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LOS ANGELES -- On a unit that most believe can make or break the 2014 season, USC's offensive line is a major question mark.
The Trojans, however, are hoping that some of those questions can be answered by the time spring ball concludes on April 16.
If redshirt freshman offensive guard candidate Khaliel Rodgers has a vote, look for him to make a strong bid to emerge as an answer. With 2013 starting senior right guard Aundrey Walker recovering from broken ankle and starting junior left guard Max Tuerk auditioning at center, the vacancy signs are out at both guard positions.
"We have a unique blend on the offensive line, some players with a great deal of experience and some very young players," first-year head coach Steve Sarkisian said.
Rodgers would classify as one of Sarkisian's very young players, and he hopes to take advantage of his spring opportunities before the anticipated summer arrival of freshmen offensive linemen Damien Mama, Viane Talamaivao and Chris Brown.
After successfully completed the first week of spring ball as the starting right guard, Rodgers has caught the eye of offensive line coach Tim Drevno, who has an appreciation of Rodgers' talent.
"Football is important to him," Drevno said. "Khaliel wants to be good, and he's a student of the game."
Although the Trojans donned both helmets and shoulders pads for the first time last Friday, Rodgers is pleased with the transition from last season's offense to this spring's radical offensive conversion. Despite having to learn new offensive formations, plays, terminology and pace, he says he and his teammates are upbeat.
"It's going great," Rodgers said. "I've got to get used to it like everybody else. The team is working together to get used to it, and the new offense keeps the defense up on its toes and tires them out."
For Rodgers, the transition forces the 6-foot-2, 310-pound guard to learn a new system, and it also puts a premium on the type of physical shape not necessitated in the past.
"It's been a challenge, but you have to get through it," said Rodgers, a policy and planning development major.
Whether it's at guard or center, his future position has long been a hot topic. The original thought was that he'd audition first for center and then guard, but after the first week of practice, the thought of Khaliel playing center has been temporarily tabled.
Rodgers attitude is a coaching staff's dream.
"Wherever my coaches want to be put me, I am there for them," said Rodgers, who hails from New Castle, Del., and is a former Elkton (Md.) Eastern Christian Academy teammate of current Trojans redshirt freshman defensive lineman Kenny Bigelow.
Rodgers had a number of postseason prep honors coming out of Eastern Christian Academy and was ultimately selected to play in the U.S. Army All-America Game. Battling many of the top prep defensive linemen in the country in San Antonio, Rodgers established himself both in practices and in the game as one of the elite guard prospects in the nation.
The intense and serious lineman has seen growth in his game since coming to USC, and he believes the best is yet to come.
"I've improved tremendously since coming to USC my first year by learning the whole offense, the basics of football, the defensive fronts and all that," Rodgers said. "I am very ahead right now, and I just need to get better now with the spread offense and being fast with it."
And does the 20-year-old feel he and his teammates were truly prepared for the first week of spring ball and Sarkisian's warp-speed pace and no-huddle execution?
"We've definitely got conditioned for it each day for the past seven weeks," Rodgers informed. "It's just what you've got to prepare for."
Rodgers knows that conditioning in this style of offense is an ongoing effort, and tempo is everything.
"I would like to see my stamina get better since this isn't a pro-style offense no more," Rodgers said. "You've got to run, get these plays going, and get ready for the snap."
As with the rest of his offensive line teammates, Rodgers is under a new offensive line coach in Drevno, who replaced the departed Mike Summers, who is now at Florida.
Rodgers practically gushes at the thought of learning his craft from one of the best in Drevno, the former San Francisco 49ers offensive line coach.
"He's a perfect coach, just awesome," Rodgers said. "He teaches us technique, the whole basics of the game, and he's a great coach overall."
And Drevno feels pretty good about Rodgers.
"He has all the characteristics to be good," Drevno said. "He's better than just a redshirt freshman."
Rodgers makes no bones of what he expects from his offensive line and team in 2014.
"We want to be great, the best in the Pac-12, and hopefully go on and win the national championship." Rodgers said.
And those aren't just guarded comments.

subset: commoncrawl


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C/LW STL 5 years ago
Brayden Schenn has been suspended for one game for charging New Jersey Devils defenseman Anton Volchenkov.
The incident occurred at 12:37 mark of the second period on Tuesday night and no penalty was called on the play. Schenn will forfeit $4,702.70 and he will be eligible to return on Saturday, Jan. 26 against the Florida Panthers.


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PEMBROKE PINES -- Attention: Any parent who has spent three hours waiting with whining, screaming children for the annual photograph with Santa Claus.
Santa is paging you.
A South Florida mall started handing out pagers to parents this year, hoping to bypass the long wait to see Santa.
At "Rudolph's Fast Lane" -- a holiday gazebo lined with green Christmas trees, a snowman and palm trees -- patrons at the Pembroke Lakes Mall receive a black JTECH pager that glows red when they're 15 minutes from their visit with Santa.
"Welcome to the 21st Century Santa Claus," quipped Jenifer Daigle of Pembroke Pines, as she dressed her 7-month-old daughter Madison in a red velvet dress for her first photo with Saint Nick.
By most standards, getting a snapshot with the Big Fella at this mall once required the patience of Job. Last year, more than 10,600 children had their pictures taken with Santa, with lines snaking around the holiday gazebo and fountains for up to 4 hours.
"We had kids falling into the water. We had a lot of children, by the time they got to Santa, their pants would be wet," said Lenor Ryan, the mall's general manager.
Parents and toddlers risked losing their place in line if they took a bathroom break.
"They get so whiny waiting," said Sue Westerfield of Pembroke Pines, the mother of two young daughters. "They say 'I'm tired, mommy. When's my turn?'"
Last Christmas Eve, the mall closed off the line at 2 p.m. but Santa couldn't leave until 7 p.m. The year before, Santa had tykes on his knee until after 9 p.m. on Christmas Eve.
Enter the pagers. When holiday plans were being made this summer, Ryan said the top priority was reducing the wait to see Santa. The idea for using pagers came during a brainstorming session at Outback Steakhouse, where Ryan was handed a glowing pager while the group waited for a table. She turned it over and wrote down the phone number for the company that distributes the pagers to restaurants.
Parents say the pagers allow them to roam through the 1.2 million square foot mall, rather than waiting in a long line with other parents and whining, squirming children.
"On the weekend it's terrible, especially for the little ones," said Nuris Fernandez of Miami Lakes, who waited with her 7-year-old son Jose, and 2-year-old daughter Juliette.
"It was a little bit boring (last year)," concurred Jose. This year he ate a slice of pizza while he waited to ask Santa for a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle.
The pagers are a big hit with Santa, too. Seated in a green velvet chair, the man decked out in shiny black boots, red suspenders and that familiar white beard has nothing but praise for technology.
"The kids are in such a better mood because they don't have to stand in line for two, three or four hours," Santa said.
Sarah Scheuer of the National Retail Federation in Washington, D.C., said the pagers, common at chain restaurants, are slowing making their debut in shopping malls and department stores as a way to cut down on the wait time for service.
"The trend is that people have less and less time to spend whether it's going out to dinner or going out shopping," Scheuer said.
Pagers are being used "anywhere people queue up," said Doug Crisafulli, marketing director for Boca Raton-based company that makes the pager.
Parisian in Birmingham, Ala., hands out pagers to parents waiting for sales associates to help them in the busy children's shoe department. Some Wal-Mart stores are offering pagers to customers who drop off prescriptions in the pharmacy.
"It frees them up to shop in the store and when whatever it is they are waiting for is ready, they can come back and pick it up," Crisafulli said.
At the Altamonte Mall outside of Orlando, Santa line-dwellers will get to try out the beepers next week.
The wait can last up to two hours for Santa on Christmas Eve at the mall.
"We were looking for services and amenities to make shopping easier for the customers," said Kristen Moore, the mall's marketing director.
Only days away from the mad rush of Christmas Eve, Ryan has already ordered 20 more pagers to join the fleet of 50 stacked on the red table near Santa's Christmas gazebo in Pembroke Pines.
Ryan says she's had plenty of compliments and plans to use them again next spring when the Easter Bunny hops into the mall.
"The wait is still going to be there but you're free to roam," Ryan said.
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Covering World Events Increasingly Dangerous
by Scott Charton, Associated Press
COLUMBIA, Missouri (AP) - Covering world events is increasingly "hard and dangerous" for journalists, whose best professional protection against harassment and arrest is unrelenting global publicity about the abuses, former hostage Terry Anderson said.
Oppressive governments often relent under pressure when journalists "focus the light of publicity on them," Anderson, former chief Middle East correspondent for The Associated Press, said Wednesday evening at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Journalism.
Anderson, who marked a decade of freedom in December after almost seven years as a hostage in Lebanon, now is vice chairman of the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists. The committee was founded in 1981 to monitor abuses against the press and promote press freedom around the world.
"We work primarily by applying publicity, the journalists' weapon," Anderson said.
"We're the good guys. Sometimes we don't do it very well. Sometimes we let our egos get in the way. But we're on the side of the angels," he said.
The recent kidnapping and slaying in Pakistan of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is only the latest grim example of dangers faced by journalists. The committee reported that 37 journalists were killed worldwide last year, 118 were jailed and there were more than 600 attacks.
"The state of international journalism is in a crisis," Anderson said. "Things are getting rough, things are getting hard and dangerous in many places ..."
"Daniel Pearl was not a cowboy ... most of the foreign correspondents I know are not cowboys, they're not adrenalin junkies ... Daniel Pearl was a pro, he was doing things in the best way he knew how."
Anderson was joined on the panel by Javed Nazir, a Pakistani journalist whose newspaper was burned by a mob because it published a letter to the editor that some readers considered blasphemous.
Nazir said journalists overseas cannot count on police or government protection; officers stood by when his publication was torched, and "they did not want to come between the mob and the newspaper."
Alex Lupis, a program director for the Committee to Protect Journalists, said the non-profit, non-partisan organization is working to help embattled journalists with legal aid, fellowships in the United States and even helping journalists' families cover expenses.
And, of course, generating publicity about cases: "Our basic leverage is making the governments look bad," Lupis said.


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October 2, 2003 (Hossegor, France) Wildcard entrants continued their ominouscampaigns in the Quiksilver Pro France today. Remaining first round heatswere completed in the US$250,000 World Championship Tournament (WCT), beforethe threat of a major storm stopped organizers from progressing further.
Great 4ft (1.3m) waves were on offer at Les Bourdaines, improving as thetide decreased and clean right and lefthanders graced the lineup.
Picking up where Australian Troy Books left off yesterday, local Frenchwildcard Frederick Robin showed no nerves against Jake Paterson (West Aus)and reigning world champion Andy Irons (Kauai, Haw). The Quiksilver ProFrance trialist was all-class on his backhand, displaying the calmconfidence of a seasoned campaigner, despite being in one of his first WCTheats. Paterson and Irons now have to contest the dreaded 'losers' secondround.
"I waited for some good waves and just surfed without pressure," reasonedRobin. "It went well for me, and I had fun. It's good to be at home inFrance with all the people behind you."
Patrick Beven – another local French wildcard – did likewise the followingmatch with a brilliant backhand attack to hold off an equally in-form KalaniRobb (Haw), as well as world #2 Joel Parkinson (Gold Coast, Aus). Robbactually posted the best single score so far with a 9.43, but still requiredanother ride worth 7.73-points to catch Beven's lead.
"I feel great," began Beven. "I caught all the best waves. There was a bitof hassling in the water, but I did my job. I didn't have anything to lose,and know those guys can get big scores easily, so I just tried to stay onthe inside position and wait. It's great as all my friends are here watchingand I can show my potential."
Six-time world champ Kelly Slater (FL, USA) fought back against defendingQuiksilver Pro France winner Neco Padaratz (Brz) and Trials champion TiagoPires (Port). Padaratz led from the start, but Slater took control with along lefthander, scoring an 8.1. The Brazilian then snapped his board as heattempted to regain the lead, while Pires was unable to find any highscoring rides.
"I hadn't surfed a wave in three weeks before that heat and I rode a newboard, so I was trying to get used to it," admitted Slater. "I startedgetting it going towards the end and found some scores to hold Neco off.Being the defending champ he's wanting to win every heat, even more thanusual, so it felt good to get a win over him.
"I'm glad I get the next round off so I can practice some more," hecontinued. "Andy has to surf the next round, as he didn't look on at allthis morning. His timing was off, and he seems to be going through a strangeperiod these past few events, but I'm sure he'll turn it around quickenough."
West Australian Taj Burrow set the pace in this morning's opening heat,earning a 9.33 and the highest combined total of 17.66-points. Againstwildcard Jonathan Gonzalez (Canary Is.) and Pat O'Connell (CA, USA), thecurrent ratings #3 dominated with his light-footed approach, performingmultiple maneuvers in the tightest of spaces.
"I just tried to stall the organizers as long as I could, as I knew it wasgoing to get better," explained Burrow, of the two-hour wait prior to theirmatch. "When we got out there it was fun. I had a bit of shaky start, but asthe tide dropped I managed to get a couple of really good scores and wasstoked.
"I'm pretty happy with the ratings and am comfortable with where I'msitting," he added, of the title race. "I'm excited about the comingevents."
Brazilian Guilherme Herdy sealed his opening round win on a fantasticrighthander toward the end of his clash with Taylor Knox (CA, USA) andfellow countryman Fabio Gouveia. 'Herdy' worked his way down the line withstrong backhand surfing, collecting an 8.27 and third round berth.
"I'm so stoked as I had a problem with my knee last week," explained Herdy."I haven't been able to train orr surf, but then I got some good waves so Ithank God."
Australian Shane Powell (Avoca) was another standout, earning a 9.0 on agreat righthander. He defeated Damien Hobgood (FL, USA), who finished aclose second, and good friend and fellow countryman Beau Emerton (GoldCoast). Chris Davidson (Narrabeen) then controlled the final heat of theround against fellow Australians Luke Hitchings (Bronte) and Richie Lovett(Manly) – winner of the previous WCT in California.
Quiksilver Pro France Round One Heats (1st>Rnd 3; 2nd, 3rd>Rnd 2)
H7: Taj Burrow (Aus) 17.66; Jonathan Gonzalez (Spn) 12.5; Pat O'Connell(Aus) 11.84
H8: Frederick Robin (Fra) 14.33; Jake Paterson (Aus) 13.17; Andy Irons (Haw)10.67
H9: Patrick Beven (Fra) 17.16; Kalani Robb (Haw) 16.7; 12. Joel Parkinson(Aus) 12.2
H10: Kelly Slater (USA) 15.1; Neco Padaratz (Brz) 14.76; Tiago Pires (Port)11.5
H11: Guilherme Herdy (Brz) 14.77; Taylor Knox (USA) 14.0; Fabio Gouveia(Brz) 13.3
H12: Shane Powell (Aus) 16.73; Damien Hobgood (USA) 15.67; Beau Emerton(Aus) 11.77
H13: Armando Daltro (Brz) 13.5; Danilo Costa (Brz) 10.7; Mark Occhilupo(Aus) 9.67
H14: Shea Lopez (USA) 15.53; Phil MacDonald (Aus) 12.67; Darren O'Rafferty(Aus) 12.27
H15: Daniel Wills (Aus) 14.53; Flavio Padaratz (Brz) 13.77; Lee Winkler(Aus) 10.33
H16: Chris Davidson (Aus) 15.0; Luke Hitchings (Aus) 13.2; Richard Lovett(Aus) 11.9


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For thousands of years, rings have been more than just adornment. They have been symbols of authority, symbols of promises, and even legally binding signatures. Today rings still speak volumes about you. Our white gold quartz stackable rings are as eloquent as they are beautiful and always one of a kind. Choose diamond and sterling silver or ruby and yellow gold: it's your choice. Mix and match gems and precious metals for a look that's exactly you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a birthday or anniversary to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Our amazing array of designs by talented jewelry designers like Tony Rodrigues, Gemvara Essentials, Bijoux & Bijoux, and others means you can find white gold quartz stackable rings that you can't find anywhere else. Day after day, you'll enjoy wearing a Gemvara stacking ring with every other ring you own. Each additional stack ring adds even more possibilities. Because all Gemvara white gold quartz stackable rings are made from scratch to your specifications, we can hand-select the finest quality gems and recycled precious metals to perfectly suit your design. Quartz is the largest gem family, from purple amethyst to golden citrine and even onyx. This chameleon gem was the treasure of the ancient world, beloved by kings and queens. Today quartz is affordable and available and a favorite of jewelry designers. The most popular white gold alloy, 14-karat white gold is 58.5% pure gold mixed with other metals for durability. Our white gold is rhodium plated for extra brightness. When washing your hands, don't leave any rings on the rim of a sink where they can slip down the drain! Clean white gold quartz stackable rings in a bowl of water with mild dish soap: use a soft brush where dust collects. Gemvara's exceptional heirloom-quality white gold quartz stackable rings are designed to be passed down for generations, crafted by hand in the United States.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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WASHINGTON – As powerful, inspiring and celebratory as Lewis Neal's game-winning goal in the 91st minute of Saturday's match against Columbus at RFK Stadium was, it could be argued that D.C. United midfielder Marcelo Saragosa's equalizer in the 59th minute was just as monumental.
The goal was his first of the season, the third of his career and it was scored in honor of his late father, Gilson, who passed away in April.
"Every player worked well in helping me score this goal," he said. "I score this goal with my heart. I worked hard, believe in myself and I know I can score."
Saragosa's unlikely strike was one of a series of positive contributions from unlikely sources since captain Dwayne De Rosario was injured in the second week of September.
"I think we've grown closer since Dwayne went down," head coach Ben Olsen said following the 3-2 victory. "That's obviously not a negative toward Dwayne, but I think everybody understood that we have to be a real team now and we have to commit to each other and bail each other out. Everyone's buying into their role right now.
"It helps to win. You have to have the results to have people buy in, but I think they've all come together as a group."
READ: Olsen leaves door open for DeRo's return in playoffs
As a result, a club that was fifth in the East on Sept. 20 has a chance – albeit slim – to finish atop the conference with a win Saturday, provided Sporting Kansas City loses to Philadelphia on Wednesday.
"I'm really happy for them," said Olsen, who has vaulted himself into the conversation for the Coach of the Year award thanks in large part to a six-match unbeaten streak since De Rosario's injury. "They're very excited, but they want more. I think this group still thinks they can do some things."
Dynamic outside backs
Lost in the jubilant aftermath of D.C. clinching a playoff spot for the first time since 2007 was the continued improved play from their outside backs, Andy Najar and Chris Korb.
Left back Korb, in particular, was effective Saturday in neutralizing Columbus' chances to send the ball into dangerous spots as the Crew managed 12 open play crosses to D.C.'s 28.
Since Daniel Woolard was sidelined with a concussion, Korb has started 12 matches in his place (14 straight overall) and played the full 90 in all but one of them.
"Andy and Korb both had great games," Olsen said. "Andy's movement and his ability to 1-v-1 defend and get out of situations [is strong]. Korb was great all night long. He got around the corners quite a few times. That's a big deal. And Andy is really growing into that position."


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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be as unique as you. Every beautiful Gemvara pink gemstone romantic jewelry design will be made just for you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a wedding or Mother's Day to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Celebrate your anniversary with a brilliant gift that's precious because it's personal. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your pink gemstone romantic jewelry with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. Our wide selection of pink gemstone romantic jewelry by Carl Ansley, Damon Washington, Martha Gomez Gutierrez, and other talented designers means you can find rings, earrings, and necklaces that are exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Flower, Birthstone, or Stackable Collections. When our work is done and you open that box, you'll see your design is even more beautiful when brought to life in the finest precious materials.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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Live at Blues Alley
- Artist: Ron Kearns
- Format: CD
- Release Date: 1/1/2000
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Ron Kearns is best known as a producer for such artists as Terell Stafford, Buck Hill, Eric Byrd and Ronnie Wells. He produced the first two CDs featuring Terell Stafford as a leader which helped propel Terell to the top of the jazz trumpet scene. This album is Ron's second featuring his working quintet. He has performed with Stanley Turrentine, Buck Hill, Ernie Andrews, Kenny Reed, Eric Byrd and many other notable musicians. His first CD along with this one received critical acclaim from CADENCE Magazine and THE WASHINGTON POST. This CD was number one in several US markets in the summer of 2001 and is still in rotation on several stations. Ron Kearns is an educator,producer, performer and clinician and travels throughout the United States and Canada performing and conducting jazz workshops.


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This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
A Friend Is Sentiment Bangle
A sentiment reflecting the bonds of friendship is set in a polished Silvertone finish. "A friend is someone who knows all about you but loves you anyway" is inscribed on the front of the bangle.


text: Auby Taylor won the big Damn Am in Atlanta last weekend. Curren Caples, Kevin Sikes, Fletcher Renegar, Markus Jalaber, Jereme Knibbs, Corey Glick, Justin Vinson, Luke Hampton, John Hill, Yonnie Cruz, and more are destroying Hazard County Skatepark in the Semi-Finals and Finals. Get full results from Damn Am at skateparkoftampa.com/Results and full coverage from Damn Am at skateparkoftampa.com/DamnAm.


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18/12 Flinders Street West Gladstone QLD 4680
Email Agent
SPACIOUS 3 BED TOWNHOUSE CLOSE TO CBD!18/12 Flinders Street, West Gladstone
If you are an astute investor wanting to take advantage of low interest rates and the current buyers market in Gladstone, then look no further.
On offer is:
* Three bedrooms with own ensuites.
* Large balcony off living room
* Gas cook top in kitchen with stone benches
* Private landscaped courtyard
* Air-conditioned throughout
* Balcony for outdoor living
Located close to Gladstone CBD this town house is an easy walk to all amenities.
Please contact agent Michelle Rose today to arrange a viewing.
* Disclaimer - Images taken when property was new. Please use as a guide only.
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- No inspections scheduled
- Contact Agent
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Real Estate For Sale in West Gladstone, QLD 4680 priced between $260,000 and $480,000


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October 9, 2001
Calvin Vigil for Homeless
The Calvin College Social Justice Committee will team with the Service Learning Center and the Visual Arts Guild to host an overnight homeless awareness event on Wednesday, October 10.
Students will create makeshift shanties of cardboard and other materials for an overnight shelter. From about 7 p.m. to midnight there will be speakers, who will educate students on the issues of homelessness nationally and internationally, as well as musicians and storytellers.
Says student organizer Luke Hamstra (above): "The main objective is to create a catalyst for thought and action about the problem of homelessness. The shantytown will serve as a visual symbol of homelessness for all involved. Sleeping on the Commons Lawn is certainly nothing like what it means to be truly homeless. But our hope is that the shantytown will give students an opportunity to understand and empathize with the homeless."
The tentative schedule is as follows:
7 pm == speaker
from Inner City Christian Federation
Contact Phil
de Haan


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Information-technology infrastructure is a foundation for the University's robust academic and research enterprise, and Huapei "Pei" Chen knows full well the integral role of complex and dynamic IT systems in a successful higher education environment.
Chen joined the University of Nevada, Reno as chief information officer Monday, April 7. Her appointment follows a national search.
"Pei has deep technology expertise and solid management experience," Kevin Carman, the University's executive vice president and provost, said. "She has worked at several research universities and understands the administrative, instructional and research needs of higher education. She is an analytical thinker and sees IT as a collaborator and herself as a consensus builder."
"This is an exciting time for the University, with great potential for its advancement," Chen said. "I was truly impressed with the friendliness and efficiency of all the people I met at the University, but what really resonated with me was the collective desire and willingness of President Johnson, Provost Carman, all the executive leadership team, as well as the staff at every level to work with each other, to embrace change and to move forward with pace."
Chen comes to the University from the University of Texas, Austin, where she served as the IT division's senior director of systems, services and infrastructure since 2010. The role called on her to define, transform and implement campus-wide IT roadmaps to support teaching, research and administration, with a focus on opportunities to benefit shared services, leverage resources, increase efficiency and demonstrate value. She was also responsible for solutions addressing the latest technology trends and challenges, including security and business continuity plans, private and public cloud deployment, and mobile and web communications.
Chen previously held IT director roles at Georgia Institute of Technology; University of California, Berkeley's College of Engineering; and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. She holds an MBA in management of technology from Georgia Tech, a master's degree in computer science from State University of New York and a bachelor's degree in computer science from Morningside College in Iowa.
Chen reports to Carman and serves on the University's Academic Leadership Council. Departments reporting to her include information security, application support, information and database administration, network operations and unified communications, critical systems, user services, iNtegrate (People Soft) applications and IT administration.
"While I am deeply honored and humbled by the University's selection, I am also excited and ready to be part of this energetic and highly motivated team to demonstrate even more successes in the future," Chen said.
Huapei Chen named chief information officer
Veteran IT director at several notable universities joins University of Nevada, Reno
4/9/2014 | By: Jane Tors |
Information-technology infrastructure is a foundation for the University's robust academic and research enterprise, and Huapei "Pei" Chen knows full well the integral role of complex and dynamic IT systems in a successful higher education environment.
For more news on the University of Nevada, Reno, follow @unevadareno on Twitter.


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Cynical about TUD connection fee breaks
To the Editor:
When I saw yesterday's headline "TUD fee cutback on docket", my cynic was temporarily pushed aside as I thought "Oh my god, they are actually going to reduce some of the fees for their customers." I went on to read that the fee cuts were for developers only, in the name of "spurring economic growth." Somebody's economic growth, anyway.
And this latest for a development in Columbia that many in Columbia have already vehemently objected to.
My cynic pushed back and sat down.
Stefani Reichle


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Naming of Roxbury clubhouse criticized
By Adrienne P. Samuels Globe Staff / September 16, 2006
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As the Boys and Girls Clubs of Boston put the finishing touches on a $7-million renovation at a Roxbury facility, several elected officials are in an uproar over the building's new name, to be unveiled today at a grand reopening ceremony. (Full article: 861 words)
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text:
Did Samsung Pay Apple $1Billion in Coins? No, Here's the Truth
An ongoing court case was settled between Apple and Samsung and a judge ruled Samsung must pay Apple the sum of $1 billion dollars. Now there are dozens of stories working their way around social media sites that say Samsung paid Apple in millions of coins which were sent by truck to the Apple headquarters. The problem is, the story couldn't be more wrong.
First, the amount Samsung must pay Apple hasn't been settled yet. Although an earlier jury determined Apple was owed $1 billion after Samsung infrigined Apple's patents in making and selling 26 products, a judge later ruled that the jury miscalculated. As of November 19th, 2013, the jury is still deliberating on a set amount. Apple wants $380 millions, Samsung says it owes $52 million. Either way, that alone should debunk the rumors that Samsung paid Apple anything, especially in coins.
The second point is simple math. Each nickel weight about 5 grams. The total weight would exceed 110,000 tons. If each 18-wheeler can hold approximately 40 tons, that would mean Samsung would need more than 2,700 trucks to haul the coins, not 30 like the rumors state.
So there you have it. Samsung didn't pay Apple in coins.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|19 May 2009
|Filing date
|13 Jan 2005
|Priority date
|26 Sep 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Christophe Pierrat
|Original Assignee
|Synopsys, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (76), Non-Patent Citations (98), Classifications (9), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/295,575 entitled "Full Phase Shifting Mask In Damascene Process" filed Nov. 14, 2002, which application is related to and claims the benefit of priority of the provisional application 60/363,674 filed 11 Mar. 2002, entitled "Full Phase Mask in Damascene Process", having inventor Christophe Pierrat, and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
This application is related to and claims the benefit of priority of the non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/669,368 filed 26 Sep. 2000, entitled "Phase Shift Masking for Intersecting Lines", having inventor Christophe Pierrat, and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
This application is related to and claims the benefit of priority of the non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/932,239 filed 17 Aug. 2001, entitled "Phase Conflict Resolution for Photolithographic Masks", having inventors Christophe Pierrat, et. al., and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
1. Field of the Invention
A full phase shifting mask for patterning a metal layer in an integrated circuit is described. In particular, the full phase shifting mask can be used with a damascene process, thereby allowing hard-to-etch materials, such as copper, to be used for the metal layer.
2. Description of the Related Art
A standard binary mask includes a patterned opaque (e.g. chrome) layer formed on a transparent (e.g. quartz) substrate. The pattern can be transferred onto the wafer using optical lithography. Specifically, for each layer of the circuit design, a radiation (e.g. light) source is shone on the mask (wherein the term mask can also refer herein to a reticle) corresponding to that layer. This radiation passes through the transparent regions of the mask and is blocked by the opaque regions of the mask, thereby selectively exposing a photoresist layer on the wafer.
The areas in the photoresist layer exposed to the radiation, i.e. irradiated areas, are either soluble or insoluble in a specific solvent, called a developer. If the irradiated areas are soluble, then the photoresist is called a positive photoresist. In contrast, if the irradiated areas are insoluble, then the photoresist is called a negative photoresist. After development of the photoresist layer, the underlying semiconductor layer no longer covered by photoresist can be removed by an anisotropic etch, thereby transferring the desired pattern onto the wafer. This process can be repeated for each layer of the integrated circuit design on the wafer.
A conventional process for patterning a metal layer comprises depositing that metal layer on the wafer and then depositing a positive photoresist layer on the metal layer. The positive photoresist can then be exposed using a clear field binary mask (wherein the opaque pattern on the mask represents features in the layout). At this point, etching can be performed to generate the desired pattern in the metal layer.
This process works well for metal patterns having critical dimensions greater than 0.13 microns. However, to enhance device performance at smaller critical dimensions, the semiconductor industry is moving from aluminum to copper. Unfortunately, copper is very difficult to etch. Therefore, a conventional metal process as described above cannot be used for a copper layer.
However, a damascene process can be used to form a copper pattern. The damascene process can include forming an oxide layer on the wafer and then depositing a negative photoresist layer on the oxide layer. The negative photoresist can be exposed using the clear field binary mask. After exposure, the exposed portions of the oxide layer can be easily etched to form the desired pattern. At this point, copper can be deposited and planarized (e.g. using a CMP operation), thereby forming the desired pattern in copper.
However, positive photoresists are currently the dominant resists for many applications as they provide better resolution than negative photoresists. Therefore, a need arises for a technique of patterning a metal layer, particularly a hard-to-etch metal, using a positive photoresist.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a type of phase shifting mask (PSM) can be advantageously used in a damascene process. The damascene process can include the development of a positive photoresist, thereby ensuring optimal resolution of the metal pattern. Of importance, the inherent qualities of a PSM and a positive photoresist facilitate the conversion of an original layout to a PSM layout.
In one embodiment, a mask set for patterning a metal layer in an integrated circuit is provided. The mask set can include a full phase shifting mask (FPSM) and a dark field trim mask. The FPSM includes a plurality of shifters, wherein the shifters define most features in the metal layer. The dark field trim mask can include at least a first cut. This first cut corresponds to a second cut on the FPSM, wherein the second cut resolves a phase conflict on the FPSM. In one case, exposing two proximate shifters on the FPSM and the first cut on the trim mask can form a feature in the metal layer.
The FPSM can further include one or more assist shifters, sometimes also called assist bars or scattering bars. Assist shifters, which are very small and therefore do not print, nonetheless aid in printing resolution. Assist shifters can be placed on either side of isolated shifters, placed alongside isolated edges of one or more sets of densely packed shifters, and/or interspersed with a plurality of intermediate spaced shifters. In one embodiment, the FPSM and/or the trim mask can include other proximity corrections. These proximity corrections could be provided by either rule-based optical proximity correction (OPC) or model-based OPC. Although the term optical proximity correction is used herein it is used generically to refer to any type of proximity correction, e.g. resist, etch, micro-loading, etc.
An exemplary technique of making a phase shifting mask (PSM) is also provided. In this technique, a layout for defining a plurality of features in a metal layer can be received. This layout can be converted, if necessary, so that most of the features in the layout are represented by shifters in the PSM (called an FPSM herein). In one embodiment, both critical and non-critical features can be represented by shifters in a one-to-one correspondence. If a phase conflict occurs in the converted layout, then a feature associated with the phase conflict can be cut, thereby creating two shifters. At this point, one of the two shifters can be changed to a different phase. The converted layout can then be transferred to the FPSM using a known mask writing process. The FPSM can be used for patterning a metal layer, such as copper, in a damascene process.
An exemplary technique for patterning the metal layer is also provided. In this technique, an oxide layer can be deposited on a wafer. Then, a positive photoresist layer can be deposited on the oxide layer. At this point, the positive photoresist layer can be exposed with a full phase shifting mask (FPSM) and a trim mask. The FPSM includes a plurality of shifters, wherein the shifters represent most features in the metal layer. In one embodiment, the trim mask is a dark field trim mask with at least one cut. This cut corresponds to a cut on the FPSM, wherein the cut on the FPSM resolved a phase conflict on the FPSM. At this point, the positive photoresist layer can be developed and the exposed portions of the oxide layer can be etched, thereby transferring the desired pattern to the oxide layer. Then, the metal layer can be deposited on the wafer and planarized to substantially a top surface of the etched oxide layer. In this manner, the desired pattern has been transferred to the metal layer without etching of the metal. This damascene process is particularly useful for hard-to-etch metals, such as copper.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
Overview of Phase Shifting for Non-Damascene Layers
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a type of phase shifting mask (PSM) can be advantageously used in a damascene process with positive photoresist. In a PSM, complementary phase shifters (also called shifters) are configured such that the exposure radiation transmitted by one shifter is approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the exposure radiation transmitted by the other shifter. Therefore, rather than constructively interfering and merging into a single image, the projected images destructively interfere where their edges overlap, thereby creating a clear and very small low intensity image between the pair of shifters. This low intensity image generally represents a feature on the layout.
For example, in one embodiment, the shifters can be used to print critical features of a layout. These critical features can be user-defined and could include the gates of transistors. In a standard process, this PSM can be used in conjunction with a clear field trim mask that defines other features of the layout.
Overview of Phase Shifting for Damascene Layers
In accordance with one feature of the invention, instead of defining a feature by the low intensity area between the shifters, the high intensity areas created by the shifters can define the features. Thus, the inherent qualities of a PSM and a positive photoresist facilitate the conversion of an original layout to a PSM layout that can be used in a damascene process. Specifically, an original layout can be easily converted to a PSM layout by replacing features with shifters.
In one embodiment, the phase shifters can be formed on a full phase shifting mask (FPSM), which can define substantially all of the desired features of a layout for the metal layer. This FPSM can be used in conjunction with a dark field trim mask that can further define the areas of features left unexposed by the FPSM (explained below). For example,
Note that the phase assignments discussed herein are illustrative only. Thus, shifters 101 and 103 could be 180 degree shifters, whereas shifters 102 and 104 could be 0 degree shifters. Moreover, shifters 101 and 103 could be 185 degree shifters, and shifters 102 and 104 could be 5 degree shifters. The important aspect is that adjacent shifters have a phase difference of approximately 180 degrees.
To conform to this requirement, a cut 105 can be provided, thereby resolving a potential phase conflict when assigning phase to the shifters of FPSM layout 100. Note that cut 105 results in an unexposed region between phase shifter 102 and phase shifter 103. However, a trim layout 110, shown in
The blue portion of aerial image 120 indicates a low intensity, the red portion indicates a high intensity, the yellow portion indicates an intermediate intensity, etc. The high intensity correlates to a high exposure, whereas the low intensity correlates to a low exposure. As evidenced by the yellow and red bands in aerial image 120, the transition from high to low intensity is abrupt, thereby resulting in well-defined features. Specifically, aerial image 120 illustrates the formation of three lines 121, 122, and 123 (which correspond to the target layout shown as dashed lines in
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, lines 121, 122, and 123 could represent exposed areas of an oxide layer following development of a positive photoresist layer. After etching these exposed areas, a copper layer could be deposited and planarized using the above-described damascene process, thereby forming three copper lines on the wafer. Advantageously, because the damascene process can include the development of a positive photoresist, the printing resolution of the metal pattern can be optimized.
Note that the cut and phase assignment described in reference to
To further improve lithographic performance, various modifications can be made to a layout to compensate for various proximity effects. These modifications are called proximity corrections. One type of proximity correction, called optical proximity correction (OPC), applies systematic changes to geometries of the layout to improve the printability of a wafer pattern in response to a variety of proximity effects, e.g. etch, resist, micro-loading, other proximity effects, and/or combinations of proximity effects.
Rule-based OPC can include rules to implement certain changes to the layout, thereby compensating for some lithographic distortions that occur when printing the features onto the wafer. For example, to compensate for line-end shortening, rule-based OPC can add a hammerhead to a line end. Additionally, to compensate for corner rounding, rule-based OPC can add (or subtract) serif shapes from outer (or inner) corners. These changes can form features on the wafer that are closer to the original intended layout.
In model-based OPC, a real pattern transfer can be simulated (i.e. predicted) with a set of mathematical formulas (i.e. models). In model-based OPC, the edges of a feature in a layout can be dissected into a plurality of segments, thereby allowing these segments to be individually moved to correct for proximity effects. The placement of the dissection points is determined by the feature shape, size, and/or position relative to other features.
To conform to a configuration in which adjacent shifters have a phase difference of approximately 180 degrees, a cut 205 can be provided, thereby resolving a potential phase conflict when assigning phase to the shifters of FPSM layout 200. To expose the extraneous feature created by cut 205, a trim layout 210 can be provided, as shown in
In one embodiment, additional cuts on trim mask 210 can be used to provide critical dimension (CD) control. U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/359,909, entitled "Non-Critical Blocking for Full Phase Masks", filed on Feb. 26, 2002 by Numerical Technologies, Inc., and incorporated by reference herein, describes such additional cuts.
As evidenced by the substantially red bands in aerial image 220, the transition from intermediate to low intensity is even more abrupt than in aerial image 120, thereby resulting in three extremely well defined features 221, 222, and 223. Thus, compared to the non-OPC result (i.e. aerial image 120), the resulting OPC image (i.e. aerial image 220) improves straightness of the edges of the three lines as well as intensity. In one embodiment, both aerial images 120 and 220 illustrate 100 nm features. The predicted printed edge is shown as a black line in the aerial image.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, assist shifters (which because of their small size do not print, but nonetheless aid in printing resolution) can be used to define isolated, and semi-isolated metal lines. In the case of densely packed metal lines, the phase of each metal line can be alternated to provide better feature definition and the semi-isolated metal lines on the end can receive assist shifters as well. Specifically, assist shifters could be used to improve the printing of an isolated metal line. For example,
Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying figures, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. As such, many modifications and variations will be apparent.
For example, instead of cutting a feature at a corner (e.g.
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|Liebmann, L.W., et al., "TCAD Development For Lithography Resolution Enhancement", IBM J. Res. & Dev., vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 651-665, Sep. 5, 2001.
|Lin, B.J., "Phase-Shifting Masks Gain an Edge", IEEE Circuits & Devices, pp. 28-35, Mar. 1993.
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|Mizuno, F., et al., "Practical Phase-Shifting Mask Technology for 0.3um Large Scale Integrations", J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 3799-3803, Nov./Dec. 1994.
|Moniwa, A., et al., "Algorithm for Phase-Shift Mask Design with Priority on Shifter Placement", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 32, Pt. 1, No. 12B, pp. 5874-5879, Dec. 1993.
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|Morimoto, H., et al., "Next Generation Mask Strategy-Technologies are Ready for Mass Production of 256MDRAM?", SPIE, vol. 3236, pp. 188-189 (1997).
|Nagahiro, Y., "Improved Mask Technique for Photolithography Applied to 0.25um LSI-Improvement of Resolution, Pattern Correction, Exposure Area", Nikkei Microdevices, pp. 1-6, Apr. 1995.
|Nakae, A., et al., "A Proprosal for Pattern Layout Rule in Application of Alternating Phase Shift Mask", SPIE, vol. 3096, pp. 362-374 (1997).
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|Newmark, D., et al., "Phase-Shifting Mask Design Tool", SPIE-11th Annual BACUS Symposium on Photmask Technology, vol. 1604, pp. 226-235, Sep. 25-27, 1991.
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|Nolscher, C., et al., "Investigation of Self-Aligned Phase-Shifting Reticles by Simulation Techniques", SPIE-Optical/Laser Microlithography IV, vol. 1463, pp. 135-150 (1991).
|Ogawa, K., et al., "Phase Defect Inspection by Differential Interference", Lasertec Corporation (12 pages).
|Ohnuma, H., et al., "Lithography Computer Aided Design Technology for Embedded Memory in Logic", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 37, Part 1, No. 12B, pp. 6686-6688, Dec. 1998.
|Ohtsuka, H., et al., "Evaluation of Repair Phase and Size Tolerance for a Phase-Shift Mask", J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 2665-2668, Nov./Dec. 1993.
|Okamoto, Y., et al., "A New Phase Shifting Mask Technology for Quarter Micron Photolithography", SPIE, vol. 2512, pp. 311-318 (1995).
|Ooi, K., et al., "Computer Aided Design Software for Designing Phase-Shifting Masks", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 32, Pt. 1, No. 12B, pp. 5887-5891, Dec. 1993.
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|Palmer, S., et al., "Dual Mask Model-Based Proximity Correction for High Performance 0.10um CMOS Process", The 44th Int'l Conference on Electron, Ion & Photon Beam Tech. and Nanofabrication Abstracts, pp. 18-19, May 30-Jun. 2, 2000.
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|Pierrat, C., "Investigation of Proximity Effects in Alternating Aperture Phase Shifting Masks", Numerical Technologies, Inc. (11 pages).
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|Plat, M., et al., "The Impact of Optical Enhancement Techniques on the Mask Error Enhancement Funchtion (MEEF)", SPIE, vol. 4000, pp. 206-214, Mar. 1-3, 2000.
|Rhyins, P., et al., "Characterization of Quartz Etched PSM Masks for KrF Lithography at the 100nm Node", Photronics, Inc., MIT Lincoln Lab, Arch Chemicals, Finle Technologies, KLATencor Corp. (10 pages).
|Roman, B., et al., "Implications of Device Processing on Photomask CD Requirements", SPIE, vol. 3236 (1997) (Abstract Only).
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|Rosenbluth, A., et al., "Optimum Mask and Source Patterns to Print a Given Shape", IBM (17 pages).
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|Semmier, A., et al., "Application of 3D EMF Simulation for Development and Optimization of Alternating Phase Shifting Masks", Infineon Technologies AG (12 pages).
|Sewell, H., et al., "An Evaluation of the Dual Exposure Technique", SVG Lithography Systems Inc. (11 pages).
|Spence, C., et al., "Integration of Optical Proximity Correction Strategies in Strong Phase Shifters Design for Poly-Gate Layers", Bacus News, vol. 15, Issue 12, pp. 1, 4-13, Dec. 1999.
|Spence, C., et al., "Optimization of Phase-Shift Mask Designs Including Defocus Effects", AMD, Princeton University, Vecor Technologies Inc. (8 pages).
|Stirniman, J., et al., "Wafer Proximity Correction and Its Impact on Mask-Making", Bacus News, vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 1, 3-7, 10-12, Jan. 1994.
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|Terasawa, T., et al., "0.3-Micron Optical Lithography Using a Phase-Shifting Mask", SPIE, Optical/Laser Microlithography II, vol. 1088, pp. 25-33, Mar. 1989.
|Terasawa, T., et al., "Imaging Characteristics of Multi-Phase-Shifting and Halftone Phase-Shifting Masks", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 30, No. 11B, pp. 2991-2997, Nov. 1991.
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|Tsujimoto, E., et al., "Hierarchical Mask Data Design System (PROPHET) for Aerial Image Simulation, Automatic Phase-Shifter Placement, and Subpeak Overlap Checking", SPIE, vol. 3096, pp. 163-172 (1997).
|Vandenberghe, G., et al., "(Sub-)100nm Gate Patterning Using 248nm Alternating PSM", IMEC, Mentor Graphics (9 pages).
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|Wang, R., et al., "Polarized Phase Shift Mask: Concept, Design, and Potential Advantages to Photolithography Process and Physical Design", Motorola Semiconductor Product Sector (12 pages).
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|Watanabe, H., et al., "Detection and Printability of Shifter Defects in Phase-Shifting Masks", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 30, No. 11B, pp. 3016-3020, Nov. 1991.
|Watanabe, H., et al., "Pattern Transfer Characteristics of Transparent Phase Shifting Mask", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 30, No. 11B, pp. 3004-3009, Nov. 1991.
|Wiley, J., et al., "Phase Shift Mask Pattern Accuracy Requirements and Inspection Technology", SPIE, Integrated Circuit Metrology, Inspection, And Process Control V, vol. 1464, pp. 346-355 (1991).
|Wong, A., et al., "Alternating Phase-Shifting Mask with Reduced Aberration Sensitivity: Lithography Considerations", Proc. SPIE, vol. 4346, pp. 1-9 (2001).
|Wong, A., et al., "Investigating Phase-Shifting Mask Layout Issues Using a Cad Toolkit", IEEE, pp. 27.4.1-27.4.4 (1991).
|Wong, A., et al., "Polarization Effects in Mask Transmission", University of California Berkeley (8 pages).
|Yamamoto, K., et al., "Hierarchical Processing of Levenson-Type Phase Shifter Generation", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, Part 1, No. 12B, pp. 7499-7503, Dec. 1997.
|Yamanaka, T., et al., "A 5.9um2 Super Low Power SRAM Cell Using a New Phase-Shift Lithography", IEDM, pp. 18.3.1-18.3.4 (1990).
|Yanagishita, Y., et al., "Phase-Shifting Photolithography Applicable to Real IC Patterns", Fujitsu Limited (11 pages).
|U.S. Classification
|430/5, 716/50
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|28 Sep 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|3 Nov 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
But give her idea a few minutes of your attention, because it's really not as gnarly as it sounds.
A student of the Design London school at Imperial College in London, Gardiner has made a prototypical waterless toilet, called the LooWatt, that is part of a closed-loop energy management concept. It also uses no energy and converts human waste into a commodity. The idea is pretty simple. It starts with a person making a deposit into the toilet. Rather than flushing that organic waste into a sewage system, the person turns a crank that pushes the material into a receptacle lined with a carbon-rich, biodegradable film. The portal into this receptacle is sealed shut once the crank is turned completely and the waste disappears into the tank. (Thus, no odor lingers around the loo.)
The collected poop is then periodically removed (it can be rolled away from the toilet, in the prototype design) and brought to an anaerobic digester, which produces cooking gas from the methane. Then the user cooks food with the gas (or heats a home, or whatever) and the whole process starts over again. Cooked food to poop to gas to cooked food, etc. You can watch Gardiner, a former editor for Dwell magazine, explain the project in this video.
She's also made a clever website to describe the conceptual system.
This might sound utterly loony to Westerners, and for anyone with a flush toilet, access to a sewage system and existing cooking/heating sources already piped into their homes. But Gardiner claims that there are 2.6 billion people – that's 40 percent of the world's population – who do not have access to flush toilets. Given the link between human disease and poor sanitation, it seems Gardiner's concept would fall on fertile ground, so to speak, in many parts of the world where it could be used a sustainable solution for a lack of sanitation infrastructure.
But as one viewer of the video produced by Dwell noted: those billions of people around the world who can't afford to live in areas with proper sanitation probably can't afford this system, either. Perhaps it's more appropriate for those who choose to live off the grid – rather than those who have to because of lack of resources.
As a means of addressing poor sanitation in impoverished areas, the Peepoo degradable bag seems more appropriate – or at the very least, a good first step in the right direction. Created by Swedish architect Anders Wilhelmson in 2005, this bag is designed to provide a way for those in poverty to safely collect their own waste, which can then be used it as fertilizer. It has been pilot tested in Africa and India.


text:
This time of year, heavy alcohol consumption plays a large role in what many commonly associate with "holiday cheer."
For others, the holidays represent stress, anxiety, loneliness and despair; and alcohol serves as a crutch.
"The truth is, many people drink beyond what is safe without even realizing it, and fail to make a connection between their risky drinking behaviors and the negative consequences that spill into other aspects of their life,"
According to Michael Davis, president of IMPACT, a non-profit organization that provides free assessment, consultation and referral services for people concerned about themselves or a loved one.
Men should avoid drinking more than four drinks per day, and limit themselves to 14 drinks over the course of a week.
For women, three drinks a day is the maximum, not to exceed seven drinks per week. For some people, it is not safe to drink any alcohol. But – for healthy adults – exceeding these guidelines can cause a multitude of health and social problems. Risky drinkers are more likely to land in the hospital, encounter financial and legal problems, and experience personal crises such as unemployment or divorce.
Binge drinking, specifically, is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle crash, assault, unintended pregnancy and death.
"The issue of drinking and driving does receive a lot of attention, particularly this time of year," Davis points out. "But letting a designated driver take the wheel only guards you against one risk."
To learn more about safe drinking levels or to access helpful resources, call IMPACT at (414)256-4808, or simply dial 2-1-1.


text: [ Are You Kidding Me.. The Newest Internet Trend "Batmanning" [VIDEO] By Big Jim September 6, 2011 If you are having a hard time staying focused at work..pass the time by doing this! Read More Category: Videos, Weird News Tags: bat, batmanning, internet trend, Planking Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Introduction to The Soulful Science: What Economists Really Do and Why It Matters
In: The Soulful Science: What Economists Really Do and Why It Matters
To many, Thomas Carlyle's put-down of economics as "the dismal science" is as fitting now as it was 150 years ago. But Diane Coyle argues that economics today is more soulful than dismal, a more practical and human science than ever before. Building on the popularity of books such as Freakonomics that have applied economic thinking to the paradoxes of everyday life, The Soulful Science describes the remarkable creative renaissance in how economics is addressing the most fundamental questions--and how it is starting to help solve problems such as poverty and global warming. A lively and entertaining tour of the most exciting new economic thinking about big-picture problems, The Soulful Science uncovers the hidden humanization of economics over the past two decades. Coyle shows how better data, increased computing power, and techniques such as game theory have transformed economic theory and practice in recent years, enabling economists to make huge strides in understanding real human behavior. Using insights from psychology, evolution, and complexity, economists are revolutionizing efforts to solve the world's most serious problems by giving policymakers a new and vastly more accurate picture of human society than ever before. They are also building our capacity to understand how what we do today shapes what the world will look like tomorrow. And the consequences of these developments for human life, for governments, and for businesses are only now starting to be realized--in areas such as resource auctions, pollution-credit trading, and monetary policy. The Soulful Science tells us how economics got its soul back--and how it just might help save the planet's.
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|This chapter was published in: Diane Coyle The Soulful Science: What Economists Really Do and Why It Matters, , pages , 2007.
|This item is provided by Princeton University Press in its series Introductory Chapters with number 8361-1.
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I have been a very lucky guy this year as my wife has let me get a new Yeti, fly to Outer Bike with a buddy, and gave me a Gopro hero for Christmas. But can anyone suggest a good free program to edit the video with (I need it to be free as there is more stuff I want for the bike and I figure her generosity will end soon). I would also like one that is easy to use but will allow me to add music and cut sections of the video out. As I am not real great with a computer and do not want to take the time to play with it as I would rather be riding and keeping my wife happy as to stay in her good books. I have about a 1 1/2 year old HP laptop
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I need a help with converting a list to a paragraph format
I need help with rewriting these lists of advantages and disadvantages and convert them to paragraphs.
It's an easy task, but I have many projects that I'm working on right now!
Please look at the attachment before biding .. thanks!discussion_of_database_management_systems.docx
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text:
How Did Marty and Doc Become Friends Before 'Back to the Future'?
by Ethan Anderton
August 16, 2011
Source: Mental Floss
Watching the film hundreds of times throughout my life, I've been one of those viewers who's come to wonder about an unknown detail concerning our two protagonists in the Back to the Future trilogy. Obviously Dr. Emmett L. Brown and Marty McFly are good friends when we begin our story, but it's never really explained how a young, awkward and somewhat rebellious high school kid hooked up with a wacky, scientist which many find to be nothing more than a crackpot around town. Thankfully co-writer Bob Gale noticed this question at Mental Floss and came through with info on Marty and Doc's friendship.
Here's what Gale revealed as to how Marty and Doc became friends before the film begins:
Okay, from the horse's mouth (yes, I'm the horse—er, co-writer, co-creator): We never explained it in the movie. But the history of the characters that Bob Zemeckis and I created is this…
For years, Marty was told that Doc Brown was dangerous, a crackpot, a lunatic. So, being a red-blooded American teenage boy, age 13 or 14, he decided to find out just why this guy was so dangerous. Marty snuck into Doc's lab, and was fascinated by all the cool stuff that was there. When Doc found him there, he was delighted to find that Marty thought he was cool and accepted him for what he was. Both of them were the black sheep in their respective environments. Doc gave Marty a part-time job to help with experiments, tend to the lab, tend to the dog, etc.
And that's the origin of their relationship.
So it may not be the most exciting information, but at long last, fans of the series now know why a teenage kid and a brilliant but cooky scientist became friends. Surely there's been some wild theories out there, but now we can lay them all to rest. Either way, the dynamic between these two characters on screen for no less than three films is just so fantastic, it really doesn't matter all that much why/how they became friends. Of course, cinephile like myself just have to know everything about their favorite movies. And knowing is half the battle.
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When I heard that my friend Martin Anderson had died over the weekend, I gave thanks for his extraordinarily inquisitive mind and the critical role that an institution can play in advancing the cause of a free society. Martin was an economist and political scientist. Stanford University's Hoover Institution, where he was a senior fellow for more than 40 years, gave him the freedom to explore big policy ideas, and later to discover the hidden depths of a remarkable president— Ronald Reagan.
Martin, who was 78 when he died, was trained as an engineer at Dartmouth and earned a doctorate from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1962. His doctoral dissertation, "The Federal Bulldozer," a best seller when published as a book in 1964, destroyed the myth of effective federal urban-renewal programs.
Martin was one of the youngest tenured faculty members in the history of Columbia University before joining candidate Richard Nixon in 1967 as domestic-policy adviser, and then becoming special assistant to President Nixon for his first term.
From my first meeting with him almost 50 years ago, Martin was a bright and engaging thinker. He thought about weighty questions that others had ignored. At the height of the Vietnam War, with all eligible male citizens subject to the military draft, Martin, himself an Army veteran, asked whether the U.S. would be better without conscription. His inside-the-White House arguments, combined with the report of the Gates Commission, and with the endorsement of Nixon's Defense Secretary Melvin Laird, laid the groundwork for the abolition of the draft in 1973 and today's all-volunteer U.S. military.
The trendy phrase "outside the box" could have been invented to describe Martin. A quick review of his books: "Conscription," "Welfare," "Imposters in the Temple" and his history of the Reagan era, "Revolution," provides a glimpse at his seminal thinking on a host of policy issues that continue to challenge us today.
He spoke of welfare dependency and the bureaucracies of universities long before these were popular subjects. Ever the thinker, Martin never seemed to be comfortable as a staffer in the executive branch. Yet he urged President Nixon to cut marginal tax rates, to rein in federal spending and to decrease federal regulation. Alas, these policies were not implemented—not until Martin's next tour in the White House under Ronald Reagan.
In the 1980s, as one of President Reagan's key economic advisers, Martin was able to coordinate his unwavering belief in the free economy with specific policy recommendations that would change the economic course of the nation, including, perhaps most notably, passage of the Kemp-Roth tax cuts of 1981.
His early relationship with collaborator Richard Allen, who advised on national security for both Nixon and Reagan, led to a further broadening of Martin's interests, which led to his service as a member of Reagan's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and President George H.W. Bush's Committee on Arms Control for five years.
But it was Martin Anderson the presidential historian who uncovered the hidden depths of his last real boss. In the 1990s he expressed his concerns to friends, including me, of how misunderstood and underrated President Reagan had been. A tireless researcher, Martin pored over manuscripts of Reagan's radio broadcasts and his newspaper columns. He also examined the drafts of Reagan's speeches and read thousands of his personal letters.
This led to a new phase in Martin's career: uncovering the real Ronald Reagan and reintroducing him to the world. This wasn't Reagan the docile, cue-card-reading ex-actor, as political opponents and media pundits had unjustly labeled him. But Reagan the careful thinker, principled analyst and realistic assessor of the prospects for American renewal.
With the best-selling 2001 book, "Reagan, In His Own Hand," Martin, together with his wife, Annelise, and Kiron K. Skinner, reminded Americans of the true depth of Reagan's understanding and the substance of Reagan as the author of his own ideas. This was followed by "Reagan: A Life in Letters" in 2003, an equally revealing portrait of the man.
Martin and Annelise's final book, "Ronald Reagan: Decisions of Greatness," will be published next month by the Hoover Institution Press. As longtime Reagan aide and confidant Ed Meese has said of him, Martin was a loyal and energetic Reaganaut. For all of this, and for so much more, we owe him a tremendous debt.
- Mr. Feulner is the founder and former president of the Heritage Foundation.
Originally appeared in the Wall Street Journal


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Pam Harris
Review for Spay-Neuter Assistance Program, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
I first volunteered At SNAP for a Neuter Scooter event. That day we neutered 189 cats at our clinic. I computed the 1,000's of lives we saved that day. I knew that SNAP was the answer to our horrific overpopulation crisis. Since then, I have brought literally several 100 animals to SNAP to be neutered or for wellness services. SNAP offers the highest quality - greatest value spay-neuters in our area. Our vets and staff are some of the finest you will experience anywhere. I wish every city had a similar program. Pam H.
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The Good, Bad and Ugly on PSK31
I've been working PSK31 for a little over a year now and have encountered signals on the bands which range from really good, to bad to really ugly. In this article I'd like to share a few examples and explain what I think is going on to make the signal the way it is. No calls are associated with the signals, as doing so would not be in keeping the helping each other out sprit of Amateur Radio.
The signals in this paper were all captured on 20 meters one Sunday morning around 14.070 with propagation being only moderate. There was a CW contest going on, so my receiver was getting pumped a bit by contesters operating nearby.
The equipment used to capture the signals in this paper from 20 meters:
Kenwood TS 480S
Hustler BT5V, vertical ground mounted
MixW2.17b running on an AMD 3.2 GHz computer under Windows XP
BuxCom Interface connected to TS480 data in/out
Screen captures
Zoom = 4X 10 Hz/each mark
This is an example of a pretty good signal which is not supper strong, but is nicely modulated. Notice that the signal is about 10 Hz wide, and has a nice railroad track look when there is an idle or no character sent space. There's a tad bit of extra modulation next to the main signals, but overall a pretty nice signal from a weaker signal.
Another not so strong signal, but one that is pretty clean. You can't see the rail road tracks as the band and the signal is not helping out.
Another not so strong signal, but one that is pretty clean. You can see the rail road tracks pretty clearly here, they are more noticeable when the station is idling or not sending characters. Bad
This is an example of what I call a bad signal, it's not terrible, but it is overdriven. If you look at the display, this signal is chewing up about 150 Hz of spectrum. The modulation is not a clearly defined railroad track, it more like two strong lines with lots of echo. This station is also wasting some of his modulation by spreading out the RF energy across more spectrum than needed, so the desired BPSK modulation is less efficient.
The snap did not catch the worse of the signal, which at times was quite a bit more showing in the sidebands. This signal was about 100 Hz wide including the sidebands. You can see some ringing in this signal at idle, where there is only the idle, not data which looks like just simple rail road tracks.
This signal even sounded funny, with a raspy sort of background sound.
Zoom =1.5 X 100Hz/each mark
This is an example of about as bad as it gets. This signal was so bad that I could not decode it! I'm not sure why this signal was so bad, but I suspect the station was not using an interface between radio and computer, or the speech processor was on and clipping or something was very out of whack on this station. This signal was making something like 700Hz of spectrum unusable to others!
This is about as bad as it gets. Funny thing to the station with this signal was having a hard time copying others, go figure. This signal is about 500 Hz wide, compared to a properly modulated signal of 10 Hz.
The two pictures are of the same station by the way.
What's Going on
BPSK31 uses a base data signal which is more or less a square wave. Square waves and amplifier circuits do not always mix well because the sharp transition used in digital modes where data changes from one state to another contains lots of frequency components; the number of frequency components is related to how fast the transition occurs and how big the difference in signal level between one state and the other is. Amplifiers try to keep the signal level at some set gain value which the amplifier thinks is right, on a too strong a data signal it can overshoot, undershoot, overshoot
another way to describe ringing. Another way to think of a digital signal is that at some rate it is you are sending no data, then some data in an endless stream.
So what do amplifiers have to do with putting out a clean or a bad BPSK31 signal?
First off consider how you are feeding BPSK31 signals into the radio. If you are feeding data from your interface into the radio via the microphone jack, you are feeding an amplifier circuit that is designed for a wide dynamic range with a fair amount of gain to take voice signals up to some average state. The state of where the gain of the microphone amplifier is set for normal voice operations is measured using the ALC setting of your meter on the radio, with adjustments of the microphone gain so you have some peak ALC reading.
In the case of driving your radio from your computer sound card, you are setting the gain of the microphone amplifier for a constant level which is based on the digital data stream coming in as a stream of 0's and 1's. If the gain of the microphone setting is such that the amplifier is trying to hold a constant level shown on your ALC, you may be getting ringing because the amplifier circuit is not working well with the digital signal which causes sidebands.
Tips on adjusting for a clean signal
Always turn the signal processor off when running BPSK or any other digital modes. Processors change the gain profile of the amplifier, and doing very strange things to the pass band which is very bad for digital modes.
Adjust your computer sound card output while adjusting microphone gain for very low ALC readings.
TRICK: Set your radio mic gain to some small value say 1/8 to 1/16 of full scale, then adjust your computer sound card Master Volume and Wave Out to while watching ALC. Think of the Master Volume as the main knob and the wave output as the RIT. There is some tip point where you are getting all the RF out of the radio you are going to get, and more ALC does not make a difference so try not to use the ALC reading to set the RF power out. On my TS480S, I usually show only one Dot of ALC and get good reports.
Adjust for an ALC reading which as close to 0 or just showing a slight movement.
Drive your radio via data input ports.
TRICK: Many modern radios have data input ports which bypass some of the microphone amplifiers and are less prone to being overdriven.
Ask for, and give real signal reports. It's not a bad thing to tell another operator that there is something wrong with their signal, they might not know and would appreciate your help!
Lower power works very well on PSK31. This is because you are putting all the RF energy you are producing into a very narrow, 10 Hz, spectrum when you are properly adjusted on modulation.
The good news
When I started writing this paper I thought that it would be very easy to find examples of bad and ugly signals, well I was wrong! For the most part signals now days are pretty good, with few bad signals and ugly signals are now very hard to find.
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