text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|29 nov. 2011
|Date de dépôt
|23 déc. 2009
|Date de priorité
|27 aoűt 2001
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Sunil H. Contractor
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|At&T Intellectual Property I, Lp
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (29), Citations hors brevets (10), Référencé par (6), Classifications (9), Événements juridiques (3)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/276,392, now U.S. Patent No. 7,664,510 filed Feb. 27, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/939,855, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,006,833, filed on Aug. 27, 2001, which are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The invention relates generally to the forwarding of a communication based on a detected location, and more particularly to the forwarding of telephone calls to a certain location based on the detected location of a subscribing customer.
For some time the telecommunications industry has provided services to allow a subscriber to receive calls while away from a "subscribed" location. For example, "call forwarding" is a service that allows a subscriber to redirect calls directed to a residence or place of work, for example. In addition, the wireless telephone permits a user to receive calls at any location. These solutions have migrated from specialty services, directed to frequently traveling businesspersons, to nearly all telephone users.
For many, however, call forwarding services often are too complicated to set up and too limited in their capabilities. For example, traditional call forwarding required the subscriber to remember to designate the forwarded locations before leaving the place from which calls were to be forwarded. As a result, if the subscriber forgot to activate the call forwarding service before leaving home, for example, the subscriber would have to return to home to do so. Of course, this was often an unacceptable alternative. "Flexible Call Forwarding" offered an improved solution over traditional call forwarding. Flexible Call Forwarding permitted the user to redirect calls from one location to another, using any station in the telecommunications network. However, even with Flexible Call Forwarding, a subscriber must actively enter instructions to the telephone network.
In addition, although wireless telephones offer a viable alternative to call forwarding, for many users wireless telephones are not yet reliable enough to replace the home or business telephone as the primary or sole point of contact. As a result, attempting to contact a person often requires a call to their home telephone, followed by a call to their work telephone, followed by a call to their wireless telephone.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a technique for forwarding a communication based on the location of the receiving customer.
The invention provides a method and a system for forwarding a telephone call. The inventive method includes receiving a telephone call from a calling party line to a called party line, determining a location of the called party, determining a proximity of the location of the called party to one or more subscriber locations, and directing the telephone call to the one or more subscriber locations based on the determined proximity. The subscriber locations may be predefined by the called party. The location of the called party may be determined using a global position system and/or a radio frequency signal, for example. The subscriber locations may be identified by a directory number and include any of the following: a wire line telephone, a public pay telephone, and/or a wireless communication device. The inventive method may further include forwarding the telephone call to a wireless communication device, a voice mail system, and/or another user, based on the determined proximity. The proximity of the called party to the subscriber location may be determined by at least one of the following: a service node, a customer premise equipment unit, a service control point, a location detection device, and/or positioning determining entity (PDE), but is not limited to these devices.
The inventive system includes a transponder for transmitting a location of a user. The transponder may be a GPS-based device and/or a radio frequency-based device, for example. The transponder may be a part of a handset device, or any other computing component. The system further includes a service control point for comparing a predetermined designator with the location of the user, and a service transfer point in communication with the service control point for directing a communication as a function of the comparison. The system further may include one or more subscriber telephones in communication with the service switching point. The transponder may communicate the location of the user to any point in the telecommunications network, including the subscriber telephones, the service control point, and a service node that may be in communication with the service control point.
The invention further provides a method of providing for the forwarding of a communication. The method includes receiving a signal identifying a location of a subscriber, receiving a first designator from the subscriber identifying a first subscriber location, receiving a second designator for the subscriber identifying a second subscriber location, and storing the first designator and the second designator. The inventive method may further comprise comparing the location of the subscriber with a location of the first designator and with a location of the second designator. Once the comparison is conducted, the method may include forwarding a communication directed to the first designator to the second designator, and/or forwarding a communication directed to the first designator to the first designator, as a function of the comparison.
Other features of the invention are further apparent from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:
As shown in
It should be appreciated that a party making a telephone call, or initiating any kind of communication, is referred to herein as the "calling party." The party intended to be communicated with by the calling party is referred to herein as the "called party." The telephone number associated with the telephone of the calling party is referred to herein as the "calling number." The telephone number associated with the telephone of the called party is referred to herein as the "called number." Each of the party's may have numerous telephone devices. For example, a called party's telephone may be described as a "home telephone," "work telephone," and "wireless telephone," for example.
Calling party telephone 121 and called party's home telephone 124 represent "subscriber locations." The subscriber locations may connect certain customer premise equipment (CPE), like telephone stations, facsimile machines, computers, modems. It should be appreciated that subscriber locations also may include wireless communication devices, like a wireless telephone, for example. Also, it should be appreciated that subscriber locations may include public telephones, like pay telephones, for example. Therefore, a subscriber location may include any termination on a network (wireless or wire line) that is capable of receiving and/or transmitting a communication on network 100.
Calling party telephone 121 and called party's home telephone 124 communicate with SSP 109 and SSP 123, respectively, over telephone lines 103 and 104. Telephone lines 103 and 104 are sometimes referred to as the "loop." Telephone lines 103 and 104 also may be referred to as a "calling line" and the terms will be used interchangeably. The term "communication" or "call" is used herein to include any data that may be exchanged between calling party telephone 121 and a called party 124 over a telephone system, and is not limited to voice-based communication.
Each active calling line is assigned a telephone number, which typically is a ten-digit identifier. The term "telephone number" is used in its generally understood meaning to be the number which is dialed or input into telephone's keypad by a calling party or source to reach a telephone station on a calling line associated with the dialed telephone number. A telephone number associated with telecommunications network 100 is referred to herein as a "wire line number." A telephone number associated with a wireless telephone system is referred to herein as a "wireless number." It should be appreciated that the invention may include communications directed to more than just telephone devices. In this case, the telephone number may be considered to be any designator capable of identifying a device on a network, analogous to an electronic mail (email) address, and/or interne protocol (IP) address, for example.
The STPs, SSPs, SCPs and SNs represent certain components that describe an Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) based wire line telephone system, well known to those skilled in the art. In particular, the AIN is a particular type of telephone system with intelligent devices (e.g., STPs, SSPs, SCPs and SNs) that handle the messaging and routing of calls. These intelligent devices may also provide enhanced telecommunication features. Many of the intelligent devices are located in various central offices (CO) (not shown). The COs are interconnected by trunk lines. Trunk lines provide for voice and/or data communication, including for example, telephone calls between telephone users or data between fax machines. Trunk lines are also used by the COs to signal each other for messaging and routing information. In a wire line telephone system with AIN capabilities, intelligent devices are included in the telephone system to perform messaging and routing without using the trunk lines, thereby allowing more communication over the trunk lines.
In a typical application, when calling party telephone 121 dials a called number, the calling party's local SSP (i.e., SSP 109) communicates with the called party's SSP (i.e., SSP 123) over a trunk line 135. SSP 123 rings called party's home telephone 124. Each SSP serves a designated group of calling lines, and thus, the SSP that serves a particular calling line may be referred to as its "serving switch" or "local SSP." SSP 109 and 123 are each programmable switches that recognize AIN-type calls, launch queries to intelligent devices in the AIN (e.g., SCP 114), and receive instructions and data from the intelligent devices to further process and route calls. In particular, a trigger 117 is a flag or signaling interface that charges SSP 123 to launch a query to SCP 114 (via STP 102) for call processing instructions. Trigger 117 may be associated with a particular type of calling service, for example, call forwarding.
Subscriber locations may communicate to their SSPs through an additional private switching system, called a "private branch exchange" (PBX) (not shown). A PBX is the central switching component for a private communications network. It should be appreciated that although the invention is described in the context of the public service telephone network, the invention may be applied in the context of a private network as well.
SSP 109 and SSP 123 are also in communication with STP 102 via data links 107 and 108, respectively. Currently, data links 107 and 108 employ a signaling protocol referred to as Signaling System 7 (SS7), which is well known to those skilled in the art. The SS7 protocol is a layered protocol, which employs data packets, synonymously referred to as packets, information packets, message packets, or messages. STP 102 performs messaging and routing functions between its respective SSPs (i.e., SSP 109 and 123). Although each SSP is shown connected to one other STP for the purpose of brevity and clarity, it should be appreciated that each STP may be connected to several SSPs. When SSP 109 sends a message to another intelligent device on the AIN, SSP 109 will first send the message to its local STP 102. STP 102 will read the message and determine where to route the message. Typically, STP 102 will route the message to SCP 114. SCP 114 will then process the message and send a reply message to STP 102, for example. STP 102 will then route the reply message and send that reply message to SSP 109 for final disposition of the communication (e.g., routing the call to called party's home telephone 124).
Much of the service logic intelligence of the AIN system resides in SCP 114. SCP 114 is in communication with STP 102 over data link 129. SCP 114 includes a data store 116 and a Service Package Application (SPA) 115. In practice, SCP 114 includes a plurality of SPAs that are used in connection with or as part of data store 116 in the application of telecommunication services or enhanced features (e.g., toll-free "800" calling). SPA 115 typically is a series of computer-executable instructions located on a computer-readable medium that perform certain processes that facilitate a certain telephone service. The processes of SPA 115 often retrieve data, necessary to complete the appropriate processing from database 116.
In operation, SPA 115 resides on SCP 114 and provides the programmable SCP with intelligence (e.g., via computer-executable instructions) to process calls and queries sent from SSP 109 and 123 and other AIN devices. Therefore, SCP 114 receives messages from devices within the AIN system, processes the messages according to particular instructions of SPA 115, and returns a reply message to the appropriate device in the AIN system. The messages may include routing requests and/or enhanced features. An example of an enhanced feature available from SPA 115 is caller identification. In caller identification, the called party receives the identification (e.g., the calling name) of the calling party along with the call.
SCP 114 is in communication with SN 111 over data link 130. Communication over data link 130 typically is accomplished with an X.25 protocol or transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). In addition, SN 111 may be in communication with SSP 109 via Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) data links, well known to those skilled in the art. SN 111 is an interactive data system that may act as a switch to transfer calls, recognize telephone keypad inputs and voice commands, provide voice synthesis, and/or store messages, for example. SN 111 includes both voice and dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signal recognition devices and therefore can respond to both voice commands and telephone keypad commands. SN 111 further includes a voice synthesis device and therefore can annunciate various prompts to telephone stations. Voice synthesis is typically provided by a voice messaging system, described below in more detail.
SN 111 includes a data store 113. Data store 113 may be used to store audio messages and other data. Further, SN 111 may include service node applications (SNA) 112 that are used in connection with or as part of the data store 113 in the application of telecommunication services or enhanced features to calling lines. SN 111 may provide, for example, interactive help, collect voice information from calls, track calls, and provide indication, announcement, and messaging functions.
In order to keep the processing of data and calls as simple as possible, a relatively small set of triggers may be defined for each SSP, for example trigger 117 in SSP 123. Specific triggers also may be defined for each telephone number. A trigger is an event that generates a message to be sent to a device within the AIN or initiates some action to be taken by a device within the AIN. For example, trigger 117 may cause SSP 123 to send a query message to SCP 114, via STP 102, requesting instructions to process a call to called party's home telephone 124. SCP 114 may then query data store 116 for processing instructions with respect to a particular call. The results of the database inquiry are sent back to SSP 123 in a response from SCP 114 through STP 102.
The return message may include call processing instructions to SSP 123. The instructions may command SSP 123 to take some special action as a result of a customized calling service or enhanced feature, for example, forwarding a call to a voice messaging system. In response, SSP 123 may move through its call states, collect telephone keypad inputs, generate further messages, or route calls to complete the command issued by SCP 114.
Various triggers can by configured for each telephone number and/or for each SSP. Triggers may be configured to affect the calling party, the called party, or both. For example, an "off-hook" trigger may be set on the calling number. If this trigger is set, SSP 109 initiates a query to SCP 114 every time that calling number line is taken off-hook. SCP 114 then processes the query to determine how the call should be processed and replies to SSP 109 with instructions on how the call should be processed. Alternatively, a trigger may be set on the called line number, as with trigger 117, that will trigger an AIN message to be sent.
A telephone call may result in several statuses. A busy status occurs when called party's telephone 124 is busy or "off-hook." For example, the called party may currently be using the telephone. A no-answer status occurs when there is no answer on called party's telephone 124 after a predefined time. For example, the called party may not be near telephone 124 to answer. Alternatively, if the called party has forwarded their calls to a second telephone, a no-answer status will occur if there is no answer on the second telephone. An answer status occurs when the called party answers the telephone, for example, by taking telephone 124 off-hook in response to the telephone ringing. An answer status also occurs when an answering machine or voice messaging system answers the telephone call. Therefore, the predefined time is ideally set to trigger a no-answer status before an answering machine or a voice messaging system answers the call. If however, an answering machine or voice messaging system answers a call, an answer status will be triggered.
Wireless transceiver tower 126 is in communication with a foreign mobile switching center (MSC) 118. Foreign MSC 118 is in communication with a Visitor Location Register (VLR) 106 and a Home Location Register (HLR) 134. Also, Foreign MSC is in communication with a Home MSC 119, both of which may be in communication with STP 102. It should be appreciated that Home MSC 119 may be in communication with Foreign MSC via an STP other than STP 102, but is shown as such for the purposes of clarity and brevity. Home MSC 119 is in communication with a HLR 105 and a VLR 133.
Wireless transceiver tower 126 covers a particular geographic region called a "cell." Wireless transceiver tower 126 may include sending capability and/or receiving capability. Each wireless transceiver tower 126 in a system has a limited number of speech (i.e., data) channels available for communication and at least one control channel for sending and receiving messaging and routing commands. Wireless device 127 may request a speech channel from wireless transceiver tower 126 by sending a message over a control channel. Wireless transceiver tower 126 may or may not grant the request depending on current speech channel occupancy.
Each wireless device 127 has one MSC assigned as its Home MSC 119. Each MSC typically has an associated HLR and a VLR, as shown in
Home MSC 119 and Foreign MSC 118 are in communication with PSTN 125 via connections 137 and 138 to STP 102. In this manner, SCP 114 of PSTN 125 may communicate with any HLR or VLR in the wireless portion of telecommunications network 100. Accordingly, SCP 114 may be used to provide enhanced features to the wireless portion of telecommunications network 100, as discussed above with respect to PSTN 125 components.
Location-Based Call Forwarding
As shown in
In step 204, the communication is directed based on the comparison conducted in step 203. By directing the communication based on a comparison of the location of the received party to predetermined designators identified by the receiving party, the receiving party is more likely to receive the communication, as desired. This is to be distinguished from simply forwarding the communication to any of a number of predetermined designators, without knowing the present location of the received receiving party.
As shown in
Location detection system 301 may include receivers and/or transmitters capable of communicating with a called party 302. In particular, location detection system 301 acts as a signaling "base station" to process signal 303 so as to identify a location of the called party 302. Therefore, location detection system 301 also may manipulate signal 303 in such a way that a traditional network component, like SCP 114 in a typical telecommunications network can properly use the data provided by signal 301. This may include using mathematical algorithms to convert the location data provided by location-tracking device 304 to data understandable by a component of the telecommunications network.
It should be appreciated that the comparison of the location signal to the predetermined designators, as discussed with reference to method 200 in
As shown in
In step 403, a calling party 121 calls called party's home telephone 124 by dialing certain digits that identify the subscriber location of telephone 124. A signal associated with the calling party's telephone call travels through SSP 109 and is routed to SSP 123, where trigger 117 is encountered, in step 404. In response to trigger 117, in step 405, STP 123 routes the call to STP 102, and STP 102 queries SCP 114 for call processing instructions. As a result of the query required by trigger 117, SCP 114 recognizes that it must determine the location of called party 302, or to any party associated with called party's home telephone 124 (e.g., groups of people). In step 406, SCP 114 queries location detection system 301 for the location of the called party 302. Although step 406 describes SCP 114 querying location detection system 301, it should be appreciated that the location of called party 302 may be previously provided by location detection system 301 to SCP 114 and stored in database 116. Alternatively, the location of called party 302 may be stored in any data storage device within the telecommunications network to which SCP 114 has access and may retrieve the location of called party 302.
As shown in
This predetermined set of subscriber locations may represent a series of subscriber locations that called party 302 frequents. Alternatively, called party 302 may update the subscriber locations as he/she travels. For example, in an emergency situation a doctor may be permitted to designate the phone number of a public baseball park on a particular time and day at which the doctor is visiting the park. Therefore, the doctor/subscriber may be permitted to temporarily designate certain subscriber locations, based on expected travel plans. Alternatively, the predetermined designators may not be identified by the subscriber, but may be determined by the telephone service provider in real-time. For example, the telephone service provider may forward a call to a bank of public pay telephones that called party 302 happens to be passing at the time the telephone call is received from the calling party. Therefore, it should be appreciated that the call from the calling party may be forwarded to any communication device within the network, to which the called party 302 is nearest at the time the call is processed.
In step 409, it is determined whether called party 302 is within a predetermined range of one or more subscriber locations. The predetermined range may represent any preset distance from a subscriber location, for example, 500 feet. If it is determined that the called party is within a predetermined range of a particular subscriber location, SCP 114 directs the call received from calling party 121 to one or more of the subscribed locations within the predetermined range, in step 410. If, on the other hand, the called party is not within a predetermined range of a subscriber location, in step 311, the call from calling party 121 may be directed to one or more default locations. The default locations may be any subscriber location (previously designated by the called party or otherwise), including one or more wireless devices, a voicemail system, and/or an email system, for example.
Although the discussion with reference to
In addition to identifying a longitude and latitude, for example, of GPS transceiver 503, GPS transceiver 503 may provide a unique identification number associated with called party 302. In this way, GPS transceiver 503 is able to identify a location of a particular called party 302 who has been assigned the unique identification number. For example, the unique identifier may be a home and/or work telephone number of called party 302 that is stored in GPS transceiver 503. Each time that GPS transceiver provides to SCP 114 (via GPS receiver 501) the location of called party 302, it also provides an identifier associated with called party 302. SCP 114 is therefore able to associate or map the location of called party 302 with the identity of called party 302. Such mapping may be stored in database 116 within SCP 114, or may be stored within a data store (not shown) located within GPS receiver 501. In any case, SCP 114 is provided with a signal 506 that identifies called party 302 as well as the location of called party 302 via GPS transceiver 503. The data provided by signal 506 may be stored for any period of time in any component in the telecommunications network.
In operation, when called party 302 comes within a predetermined range of called party's home telephone 124, for example, location-tracking device 304 on called party's person transmits a signal 601 to receiver 603 located within or in communication with called party's home telephone 124. Receiver 603 may then transmit a signal to SSP 123 and onto SCP 114. In this way, SCP 114 will be provided with data so as to associate the location of called party 302 with called party's home telephone 124.
As previously described, when an incoming call (e.g., from calling party 121) enters SSP 123 it will encounter trigger 117. Trigger 117 will initiate SCP 114 to query database 116 to provide call processing instructions to SIP 102 from SCP 114. Database 116 may have an entry indicating that all calls directed to call party 302 should be directed and/or forwarded to call party's home telephone 124, for example.
On the other hand, if call party 302 moves within a predetermined range of call party's work telephone 601, for example, a signal 605 will be received by receiver 602. Receiver 602 will provide SCP 114 with a signal via SSP 123 indicating that called party 302 is within a predetermined range of called party's work telephone 601. As a result, a telephone call directed by calling party 121 to called party 202 will encounter trigger 117 in SIP 102. SCP 114 will be queried by STP 102, because of trigger 117, for call processing instructions. SCP 114 may have an entry in its database 116 (or in another data store located accessible by the telecommunications network) identifying a location of called party 302 as being called party's work telephone 601. As a result, SCP 114 will direct the call from calling party 121 to called party's work telephone 601 via SSP 604 and STP 102. It should be appreciated that the invention contemplates that called party 302 may communicate his/her location with any of a number of components within the telecommunications network including, a telephone, a location detection system 301, and/or a service node, for example. Therefore, it should be appreciated that the location of called party 302 may be identified to any one of a number of components typically found in a telecommunication system.
If calling party 302 is not within a proximity of a predefined subscriber location, the communication may be forwarded to certain default locations. For example, the communication may be forward to an email server, a voice mail system, and a wireless telephone. Alternatively, the communication may be forwarded to another user based on the location of the other user. For example, a user may desire all calls to be forwarded to his/her spouse, should the primary user be out of proximity of any predefined location.
The invention further includes providing services capable of allowing called party 302 to subscribe to such forwarding services.
The invention is directed to a system and method for forwarding a communication. The invention was described in the context of wired voice and data communication system, but is not so limited to, regardless of any specific description in the drawing or examples set forth herein. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to use of any of the particular components or devices herein. Indeed, this invention can be used in any application that requires the testing of a communications system. Further, the system disclosed in the invention can be used with the method of the invention or a variety of other applications.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments specifically disclosed herein. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and adaptations of the invention may be made in the form and details of these embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
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Owner name: BELLSOUTH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CORPORATION, DELAW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONTRACTOR, SUNIL H.;REEL/FRAME:027287/0701
Effective date: 20011127
|3 janv. 2012
|Certificate of correction
|24 avr. 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Carbidopa/levodopa is a combination drug sometimes referred to as levocarb that is used to treat Parkinson's disease as well as DRD, or dopamine-responsive dystonia. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are said to be a result of the destruction of dopamine-producing cells, and individuals with DRD have difficulty producing dopamine. Levodopa relieves symptoms of both diseases as it is converted to dopamine in the body. Caridopa acts as an aid to levodopa be increasing its efficacy and reducing the side effects of nausea and vomiting that are often induced by levodopa.
How do I take carbidopa/levodopa?
Carbidopa/levodopa comes as an extended release (ER) tablet, regular tablet, or an orally disintegrating tablet. The frequency and size of dosage of this medication needed depends on the individual. Follow instructions given to you by your doctor. Regular tablets and orally disintegrating tablets are usually taken three or four times a day. Carbidopa/levodopa ER is usually taken 2-4 times a day. Do not chew, break, or crush carbidopa levodopa ER tablets. This will result in an excessive dose of your medication. To take the orally disintegrating tablets, use dry hands to place the dose in your mouth and allow it to dissolve completely, and then swallow. No water is needed. Your doctor may gradually increase the size of your dosage over time to find what works best for you. Never abruptly stop treatment with carbidopa/levodopa. This can cause dangerous side effects. If you wish to stop using your medication, have your doctor slowly decrease your dose.
Before taking carbidopa/levodopa , tell your doctor if:
- You are allergic to any of the ingredients in this medication or if you've had a bad reaction to similar medications
- You have eye problems, especially wide-angle glaucoma.
- You suffer from any mental or mood disorders.
- You have a history of blood or heart problems such as angina or irregular heartbeat.
- You have kidney or liver disease.
- You have asthma or other lung problems.
- You have diabetes.
- You are pregnant or breast-feeding.
- You suffer from gastrointestinal ulcers.
- You have seizures.
- You have a history of skin cancer or any suspicious growths that haven't been diagnosed.
- You are taking prescription or nonprescription drugs, vitamins or supplements, especially MAO inhibitors and other antidepressants, medications for mental disorders, antihistamines, iron supplements, isoniazid, vitamin B6, medications for GERD, irritable bowel syndrome or ulcers, blood pressure medications, mediations for nausea or motion sickness, papaverine, anticonvulsants, and other drugs for Parkinson's disease.
What are the possible side effects of taking carbidopa/levodopa?
Side effects from taking carbidopa levodopa include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, trouble sleeping, loss of appetite, headache, muscle twitching, and nightmares. Rare but serious side effects include signs of infection, tingling in the hands or feet, seizures, chest pain, blurred vision, fainting, high fever, vomit that looks like ground coffee, and black or bloody stools. If you experience any of these side effects, contact your doctor at once. This medication may cause your urine, sweat, and saliva to change color. This is usually a harmless side effect.
What if I forget to take a dose of carbidopa/levodopa?
If you miss a dose of carbidopa/levodopa or carbidopa/levodopa ER, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. If it's almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue on your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose or two consecutive doses of carbidopa levodopa to make up for a missed one.
How do I store carbidopa/levodopa?
Store carbidopa levodopa tightly closed in its container at a room temperature between 59 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit. Protect it from light and moisture and keep it away from children and pets.
What happens if I overdose on carbidopa/levodopa?
Signs of overdose on carbidopa levodopa include severe nausea and vomiting, fainting, weakness, diarrhea, confusion, hallucinations, twitching and spasms. If you think you have overdosed on carbidopa levodopa, call the Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim is unconscious, call 911.
This medication may make you drowsy or dizzy. Do not drive or operate machinery until you know how carbidopa levodopa affects you. This medication may cause involuntary movements or changes in mood. Report these events to your doctor at once. Vitamin B6 reduces the efficacy of this medication.
Brand Names
Brand names for generic carbidopa/levodopa include Sinemet and Parcopa. Combination drugs include Stalevo. Search HelpRx to get free coupons for carbidopa levodopa, carbidopa levodopa ER, Sinemet, Parcopa and Stalevo. Present these coupons in your local pharmacy and get up to 57% off the retail price.
"The price for my prescription has gone up the past year and paying the out of pocket cost was getting increasingly difficult. Now, through HelpRx I've saved hundreds! Thank you HelpRx" - Janet Larsen - Austin, TX
Carbidopa/Levodopa Information:
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subset: commoncrawl


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There is now an award just for tough Texas-born football players.
(No, really.)
The inaugural Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award was conceptualized to honor -- you got it -- the great Earl Campbell, nicknamed "The Tyler Rose."
Campbell grew up in Tyler, Texas, and now his hometown has commissioned an award in his name that will honor the nation's top NCAA Division I offensive player who "exhibits integrity, performance, teamwork, drive, community (spirit?) and tenacity."
Candidates must either have been born in Texas, graduated from a Texas high school or played at a Texas-based four-year college or junior college.
San Diego State junior quarterback and native Texan Adam Dingwell has been named to the award's watch list.
Dingwell, who is from Rockwall, Texas, started the final five games of his sophomore campaign in 2012 after coming off the bench to lead the Aztecs to a dramatic come-from-behind victory at Nevada.
He finished the 2012 season with 939 passing yards and eight touchdowns, and led SDSU to its 19th conference championship.
Dingwell is one of 35 players on the watch list. Semifinalists will be named in November, and as many as four finalists will be announced in December. The finalists will all be invited to the awards banquet in Tyler on Jan. 10, 2014.
The selection committee is comprised of broadcasters, commentators, journalists and fans.
Three other Mountain West players also made it onto the watch list: UNLV RB Tim Cornett, Utah State QB Chuckie Keeton and New Mexico RB Kasey Carrier.
All Texas-strong.


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Global: GCC Markets witnessed challenging year
Global Investment House- The year 2009 turned out to be quite a volatile year for the markets. First, the deepening of financial crisis, led all but UAE market to decline further in the first quarter of 2009 when credit default swaps (CDS) on sovereign debt of economies in the region touched record high levels and it was complete mayhem. However, thereafter the markets rebounded on the back of government stimulus packages which resulted in rally across global markets in the month of March. Following footsteps of their western counterparts, the governments in the GCC region took several steps to stimulate the economy and reduce the impact of financial crisis. But again in June, the markets were hit by the Saad and Al Gosaibi group episode which negatively impacted the markets, in particular the banking stocks on concerns of exposure and subsequent impairments to the group.
Nonetheless, continuous rally in oil prices and the improvement in commodity markets positively impacted the business activities and corporate spending in the later part of 2009. But again, Dubai World debt woes hit the markets before the Eid holidays. The general mood of the investors was reflected by a 26.7% decline in the DFM index, in the early few trading days following the moratorium announcement. Soon after, the government of Abu Dhabi made a surprise announcement by injecting US$10bn worth of aid to help Dubai cover its debt obligations. News of the payment boosted share markets in the UAE. DFM index jumped 10% higher, while Abu Dhabi's rose more than 7% in a day.
For the year, Saudi Arabia market rose the most among the regional markets with the Tadawul All Share Index witnessing a gain of 27.46% YoY to reach 6,121.76 points. This was followed by Oman and UAE market respectively. The MSM-30 Index ended the year 2009 at 6,368.8 points, thereby recording an increase of 17.05% YoY while UAE market represented by NBAD index grew by 11.88% to close at 6,662.57points. "Global" Qatar market index rose 8.94% and closed at 562.09points
Bahraini market continued to decline consistently during the year with the "Global" Bahrain index closing at 116.7points, a fall of 17.94% YoY. The capital markets have been quite unforgiving in the case of Bahrain with least oil reserves and the highest government debt in percentage of GDP terms. Kuwait was the other market that closed in red with the "Global" Share index falling 9.78% for the year to close at 186.23points.
Trading activities ended 2009 on a mixed note. Which the total volume traded increased by 16.50 percent to reach 322.40bn shares, the aggregate traded value declined by 40.30 percent and stood at US$512.50bn. The increase in volume is attributed to the two biggest markets in terms of volume trade viz. UAE and Kuwait. While UAE stocks markets, represented by the Dubai Financial Market and the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange, increased by 17.4% to reach 148.3bn, Kuwait Stock Exchange saw a surge of 31.40 percent in its traded volume. In terms of percentage Muscat Stock Exchange, recorded the highest change with a 45.07 percent jump. Effective July 1'09, the MSM-30 Index was converted from "full float index" to a "free float index" with reduction in capping from 20% to 10%. This instigated reshuffling of portfolio, which resulted in higher volumes.
In terms of total traded value, all GCC stock markets posted declines with the aggregated value declining to US$512.50bn, a 40.30 percent drop from previous year. Three biggest markets in the region - Saudi Arabia, UAE and Kuwait – posted a decline in trading value. Saudi Arabia posted a decline of 35.6% during the year while UAE and Kuwait posted declines of 54.7% and 40.3% in trading value respectively during the year. The Bahrain Stock Exchange saw its total traded value decline by 77.2 percent making it the biggest decliner among the GCC markets. The total transactions for the Gulf markets declined by 27.4 percent to reach 43.91mn during 2009.
The number of listed companies in the GCC markets stood at 695 by the end of 2009. There were a total of 16 new listings during the past year, with the Saudi market accounting for 9 of these listings. The IPO activity remained subdued throughout the year due to difficult market conditions. There were a total of 12 IPOs during the year in the region of which 11 were in Saudi Arabia alone as opposed to 25 IPOs in GCC last year. A total of US$1.98bn was raised from these IPOs, a decline of 82.97 percent over US$11.67bn raised in 2008. The largest IPO during the year was Vodafone Qatar with offering size of US$952.05mn while National Petrochemical Company of Saudi Arabia offered a total of US$639.95mn. Excluding these two, the IPO size in 2009 stood at a miniscule US$395.3mn.
Market capitalization for the GCC markets during 2009 stood at US$683.90bn, an increase of 11.89 percent compared to the previous year. The external environment is gradually improving, oil prices are rising, external financing conditions are easing, and an incipient global recovery is under way. After fluctuating between US$30 and US$40 per barrel in early 2009, oil prices rose to about US$70 per barrel in August and, based on futures markets, are projected to remain over US$75 per barrel in 2010. Spreads on sovereign credit default swaps in the region have fallen continuously since their peak in the first quarter of 2009—by more than 650 basis points in the case of Dubai, from a high of 944 basis points on February 17. The GCC economies are likely to rebound in 2010. IMF in its October 2009 report has revised its 2010 outlook on GCC to a growth of 5.2% (up 1.0% over its May estimate) in light of recent developments. We are positive for 2010. But still, we believe that it might take some more time for the regional markets to stabilize.
Top Headlines
- Global : GCC Markets witness increased trading activity in February 2007.
- GCC Investment Strategy and Sectors Outlook for 2006
- Global : GCC Markets witness mixed trends in January 2006.
- Global : Decline witnessed across GCC market in July except UAE which gained 0.4% during the month
- Global : GCC Markets witness selling pressure in Mar-07


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Get a chance to go on an all-expense paid trip to Australia and explore its stunning and diverse landscapes through Samsung's second installment of Discover Australia.
30 lucky winner from Australia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia will get a chance to participate in the journey. Three Filipino winners will be given the chance to join Tourism Australia and Samsung's photography experts on an all expenses paid trip for five days to Sydney and Melbourne, Australia from 24-30 June 2014.
"This is an extraordinary opportunity for photography enthusiasts to discover and capture the essence of Australia's sights and landscapes through Samsung's superior NX cameras and lenses," said Candy Delos Santos, Product Manager for Digital Imaging of Samsung Electronics Philippines Corporation. "With this second edition of our NX Traveller programme, we are excited to continue to bring together Southeast Asia's most promising photographers and Samsung camera lovers with local experts from Down Under. Together, they can exchange and share knowledge and ideas while capturing the sprawling beauty of Australian cities and beyond."
During the journey, Samsung will provide participants with its latest NX30 camera to enable them to experience first-hand the camera's professional features, including the advanced 20.3MP APS-C CMOS sensor that ensures brilliant images even in low lit situations, the next-gen hybrid autofocus system that provides accurate focusing, and a 1/8000 second shutter speed enables users to capture fast-moving subjects with little to no blur. Celebrity photographers will also be onsite to provide guidance and tips and tricks to help bring participants' photography skills to the next level.
"We are thrilled to welcome Southeast Asia's photographers and enthusiasts to discover why There's Nothing Like Australia together with Samsung." Said Karyn Kent, Regional General Manager Southeast Asia and The Gulf, Tourism Australia. "The opportunities for photography in Australia are as diverse and exciting as the country itself. Whether it is adventure, nature, fresh produce, art and culture, or city sights, photographers will have no lack of interesting and captivating subjects to explore and capture."
For more info on how to join Samsung's Discover Australia photo contest, visit https://www.smartphotography.asia/nxtraveller.


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Learn about this topic in these articles:
...used to determine the simplest formula of a compound and to calculate the quantities involved in chemical reactions. When dealing with reactions that take place in solutions, the related concept of molarity is useful. Molarity ( M) is defined as the number of moles of a solute in a litre of solution.
properties of solutions
Molecular concentration is the number of molecules of a particular component per unit volume. Since the number of molecules in a litre or even a cubic centimetre is enormous, it has become common practice to use what are called molar, rather than molecular, quantities. A mole is the gram-molecular weight of a substance and, therefore, also Avogadro's number of molecules (6.02 ×...


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WASHINGTON {AP} President Clinton, once a reluctant foreign traveler, has slipped quietly into the history books as the most widely traveled president ever.
His journeys over nearly seven years have taken him to 58 countries and territories, from Australia to Venezuela, from Argentina to Uganda, visiting some more than once. Next stop: New Zealand.
George Bush, by comparison, visited 36 countries and territories over four years, while Ronald Reagan stopped in 26 over eight years.
White House aides are just beginning to discuss possible foreign destinations for Clinton in 2000, the final full year of his presidency. The hottest speculation is that he will visit Vietnam, a place he struggled to avoid when he was draft-age.
Moreover, aides note that the president told the Chinese women's soccer team he would like to go to China again even though relations were soured by the accidental U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia.
A return to Africa following up on last year's tour is another possibility, perhaps to celebrate Nigeria's turn to democracy.
Clinton probably will visit India and Pakistan in 2000 after postponing a visit this year because of their nuclear tests, aides say. He also will attend two international summits in Asia, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in Brunei, and the annual summit of industrialized nations, in Okinawa, Japan.
Clinton will return to Europe next year for a U.S.-European Union summit and perhaps visit Russia again. He would go back to Ireland and to the Middle East if peacemaking efforts warranted a presidential visit, aides say. Morocco, in particular, is being considered for another visit after a brief stop in July for the funeral of King Hassan II.
Associated Press
SUBHEAD:President Clinton, first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, and their daughter, Chelsea, laugh as they stroll along a section of te Great Wall of China in this 1998 file photo. Clinton, once a reluctant foreign traveler, has now become the most traveled president in America's history.
Clinton would like to visit Kosovo, liberated from Serb occupation by U.S.-led bombing attacks.
There even have been discussions about stopping in Antarctica to highlight the problems of global warming. However, aides say that idea has been put aside because of logistical problems.
"This is a guy that has never met an idea that he doesn't like, never met a person who's not interesting and never found a place in the world he wouldn't want to go," said presidential counselor Doug Sosnik.
The White House will gather recommendations from the State Department and other agencies at the end of the year and present a list to the presi-dent for his decision.
"The rule of thumb (for presidents) is, the longer they're in office, the more they travel ... the more they are interested in their historical legacy," said
Stephen Hess, presidential analyst at the Brookings Institution. "As they come to the end of their regime, they tend to get more adulation and cheering crowds when the go abroad."
Winding up 1999, the president will add New Zealand to his travel list when he attends the annual APEC meeting, opening this weekend in Auckland. In October, he will make an overnight trip to Canada the fifth visit there of his presidency.
The last scheduled excursion
of the year is a four-nation swing just before Thanksgivingto Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and Italy.
The trip's centerpiece is a summit of the 55-nation Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The meeting is to be held in Istanbul despite the devastating earthquake that killed more than 14,000 and left hundreds of thousands homeless in Turkey. Administration officials say Turkey wants to show it's still on its feet.
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text: who is I in the stanza Retrieved from "http://notemonk.answers.wikia.com/wiki/Childhood_chapter_class11_extra_question_and_answer?oldid=20053" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Tags: Answered questions How is the poet's observation about their behaviour significant? Add category Cancel Save


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Ryland P. Byrd
Ryland P. Byrd, a holder of Jr. and M.D. degrees, graduated from the School of Medicine at the University of Louisville, in Louisville, Ky, USA in 1985. He remained at the University of Louisville for his Internal Medicine Residency and Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine Fellowship. He served on the faculty of the University of Louisville for two years after completing his Fellowship Training. Dr. Byrd has spent the last 16 years as a Faculty Member of the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine at the James H. Quillen College of Medicine in Johnson City, Tenn, USA. Presently, he is a Professor of medicine. He has published over 200 articles in the medical literature. He has reviewed manuscripts for over 20 medical journals. He serves on the Editorial Board of Clinical and Molecular Allergy, on the Editorial Advisory Association of Federal Practitioner, and as a Medical Editor for the Medicine, OB/Gyn Psychiatry, and Surgery Medical Reference of eMedicine.
Biography Updated on 17 October 2011


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I Am a Geek
Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 2,289 People
A friend recently recommended an anime sitecalled kissanime, and I have become amazingly unproductive since I discovered they have a ton of Inyuasha episodes on there.
Saithe 22-25, F 1 Response 1 Nov 24, 2014
How lucky can one guy be I kissed herand she kissed me Like the fella once said, Ain't that a kick in the head? If the first thing you think of is Fallout then be my friend :D
TimeTravelingWomanOfJustice 22-25, F 4 Responses 3 May 6, 2015
yeah...I'm a geekgirl...live on my own, solitary and introverted, like playing with my PC, science fiction, you get the picture!!
ThatGirlAlison 26-30, F 1 Response 3 Jan 14, 2014
Film, fantasy, and comic con LETS DO IT!That's where you find your family :]
I Used to Be Ashamed of My GeekinessBut now I embrace the Nerd culture. I'm proud of loving science fiction, of playing video games, of loving to read, of doing well in school, and most of all, being intelligent.
JonFurniss 18-21, M 2 Apr 2, 2008
Makes Me Laugh... makes me smile... I've been really down in the dumps lately. Not quite clinical, but checking my prescriptions to make sure everything is current. I've also been working my narrow *** off since I completed my summer session of Algebra. I never unpacked all the boxes from...
TrustIsEarned 46-50, F 2 Responses 4 Jul 18, 2012
I love Big Bang and Star Wars... I need this!!
strawberryblonde89 26-30, F 1 Response 6 Dec 21, 2014
Super, read all geek bookswho could name and played a lot of games. Never goes outside and refuse to have no wifi around.
SamanthaGaudia 18-21, F 1 Apr 2, 2015
Evil Over Lord ListI'm sure most of you know or have heard of this but for those who don't here we go... The Top 100 Things I'd Do If I Ever Became An Evil Overlord My Legions of Terror will have helmets with clear plexiglass visors, not face-concealing ones. My ventilation ducts will...
Do You Ever Want To Get Laid?I work at a VERY geeky place. 95% of the people have PhDs in engineering or science and I'm amazed every day by a couple of contradictions. One, that some of these guys ever get laid. I mean, I'm not a slave to fashion but seriously? Dark, over the calf socks, with sandals? And...
iRant 51-55, M 1 Response 3 Mar 26, 2013
Its Obvious, I Am GeekWell, my path to geekdom started at the small age of what, 3 or 4? My dad brought home this ancient IBM thinkpad that had a mickey mouse game on it which i played. Imagine that, i started with a laptop. Anyways, like the guy before me I don't mind being a geek. After all...
typeyourname 18-21, M 2 Responses 8 Nov 10, 2006
i love wow, hearthstone,soul calibur, final fantasy, games games games, love to read, watch movies
Pandorazz 26-30 1 Response 1 May 10, 2014
Engineers Codes- Decoded:Definition of geek: "A person who relates academic subjects to the real world outside of academic studies" Engineering changed me. I am not a geek always but, when I have my college classmates around me-- we just talk everything in technical terms. We call bad jokes...
tenderfoot1 22-25, F 4 Responses 4 Nov 14, 2008
Cosmic0Potato 16-17, M 1 Response 2 Jun 8, 2015
I'm a geek that had the misfortune of growingup in a Canadian rural area where being a geek was something people looked on down on you for. People don't understand that I don't really care for most sports, hunting, cars, dancing, concerts or most other common forms of "active" entertainment. I love to read, play table top...
RickThomas 26-30, M 1 Response 1 Jul 17, 2014
And i hate it i hatewhen i have to put on my glasses for reading and driving the amount people call me Thelma it so knot even funny
CandiceMarieAllcoxx 22-25, T 3 Responses 3 Jun 4, 2015
I love this, Star Warsand Snoopy
strawberryblonde89 26-30, F 1 Response 5 Jan 6, 2015
strawberryblonde89 26-30, F 7 Feb 13, 2015
Help! I have this friendwho likes comics a lot. My struggle is that he's cute, dresses well and is grown up (In other words a man xD) but he's a geek inside. He already has a Marvel wallet, on the outside it looks totally normal but on the inside it has prints of comics and he was kinda sad that it...
Amusec 26-30, F 1 Feb 3, 2015
Books, Comics, Tv Shows,Movies, name it. I am irrefutably a complete geek. I am a fan of Marvels and DC Comics (Long Live Stan Lee) and I have watched all of the Doctor Who new series, plus some of the Classic ones. And I love Star Trek. I consider Myself as a: Trecky, Whovian, Sherlockian...
Litany43 18-21, F 3 Feb 17, 2014
punkrokpixie 36-40, F 1 Response 3 Mar 13, 2014
So, after seeing the advertsfor the stupidly over prices magazines to collect and build the Millennium Falcon (Collect all 100 issues for only £8.99!!) iv decided to get a much cheaper model to make. A Death Star. And at the end of 2015 when people ask what I did this year, I'll casually say "Built a...
strawberryblonde89 26-30, F 10 Jan 2, 2015
I am a geek :-P I might not be the smartest,but I'm a geek anyways.
It's A Cultural ThingAmazingly enough, on the other side of the world, geeks are held up as role models. Parents are proud when their kids are nerds and geeks because it ensures success in their future. For 11 year old boys, Warren Buffet is a role model, so is Bill Gates. It is quite a...
eternalhope 41-45, F 1 Response 2 Jun 25, 2010
I'm the geek of the family my brotherand sister are crazy popular!!
docterwhogeek 13-15, F 2 Responses 3 Apr 17, 2016
When you wake up in the nightand first thing you see is a shadow that looks like Yoda giving a high five, it's a sign you really need some more sleep...
strawberryblonde89 26-30, F 1 Response 9 Dec 21, 2014
Is it sad or sad that I have mager crush onHarley Quinn and a man crush on the joker
and very Proud. I have been geekysince I was a kid. Drawn to video games, anime,manga, astronomy,all things sci-fi/fantasy, love card games such as MTG, enjoy Larping and Role playing.
GeekHere 26-30, F 2 Responses 4 Jun 23, 2015
I'm Okay With ThatI think me being a geek entirely depends on the kind of person who thinks that I am one. I think I'm a geek, but in a way that is endearing and sweet. Peers thinking I'm a geek, just don't know me that well and it's more of an insult. Friends thinking I'm a geek, just means they...
MyUnspokenWord 22-25, F 2 Responses 3 May 17, 2012
KyloIsBen 18-21, F 3 Responses 3 Jan 14, 2016
Absolutely nothing wrong with it!Embrace it! When people try to make me fun of me or tell me , 'you're such a geek/nerd', I just give them a huge smile and proudly tell them, 'yes, I am!' It usually throws them off and they don't have a response. I just walk away smiling or continue my conversation.
Nuovinzi 46-50, F 1 Response 5 Jul 24, 2014
DancingFox 31-35, F 2 Responses 3 Oct 6, 2012
Marvel, DC, LOTR (Hobbit),Star Wars, Star Trek, Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Auralia's Colors, etc...
traveltonowhere 22-25, F 1 Response 4 Mar 3, 2015
The Hero'S ListSure, heroes always win in the end, but there are a lot of things they could do to save themselves from much of the pain and agony they endure. Plus, minor characters also do a lot of stupid things to get themselves killed. So, if I am ever a hero or minor good guy, here's what I...
someone online: oh my gods me: OH MY GODS PERCYJACKSON FAN OH MY ******* GODS AAAAAAAAAAAAAA!!!!!!! them: . . . .
DemonsFreak 16-17, M 1 Response 0 Aug 23, 2015
This experience sums up my lifeso far. I play to many games, to much useless knowledge.
Geek And Proud!im not crazy about stereo types but hey why deny it! i own magic cards i play diablo and warcraft im in love with fable and so forth , i like things like pokemon videogames and im not great with science but i love to learn its just who i am and i wouldnt have it any other way...
IOpenedMyEyeSs 18-21, F 1 Response 4 Jan 16, 2012
I cosplay and play MMOs--both I do often withmy girlfriend. I love going to conventions, watching anime, going on tumblr for fandom **** (admittedly, mostly for Homestuck)... I even have a cosplay channel on youtube with a group of friends, where we give tutorials and do Day In The Life Of Videos, and just geek out...
infintyandbeyond 22-25, F 2 Responses 3 Nov 8, 2014
I am an unapologetic geek.I absolutely collect comics, play video games, read, watch Archer, enjoy anime. Yes, I enjoy getting outside to golf, snowboard, ride my motorcycle.. but I am absolutely a geek.
MLGecko 41-45, M 1 Response 5 Jan 28, 2014
ForeverAmity 18-21, M 0 Feb 3, 2015
One of my most prized possessions,still in the plastic and everything. My true love
this must be Thursday I could never get thehang of Thursdays
MCDC1990 26-30, M 0 Aug 20, 2015
I am a geek no lie. I really just need a geekygirl in my life to spend time with and won't break up with me for being a geek.
Drumsz47 18-21, M 2 Jan 13, 2016
I have an active imagination.I like to fantasize about things a lot and all the time. Even when I'm walking down the street. That in itself is bad enough, but I also make my own sound effects. SMH! Really awkward when I absent mindedly pass people on the street.
katnissmockingjay 22-25, F 5 Responses 24 Aug 29, 2014


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Opportunities in sports business begin with communication
Published September 21, 2009
In the late 1970s, as a rookie seller in the relatively new sports division of the Katz Radio Group, I was challenged to identify new corporate prospects, track them down and then pitch them sponsorship packages. Working with alacrity, distilled by the blissfulness of inexperience and the fear of failure, I wasted no time reaching out to my first 15 targets.
Unable to immediately get through to any of the 15 advertisers, I left each of them polite and enthusiastic messages. I assumed that the imperative of common courtesy would produce returned calls a day or two later.
Three days went by and no one called back. It was a deflating baptism into sales.
Slowly, the cold-calling process hardened me and built character. I learned to get organized. Vinny Daraio, a veteran seller at the time, showed me that he logged every phone call in a notebook. I did the same and have 30 years of telephone diaries to show for it.
All a seller really wants is to communicate, to be heard. As such, the heap of unreturned calls and the mass of unanswered e-mails punish mercilessly. I often wish that executives would feel this pain; the despair of being abandoned and the agony of being ignored. Passion drives good sellers and salespeople take it hard. Like athletes not bothered by losing, sellers generally fail if the pain doesn't eat them through and through.
Sadly, there's little code of consideration among marketers about returning calls. Often, sports executives, too, don't get back to their industry colleagues.
One might think that the explosion of technology in recent years would make communication easier. Today, there are so many ways and places to connect: landlines, cell phones, e-mails and texting. (And for those impervious to recent trends, the old-fashioned letter is still functional and cogent.)
But for sellers, technology also has its downfall. A simple shield, like caller ID, has become the sword. Marketers, executives and even assistants now choose the calls they answer.
Unreturned calls have gotten so bad that a Dick's Sporting Goods executive recently told me there's often a shocking pause of disbelief on the other end of the phone when one of the company's marketing people returns a seller's call. So kudos to companies like Dick's, Enterprise Car Rental, Dell and others that generally get back to salespeople, if not immediately, certainly within a couple days.
with NASCAR began with a cold call.
Why is it so hard to respond, particularly by a brief e-mail? It only takes a few seconds. During this complicated time while we as an industry battle the scourge of the Great Recession and when the sports sponsorship landscape faces an irrepressible economic headwind, communication is something in which we can all engage freely.
Think of sellers as problem-solvers, not nuisances. Salespeople generate helpful marketing ideas every day. Years ago, a client surprised me by insisting on picking up the tab at lunch. He proceeded to tell me that his investment pays dividends because salespeople provide invaluable information of all sorts.
Sellers, too, shouldn't give up. If it takes five calls to get a target on the phone, many of them quit after four. Persist pleasantly and creatively.
When I was running the sports division at Westwood One, I was in Greensboro, N.C., one morning for a presentation to Jefferson Pilot (now Lincoln Financial). After an unproductive meeting, I drove dejectedly to the airport and noticed a salient marquee atop a downtown building. It read "Wrangler." I kicked myself. How can I not know that Wrangler is headquartered in Greensboro? Had I known, I would have tried to set up an appointment.
I thought, "What the heck. Let me walk in on Wrangler cold." But I didn't have any of the marketing executives' names and had no idea at all for whom to ask.
When I arrived at Wrangler the receptionist greeted me with a maddening look after I made a beseeching request of her to see the "head of marketing." Nonetheless, she dutifully tried Mark Clift whose secretary said he wouldn't see me without an appointment. I pleaded with the receptionist to try again. She grudgingly did and I was told that Clift would be down in a while.
Twenty minutes later, Clift strolled into the lobby and cordially explained that he doesn't see anyone without an appointment but that he'll give me 10 minutes on the front terrace of the building while he took a cigarette break. So there I was, on a rainy, bone-chilling day, giving Clift an abbreviated sales pitch on network radio play-by-play. He told me that Wrangler didn't use radio but that he would review the opportunity with the people in his department and at the agency. Wrangler wound up buying a package and through the years it became one of the bedrock sponsors in the Westwood One stable.
When sellers I manage or train are dejected, I often remind them that two of the greatest naming-rights sales in the history of sports started with cold calls, Barclays' commitment to the Nets' new home in Brooklyn and the Nextel Cup with NASCAR.
America is still a land of opportunity but opportunity begins with communication. Let's not make communication more difficult.
David J. Halberstam (firstname.lastname@example.com) is principal of Halby Group Inc., consultants to the marketing, media and sports community, and author of "Sports on New York Radio: A Play-by-Play History" (McGraw-Hill, 1999).


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The wait is almost over and the update many Allods fans have been waiting for is almost here. That's right, guilds with fleets of astral ships can finally battle to control astral sectors and all the spoils that come with it. The new episode is called Volume 3: The Fury of War, and is mainly about new sectors and allods that see guilds vying to control contested sectors with the League and Empire butting heads in the massive guild-controlled astral ships.
The update is just huge, absolutely massive, and possibly gPotato and Astrum Nival's attempt to thwart player-loss to the new World of Warcraft: Cataclysm update. In fact, as it stands, Allods online is probably WoW's biggest competition right now, given that it's very similar except better looking, slightly more hardcore and focuses more on console-style gameplay rather than the typical PC MMORPG setup.
As stated in the press release…
The biggest content additions in Volume 3: The Fury of War come in the form of two entirely new zones, comprising two level 40+ PvP area named Melting Isle and the Junes Catacombs, a level 40+ allod called the Lost Isle, and, finally, a complete player-controlled astral sector split into 3 tiers with ten fresh allods open for assault and control by player guilds.The new update is scheduled to go live shortly before Christmas, giving gamers time to soak in some of the goodness before opening up holiday presents and getting in that festive mood that so many people seem to do around that time.
Remember, Allods Online is entirely free-to-play and there's no obligations or subscriptions. If your PC can handle the game feel free to download the client over at the Official Website.
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Turf toe is defined as a sprain of the ligaments of the great toe joint. This injury is commonly seen in professional and college athletes who play on artificial turf – hence the name "turf toe". Although it is most commonly seen in football, this injury can occur in any sport.
The great toe joint's function is an essential for high performance sports. It allows athletes to push off and propel during running or jumping activities. Any compromise in the joint may produce less explosiveness.
The great toe joint consists of the proximal phalanx, the first metatarsal, and the tibial and fibular sesamoid. Several ligaments and muscles contribute to stabilizing the joint. Ligaments on the sides and bottom of the joint (medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and plantar plate ligament) connect the first metatarsal to the proximal phalanx. The sesamoids lie just above the plantar plate, within the substance of a tendon (flexor hallucis brevis). The sesamoids act as a fulcrum at the great toe joint, thereby giving additional strength to the tendon as it flexes the toe. Lastly, several muscles in the foot (flexor halluxis brevis, abductor hallucis brevis, and adductor hallucis brevis) all surround the joint to give further stability in the joint.
In turf toe injuries, the plantar plate is what is often injured. However, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, as well as the sesamoids, can also be injured.
Mechanism of Turf Toe
A turf toe injury occurs when there is a forceful, severe hyperflexion of the great toe joint. It often occurs when a strong force is placed down on a fixed foot with the ankle pointed downwards and the great toe joint flexed up. The force causes the toe to hyperextend, straining the ligament (plantar plate) on the bottom of the joint.
Artificial turf, when compared to a natural grass surface, has a higher coefficient of friction. This means that the foot is more likely to be fixed to the turf than to grass. This increases the likelihood of a force coming down on a fixed foot during impact and causing the great toe joint to be sprained.
Athletes that wear flexible cleats are more at risk to this injury than athletes who wear a cleat with a rigid or stiff forefoot. A shoe with a flexible forefoot will place more force on the great toe joint during sports, placing it at greater risk to develop this injury.
Presentation of Patients with Turf Toe
After a history is taken of the mechanism of injury, the exam of the great toe joint involves testing for pain in various structures of the great toe joint. These structures include the plantar plate ligament, the collateral ligaments of the joint, and the sesamoid apparatus.
Range of motion is used to test for stability of the joint, mechanical block that may be occurring, or hypermobility of the joint. The exam may be difficult secondary to pain and swelling.
X-rays are useful in identifying any bone injury/fracture that was sustained. Stress x-rays where the joint is stressed in various positions can be useful to evaluate if the ligaments have been compromised. Of particular interest on x-rays would be the sesamoids. An x-ray of the non-injured foot is valuable in comparing the difference between the sesamoids. An injury or shift in the sesamoids is indicative of a more serious injury that may require surgery. MRI can be useful to evaluate the degree of injury to the ligaments as well as evaluate for any cartilage injury that may have occurred to the great toe joint.
Turf Toe Treatment Options
Most turf toe injuries are treated conservatively, with immobilization in a cast or boot, rest, ice, and elevation. Depending on the severity of the injury, gradual range of motion and physical therapy is introduced after 1-3 weeks of immobilization. Shoe modifications or various taping techniques may be used to slowly return the patient to activity.
Surgery is often not needed for these injuries unless there is persistent instability, pain, or weakness. Surgery may also be indicated if there was damage or shift to the sesamoid apparatus, cartilage injury, or traumatic bony deformity from the injury.
Turf toe can cause significant disability depending on the structures that are damaged. It is important to have this injury evaluated and treated by a foot specialist. If not properly treated, patients with turf toe can develop stiffness, arthritis, or weakness in the joint.
For an appointment with a doctor at one of our nine Greater Los Angeles and Southern California locations please call (877) 989-9110 or visit us at www.footankleinstitute.com.
Dr. Sydney K. Yau
He then went on to complete his surgical reconstruction fellowship with the University Foot and Ankle Institute, one of only a few fellowships recognized by the American College Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
Now playing an integral role at the University Foot and Ankle Institute, Dr. Yau's treats various sports injuries, including sprains, arthritis and fractures. He also is passionate about helping diabetic patients avoid amputation through correction of deformities and wound healing.
Dr. Yau is available for consultation at our Simi Valley location.
Latest posts by Dr. Sydney K. Yau (see all)
- What to Expect When You Fracture Your Ankle - February 15, 2016
- The Best Way to Treat and Prevent Hammertoes - November 16, 2015
- What you need to know before booking your next pedicure! - September 24, 2015


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Paleo Diet
Has anyone done this I am on my 2 month and I am pretty happy so far I have lost 21 Lbs, but was wondering if anyone else has been on this diet.
Good luck to all
My cousin is on this diet. I ahve no idea what it really entails. Do you get recipes froma Paleo Diet cookbook, website, ...?
Good for you that you are losing weight through a diet you can sustain and are happy with. :)
I get a lot of the recipes from online and they are pretty good and I have really enjoyed making food at home. I also work out 3-5 times a week so that has also been helping.
I have heard about that diet....is it pretty similar to Atkins.....are you hungry?
Myself and Michiganmom are the two biggest proponents of Paleo that I know of in here. Eating this way just clicks with me.
No I am not ever hungry with eating fruit, veggies, and nuts as snacks. Also there are so many other things I make that are easy to pack and take with you.
Sorry I also call it a lifestyle as well, but when I am talking to others they call it a diet so I have just gotten use to saying it when I talk to other people.
Quoting ReadWriteLuv:
I don't like to call it a diet, it's a lifestyle.
Myself and Michiganmom are the two biggest proponents of Paleo that I know of in here. Eating this way just clicks with me.
If you don't cook now, then what do you eat?
Quoting Hollybriann:
I wanted to try it but it seems like too much work to me. I looked through many many recipes and none of them seemed to be friendly to a person that doesn't have the patience to cook :(
I've been following it for 2 1/2 years and love it.
I don't like cooking and I don't spend nearly as much time in the kitchen now than I did when I was eating a standard diet. The food tastes fantastic now that my taste buds have recovered from the MSG/additives/flavor enhancers/added sodium & sugar found in most processed foods.
I've lost weight effortlessly i.e. not regularly working out, and most importantly I've gotten healthier. I was on a slow road to a miserable sickly life when I started Paleo/primal, and now I'm perfectly healthy except for this stupid diabetes that was allowed to get too bad for my body to recover. My heart arrhythmia is gone. I've reversed kidney problems, dropped cholesterol from over 300 to normal, raised my HDL to 48 and lowered LDL to 71, got my blood pressure back to normal, have healthier nails/skin and thicker hair, and lost numerous gastrointestinal issues....all without medication. I've gotten better control of my diabetes, too, allowing me to drop 2 medications. I no longer have joint pain and stiffness that is arthritis related, no more PMS (including bloating and cramps and mood swings). We met up with an old school friend of mine yesterday and my kids commented when we left that I look 20 years younger than she does ...and we're the same age. (thanks, kids!)