from the acknowledgement buffer.
If somehow the acknowledgement does not arrive after a certain time, then the packet in the buffer is retransmitted. In some embodiments, this certain time for acknowledgement is approximately 300 ms. This enhances the reliability of packet delivery. The acknowledgement buffer works together with the Bloom filter to provide reliable packet delivery and, if necessary, retransmission of packets.
IV. Optimized Packet Mixing of Mixture Packet
Once the exchange of data availability is performed, one of the next steps of the local network coding is to optimize the mixing of a mixture packet that will be distributed over the network. The general idea is to send all the pending output packets while using the least amount of network resource. The optimized packet mixing process disclosed herein includes a two-step procedure. Generally, the first step is to select a set of pure packets to be mixed along with an associated set of intended receivers. The second step then is to decide the mixing coefficients. An optional preprocessing first will be discussed, and then each of two above-mentioned steps will be discussed in further detail.
Preprocessing: Identifying Candidate Packets in a TCP Flow
The following optional preprocessing is used in some embodiments to ensure that transmitted packets are delivered in order when using transmission control protocol (TCP). One reason for this preprocessing is to ensure that packets belonging to the same TCP flow are transmitted in order, thereby avoiding out-of-order delivery. TCP interprets out-of-order packet arrivals as congestion signals and reduces the sending rate accordingly. Thus, it is desirable to ensure the in-order delivery of packets belonging to the same TCP flow. This preprocessing is optional, and when using another protocol other than TCP (such as user datagram protocol (UDP)), this out-of-order reception is less of an issue and preprocessing may not be necessary.
This preprocessing step initially identifies a set of candidate pure packets for the purpose of in-order delivery of packets belonging to the same TCP flow. Specifically, in some embodiments each packet in an output queue of current node is examined. Next, a subset of packets from this queue are selected as candidate packets. A packet is regarded as a candidate if there does not exist another pending outgoing packet that is (or estimated to be potentially) an earlier packet. In other words, if there is no other pending outgoing packet having a lower sequence number in the same TCP flow as the packet. By way of example, if for a certain TCP flow there are two packets in the output queue, then the second packet having a lower sequence number than the first packet is not eligible for mixing unless the first packet is selected. In this manner, the preprocessing identifies a subset of packets from the output queue as the candidate packets to be mixed and ensures in-order delivery of TCP packets.
Selection of Packets to be Mixed with an Associated Set of Intended Receivers
Deciding which set of packet to mix to obtain a mixture packet is one of the steps of optimized packet mixing process. Essentially, this step determines which packets to mix and to which nodes that the mixture packet should be sent. In general, the optimized packet mixing process enumerates the receiver sets, optimizes the formation of a single mixture packet for each receiver set, and then retains the best solution. Each of these processes will now be discussed.
A receiver set is a subset of neighbors for which each transmitted packet is intended. In some embodiments, each of the possible combinations of receiver sets is examined in a certain order. In other embodiments, only a subset of the possible receivers set is enumerated. Some embodiment use an order such that a receiver set is considered only if all its subsets have been considered. For example, if a node has three neighbors, nodes A, B, C, then there are 23−1=7 possible receiver sets.
Each of possible combination of receiver sets is examined, and the best combination is selected. In some embodiments, the list of receiver sets is pruned by considering whether there are any receivers to which the packets cannot be sent. If so, then that receiver is eliminated from the list of receiver sets. For each possible combination of receivers, packets are selected for inclusion into the outgoing mixture packet. The best combination of receiver sets and packets to include in the mixture packet for a particular combination then is determined using an optimization process. In some embodiments, a utility function is optimized to determine the best packets to mix and the list of intended receivers. In an alternative embodiment, all combinations may not be exhausted, but a greedy packet process may be used, as discussed below. This alternative embodiment may be used when there are many possible receiver set combinations.
Given a receiver set, the optimized packet mixing process uses one of three methods to select the pure packets that will be part of a mixture packet sent to receivers in the receiver set. The first method is to select one packet for each receiver in the set and take the union of the selected packets. In some embodiments, the single packet from each receiver is selected by taking the packet having the largest per packet utility. This method works well for in many situations, especially in unicast cases, where the packet is wanted by a single node.
A second method is an iterative addition (or greedy addition) process. The method begins with an empty set of packets and at each step adds a pure packet whose addition leads to the largest increase of a certain utility function. The utility function represents a utility per second. The packet addition process continues until the function can no longer be increased, and is terminated when the function value cannot be increased. This method is useful, by way of example, when there are multicast packets, such that more than one node wants the same packet. In some embodiments, the function for a receiver set and a set of packets is defined as the sum of individual utility functions for each receiver in the receiver set divided by the expected transmission time of the mixture packet.
A third method, which is a variation of the second method, is an iterative removal (or greedy removal) process. This method starts with an initial set, and at each step removes a single packet. The packet removed is the packet whose removal leads to the largest increase of a certain utility function, up to where the function cannot be increased.
Determination of Mixing Coefficients
Deciding the optimal mixing coefficients for each of the selected packets is a next step in the optimized packet mixing process. Essentially, the coefficients to be placed in front of each selected packet are determined. For example, suppose that packets x1, x2, and x3 have been selected for mixing. A rule is needed to decide how to mix them. In some embodiments, the rule is to use a linear combination of the selected packets. If a packet (such as x1 in the example) is wanted by only one receiver in the receiver set, then the mixing coefficient is set to one. A packet that is wanted by only one receiver is a fairly common scenario, and is known as a unicast packet. Using the example above, if all the packets x1, x2, and x3 are wanted by only one receiver, then using the above rule the mixture packets is (x1 XOR x2 XOR x3).
In other embodiments, the packet may be wanted by multiple receivers. In this case, the mixing coefficients are determined by randomly selecting a non-zero element from a certain finite field. For example, if the finite field has four elements, then a coefficient of 1, 2, or 3 is equally likely, and is randomly selected.
V. Composition of a Mixture Packet
A mixture packet should contain some metadata so that a receiver of the packet recognizes the mixture packet's composition. One technique is to use the IP address and the IP sequence number of the source node as a unique identifier of each pure packet. For internet protocol, version 4 (IPv4), the length of such identifier is 4+2=6 bytes. For a mixture packet with payload Σiαixi, the mixing coefficients {αi} and the 6-byte identifiers of the constituting pure packets are included in the mixture packet to describe the composition of the packet.
In order to reduce overhead and increase efficiency in identifying the composition of a mixture packet, the local network coding method can use several techniques. In general, these techniques use Bloom filters, hash functions, and the IP checksum to verify integrity. Using the checksum to verify integrity may be needed because a hash may yield the same result for two different packets. This is an optional step, used to avoid hash collisions, and does have some minor computational overhead.
One technique is to record hashes of the identifiers of pure packets within the mixture packet that were combined to form the mixture packet. This is done instead of using the original identifiers. Such hashing may result in a false positive due to potential hash collisions. However, a false positive may be detected by the checksum (such as the IP checksum) of the packet. For example, assume that a node receives a packet and it thinks this packet is the mixture of I packets, among which it has I−1 of them. Then the node can try to recover the unknown pure packet and check if the result passes the checksum verification. If the checksum does not agree, the node can simply discard this packet. The IP checksum offers error detection capability, so that if the checksum agrees there can be high confidence in the integrity of the data.
Another technique takes into account that if only XOR operations are allowed, then a packet Σiαixi is equal to Σixi, and only the set {x1, . . . , xk} needs to be described. This technique uses a Bloom filter to represent the set {x1, . . . , xk}. Similar to the hashing scheme described above, the checksum mechanism can detect a false positive. Thus, a false positive does not lead to erroneous results.
The local network coding method also includes a technique for representing the mixing coefficients when they are chosen from a finite field F=GF(2w). The technique include the number of packets that are being mixed before the Bloom filter. Next, the mixing coefficients are concatenated at the end of the Bloom filter in decreasing order of certain identifiers of the pure packets. For example, one way is to use the bit vector where the packet is hashed. Another possibility is to use the six-byte identifier. For example, if a node N received a packet that is a mixture of I packets and the Bloom filter accepts I−1 pure packets that N possesses, then there are I coefficients listed after the Bloom filter. If there are no false positives, then node N knows the decreasing order of the bit vectors for the I−1 pure packets it has in its possession. Since one of the I coefficients must be associated with the unknown packet, there are I ways to associate the coefficients with the packets. The node can try all these I ways of association. Moreover, after de-mixing, integrity of the de-mixed packet can be checked by verifying the checksum of a de-mixed packet.
In the above checksum verification process, two conditions must hold for an association to be valid. First, the identifier of the unknown packet must admit the corresponding ordering. Second, the checksum must succeed. If the six bytes of IP header are used as identifier, then for each association the six bytes can be recovered first and the identifier of the unknown packet must admit the corresponding ordering. With the aforementioned parameter setting, this scheme requires three bits for the number of packets being mixed, eight bytes for the Bloom filter, and at most four bytes for the coefficients.
VI. Mixing at a Wireless Access Point
The local network coding method can be applied specifically at a wireless access point to improve the performance in a wireless local area network (WLAN). The optimizations described herein can be customized to a particular WLAN. In some embodiments implemented in a WLAN, the TCP data and acknowledgement packets are combined, even for unidirectional flows. Since TCP is widely used for many applications, the benefit could be significant.
By way of example, consider a file transfer or disk backup application that transfers large amounts of data between machines in a wireless home or wireless office setting. In other embodiments, the local network coding method could be customized to optimize bidirectional communication between gaming devices, such as may be common on a home WLAN. In still other embodiments, the method could be customized to optimize bidirectional communication between a media center computer and a wireless set-top box. This could includes sending media frames in one direction and control messages in an opposite direction.
The special properties of this configuration render it possible to reduce the implementation complexities. For a WLAN operating in the infrastructure mode, all communications must go through the access point. In the example shown in
VII. Exemplary Operating Environment
The local network coding framework and method is designed to operate in a computing environment. The following discussion is intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the local network coding framework and method may be implemented.
The local network coding framework and method is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the local network coding framework and method include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held, laptop or mobile computer or communications devices such as cell phones and PDA's, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The local network coding framework and method may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The local network coding framework and method may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. With reference to
Components of the computer 610 may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 620 (such as a central processing unit, CPU), a system memory 630, and a system bus 621 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 620. The system bus 621 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.
The computer 610 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer 610 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data.
Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer 610. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media.
Note that the term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 630 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 631 and random access memory (RAM) 632. A basic input/output system 633 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 610, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 631. RAM 632 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 620. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 610 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 641 is typically connected to the system bus 621 through a non-removable memory interface such as interface 640, and magnetic disk drive 651 and optical disk drive 655 are typically connected to the system bus 621 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 650.
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, radio receiver, or a television or broadcast video receiver, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 620 through a user input interface 660 that is coupled to the system bus 621, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as, for example, a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 691 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 621 via an interface, such as a video interface 690. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 697 and printer 696, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 695.
The computer 610 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 680. The remote computer 680 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 610, although only a memory storage device 681 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 610 is connected to the LAN 671 through a network interface or adapter 670. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 610 typically includes a modem 672 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 673, such as the Internet. The modem 672, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 621 via the user input interface 660, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 610, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
The foregoing Detailed Description has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the subject matter described herein to the precise form disclosed. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims appended hereto.
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|Ahuja, R. K., T. I. Magnanti, and J. B. Orlin, Some recent advances in network flows, SIAM Review, vol. 33, pp. 175-219, 1991.
|Beyond Routing An Algebraic Approach to Network Coding.pdf.
|Biswas, S. and R. Morris, Opportunistic routing in multi-hop wireless networks, SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 2004, pp. 69-74, vol. 34, No. 1.
|Bloom, B., Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors, Commun. ACM, Jul. 1970, pp. 422-426, vol. 13, No. 7.
|Chazelle, B., J. Kilian, R. Rubinfeld, and A. Tal, The Bloomier filter: An efficient data structure for static support lookup tables, Proc. of the Fifteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), 2004, pp. 30-39.
|Chou, C., A. Misra, Low latency multimedia broadcast in multi-rate wireless meshes, 1st IEEE Workshop on Wireless Mesh Networks, 2005, pp. 54-63.
|Herhold, P., E. Zimmerman, and G. Fettweis, Relaying and cooperation-A system perspective. Technische Universitšt Dresden, Vodafone Chair Mobile Comm. Sys., D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
|Herhold, P., E. Zimmerman, and G. Fettweis, Relaying and cooperation—A system perspective. Technische Universitšt Dresden, Vodafone Chair Mobile Comm. Sys., D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
|Herhold, P., E. Zimmermann, G. Fettweis, Cooperative multi-hop transmission in wireless networks, Computer Networks, 2005, vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 299-324.
|Ho, T., M. Mťdard, R. Koetter, D. R. Karger, M. Effros, J. Shi and B. Leong, Toward a random operation of networks, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 2004 submitted.
|Katti, S., D. Katabi, W. Hu, H. S. Rahul, and M. Mťdard, The importance of being opportunistic: Practical network coding for wireless environments, Proc. 43rd Annual Allerton Conf. on Comm., Control, and Computing, 2005.
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|Lee, S.-J., M. Gerla, and C.-C. Chiang, On-demand multicast routing protocol, Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'99), Sep. 1999, pp. 1298-1302, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.
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|Nov 8, 2011
|Jul 15, 2014
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Coding approach for a robust and flexible communication protocol
|Aug 13, 2013
|Apr 28, 2015
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Method and apparatus to reduce access time in a data storage device using coded seeking
|Nov 5, 2012
|May 5, 2015
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Method and apparatus for efficient transmission of information to multiple nodes
|Mar 15, 2013
|Sep 15, 2015
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Secure network coding for multi-resolution wireless transmission
|Oct 18, 2012
|Sep 22, 2015
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Traffic backfilling via network coding in a multi-packet reception network
|Feb 7, 2013
|Oct 13, 2015
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Method and apparatus for performing finite memory network coding in an arbitrary network
|Aug 16, 2013
|Nov 10, 2015
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Wireless reliability architecture and methods using network coding
|Aug 29, 2013
|Feb 2, 2016
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Wireless reliability architecture and methods using network coding
|Aug 29, 2013
|Feb 23, 2016
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Wireless reliability architecture and methods using network coding
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|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Energy-efficient time-stampless adaptive nonuniform sampling
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|Jun 7, 2016
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Coded seeking apparatus and techniques for data retrieval
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|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Method and apparatus for reducing feedback and enhancing message dissemination efficiency in a multicast network
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|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
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|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
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|Aug 14, 2015
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|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 26, 2006
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text:
Read: Relief for Moyes as Man Utd stop the rot Pardew was given a two-match ban for pushing a referee last season agen judi bola terpercaya it remains to be seen what action the English Football Association takes after receiving reports from the officials. Pellegrini, who was angered by a foul on Samir Nasri by Mapou Yanga-Mbiwa, which saw the French star stretchered off, tried to play down the incident. "Nothing important was said on the touchline between me agen judi bola terpercaya Alan Pardew, but I think it's impossible for the referee to hagen judi bola terpercayale a game when every time he gave a decision against Newcastle there were complaints," he said.
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Why Manchester City's Future Is Brighter Than Manchester United's
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text:
Protests against Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan entered their third day on Sunday, with Reuters reporting tens of thousands of anti-government demonstrators hitting the streets in the nation's four largest cities.
CNN described an "uneasy peace" in Istanbul's opposition-held Taksim Square on Sunday, a break after 36 hours of violent clashes between protesters and security officers, according to CNN.
Meanwhile, the rebel internet hacker collective Anonymous on Sunday came out in support of the opposition with a #OpTurkey campaign targeting Turkish government websites. The group sent a video message to Erdogan saying, "be wise and step down."
Protests erupted in Turkey on Friday over the planned demolition of a park to make way for a shopping mall, but activists told GlobalPost's Mariya Karimjee that anger towards Erdogan's leadership has much deeper root.
"First they took away our right to demonstrate on May 1," 28-year-old student Muhtar Demishevi told GlobalPost, presumably referring to a government crackdown on May Day protests. "Now they are saying that we cannot even express our opinion."
Turkish authorities fired tire gas and used water cannons to disperse protesters at Taksim Square on Friday, reportedly injuring dozens.
Turkey's semi-official Andalou News Agency said 700 people had been arrested since Tuesday, many of whom have since been released, and reported unrest in 67 of Turkey's 81 provinces, according to CNN.
Erdogan says the unrest is politically motivated, telling local reporters: "The main opposition party which is making resistance calls on every street is provoking these protests ... This is about my ruling party, myself and the looming municipality elections in Istanbul and efforts to make the AK Party lose votes here," according to Reuters.
But he addressed calls for his resignation in a speech broadcast nationally on Sunday, saying: "I ask in the name of God, Tayyip Erdogan is a dictator? If you are the kind of person who can call someone who serves their people a dictator, then I have no words for you," the Turkish leader said, reported CNN.
Here's a video report from CNN:


text:
- Home
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What´s the first song??
Sick vid! Lucent Rules!
R.I.P. chase and smutock
Easily in the top 5 mtb flicks!
Wow thats nuts
that was awesome haha
Ive said it before, but i'll say it again. Zink NAILED the narration on this thing.
I signed up just to say these Lucent vids are DOOOOOOOPE. Would like to see more of these in the future/next year
Can't believe Zink launched off that!


text: Hi peeps, Well my project starts here, I have never welded or re-sprayed before so this should be fun. I am going to call my moggie "Tango" As once finished it will hopefully be Focus Orange, Trying to keep it a bit of originality and slightly modified, I have already started this project prior to finding this site, and my wife has already claimed this car once finished, The main part is to get her through an Mot, The car that is lol. My welding is not great but if it gets through then i'm happy. So a few pics to start with and so on as she progresses. Hopefully . Wasn't sure if this car was worth saving, but being a novice I thought what the hell, if I can do this then the world is my oyster lol.


text:
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text:
Zapato Power: Freddie Ramos Stomps the Snow
by Jacqueline Jules
Publisher: Albert Whitman & Co., 2014
For ages: 6-8
When a freak spring blizzard buries Starwood Park, Freddie works with Mr. Vaslov to clear the sidewalks using a new invention—Zapato Power snowshoes! But not even the snow can stop a thief from causing trouble in the neighborhood. Can Freddie solve the case, even if it means helping Erika, the Starwood Park bully?
Reading Guide/Activities Activity Discussion Guide http://www.jacquelinejules.com/ZapatoPowerActivityGuide2.pdf
Ballad of Freddie Ramos http://www.jacquelinejules.com/sneakerswithpower.htm
Book Trailer
About the Author
Jacqueline Jules is the award-winning author of 23 books for young readers including the Zapato Power chapter book series (Albert Whitman) and Unite or Die: How Thirteen States Became a Nation (Charlesbridge, 2009). She is also a teacher, librarian, and poet. At author visits, she teaches the audience original songs so they leave the presentation humming. You can hear The Ballad of Freddie Ramos at her website.
Author's website
School Visit Information


text:
Marlboro, New Jersey is a top spot for its tantalizing food factories. Both native New Jerseyans and new transplants hailing from outside the Mid-Atlantic all agree on one thing: the coming culinary revolution warrants greater inquiry.
There have been big moves forward for the local food scene over the last few years. Restaurant entrepreneurs are really making their mark. Nevertheless, too many foodies from Seattle have gotten passive and they seem unaware of what they could be tasting. Look, Marlboro, New Jersey has many other options than fast food around here.
The gastronomy in New Jersey is so interesting because it keeps evolving. Luckily, Marlboro, New Jersey really offers a great slice of it all. Delish eateries tend to use local ingredients and that's the case here. Taste the best snap beans, tomatoes and peaches available and other locally grown foods from Hunterdon and Camden counties in each dish.
Our team tried to answer the tough question: "What is essential to eat in the Garden State?" since there are so many solid choices for American BBQ. A select set are extremely exclusive and others are more accessible to the hungry masses.
Feast your eyes on the best list ever of the top-rated restaurants, including the best Italian, BBQ and Chinese fare, in all of New Jersey. Adulting is difficult! Let these food spots fill you with joy this evening.
Cafe Luna
Read more on Yelp
Old Bridge Township, NJ 08857


text:
Tough questions are asked as Steps reunite for the first time since their acrimonious split in 2001.
The pop fivesome are taking the first steps towards a full reunion in a new four-part Sky Living series, which begins with the group trying to deal with the issues which led to members Claire Richards and Ian 'H' Watkins quitting.
Steps Reunion sees the pair face two questions from their former bandmates, Lisa Scott-Lee, Faye Tozer and Lee Latchford-Evans.
In a new promo, viewers get a first look at their reconciliation meeting, before which each member reveals how they moved on from the group and admit their unresolved issues with their time as a band.
H says that his "only regret is that it ended like it did", but adds: "If I were to revisit it and turn the clock back, I would probably have done it exactly the same way."
However, on Watkins and Richards's decision to quit, Latchford-Evans says: "They took something away from three people that we loved and we didn't get a choice because certain people took that choice away from us and I think that is very unfair."
Meanwhile, Richards - who competed on ITV's Popstar to Operastar earlier this year - claims that her relationship with her female bandmates broke down when she overheard complaining about her role as "lead" singer. "From that moment it was not good," she says.
The group also speak of how they felt betrayed by H's relationship with their then-manager Tim Byrne, which was revealed to them by Richards, who had kept it secret for two years.
As the series progresses, fans will be able to see Steps attempt to put their differences behind them, as they reminisce about their success; leading up to deciding if they want to reunite properly.
Steps Reunion begins on Sky Living at 9pm on Wednesday, September 28.
> Steps unveil 'The Ultimate Collection' album
> Claire Richards: "There are lots of closet Steps fans"
Watch the 'Deeper Shade of Blue' video below:


text:
During fiscal year 2016, Crouse Hospital provided more than $64 million in charity care, bad debt expense and other uncompensated care to individuals and families in our 15-county region.
Total Charity Care
Charity care (non-reimbursed cost for providing free or discounted care to patients who cannot afford healthcare services)
Total Bad Debt
Bad debt expense (cost of services provided for which a patient's bill is not rendered or for which a fee has been assessed that recovers only a portion of the cost of the service)
Other Uncompensated Care
Medicaid subsidized healthcare services (difference between actual cost to deliver care and government reimbursement)
Other government-sponsored healthcare services (difference between actual cost to deliver care and government reimbursement)
Medicare at cost (cost of providing services to beneficiaries of the Medicare program in excess of government reimbursement)
Latest News
American College of Radiology (ACR) Designates Crouse Hospital as a Lung Cancer Screening Center
more >
YourCare: Check Out the Latest Issue
Community publication features Crouse news and features.read now >
Make an Online Donation Now
Your donation of any amount helps support Crouse services & programs in a meaningful way.more >
Robotic Surgery at Crouse Hospital
Meet the surgeons who are changing the surgical experience in Central New York.
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© 2017 Crouse Hospital / 736 Irving Avenue / Syracuse, NY 13210 / 315-470-7111


text:
Jun 22, 2010
Taos (#78)
What a weekend it was! A brother who turned 21, a ridiculous sunburn after a super-fun CWS baseball game, and tons of knitting time left me exhausted! Before all the ridiculousness of the weekend, I finished knitting Taos.
A fun little knit, this hat is far too big for my head in length but I love the brim and the construction of the whole thing far too much to care. Maybe it looks good slouchy? The tiny cables for the brim are what does it for me. I love knitting cables without needing a cable needle, and hope I can work that little bit of wonderfulness into future hand-knits.
Specs: Taos by Joanne Cole; knit using Cascade 220 heathers in pink on size 8 needles.
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text:
Journal Entry - October 02 - tosime
Expand Messages
- Journal Entry - tosime
Date: October 02
Type: Meditation on inner sounds (with earplugs)
Time: 10:25 a.m.
Duration: 44 minutes (open)
Posture: Seated on chair
Body: Eyes closed,
- tongue tip to pallet,
- hands on knees-index finger touching thumb.
Room Condition: Darkened room
- Two candles
- Incense
- Essential Oil - (Bergamot+water on burner)
- Bell
Pre-session: Sip of water
- full body stretch (3 times).
Mind Chatter: Low.
Waves of bliss: None.
Experience: Good Session. Shorter session due to late start.
Result: Some progress, felt a little sleepy.
Due to late start, I wanted to keep it brief. Sort of stumbled on two
arguments, each between two people. Even though it seemed to have nothing to
do with me, I found it hard to take my attention away, so I had to sit it
out for a few moments.
Noticed how I forget more than half of what happens during the meditation.
On so many events, I found myself saying, I am sure I am going to forget
this when the session is over. And I was right. I wonder why this is?
Improving ability to remain without thought. I am doing it more often and
for longer periods. It seems to get easier with practice.
Recalled scenes from a documentary on a brain tumor operation. The patient
was awake while the surgeons removed a tumor from his brain. The patient had
to be awake so that he could tell the surgeons what he was feeling as the
operation took place. In this way the surgeons could avoid removing
important parts of brain tissue. I was stunned by the implications of this.
What if patient was the surgeon and used his own hands to perform the
surgery on himself through mechanical devices and a camera system? It struck
me that maybe this is what we are doing in meditation - using the mind to
heal the mind.
Because I slept late last night, I woke late this morning. I almost decided
not to meditate. Then I remembered how missing a session influences the next
session. So for the sake of tomorrows meditation I decided to have a brief
session today.
- --- In email@example.com, "tosime"
<tosime@b...> wrote:
> Journal Entry - tosimewithout
> Date: November 29 2003
> Type: Meditation on inner sounds (with earplugs)
> Time: 07:55 a.m.
> Duration: 38 minutes (open)
> Posture: Seated on chair
> Body: Eyes closed,
> - Hands on knees
> Room Condition: Darkened room
> - One candle
> - Incense
> - Essential Oil - (Gardenia + water on burner)
> Pre-session:
> - Full body stretch (3 times).
> - Struck the bell 3 times before starting
> Mind Chatter: Low
> Waves of bliss: None
> Experience: Good Session. First session after about a year
> meditatingon
> Result: Recall Session - Getting used to the motions.
> Surprising easy to return to meditation. My body felt as if it were
> automatic pilot - simply did most of the usual things I did withvery
> little thinking on my part.and deeper
> Good physical relaxation. Moved quite quickly through deeper
> states of physical relaxation.slide
> Had the insight that my day to day thinking was like watching a
> show. Each slide would stop if I dwelt on it by thinking about it.If I
> did not, the next slide would appear. Most of my problemscome when I
> dwell too much on each passing thought. The progression ofthoughts is a
> natural process that I interfere with when I dwell too long onany
> particular thought. I should try relaxing more and allowing thethought
> process to take its natural course.Sg: nice to see the site come back to its intention.....
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by Condex, Aug 25, 2010.
Zenithink ZT-180
Hi there, Hope you might be able to help me.. I can't work out how to copy photos from e pad to the gallery, if you can help that would be great. As they don't come with many instructions in the manual. Thanks. have a great christmas and new year. Andy


text:
On their debut album Welcome to Condale Summer Camp invent a brave, old world with track after track of unashamedly throwback pop songs.
Theres an argument out there that The Teen Movie died with John Hughes. Smoking inside, anthemic soundtracks, James Spader calling Molly Ringwald a bitch, Molly Ringwald, and a black and white approach to rich V poor, pretty V ugly, smart V dumb; Hughes had the unique ability to reflect a set of mundane social indicators back at society in a way that made it look glossy and exciting, no doubt partly thanks to the reflection from that shiny, shiny polyester. Tina Feys Mean Girls is the closest the naughties have come but Lohan aint no Ringwald and Kelis got absolutely nothing on Simple Minds.
(Dont you) Forget About Me is not only the song that Summer Camp wish they had written, its the song theyve referenced through every eighties banger on their debut full length album Welcome to Condale in some way or another.
For 15 year olds, everything is emotional. Dont get invited to a party emotional. Shamed by a teacher in class emotional. Breaking up after two weeks of dating emotional. Stop calling me late at night / To talk about what wrong are the opening lyrics of the album and track Better Off Without You and introduce the albums lyrical shtick. Its a heady, energetic finger to everyone and is perpetuated throughout the album on tracks like Nobody Knows You (Nobody knows you / When youre down and alone), I Want You (Youre so smart / You break my heart) and Done Forever which means exactly what it says.
If the words were to stand alone in purpose the results would be somewhat empty; you really have to put your back into teen angst. Summer Camp have wholly embraced this cause by imbuing the musicality with electric eighties energy. Futuristic, overbearing synthesizers on Nobody Knows You provide a steel wool blanket for Elizabeth Sankeys snarky lyrics to nestle within, a naive whistling melody drives home the meaning of Last American Virgin while Brian Krakow (named so after a dorky My So Called Life character) manages to marry a Britney Spears chorus (If you want to have me thats fine / If you say you love me, youre mine) to Ric Ocasek sonic swagger.
Summer Camp have invented a nostalgic world on Welcome to Condale and pulling so many references from the past has downsides. The album - while enthusiastic - gets tired from lacking newness theres only so many times you want to question where youve heard that before on one album. Furthermore nostalgia more generally - being the linch pin of indie pop of-late is losing its touch; the thought of synthesizers, sepia tones and palm trees-as-cover-art no longer presents the thoughtful independence it recently did.
Welcome to Condale is fastidious in its attention to recreating an emotional past. Next time Summer Camp may just want to dip one foot into the future.


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Viva!'s 20th Anniversary Auction
All the items below (except for Paul McCartney signed album) will be auctioned at our extra special 20th Anniversary Dinner in London on 20 September 2014. For more details and to book your ticket.
You can bid for the PAUL MCCARTNEY ALBUM ONLINE ONLY.
You can bid for three other items online, and these will also be available to bid for at the dinner. The highest bidder wins.
All online bids to be received by Monday 15 September 2014.


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Gene Ryan
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James of Chillicothe, Ohio
Looking for family.
Parents James (1810 - 1875( and Mary(1832 - 1925)(Castello).Children include. Ben, George, Hugh, Joseph, Jennie, (1875 - 1937) Mary (Keezer), William, and James B. (1861 - 1931) I have some information on some of the children. Missing on others.
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Re: James of Chillicothe, Ohio
Ralph Connors 4/11/09


text:
This is our new living space! This room and the kitchen combined are larger than our old apartment in its entirety, and besides the fact that we had to buy a second air conditioner to cool the place, we are very excited about this change. Take the rug Julia bought for our last apartment--it's tiny in our new living room, while it filled up the whole space in our old place.
Just so you're not all thrown off by the photos, these are compilation shots of our new space. The photograph above is actually three individual shots, and the frame below is made up of four. We figured that since we had more space we would try to give a more depth-full perspective. And, yes, it was intentional to leave clear lines between the shots, I'm not a fan of "stitching". Let us know what you think of these pictures, as we'll probably experiment more with this style if it's helpful!
As we mentioned in our final Salem post, the couch is gone, and for good reason; we had more than 14 chairs and countless other pieces of furniture! Before, so much of our thrifted finds had to be stored in either my parents garage and a storage unit, but now our new apartment holds it all. We're using this assortment of chairs in the living area right now, although we are casually searching craigslist for the perfect small sofa. The victorian chair in the middle was our first big estate sale purchase, and it is still one of the more expensive items we have purchased for ourselves to date. It is a really nice chair, and you can't really tell in the pictures, but the upholstery has a tiny coral-like pattern.
Just ignore the pile of books.
As you can see, there are piles of books and boxes that still need to find homes in most of these photos, but we've quickly made the space ours.
|Hooray for space!
|Only trees outside these windows.
Our old space had the worst kitchen table area; our window looked out onto the Salem sidewalk, where people could easily look right back at us. Our new apartment in Groton, however, is surrounded by quiet forest.
|Check out our owl andirons guarding our eating-space.
The new table space is very comfortable and even well lit, but sadly, the cable comes in right where my seat is. Fortunately, we've pulled the leaf out, making the table much larger, and consequently increasing the space between myself and the routers as well. Eventually we'll sort through that pile of cables and hide it all somewhere better.
The new kitchen is also bigger than our old space, but we'll miss our old glass cabinets. Also, hooray for Julia being able to reach everything, but who builds a kitchen where you have to bend over to get into all the cabinets? I guess it makes sense with the sloped ceilings.
|Wait! Is that a dishwasher?!!!
Our new kitchen sports many new and exciting features: way more counter space, a dishwasher, a fridge that doesn't make incredibly loud noises, a lovely fire escape for our plants, and more power outlets than we could possibly ever need. We even have enough space to class it up a bit with a rug in the space, but there is one downfall to the new kitchen: we no longer have a gas stove. It's not that an electric stove doesn't work or anything, we just like gas better.
|We can barely find each other.
This hallway feels longer than the entire building we used to live in.
|hutch, hutch, hooray!
We finally have bookshelf space, but we can't bring ourselves to use it as just a bookshelf. We might bring back our Ikea bookshelf from our old kitchen and put it in the office (after we paint it of course). Also, note the large painting in the back right of the photo; this is one of Julia's large paintings. With the great expansion of space we'll finally be able to hang up some of our own artwork, even the big stuff!
The biggest new luxury (besides the dishwasher of course) is clearly the private stairway / entryway. We had friends over the other day, and nothing beats leading people up your new staircase; it only adds to the excitement and anticipation.
|Julia's arts and crafts rocker and our Lane chest are now living in our bedroom.
We decided that instead of using the larger bedroom as our own, we'd make it the office, and use this smaller space for sleeping. It's in the center of the apartment just across from the entryway; this makes taking the puppy in and out in the middle of the night quite convenient. Plus, as you can probably tell, we get great light in the bedroom, which helps with getting up in the morning (and on the flip side it's the only room in the apartment with black-out shades).
|I love the dark woods with the blue walls and sheets.
This is my side of the bedroom. Everything is a bit thrown together at the moment, but the staples are there. Also, the green sheets are out, and the blue ones are back again! The walls in the office, living room, and bedroom are a very light aqua/mint color so certain things don't work as well as they used to, but the color is growing on us.
|Om, nom, nom.
|That stack of books is Julia's "to read" pile.
Julia's side now! Much calmer in blue, although we still need to add some art to the bedroom.
|Check out the pink tile!
Bella loves our new bathroom for some reason. We think it's okay, but the bathtub is kinda funky...
|The linoleum doesn't look half bad in this light.
We need a new bath mat, but check out the cool new wash-cloths that our friends gave us as house warming gifts.
|So open.
I look back fondly on this relative lack of clutter in the office.
|It's always the boxes one saves for last that take the longest to get to.
So many boxes to still go through, but it is starting to come together.
|This is also Bella's new eating space.
We're totally going to make art at this table. This is before everything else showed up...
|Think we have enough desk chairs?
... and after. Our office is really becoming a functional space, but we still have lots to do. Since the living and bedroom were already filled with everything that belonged in them, the office has served as a catch-all for everything else, be it art materials, crafting supplies, old files, office stuff, and all our vintage inventory that's not displayed elsewhere.
Besides the kitchen this will hopefully be one of the most productive spaces in our new apartment.
|Check out our awesome new molded ply desk chair!
It fills up so fast! You always realize how much you actually have after a move, but wow. I didn't even know I had a wooden box collection, but check out that stack by the desk.
|Thanks Trowt!
For the moving process we hired Trowt Movers from Beverly, MA. They were friendly, fast, and careful. We couldn't have been more pleased with the job they did; we definitely recommend them to any locals looking to save their backs.
We'll be posting more about the new space soon (including one of Julia's hand-drawn floor plans), but for now we hope you enjoyed the first glimpse of our new living space! We love hearing what you think, so definitely let us know your thoughts in the comments! What's your favorite part, or what do you think could be changed to improve it?


text: In-Game Examine Window The Self Empowered Bloodmoon Gem other resources EQ2U · LootDB · EQ2LL · ZAM · Census xml EverQuest II Item Information The Self Empowered Bloodmoon Gem This Bloodmoon Gem has been focused to empower you! LORE NO-TRADE NO-DESTROY Required by the Quest'A Bloodmoon Rising!' Obtain: Quest update after killing the 3 nameds and examined the Primordial Ritual Scroll What does this information mean? Retrieved from "http://eq2.wikia.com/wiki/The_Self_Empowered_Bloodmoon_Gem?oldid=281052" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Items Items required by quests Articles missing itemlink Item pages with existing iname images Add category Cancel Save


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Listings for Channel 4 on Monday, November 27 2017
|Kevin Can Wait Double Date When Goody and Didi invite Mott and Cindy on a weekend trip, Kevin and Donna feel rejected and go online to find some new couples to hang out with. (Ep20)
|The King of Queens Acting Out Carrie wants to put Arthur in a retirement home after he starts a fire in the basement, but Doug makes a discovery that motivates him to change her mind.
|The King of Queens Mama Cast Doug invests in an ice cream truck, but soon realises that he isn't the only ice cream seller in town.
|The King of Queens Affair Trade When Doug receives seductive messages from a woman who had a fling with another Doug Heffernan in the Hamptons, he struggles to sort out the misunderstanding.
|Everybody Loves Raymond Fighting In-Laws Debra's parents come round for Thanksgiving dinner. Debra's so pleased that they're not like Frank and Marie - or are they?
|Everybody Loves Raymond The Sneeze Much to Debra's annoyance, Marie mollycoddles Ray when he thinks he's coming down with something.
|Everybody Loves Raymond Christmas Present Ray buys Debra an elaborate Christmas present in the hope that she'll let him go on a golfing weekend.
|Frasier The Unkindest Cut of All Frasier hopes to stop Eddie from putting himself about after he finds himself foster-father to a litter of puppies sired by the mutt.
|Frasier The Matchmaker Frasier invites the new station manager home for dinner to fix him up with Daphne. But he thinks it's Frasier who's interested in him.
|Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares USA Gordon Ramsay heads to Beaver, Pennsylvania, where he finds a brother-and-sister team who can't work together in a positive manner at Italian restaurant Levanti's. (S6 Ep7/16)
|Undercover Boss USA Jim Rogers, Chairman and CEO of Kampgrounds of America, the largest campsite organisation in the world, goes undercover disguised as an accountant to see how his business is working.
|Channel 4 News Summary Includes sport and weather.
|Come Dine with Me Royalist Brendan doesn't understand Andrew's Brian Blessed-themed evening in Brighton. Karen serves pink food. Rock chick Binny thinks she has the competition sewn up.
|Kirstie's Handmade Christmas Mulled wine and baked treats and warm woollen mittens: these are a few of Kirstie's favourite things. She learns how to make them in Austria. Plus: gingerbread houses. (Ep2/3)
|Countdown Nick Hewer and Rachel Riley host as contestants race against the clock to pit their wits against vowels, consonants and numbers. Dr Linda Papadopoulos is in Dictionary Corner.
|Lost and Found This new series shines a light on the work of the dog rescue charity Dogs Trust. Stray Ida's muscles are degenerating. Will she find an owner? Three puppies are looking for a forever home.
|A Place in the Sun: Winter Sun Mandy and Peter dream of swapping their island life in Jersey for Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. Armed with a budget of £127,000, Jasmine Harman shows them five fantastic properties.
|Four in a Bed The week kicks off at Church Street Cobbles in Macclesfield, where foodie Debbie Quinn and housekeeper, cook and cleaner Isobel Reisen recently opened a B&B above a barber shop.
|Come Dine with Me In Newcastle, first up is 25-year-old barista Delphinium, who's eager to prove that vegetarians can win with her travel inspired menu. In an evening of shocking reveals, will it be enough?
|The Simpsons The Kid Is All Right Lisa befriends studious newcomer Isabel but is distressed to discover that her new buddy is running against her in the campaign for class representative. (S25 Ep6/22)
|Hollyoaks Marnie is concerned about Mac, but Ellie puts his behaviour down to Neeta's memorial being the next day. And Cleo is worried when Hunter decides he's going to defy Mac.
|Channel 4 News Includes sport and weather.
|Paul Hollywood: A Baker's Life In this new, autobiographical series Paul opens up his personal cookbook to share favourite recipes from a lifetime of baking, from pizza to roulade to a madeira celebration cake. (Ep1/4)
|Supershoppers Sabrina Grant and Anna Richardson reveal how to get top deals from big brands and retailers. This episode examines supermarket own-label ranges, car insurance and beauty wipes. (S4 Ep1/4)
|999: What's Your Emergency? This episode explores how the emergency services cope with issues involving elderly people, from traffic accidents to the cruel effects of dementia. (S5 Ep5)
|First Dates Fire-breathing podium dancer Khloe and former club promoter Rick both love music; will their date hit the right note? Will mods Neil and Eileen ride off into the sunset together? (S9 Ep10)
|Don't Tell the Bride The hit series where grooms plan every detail of their weddings. Carl hopes to make a splash in Spain as he organises his big day with Rebecca. Will his designs delight her? (Ep1)
|One Born Every Minute Musicians Lucy and James are putting rehearsals on hold to have a baby. Laura and Mike fell in love in hospital when Laura was dangerously ill. They're expecting their second son. (S10 Ep3)
|The Secret Life of 5 Year Olds This episode reveals how five-year-olds experiment with different identities. Miylah calls herself a tomgirl but her new friend Zaina offers to teach her about make-up... (S4 Ep3)
|Neerja Indian Film Season Violent fact-based thriller. Sonam Kapoor plays Neerja Bhanot, a flight attendant who tried to stop terrorists hijacking a plane in September 1986. In Hindi/subs.
|The Truth About Muslim Marriage Many Muslim women in the UK don't know that their marriages aren't legally recognised. Channel 4 meets women whose nuptials don't give them the same rights and protections as other couples. [SL]
|Draw It! Mel Giedroyc hosts as two teams, made up of one contestant and one celebrity, put their drawing skills to the test. This time it's Christopher Biggins and Stacey Solomon.
|Countdown Nick Hewer and Rachel Riley host as contestants race against the clock to pit their wits against vowels, consonants and numbers. Dr Linda Papadopoulos is in Dictionary Corner.


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Ava Dalush - Banana sounds good for sliding it in
Description:Brunette sweetie with great curvy bod is enjoying a healthy snack - a banana. She gets naked and she touches herself with one of her legs on the table. She is just too hot.
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|09 Aug 2013
Hard Drive works internally, but not externally.
Hello everyone,
I've got a Seagate Momentus hard drive taken from a laptop that I intend to use as an external storage device. When plugged directly into my laptop's hard drive slot, it works fine. When I try to use it externally with an enclosure, it is not recognised (on the same computer from which it was taken) by either Windows Explorer or Disk Management (yes I did a rescan).
When plugged into another laptop via the enclosure, however, it is detected in Disk Management, although not in Windows Explorer. Unfortunately, Disk Management doesn't provide me with any useful options for reformatting it. It simply says "no media", and doesn't detect any data or capacity. When using SeaTools for Windows while still plugged in externally with this secondary laptop, it fails virtually all tests and refuses a full data scrub.
I have since plugged the hard drive back into my primary laptop's hard drive slot (from which it was taken) and am running Seatools (so far, so good).
Any idea what's going on? How can I get this hard drive to operate as a normal external drive? Thanks in advance.
UPDATE - I reinserted the hard drive into my laptop, successfully reformatted it via Disk Management, chose not to assign it a drive letter, and I still have the same problems. My secondary laptop detects the hard drive when connected externally via USB hard drive enclosure within Disk Management, but not within Windows Explorer. More frustrating - when connecting the hard drive externally to my primary laptop via USB hard drive enclosure Windows will not detect it anywhere - neither within Disk Management or Windows Explorer. By the way, I am using Windows 7 64-bit. Anyone have any ideas?
|My System Specs
|09 Aug 2013
Windows 7 64-bit, Windows 8.1 64-bit, OSX El Capitan, Windows 10 (VMware)
Maybe the external enclosure or USB cable is bad, that prevents Windows recognizing the drive? Try changing the USB cable or the enclosure...
|My System Specs
|09 Aug 2013
Would you mind posting the screenshots of Windows Disk Management to see how your external HDD looks on a) your primary Laptop ( if it shows up) and b) on your secondary laptop?
Disk Management - Post a Screen Capture Image
Another question: How does your primary laptop work, if you had removed the drive from it?
|My System Specs
|09 Aug 2013
|My System Specs
|09 Aug 2013
Would you mind posting the screenshots of Windows Disk Management to see how your external HDD looks on a) your primary Laptop ( if it shows up) and b) on your secondary laptop?
Disk Management - Post a Screen Capture Image
Another question: How does your primary laptop work, if you had removed the drive from it?
Here is a screenshot of Disk Management with the hard drive in question being connected externally to my secondary laptop - Disk 1 K is what is shown.
|My System Specs
|09 Aug 2013
OK, at the moment the only explanation I could think of is that the Seagate Momentus drive is a hybrid drive part flash memory and the rest conventional platter. Your external enclosure is unable to handle this unconventional drive while it can the conventional HDDs.
|My System Specs
|10 Aug 2013
OK, you are a non-believer.
Try using a double-headed USB cable for more power. It may work.
Warning: The extra power drawn may kill the enclosure electronics. Some enclosures may be able to handle it and some may not. Try at your own risk. A USB 3 enclosure may be a better option as those are designed for more power from USB 3 ports but still ....at your own risk.
|My System Specs
|02 Jun 2015
Windows 7 Ultimate x64
I also have this problem. But my problem is that the HD is working externally but not internally.
I have 4 HD`s
4.) ST500DM002 ( this is my local hd)
the rest is my other hd drive but not connected. Now i want to add atleast 1 or 2 hd to my computer. So I start adding the first one which is the #1 drive the ST31000528AS. I plug the cables to the hd then turn on my computer. But it always freezes at the bios screen then it will turn off automatically.
I tried all the other hd drives from 1-3 drives i listed above. They got the same results. So i searched about the problem and i found this thread Bios screen freezes on startup . I also used the disk clean command. To format my hd. But the problem still persists.
That problem occured only when i connect it internally but when i connect it externally its working fine. What do you think is the problem?
I tried replacing the sata cables and connecting it to different sata port. But got the same results :3
any ideas? (sorry for my bad english) im really confused :3
|My System Specs
|03 Jun 2015
Windows 7 Ultimate x64 SP1
Can you enter BIOS with one of those attached? Does it show in BIOS? What does the boot order look like?
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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hard drive how long works ?
I have two question that 1 -all hard drive how long works 2 - which one better hard draive SSD & HDD
Windows 7 does not boot when its hard drive is connected externally
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Recently, I took it upon myself to purchase new hardware for my PC! . I D-BAN'd my hard-drive from my old computer that I was using, so I could start 'fresh' with my new hardware. Old Specs: ____________________ Pentium 4 @ 3.2ghz 2.5 GB DDR 1 Nvidia 8600 GT ____________________ ...
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Can any one advise me on this? I have a 1GB Samsung Story External USB 2.0 hard drive. The drive performs well, but isnt really as fast as my internal hard drives. What I was wondering was, Now that I have a spare hard drive bay inside my case, could I remove the Samsung from its external...
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