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Quantitative metric profiles capture three-dimensional temporospatial architecture to discriminate cellular functional states
- Lindsey McKeen-Polizzotti†1,
- Kira M Henderson†1,
- Basak Oztan2,
- C Cagatay Bilgin2,
- Bülent Yener2 and
- George E Plopper1Email author
© McKeen-Polizzotti et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Received: 30 July 2010
Accepted: 20 May 2011
Published: 20 May 2011
Computational analysis of tissue structure reveals sub-visual differences in tissue functional states by extracting quantitative signature features that establish a diagnostic profile. Incomplete and/or inaccurate profiles contribute to misdiagnosis.
In order to create more complete tissue structure profiles, we adapted our cell-graph method for extracting quantitative features from histopathology images to now capture temporospatial traits of three-dimensional collagen hydrogel cell cultures. Cell-graphs were proposed to characterize the spatial organization between the cells in tissues by exploiting graph theory wherein the nuclei of the cells constitute the nodes and the approximate adjacency of cells are represented with edges. We chose 11 different cell types representing non-tumorigenic, pre-cancerous, and malignant states from multiple tissue origins.
We built cell-graphs from the cellular hydrogel images and computed a large set of features describing the structural characteristics captured by the graphs over time. Using three-mode tensor analysis, we identified the five most significant features (metrics) that capture the compactness, clustering, and spatial uniformity of the 3D architectural changes for each cell type throughout the time course. Importantly, four of these metrics are also the discriminative features for our histopathology data from our previous studies.
Together, these descriptive metrics provide rigorous quantitative representations of image information that other image analysis methods do not. Examining the changes in these five metrics allowed us to easily discriminate between all 11 cell types, whereas differences from visual examination of the images are not as apparent. These results demonstrate that application of the cell-graph technique to 3D image data yields discriminative metrics that have the potential to improve the accuracy of image-based tissue profiles, and thus improve the detection and diagnosis of disease.
Errors in the structural organization and function of tissues are a major cause of many devastating human diseases, including cancer. Currently, clinicians use diagnostic profiles to distinguish between varying degrees of tissue health and disease. These profiles typically contain a combination of quantitative (e.g., expression of molecular markers, epidemiology) and qualitative (e.g., image-based assessment) data. The primary means of diagnosing most cancers is histopathological examination of a biopsy, and the resulting diagnostic profile serves as the "gold standard" in almost all cases. This examination focuses on the following traits [1]:
1. Nuclear atypia: The morphological atypicality of a cell (such as polymorphism, multinucleated cells, and gigantic cells) often but not always implies cancer.
2. Cytoplasmic changes: Higher values of the ratio of the surface area of the nucleus to that of the cytoplasm may imply cancer.
3. presence of other changes such as increased vascularity and necrosis.
4. Cellularity: An increase in the number/density of cells within a tissue may indicate proliferation of a cancer, or simply an increase in inflammatory processes.
5. Cell distribution: The location and organization of cells relative to each other is used to identify cancer. For example, cancerous brain tissues have more randomly distributed cells, whereas areas of inflammation have more evenly distributed cells. The diagnostic profile for prostate cancer includes digital rectal examination, expression levels of prostate serum antigen (PSA), and numerous image-based approaches (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, CT scan, conventional biopsy/Gleason score) (reviewed in [2]). Both the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have declined in the US and UK since the addition of PSA levels to this profile, yet the diagnostic value of the PSA test is still debated [3]. Many other molecular markers for prostate cancer are now appearing in the literature [4], though the functional roles of many are unknown. A similar situation exists for diagnosing breast cancers, such that the rate of misdiagnosis varies widely between clinicians and is nearly 40% in some cases [5].
Much of the classification errors in diagnosing solid tumors stems from incomplete tumor profiles, i.e. understanding the relationship between the functional state of a tissue and its structural organization. For example, the imaging methods used to grade the severity of solid tumors rely largely on the observations of the pathologist and qualitative metrics such as the thickness of an epithelial cell layer, atypical cell morphology, and relative uptake of contrast agents [6]. Even expression of most molecular markers is measured qualitatively, e.g., by the degree of staining with an antibody [7]. While these methods can enrich diagnostic profiles, they largely fail to address the underlying structural malfunctions that form the basis for the disease. Development of quantitative tools for image analysis and predictive modeling is thus a rapidly expanding field, showing great promise for improving diagnostic accuracy [6, 8, 9].
We recently developed a graph theoretical-based method, called cell-graphs, for capturing structural characteristics of histopathological images that enabled distinguishing healthy, damaged, and cancerous states of brain, breast, and bone tissues [10–12]. Our earlier studies relied on modeling functional state via the spatial organization of cell nuclei within standard histological biopsy images, and achieved accuracy equivalent to current diagnostic standards. For example, despite the visual resemblance between damaged and diseased brain tissues (both display a high cell density), the features extracted from the cell-graphs were able to distinguish between them with greater than 95% accuracy[10].
Cell-graphs are generalizations of Delaunay Triangulations that were previously used to model the spatial distribution of cells in a tissue by encoding a pair-wise relationship between two vertices [13]. In a cell-graph, nodes (or vertices) represent the cell nuclei and pairs of nodes are connected by a link (or edge) based the chemical, physical or spatial, biological relationship between them. Distance-based construction of edges was most commonly used in previous studies [10–12, 14–17]. Application of graph theory to these cell-graphs provides a rich set of computational metrics that represent the structural characteristics of the underlying tissue samples. Utilization of machine learning techniques then allows us to classify different functional states of tissues. We elected to use graph theory-based methods because they have an impressive record of modeling complex relationships in numerous contexts. Real-world graphs of varying types and scales have been extensively investigated [18] in technological [19–21], social [22–28] and biological systems [29–31]. In spite of their different domains, such self-organizing structures unexpectedly exhibit common classes of descriptive spatial (topological) features [17, 18, 21, 23, 32]. These features are quantified by definition of computable metrics.
The major novelties of this study include: 1) cell-graph analysis of three-dimensional tempero-spatial tissue samples with various origins and functional states, 2) differentiation between the tissue samples based on unique structural formations relative to functional state, 3) exploitation of multi-way analysis to identify the most influential signatures that capture most of the variation in the data, and 4) establishing a correspondence between cell-graph features for in-vitro and in-vivo histology samples. The previous cell-graph work was confined to two-dimensional histology samples stained with haematoxylin and eosin. In this study we expanded our analysis to temporal analysis of 3D hydrogel models of the three most common types of tissues that develop solid tumors (epithelial, connective, and neural), to explore additional temporospatial information currently inaccessible in conventional histology samples. 2D and 3D cell culture models form the foundation for virtually all drug screening regimens and remain valid in vitro representations of human tissues[33]. Furthermore, 3D cell culture is widely used in the fields of biology and medicine to study the organization of cells in native extracellular matrix (ECM) constructs [34–36]. Likewise, cell lines with varying molecular mechanisms and protein characteristics are often used to represent a range of functional health states. Although there are limitations to in vitro studies, the cell lines used in this study represent a range of tissue types allowing us to directly compare the structural profiles of various functional states through analysis of cell-graph metrics. The resulting sets of cell-graph metrics that evolved over time yielded a distinct profile for each cell/tissue type, and thus have potential to identify structure-function relationship changes in a three-dimensional cell culture system. The long term goal of this study is to further understand cancer models by interpreting changes in metrics in terms of underlying changes in molecular mechanisms of cancer progression. To uncover these mechanisms, it is necessary to simplify the model in order to isolate specific cell-collagen-I interactions.
Cell Culture Techniques
Cell Culture Conditions
Cell Type
Precancerous Human
Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Media (DMEM)/F12,
Breast Epithelial
5%Horse Serum (HS), 1% Penicillin Streptomycin (PS), 20 ng/ml Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), .05 μg/ml Hydrocortisone, 10 μg/ml Insulin-bovine, 100 ng/ml Cholera Toxin
Human Breast Cancer HER2+/ER-
Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 Medium (RPMI), 10%Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1%Ps
Human Breast Cancer HER2-/ER+
Minimum Essential Media (MEM)α, 10%FBS, 1%PS, 0.01 mg/ml Insulin- bovine
Human Breast Cancer HER2+/ER2+
Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Normal Human Astrocytes
NHA media from Lonza
Human Glioblastoma
Normal Human Osteoblast
NHOst media from Lonza
Human Osteosarcoma
Non-tumorigenic Human Prostate
Keratinocyte serum free media from Gibco
Human Prostate Carcinoma
Cell Line Categories
NHOst, hDFB
Flourescence Imaging
Gels were fixed using 3% paraformaldehyde at 6 different time points (hours): 10, 16, 24, 72, 120, 168. Each was washed with PBS, then stained with nucleic acid dye (sytox green). Images of cells encapsulated within collagen-I hydrogels were captured using a Zeiss LSM 510 META confocal microscope with a 10X dry objective. Representative Z-stack images of 100 μm thickness with 900 μm × 900 μm cross-section area were collected for five samples of each time point.
Segmentation of Nuclei
To segment the cell nuclei, we first binarize the images. Binarization separates the image values into foreground and background classes. In our context, the foreground class represents the cell nuclei, whereas the background class represents the combination of cells and extracellular proteins. Binarization is accomplished by comparing the image values against a threshold function. Considering the large number of images that need to be processed, we employ Otsu's simple but effective automatic threshold selection algorithm[37] that determines a global (single) threshold for the image based on the histogram of image values. Each connected component in the resulting binary image corresponds to a nucleus and the coordinates of the centroids of these nuclei are calculated to identify the coordinates of the node (vertex) set for cell-graph generation.
Generation of Cell-Graphs
After obtaining the set of vertices in the images, we construct the cell-graphs based on the pairwise nuclei distances [10–12, 14–17]. We assume that a biological relation exist between two nuclei, i.e. a link (or edge) between two nodes is established, if the Euclidean distance between the corresponding centroids are less than a threshold D. We tested 3 thresholds: D = 60, 75, and 90 μm. The graphs corresponding to 60 and 90 μm turned out to be too sparse and dense, respectively. Therefore, we decided to use 75 μm as the threshold.
Calculating Features from Cell-Graph Metrics
Cell-graph metrics, interpretations, and categories.
Metric Label
Metric Interpretation
Metric Category
Average Degree
Number of edges per node
Clustering Coefficient C
Ratio of total number of edges among the neighbours of the node to the total number of edges that can exist among the neighbours of the node per node
Clustering Coefficient D
Ratio of total number of edges among the neighbours of the node and the node itself to the total number of edges that can exist among the neighbours of the node and the node itself per node
Clustering Coefficient E
Ratio of total number of edges among the neighbours of the node to the total number of edges that can exist among the neighbours of the node per node excluding the isolated nodes
Average Eccentricity
Average of node eccentricities where the eccentricity of a node is the maximum shortest path length from the node to any other node in the graph
Maximum of node eccentricities
Minimum of node eccentricities
Average Path Length
Average distance between the nodes of a graph, where the distance between two nodes is the number of edges in the shortest path that connects them
Hop Plot Exponent
Slope of the line fitted to the hop plot values in log-log domain, where the hop plot value for hop h is the number of node pairs for which the path length between the pairs is less than or equal to h
Giant Connected Component Ratio
Ratio between the number of nodes in the largest connected component in the graph and total the number of nodes
Number of Connected Components
Number of clusters in the graph excluding the isolated nodes
Average Connected Component Size
Number of nodes per connected component
Percentage of Isolated Points
Percentage of the isolated nodes in the graph, where an isolated node has a degree of 0
Percentage of End Points
Percentage of the isolated nodes in the graph, where an isolated node has a degree of 1
Number of Central Points
Number of nodes within the graph whose eccentricity is equal to the graph radius
Percentage of Central Points
Percentage of the central points in the graph
Average of Edge Lengths
Standard Deviation of Edge Lengths
Skewness of Edge Lengths
Statistics of the edge length distribution in the graph
Spatial Uniformity
Kurtosis of Edge Lengths
Three-Way Data Modeling and Analysis of Feature-Time-Cell line Joint Relationships
where P, Q, and R indicate the number of components extracted from the first, second and third modes (P ≤ I, Q ≤ J, and R ≤ K, respectively, A∈ℝ I×P , B∈ℝ J×Q , and C∈ℝ K×R , and are the component matrices, G∈ℝ P×Q×R is the core tensor, and E∈ℝ I×J×K represents the error term.
where a r , b r , and c r are the r th columns of the component matrices A∈ℝ I×R , B∈ℝ J×R , and C∈ℝ K×R , respectively, E∈ℝ I×J×K is the error term, and ◦ denotes the vector outer product.
Two-Way Data Modeling and Analysis of Feature-Tissue Joint Relationships
Our histology data set contains 329 malignant and 210 benign brain samples, 128 malignant and 195 benign breast samples, and 49 malignant and 20 benign bone samples. The average of the 20 cell-graph metrics over the samples of each tumor-type is taken to construct 6 × 20 two-way data matrix. In order to determine the influence of a metric to describe the variations in the data, a singular value decomposition (SVD) -based technique is employed. First, the data is normalized by centering across the tumor-type and scaling within the features mode. Next, the data is decomposed into its factor scores and loadings using SVD. Finally, the influence of a metric is measured by the sum of absolute factor scores corresponding to the first K factor loadings where K is the number of principal components that explains at least 95% of the variation in the data. K is determined to be three, reflecting the number of different tissue types.
We extended our previously published cell-graph method of feature extraction into three dimensional collagen-I hydrogel cultures that remodel over time. We extracted the set of 20 quantitative features (table 3) from the generated cell-graphs. We then applied tensor analysis to the extracted features using Tucker3 and PARAFAC models to identify the features that contribute the most to discriminating between different cell/tissue temporospatial architectures over time. Figure 2a and 2b show the influence of each metric according to Hotelling's T2 and sum of squared residuals scores for Tucker3 and PARAFAC models, respectively. The most important metrics are located in the upper right triangular region of these figures. Figure 3a and 3b shows Hotelling's T2 scores only for Tucker3 and PARAFAC models, respectively. The metrics are displayed in increasing importance from the lower left corner to the upper right corner in this figure. We determined the five most important metrics for distinguishing between different hydrogel architectures over time based on their nuclear organization using the combination of results from Figures 2 and 3: number of central points, percentage of isolated points, number of connected components, clustering coefficient D, and standard deviation of edge lengths.
The second subcategory of descriptive metrics, number of connected components and clustering coefficient D, capture the extent of cell clustering in a sample. As seen in the representative biological images in the clustering row of Figure 6, samples with discrete clusters have a high number of connected components and a high clustering coefficient. On the contrary, uniformly distributed cells (non-clustering) have a low number of connected components and a low clustering coefficient, i.e. a majority of the cells in the sample are connected within a single connected component. The standard deviation of edge lengths describes the consistency in the distance distribution between the nuclei, thus establishing the level of uniformity in the sample. A sample with uniform-dense clusters, as shown in the lower right of Figure 6, results in a low standard deviation edge of lengths and high uniformity. Alternatively, a sample with a disperse cell cluster distribution yields a high standard deviation edge of lengths and a lower uniformity.
The biological images from Figure 6 represent the extremes of the three subcategories of metrics, compactness, clustering and uniformity. In reality, the hydrogel architecture of different cell types typically lies between the extremes of each metric, and changes over time as the structure develops. The last row in Figure 6 gives examples of the variety of visually complex patterns of cell nuclei, from 5 different cell types, analyzed as part of this study. In these instances, visual inspection of hydrogel architecture images does not distinguish between the cell types and time points. Therefore, we used the cell-graphs and quantified the changes in metric values over time to differentiate the cell types from each other.
The first six cell types listed in Figure 7b are of epithelial origin (breast and prostate cells) representing a range of cancer grades from pre-cancerous to metastatic. Each has a unique metric profile. The standard deviation of edge lengths metric values distinguish the MCF10A (pre-cancerous) breast epithelial cells from the AU565 breast cancer cells because they trend in opposite directions over time. Like the AU565 cells, the MCF7 cells also show similar trends to the MCF10A cells for the percentage of isolated points and average connected component size metrics. However, in addition to the opposing standard deviation of edge lengths trend that distinguishes the AU565 from the MCF10A cells, the MCF7 cells also show an opposing decreasing trend in the number of central points. The metric trends for MB231 cells also differ from those for MCF10A. While the uniformity metric trends for MB231 cells resemble those for the MCF7 cells, the metrics that capture clustering and compactness show opposite trends. Compared to the other breast cancer cells, the percentage of isolated points and average connected component size for MB231 cells show opposite trends. Interestingly, the non-tumorigenic RWPE1 prostate cells and the MCF10A breast cells have nearly identical metric trends with only a slight difference in the magnitude of the average connected component size. Likewise, the metric changes between non-tumorigenic RWPE-1 prostate cells and metastatic DU145 prostate cells are similar to those seen between the non-tumorigenic MCF10A breast cells and the breast cancer lines.
The non-tumorigenic NHA cells and the cancerous U118 cells are glial cells from brain tissue origin. The brain hydrogels exhibit a pattern of metric trends which differentiates them from the hydrogels of other cell/tissue types in this study.
Although the pattern of metric trends is similar in both of the brain hydrogels, the NHA cells are distinguishable from their cancerous counterpart (U118) due to the opposite trend in the number of central points and the magnitude change in the percentage of isolated points. Both of the metrics that distinguish between the non-tumorigenic and cancerous brain cells are measures of compactness. Similar to the brain cells, the representative bone hydrogel architecture (NHOst and MG63) have a distinct set of metric trends, which differentiate them from the other tissue types in the study. The NHOst and MG63 are distinguishable from each other due to the magnitude of the average connected component size, a measure of clustering. Interestingly, the DU145 cells (metastatic prostate epithelial) show similarity between the bone cells (NHOst and MG63) and the fibroblasts (hDFB). The only variations between the DU145 and bone cells are the trends of the standard deviation of edge lengths. The DU145 compared to the hDFB only show different trends in the number of central points. Similarly, the MB231 cell line (metastatic breast epithelial) shows the same pattern of metric trends as the hDFB (fibroblasts), with differences in magnitude of change and slight variation in the clustering coefficient D and standard deviation of edge lengths.
A hallmark of all complex tissues is carefully organized cell and ECM architecture. We believe this architecture is determined, at least in part, by a set of organizational "rules" that determine how cells orient with respect to each other. According to our model, both damaged and cancerous tissues exhibit architectures that deviate significantly from the non-tumorigenic state dictated by these rules, but it is very difficult to quantify changes in these rules by eye. Teasing out the characteristic differences between different functional states in a tissue thus benefits from identifying and understanding the biological foundation for these rules.
This study represents the first attempt at defining these rules, by assigning rigorous quantitative metrics to architectural properties of 3D hydrogels containing distinct cell types. 3D collagen-I hydrogels provide elements of tissue structure which are not obtainable in traditional 2D histology imaging. In this model system, cells from diverse tissue origins interact differently with the collagen-I ECM and each other, resulting in a range of tissue architectures over time. The features extracted from the cell-graphs of 3D confocal images of cell nuclei from the hydrogels are analyzed using Tucker3 model to extract signature graph features. While it is very difficult to quantify important metrics from our images by eye, our computational approach uncovers hidden relationships in these images to discriminate between cell types in 3D, over time.
Our method improves upon histopathological image analysis using nuclear distance-based cell-graphs [13] to include more aspects of tissue structure-function relationships. Comparison of the Singular Value Decomposition analysis of our 2D histology data and tensor analysis of our 3D in vitro feature sets revealed partial overlap of the most significant discriminating metrics. In Figure 5a, the average degree metric represents the connectivity and compactness of the 2D histology samples is the most significant for distinguishing between tissue types. The most significant metric in Figure 5b, number of connected components, characterizes the clustering of the sample. The overlapping metrics in Figure 5c show that histology and in vitro samples share metrics that characterize the compactness, clustering and uniformity of cellular structure organization in order to distinguish between tissue types.
With the metrics determined by tensor analysis, we were able to distinguish multiple functional states of tissues based solely on their nuclear organization in a 3D collagen-I hydrogel. Using the metric profiles for each cell type (Figure 7b), we are able to discriminate different grades of breast and prostate cancer due to a variety of characteristic differences in trends between cell types. The profiles also successfully distinguish non-tumorigenic brain and bone tissue organization from their cancerous counterparts. However, it is only a change in magnitude of the average connected component size that is able to distinguish between the non-tumorigenic and cancerous bone cells. In the future, we will seek to identify new metrics that better distinguish the differences between mesenchymal tissues.
Our findings present an intriguing possibility, that the data in this study may be capturing features of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is defined as a cellular change from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype, involving a loss of adherens junctions, change in intermediate filament expression, and an increase in cell mobility [46–49]. These cellular changes tend to result in a more aggressive, metastatic cancer. While EMT is a characteristic of epithelial tumor progression, it is difficult to quantify using structural changes or molecular markers[50].
In this study, we have included cell types which represent varying stages of EMT, based on their protein expression profile. The breast cancer cell types (MCF10A, AU565, MCF7, and MB231) represent progressive cancer grades from precancerous to metastatic (respectively). Interestingly, our metric profiles capture differences in metric trends between each cell type. The first change between MCF10A and AU565 represents a change in uniformity of cell distribution. The AU565 and MCF7 cell organizations differ by a change in the trend for the number of central points metric, representing a change in the clustering of the cells within tissue architectures. MB231 are further discriminated from the MCF7 cells by an increase in the compactness of the tissue, as demonstrated by the change in number of central points and percentage of isolated points. MB231 also shows a change in average connected component size trend compared to the other breast cancer lines. In addition, the MB231 metric profile shares similar trends as the mesenchymal fibroblast cell line as opposed to it's' breast cancer counterpart, MCF10A. The DU145 cells show remarkably similar metrics to both the osteogenic (NHOst, MG63) and fibroblast cells, with a change in only one metric trend between them. The resemblance in trends between the MB231 and DU145 cells with the mesenchymal tissue organizations (particularly the osteogenic lines NHOst and MG63) may reflect the frequency with which breast and prostate cancer metastasizes to bone.
Collectively, our findings demonstrate that our three-dimensional cell-graph methodology is capable of discriminating between structural patterns of cellular organization in model tissues representing different grades of tumor progression and tissue origin that cannot be quantified by eye. The distinguishing features are based on three-mode tensor analysis of graph theoretical properties calculated for each cell type over time. By extending the sensitivity of image analysis and tissue modeling to uncover diagnostic, hidden, temporospatial relationships between cells in model tissues, we feel this is a significant step towards enriching diagnostic profiles for disease. Such enhanced profiles have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and identify hidden traits that may suggest new therapeutic interventions.
This work was partially supported by National Institutes of Health Grant #RO1 EB008016.
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- Iwatsuki M, Mimori K, Yokobori T, Ishi H, Beppu T, Nakamori S, Baba H, Mori M: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer development and its clinical significance. Cancer Sci. 2010, 101 (2): 293-299. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01419.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Weigelt B, Peterse JL, van 't Veer LJ: Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005, 5 (8): 591-602. 10.1038/nrc1670.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Polyak K, Weinberg RA: Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009, 9 (4): 265-273. 10.1038/nrc2620.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yang J, Weinberg RA: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell. 2008, 14 (6): 818-829. 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.05.009.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cardiff RD: The pathology of EMT in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2010, 15 (2): 225-233. 10.1007/s10911-010-9184-y.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2342/11/11/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|5 - 7 nights
Attention shoppers ! If your inquiry to this listing or any listing results in an email response that does not provide a contact name and phone number or if they are asking for payment by wire transfer your inquiry has not been received by the owner but instead, has been intercepted by a scam... that is phishing. Please contact an owner directly by calling the phone number in the listing before making any payment.
Ray and Eileen Gadue
We thank you for your interest in our Vacation home! We're very proud of it, and we know you'll love it.
It is a beautifully decorated 5 bedroom/ 5 bath home in the private gated community of Windsor Hills in Kissimmee, which is one of the closest gated communities to the gates of Walt Disney World and very close to all the nearby attractions. The home is located in the newer section of Windsor Hills, up on the hill with the tile roofs, otherwise known as "Windsor Hills Reserve".
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There is a Pack 'N Play and a high chair available at the house.
Keywords: Disney, Vacation Rental, Home, Villa, Orlando, Pool, Disney World, Home Rental, Windsor Hills, Kissimmee,
We LOVED this home! We have stayed at many VRBO homes for various vacations. This home is exceptional. The pictures do not do it justice. Nice in pictures, but extremely well appointed in person. Ray was a pleasure to work with and very easy to get in touch with. He sent us all of the information we could possibly need for our vacation.
It was a very short drive (5 minutes) to Magic Kingdom and all of the Disney parks. Animal Kingdom was less than 5 minutes away. Very nice gated neighborhood with security. Upscale neighborhood and area of town.
We had a small issue of the hot tub heat not working on arrival, but the property management was out within the hour and fixed it right away. Water in the pool was perfectly clean and warm. Tough to get the kids out! Kids loved the playground across the street.
The kitchen had all the desired utensils, pots, pans and dishes. We traveled with another family. 4 adults and 5 kids, but never felt crowded. Wii n our son's room was a hit!
We will definitely stay there again next time we visit Disney!
|Tax Rate
$300.00 Down Balance due 60 days before check in dates.

subset: commoncrawl


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Conversations That Sell (2013) reveals the changing nature of sales as its focus shifts away from waxing lyrical about a product to demonstrating a commitment to the needs of the buyer. From preparation to problem solving, these blinks guide you to a winning sales conversation and a strong sales career.
Nancy Bleeke is the founder and president of the training and consulting company Sales Pro Insider. She is the developer of the Genuine training courses.


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Hrithik Roshan undergoes brain surgery for blood clot today at Hinduja Hospital. The surgery is around 2 PM today. The superstar updated the status of his surgery on Facebook – Minor brain surgery to remove blood clot (chronic subdural haematoma)'. Should be rock n rolling by evening! U guys have a great day too! Supersonic!!
The actor had posted about his health earlier in the day, "We all know that we create a life of joy using the power of our mind. I've had the privilege of creating wonders with this amazing gift given to us called the brain. Occasionally one must look within and realize its value. It gives us the power to see, hear, touch, smell and taste, it allows us to conquer fear and create courage to do things we never imagined. Maybe it's time for me to feel the power literally."
The actor's father Rakesh Roshan added, : "It's a clot between brain and skull. So, basically it's a clot in brain. He will undergo the surgery around 2 p.m. or 2.30 p.m. In the medical term, it's called chronic subdural hematoma. Me and my entire family is with him."
Hrithik Roshan, an inspiration to many, has some amazing blockbusters to his credit including Agneepath, Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, Dhoom 2, Krrish, Jodhaa Akbar and Kaho Na Pyaar Hai. His latest movie Krrish will release this Diwali
The surgery has been successful and Rakesh Roshan confirmed this development to the media.


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The recording contains evening street traffic recorded from medium distance from the streets. Some part of the recording contains the background of the street traffic and the other part contains sounds of trams and bikes passing closely. The microphone was located in a square between the tram tracks and bicycle path. We can hear the hiss of the vehicles coming from the streets sourounding the square.
Details and specific sounds
00:28-00:41 - bike passing #1
01:08-01:29 - the arrival of a tram
02:22-02:26 - interesting sound in the background
02:48-03:00 - bike passing #2
02:58-03:43 - trams
06:32-07:00 - the noise of vehicles, hissing, brakes
08:00-08:07 - bike passing closely
Total time: 8:07
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Egypt, they had it. Greeks, if you read the Bible and the Greek mythology, you will find such a great similarity. Draper is a great historian. Draper, he wrote a book by the name," Conflict between Religion and Science". And in this book he says that Apollo was a mythological Holy Ghost, according to the Greek Pantheon.
(Sakshi comment: Since the Islamic scholar Bro. Imran (not us) accepts the authority of Draper on religion; we encourage Muslims to read what Draper has to say on Muhammad sahab in the same book History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science: – "By the monk Bahira, in the convent at Bozrah, Mohammed was taught the tenets of the Nestorians" "It is well known among physicians that prolonged fasting and mental anxiety inevitably give rise to hallucination" "Mohammedanism, as left by its founder, was an anthropomorphic religion. Its God was only a gigantic man, its heaven a mansion of carnal pleasures." http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/draper03.htm Honest Muslims should ask Bro. Imran why he is quoting such sources.
And this Apollo, he came into the dream of a person called Arius and he said, "Arius, I have conceived your fiancée with my child." Meaning your fiancée she is going to become the mother of my child. Who is saying this? The Holy Ghost. According to Greek mythology, who is it? Apollo! Apollo says, according to Greek mythology that Arius in his dream, not in reality, in the dream, said that, "Arius, you see, I have conceived your fiancée. So don't go near her. And later the child that was born, he was said to be the son of the Holy Ghost and the son of god. The Egyptian disciples of Plato, they used to think that Plato is the son of god. It was already there.
If you read Gospel of Matthew chapter 1 verse 20, you ill find Holy Ghost comes in the dream of Joseph, the carpenter, who was a spouse to Mary and says similar things. He says, "Joseph, I have conceived Mary by my Child. So don't mistrust her. She is a very good woman. She is going to give birth to My baby now." From where did they get it? Copied it from there! Then, still you see, trinity is not coming there. From where did it come? So if you read the history, if you visit Wikipedia, he was quoting my website, I will quote you very strong authentic historical websites, Wikipedia, encyclopedia Britannica, if you visit these websites, you will find these websites, they say that Trinity was introduced at the time of Constantine, a Roman king. Who is Constantine? A king. What happened in his time? He wanted to have an influence on his people. So in the year 321, you will find that the Christians in Rome were in a hot discussion, whether Jesus is God, equal to God or not God. So in 321, you will find that the discussion started in the form of a confrontation now. Quarrelling started. Constantine was worried now in his kingdom, what was going wrong? So he decided to call all learned Christian scholars and seat them. And he made them sit together and he said to them,"C'mon, now have the discussion in front of me." And then, in that discussion, there was a Christian scholar from Alexandria of Egypt.
He had a quarrel with his presbyter, by the name Arius. And in this quarrel, Constantine supported Alexander of Alexandria, who proposed the theory of Trinity for the first time and Constantine ordered that from today, Trinity should become an official concept of all Christians, which is not there in the Bible at all. Afraid of the king, the Christians of that time started to follow. Then in 381, the follower of Constantine, Theosidus, he made it compulsory as an official religion to believe in Trinity.
And this belief in Trinity, if you read the entire Bible, the closest verse to Trinity in the Bible, you will find in the first epistle of John chapter 5verse 7, which says : And in the heaven records 3 names : The Holy Father, The Holy Son and The Holy Ghost. And these three are one. Closest verse to Trinity in King James Version. But, when it was revised, even this closest verse in the Bible has been thrown out. They said,"Get out, you are not the Word of God." The remotest verse to Trinity is thrown out of the Bible. It is no more there. So, therefore, I said, dogma. What is dogma? To believe without any reasoning. If I ask him, "Sir, who believed in Trinity?" You see, if you read the Bible, he will quote one verse, other verse.
(Sakshi comment: Bro. Imran realizes that Jerry already provided the evidence of Trinity from the Holy Bible in his presentation and now he tries damage control)
And see, the debate he has given a new shape to it. He quoted a few debates earlier. He said I have had debates with one or two Muslim brothers earlier and he won it. I doubt for that. Might be. My Muslim brother's presentation was not in a suffering manner. He must have presented very politely and it appeared to you that you won the debate. Alhamdulillah! The weakest of the Muslims will never loose. We have the strength of the truth with us. The weakest will never loose. I never claim. I never claimed that I won many debates with anybody.
And in fact, he said how can I be an international scholar. I am already an inter
national scholar, Sir. If you don't want to believe, you don't believe.
Now about Jesus being God from the Bible, I want to read it daily. Every verse, one by one, I am not finding it still. Where did Jesus say, "I am God. Worship me."?One statement. Simple question to him. Where did Jesus say, "I am God. Worship me."?One statement. So he quoted, "You see, Jesus said that "I AM". Verily, Verily, I say unto you….." He quoted Gospel of John chapter 8 verse 58. He said, "Verily, Verily, I say unto you, before Abraham was, I am." See, how can Jesus be there before Abraham, unless He is God? So Jesus is God. Is that a proof for God? Before Abraham was with God, even I was in His knowledge; even you were there. In His knowledge everybody was there.
And before Abraham, even Satan was there. Does that mean that is God? Is that a proof to prove that Jesus is divine? It is a laughing stock.
(Sakshi comment: It is a laughing stock that though Jerry clearly cautioned Bro. Imran that he should not bring this false interpretation, and gave evidences from the scripture, Bro. Imran still brings it because he has nothing else to say to fill 50 minutes. See Jerry's presentation)
Only because he said "Before Abraham was, I am ". You see, who can be before Abraham? God! Then he quoted another verse. And he quoted it wrong. Although he had the paper with him in front of him; he quoted a wrong verse form the Bible, even keeping a paper. He quoted Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 verse 19. It is being video recorded. You can cross check.
(Sakshi comment: We cross checked it. Bro. Jerry did not quote any of these verses wrong. Though we accept that slip of tongues can happen with anyone).
Matthew chapter 5 verse 19: Unless your righteousness exceeds the righteousness of the Pharisees and the Scribes…. That is the verse there. You quoted some other verse there. And you also quoted Gospel of John chapter 5 verse 19. It is not John chapter 5 verse 19, Sir. It is John chapter 5 verse 30. It is video recorded. No, no, you quoted later. First you made a mistake and then corrected it immediately. Anyway, it is video recorded. 16 cameras, we have for video recording. You have only four. He quoted Gospel of John chapter 5 verse 30 where he wanted to prove that by nature Jesus is equal to God. Now, I don't know what is the unnatural way of God not being equal to God. I don't know if Jesus had two natures: one is natural and other is unnatural. He said supernatural. Supernatural means over the God. Check any dictionary Sir. English is very good with Keralites. What does supernatural mean? Which is not according to nature? Who is nature? God is nature.
(Sakshi comment: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supernatural)
Supernatural means over the God. Jesus is supernatural? In what way should I believe in supernatural? Anyway, I do not want to quote many more verses which I have brought along with me. Just to put a few of them. The God came on earth. The Christians today welcomed Him, welcomed God: You are on earth all these days.
And when the God came here, 40 days the shaitan is tempting Him. I don't say that. And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed for a season, for some time, he went away from Jesus. He tempted Jesus! The devil! God is being tempted by the devil? And he was there in the wilderness 40 days, tempted by the shaitan. Who was there? Jesus. 40 days, shaitan is tempting Him. But He was in all points tempted like we are. You understand? If there is a sinner who looks at a naked woman and he coitus: Ha! Naked woman! Tempted!!! So, the Bible is saying Jesus was tempted like us. What does it say? "But was in all ways tempted like as we are, yet without sin"! He is not a sinner yet. He is sinless. Even if He is tempted like you and me, Jesus is sinless. Why? Because this is a blind belief!
Unless they don't apply religious BODMAS (Blindness Off, Dogmas Minus,), you have any reason? We don't have any reason but we believe it. And he will start. "See, Jesus said in Matthew chapter 7 verse 1 and 2, "Don't judge others, so that you may not be judged. As you will judge others, so will you be judged?" How?
He said he doesn't want explanations from me. See, all this time I have been giving evidences with my explanations. 90% of his explanations are one verse he quotes and explanations come from him. Whose explanations? Is it in the Quran? Is it in the Hadith? Is it in the Bible? It is his explanations. Not from the Bible.
Sakshi comment: Because Bro. Imran claimed this, out of curiosity, Sakshi counted the number of verses cited by Bro. Jerry and Bro. Imran in their respective presentations. If the same speaker quotes one verse twice, we counted it as one. Here is the result:
The Holy Bible
Bro. Jerry
Bro. Imran
You decide who is giving his own explanations.
How can he believe Jesus to be God, when the entire Bible is without a statement that He is God? And He is tempted by shaitan. Is this the tendency or a nature of God? He said, by nature, Jesus is like God. Does God tempted by shaitan? Can anybody believe it? Can God be ever tempted by Shaitan? And he wants us to believe that Jesus by nature is like God, and He was tempted by shaitan.
And James chapter 1 verse 13 says God can never be tempted by shaitan. Neither will God tempt any human being. Jesus is not God. Show me one verse, one verse from the entire Bible where any of the disciples of Jesus, they worshipped Jesus in His lifetime saying "You are our God". One verse. See, who will be the closest?
Tomorrow somebody goes out of the program and there are some people who meet you. They asked you about the program and then they go to somebody to tell about this program. Are you a better evidence or they the better evidence? But natural, the persons who are here. The disciples of Jesus, not for one single time in His entire lifetime, worshipped Jesus as God.
(Sakshi comment: Did he hear the beginning of Jerry's presentation, John 20:28???)
And they want the entire world to believe that Jesus was God and we should worship Him. Who said this? Did God say that? No! Did Jesus say that in the Bible? No. From where did you get it? So they have contradictory verses which they interconnect with each other with their own explanations.
How much time more? 11 minutes more
About the messenger hood of Mohammad (saw). What should I speak?
He spoke 100 things. But he didn't disprove that Muhammad (saaw) is not the messenger of God. If Jesus can be tempted by shaitan, what will happen if Muhammad (saaw) has some problem of sorcery?
(Sakshi comment: Muslims must think about Bro. Imran's admission of Muhammad being under magic. Since Muhammad was under the magic spell, he cannot be even a true believer according to the Holy Bible or even the Quran. Decision is yours.)
Is it logical? Judge not others that you may not be judged. The problem with him is he is a habituated translation reader. Why? Where is the original of the Bible? He never reads the Bible in its original. He reads the translation, translation, translation, translation. Jerry, can you please help me? Excuse me, Jerry. Can you please help me? What was the language of Jesus? You will tell! Okay, I will tell also the question afterwards. And I again give you a lifetime challenge to tell the truth. You know, no Christian can prove what was the language of Jesus. And they believe in a character to be God whose language they don't know. Insha'Allah. If he proves, I will give an anti proof to it.
Coming to Mohammad. I would discuss this subject under 3 headings. Again, messenger hood of Mohammad. What are those 3 headings?
1. What eminent non-Muslims say about Mohammad? I said eminent non-Muslims. I dint say any Tom, Dick and Jerry. Eminent non-Muslims. And Jerry is not an eminent non-Muslim. What eminent non-Muslims say about Mohammad?
2. Muhammad (saaw)in the house of Islam
3. Muhammad (saaw) in the Bible.
First one. Lamartine was a historian from France. In the year 1854, he wrote about history: Histoire de la Turquie.
And in that book, page 273 and, 274, he says he lay
s three standards to judge the greatest of all human beings. He says greatness of purpose, smallness of means and astounding results are the three criteria to judge any human genius.
See, purpose should be great. You know, purpose wise, also Jesus Christ is smaller than Mohammad. If you read Gospel of Matthew Chapter 15 verse 26, Chapter 10, verse 5 and 6, and Matthew chapter 15, Jesus in verse 26 says, "I am not being sent, but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel".
Meaning I am not for mankind. I am only for the non-gentiles. And what is a gentile and a non-gentile? Gentile is a non-Jew. One is a Jew. Jerry, according to Jesus is a gentile. And Jesus, if you read Matthew chapter15, a non-Jew, she comes to Jesus and asks for some help. So He says" it is not neat for me to cast bread to the dogs", meaning if Jesus would have been today here, he would have called Jerry as a dog. I don't say that. Jesus said that to a non-Jew. He said, it is not neat. It is not good for me that I should give our benefits to the dogs. So Jesus' mission was only for Bani-Israel. Mission of Mohammad. Surah 21, ayat 107 says: "we sent you not, for the entire universe as a messenger. Jesus is sent only for Bani Israel.
And Lamartine says the greatness of purpose. What is the greatness of purpose? Muhammad (saaw) said" I have come to establish Tawheed on the entire face of earth".
And smallness of means: What were the means with Muhammad (saaw)? He was a poor person. After marrying Khadija, when he declared that "I am the messenger", he became more poor. And this Mohammed has very smallness of means. Thirteen years he thrived in Mecca, had to migrate away. Smallness of means! Astounding results: What are the results? Jesus, before He was put on the cross according to the Bible, till He lived, He had 12 minus 1; one of them cheated. How many with Jesus? God incarnate on earth. What is the result? Only eleven! Muhammad (saaw), How many with him? More than one lakh forty thousand. Astounding results! What is the comparison between 11 and 1lakh 40 thousand?
And Insha'Allah, in my rebuttal, I will give more answers to other questions. See, if I give all of them now, Jerry will be bored in the rebuttal. Smallness of means and astounding results and greatness of purpose are 3 criteria to judge a human genius. Then who can dare compare any man in modern history with Mohammad? Who said that? Eminent non-Muslim Lamartine said that.
Encyclopedia Britannica, in the 11th edition, it says Muhammad (saaw) was supreme most successful of all the religious people. Not me. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition. Bernard Shaw, a Christian, he says in the Genuine Islam, Vol 1, I have Studied him. Studied who? Studied Muhammad (saaw). A wonderful man, far from being antichrist. Some people call him antichrist! Far from being antichrist, I shall say he is the savior of humanity.
(Sakshi comment: Bernard Shaw-a Christian or an atheist??? Is Bro. Imran ignorant or is he intentionally deceiving people).
Michael H. Hart, an American Christian, philosopher and mathematician, he writes a book. The hundred: A ranking of the most influential person in the history. And in this book, being a Christian, he puts Jesus as no. 3 and the first number is Muhammad (saaw).
(Sakshi comment: Michael H Hart is a self-described atheist. Is Bro. Imran ignorant or is he intentionally deceiving people?)
And on page 33, published from New York Publications, 1973, he says, my choice of Mohammed in the list to lead the most ranking people, influential people of the world, may surprise many, and may be questioned by others. But there is no man in history who is more secular on religion and secular level than Muhammad (saw).
Coming to Bible, he quoted, Gospel of John chapter 16 verse 7. He quoted and said about "Comforter of Truth". Jesus said that "it is better for you that I go away, but if I don't go away, the Comforter of Truth will not come unto you. But if I depart, I will send Him to you."So he said that Comforter of Truth cannot be Mohammad. I ask you why. What is the problem if it is Mohammad?
So he said The God of Muhammad (saaw) and Yehovah… What is Yehovah? Yehovah is the God. Who is Yehovah? According to Christians, He is God. Did the Bible say that Yehovah is God? Did Bible say that He is God? No. See, How many times he quoted Yehovah, Yehovah, Yehovah, Yehovah. Who is this Yehovah, Yehovah, Yehovah, Yehovah? In the original, there is nothing as Yehovah. What is it? So they say it is tetragranation. You see, high vocabulary, so that common people don't understand. Tetragranation! What is tetragranation? So they say tetragranation means a four alphabet word like YHWH. How will you pronounce this? Can anybody pronounce this? YHWH? It can't be pronounced. It is a unique shocking word, without a vowel. YHWH. Who is the God? YHWH.
Last minute? No problem. So he said, Yehovah, the God. This Yehovah, the name that he took is a corruption of the name. He doesn't even know the true name of the Almighty God. Encyclopedia Britannica says much before Mohammad, the Arab Jews and Christians comfortably called God Almighty as Allah and not Yehovah. Comforter of truth that he said cannot be Mohammad. See, if I would
have quoted all this, he would have given all wrong explanations and wasted our time.
(Sakshi comment: It is quite funny that the Islamic preacher wants to say his arguments after Jerry's rebuttal knowing fully that Bro. Jerry would not have time to correct him. Is Bro. Imran honest?)
So, those explanations, Insha'Allah, I will give in my rebuttal, what I have to give, Insha'Allah.
But you, before I end, I have brought 10 questions for Jerry with a lifetime challenge. He can't answer one of them. If he answers one, he will contradict the remaining. It is a challenge to him. And if he doesn't answer, Insha'Allah, I will answer him in rebuttal. I would like to end my talk with the ayat from Surah 3 ayat 51 where Allah says: Isa said," Allah is My God and your God. Worship him


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Wynkoop Court Quilt Pattern
Unique and modern mashup of hexagons and triangle created with no Y-seams. This is the perfect pattern for fat-quarters or can be a scrappy as you want! Showcase your quilting or your favorite fabric in the large hexagons! The pattern included three sizes: Tall (47" x 54"), Grande (61" x 72") and Venti (77" x 95").
You will need a 60 degree Triangle Ruler to make this quilt! Find them here.
Our downloadable PDF patterns are easy to buy and there is never a shipping cost! After your purchase you will receive a link to downloadable your pattern. Patterns are in PDF format so you will need Adobe Reader software if you do not already have it on your computer.


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Sign and date our event waiver. Please use your legal name for this purpose. Send in to the address above.
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Melinda is a Provisionally Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Missouri, with a Master of Arts in Counseling from Covenant Theological Seminary and a B.E. in Computer Engineering from Vanderbilt University. Prior to pursuing her passion of caring for hurting people via counseling, she worked for several years as a professional engineer. Melinda also has experience as a therapist at an eating disorder treatment center.
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I care deeply for people and love the uniqueness of each of our stories, personalities, passions, and context of life. We were made to be known and connected in relationship; however, fear, shame, and hurt often steal our joy and affect our relationship with ourselves, others, and God and we grasp to find ways to cope with disappointments, heartaches, loss, and stress.
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Notional defined contribution pension schemes and income patterns
During the 1990s, some important European countries such as Italy and Sweden radically transformed their public pension systems by adopting defined-contribution rules while retaining a pay-as-you-go financial architecture. The paper inquires into the theoretical properties of such notional defined contribution pension schemes in order to identify the determinants of the replacement rates awarded to individuals with different income patterns. Three typical career patterns are taken into consideration, according to whether the individual's wage growth is equal to, higher than, or lower than average wage growth. The impact of, and the possible remedies to, a possible discontinuity in replacement rates is assessed by means of a sensitivity analysis of replacement rates with respect to career length (for a given retirement age), the retirement age, and the rate of return credited to individual accounts.
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While the Battle of Berlin in 1945 is widely known, the horrific story of the Halbe Kessel remains largely untold. In April 1945, victorious Soviet forces encircled 80,000 men of the German 9th Army in the Halbe area, South of Berlin, together with many thousands of German women and children. The German troops, desperate to avoid Soviet capture, battled furiously to break out toward the West, where they could surrender to the comparative safety of the Americans. For the German civilians trapped in the Kessel, the quest to escape took on frantic dimensions, as the terror of Red Army brutality spread.
The small town of Halbe became the eye of the hurricane for the breakout, as King Tigers of the SS Panzer Corps led the spearhead to the West, supported by Panthers of the battle-hardened 21st Panzer Division. Panzer by panzer, unit by unit, the breakout forces were cut down - until only a handful of Panthers, other armour, battered infantry units and columns of shattered refugees made a final escape through the rings of fire to the American lines. This first-hand account by the commander of one of those Panther tanks relates with devastating clarity the conditions inside the Kessel, the ferocity of the breakout attempt through Halbe, and the subsequent running battles between overwhelming Soviet forces and the exhausted Reich troops, who were using their last reserves of fuel, ammunition, strength and hope.
Eloquent German-perspective accounts of World War 2 are surprisingly rare, and the recent reissue of Wolfgang Faust's 1948 memoir Tiger Tracks has fascinated readers around the world with its insight into the Eastern Front. In The Last Panther, Faust used his unique knowledge of tank warfare to describe the final collapse of the Third Reich and the murderous combat between the German and Russian armies. He gives us a shocking testament to the cataclysmic final hours of the Reich, and the horrors of this last eruption of violence among the idyllic forests and meadows of Germany.
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Fake Memoir - Literary Fraud - Violent War Porn
If this book never existed.
Wolfgang Faust is not a real person.
In the same vein as "Tiger Tracks," "The Last Panther" is a fake story being advertised as a memoir. These two books by "Faust" are fake memoirs and are literary fraud. The fantastic, outlandish fiction tales told in these books dishonor the real veterans who experienced the horrors of tank warfare, who suffered and lost comrades during the War, diminishes their real and important stories and clouds historical fact. Shame on Amazon and Audible for not vetting and fact checking the authenticity of this "Wolfgang Faust," these two books and of Sprech Media as a whole.
Wolfgang Faust is a fake name, probably for an American/English writer who wrote this story within the last few years. There's no mention of Wolfgang Faust anywhere ON THE ENTIRE INTERNET (except for what's been released directly from Sprech Media and/or Amazon). I can't find any documentation in any form as to the existence of this person. No pictures of the man. No information on his estate or where it is located. No specific details as to when he died or the location for where he is buried.
"Faust" allegedly published "Tiger Tracks" in the late 1940s and wrote shortly thereafter "The Last Panther" and never published it due to the heavy criticism he received for "Tiger Tracks." Where is the original "Tiger Tracks" book? What's its ISBN? The "Tiger Tracks" story was "serialised in a number of magazines?" Which magazines? When? Where are they??? Critics in the Federal German Republic described the original release of "Tiger Tracks" as needlessly provocative? What critics? Where's their reviews and criticisms? The fact is that "Tiger Tracks" is a fake memoir and there was no original book.
With that out of the way, let me speak to the specifics in "The Last Panther," supposedly written but never published until recently, and is another groundbreaking memoir from a panzer crewman.
Having supposedly been "stung" by the public's reception of "Tiger Tracks," "Faust" wrote "The Last Panther" and never published it. One would think the author's tone would change after being hurt so, that descriptions of battles would be different, that this harsh criticism would seep through his writings in some way, that he'd try to prove the importance of this next story by writing in a slightly different style, but that isn't apparent at all in this book. The writing and the amazingly descriptive recollections are written in exactly the same manner as "Tiger Tracks."
Unlike "Tiger Tracks," "Faust" actually has a rank (Feldwebel), reports his general location (Halbe), states his unit (the 21st Panzer Division) and give details of some of the neighboring units. They're fighting to get out of the Halbe Kessel, to get to the Twelfth Army, cross the Elbe and surrender to the Americans. The story reads like an action movie script. The story itself is okay - there are no more than two characters and, now that I think about it, I believe that "Faust" is the only person in the entire book referred to by name. If that's true, that makes the book even more bizarre. Even in "Tiger Tracks," "Faust" referred to his crew members by name. The book isn't even enjoyable if you consider this work as a fiction novel, because nothing of consequence happens. If you read this book expecting it to be a memoir (as it is advertised), even an amateur historian, you'll soon figure out that it's unbelievable and ridiculous and begin to question its authenticity (I'll go more into that later).
As an action story, the plot is a bland, repetitive trek with lots and lots of descriptive gore. There's no characters, there's no real plot (other than to escape out of the Halbe pocket), and there's no theme, unless you want to consider "war is a lot of gratuitous violence" as some sort of deep, insightful narrative theme. Here's the plot: move, fight, describe some horrific gory scene, repeat 6 or 7 times, cross Elbe, fin. Sorry for the spoiler.
The story contains a lot of gore described in detail and in the same manner over and over again - starbursts from exploding tanks, wheels and turrets flying meters into the air, decapitated and dismembered infantry, burning tank crews, people dying gruesome deaths covered in burning fuel, gurgling breath escaping from a person hanging from a noose, etc... It's all much too descriptive for a memoir. I've never read a memoir in which the author is so enthusiastic to describe gore with such detail.
Let me summarize some of the items that "Faust" writes about that bring into question the authenticity of this book:
- Tank crews did not wear hobnail boots. Hobnails on tank steel is not only very slippery (making climbing and moving a dangerous activity), but hobnails have the nasty little tendency to spark on steel. Sparks in a tank = fire = death.
- "Faust" refers to his commander as "Capo." That nickname struck me as an oddity. I'm not fluent in German, but I can manage reading and speaking it well enough. "Kapo" was a term used within the Concentration Camps to refer to a prisoner who served as an overseer. So, when listening to this book, I figured, okay, they call their (nameless) LT the Overseer. But when I started writing this review and looked at the printed book, I noticed the nickname is spelled "Capo." I cannot find reference to that term or its usage anywhere in the German language. I have no idea what it is supposed to stand for. In the German language, the letter "C" is a rare letter. I might be completely off on this point, but this nickname is suspicious and another point of concern with the authenticity of this book.
- The Iron Cross was not worn around the neck. The Knight's Cross (a high award) was worn around the neck. Faust says he takes the "Iron Cross" from his dead "Capo's" neck. The differentiation between the awards would not have been confused by any German at the time, let alone by a member of the Heer.
- Faust doesn't mention any of his tank crew by name. He doesn't describe them. He doesn't talk about them in any detail whatsoever, other than describing their gruesome deaths. He doesn't describe his intimate service with them, as I would expect from any tank crewman's memoir. Life in a tank is a life in close-quarters. You would expect a fraternal relationship to develop among the crew, but that is not evident at all in this book.
- Except for one instance in which "Faust" reveals that he once drove a tank, recollections of previous battle or war experiences are completely absent. The author of every other memoir I've read recollects his past experiences in the War and the people he has served with.
- Just as in "Tiger Tracks," "Faust" somehow has the omnipotent ability to see inside the tanks around him during combat (in which he should be buttoned up within his own tank), describing in detail ricocheting rounds, painful and ghastly deaths.
- "Faust's" Panther is constantly on the verge of running out of fuel, but miraculously keeps finding more and more fuel along the way. I don't know exactly what route he took, but from historical maps of the breakout attempts, it looks like the shortest distance from the edge of the Halbe to the Elbe through the Twelfth Army is more than 120 km (almost 80 miles) - that's in a straight line.
- "Faust" describes everything with way too much technical detail. It's as if he were in on the design decisions of each and every tank he comes across, pausing in the middle of the description of some battle to talk about what chassis a Jagdpanzer is built on or how heavy a Hetzer is and pondering on how useful 3,000 or 4,000 of them would have been to the Reich. In my experience, this isn't what a German veteran would muse on. He wouldn't call an MP40 an MP40 - it'd just be, "MP." The Soviets weren't called "Reds" by the Germans. He seemed to know every aircraft that buzzed them, and could describe in detail the type of artillery bombarding them. It's all too detailed for war memoir, in my humble opinion.
- The tone of this "memoir" is not of a German veteran writing it in the 1940s. The verbiage is much too modern and contemporary. The writing does not sound like a German translation at all.
I've read similar criticisms of the authenticity of Sprech Media's other books (e.g. "D Day Through German Eyes" and "World War 2 Through German Eyes").
I think I've made my point. I don't know for 100% certain, but it seems to me that "The Last Panther" is a fake memoir and is literary fraud. Spend your credit elsewhere. If you are interested in this kind of book, but want a real memoir, I'd highly recommend both "Panzer Commander" by Hans von Luck and "Soldat" by Siegfried Knappe.
- Erik
Incredible story sub par narration
- Ron


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My husband and I are planning a trip to Spain - he is going to Madrid for work and we will join him before or after his work trip.
So far we are thinking about being there for about 8-10 days either about Feb 25 - Mar 6 or from about Mar 10 - 20. We will be going with our kids - 8 year old twin boys. We are thinking of either doing
Option 1:
Madrid with a day trip to Toledo - about 3 days
Seville, Granada - about 3 days
Barcelona - about 3 days
or Option 2:
Madrid - 3 days (day trip to Toledo)
Barcelona - 3 days
Rome - 3 days
So far everything is just "ideas". Our dilemma is mainly because we have young kids travelling with us. What is a good plan to visit Spain with kids, making sure that we are enjoying the culture, while making sure the kids have something fun to hold their interests and enjoy the country as well.
Also are there any festivals or events during these time frames that we can include in our trip and experience with the children?
Please help!!
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Spain in March with kids - please help with itinerary
My husband and I are planning a trip to Spain - he is going to Madrid for work and we will join him before or after his work trip.
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You will be too early for Holy Week, so we'll have to consider what the children are interested in. Any ideas?
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I would do option #1 but substitute Valencia for Barcelona. The big Fallas Festival takes place around March 19. The kids, and you, would really enjoy that.
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Las Fallas goes on in Valencia March 15-19, should be great fun for all ages: http://www.spanish-fiestas.com/festivals/las-fallas/
More about cutting edge Valencia with the Science Park etc etc. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destination/spain/34885/Valencia-city-break-guide.html
And anything can happen in the main food market
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Fallas happens during the day, so you don't have to worry about keeping the children out late at night as with Semana Santa, Holy Week.
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Thank you so much for the suggestions about Valencia. I will research that further - the Las Fallas looks like a fun festival.
To answer the question about what the kids like - I think they are typical boys, they probably would like to walk less and do more. See less, touch or feel more. They haven't traveled to Europe yet (I have barely visited London myself) so this is a completely new experience and we don't know what to expect from them yet.
We along with the kids plan to learn basic Spanish in the next few months as something that will keep them excited for the trip and also learn something new from this experience.
I hope that help you a little bit in helping us with our itinerary .
Thanks again!
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Given you are in Spain and your entire trip isn't that long, I wouldn't even consider option 2, going to Rome for a couple days instead of staying in Spain. Especially with two small children.
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In Barcelona, you could take the Teleferic (cable car) up to the castell at the top of Montjuich almost right in the city center. The castell has got a dramatic history, and there are excellent views of both the city and the sea from up here: http://www.telefericdemontjuic.cat/en/
The Castell: http://www.barcelonaturisme.com/wv3/en/page/1142/castell-de-montjuic.html
Carrer Montcada, just behind the Gothic Santa Maria del Mar Church in the medieval and vibrant Born district, was the most important street in the city from the 12th century on. You'll find some great old mansions and tapas places here that could be great fun for both kids and grown ups alike: http://www.barcelonaturisme.com/wv3/en/page/390/carrer-montcada.html
Three excellent and very different tapas bars within 20 meters at the start of Carrer Montcada:
Xampanyet: http://www.worldsbestbars.com/bar/barcelona/city-center/el-xampanyet
Tapeo: http://www.tapeoborn.cat/
Euskal Etxea (serves Basque pintxos): http://www.euskaletxeataberna.com/comer-en-euskaletxea/?l=en_en
About the medieval and vibrant El Born: http://www.barcelona-tourist-guide.com/en/areas/el-born.html
And perhaps go and see the archeological site of Barcelona anno 1700 in El Born Cultural Center, 200 meters from Carrer Montcada: http://www.barcelonaturisme.com/wv3/en/agenda/8427/el-born-centre-cultural.html
The Museo de Xocolata is also very close to El Born:
The Aquarium is also in Port Vell close to El Born: http://www.aquariumbcn.com/?lang=en
Close by you also find the Plaça del Rei where queen Isabella and king Ferdinand is believed to have greeted Columbus when he returned after the "discovery" of America: http://www.aviewoncities.com/barcelona/placadelrei.htm
Here is also a very interesting History museum with excavations of the more than 2000 year old Roman city Barcino: http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/spain/barcelona/things-to-do/sights/reviews/museu-dhistoria-de-la-ciutat-164627
And you could take both a train, a tram and a funicular up to the city's famous and old world Tibidabo amusement park: http://www.barcelona-tourist-guide.com/en/attractions/tibidabo-barcelona.html
And a very good idea to learn some Spanish before you go, will for sure add much to your experiences!
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Given all the awesome suggestions now I have given up the idea of going to Rome and instead we are down to these two options:
Madrid (day trip to Toledo) - 3 days
Barcelona - 3 days
Valencia - 3 days (during Las Fallas festival)
Madrid (day trip to Toledo) - 3 days
Seville, Granada - 3 days
Valencia - 3 days (during Las Fallas festival)
I wish we had more days because I hate that we have to choose between Barcelona and Seville/Granada.
If you had to make a choice, which one would you choose? What is a better or more practical option with kids?
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And thank you so much for all the links and suggestions! I am making note of everything and will make a detailed plan in the next few days.
They are very very helpful!!
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Are you going by train or car? for cities trains make sense as cars are rather useless and Spanish trains are not as good as the best anywhere on main lines to those cities, including Toledo.
www.renfe.com is the Spanish Railways site - you can get nifty discounted tickets if booked well in advance - check these sites for lots of great ideas for Spanish trains - www.seat61.com - good info on discounted tickets; www.budgeteuropetravel.com and www.ricksteves.com for general info.
Trains go up to nearly 200 mph - driving would take much much longer and the scenery in between say Madrid and Seville or Barcelona IME is nothing great.
Seville area will have warmer weather - Madrid at high elevation can be rather cool then.
If you want to give kids a real experience take the overnight train that I believe still runs between Seville and Barcelona - a Hotel Train with some private compartments even with WC and shower - bring your own food aboard or dine in the luxurious dining car.
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Spain is glorious all over, but were I to choose, I'd go for Seville and Granada over Barcelona. And, the south, Andalucia, will be warmer.
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Yes PalenQ - we plan to travel between cities in trains. We think we will travel within Madrid and Barcelona (if we go) by cabs/uber. And where necessary we will get a rental car. We are considering the night train as well. Thanks for bringing that up!
Thanks Bedar - I want to incorporate Seville and Granada as well! Do you have any suggestions on what we can visit with children in these cities?
About night trains and train schedules in general - I went to many websites regarding buying or looking at train schedules but it seems like we cannot buy this ahead of time? Is that true? Am I missing something? Or is the night train from Seville (or is it from Granada) to Barcelona not available anymore?
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<they probably would like to walk less and do more. See less, touch or feel more>
Then Barcelona miles before Sevilla/Granada. For most people Sevilla and Granada are typically walk much, see much cities. Barcelona is more of a cutting edge (and medieval) loads of fun big city (and easy to travel from Barcelona to both Valencia and Madrid).
Granada with kids (most of the suggestions are tens of miles out of town or much walking): http://www.granadaspain.co.uk/ten-things-to-do-with-kids-in-granada/
Sevilla with kids, some good suggestions here: http://devoursevillefoodtours.com/10-things-to-do-in-seville-with-kids/
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I think that Toledo holds little interest for 8 year olds. I suggest Segovia-they will love the castle,full of armored figures and they will enjoy the walk up to the top of the castles.The aqueduct should also hold their interest.
In Madrid and Barcelona I would take advantage of the on/off tour bus.
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No where in Spain is child-centric. It is not Orlando. In Seville I would take them to see Columbus's tomb in the cathedral, the bullring, and a trip on the river. Plus all the other attractions. If you had time, to Jerez to see the riding school, perhaps to a bull ranch, but you don't have time for those. In Granada, beyond the Alhambra, a visit to the tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella in the cathedral and the Albaicin district. You might like to take them to an ancient pottery, Fajalauza, to see the famous ceramics being made. If they've never seen snow, a trip to the Sierra Nevada might be in order.
Yes, Barcelona is a big city, but I fail to see how something "cutting edge" would attract 8 yr olds. It won't be beach weather so that's out. You could drag them around to all the Gaudi stuff. The Sagrada Familia church, at least, should be interesting. So, beyond trying not to bump into all the tourists, including cruise people, all the pickpockets, and drug dealers, I don't see much to do for them. Suppose this would be giving them an "urban experience".
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Are bullfights family fare?
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Who mentioned bullfights ? Are you high again ? Go replay the MI football games. Know you like that violence. Corridas and flamenco are a part of Spanish culture, so get over it or stay in Amsterdam.
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I don't think train schedules are always loaded this far ahead of time, they seem to do them by quarters (and not just in Spain). But if you just can't find an overnight train and no other runs, I think the problem is there aren't any. YOu can certainly see train schedules on bahn.de for next March, however, but of course you wouldn't buy them on that website for Spain. I think they will have the schedules for March up on Renfe in December sometime, they have them through February now.
The high speed train between Seville and Barcelona takes less than 6 hours, so don't know why you'd want to spend so much time at it or pay for a sleeping car. It made more sense before they had the high speed line to Barcelona from Madrid. There is no overnight train there AFAIK, usually they do away with those lines when they don't make sense any more due to high speed trains. The only overnight routes you see will involve leaving Seville in the evening and going to Madrid or Zaragosa, for example, then waiting all night until early the next morning to catch a train to Barcelona. All night in a train station.
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