text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|3 Dec 1985
|Filing date
|18 Sep 1984
|Priority date
|18 Sep 1984
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Adolph Presser
|Original Assignee
|Rca Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (37), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to power dividers and more particularly to power dividers in a lumped element and planar form having two or more branch terminals.
N-way, matched, isolated, branch waveguide power dividers in cylindrical form are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,743 to Wilkinson. These power dividers are commonly referred to as Wilkinson dividers after their inventor. In the cylindrical form disclosed by Wilkinson the value of N can be any integer greater than 1. For the equal power division case which is illustrated and described in the Wilkinson Patent, each of the branch lines is identical and they are uniformly distributed about the cylinder. Isolation resistors are arranged in a star network in which each resistor has one end connected to a common (floating) point and the other end connected to a different one of the branch lines one quarter wavelength along the branch transmission line from the common junction of that branch line with the other branch lines. The resistor network is disposed in a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The result is a power divider having a structure which is "symmetric" in the sense that the environment around each branch is the same.
When N is 2, the two resistors connecting the branch lines to the common point reduce to a single resistor whose midpoint constitutes the common point. Such a structure is easily fabricated in a planar symmetrical form. Planar implementations of Wilkinson power dividers when N is greater than 2, require that the conductors connecting the isolation resistors to the branch terminals cross over the branch lines. This complicates both the design and the fabrication of the power dividers, destroys the "symmetry" of the power divider and introduces parasitic effects which cause performance deterioration.
In many circuits for satellites and other applications where small size and lightweight are critical, matched power dividers of the Wilkinson type are needed. In many of these circuits 3-way dividers are needed. Such circuits are usually fabricated in an integrated or monolithic form to save space and weight. The use of a waveguide divider structure to provide power division or combination conflicts with the desire for lightweight and small size. As a result, there is a need for matched N-way power dividers in a compact planar form with isolation among the branch ports.
The present invention fulfills the need for compact, matched, N-way power dividers through use of lumped element π network equivalents of quarter wavelength transmission lines. A dielectric substrate has N inductors disposed on its first surface. Each inductor is connected between a different one of N branch terminals and a common terminal. A separate capacitor connects each terminal to a ground conductor which is disposed in fixed, spaced relation to the substrate. The values of the inductors and capacitors are selected to provide between the common terminal and each of the N branch terminals a lumped element π network transmission line having a phase shift of about 90° at frequencies within the power divider's operating frequency range. If it is desired to have the branch terminals isolated, an isolation resistor network is connected to all of the branch terminals. When there are more than two branch terminals, this isolation resistor network is disposed on the second side of the substrate.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the equivalent circuit of a three-way, equal-phase, equal-power power divider in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are plan views of the top and bottom surfaces, respectively, of a substrate on which some lumped elements of the FIG. 1 circuit are disposed;
FIG. 4 is an end view of the assembled structure in the direction of arrow 4 in FIG. 2;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are plan views of the top and bottom surfaces, respectively, of a substrate having thereon a two-way equal-power power divider in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a three-way, equal-power power divider in accordance with the present invention which provides outputs at relative phases of 0°, 60° and 120°; and
FIGS. 8 and 9 are plan views of the top and bottom surfaces, respectively, of the substrate of the FIG. 7 divider.
A schematic diagram of the equivalent circuit of a three-way matched power divider 8 is presented in FIG. 1. This power divider has a common terminal 10 and three branch terminals 20A, 20B and 20C. Branch terminal 20A is connected to common terminal 10 by an artifical transmission line A. The branch terminals 20B and 20C, are connected to common terminal 10 in a similar manner by artifical transmission lines B and C, respectively.
This structure is called a power divider in accordance with industry practice. When the common terminal 10 is connected to a source of an input signal and the branch terminals 20A, 20B and 20C, are connected to load circuits, circuit 8, in fact serves to divide the input power equally among the branch terminals in amplitude and with equal phase. When the branch terminals 20A, 20B and 20C are connected to sources of input signals with equal phase and the common terminal 10 is connected to a load circuit, then the circuit 8 functions as a power combiner.
The transmission line A is in the form of a lumped element π network equivalent of a distributed transmission line. This lumped element equivalent has an inductor 12A connected in series between its common terminal end and its branch terminal end. A capacitor 14A is connected between the common terminal end of inductor 12A and ground. A second capacitor 16A is connected at the branch terminal 20A end of inductor 12A to ground. The capacitors 14A and 16A preferably have the same capacitance value. The values of the inductance 12A and the capacitances 14A and 16A are selected such that an impedance transformation and a phase shift of 90° from terminal 10 to terminal 20A are provided near the center of the desired operating frequency range of the power divider 8 in accordance with the well known design techniques for π networks.
The artifical transmission lines B and C are electrically identical to the transmission line A. The lines B and C have their components identified by the same reference numerals except for the use of suffixes B and C to identify the transmission line of which they form a part.
In order to make the power divider 8 a matched power divider, with isolation between individual branch terminals or ports, an isolation resistor network 11 is connected to the terminals 20. Network 11 comprises three resistors, a resistor 18A connected to branch terminal 20A, a resistor 18B connected to branch terminal 20B, and a resistor 18C connected to branch terminal 20C. The other ends of the resistors 18A, 18B and 18C, are connected together at a common floating point 22.
In actual fabrication of this power divider, the three capacitors 14A, 14B and 14C which are connected in parallel in the schematic circuit diagram of FIG. 1 are combined into a single capacitor 14 (FIG. 4) having a capacitance which is the sum of the capacitances of the individual capacitors 14A, 14B and 14C.
Each of the π networks produces an impedance transformation and a 90° phase shift near the center of its designed frequency range as a 1/4 wavelength transmission line does. For this reason the use of these lumped element π network equivalent transmission lines satisfies the Wilkinson design criteria of 1/4 wavelength transmission line impedance transformers between the common junction of the branch lines (terminal 10) and the point at which the isolation resistor connects to a branch line.
A physical implementation of the divider 8 with isolation among the branch terminals is illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. The lumped inductors 12A, 12B and 12C are formed on the top surface 32 of a dielectric substrate 30. The resistors 18A, 18B and 18C of network 11 are formed on the bottom surface 34 of the substrate 30. The substrate 30 is suspended above a planar ground conductor by the capacitors 16A, 16B, 16C and the combined capacitor 14 as shown in FIG. 4 where capacitor 16B is shown in phantom because it is directly behind capacitor 14.
In FIG. 2, the common terminal 10 is in the center near the lower end 38 of the substrate. The branch terminal 20A, is toward the left near substrate end 38, the branch terminal 20B is in the center near the upper end 36 of the substrate and branch terminal 20C is toward the right near the substrate end 38. Each of the inductors 12A, 12B and 12C, is implemented in the form of a spiral printed on the top surface 32 of the substrate and connected between the common terminal 10 and that inductor's associated branch terminal. In each inductor the jumper conductor which connects the inner end of its spiral to the conductor to a branch terminal is preferably deposited separately from the rest of the inductor and is insulated from the crossing conductor(s) of the spiral by a dielectric layer.
In FIG. 3, the substrate 30 is flipped over so the branch terminal 20A is in the lower right and the branch terminal 20C is in the lower left. The branch terminals extend from top surface 32 to bottom surface 34 of substrate 30.
The resistors 18A, 18B and 18C, are printed directly on the substrate's bottom surface 34. One end of each resistor is connected to its associated branch terminal 20A, 20B or 20C. The other ends of the resistors 18A, 18B and 18C are joined together at the common point 22 which is equidistant from the terminals. The resistances of resistors 18A, 18B and 18C are made equal. Other resistor networks which meet the requirements for proper operation may be used. The values of the resistors are selected in accordance with the terminating impedances of the divider system. In the present system, 50 ohm resistors are used since the system is designed with 50 ohm terminating impedances.
The portion of each of the terminals 10, 20A, 20B and 20C, on the bottom surface 34 of the substrate 30 is made electrically continuous with the portion on the top surface 32 by forming each of the terminals as a conductor which extends along the lower surface 34, up the vertical edge surface and onto the upper surface 32. Such terminals may be formed by evaporation or printing in accordance with fabrication preferences. Alternatively this electrical continuity can be provided by plated through holes in the substrate or other techniques for providing connections through the substrate. Such alternative techniques are particularly useful where the power divider is distant from the edges of the substrate.
Referring to FIG. 4 substrate 30 is spaced from a ground conductor 40 by the capacitors 14, 16A, 16B and 16C in chip form at the respective terminals 10, 20A, 20B and 20C which wrap around the end surface of the substrate. A chip capacitor is a common microwave component which is a rectangular solid having the capacitor's electrodes as two of its faces which are parallel and spaced apart by the thickness of the capacitor's dielectric. The other faces of the solid are coated with a passivating dielectric. Chip capacitors come in a number of sizes. One of these sizes is about 15 mils by 15 mils by 7 mils thick (0.038 cm by 0.038 cm by 0.018 cm thick). Such chip capacitors are available from a number of vendors, including American Technical Ceramics of Huntington, N.Y. There is an air gap 42 between the dielectric substrate 30 and the ground conductor 40. The substrate 30 is secured to the ground conductor 40 in this configuration by soldering each chip capacitor's lower electrode to the ground conductor 40 and its upper electrode to that capacitor's associated terminal on the bottom surface 34 of substrate 30. The far end 36 of the substrate (hidden in FIG. 4) is spaced from and secured to the ground plane 40 by the chip capacitor 16B (shown by dashed lines) which is connected between the ground conductor 40 and branch terminal 20B. In this construction the physical capacitors 16A, 16B, 16C and 14 serve the dual purpose of providing the electrical capacitance needed for the lumped element π network transmission line equivalents and also provide the structural support for securing the substrate 30 in fixed, suspended relation with respect to the ground conductor 40.
Where the divider 8 is to operate in a frequency range of 1000 MHz to 1200 MHz with a center frequency of 1100 MHz, each of the inductors has a 10.6 nh (nano-henry) inductance. The inductors are formed of 2 mil (0.005 cm) wide conductive copper lines deposited in spirals with a 2 mil (0.005 cm) separation. The conductor end which crosses the spiral to reach its terminal is insulated from the crossed conductors by a 0.1 mil (2.5 μm) thick layer of silicon nitride dielectric. The spirals which form the inductor 12A and 12C have relatively large diameters (60 mils (0.15 cm)) and 1.8 turns. The spiral which forms the inductor 12B has a relatively small diameter (40 mils (0.1 cm)) and 2.5 turns. These differing configurations are selected for fabrication convenience and each has the same inductance.
Each of the capacitors 16 has a 1.4 pF (pico Farad) capacitance. The capacitor 14 has a capacitance of 4.2 pF. All of the capacitors are chip capacitors each of which is 7 mils (0.018 cm) thick. This establishes an air gap 42 which is 7 mils (0.018 cm) thick. The substrate 30 is 25 mil (0.064 cm) thick alumina (Al2 O3) which is 0.236 inch (0.6 cm) long from end 36 to end 38 and 0.4 inch (1.0 cm) wide. Each of the resistors is a 50 ohm resistor. The ground conductor is as long as the substrate and wider than the substrate to provide a flange for securing the overall divider to a larger structure.
In the frequency range from 1000 MHz to 1200 MHz this voltage divider exhibits a maximum voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.35:1, an isolation between branch ports of better than 20 dB and a 2° maximum deviation from equal phase among the branch ports.
Although this power divider is fabricated utilizing lumped inductors and capacitors, the air gap 42 and the dielectric 30 are thin enough that distributed effects should be taken into account in selecting the lumped component values for the capacitors and the shape (number of turns and diameter) of the inductors. This is so that the lumped elements actually used and the distributed effects present will combine to yield the desired actual inductance and capacitance values. As indicated, it is preferred to have an air dielectric filling the space between the substrate 30 and the ground conductor 40 however, other dielectrics may be used if any resulting difference in distributed effects is taken into account in selecting the shape of the spiral inductors.
In this specific design for operation at the specified frequency with the lumped element values indicated, the inductors must be on the surface of the substrate which is away from the ground conductor. This interposes the dielectric of the substrate between the inductors and the ground conductor. If it were desired to invert the substrate so that the resistors were on the surface away from the ground conductor and the inductors were on the surface toward the ground conductor, then the distributed capacitances between the inductors and the ground conductor would change and the inductor shape would have to be changed to maintain the required inductance.
In the illustrated, three-way, equal-power power divider, each of the lumped artifical transmission lines has a characteristic impedance of 50√3 ohms in order that all four ports of the divider will match to 50 ohms. If it is desired to make this lumped element divider produce unequal power division or to match different port terminations, then the characteristic impedance of the different branch lines is changed in accordance with standard power divider design practice. For example, increasing the characteristic impedance of two of the lines while reducing the characteristic impedance of the other line to maintain the match at the common terminal causes the reduced impedance line to take more than one third of the power.
Thus, lumped element power dividers in accordance with the present invention can be designed to accomplish anything which a distributed power divider can be designed to accomplish.
This lumped element three-way power divider improves over prior art distributed transmission line dividers in several areas. It solves the problem of how to place and connect the isolation resistors without the use of crossovers while retaining similar environments for all of the lines. It also reduces the size and weight of the power divider. The three-way divider 8 was fabricated on a substrate whose area is only about ten percent of the area required to fabricate a two-way power divider using distributed transmission line techniques at the same frequency.
A two-way power divider using this lumped element technique can be fabricated in an even smaller area. Such a two-way power divider 50 is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and and 6. Divider 50 has two branch terminals 20A and 20B at the upper end 36 of substrate 30 and the common terminal 10 at its lower end 38. The isolation resistor network reduces to a single resistor 58 which is connected directly between the two branch terminals 20A and 20B. The resistor 58 is shown disposed on the top substrate surface 32 along with the inductors 12A and 12B since this two-branch case does not require crossovers when fabricated in a single plane. However, resistor 58 can be placed on the bottom surface 34 if desired.
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the equivalent circuit of a three-way, non-equal-phase power divider 100 in accordance with the present invention. Power divider 100 has a common terminal 10 and branch terminals 20B, 20D and 20E, having relative phases of 0°, 60° and 120°. Power divider 100 includes the three-way power divider 8 of FIGS. 1 through 4, an additional lumped element π network transmission line D in series between the terminal 20A of divider 8 and terminal 20D and a second similar π network in series between the terminal 20C of divider 8 and terminal 20E.
The artifical transmission line D includes an inductor 24D connected in series between terminals 20A and 20D, a capacitor 26D connected between terminal 20A and ground, and a capacitor 28D connected between terminal 20D and ground. In a similar manner, the artifical transmission line E includes an inductor 24E connected in series between terminals 20C and 20E, a capacitor 26E connected between terminal 20C and ground, and a capacitor 28E connected between terminal 20E and ground. The inductors 24D and 24E generally have different inductances. However, for the special case of 60° phase differences between individual output ports they both have the same inductance. The capacitors 26D and 28D are selected with different capacitances than the capacitors 26E and 28E in order to cause a different effective capacitive reactance value and thus phase delay for each of the transmission lines D and E in the operating frequency range of the divider 100.
It is desired to provide signals at terminal 20B with a 0° relative phase, those at terminal 20D with a 60° relative phase delay and those at terminal 20E with a 120° relative phase delay. In order to achieve this at the 1100 MHz center frequency of the divider 8, the inductors 24D and 24E are fabricated with inductances of 5.3 nh, the capacitors 26D and 28D have values of 1.4 pF and the capacitors 26E and 28E have values of 4.2 pF. Since the capacitor 26D and the capacitor 16A are electrically connected in parallel, in actual fabrication they are combined into a single capacitor having a capacitance equal I to their sum and connected at terminal 20A. In a similar manner, the capacitor 16C and the capacitor 26E are combined into a single capacitor and connected at terminal 20C.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of the top surface 32 of the substrate 30 having the non-equal-phase power divider 100 fabricated thereon. The inductor 24D is fabricated as a 1.5 turn spiral connected between the terminal 20A at the lower lefthand part of the substrate and the terminal 20D at the upper lefthand part of the substrate. In a similar manner, the inductor 24E is fabricated as a 1.5 turn spiral connected between the terminal 20C at the lower right of the substrate and the terminal 20E at the upper right of the substrate.
FIG. 9 is a plan view of the bottom surface 34 of the substrate 30 of non-equal-phase power divider 100. This surface differs from that of FIG. 3 only in the presence of the additional terminals 20D and 20E.
During assembly capacitor 28D is positioned between the terminal 20D and the ground conductor and the capacitor 28E is positioned between the terminal 20E and the ground conductor. In this manner, the substrate 30 is suspended above the ground plane 40 at 6 points rather than the 4 points present in divider 8. Naturally, if desired, the divider 8 could be suspended at the same 6 points since the presence of capacitors at terminals 20D and 20E would have no effect on the operation of the power divider 8 in the absence of connections between the terminals 20D and 20E and the rest of the power divider.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|4 Jan 1960
|28 May 1963
|Sylvania Electric Prod
|Power divider
|27 Dec 1966
|1 Apr 1969
|Honeywell Inc
|Printed circuit delay line having mutually opposed,spiralled,inductance elements
|24 Aug 1970
|24 Oct 1972
|Iwatsu Electric Co Ltd
|Resistive film bleeder resistor for use in an branch circuit
|7 Jun 1974
|9 Sep 1975
|Hazeltine Corp
|N-way power divider with remote isolating resistors
|31 Jan 1974
|7 Aug 1975
|Siemens Ag
|Frequency branching network with input supply wire - with end point from which selective parallel branches lead out
|Cox, Phasing Networks for Broadcast Arrays, Electronics, Jun. 1944.
|Webb, Power Divider/Combiners Small Siz, Big Specs, Microwaves, Nov. 1981, pp. 67 74.
|Webb, Power Divider/Combiners Small Siz, Big Specs, Microwaves, Nov. 1981, pp. 67-74.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|11 Jan 1988
|18 Apr 1989
|Harris Corporation
|Variable ratio power divider/combiner
|4 Mar 1988
|25 Jul 1989
|Motorola, Inc.
|Miniature wide-band microwave power divider
|5 Dec 1988
|9 Jan 1990
|Motorola, Inc.
|90 Degree broadband MMIC hybrid
|8 Nov 1989
|4 Jun 1991
|Radio Frequency Systems, Inc.
|N-way signal splitter with isolated outputs
|1 Jul 1991
|29 Dec 1992
|Motorola, Inc.
|Lumped element realization of ring hybrids including π circuit and tank circuit means
|28 Sep 1993
|24 Jan 1995
|Multiplex Technology, Inc.
|Video signal splitter with DC short circuit protection
|14 Feb 1994
|4 Jul 1995
|At&T Corp.
|Power combiner/splitter
|21 Jun 1994
|15 Aug 1995
|Motorola, Inc.
|MMIC tunable biphase modulator
|21 Jun 1994
|19 Sep 1995
|Motorola, Inc.
|Compact MMIC tunable biphase modulator and method
|21 Jun 1994
|2 Jan 1996
|Motorola, Inc.
|Lumped element four port coupler
|17 Jan 1995
|6 Aug 1996
|Motorola, Inc.
|N-way impedance transforming power divider/combiner
|6 Nov 1995
|21 Apr 1998
|Ford Global Technologies, Inc.
|Matching transformer for dual-band radio receiver
|27 Jun 1996
|19 May 1998
|Harris Corporation
|N-way combiner
|3 Feb 1997
|18 Aug 1998
|Tracor Aerospace Electronic Systems, Inc.
|Variable impedance transmission line and high-power broadband reduced-size power divider/combiner employing same
|17 Mar 1998
|25 Apr 2000
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|RF power divider
|29 Jun 1998
|5 Dec 2000
|Kuo; Mei-Shong
|Power network for collecting distributed powers
|5 May 2000
|26 Nov 2002
|Ophir Rf, Inc.
|Four-way power combiner/splitter
|9 Mar 2007
|2 Jun 2009
|Broadcom Corporation
|Three-way splitter including a printed element
|28 Dec 2007
|11 Aug 2009
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Circuit topology for multiple loads
|18 Jul 2006
|16 Feb 2010
|Werlatone, Inc
|Divider/combiner with coupled section
|14 Aug 2007
|30 Nov 2010
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Circuit topology for multiple loads
|28 Apr 2009
|19 Jul 2011
|Broadcom Corporation
|Splitter with a printed element
|21 Apr 2009
|22 May 2012
|Renesas Electronics Corporation
|Radio communication apparatus
|24 Aug 2009
|27 Nov 2012
|Raytheon Company
|Multi-layer radial power divider/combiner
|21 Dec 2011
|18 Mar 2014
|Renesas Electronics Corporation
|Radio communication apparatus
|23 Jan 2012
|11 Nov 2014
|Sony Corporation
|29 Aug 2014
|3 Nov 2015
|Werlatone, Inc.
|Divider/combiner with bridging coupled section
|2 Apr 2015
|26 Apr 2016
|Werlatone, Inc.
|Resonance-inhibiting transmission-line networks and junction
|14 Aug 2007
|22 May 2008
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Circuit topology for multiple loads
|9 Mar 2007
|11 Sep 2008
|Jose Ignacio Gorostegui
|Three-way splitter including a printed element
|28 Dec 2007
|11 Jun 2009
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Circuit topology for multiple loads
|28 Apr 2009
|1 Oct 2009
|Broadcom Corporation
|Splitter with a printed element
|1 May 2008
|5 Nov 2009
|Wen Hui Zhang
|Power divider integrated circuit
|21 Apr 2009
|26 Nov 2009
|Nec Electronics Corporation
|Radio communication apparatus
|24 Aug 2009
|24 Feb 2011
|Raytheon Company
|Multi-Layer Radial Power Divider/Combiner
|23 Jan 2012
|17 May 2012
|Sony Corporation
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|16 Aug 1995
|AT&T Corp.
|A power combiner/splitter
|U.S. Classification
|333/124, 333/140, 333/128, 333/23
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|18 Sep 1984
Owner name: RCA CORPORATION, A DE CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:PRESSER, ADOLPH;REEL/FRAME:004316/0060
Effective date: 19840917
|17 Mar 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|24 May 1993
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Year of fee payment: 8
|13 Jul 1994
Owner name: MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:007046/0736
Effective date: 19940322
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Owner name: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008628/0518
Effective date: 19960128


text:
I hate The Twilight series with a passion. This movie was excellent though. Totally in a different league.
Digging: Rina Sawayama - RINA
ties, uber fucking nostalgia at the Reboot avatar. Fucking loved that show
Yeah the shaky cam was lame, as was the dogs
Shaky cam was very lame. Killed a lot of would-be good shots. Also the lack of any feeling of desperation or need for survival, which was a huge focus in the book, made the movie feel shallow, amongst a lot of other things.
Album Rating: 2.0I finished the third and final book last week.
I have to say that they were all great, so the 2nd and 3rd movies better live up to them
Digging: Brand New - Science Fiction
The third book is a piece of shit.
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Choosing a real estate agent who is experienced in Austin's neighborhoods as well as market conditions, Travis county schools, and various HOA guidelines is crucial to getting to the closing table without interruption. I love helping clients buy and sell houses in Austin, Texas, and it would be my pleasure to help you with your real estate transaction today.
firstname.lastname@example.com:(512) 328-3939C:(512) 736-8822


text:
On Tuesday, Report on Small Business hosted its seventh Young Entrepreneurs Night, a networking event featuring a group of early-stage, Vancouver-based small-business owners.
Great turnout at the event, but way too much food! The Globe and Mail and Marie Hunt, our great bartender at The Railway Club, sent the extra to the Aboriginal Friendship Centre Support Shelter.
Mobile users click here.


text:
This is a book by Eric J. Morones of transcriptions of 25 Great Sax Solos. The author currently tours with the Brian Setzer Orchestra, and seems to have a lot of personal knowledge of some of these solos.
Each solo is accompanied by a page or two of text giving the bio of the soloist, as well as some background on the solo itself and some tips for playing it. Growls, flutter tongue, and altissimo are all described in detail, along with some good altissimo fingerings, or alternate fingerings for various "tricks". It also gives the artist's setup when known. There is a picture of each artist and the band when available.
Complete transcriptions in the key of the original recording appear for each solo, although there may be other parts of the song where the horns are playing which are not included in the transcription. Each solo is annotated with where to use the various effects such as growl.
This is by no means a beginner's book, because just about all the solos are difficult, but if you work at it, there is enough there to shed on for a long time. Each solo is demonstrated on an accompanying CD, which just plays the part of the song with the solo, and there is no track WITHOUT the sax, which would have been helpful.
The complete list of the 25 solos follows (listed as they are in the book, in chronological order):
Tequila by The Champs featuring Chuck Rio on Tenor in G (concert F).
Yakety Yak by The Coasters featuring King Curtis on Tenor in D (concert C).
Take Five by the Dave Brubeck Quartet featuring Paul Desmond on Alto in G minor (concert Bb minor)
Yakety Sax by Boots Randolf on Tenor in D (concert C)
Shotgun by Junior Walker on Tenor in Bb (concert Ab)
Respect by Aretha Franklin featuring King Curtis on Tenor in G#minor (concert F# minor)
Spooky by The Classics IV featuring Mike Sharp/Shapiro on Tenor in G blues (concert F blues) written in one flat.
Mercy Mercy Me by Marvin Gaye featuring Wild Bill Moore on Tenor in G (F concert)
Money by Pink Floyd featuring Dick Parry on Tenor in C#minor (B minor concert)
How Sweet It Is by James Taylor featuring David Sanborn on Alto in E (Concert D) odd, because a lot of guitar tabs show this one in C
Pick Up The Pieces by the Average White Band featuring Malcom "Molly" Duncan on Tenor in C (Bb concert)
Takin' It to the Streets by The Doobie Brothers featuring Andrew Love on Tenor in D (actually concert F in mixolydian mode)
Deacon Blues by Steely Dan featuring Pete Christlieb on Tenor in A (concert G)
Just The Way You Are by Billy Joel featuring Phil Woods on Alto in B (concert D)
The Logical Song by Supertramp featuring John Helliwell on Alto in A minor (Concert C minor)
After the Love Has Gone by Earth, Wind & Fire featuring Don Myrick on Alto in Eb (concert C#, probably a relative minor instead)
Just the Two of Us by Grover Washington, Jr. on Tenor in Bb (Concert Ab again probably a mode of F)
Urgent by Foreigner featuring Junior Walker on Tenor in F# minor (concert E minor)
Waiting on a Friend by The Rolling Stones featuring Sonny Rollins on Tenor in D and C (Concert C and Bb)
True by Spandau Ballet, featuring Steve Norman on Tenor in F (Concert Eb)
Maneater by Hall & Oates featuring Charlie DeChamt on Tenor in C#minor (Concert B minor)
Caribbean Queen by Billy Ocean featuring V. Jeffrey Smith on Tenor in E minor (Concert D minor)
One Heartbeat by Smokey Robinson featuring Kenny G on Alto in E (Concert D)
(I've Had) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes featuring Gary Herbig on Tenor in F# (concert E)
Lily Was Here by Dave Stewart and Candy Dulfer on Alto in C#minor (concert E minor)
Again, Lily was Here gives just the extended solo, not the head for the song nor the guitar echo part. She has a full transcription of this on her site anyway.
Link again:
25 Great Sax Solos


text:
Economic Freedoms and the Constitution - Event Audio/Video
2011 Annual Student Symposium
Listen & Download
6:15 p.m.
Welcome and Opening Remarks
- Mr. Ben Massey, President, University of Virginia Federalist Society
- Prof. Lillian BeVier, University of Virginia School of Law
6:30 p.m.
Debate: Economic Freedoms and the Constitution
Since West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish and the end of the Lochner Era, the Supreme Court has adhered to the belief that "[t]he Constitution does not speak of freedom of contract." But is this commitment consistent with an original understanding of the Constitution? This panel will address whether the Constitution permits the extensive state regulation of economic affairs. Even if Lochner as a decision was illegitimate, has the Supreme Court retreated too far in protecting economic liberties from state interference? Is the Constitution a thoroughly libertarian document or is it compatible with a high degree of state regulation? Does either understanding come with any limiting principles? If so, what is their source? In any event, is it desirable for a constitution to constrain the power of the state in the area of redistribution and economic regulation?
- Prof. Randy Barnett, Georgetown University Law Center
- Prof. Jeffrey Rosen, The George Washington University Law School
- Moderator: Judge Debra Ann Livingston, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
- Introduction: Mr. Devin DeBacker, Speakers and Panels Vice Chair, University of Virginia Federalist Society
University of Virginia School of Law
Charlottesville, VA
[Return to the main event page]


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Show Off Ave L. Diversity
We don't need a bus route on Avenue L to improve the shopping strip. We didn't need the flags; we need more reasons to go there.
In September of 2003, I sent suggestions to my councilman concerning Avenue L. My letter included the following:
We are in dire need of an international restaurant that could be the anchor store to draw people to the "L." The theme for Avenue L should be "International."
In addition, Avenue L needs a store to serve the needs of our Asian population, so they don't have to go to Sunset Park or Avenue U for their cooking needs. A combination butcher, bakery, eat-in, take-out food shop to serve the needs of our Jewish residents, old timers and new residents, would be welcome as well.
Thank You.
Gerry C. Weiner


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Ask the Experts
Missed Dose of AtriplaI have been on Atripla since June 2008. When I was first put on Atripla, I was already very sick, with a CD4 count of 38, and a Viral Load of 87,000. Fortunately now (last labs Sept. 2010) my CD4 is up to 350 with an Undetectable Viral Load around...
Response from Barbara McGovern, M.D.
Tufts University School of Medicine...Please direct your HIV specific questions to the HIV forum. However, I want to reassure you that missing one dose of Atripla after such excellent adherence will have no effect. Congratulations on your excellent progress and keep up the good work. Read more »
I have missed my dose of Atripla.Dear Doctor,I have been diagnosed positive for nearly 2 years now and started taking my Atripla... Read more »
MISSING A DOSE OF ATRIPLAI am on atripla for the past two months. I always drink my tablet at the same time everyday, but... Read more »
Atripla (Efavirenz + Emtricitabine + Tenofovir)... What Is Atripla? Who Should Take Atripla? What About Drug Resistance? How Is Atripla Taken? What Are the Side Effects? How Does AtriplaRead more »
Atripla... Combo Drug Common Name: efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil Brand Name: Atripla Class: Dual-class fixed dose combination; single dose regimen -- nucleoside analogs (also called nucleoside reverse transcriptase Read more »
An Overview of Atripla (Efavirenz/Tenofovir/FTC)... ef-FAH-ver-enz / em-tri-SIT-uh-bean / te-NOE-fo-veer --> Brand Name: Atripla Other Name(s): Efavirenz / Emtricitabina / Tenofovir DF Drug Class: Combination Drugs Atripla includes three antiretroviral Read more »
Atripla (Efavirenz / Emtricitabina / Tenofovir DF)... --> Brand Name: Atripla Other Name(s): xxx --> Clase de medicamento: Combinaciones farmacéuticas El medicamento conocido como Atripla contiene Read more »
Connect With Others
Posted by pincushion, 1 Reply...I just found out I was hiv positive and decided to start meds right away. I was put on Atripla and haven't had any side effects so far. It's been two weeks. Is this normal? Read more »
Atripla question
Posted by pozmarie, 1 Reply...I have been taking Atripla for approx. 2 years and am noticing slight body fat changes... accumulation around my abdomin and thinning in my legs/butt. Read more »
Posted by keepingfaith, 4 Replies...I was wondering how long after starting Atripla does your viral loads come undetectable??? Mines currently are 62,270+ CD4 278. Read more »
Atripla and headache question
Posted by jdsv, 2 Replies...I've been taking Atripla for 1 month now and seem to have kept a medium to sometimes severe headache almost the entire time. I also had two root canals Read more »
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UN monitors have arrived in Deraa, the birthplace of Syria's 13-month uprising, with activists questioning why they did not choose to visit a more violent location.
Meanwhile, French foreign minister Alain Juppé has said that international sanctions on the Syrian government have had the desired effect of putting financial pressure on Damascus to end the bloody crackdown on opponents.
An oil embargo and sanctions on Syria's central bank — coordinated by a group of 57 countries called Friends of Syria — are damaging Syria's ability "to finance and arm militias, the lethal shabiha death squads," the Irish Times quoted Juppé as saying, and helping to maintain a fragile cease-fire that began six days ago.
More from GlobalPost: Has Israel dodged the regional crisis?
An advance team of UN observers, sent to monitor the Syrian truce, arrived in the capital, Damascus, late Sunday, while the remaining 24 members of the advance team were expected to arrive there in the coming days.
Britain's Daily Telegraph quoted the team's leader, UN Colonel Ahmed Himmiche as saying: "We can say that we are moving ahead, the task for us is to liaise with the Syrian forces and also with the other parties."
The observers had made an "excellent" trip to the southern city, meeting with the governor there, Himmiche reportedly said.
Activists did concede there had been "massive destruction" from artillery shelling in the nearby Deraa province town of Basr al-Harir.
More from GlobalPost: UN Security Council authorizes team of observers to monitor Syria cease-fire
Meanwhile, Idlib — the northern city near the Turkish border — reportedly weathered a second day of attacks by the Syrian army, with up to 50 people reported dead, according to the LA Times.
And shelling and eight deaths were reported by activists in Homs. Videos purporting to be from the Bayada and Khalidya districts showed explosions kicking up dust and smoke clouds above the city, the Independent reported.
The paper quoted an activist there as saying: "Why aren't the observers here to see the destruction in Homs? It's here that the shells are falling every single day."
The paper quoted a local spokeswoman, Rafif Jouejati, as saying: "[The monitors] need to focus on some of the hardest-hit areas, like Idlib and Homs. But I suppose, because of their extremely limited number and no guarantees of safety, they have to start somewhere comparatively quiet."
More from GlobalPost: Syria: How it all began with a couple of kids and a can of spray paint
A spokesman for UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Ahmad Fawzi, said Wednesday that the observers would "start with setting up operating headquarters and reaching out to the Syrian government and the opposition forces so that both sides fully understand" their role, the Irish Times wrote.
According to DP News, Ban said Monday that the Syrian government was responsible for guaranteeing observers full freedom of movement to monitor the country's cease-fire, which he said was being "generally observed." He did, however, note the violence in Idlib and Homs, and made mention of Deraa.
He also said that to oversee an end to violence in Syria, the UN may need to bring in aircraft and deploy troops.


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Military simulations occur every day without any worry or danger, right? Well, not exactly. In order to test the U.S. Special Operations Command's ability to respond swiftly and efficiently, the computer genius Meng created a simulated strike against China - "Dragon Sim 13". Meng's plan changes after the atrocious slaughter of democratic protestors in Tiananmen Square. He seeks to bring China to its knees, forcing the prevalence of democracy and launching a massive U.S. attack on the People's Republic.
Now, Dave Riley, Dragon mission leader, must implement Meng's fiendish plan. Dave and the Green Berets must infiltrate Chinese borders and execute mission "Dragon" without being detected - but also unknown to their own government.
Can the team execute the difficult maneuver or will they be at the mercy of the unmerciful Chinese. . .
©1992, 2012 Bob Mayer (P)2012 Bob Mayer
"Great book."
A having worked at such a facility this story had special significance and was spot on. I loved it!
"Second Bob Mayer book was great!"
really enjoyed. I did the whole book in one day. I just couldn't stop. I'm now a BMayer fan now.
"As good now as it was fifteen years ago"
This second installment in the green beret series far exceeds its predecessor. Mayer has proven once again to be a captivating author and his military experience shows in how he presents this real world feeling scenario.
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Renwick Gallery
1661 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC
North Special Exhibition Gallery, 1st Floor
This exhibition features 66 objects produced in the 1980s and 1990s from the Charles and Fleur Bresler Collection to highlight contemporary wood turning's growing sophistication. The Bresler collection -- which was recently donated to the museum -- has a distinct aesthetic that emphasizes sculptural qualities and decorative motifs integrated into the whole form, with exquisite and finely detailed craftsmanship.
The collection includes works by some of the best-known wood artists in the United States, including David Ellsworth, Michelle Holzapfel, Mark and Melvin Lindquist, Edward Moulthrop, and Mark Sfirri. A number of the artworks are on public display for the first time.
5-minute video featuring interviews with Fleur Bresler; artists David Ellsworth and Mark Sfirri; and Kenneth R. Trapp, former curator-in-charge at the Renwick Gallery (runs continuously)


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PSA on Cookies
The last few weeks I've been telling Steve that I feel fat. To which he would roll his eyes and tut and not engage in this conversation with me because a good man knows better. But still the feeling remained: my pants were a bit tighter, my belly a bit poochier.
I knew I had been eating a few too many cookies and brownies and not going to the gym as often as I once had. I also hadn't been going to my pilates classes because of an incident with a teaching assistant that left me pretty ticked off. But that wouldn't have made me feel like this, it must be water weight. Or winter blahs. So I had another cookie to cheer myself up.
So I did a scientific study, of sorts. It involved measurements and scales and analysis and conclusions were drawn. And instead of creating a tri-fold display with sections for a Hypothesis and an Experiment and pencil-colored graphs, let me just get to the Conclusion that you couldn't have possibly guessed:
Eating bags full of cookies for months will make you gain weight. Possibly even 15 pounds.
The results shocked me, too.
So, uh, unrelated (*cough*): I'm back to tracking my daily calorie intake and exercise. I want to make this publicly known as a way to keep me accountable and not eat another cookie. Because tight pants mean I have to go shopping and I hate shopping please don't make me go shopping.
Current complicating factor: my boss's daughter MADE COOKIES last night JUST TO SPITE ME. They are chunky. They have chocolate chips and coconut and oatmeal. And they are sitting in the file room where I have to go to fill up my water bottle and get my carrot sticks from the refrigerator, just sitting there with all of their little friends calling to me like Greek Sirens.
I am imagining them full of raisins to help me not touch them. Ew, gross. (It's only kind of working.)
Complicating factor in the very near future: Girl Scout cookies. Evil, evil Girl Scout cookies. We placed an order with a friend who has them with her this very moment and we will be meeting after work. You know what's fun to do with Girl Scout cookies? Make ice cream.
I've lost weight before and I can do it again: I just need to refocus.
On something other than cookies.


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The Walled Garden Spa at Trelowarren, Cornwall
Good-value holistic treatments in a one-room spa on a private estate with eco-friendly self-catering cottages
USP Indulge in holistic treatments on this 1,000 acre privately-owned estate on the Lizard peninsula, where you'll also find eco-friendly self-catering cottages, woodland walks, an art gallery and a relaxed, gourmet restaurant.
Ambience Treatments take place in just one colourful room, which is set inside Trelowarren's original walled garden together with a spacious gym, changing cubicles and an outdoor pool. The room's walls and pretty candle holders pick up the vibrant colours of Spiezia's distinctive purple, orange and yellow packaging, and a skylight provides natural daylight. There's also a tiny welcome room with a stylish, oversized chair where you can enjoy a herbal infusion made in a traditional English teapot before your treatment. The impressive range of nourishing face and body therapies use the fragrant…


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thank you all so much for your kind words and well wishes after last week's hectic events. i know it's part of my 2011 quest to reply to every single comment but... my inbox is a little intimidating right now. give me a day or two to sort it out. and frankly, i'd just be saying the same thing over and over anyway:
thank you thank you thank you. yes i'm worried. no we don't know anything yet.
jude will get retested this week for confirmation of his current lead levels. this will rule out an {unlikely} false positive and see how his levels may have changed in the last 2+ months, hopefully for the better rather than the opposite. bless your hearts, friends, for your repeated optimism that the first test was wrong. however given our aged abode it is a plausible scenario. (and it was a venous draw at the children's hospital, not something incompetent doctor did at his office.) i don't really know, guys. the whole thing is crazy, you know?
we're scheduling them to come out and test all manner of whatnot in the house this week which will hopefully provide more clarity. trying to fight invisible poison dust that could be coming from anywhere is impossible; knowing what it IS will help us be able to target it and get it fixed.
with all that said, i don't have a lot to say right now. for once i'm at a loss for words. i'm tired and worried, and alternately stressed out and trying to go on like things are relatively normal. it reminds me of that last week of pregnancy– i didn't blog much because my only thought was "when is it going to happen!?" except now my only thought is, "WE'RE ALL BEING POISONED BY LEAD. WHY? WHERE?" and just as i posted at the end of my pregnancy, how many times can i really blog about that before it gets a bit stale? once, maybe twice?
i've got the sinking feeling that this isn't going to be a quick process. so thanks for your good thoughts and keep on thinking them.
with love,


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Written on: 07/04/2012 by smsjl04 (2 reviews written)
We booked a coach transfer with Travel Republic from Reus airport to Cambrils, Spain for our holiday in September 2011..
The flight landed at 16:10 local time & we had all boarded the transfer bus by 16:30
We then sat on a Jumbo Transfers bus at the airport for TWO AND A HALF HOURS waiting for another flight to land to pick up more passengers!
The journey to Cambrils only takes approx 20 mins & the flight from Birmingham only 1 hour 45 mins.
We sat on this bus for even longer!!
As a result, the first evening of our holiday was ruined.
We contacted Travel Republic & they said
"customers had their collection at 16:30 and, according to the contract, we have,
at most, one hours wait. They could never go out later than 17:30hrs"
We know the truth & so did all the other people on the bus if they were to ask them.
The following January we received a letter from Travel Republic saying
"problems will undoubtedly occur from time to time" & they
"naturally regret any inconvenience caused"For some reason the review page on Travel Republics web site won't let me write a review.It won't accept my booking reference.Strange??


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You've seen it a 1000 times before - someone walking, perhaps riding a bike or scooter with their full attention on their phone in their hand, completely oblivious to the world around them.
They're either self-centred, addicted to their phone (due to an overwhelmingly desperately empty life outside of it), or engaged in a must-read message/game of Angry Birds at that point.
You've seen them, because your head is NOT up your ass, and you do assess your surroundings periodically, especially in a very full place like Taiwan or China.
They're on a crash course collision with you.
Do you:
A - step aside to let them walk/ride/drive past, nose to the phone
B - yell out a "whoop whoop" to pull them out of their world, and let them know you're coming the other way
C - hold your line, and let them crash into you (human on human, I'm 87kg, works a treat if/when I do it)
My friend reckons that they're working on the theory of 'if I haven't seen it, I don't need to acknowledge it, therefor it doesn't exist', and we as the see-ers 'have seen and acknowledged, thus must move'.
Your take?


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4/23/2011: Home Rescue Fair
News From New York State
Senator Shirley L. Huntley
For Immediate Release: April 28, 2011
Contact: Antonio Rodriguez | firstname.lastname@example.com | (518) 455-3531
*Press Release*
Getting The Facts About Foreclosure
(D-Jamaica) On Tuesday, April 19th at Mt. Zion Baptist Church and Saturday, April 23rd at York College. Senator Shirley L. Huntley, Councilman Ruben Wills, and Councilman Leroy Comrie, Jr., in cooperation with the Connect Queens Campaign and many other sponsors held meetings and workshops discussing and helping educate residents about foreclosure prevention and preserving homeownership.
Southeast Queens has one of the highest foreclosure rates in New York and Senator Huntley wanted to educate and inform homeowners about the do's and don'ts when facing an impending foreclosure. The town hall meeting and workshop also informed guests about the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP). This program was initiated by the federal government to help eligible homeowners lower their monthly payments.
Recognizing and avoiding scams was also a topic that was discussed at length at the April 19th meeting with homeowners. Scam artists will go to great lengths to defraud homeowners by placing ads in newspapers, the internet, radio and television, telephone poles, and even in some cases sending personalized letters to homeowners. Some scams that people should look out for include rescue scams, rent-to-buy, and bait and switch. The attendees at the event were warned that any company promising to keep you out of foreclosure for a set fee is often illegitimate.
Several banks and mortgage companies came to the April 23rd meeting to help homeowners that included representatives from Bank of America, Chase, Wells Fargo, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Homeowners were helped personally by housing counselors and loan specialists to assist them if they were facing foreclosure.
Senator Huntley reached out to hundreds of constituents through to invite and inform them about the town hall event and workshop. Increasing awareness in the community about your rights during the foreclosure process and getting accurate information will empower homeowners and hopefully save many homes.
Additional news available at www.huntley.nysenate.gov and www.facebook.com/Shirley L. Huntley
New York State Senate Email | firstname.lastname@example.com | (518) 455-3531


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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be as unique as you. Every beautiful Gemvara palladium tourmaline vintage-inspired jewelry design will be made just for you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a birthday or Mother's Day to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your palladium tourmaline vintage-inspired jewelry with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. Tourmaline is named from the Sinhalese tura mali, which means "mixed stone." Available in a rainbow of colors and color combinations, tourmaline lives up to its name. Gemvara offers tourmaline in a warm pink and a lush green. Tourmaline is an October birthstone and the 8th anniversary gem. Rare and naturally white, palladium is a platinum group metal that weighs a bit less than gold, making it versatile even for large jewelry designs. Our wide selection of palladium tourmaline vintage-inspired jewelry by Tony Rodrigues, Randy Dixon, Damon Washington, and other talented designers means you can find rings, earrings, and necklaces that are exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Featured Curation, Fashion-Forward, or Featured Collection Collections. Gemvara's vintage style designs are made to last, with a look inspired by the past but modern wearability, versatility, and craftsmanship. When our work is done and you open that box, you'll see your design is even more beautiful when brought to life in the finest precious materials.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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A top adviser to an EU court is recommending that advertisers be prevented from buying ad keywords of their competitors' names on Google and other search engines. So then when you search on a particular company, you could get ads for their rivals. Doesn't seem fair, says this adviser.
A search under the word "Interflora" on Google's search engine in Britain turns up sponsored advertisements for three different Web sites: Marks & Spencer's, Asda's and Interflora's. Interflora argues that this misleads consumers.
If the court goes along with advocate general Niilo Jääskinen, and it usually does, it would limit the ability of Google to sell ads more broadly. To the surprise of no one, Google opposes this blockage, saying it's not what's best for the user.


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Real and synthetic household populations and their analysis: an example of early historical micro-census data (Rostock, 1819)
The main purpose of this paper is to report on an initial validation of methods for dealing with micro-census data with no delineated households. After describing the 1819 census of Rostock we test the possibilities of using an algorithm that creates households according to a strictly defined set of rules. The census of 1867 will be taken as our reference point for designing such rules of assigning people to household units and for assessing the appropriateness of the algorithm's fit to the census of 1819. In the final part we discuss the outcome of the algorithm for different groups within the urban population and the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Keywords: algorithm, census, delineating household
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|12 pages
|Date of creation:
|Feb 2010
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://www.demogr.mpg.de/
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text:
Measurement of Digital Colposcopy for Fluorescence Spectroscopy of TNC Using a Second Device
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The overall objective of this study is to identify potential improvements for a noninvasive method of diagnosing dysplasia and neoplasia in the cervix using Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy (MDC), a device that uses fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy to compare images to histopathologic mapping of the cervical epithelium.
Primary Objective:
-To measure Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy images in vivo of the cervix both before and after acetic acid in a screening population.This is a second generation research device with low significant risk for which we are studying MDC.
Secondary Objectives:
- To evaluate the effect of the fading of acetic acid in the image contrast obtained over time to see if this fading can predict the presence of any neoplasia.
- To evaluate mapping the cervix so that software can reconstruct the cervical epithelial map as evaluated by a Papanicolaou Smear to compare to routine colposcopic images as well as those from the Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy (MDC).
|Cervical Neoplasia
|Procedure: Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy (MDC)
|Phase 1
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
|Official Title:
|A Pilot Study: Measurement of Digital Colposcopy for Fluorescence Spectroscopy of the Normal Cervix for Screening, Using a Second Generation Device
- Number of participants with abnormal cell detection before and after acetic acid/colposcopy using Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy (MDC) [ Time Frame: Participation limited to Colposcopy visit, anticipate study completion in one day ]Measurements of normal sites during colposcopy before and after the application of acetic acid using Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy (MDC) images in vivo of the cervix both before and after acetic acid. Three images (white, blue, and green light) compared before and after acetic acid placement, the images may be compared to pathology obtained from a Pap Smear taken to evaluate the performance of the instrument.
|Study Start Date:
|May 2007
|Study Completion Date:
|February 2009
|Primary Completion Date:
|February 2009 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: MDC
Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy for Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Procedure: Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy (MDC)
Use of a digital camera and a special light to take pictures of the cervix and vagina.
Detailed Description:
A colposcopy is an exam of the vagina and cervix using a magnifying lens. A multi-spectral digital colposcopy uses a digital camera and a special light to take pictures of the cervix and vagina.
Before taking part in this study, you will have a complete medical history recorded. You will have a physical exam and a pap smear. Women who are able to have children must have a negative urine pregnancy test.
You will then have a multi-spectral digital colposcopy performed during the routine colposcopy in the outpatient clinic. A multi-spectral digital colposcopy device will shine light on the cervix and vagina and take several pictures. The pictures will be used by the doctors to check the cells and structure of the tissue. After the first set of pictures, acetic acid (vinegar) will be applied to the cervix so any lesions would show up better. Application of acetic acid is a normal part of the colposcopy and not part of the research. About 1-2 minutes later, more pictures will be taken.
If the acetic acid/colposcopy show abnormal cells, you will have a biopsy of the cervical canal.
If the acetic acid /colposcopy show normal cells, no biopsy will be taken.
Once you have completed the colposcopy with or without the biopsy of the cervical canal, your participation on this study is complete.
If either your Pap smear or biopsy of the cervical canal is abnormal, the study doctor/staff will recommend further care or treatment.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Women 18 years of age or older.
- Women who have been referred for screening at U.T.M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston, TX USA; U.T. Health Science Center-Houston,TX USA; Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, Houston, TX USA; British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Africa Cervical Screening Clinics, Family Planning Clinics or Gynecology Clinics.
- Patients must sign an informed consent indicating awareness of the investigational nature of the study.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients will be considered ineligible if they are pregnant.
- If they have a history of an abnormal Pap or a treatment to the cervix.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00503919
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00503919
|Principal Investigator:
|Andrea Milbourne, MD
|M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Additional Information:
|Responsible Party:
|M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00503919 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Submitted:
|July 17, 2007
|First Posted:
|July 19, 2007
|Last Update Posted:
|April 8, 2016
|Last Verified:
|September 2009
Keywords provided by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center:
Cervical dysplasia
Cervical neoplasia
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Multi-spectral Digital Colposcopy
Acetic acid
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Abnormal Pap Smear
Additional relevant MeSH terms:


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Upcoming Conferences and Events
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SBJ/20100913/Coast to Coast
Buckeyes bloggers given ultimatum
Published September 13, 2010
Ohio State University has fired a shot across the bow of any Buckeyes bloggers thinking of turning their football passion into a viable business.
The message: If you go commercial, be prepared to go legit.
The school Aug. 27 obtained a restraining order against a Wisconsin company ordering it to shut down a website dedicated to OSU athletics. The site, buckeyeillustrated.com, featured extensive coverage of OSU football, including an electronic magazine titled Buckeye Gameday. The company, GDS Marketing, said it was printing more than 100,000 copies of Buckeye Gameday for distribution in Columbus.
That was a familiar red flag for attorney Joe Dreitler of Bricker & Eckler. Dreitler over the years has stopped many producers of unlicensed Ohio State T-shirts, calendars and memorabilia. He convinced U.S. District Court Judge Gregory Frost that GDS Marketing had no business producing Buckeye Gameday.
"The rules are pretty simple," Dreitler said, the foremost one being if you're going to profit off Ohio State's trademarks, you have to pay licensing fees. "Don't make money using somebody else's property."


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Hawks are still available in the ISH NBA 2k7 (x360) League
If you have an xbox 360, a gold xbox live account, and are planning on buying NBA 2k7, please visit this thread on the main NBA forum, and sign up for our league.
Wanted to ask from nba2k7 players..
Is there a normal season-mode like in "nba live", i mean that what kind of season mode is in nba2k7, is it like you and computer can make trades all you want, or can you play full season with orginal rosters? Without computer making trades?
Please tell!!
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|Andrew Paterson / ICO Blog:
|Joe Miller / BBC:
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|Darrell Etherington / TechCrunch:
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|Ryan Lawler / TechCrunch:
|Andrew Cunningham / Ars Technica:
|Janko Roettgers / Gigaom:
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text:
How Will EMU Affect Inflation and Unemployment in Europe?
This paper explores how European Monetary Union will change the wage setting behavior of national labor unions. The authors derive the impact of national inflation aversion and labor militancy on the performance of national labor markets under different monetary arrangements. A common central bank raises inflation and unemployment if it acts as conservatively as national central banks. However, unemployment falls in countries that previously tied their monetary policy to the Bundesbank. The authors also examine the composition of EMU and the influence of national labor market legislation. Copyright 1999 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
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Volume (Year): 101 (1999)
Issue (Month): 1 (March)
Pages: 33-47
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text:
DEFINITION of 'Freemium'
A combination of the words "free" and "premium" used to describe a business model that offers both free and premium services. The freemium business model works by offering simple and basic services for free for the user to try and more advanced or additional features at a premium. This is a common practice with many software companies, who offer basic software free to try but with limited capabilities.
BREAKING DOWN 'Freemium'
The freemium business model is popular for companies just starting out as they try to lure users to their software or service. An example of a freemium business model is Skype, a company that allows you to make calls over the Internet. Their basic service is free, but for more advanced services you have to pay a premium.


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In more samosa-related news, I learned from the latest issue of The New Humanist (with its provocative cover photo of comedian Ricky Gervais) that the Islamist group known as al-Shabaab has banned samosas in the regions of Somalia controlled by it.
Why, you ask? Because they feel that its triangular shape is suggestive of the Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity.
So there you have it. An Islamist group suspects that a food item originating in a Hindu culture is secretly promoting Christianity.
Who knew that people involved in a civil war in a country facing a famine still had time to ponder the subliminal religious messages embedded in food snacks?
Some entrepreneur should take advantage of this snack vacuum to make crescent-shaped samosas.


text:
Quote of the Day
"I don't think he'll be quite as loud."-– Warriors President & COO Rick Welts, on how Adam Silver will differ from David Stern as NBA Commissioner. (THE DAILY)
Top Stories
School Of Roc
Nets investor Jay-Z yesterday came out with the "double-barreled announcement ... that he was opening his own sports agency, and that he was stealing" Yankees 2B Robinson Cano from agent Scott Boras, according to Ken Belson of the N.Y. TIMES. The move has Jay-Z "poised to shake up the sports world by offering athletes something they cannot find anywhere else: himself." Roc Nation Sports is the "newest arm of Roc Nation, Jay-Z's 'full-service entertainment company' that has quickly built a strong reputation representing artists like Rihanna, Shakira and M.I.A." Roc Nation Sports also has "teamed" with CAA Sports, with agent Brodie Van Wagenen taking the lead on Cano's negotiations. Jay-Z has "long been in the inner circle of A-li ...
Candid Camera
NFL mandates teams install cameras in home locker rooms.
Neon Leon
Deion Sanders' popular character returns as the NFL Network intertwines in-house promotion with on-air analysis.
Nothing But A "G" Thing
UGA unveils secondary logo but doesn't alter the "Power G."
It's 5 O'Clock Somewhere
UCF planning open-air tiki bar as part of stadium upgrades.
Don't Bank On It
BBVA Compass will not renew title sponsorship of Birmingham-based bowl game.
Fight For Your Right
TMS' Gossage dons boxing gear in "old school" race promotion.
We Are Family
Dealing with a new rival tourney and fatigued players, the Family Circle Cup still attracts top talent to the Charleston WTA event.
Blades Without Glory
Has Sabres Owner Terry Pegula "lost credibility" in Buffalo?


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The decorations have come down, the confetti has been swept away. Look around, because that music club where you rang in the new year may no longer be in business. At least not the way you remember it.
That's the case at Billy Blues Bar and Grill, a landmark blues and barbecue venue located at 6025 Richmond Avenue. Home of the 63-foot saxophone and a top outlet for local and national acts since 1993, Billy Blues will limit its operations to a Thursday-through-Saturday schedule so that construction crews can use the remaining days of the week to build out the main dining area and transform the club into a room that serves up not only the blues but also rock and "Texas music." The new-look venue, with a still-undecided new moniker, tentatively plans to open in mid-February.
Also as part of the ever-changing, never-dying live music scene, two of the city's most unique clubs from the 1980s have been resurrected, although in modified forms. Local Charm, the legendary eastside roots-music watering hole from 1985 to 1995, will reopen on Friday, January 5, at its new location at 1815 Washington Avenue. Ovations, the upscale Rice Village space that opened in the late '80s as an intimate outlet for classical music, has reconfigured its Times Boulevard room into a singer-songwriter showcase venue after a failed attempt at a full-time jazz club.
Billy Blues Bar and Grill is located at 6025 Richmond Avenue. For more information, call (713)266-9294.
Ovations is located at 2536-B Times Boulevard. For more information, call (713)522-9801.
Local Charm is located at 1815 Washington Avenue. For more information, call (713)921-2939.
The latest maneuverings underscore what many industry followers already know: The live music business is precarious. According to Nightclub & Bar magazine, half the clubs fail in their first two years -- for any number of reasons, from poor location to poor service to poor marketing.
The blues-and-barbecue concept is big in Chicago and Memphis, and it worked well when Billy Blues opened in February 1993. So what happened? Houstonians came out for the blues but never accepted the barbecue concept, says manager K.J. Green.
"People were confused about our identity," says Green. "They identified us as a blues club. However, they never accepted paying more for the barbecue than they would pay at Luther's."
The passing of Billy Blues raises a question: Can a live music venue with a 200- to 300-person capacity make a profit in Houston?
Yes, says Green, if you do the right business. Green estimates a club like Billy Blues must gross about $70,000 a month to turn a 5 percent profit after expenses and taxes. That's what Billy Blues was earning in gross receipts in February 1998, according to figures from the State of Texas Comptroller's Office. A year later the monthly gross receipts were down to $45,927. Even though the club enjoyed a few better months during the summer of 1999, the average monthly receipts this year have been under $50,000.
The revenue stream in a nightclub comes from three sources: the door (or cover charge), liquor and food. At a place like Billy Blues, liquor revenues are expected to account for 50 percent of gross income. Cover charges generate about 20 percent, while 30 percent is derived from food. A club owner can attempt to manipulate the revenue streams. For instance, you can try to increase food revenue, but food is hard to manage for many club owners; it eats up profits. Many clubs opt not to offer a menu in order to keep their costs down.
If a club opts out of food, it can choose to raise the admission price. But Houstonians have a thing about cover charges. Every nightclub owner will tell you privately that local audiences are whiners when it comes to admission fees.
"Houston people feel they are being ripped off with cover charges," says Green, who managed a restaurant in New York City before moving here. "At some clubs, you pay $5 to get in and $3 for parking. If you're a beer drinker, you'd rather spend your $8 on beer."
Ovations manager Kevin Kegg says it more bluntly: Those Houstonians who regularly balk at paying cover fees don't truly want to support live local music. If they did, they'd understand you have to pay for it.
"The element that supports live music is much smaller than what you'd expect in a city this size," says Kegg. "Compare Houston to cities like Vancouver or Seattle or even Austin. Those cities have a lot more live music venues than we do.
"If you're talking about showcase venues -- that is, 200- to 600-seat clubs, where you can see and hear musicians up close -- we've got very few of those in Houston. To support a showcase venue, you must have a crowd base that is willing to pay a high cover and high drink prices in order for a club to break even. People here would rather stay home than pay a $10 cover charge to hear a live band. That's almost what you pay to go to a movie."
Kegg and owner Frank Tilton originally opened Ovations in November 1988 as an intimate club for light classical music. "Classical music didn't pay the bills," says Tilton. The club then shifted to jazz and cabaret. In April 1998 Tilton leased the club to local pianist Paul English (see "The Improviser," by Paul J. MacArthur, November 30, 2000), who planned to expand Ovations and transform it into a full-time jazz venue that offered a small dinner menu. When the investment money never materialized and English's one-year lease expired, Ovations closed.
The new Ovations has more modest changes: The stage has been extended, the acoustic system redesigned, the house piano refurbished, and the seating capacity increased to 125. Kegg and Tilton plan to reopen officially this month as a listening room for local singer-songwriters like Jesse Dayton (who tested the waters by playing to a large, atypically rowdy Ovations crowd in November). The venue also will feature an intimate side bar for neighborhood regulars to gather.
Kegg figures that alcohol sales will generate 60 percent of the revenues, with the remainder coming from the door.
However, alcohol sales are down in Texas since the state legislature passed more stringent limits for blood alcohol levels last year. Known in the nightclub industry as "point oh eight," the law defines as legally drunk anyone with a 0.08 BAC (blood alcohol concentration), compared to the old 0.10 BAC level.
Texas Restaurant Association spokesperson Alison Hovanec points out that although there is no quantitative evidence at this point, restaurateurs say the new law is affecting their bottom line. "The casual drinker who used to have a beer out is not drinking," claims Hovanec. "A majority of the public has become fearful of drinking out or drinking too much, because they are not sure how the law affects them. Social drinkers are opting not to drink, so the sales of liquor are down." Yet according to the National Restaurant Association, alcohol revenues have been flat or declining for the past six years as part of "the new abstinence" movement.
With a handful of exceptions, like the Fabulous Satellite Lounge, the best music venues don't rely on alcohol sales to turn a profit. Young drinkers don't tend to be live music fans. They're out to party and hit on the opposite (or same) sex.
Location also plays an important role in determining a club's profitability. Most of the city's efforts are focused on the burgeoning downtown scene. Of course, nightclub owners located outside downtown disparage efforts to turn the area into a Texas version of New Orleans's French Quarter.
But location means much more than opening a club in the middle of a popular scene. Local Charm owner Rory Miggins decided to reopen on Washington Avenue because the area is on the edge of an urban renaissance. The new Local Charm will be close enough to attract those people used to going to clubs in the area, yet far enough away for an affordable lease. The nightspot is housed in the former Club Madrid, a Hispanic dance hall.
Miggins opened the original Local Charm in 1985 at the corner of Telephone Road and Lawndale, the site of an old grocery store and sandwich shop. The shop had a liquor license that had been held by the Lorino family since the repeal of prohibition in September 1933.
Miggins, a collector of beer and Old West memorabilia, simply adorned the old location's walls with his vast collection. When people came to Local Charm, they got an education about historic Houston. One piece of memorabilia was an advertisement showing Howard Hughes and Jean Peters, his second wife, sitting in front of a fireplace drinking a Grand Prize beer. Grand Prize was Houston's own beer, with a brewery located off Polk and Hughes. Visitors also learned about the wealth of Houston's music community. Miggins brought in local musicians like Leon "Pappy" Selph (who opened Local Charm), Jerry Lightfoot, Grady Gaines, Pete Mayes, Texas Johnny Brown and Joe "Guitar" Hughes.
The former grocery store was licensed for an occupancy of 39 people, but Miggins built an outdoor patio, so the crowd was more like 139 on the weekends. Other area bands that played Local Charm early in their careers included the Road Kings, the Rounders (Mike Barfield's pre-Hollisters band), the Zydeco Dots, the Dropkick Chihuahuas and the Flaming Hellcats.
In 1995 Miggins decided that ten years was enough and that he was making more money at his job with the International Longshoremen's Association (see "On the Waterfront," by Robb Walsh). The year Local Charm closed, the Houston Press named it "The Place We Miss the Most" in its annual Best of Houston issue.
"When I operated Local Charm, there were not a lot of other clubs in the area, although there was a palm reader down the street," says Miggins. "It wasn't in the seediest Telephone Road location, but fought to overcome the stigma of Telephone Road tooth and nail. We had a lot of the locals who came, and we got a lot of the blues lovers who followed the blues to wherever it was played.
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"Word of mouth was a big plus for us. We were successful in getting [the local media] to write about the club. But in the end, we couldn't overcome being a small fry in the wrong part of town."
The new Local Charm holds 280 people. An old-style stage, circa the 1940s, looks out on a large wooden dance floor. There's a sense of Houston history -- Hispanic Houston history, at that -- which Miggins and co-owner John Klotz would like to maintain. That's why they're thinking about involving the nearby Catholic church in a Sunday mariachi brunch after mass.
Local Charm will feature Houston artists who play original music. The Zydeco Players will inaugurate the club when they open for Grady Gaines on Friday. Miggins promises a steady diet of Houston roots music from performers like Lightfoot, Tommy Dardar, Sonny Boy Terry and Dayton.
In short, Local Charm, Ovations and Billy Blues will be battling for the same audience -- and for the same flat alcohol revenue. Club owners agree you won't get rich off live music in Houston. But once you get into the business, they say, it's hard to stay away. They hope the feeling is mutual for clubgoers.


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After what was the best week of the league season for the Los Gatos girls basketball team, the Wildcats took a little stumble early this week, causing them to take a little stumble in the standings in the De Anza Division of the Santa Clara Valley Athletic League.
In a classic case of two steps forward and one step back, the Cats knocked off two teams ahead of them in the league race–Lynbrook and Gunn–before losing to a team below them in the standings–Mountain View.
Los Gatos had pulled into sole ownership of second place in the division with its first two-win week of the league season, but the loss to the Spartans on Tuesday night left the Cats in a virtual tie for second with the two teams they beat last week.
Wilcox leads the pack with a perfect 7-0 record and Gatos is second at 5-3, followed closely by both Gunn and Lynbrook–each team at 4-3. Mountain View is 3-5 and shares fifth place with Palo Alto.
The Wildcats, 13-7 overall this season, face a tough test this Friday night when they entertain Wilcox in a 6:15 p.m. game. Gatos lost 51-32 to the Chargers on the first trip through the league schedule.
The Cats are hoping to avenge that first-round loss when they host Wilcox, just as they did last Friday night against Gunn.
Los Gatos had lost 47-39 to the Titans in Palo Alto, but when the Wildcats got them on their home floor last week they dominated the final three quarters to claim an impressive 14-point win.
Senior Katie Lamson tossed in 13 points, including a pair of three-pointers, to lead all Gatos scorers in the win. Sophomore Lauren Lacey had three threes among four field goals to finish with 11 points and Carly Polisso drilled three threes for nine points.
Sophomore Sarah Nelson added seven points with a three, junior Ashleen Quirke hit four points, freshman Korie Seandel popped a three and junior Hannah Krulevitch had two points.
The Cats were down 11-9 after a period, but outscored the Titans 18-10 in the second, 10-5 in the third and 12-9 in the fourth to take command of the game.
Earlier in the week it was a big night by the freshman, Seandel, that sparked the Cats to the 52-39 win over Lynbrook.
Seandel, the daughter of Leland High School boys basketball coach Steven Seandel and Los Gatos High Hall of Famer Suzy Meckenstock Seandel, buried four three-pointers on her way to an 18-point night to lead the Cats to the victory.
Lamson had 10 points, with a pair of threes, and Lacey finished with eight points. Polisso, Nelson, Quirke and Krulevitch chipped in with four points each.
"[Nelson] had a huge game defensively for us as she defended one of our league's standouts and Lynbrook's leading scorer [Sara Dyslin]," said Los Gatos coach Sami Field-Polisso.
The Cats took control of the game early by opening up a 17-9 edge in the first quarter. After taking a seven-point lead in at intermission, 25-18, Los Gatos added to its lead by a point in the third and five in the fourth to win by 13.
Los Gatos would back up that win with the victory over Gunn three nights later to complete what Field-Polisso called a "great week," but the mood changed on Tuesday night after the loss to Mountain View.
The Wildcats had already beaten the Spartans twice this season–39-33 in the Dons Club Holiday Tournament and 48-39 in the first round of league play–but they couldn't hold off a Mountain View comeback early this week.
The Cats led 16-7 after a quarter, but were outscored by the Spartans 13-6 in the second, 13-12 in the third and 15-8 in the fourth as they lost by six.
Lamson and Seandel shared the scoring lead for the Wildcats with eight points each, including two threes apiece. Quirke and Nelson had seven points each, Lacey six, Polisso four and Krulevitch two. Lacey, Polisso and Nelson each hit three-pointers.