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Both HIV and aging impact performance on neuropsychological testing; however, evidence for differences between HIV effects in younger compared to older subjects (interaction effects) is limited and the findings have been inconsistent. Coexisting morbidities that contribute to cognitive impairment in HIV include those not directly referable to infection, per se, and are more prevalent with advancing age, increasing the likelihood that HIV and age effects may be largely independent. As individuals survive with HIV into geriatric age groups, greater clarity on these relationships is essential. We present cross-sectional data from a large (n = 450) cohort designed to analyze HIV, age, and interaction effects using a well-matched cohort of HIV negative individuals. Results reveal limited evidence for interaction effects between HIV and age on neuropsychological performance. We conclude that older age does not significantly influence neuropsychological performance among HIV patients when seronegative controls are largely composed of individuals from a similar socioeconomic background.
Individuals infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) who have access to combination active antiretroviral therapy (cART) can anticipate life expectancies into their 7th decade (Collaboration, 2008). Consequently, the number of individuals living with HIV over 50 years of age has increased substantially with some estimating that this group will encompass over half of all HIV/AIDS cases in the US by 2015 (Smith, 2005). The number of people living with HIV over 65 years old doubled between 1994 and 2004 (Stoff, Khalsa, Monjan, & Portegies, 2004). With the emergence of safer antiretroviral medications and broadened access to cART worldwide, these trends are anticipated to continue.
Since the frequency of neurodegenerative disorders is so closely tied to advancing age and since aging itself is associated with changes in cognitive performance, a number of groups have postulated that HIV will accelerate age-related cognitive changes and predispose infected individuals to neurodegenerative disorders. Prior to widespread use of cART, several independent epidemiological analyses demonstrated higher rates of HIV encephalopathy associated with older age (Chiesi et al., 1996; McArthur et al., 1993) and age remains an important determinant of HIV-associated dementia in the current era (Becker, Lopez, Dew, & Aizenstein, 2004; Valcour et al., 2004). Since this diagnostic entity encompasses cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities, the degree to which aging alters neuropsychological testing performance, per se, may not be uniform. Furthermore, coexisting morbidities that are sometimes unrelated to HIV are frequent in this population and may independently impact neuropsychological performance (Valcour & Paul, 2006). The evaluation of age-HIV interaction effects within a group of subjects well matched for non-HIV characteristics would add to our scientific understanding of this disease.
Several groups have investigated HIV-age interaction effects on neuropsychological performance with mixed results. Both aging and HIV are typically found to impact cognitive performance in most studies; however, only a limited number of studies have identified interactive dynamics on mean scores (Becker, et al., 2004; Cherner et al., 2004; Hardy et al., 1999; van Gorp et al., 1994) with notable exceptions (Kissel, Pukay-Martin, & Bornstein, 2005). When identified, these interaction effects appear to be limited in scope and are often most readily demonstrated in patients with more advanced disease, such as those with medical symptoms or those with AIDS (Hardy, et al., 1999; van Gorp, et al., 1994). With one exception (van Gorp, et al., 1994), these studies frequently employ controls that are not ideally matched to HIV subjects, consider "old" with variable chronological cut-points, or have few subjects over the age of 50. Based on current published studies, in the era of effective treatment approaches, HIV-aging interaction effects may be especially attenuated with less clear clinical consequences.
The Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort was specifically designed to prospectively define the fundamental neurological epidemiology of aging with HIV and is a useful cohort to determine if interactions between aging and HIV infection on neuropsychological testing performance exist. Most of the enrolled older HIV individuals were born and raised on the mainland United States and moved to Hawaii in their mature years. Consequently, most are Caucasian and highly educated in a manner similar to national HIV trends, increasing the external validity of these findings (Fast et al., 2002). In this cohort, HIV-negative control subjects were carefully selected from similar socioeconomic populations in an attempt to isolate HIV-specific effects. In this report, we test the hypothesis that HIV and aging interact to negatively impact neuropsychological testing performance.
The HAHC is a prospective, longitudinal cohort assessing cognition and neurological outcomes of HIV-infected individuals and matched controls living in Hawaii. HIV subjects were recruited into two groups: older subjects who were primarily over 50 years of age (n=127) and younger subjects who were less than 40 years (n = 110). The younger and older HIV+ groups are frequency matched by age (+/− 5 years), educational attainment, ethnicity, and gender to seronegative control individuals meeting similar exclusion criteria.
The methodology for HIV+ recruitment is described in greater detail elsewhere (Valcour, et al., 2004). Primary referral sources for HIV-negative controls were life-partners or spouses of HIV+ patients, family members, and individuals responding to targeted recruitment advertisements placed in community newspapers and fliers from organizations that our HIV+ subjects frequented. Both HIV+ and HIV-negative participants were excluded if they possessed factors that were likely to impact cognitive testing performance including head injury with loss of consciousness for more than one hour or cognitive sequelae, learning disability, major depression, major neurological or psychiatric illness including stroke, and brain opportunistic infection. Subjects who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) - IV criteria for current substance dependence or had a positive urine drug screening test at the time of their visit were excluded from this analysis. All subjects underwent formal neurological testing to exclude major neurological abnormalities. Furthermore, individuals identified as having major neurological illness during the evaluation were excluded from the analysis. This included three cases found to have had past stroke and one individual with a clear history of transient ischemic attack.
Individuals completed a comprehensive neuropsychological testing battery designed to tests domains impacted by HIV but limited in length to minimize fatigue in older patients (table 1). A total of 204 HIV-negative control subjects participated in the study.
Trained research assistants captured all clinical data, including medical history, medications, and HIV-related laboratory parameters. Participants reported their CD4 nadir counts, which, based on past analyses strongly correlates with documented nadir counts from medical chart review (r=0.90) (Valcour et al., 2006). We completed quality assurance on neuropsychological testing every six months and evaluated depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). All participants signed IRB-approved consent forms prior to enrollment.
The statistical analyses compared measurements between groups defined by age and HIV status. Since past studies identified interaction effects primarily in groups with advanced HIV disease (AIDS or symptomatic disease), we stratified our HIV groups into two sets: (1) Low CD4 nadir (CD4 nadir less than 200 cells) and (2) High CD4 nadir (CD4 nadir greater than or equal to 200 cells). In secondary analyses, we also collapsed HIV positive groups across nadir status into one group. Our initial analyses compared demographic and clinical characteristics between HIV groups among young and old subjects, separately, using chi-square test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. Our primary statistical analyses compared raw neuropsychological testing scores for each individual test in our battery between HIV-age groups using linear regression analysis. In particular, we assessed the interaction of age and HIV group on each cognition score at baseline by fitting linear regression models that included terms for age and HIV group, as well as their interaction. The regression models also included estimated intelligence quotient (IQ) using the National Adult Reading Test (NART), gender, and race. The regression model coefficients corresponding to the HIV-age interaction effects measure that magnitude of differences in HIV effects between age groups. Since our primary analyses assessed interactions in twenty neuropsychological outcome scores we controlled for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). Additional analyses included duration of time since diagnosis to ensure that this variable did not alter our primary outcomes.
In a secondary analysis, we transformed the raw scores to z-scores using appropriate normative sets as previously published (Valcour, et al., 2004). We then defined an impaired performance as performance that was greater than one standard deviation below the published mean for HIV positive and HIV negative subjects separately. We used logistic regression analysis to assess whether the frequency of impairment on each test was modulated by HIV status. We fit all linear regression and logistic regression models using PROC GLM in SAS v9.1.3 (SAS Corporation, Cary, North Carolina). We combined some of the tests into summary scores only displaying performance among the six groups of interest; however, no statistical analyses were carried out using summary scores (table 1).
Four hundred fifty subjects met criteria for the analyses. By study design, HIV+ and HIV negative groups were matched for age, gender, education, and ethnicity within older and younger groups; although small clinically insignificant differences are noted when stratifying the HIV+ groups by CD4 nadir count (table 2). The groups with lower CD4 nadir also had lower current CD4 counts and were more likely to be on cART. Although most HIV participants were on cART, only about half had undetectable HIV RNA levels in plasma at the time of testing. We plotted normative data-adjusted summary z-scores to display performance by group (Figure 1). In general performance in HIV groups tended to be worse than that for our HIV-negative group, particularly for groups with low CD4 nadir counts.
We first evaluated baseline interaction effects for raw neuropsychological testing scores by including the three HIV categories (HIV-negative, HIV+ low nadir, HIV+ high nadir), age group, gender, estimated IQ and the interaction variable of HIV group*age group in the models. No interaction effects met statistical significance for interaction effects using a false discovery rate approach to multiple testing. However, the following models showed promise: Rey Complex Figure Delayed Recall [β=−2.2 (−0.38 to 4.8), p=0.094 for older group/CD4 nadir <200]; Digit Span Backwards [β=−1.20 (−2.15 to −0.26), p=0012 for older group/CD4 nadir <200]; Timed Gait [β=0.79 (0.07 to 1.51), p=0.031 for older group/CD4 nadir >200 ]. Examination of these models suggested that very good performance in the older seronegative group appeared to be a primary factor in these findings for digit span backward and timed gait (figure 2). When we employed neuropsychological data on a continuous scale but did not stratify cohorts by CD4 nadir, the finding with Digit Span Backward (p=0.0082) and Timed Gait (p=0.019) were similar to our primary model.
In secondary analyses, we repeated the work employing an approach that compared frequency of impairment on each test, rather than raw scores. None of the models with marginal statistical significance in the primary approach emerged in this secondary approach (Rey Complex Figure Delayed recall (p=0.031); Digit Span Backward (p=0.24) and timed gait (p=0.27]. In this alternative approach, the phonemic fluency test (FAS) also showed marginal significance (p=0.023).
The results of this evaluation designed to determine interaction effects between aging and HIV infection indicate that HIV infection and advancing age appear to generally function independently of each other on neuropsychological testing performance although limited interactions of small magnitude cannot be excluded. Our previous published work in this cohort identified a 2-fold increased risk for meeting American Academy of Neurology 1991 Criteria for HIV-associated Dementia in age greater than 50. In our previous work, we employed cut-points to define impairment and included neurological and behavioral data to designate diagnoses based on a consensus panel that included neurologists and neuropsychologists. In contrast, here, we a comparing group means and frequency of poor performance on neuropsychological tests only for HIV and age groups in models that include interaction variables. The current work more clearly defines HIV effects on the neuropsychological performance aspect of the neurological syndrome associated with HIV. This work extends the existing literature by demonstrating that age and HIV status appear to largely act independently on neuropsychological performance even when a substantial number of cases are over 50 years of age.
When viewed with an understanding of these methodological differences, these data are congruent with other independent assessments in large multicenter studies where high rates of impaired neuropsychological scores are noted in HIV with general increased risk associated with aging (Heaton et al., 2009; Robertson et al., 2007). Similarly, these findings do not differ greatly from other studies where interaction effects were either not found, or only modest in magnitude (Becker, et al., 2004; Cherner, et al., 2004; Hardy, et al., 1999; Kissel, et al., 2005; van Gorp, et al., 1994).
There are several other factors that contribute to our finding. Most importantly, our seronegative controls were carefully selected to match many of the non-HIV socioeconomic factors seen in our HIV population by selecting subjects from similar arenas and most importantly, their family and social networks. In contrast, our previous publication utilized published normative data to define impairment rates that informed consensus conference diagnostic categorization. In the current study, we utilize our internal HIV-negative groups to evaluate HIV effects (Valcour, et al., 2004). This approach likely minimizes differences by HIV status but may be more informative regarding pure HIV effects on neuropsychological performance. Specifically, the presence of co-existing morbidity in HIV-negative individuals in this study could also impact performance on our tests in a manner that would minimize HIV group findings.
The evaluation of cognitive diagnoses in the setting of HIV requires careful inclusion of behavioral and gross motor findings in addition to neuropsychological performance. It is possible that age modulates the influence of HIV on these behavioral and clinical motor signs and symptoms in a manner that was not detected in this study of neuropsychological outcomes. Indeed, a previous evaluation of motor findings using the United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UDPRS) in this cohort revealed higher scores in aged individuals with HIV that was further increased in subjects with dementia (Valcour et al., 2008).
As described by Wilkie et al (Wilkie et al., 2003) and a National Institutes of Mental Health workgroup (Butters et al., 1990), examination of group mean scores may not be sensitive to HIV effects, since it is suspected that only a proportion of these individuals will ultimately develop cognitive dysfunction and relevant findings may be obscured due to inclusion of individuals with less overall risk. Even in the pre-cART era, when HIV infection was largely untreated, only a portion of individuals developed clinically important cognitive dysfunction, suggesting that host or viral factors are critical (McArthur, et al., 1993). In the present study we managed this concern by also utilizing cut-points to evaluate proportions of individuals in each group who may be exhibiting neuropsychological impairment. This had little impact in our outcome, but the emergence of interaction effects was noted only on a phonemic fluency test. Another study that used this approach also did not identify interaction effects on cognitive tests, though a significant interaction was noted between age and CSF HIV RNA levels whereby older individuals with detectable CSF HIV RNA had twice the rate of impairment than did their older counterparts who had undetectable CSF HIV RNA. These findings provide some biological evidence that age may modulate HIV effects on the brain in a manner that does not result in overt behavioral decrements on neuropsychological testing (Cherner, et al., 2004). . It should also be noted that the age range of our cohort was limited by HIV demographic characteristics in the US with only 9% of our HIV cases over the age of sixty. Once older cohorts are enrolled, reconsidering this issue may reveal more significant synergy between age and HIV status.. Although our statistical approach adjusted for these variables, a finding that our younger group was less educated, had more non-Caucasian members, and were women may have attenuated our ability to identify interaction effects.
Our work best matches the pre-cART analyses carried out by van Gorp et al, who in 1994 reported a lack of interaction effect between aging and HIV in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) (van Gorp, et al., 1994). Although the sample size exceeded 1,000 individuals in both the HIV-positive and negative arms, only five subjects were age 55 or greater. In a smaller clinical-based study of symptomatic patients published simultaneously, an interaction effect was identified in the Grooved Pegboard test. Similarly, Hardy et al identified interaction effects among patients with AIDS, but not in HIV-positive individuals without AIDS (Hardy, et al., 1999).
Becker et al examined rates of neuropsychological testing abnormalities among older participants compared to younger individuals in the Allegheny County Neuropsychological Survey, which included 290 HIV-positive and 114 seronegative individuals. They identified 37% of older (n=22, > 50 years of age) compared to 31% of younger individuals (< 50 years old) tested in an impaired range, with most of the older patients having greater degrees of impairment (23% defined as dementia compared to 9% in the younger group). In this work, a dementia designation was based on neuropsychological performance rather than clinical diagnostic characterization and 40% of clinically asymptomatic patients were deemed to have dementia.
In summary, this cross-sectional evaluation of HIV-age group interaction effects utilizing HIV-negative controls selected to be similar to HIV-positive groups failed to identify important interactions. Although seemingly in contrast, these findings are in fact congruent with research-based evaluations and epidemiological data demonstrating increased risk for cognitive impairment with advancing age given differences in methodology, differences in normative data selection, and the typical inclusion of behavioral and motor neurological examination findings in studies that employ diagnostic approaches. Our work highlights the importance on non-HIV-related and HIV-related coexisting morbidities in the evaluation of cognitive performance and the need for appropriate comparative groups in such work. Future work may be best informed by careful assessment of coexisting morbidities, enrollment of control subjects with similar socio-demographic factors, and the thoughtful inclusion of behavioral and gross motor neurological examination findings in definitions of outcomes.
The authors wish to thank the participants of the Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort and community physicians involved in their care. Dr. Valcour has provided consultation to Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and Abbott. This work funded by NIH grant U54 NS43049 with analysis supported by NIH grants U54-NS43049, K23-AG032872, P50-AG023501, and UL-1- RR024131
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Within Shadows (Metal) - Harrow, Ontario, Canada
We are a Canadian metal variety band based from Harrow Ontario!
Vocals - Sean Farias
Drums - Jordan Heffernan
Guitar - Brad Tiessen
Bass - Jacob Bailey
Upcoming Shows:
More shows coming soon.
"Mind = Enemy" Album Review
Within Shadows has a jam packed full length album here that features 15 tracks total with 11 being brand new tracks and the last four being remakes of earlier tracks. It's filled to the brim with styles such as Easycore, Heavy Metal, Hardcore, Pop Punk, Djent and more. Let's dive right in and see what the album is all about. The opener "Get Up" annihilates everything in its path from the start. The melodic Metalcore sound mixed with some clean vocals make it a strong opener to really set a heavier tone early on. "It Ain't So Easycore" brings with it that Easycore sound that'll get the listener bouncing and singing along. It's a super catchy track and should really be a hit with fans of the genre. "Wasteland" is hard as nails. The track is a ferocious track that is heavy, fast and goes straight for the jugular. "Conflicted" is chaotic in all the right places. It's more melodic than the previous tracks but it still packs quite a punch in its Metal sound. "Drown" goes even further into melodic territory. It features a stellar guitar solo before erupting into a wall of passion and emotion. "Captive" has the first minute of the track building the mood with its windy ambiance. The instrumental track then kicks into some absolutely glorious shredding. It;s a wonderful track to listen to as a fan of Metal. "Soulless" is more of a Hardcore track. It's more in your face than the majority of the previous tracks and will surely get the pits moving at live shows. "Enough Is Enough" continues the onslaught of melody and Metal coming together. The track has the breakdowns, melody and riffs to sway melodic Metalcore fans their way right away after listening. "Djust Kill Me Now" features Luacas Mann of Rings Of Saturn and is more down tempo. The track brings to mind bands like Emmure with its destructive breakdowns. It's crushing and teeters on the edge of being Deathcore. "Inside The Shape" keeps up the high octane pace and keeps the breakdowns, guitar solos and Metalcore sound coming in droves. It's a killer heavy track. "Purge (2016)" is the first of remade earlier tracks. The track sheds light on their early works and you can tell it was still heavy and they were on their way to creating their own signature Metal sound. "Burden is an acoustic track that is highly passionate and soothes the listener before kicking into the next track "Demons (2016)". The track brings up the pace to a frantic degree and doesn't hold anything back. It's the shortest track on the album and holds the most bite. "Stand Alone (2016)" is another instrumental track. This time it showcases a more Hard Rock style than the previous instrumental. "On My Mind" closes out the album in a more Easycore fashion. The track shines with its infectious vocals and melodic grooves. These guys know how to create a signature sound that should set themselves apart from their peers for the foreseeable future.
Within Shadows has a bone crushing full length album here that sets itself apart from the pack.
-Interview- (1/10/17)
1. How did you get started with music and how did you develop your sound? Who thought of the name "Within Shadows" and is there any meaning behind it?
All the members of the band each started music at different parts in their life, some at very young ages and some not too long ago. We all have had the same thing in common though and that is our drive and liking of music from different genres like classic rock to metal. All of our parents were very supportive and encouraging. They were always sharing great historic music with us and also a wide range of different genres, not just subjecting us to one. So we were able to gain a larger understanding and respect for all kinds of musicians and sounds.
The band itself started off as a solo project back in 2012 and has grown through the years until now as the four piece band it is. Our sound has really developed from all our talents combining, the various bands and musicians that have influenced us such as Slipknot, Beartooth, Tool and tonnes more. We took all these factors and have mashed them together in an array of what we call metal variety. Metal variety being when we create songs of different genres ranging from rock, hard-core, pop and even punk to metal, heavy metal to djent and we incorporate our own metal style of playing to it. This is our favorite way of tackling our sound because it doesn't limit us to what we can do like how a lot of other bands are known for a specific genre and style and have to stick with it.
The name of the band "Within Shadows" was created back in 2012 by our vocalist Sean. He was creating many names for bands when he was trying to start up a solo project that became the first few years of this project. He created the name Within Shadows only a few tries in when thinking of words and pairing of words. The meaning behind the name was to express what he wanted to portray with the messages and lyrics of the music Within Shadows would make. The main thing of the band being that we all have our negative times and things in our life, we are surrounded by those like shadows, and we have to stay strong and learn how to break through the shadows to reach the light again. Themes for the band are mostly relating to inner battles, emotions, depression and other topics with mentality. We feel the best way to connect with our audience and others in our music is to help them and show we have gone through things too and have survived, never backing down.
2. What do you want listeners to take away from the "Mind = Enemy" album?
When people listen to our album "Mind = Enemy", we want them to take whatever they want out of it. Music will speak to anyone in anyway. We want people to take every song and put it in their own perspective as well as the one that we are portraying. In our lyrics and song structure, we tend to express our feelings for things that we have gone through in our lives, whether they are good or bad experiences and talk about them and how we feel. Many instances are ones that other people can relate to as well and they tend to latch on to the songs because of it. Just like the relations we have with other bands that we like and their songs. At the end of the day once all that is said and done, we like it when our experiences and stories can help other people in a positive manner and help them through any situation that they need help with. In any situation, we believe there is always a light at the end of the dark tunnel you may be in, you just have to get through it and never give up to experience the better.
3. What can people expect from your live show?
People can expect utter chaos from our shows. We will be jumping around, bringing the heavy and crazy every second with our set. The perfect example of what you will see from us is displayed in our very first music video for Get Up. We decided to make the video as a performance video to help showcase to everyone watching this exact fact. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiz1oJ5KYY4
Every show will be an amazing experience being able to have an enjoyable time with everyone who comes to watch us and we not only will have fun and crazy times but very close and intimate times that we will all always remember together as a family.
4. What's your favorite track to play live?
We haven't yet played a show live yet, our first one is actually this coming weekend that we are doing this interview. Through all the times we have practiced and played through our songs together we would have to say that it would be a tie between "Get Up" and "Inside the Shape". Both songs have so much energy to them and also have so much meaning to us that we thoroughly enjoy playing through these songs all the time and every time we do we have the same level of emotion as the time we wrote them.
5. Who are three bands you'd like to tour with?
Three bands that we would very much like to tour with would be Slipknot, Avenged Sevenfold and Lamb of God. There are countless other bands that we would include in this list if we could. We would choose these bands because over the course of all 4 of our lives we all have in common the fact that we've loved these bands and looked up to them. They are bands that have heavily influenced who we are today and the musicians we now. It would be a dream come true to meet and work beside bands like these ones that we have so much respect for. We have always worked so hard to accomplish that in our lives, and maybe one day we may very well do that.
6. Any crazy show stories?
Currently we do not have any crazy show stories. We are just about to embark on a series of shows for the first time ever as a band and we are extremely excited for it. We can assure everyone reading this that we will have many insane stories to share very soon and over the coming year since we are all very crazy individuals and we have a lot planned.
7. What's your take on the current state of metal?
Our take on metal is that it is very much alive and has its major fan base. There are positive areas and negatives just like in every other kind of musical genre. In our opinion there are some fake/cookie cutter bands nowadays that many people sadly call "metal" but aren't. The scene and the bands in it are automatically judged as well for having darker vocals of "screaming" in their songs and performances. Therefore, making a lot of people speak negatively or decide not to like metal as much. If only they give metal more of a chance and a little bit of their time they can learn to appreciate the musicianship that it contains that people like us enjoy and appreciate. But the great thing is for the people that enjoy it and very much support the genre and bands that are in it can always enjoy what there is offered. Our band is very honored and happy to be a part of the community and have met so many great people in it and have discovered some pretty amazing and talented bands.
8. What's the current music scene like there in Canada both locally and country wide?
The Canadian music scene is very much alive and entertaining! Our band has seen lots of local bands that are very committed and want to make a career out of music, just like us! We go out together whenever we can and support local acts and check out local shows that happen and we are always amazed at all the great musicians and people we meet. We always end up making a lot of great connections and have a great time enjoying new local bands. We're very pleased with the scene that has been created here.
9. What's your take on legal/illegal music downloading?
Our take on it may be considered weird, but we find it to be the best and true way to approach the situation. We use ITunes and other platforms to download the music we like. We also however go out or go online to purchase the physical copies of those cd's from the band s we like that we want to support. Every band that you enjoy their content you should give back to them for that enjoyment by supporting them financially so they can keep doing what they do and make the music you love. And if people want to see their favourite bands/singers do new and more music and tour, they need to stop downloading their music illegally and support the artist by making purchases even if very small. Everything counts and helps.
10. What's next for Within Shadows?
Our band is about to embark on playing many shows over the course of 2017. We are going to keep increasing our bands growth to more people around the world and to more fellow people in the music industry. We hope to take our music to the next level and one day do this as a full time job. It has always been our dream and we work hard every day to make that a reality. We will also be expanding our merchandise whenever we can and working on even more music in our free time. Expect a lot from us!
11. Any shout outs?
We would like to give a shout out to all our fellow musicians and good friend s that were featured on our album. Joe Farias, Lucas Mann and Derek Petricka are all amazing people and musicians and really helped steer us in the right direction and help us improve as musicians. With their help and talents on our album it became something totally amazing and unique. And for that we thank them and encourage anyone who is reading this to take then time to check out their musical projects and support what they are doing. We would really appreciate that. Please spread the love and enjoy amazing music.
Joe Farias
CDBaby: http://www.cdbaby.com/artist/intruderx
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/intruderxmusic
Lucas Mann (Rings Of Saturn)
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ringsofsaturnband
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/ringsofsaturnband
Derek Petricka (Discord Curse)
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/discordcurse"
Bandcamp: http://discordcurse.bandcamp.com
Thank You From the Depths Entertainment
Our band would just like to thank you From the Depths Entertainment and Mike Bohn for taking us under your wing of knowledge and helping our band progress to higher levels. Everything you have done, are doing and are planning on doing we appreciate so much and we are so honored to of met you and be working with you. Thank you so much and we're excited for what is yet to come!


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U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2003 - Mauritania
|United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants
|Publication Date
|1 June 2003
|Cite as
|United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2003 - Mauritania , 1 June 2003, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3eddc48a16.html [accessed 24 November 2017]
|This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.
Mauritania hosted about 25,000 refugees from Western Sahara at the end of 2002. Nearly 4,000 persons from Mali continued to reside in Mauritania in refugee-like circumstances.
More than 45,000 Mauritanians were refugees or asylum seekers at the end of 2002, including an estimated 40,000 in Senegal and 7,000 asylum seekers in Europe and other Western countries.
About 5,000 Mauritanians lived in Mali in refugee-like circumstances.
Refugees from Western Sahara
Ethnic Sahrawi refugees from Western Sahara fled to Mauritania during the 1970s to escape a war of independence in their homeland. In 2002, as in previous years, uncertainty about the political future of Western Sahara deterred the refugee population from returning home.
Sahrawi refugees in Mauritania were largely self-sufficient, and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other aid agencies had virtually no contact with them.
Most lived in the northwest village of Zouerte and the town of Nouahdibou on Mauritania's coastal border with Western Sahara. Sahrawi refugees traveled frequently between Mauritania and Algeria to visit family members.
Populations from Mali
About 4,000 Malians who fled to Mauritania in the mid-1990s remained there during 2002 despite peace in Mali.
The Malian population lived without assistance in southeastern Mauritania's remote Bassikounou area near the Mali border.
Neither UNHCR nor Mauritanian officials had much contact with the population. UNHCR has encouraged the Malian population to return home since the late-1990s, but most of the population remained unwilling to repatriate and appeared to be permanently settled in Mauritania.
The U.S. Committee for Refugees considered the Malians to be living in refugee-like circumstances.
Refugees from Mauritania
Following ethnic conflict, the government expelled approximately 75,000 black Mauritanians from the country during 1989–90, primarily to Senegal. Some human rights organizations at the time accused the government of practicing apartheid.
Mauritanian authorities also barred some 15,000 nomadic Mauritanians from returning home from Mali.
Mauritanian officials claimed that the refugee populations were not Mauritanian citizens. However, international human rights organizations charged that Mauritanian leaders – predominantly fair-skinned, Arabic-speaking Moors – sought to purge their country's black population and confiscated vacant property left behind by the refugees.
The exact number of Mauritanian refugees in 2002 and the total number who have gradually repatriated since the mid-1990s were uncertain.
Mauritanian human rights organizations estimated that 60,000 or more people were still refugees, while UNHCR estimated that fewer than half that number remained refugees. Approximately 30,000 to 60,000 refugees have repatriated to Mauritania since the late 1990s.
A "Declaration of Mauritanian Refugees" issued by Mauritanian refugee groups in 2000 charged that most refugees who repatriated did not receive official citizenship cards and lacked freedom of movement inside Mauritania.
UNHCR has offered a more positive assessment, however, reporting that most returnees recovered their land and identity papers.
UNHCR did not regularly monitor southern Mauritania's returnee areas, which historically have been beset by ethnic tensions, banditry, and drought.


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BATTLE GROUND, Wash. (KOIN) — A grandfather faces first-degree assault charges after firing shots inside his house when he thought he heard intruders. Instead, they were friends of his granddaughter.
Bill Bicknell told Clark County deputies he fired a shotgun trying to scare off a youth who was climbing out of a window of his home in the 17400 block of NE 280th Street near Heisson.
He said he fired the gun around 1 a.m. Sunday.
Bicknell's 15-year-old granddaughter lives with him, and deputies learned she invited other teens inside. When they heard the grandfather coming, they jumped out of the upper story window.
All but one of the teens was found quickly. But since one teen wasn't found, deputies began a search and called in major crime detectives.
The other teen was found safe a few hours later. No one was hurt.
But because of the severity of the incident, Bicknell, 67, was arrested and taken to the Clark County Jail.


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Color chart for eye testing 1885 color litho antique Ophthalmology print
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ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY XIV(Ophthamology - Eye) Printed Germany: 1885. Fine original antique color lithographed medical print, produced in the late 19th century. Scarce medical science image, perfect for display in a medical office. This particular type of mid-19th century colored printing process is very time intensive and highly skilled, involving trained artisans and challenging hand operated machinery, both of which are now quite rare. Because of these and various other factors, it is now essentially extinct as a method of reproducing images such as this one. An interesting and well printed paper artifact from a long past era. Printed on quality period paper which is lightly uniformly toned, may show typical gentle signs of age, perhaps some minor light spotting or foxing, but retains its inherent structural flexibility and soundness. An appealing, uncommon and interesting color lithographic image. In Good to near Very Good or better antiquarian condition, mostly clean overall, light minor age dustiness or surface wear, trivial tiny spotting, couple minor thin light age stains -- please inspect enlargable photo closely, any noteworthy flaws to the printed surface area should be noticable within picture provided. In all, a fine printed image ... read more


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Wendy Weiner and her husband, Lian Ng, watched their newly remodeled home go up in flames yesterday after, police say, a next-door neighbor...
Wendy Weiner and her husband, Lian Ng, watched their newly remodeled home go up in flames yesterday after, police say, a next-door neighbor set fire to his own home and the blaze quickly spread.
The 44-year-old man called police from a pay phone as firefighters tried to contain the blaze. He was arrested a few minutes later and booked into King County Jail on suspicion of arson.
The fire engulfed the man's Bellevue home. The blaze, apparently fed by a broken natural-gas line, moved on to the neighbors' garage and traveled through their roof.
Ng woke up and got his family outside safely.
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"I'm glad I'm a light sleeper," Ng said.
The couple and their two daughters had moved into their Newport Hills home about a year ago. With extensive fire, smoke and water damage, Weiner described the home as a total loss.
Police would not discuss motives, but they said the man was home alone and did not intend to hurt anyone.
About 40 firefighters were at the scene in the 5000 block of 127th Place Southeast and began arriving at about 4:30 a.m., eight minutes after receiving the first call, Bellevue fire Lt. Bruce Kroon said.
During the fire, a natural-gas meter near the man's home broke off, and the leak probably contributed to the spread of the blaze, Kroon said. Utility officials eventually turned off the gas.
The fire caused an estimated $1 million damage, $400,000 to the suspect's home and $600,000 to the neighbors' home, Bellevue Fire Department officials said.
Several fires were set inside the man's home, which caused the flames to spread faster, Kroon said.
According to property records, the man bought the $445,000 home in January. Police spokesman Michael Chiu said the man was a part-owner of the home, and neighbors said he lived with his brother, at least for a time.
Bellevue police say they are investigating a possible argument at the home earlier this week.
Ng and his family planned on staying in a hotel last night. Although family photo albums stored in the garage were destroyed, it appeared that many belongings were still intact. The couple's daughters were able to grab two tin boxes full of keepsakes, such as jewelry and family mementos.
Ashley Bach: 206-464-2567 or email@example.com


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The Intra-Workout refers to the time between the beginning of the workout and the end. Thus, it constitutes a part of the Peri-Workout or Peri-Training, which is integrated by:
Intra-workout only takes place on those days where we are training or taking part in an event or competition. By taking intra-workout supplements we are able to supply nutrients that are foccused on benefiting our athletic performance and recovery.
It is that which efficiently provides nutrients during training or competition. These supplements must possess a number of properties so as to be readily usable at any given moment:
These features mean that whenever we are involved in a training session, we will be able to provide nutrients in the fastest manner possible and without any stomach upsets or having to chew them. Of course, an appealing flavour will also be quite important so as not cause any feeling of disgust which might indirectly but negatively impact on the activity itself.
The main benefits we look for would concern two primary purposes:
Performance can be defined as an intrinsic quality associated with that person, depending on certain parameters, genetic factors and also on the level of training or fitness. An athlete who is in the best physical condition will exceed the performance of another that has discontinued their training, despite previously having been in an equal condition to the aforementioned athlete.
Adverse weather conditions will work against the interests of the athlete, producing a more rapid wearing or exhaustion, greater than in other circumstances.
In such situations, there are certain ingredients that can prolong the duration and intensity of the activity, thereby improving our performance.
A specific example: a marathon. There is a term known as 'The Wall', in which the organism finds itself close to exhausting its energy reserves after prolonged and demanding activity, which can force the athlete to stop before they run dry completely. In this situation the use of mineral salts can be critical.
The provision of energy through quick absorption carbohydrates is key in those long-duration activities, if we are to maintain our performance level.
In this section we will cover two types of recovery, depending on the system on which the supplements act:
Energy pathways are the mechanisms our body turns to deal with a physical demand. There are 3 types:
The phosphocreatine system involves maximum- intensity activities of short duration. For example a sprint, or heavy lifting. This type of work drains the ATP reserves, making it neccessary to pause for a short period while it is resynthesised, otherwise we will be unable to perform a second effort of the same type. It is a "clean" system, which means it does not generate any type of metabolic waste product, which would be the case in the scenario covered below. Something to bear in mind when considering which supplements can excrete waste products most effectively.
The glucolysis system obtains its energy from glycogen, which is the form in which carbohydrates are stored in our body. There are two basic glycogen reservoirs: the liver and the muscles. The first is the primary source of blood glucose, using muscle glycogen during intense and prolonged effort. The conversion of glucose is first required in order to support the synthesis of ATP (anaerobic glycolysis) This operation produces lactate as a result. After passing a certain threshold, we work with the lactic anaerobic system only, which does not require the presence of oxygen.
It is a byproduct of the chemical reaction through which the body obtains ATP from glycogen. Its effect is to acidify the blood, decreasing its pH. A high lactate accumulation leads to an immediate cessation of the activity, which works as a safety mechanism in our bodies. Lactate produces a loss of muscle contraction, reducing the capacity to generate myosin and actin fibril bridges, with a consequent reduction in strength. Specific training can help us to increase the lactate threshold and to be more effective in their subsequent reuse.
Examples of activities where glycosis is the main system involved would be: 400m, CrossFit or team sports.
If the activity causes a great loss in these energy reserves, the performance will decline proportionately.
The oxidative system is that which obtains its energy to carry out ATP synthesis from triglycerides. It requires oxygen to work, so we find it to be associated with those moderate-intensity activities that do not exceed the aerobic threshold. It is a very inefficient way to produce ATP, but it does have a very large capacity.
Examples of activities that emphasise the oxidative system are: swimming, marathons or anything of long duration and therefore moderate intensity.
The main products that are focussed on improving the Energy Recovery are the Carbohydrate supplements: Ready to use carbohydrates, or high glycaemic index carbohydrates.
Physical activity not only causes a depletion of energy reserves, but also the degradation and destruction of muscle fibres. This is linked to the fact that in order to generate new tissue, our body must receive a certain stimulus, with a resultant deterioration in the muscle structure. This then leads to a recovery phase, whereby new muscle fibre components are synthesised with a greater capacity to handle the prior stimulus. These tissues will develope themselves in one way or another, depending on the purpose of the training,
In the field of strength training and weight training there are two general goals when it comes to hypertrophy: sarcoplasm or sarcomere. Despite this division, both processes overlap, although the purpose of the training may be different. Hypertrophy is a process by which new muscle fibres are created.
Activities with a endurance component will also stimulate this type of process, but to a much lesser degree, since the objective of the activity is not hypertrophy. What is certain is that there must be a provision of the needed elements to participate in the reconstruction of the fibres in order to make the regeneration phase more effective. This benefits sportspeople and athletes in their training in that they are able to make the required adjustments more easily.
The main products that are focussed on improving the Muscle Recovery are amino acids or hydrolysed protein supplements, such as PeptoPro@ are the substances most responsible for muscular recovery.
They are a type of protein whose molecular structure has been modified to also include a large number of peptides. This refers to links between amino acids. Remember that proteins are composed of chains of amino acids which break down through the digestive process to eventually be absorbed by the intestine. Proteins with these characteristic are therefore able to be absorbed instantaneously because they are in the same state as they would be in the last part of the digestive process. This is of great interest from the point of view of intra-workout supplement drinks, as we already know that they should be easy to assimilate and ready to drink at any time.
Among the benefits of an intra-workout supplement for the sportsperson or athlete are:
In this case, the improvement in physical performance is equivalent to spending more time at the same intensity at which we are currently carrying out the physical activity. Maintaining the energy deposits and blood glucose levels, balancing the level of mineralisation in the body or reducing blood acidity, are all actions that can be done using these supplements and that can bring about a marked improvement in performance.
This is an example of a type of activity where without a supplement with these particular characteristics we would be unlikely to complete it with any great degree of success. Our body works very much like a machine, and as such one must avoid the emptying of the energy reservoir, in other words reducing the energy substrate which is supplying the organism to dangerously low levels. This would otherwise lead to the cessation of the exercise.
If we have aesthetic goals, one of our main objectives will be the increase of muscle mass. The intra-workout period provides an excellent opportunity to carry nutrients to the muscle fibres and thereby reduce protein degradation, taking advantage of blood hyperaemia and creating a hormonal environment which is more conducive to the synthesis of proteins.
"DOMS" stands for "Delayed Onset Muscular Soreness", also known as "muscle fever". This phenomenon occurs because of the stimulation that we apply during training, and will be more or less in proportion to the impact of the activity at the muscle fibre level. The emergence of these problems normally occurs 24 to 48 hours after the training session and their duration may even continue for several days. Using the latest advances in sports nutrition, we can consume preparations based on amino acids and peptides, where one of the most prominent effects will be precisely the reduction of this recovery period.
As the name implies, this supplement should only be taken during training. We can begin consuming this product while we are warming up or at the beginning of the main body of the planned exercise session.
We should generally add around 500ml of water to the serving of supplement, or as indicated by the manufacturer of the product. Depending on the duration of our training session as well as the need for hydration, we can consume additional servings, always in the correct proportions using the measure cup included.
Here are some products that are in accordance with the aforementioned data. Each category will be explained, and of of course we can also do combinations for each.
As we have already explained, if we are looking for an instant supply of these nutrients, it will have to be done in such a way that our body is able to use them instantly after digestion, and the best approach in this case is by using hydrolysed protein and/or amino acids:
These products are intended to produce a stimulating effect or result, as they act on the central nervous system. In general terms, their use is recommended for long-haul activities, given that another effect is to enhance concentration and focus, as well as to reduce the perception of fatigue, both physically and mentally. We can find them in powder or in a ready to take form, often with added glucose for increased energy.
If we are looking for an improvement in our performance, we can add certain products, such as rapid-absorption carbohydrates for example, which will directly influence said improvement. However these will add calories, unless we only use them in precisely those moments. If we are looking to control weight, the correct action to take will be the implementation of an energy deficit diet, carefully tracking the ingestion of calories during the workout.
Certainly, since they provide elements that focus on producing a response in the organism that helps maintain the intensity and duration of the activity, working with hydration, mineralisation, nervous system stimulation, among other things.
Yes, of course. In fact, whenever one eats a meal shortly before training and another one afterwards, we would be talking about pre and post training, although those are possibly not the most advisable times to consume solid foods.
We would always keep in mind our objective, the type of activity, when we are doing it and whether it is a competitive event.
Not necessarily, since the activity is of a high-intensity, a series of hormones will come into play, such as catecholamines, which have a strong effect upon insuline. In this case, the use of glucose would be to maximise energy only during those moments.


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I feel like after a bit of a lull, the beauty box is back with a vengeance and producing some really fantastic quality boxes that are always a lovely surprise whilst still being value for money and full of products people actually want to try. You know of my love for Birchbox, but the Latest in Beauty team caught my eye with one of their latest boxes collaborating with Glamour. It's a little different, actually knowing everything you'll get in the box (although shades do vary), and I couldn't resist picking up this perfectly Summer themed box.
Being completely honest, the first thing I saw which convinced me to buy is the Illamasqua Glamore Nude lipsticks, but sadly I actually got one of the two shades I really didn't want. I got the shade 'Naked' which is a peachy-nude but leaning a little too much on the orange side which makes me think it just won't work on my skintone. I'll be trying it out though, I think just a little swipe with a gloss over the top might work, but if not I'll pass it onto a friend. That is where the only very slight disappointment ends though, and I'm absolutely thrilled with everything else!
I have one of the Bourjois Cream Blushes in the shade 02 and I've always meant to pick up more, so I was really happy to get the shade 01 Nude Velvet. I've heard a lot about Magnifibres but haven't ever given it a go, but being cursed with incredibly short, stubbly eyelashes I'm really looking forward to using this out too. It's a tiny little bristle brush that you apply after one coat of mascara and adds length to your lashes, so perfect for me. I also got a really pretty nail polish from Crabtee & Evelyn in the shade Apple, which is a gorgeous pillarbox red colour.
After make-up, there's a few items to get your body ready for summer. Of course, an SPF is always welcome ( something I forget far too often! ) and this one from Hawaiian Tropic is lovely, it has such a nice summery scent. There's also a Sunshimmer Instant Tan from Rimmel, which I'm a bit unsure about having not used a fake tan for over 5 years, but for the sake of a beauty blog I'll definitely test it out, although perhaps on a day when I don't have to go anywhere, in case it goes horribly wrong!
I mentioned a couple of posts ago about my quest for voluminous hair, so I'm really looking forward to trying the Toni & Guy Volume Plumping Whip. Just a small amount of this into the roots and I'm hoping I'll be left with hair full of body. And last is a little sample of the DHC Deep Cleansing Oil. I've tried this before and really liked it, and it's perfect for travelling and weekends away, rather than taking away a big sticky bottle. Overall the contents of this box come to £86, which considering it only cost £16.95 is incredible! I'm really looking forward to testing everything out and I'm sure I'll be summer ready in no time. You can buy a box here, but be quick, I don't think there's too many left!


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Talk:DLL Hell
|WikiProject Computing
|(Rated Start-class, Low-importance)
|Sources for development of this article may be located at "DLL Hell" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR · free images
- 1 Deleted paragraphs
- 2 Hyphen
- 3 Category:Windows
- 4 Windows as the origin of the term
- 5 DLL Hell and Unix
- 6 Mac OS X comment
- 7 The article starts off wrong
- 8 Lack info
- 9 Dangling Modifier
- 10 Mac Extensions
- 11 DLL hell today
- 12 Not a Windows-specific term
- 13 "In Computing"?
- 14 Cleanup required
- 15 Windows-specific
- 16 Underlying problem
- 17 Item 2. Causes - may need clarification?
- 18 Causes
- 19 Causes
- 20 Manifest hell
- 21 Before when exactly?
- 22 Article name
- 23 Solutions
Deleted paragraphs[edit]
There isn't all that much information in the deleted paragraphs.
The first deleted paragraph boils down to:
- GNOME installs a lot of stuff
- Linux suffers from "header-hell"
Neither one of these statements says very much.
The second deleted paragraph actually does have a little bit of information.
- Should be called so-hell on Linux (conversational fluff)
- Using a package manager helps (redundant with the avoidance methods list)
- libc version incompatibilities (could serve as an example, if rewritten)
- Open source lets you recompile (not really relevant)
The initial reason for evaluating the value of those paragraphs was a complaint on Wikipedia:Pages_needing_attention about the page going off on tangents.
--Cyrius 00:16, 28 Dec 2003 (UTC)
Feels kind of wasteful to get rid of all that information on Linux libraries. Why not put it in a new article with mutual links? --cprompt 08:41, 25 Dec 2003 (UTC)
Since 2004-07-26 18:45:50 Jal in dependency hell. -- PJTraill 18:49, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
I'm missing the reasoning for the hyphen in "DLL-hell" as opposed to "DLL Hell" or "DLL hell", and would appreciate others' input. Since, to my knowledge, the hyphen's most common use is to combine multiple words into a single adjective, I find it very jarring to read text which uses the hyphenated form to describe a place. Ventura 19:03, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
- I think I'd agree. In fact, I'm going to move the page right now, and see if anyone can give me a good reason to move it back. - IMSoP 14:17, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Why is this in Category:Windows? It implies that this phenomenon is Windows-specific, but any operating system that supports dynamically loaded libraries can suffer "DLL hell," including Linux. I'm removing the category. --Ardonik 03:44, 2004 Aug 6 (UTC)
- Is "DLL" not Windows-specific? Sam Tomato (talk) 18:17, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
Windows as the origin of the term[edit]
I'm hesitant to just add this straight in, since there has already been discussion about the fact that DLL hell itself isn't Windows specific, but I'm thinking that the name probably is. As in, although DLL is just an acronym for "Dynamincally Linked Library", it is only commonly used because this is how MS Windows refers to files of this type - their file extension is ".dll", and they are commonly known by that term. And, as the article does mention, Windows is particularly infamous for this problem. So would it be worth making clear in the article that while the phenomenon can occur on any OS, with whatever kinds of libraries are around, the term comes from its occurrence on Windows, with "DLL files"? - IMSoP 14:49, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
- The title probably should be Dynamic Link Library Hell. Sam Tomato (talk) 18:19, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
DLL Hell and Unix[edit]
To what extent do popular unix variants (e.g. Solaris and Linux) suffer from DLL Hell? Funkyj 19:15, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
See link to dependency hell PJTraill 17:44, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
Mac OS X comment[edit]
Under avoidance measures; "Use an alternate operating system which does not have dependance on DLLs such as Mac OS X"
Is this necessary? The avoidance measures section seems aimed more toward developing a DLL-based system that avoids the problems of DLL Hell. The OS X comment, to me, seems more like a snide bit of OS preaching than anything else. Should it be removed? --Ajudd 09:39, 5 Jun 2005 (PDT)
I think so. I love Mac OS X, but the comment is really off-topic. I'm going to remove it. --Chuck 09:59, 5 Jun 2005 (PDT)
The article starts off wrong[edit]
And things go downhill. I publicly coined the term "DLL Hell", altho it was used internally at MS for some time.
>>DLL hell is an example of an anti-pattern — that is, a bad programming practice, which should be avoided in well-written software.
>>>>the term was in common usage outside of microsoft since at least the early 90s.
It's definitely not an anti-pattern, unless you're talking about the OS. The most common DLL problems afflicted well-written software (including well written installers) when poorly written installers stomped on system DLLs.
DLL was first addressed (and still is primarily to this day) via WFP, not even mentioned in the article.
I can do some work on this, but not now (I'm too swamped with LHS). I can get some unix references on DLL Hell.
- Rick Anderson (still at MS) Ricka0 21:41, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
See dependency hell, which I put in the category anti-patterns by analogy with this, with a remark that the problem is in the framework rather than the products. I feel that the occurence on both platforms suggests there is an anti-pattern (which I reckon should be seen as a recognisable type of wrong approach to a recognisable problem) in there.
- PJTraill 18:00, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
Please review my changes - it should make it obvious why DLL Hell is the nothing close to an anti-pattern. There are still many flaws in the article, but I have a good start. I'm sure my formatting needs some work, this is the first major wikiPedia change I've made (altho I made some corrections in Win03 that were accepted).
- Rick Anderson (still at MS)Ricka0 04:14, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
One more section completed. The Countermeasures section is mostly incorrect. I question if the authors have ever delivered an application for Windows. The article desperately needs a definition section (Type I, II, etc)
- Rick Anderson (still at MS)Ricka0 08:25, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
I often see it said that Microsoft itself introduced the phrase "DLL Hell". Is that correct? In my opinion it would help to provide a clear answer to that question in the article.
- Sam Tomato (talk) 18:24, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
Lack info[edit]
INsufficient info about DLl hooks/Injections and things windows loads at bootup. Please expand.Linux Librarys should be included too.
ricka writes --
Win boot up is an interesing topic but not directly related to DLL Hell, ditto for DLL hooks, injections. DLL Hell hasn't yet been properly defined (my next step)
Who keeps adding bogus external links (and does so anonymously?) still at MS Ricka0 23:35, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
Dangling Modifier[edit]
"The canonical example ... is time slice multiplexing in Microsoft operating systems before OS2 and Windows NT (which includes Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003)."
What does "which" refer to? I suspect that it's supposed to refer to "Windows NT," but is it strictly true that Windows XP, for example, is actually included within Windows NT?
On the other hand, if "which" refers to operating systems like Windows NT, including those mentioned, it needs a precedent. I don't think it should refer to something unmentioned, whether implied or not.
I recommend deleting the entire parenthesis. D021317c 19:16, 5 May 2006 (EDT)
nuked which (Ricka0 01:09, 14 May 2006 (UTC)).
Mac Extensions[edit]
I removed a line likening DLL Hell to the extension conflict situation on Mac OS (pre X). Perhaps I ought to explain myself. The line claimed that the situation was analogous. It isn't. Extensions are not routinely installed by applications, nor are applications ever (in normal circumstances) dependent on them as they would be a DLL. Extension conflicts are caused by multiple extensions patching the same OS routines without considering that they may already be patched. Overwriting an extension with a more up to date one rarely contributed to the problem. Since Mac OS also has the equivalent of DLLs (shared libraries), there is a far more apposite component of the OS to compare with. However, Mac OS doesn't suffer from anything like the same degree of pain that Windows does in this respect. Part of this has to do with the design of the shared library - there is strong versioning in place and the shared library manager will manage this effectively. Secondly, most shared libraries are delivered as part of the OS, and so tend to be consistent with older versions. The situation where third parties add lots of shared libraries on Mac OS is rare. Finally, it's also in part down to the culture of Mac programmers. For various reasons we tend to be very defensive when coding Mac apps, so recklessly making assumptions about shared lib versions, etc is rare too. While I have come across something like shared library conflicts on Mac OS, it's just not a major problem in practice. If somebody wants to mention Mac at all in the article (I don't see why really except for advocacy which doesn't belong here), then the comments should be relevant. Graham 08:55, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
DLL hell today[edit]
Is this much of an issue on Windows today? It'd be nice to get some hard info. Twinxor t 04:04, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
Not a Windows-specific term[edit]
Contrary to what someone has written several times on this talk page, this term is commonly used in Unix-like environments. It is a false analogy to point to Dependency hell as the Unix analog considering that that article only deals with package managers on Linux, and not, say, shared libraries. While shared library is the prefered term for DLLs on Unix, the term DLL is also sometimes used. The article makes the false conclusion that this term is specific to Windows. Windows is not actually the only OS to call its shared libraries DLLs (OS/2 for example). –Andyluciano 17:35, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
- I have never heard of DLL Hell used to refer to dependency hell in UNIX.--188.8.131.52 01:19, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
- I have used UNIX since 1978 and have been system admin and system programmer and never heard the term used except under Windows. Perhaps it is sometimes but I doubt it is used commonly under UNIX, esp. as it is much less of a problem there. The term certainly originated under Windows. Also OS/2 is not a good example as an alternative OS as it is an antecedent of Windows 32. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 09:00, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
"In Computing"?[edit]
I've seen quite a few implementation-specific articles start with "in computing." "DLL Hell" is not something found "in computing," it is something found in Windows (just as "RPM Hell" is not a general computing term, but something that applies specifically to RPM based Linux distributions). It seems that "In computing" would be a more suitable in articles about linked lists, hashes, processor registers, page files, exceptions, etc, etc. If "DLL hell" is something that occurs "in computing" then it must take place (or have the potential to take place) under Mac OSX, Linux, on my calculator and so on.
I was wondering if anyone could shed some light on why these articles have this phrase at the start of them. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 01:08, 21 March 2007 (UTC).
Cleanup required[edit]
This article doesn't read smoothly at all. A lot of cleanup is required. Pramod 13:30, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
I've added a note at the start saying that the term is properly Windows-specific, but catchy and used (loosely) more widely. Hopefully this addresses the discussion above. Nbarth 19:36, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
Underlying problem[edit]
The text doesn't explain the underlying problem of incompatibility well at all. The so called "DLL stomping" is a secondary problem. I recommend adding the following problems before the DLL Stomping one:
* Backward compatibility
Implicit in the idea of DLLs is that when a new version of a DLL is produced it should be completely backward compatible with all previous versions. In an imperfect world this fails for several reasons:
- A program that uses a DLL can have subtle dependencies on its behavior, which changes in a later version. This is usually blamed on the program for taking advantage of undocumented behavior but is often better ascribed to the fact that the external interface to the DLL is poorly documented.
- It is unclear who has authority to update a particular DLL which can result in diverging variations.
- The DLL implementor may be oblivious to any requirement for backward compatibility.
- A newer version may simply be released with new bugs.
- Two DLLs may be independently produced that have the same name and can be accidentally use in place of each other.
* Forward compatibility
A program may make use of features of a particular version of a DLL but fail if it inadvertently ends up using an earlier version. This is generally prevented by installation software that only overwrites an existing DLL with a later version, but often occurred in the past when badly-made or home-spun installation software was used.
This is exacerbated by the fact that some DLLs do not provide any means to check their version. Also the implementor of the program calling the DLL may be unaware that there are earlier versions and not allow for the possibility.
- added some of this content, though more details are welcomed. Is there some offical sofware engineering page of 'versioned interfaces/implementations' that I could link to cover the fundamental problem, of which DLL-hell in windiws is merely a worst-case example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SteveLoughran (talk • contribs) 23:04, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 07:05, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
Item 2. Causes - may need clarification?[edit]
Under the Causes heading is the following:
DLL incompatibility was possible because Windows lacked a number of features:
- ...;
- ...;
- centralized authoritative support for DLL Application Binary Interface management and safeguards allowed incompatible DLLs with the same file name and internal version numbers to be released;
- ....
I am finding this article fascinating, and seems to explain some of the grief that one encounters, particularly with the older versions of Windows OS.
However, in my reading, I came across the text above, and ask for a more experienced person than I, who understands the subject matter, to clarify this point?
It tells me that Windows lacked certain features. One such feature is "centralized authoritative support for DLL Application Binary Interface management and safeguards." If this safeguard were in place, it would have "allowed incompatible DLLs with the same file name and internal version numbers to be released?"
I don't think that is what the author intended, because I am thinking the stuff after "allowed" is the problem suffered by Windows because Windows lacked the features listed.
Would this be a better presentation:
DLL incompatibility was possible because Windows lacked a number of features:
- ...;
- ...;
- centralized authoritative support for DLL Application Binary Interface management and safeguards, WHICH WOULD HAVE PREVENTED
allowedincompatible DLLs with the same file name and internal version numbers FROM to beBEING released;
- ....
--Larry (talk) 18:14, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
Manifest hell[edit]
Is anyone familiar with this term and would like to expand more on this in the article? - xpclient Talk 12:53, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
- What section are you referring to specifically? I can't seem to find mention of manifests anywhere, other than the link that I added to Side-by-Side Assembly. - Reinderientalk/contribs 01:13, 27 February 2009 (UTC)
Before when exactly?[edit]
In the section Incompatible versions it states "Before Windows 2000, Windows was vulnerable to this because the COM class table was shared across all users and processes."
I don't remember using COM well enough that far back - but were NT4 / NT3.x vulnerable to that problem, or was it just a 9x fault? Number774 (talk) 11:11, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
Article name[edit]
- The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the move request was: page moved per discussion. This was a hard call, but the sources use it as a proper noun, and the grammatical argument leaves room for doubt. - GTBacchus(talk) 01:52, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
DLL hell → DLL Hell – It's a proper name, and all the refs use it as such.Socrates2008 (Talk) 11:51, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
- Support: Proper noun. –CWenger (^ • @) 00:03, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
- Support Yeah, all RS use capital H, or use it most of the time. --Enric Naval (talk) 20:40, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
- Support. Per the refs. - Yk3 talk ~ contrib 00:12, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
- Support. Following the sources. Quigley (talk) 08:23, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
- Oppose hate to say this, but this is not a proper noun, as it is a concept or state of being which can incur for multiple people or instances, not a physical place. Even if sources use a capital, we do not follow suit even though other people make grammatical mistakes. Arsenikk (talk) 23:24, 2 July 2011 (UTC)
- Strongly oppose as per Arsenikk. Definitely not a proper noun. 1exec1 (talk) 13:47, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
- Comment: To all those who say it isn't a proper noun—if that is the case shouldn't it be something encyclopedic like "DLL compatibility issues"? –CWenger (^ • @) 04:28, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
- I think that you misunderstand what a proper noun is. If DLL hell referred to a specific event/place/trademark/etc. then it would be proper. Since DLL hell can occur to any Windows system, it defines a general state, hence it is not a proper noun.1exec1 (talk) 23:41, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
- What is the difference between this and say, a make and model of car? I would say I have a Ford Mustang even though it is not a specific, unique item. Likewise, I would say I am in DLL Hell even though many other people could be there as well. –CWenger (^ • @) 01:22, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
- The difference is that Ford Mustang is an unique model of a car, different from all other cars. DLL hell can be happen on any operating system that uses DLLs as shared libraries - Windows, Linux (through Wine), ReactOS. Thus DLL hell is not a proper noun.1exec1 (talk) 11:35, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
- You're suggesting that if it only happened on Windows it would be a proper noun? It is a tough case, I agree, but I have never seen a non-encyclopedic name like this written as a common noun. As most (all?) sources treat it as a proper noun, I'm going to go with that. –CWenger (^ • @) 16:13, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
- The difference is that Ford Mustang is an unique model of a car, different from all other cars. DLL hell can be happen on any operating system that uses DLLs as shared libraries - Windows, Linux (through Wine), ReactOS. Thus DLL hell is not a proper noun.1exec1 (talk) 11:35, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
- What is the difference between this and say, a make and model of car? I would say I have a Ford Mustang even though it is not a specific, unique item. Likewise, I would say I am in DLL Hell even though many other people could be there as well. –CWenger (^ • @) 01:22, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
- The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
One of the solutions I used (at one of the software shops I used to work at) was DLL file version naming. Specifically, we would name our DLL filenames to include the version number of a particular release. So rather than distributing the file
FOOLIB.DLL, we would distribute
FOOLIB_1_2.DLL, which specifically indicated version 1.2 of our code. This scheme prevented overwriting of previously existing (working) library versions during customer installs, and also allowed customers to run multiple version of our software simultaneously. This approach could also be applied to the MS redistributable system libraries. This works because executables linked to DLLs refer to those DLLs specifically by their filename, so adding extra characters to the DLL filenames allows for differentiating between different versions of those DLLs. I do not see anything like this simple solution listed in the article. — Loadmaster (talk) 17:19, 4 June 2014 (UTC)


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TAMPA, Fla., Jan. 10 (UPI) -- Jameis Winston has a new weapon playing out wide for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
The team agreed to a two-year contract with CFL star Derel Walker Thursday. Walker, 25, will receive $100,000 guaranteed. He had 2,699 yards and 16 touchdowns on 198 catches in two seasons with the Edmonton Eskimos.
Buccaneers have agreed to terms with CFL star WR Derel Walker— Tampa Bay Buccaneers (@TBBuccaneers) January 5, 2017
READ MORE: https://t.co/eUROAhFIPN pic.twitter.com/MEnrXqa7jz
"[Walker is] a very humble, hard working person and if his future brings him that, I feel like he deserves it," Eskimos teammate Adarius Bowman said of Walker, via the Edmonton Journal.
BREAKING: WR Derel Walker released to pursue NFL opportunities.— Edmonton Eskimos (@EdmontonEsks) January 5, 2017
Walker played alongside Buccaneers wide receiver Mike Evans at Texas A&M. He was not signed by the Tennessee Titans in 2014, when he tried to make the team as an undrafted free agent.
Let's make this official @dee_sky_walker @tbbuccaneers #NFLbound #signedcontract https://t.co/6GYubRkyko— UA Agency (@UA_Agents) January 6, 2017
"I got pretty tired of seeing the snow," Walker told the Tampa Bay Times. "It's nice to get some sun...I'm just grateful for the opportunity and looking forward to what the future holds."


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Motocrossed Trailer (2001)
16 February 2001 Drama, Comedy, Family 110 mins
Motocrossed! is a 2001 Disney Channel Original Movie (based on the Shakespeare play Twelfth Night), about a girl named Andrea Carson who loves motocross, despite the fact that her father finds her unsuited for the sport, being that she is "just a girl". When her twin brother Andrew breaks his leg just before a big race, their father is forced to go to Europe to find a replacement rider. In the meantime, Andrea secretly races in Andrew's place with her mother's help.
Watch the official Motocrossed 2001 trailer in HD below or find more Motocrossed videos on Vidimovie.


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For Hepatitis Awareness Month, we want to share the love story of Hong and Li, and their experience with getting tested for hepatitis B. You can view and share this story here. Enjoy!
Monthly Archives: May 2015
Happy Older Americans Month! How Are You Celebrating?
Written by Bonnie Tse.
There is Mother's Day, Father's Day and even Children's Day celebrated in certain cultures. If there is a day to honor our seniors, it would be in May. May is Older Americans Month and we are sharing fun ways you can spend time with your grandparents and seniors in your life. Here are a few healthy activities to do together.
- Plan trips. Visiting new places and exploring scenic routes can help motivate everyone to stay physically active. You do not have to go far to plan a local trip. There are also many parks, museums and attractions in the city that offer senior discounts. Check out the NYC website for more information and a list of senior friendly activities.
- Cook and eat meals together. Your grandparents may be culinary experts of your family recipes. Find a day when the whole family can learn recipes and cook together. Challenge your seniors, family members or yourself to see if you can make heart-healthy versions of your family's favorite dishes. Read our fact sheets for tips on how to lower sodium and fat in your meals.
- Discover new hobbies and interests together. Learning something new is always exciting. For seniors, whether it's learning a new language, skill or hobby, keeping the brain mentally active helps to improve their memory. Take classes together at your local library or recreation center. Many recreation centers in the city offer seniors low to no-cost membership fees. Our Health Center also has free health educational workshops that you and your grandparents can attend. We cover different health topics such as healthy eating, diabetes management, stroke prevention and blood sugar control. View our workshop schedule here.
- Plan a family volunteer day. Volunteering provides a meaningful experience that is often linked to better health. The act of giving one's time and energy to support a cause builds our self-confidence and sense of achievement. Volunteering brings people together and shows that every individual, regardless of age, is capable of making a difference. For seniors, volunteering also gives them an opportunity to meet new people and do activities they like. Make it a family tradition to volunteer at a local organization. Visit the NYC website for a list of volunteer organizations and fun opportunities.
At the end of the day, any activity you do together is irreplaceable. Celebrate Older Americans Month with your grandparents or a senior you love today.
Written by Bonnie Tse. Bonnie Tse is part of the Health Education Department at the Charles B. Wang Community Health Center. She has a bachelor's degree in Nutrition and Food Science from Hunter College.
A Call for a Better Mental Health System
Written by Teddy Chen, LCSW, PhD
Most social workers have a few clients that leave an impression. They change your view on mental health, and the system, and motivate you to stay in the field to make it a better place for them.
The first time I saw her was at a community hospital's psychiatry clinic where I worked as a social work clinician. She was a new patient who just started showing signs of a mental disorder. She was amongst a group of non-English speaking immigrant patients, but she stood out—she was a student of an Ivy League university with a passion for art and architecture.
I saw her again in a clinic recently, more than twenty years later. Her hair had turned gray and she is now a middle aged woman. Her speech is disorganized. Her mood is labile. She is angry with the voices she hears that frequently criticize her. She is confused and scared by people surrounding her on the streets that she thinks is trying to hurt her. She does not trust even her own family. She cries and screams hysterically when she is upset. She complains that she cannot find a quiet place to live. The evil illness has devoured this once bright young woman.
When I listen carefully, it is clear that her passion to study art and architect is still intact after two decades. Actually, she has spent the past twenty years hanging around campuses and libraries. She continues to pursue her dream ineffectively while the rest of the world sees her just another 'mentally disturbed' person.
Just like all of us, most of the victims of mental disorder have dreams they want to pursue. Because of the negative impact of their illness on their brain, the challenges are daunting. And the rest of us are not helping. I have met a psychiatrist who told me his story of being diagnosed with schizophrenia when he was in his teens. We at times see that success for schizophrenia is possible. But most of the victims of mental disorders are just forgotten by the society. One million Americans with serious mental disorder are not even getting treatment. We continue to let patients enter jails and prisons, or we leave them at the street corners or the morgues. We, as a society, need to do a better job.
The country is paying huge human and financial costs for not caring for the millions of Americans with mental disorders. We need better scientific research and knowledge to understand and to treat mental disorders. We need better attitudes towards people who suffer from mental disorders. Being a social work clinician and seeing patients day in and day out, I have a hard time distinguishing mental disorders from human suffering. Is the severe depression of a seriously abused woman just a medical condition, or a result of suffering in her life? Is treating the symptoms of her depression with the best medication enough?
I believe we need a mental health system and professionals that takes care of the entire person, not just the disease and symptoms. This is the mental health system that I and my team strive for.
Written by Teddy Chen. Teddy Chen, LCSW, PhD, is a New York State licensed clinical social worker, and the director of the Mental Health Bridge Program at the Charles B. Wang Community Health. The Bridge Program is a nationally recognized service model of providing total healthcare by integrating mental health with primary care.
Celebrating Nurses |Top 10 Reasons Nurses Are Important
This week is National Nurses Week, and we are so thrilled to have the opportunity to celebrate our nurses. We talked to Tracy Wu, head nurse of adult medicine, and Vanessa Huang, assistant head nurse of adult medicine, as well as numerous more nurses at our Health Center, asking one question: Why are nurses so important? Here are the top 10 reasons we think nurses play an essential role in the health and wellness of our patients.
1. As part of the Medical Home, our nurses care about both the patient's physical health and emotional health. We treat the person, not just the disease.
2. Our nurses meet the unique needs of each patient, whether that is short term care for when they are sick, and long term support for chronic conditions.
3. Nurses are the ones who spend the most time with patients during their medical visits. They take the time to make sure patients understand their health.
4. Our nurses promote preventive health, both in our health center and in the community. As part of a community health center, nurses play a vital role in community outreach.
5. Nurses explain various procedures or medications to patients so that they can make their own informed decisions regarding health issues and to better self-manage their health.
6. Nurses are a part of each patient's healthcare team. Nurses help facilitate communication between doctors and patients so they receive the best care.
7. Nurses help ensure continuity of care for patients by following up with patients after their visit.
8. Our nurses consider all factors that may affect one's health, like socioeconomic or psychological factors. From there, they can refer patients to appropriate services that they need.
9. Nurses serve as team leaders to ensure a good work and patient flow.
10. Our nurses provide advice and emotional support to not just the patients, but also their families and caretakers.
Happy National Nurses Week! A big thank you to our dedicated nurses, who are a source of care and compassion to our patients and community.


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Firefighters stop blaze on Upriver Drive
UPDATED: Fri., Nov. 4, 2011, 4 p.m.
Spokane Valley firefighters were called to a house fire around 1:40 p.m. on Upriver Drive east of Argonne Road.
The fire at 10314 E. Upriver forced closure of the eastbound lane of Upriver.
The fire began in the basement, so firefighters broke out a basement window and used the opening to douse the blaze, said Capt. Pat Schaffer in a press release this afternoon.
Once that was accomplished, they then entered the home and finished the job of putting out the fire.
Damage was estimated at $40,000. No injuries were reported. The cause was under investigation.


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This article's name is an unofficial translation from official Japanese media
and may not represent the canonical English name, if one exists.
An alternate name from an official source may be required.
Chozo marks are present in several forms on Samus Aran's Zero Suit.
All light pink outlined with dark, these symbols play a role in the activation of the Power Suit. Four rectangular lights exist on the back, surrounding a middle circular one, and flash when the Power Suit is to be summoned. Next, a symbol on the back of Samus' left hand (the counterpart of the green orb on the back of her Power Suit) flashes while her arms cross her chest and she bows her head, before she looks up and unleashes a blast from a symbol on her left breast.
The symbol on the back of Samus' hand resembles a circle with two points protruding from the top and bottom, four rectangular lines circling it, and a zig-zag pattern on the circle. The breast sigil features a triangle pointing diagonally right down, with lines running below it, and another triangle pointing to the left.
- Curiously, Metroid Prime 3: Corruption and Metroid Prime Hunters do not feature any Chozo marks on the Zero Suit.
- The breast Chozo mark is present on the Metroid: Other M Art Folio pocket.
- Metroid: Other M 's Concept Gallery suggests that the Chozo marks on Samus' back will glow strongly during intense situations.[1] Interestingly, while this effect is absent from gameplay, the cutscene in Sector Zero presents a shot of the symbol on Samus's hand glowing as she grabs a nearby surface to pull herself up. The cutscene occurs while Samus is struggling both physically and emotionally.