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Treatment of refractory edema in adults
- Author
- D Craig Brater, MD
D Craig Brater, MD
- Emeritus Dean, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Vice President for Programs, Regenstrief Foundation
- Section Editors
- Richard H Sterns, MD
Richard H Sterns, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
- Section Editor — Fluid and Electrolytes
- Professor Emeritus
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Michael Emmett, MD
Michael Emmett, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
- Section Editor — Fluid and Electrolytes
- Chief of Internal Medicine
- Baylor University Medical Center
- Deputy Editor
- John P Forman, MD, MSc
John P Forman, MD, MSc
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Nephrology
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
Generalized edema can occur in a variety of disorders, including heart failure, cirrhosis (where ascites is usually most prominent), the nephrotic syndrome, and renal failure; when massive, the excess fluid accumulation is called anasarca. Edematous patients generally respond to the combination of dietary sodium restriction and diuretic therapy, usually with a loop diuretic. Some patients, however, are resistant to this regimen.
A variety of factors can account for persistent fluid retention, including inadequate diuretic dose or frequency, excess sodium intake, delayed intestinal absorption of oral diuretics, decreased diuretic excretion into the urine, and increased sodium reabsorption at sites in the nephron other than those inhibited by the diuretic [1-4]. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which reduce the synthesis of vasodilator and natriuretic prostaglandins, can impair diuretic responsiveness. Thus, these agents should be discontinued, if possible, in edematous patients [4,5].
The treatment of refractory edema in adults will be reviewed here. The initial therapy of edema, treatment of the different major edematous states, the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of edema in adults, and the evaluation and management of edema in children are discussed separately. (See "General principles of the treatment of edema in adults" and "Use of diuretics in patients with heart failure" and "Ascites in adults with cirrhosis: Initial therapy" and "Ascites in adults with cirrhosis: Diuretic-resistant ascites" and "Pathophysiology and treatment of edema in patients with the nephrotic syndrome" and "Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of edema in adults" and "Evaluation and management of edema in children".)
Edematous patients are typically treated with one of the sulfonamide-based loop diuretics – furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide. Ethacrynic acid, which is not a sulfonamide, is rarely used because it may be more ototoxic than the sulfonamide diuretics in high doses and its relative insolubility makes it complicated to administer intravenously.
The primary indication for the use of ethacrynic acid is in patients who are allergic to sulfonamide-based diuretics, including thiazide diuretics. There is minimal evidence of allergic cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antimicrobials and non-antimicrobials. Thus, patients with a history of allergy to sulfonamide antimicrobial drugs would be expected to tolerate non-antimicrobial sulfonamides such as loop diuretics. Allergic reactions that do occur appear to be related to a predisposition to allergic reactions rather than sulfonamide cross-reactivity [6]. (See "Sulfonamide allergy in HIV-uninfected patients", section on 'Between sulfonamide antimicrobials and nonantimicrobials'.)To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information on subscription options, click below on the option that best describes you:
Subscribers log in hereLiterature review current through: Oct 2017. | This topic last updated: Oct 21, 2016.The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2017 UpToDate, Inc.References
- Brater DC. Diuretic therapy. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:387.
- Rose BD. Diuretics. Kidney Int 1991; 39:336.
- Brater DC, Voelker JR. Use of diuretics in patients with renal disease. In: Pharmacotherapy of Renal Disease and Hypertension (Contemporary Issues in Nephrology), Bennett WM, McCarron DA (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, New York 1987. Vol 17.
- Ellison DH. Diuretic drugs and the treatment of edema: from clinic to bench and back again. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23:623.
- Brater DC. Analysis of the effect of indomethacin on the response to furosemide in man: effect of dose of furosemide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979; 210:386.
- Strom BL, Schinnar R, Apter AJ, et al. Absence of cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfonamide nonantibiotics. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1628.
- Brater DC, Day B, Burdette A, Anderson S. Bumetanide and furosemide in heart failure. Kidney Int 1984; 26:183.
- Krämer BK, Schweda F, Riegger GA. Diuretic treatment and diuretic resistance in heart failure. Am J Med 1999; 106:90.
- Fredrick MJ, Pound DC, Hall SD, Brater DC. Furosemide absorption in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 49:241.
- Murray MD, Deer MM, Ferguson JA, et al. Open-label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure. Am J Med 2001; 111:513.
- Mentz RJ, Hasselblad V, DeVore AD, et al. Torsemide Versus Furosemide in Patients With Acute Heart Failure (from the ASCEND-HF Trial). Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:404.
- Gallagher KL, Jones JK. Furosemide-induced ototoxicity. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91:744.
- Dormans TP, van Meyel JJ, Gerlag PG, et al. Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:376.
- Salvador DR, Rey NR, Ramos GC, Punzalan FE. Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; :CD003178.
- Brown CB, Ogg CS, Cameron JS. High dose frusemide in acute renal failure: a controlled trial. Clin Nephrol 1981; 15:90.
- Delpire E, Lu J, England R, et al. Deafness and imbalance associated with inactivation of the secretory Na-K-2Cl co-transporter. Nat Genet 1999; 22:192.
- Flagella M, Clarke LL, Miller ML, et al. Mice lacking the basolateral Na-K-2Cl cotransporter have impaired epithelial chloride secretion and are profoundly deaf. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:26946.
- Ellison DH. The physiologic basis of diuretic synergism: its role in treating diuretic resistance. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:886.
- Wilcox CS, Mitch WE, Kelly RA, et al. Response of the kidney to furosemide. I. Effects of salt intake and renal compensation. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 102:450.
- Voelker JR, Cartwright-Brown D, Anderson S, et al. Comparison of loop diuretics in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 1987; 32:572.
- Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:e147.
- Salvador DR, Rey NR, Ramos GC, Punzalan FE. Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; :CD003178.
- Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:797.
- Rudy DW, Voelker JR, Greene PK, et al. Loop diuretics for chronic renal insufficiency: a continuous infusion is more efficacious than bolus therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:360.
- Ring-Larsen H, Henriksen JH, Wilken C, et al. Diuretic treatment in decompensated cirrhosis and congestive heart failure: effect of posture. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292:1351.
- Inoue M, Okajima K, Itoh K, et al. Mechanism of furosemide resistance in analbuminemic rats and hypoalbuminemic patients. Kidney Int 1987; 32:198.
- Fliser D, Zurbrüggen I, Mutschler E, et al. Coadministration of albumin and furosemide in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1999; 55:629.
- Chalasani N, Gorski JC, Horlander JC Sr, et al. Effects of albumin/furosemide mixtures on responses to furosemide in hypoalbuminemic patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:1010.
- Loon NR, Wilcox CS, Unwin RJ. Mechanism of impaired natriuretic response to furosemide during prolonged therapy. Kidney Int 1989; 36:682.
- Wald H, Scherzer P, Popovtzer MM. Na,K-ATPase in isolated nephron segments in rats with experimental heart failure. Circ Res 1991; 68:1051.
- Almeshari K, Ahlstrom NG, Capraro FE, Wilcox CS. A volume-independent component to postdiuretic sodium retention in humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 3:1878.
- Abdallah JG, Schrier RW, Edelstein C, et al. Loop diuretic infusion increases thiazide-sensitive Na(+)/Cl(-)-cotransporter abundance: role of aldosterone. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:1335.
- Wollam GL, Tarazi RC, Bravo EL, Dustan HP. Diuretic potency of combined hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide therapy in patients with azotemia. Am J Med 1982; 72:929.
- Fliser D, Schröter M, Neubeck M, Ritz E. Coadministration of thiazides increases the efficacy of loop diuretics even in patients with advanced renal failure. Kidney Int 1994; 46:482.
- Dargie HJ, Allison ME, Kennedy AC, Gray MJ. High dosage metolazone in chronic renal failure. Br Med J 1972; 4:196.
- Oster JR, Epstein M, Smoller S. Combined therapy with thiazide-type and loop diuretic agents for resistant sodium retention. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:405.
- Vargo DL, Brater DC, Rudy DW, Swan SK. Dopamine does not enhance furosemide-induced natriuresis in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7:1032.
- Determine the effective dose
- Oral versus intravenous therapy
- Mechanism
- Importance of dose and rate of administration
- Exclude high salt intake
- Decreased loop diuretic secretion
- - Maximum effective dose of loop diuretics
- - Application to refractory edema
- - Continuous infusion
- Regimen
- - Posture
- - Infusion with albumin
- Enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption
- - Thiazide plus loop diuretics
- - Use of dopamine
- Ultrafiltration
- Oral therapy
- Intravenous therapy


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Ken Buck is a candidate for Mark Udall's seat in the U.S. Senate. The Weld County district attorney is a prominent name in a wide field of Republicans campaigning to face Udall in November.
Buck was nipping at Udall's heels in a Quinnipiac University poll released Feb. 6. In the poll, 45 percent of respondents preferred Udall to 42 percent for Buck.
Buck visited The Durango Herald on Tuesday. Here are excerpts from various topics in the hour-long interview:
Health-care reform
"The challenge is to develop a free-market approach to health care and still take care of the most vulnerable in our society through tax benefits or some other program."
"Part of it is insurance companies taking advantage of confusion in the system and driving up costs and also hospitals doing that. ... The government isn't very good at cost containment."
2010 Senate race
In 2010, he narrowly lost the race for U.S. Senate to Michael Bennett. About the campaign, he said:
"I think they did a good job in defining me – a good job in that they were successful, not that I appreciated what they did to me. They defined me as an extremist, someone outside the mainstream of Colorado voters. While I have conservative views, and am a conservative, I have a heart for my community."
Immigration enforcement
"A good portion of the public does not trust the government when they say they'll secure the border and create an employment-verification system. If we don't have consensus on those two issues, it makes it hard to go down that road."
"It's a terribly broken system. I'm not a conservative who believes in limiting immigration. I think we should have immigration that meets the labor needs in this country.
Attracting women voters
"I will be fighting for women's issues in the U.S. Senate. Those issues go beyond birth control and the issues that Democrats attack us on. Women are concerned about the economy and the debt that's piling up."
Energy production
"Colorado is somewhat unique in a lot of ways. We have great coal, oil and natural-gas resources. We also have great wind and solar."
Exporting energy resources
"I think we can export, and the fact that we're living in a global energy economy, we should be able to export."
U.S. in Africa
Buck's son, Cody, deploys to Chad on Wednesday as part of a U.S. Army cavalry unit based at Fort Riley, Kan. The unit will be training the Chadian Army as part of a U.S. strategy to bolster defenses against al Qaida-inspired groups in neighboring Libya:
"The leader of Chad is no saint, and I have concerns about how we're creating entanglements with our training. It's a complex issue, and I don't have a simple answer."
On Udall
"He has voted 99 percent of the time in 2013 with his party. I'm more ornery, and you will not see a 99 percent rate when Ken Buck gets to the Senate."
Water rights
"Colorado needs to take the initiative and have more water storage in Colorado. We're sending more water out of state than we need to."
Climate change
"The federal government has a role in setting standards based on good science and harm to humans. The free market can take it from there. If coal can't compete, then renewables will come up."
"I think ways to subsidize and tax break and mandate our way to efficiency is a mistake. You create inefficiencies by doing that."
Wildfire prevention
"So often, local officials have really good ideas on what needs to be done in particular areas, and their input needs to be better taken into consideration by the federal government."

subset: commoncrawl


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Art enthusiasts and curious minds got an up close and personal look at the dedication of a colorful outdoor exhibit in the esplanade of Montrose Boulevard.
Montrose Boulevard, outside Art League Houston
"Funnel Tunnel" and sponsored by Art League Houston, was welcomed to the neighborhood with music, snowballs and craft beer—not to mention a few daring onlookers sprinting across the busy street to get a better view. "People were braving their life to see it that close," says Alex Barber, web designer by day, photographer by night. The tie-dyed-looking structure took more than a week to install with the help of a large group of volunteers. The civic art piece from Houston-based artist Patrick Renner, made of steel and wood reportedly reclaimed from a turn of the century cotton gin, stretches out 180 feet and will dazzle passersby until May of 2014.


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by William White | July 25, 2013 9:59 am
[1]Walt Disney (DIS[2]), 21st Century Fox (FOXA[3]) and NBC owner Comcast (CMCSA[4]) halted negotiations[5] with Time Warner Cable (TWC[6]) for the sale of video streaming service, Hulu.
While talks may resume, currently there aren't any planned. Hulu owners announced the decision to end the auction on July 12. The owners will instead put $750 million in new capital towards the streaming service, reports Reuters.
Peter Chernin, DirecTV (DTV[7]) and AT&T (ATT.CL[8]) all put in bids of over $1 billion on the video streaming service, but were unsuccessful. Time Warner Cable had offered to purchase a 25% stake in Hulu, reports Reuters.
Company executives claim that low prices are not the reason[9] for the end of the auction, but instead insist that it was because they wanted to push forward with the service.
Source URL: https://investorplace.com/2013/07/hulu-calls-off-talks-to-sell-stake-to-time-warner-cable/
Short URL: http://invstplc.com/1fu7C59
Copyright ©2017 InvestorPlace Media, LLC. All rights reserved. 700 Indian Springs Drive, Lancaster, PA 17601.


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Stephen A. Douglas
Stephen A. Douglas (1913–1861) was the Democratic Illinois senator best known for his debates against Abraham Lincoln during the 1858 Senate race. Elected to the US House of Representatives in 1843 and to the US Senate in 1846, Douglas was a national expansionist who supported the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the subsequent Mexican-American War. Following that war, Douglas helped pass the Compromise of 1850. Supporting popular sovereignty, Douglas was also a key figure in the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. In 1858, Douglas...


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Life is busy, isn't it? We often get caught up in what needs to get done and focus our attention on what isn't working, or what needs to change. This can get exhausting! By giving yourself a break and finding the positive in power struggles, you can take some of the weight off your shoulders.
At the root of most power struggles is a child figuring out how to advocate for himself.
While it's not easy to live with, it's normal for kids to challenge your authority — it's part of growing up.
How do you find the positive in that?
For starters, a bold, assertive personality is often characteristic of a successful leader. As kids grow older and learn how to negotiate effectively, they become better prepared for adulthood. Skills like speaking up, debating and standing up for yourself can all lead to a rewarding career path. Need more help seeing the positive? Read The Strengths of the Oppositional Defiant Child.
Remember, your goal isn't to make power struggles go away or change your child's personality; your goal is to teach your child the skills they need to be successful. Kids need to learn how to have power struggles in a way that's not a personal attack — that means it's up to parents to teach the skills to negotiate constructively, and to set limits as needed.
Keep up the good work — you're doing great!
Talk soon,
Denise R., Empowering Parents Coach
"Kids are going to test limits, that's their job. What parents sometimes forget is that it's their job to stand firm." — James Lehman, MSW
About Denise Rowden, 1-on-1 Coach
Denise Rowden is a parent of two teens: an 18-year-old daughter and a 19-year-old son. She has worked in Special Education, Alternative Education and adolescent group homes. She has a BS in Psychology from the University of Southern Maine and is currently working on her Life Coach certification from the International Coach Federation.


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Jerrod Niemann Is Hard At Work on His Next Album
It's been a long road for budding country superstar Jerrod Niemann, from his years as a songwriter for artists like Garth Brooks and Neal McCoy, to his stint as an independent recording artist.
But all that work has paid off — his year-old debut, 'Judge Jerrod and the Hung Jury,' went to number one, and with his latest single, 'One More Drinkin' Song,' he has three top 40 hits to his credit, including the number one 'Lover, Lover.' What's next for Niemann?
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With his first two albums, 2006′s 'Sinners Like Me' and 2009′s 'Carolina,' Eric Church enjoyed steadily, albeit modestly, increasing success — so you can imagine that a few industry eyebrows were raised when his latest release, 'Chief,' debuted at number one.
To celebrate Church's first chart-topper, Billboard devoted a recent feature to analyzing his sales spike — and interviewing industry insiders who shared their theories about how it happened.
Meat Loaf Cutting Duets with Garth Brooks, Reba McEntire, Lil Jon and Chuck D
Call it paradise by the Christmas lights.
Big-voiced rock icon Meat Loaf has announced plans for a holiday album — and in his typically over-the-top style, he's going all out. Why settle for a quiet night of carols when you can sing along with some of country's biggest stars?
Lauren Alaina's 'Like My Mother Does' Video to Premiere on Monday
She might be on the road with this year's American Idols Live Tour, but Lauren Alaina isn't too busy to make plans for her upcoming debut album.
In fact, promotion for Alaina's first CD will begin in earnest next week, when the video for her latest single, 'Like My Mother Does,' debuts on CMT.
Taylor Swift Serenades the 'Chaperone Dads' Dragged to Her Shows [VIDEO]
Of all the duties dads pull when their daughters are young, "concert chaperone" has to be one of the most thankless tasks on the list.
But cheer up, Pops: Your ears might be ringing and your wallet might be light, but Taylor Swift sees you in the crowd, and she appreciates what you do.
Dolly Parton Apologizes for Dollywood Gay T-Shirt Incident
If you were surprised when you heard about all the hubbub that erupted over a Dollywood guest's choice of t-shirt, you aren't alone: Dolly Parton — who just so happens to own the park — is trying to get to the bottom of what happened.
Parton has also personally reached out to Olivier Odom, the guest who was asked to turn her 'Marriage Is So Gay' shirt inside out when the park host determined that it violated Dollywood's family-friendly dress code.
Patsy Cline's Former Home Renovated, Open for Tours
She's one of the most important names in modern music history, but Patsy Cline fans haven't had a place where they can go to celebrate her legacy — until now.
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George Strait Announces Release Date and Track Listing for 'Here for a Good Time'
George Strait has already released nearly 40 albums — and scored more number one hits than any other artist, in any genre, ever — and he isn't slowing down yet.
The country legend has set September 6 as the date for his next release, titled 'Here for a Good Time,' announced the 11-song track listing, and opened up pre-orders for fans.
Taylor Swift Inspires a Real-Life Wedding Proposal
Taylor Swift knows a thing or two about how to tell a 'Love Story' through song — and a few days ago, she helped play a role in a real-life marriage proposal.
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The High Court has held that an employee had no reasonable expectation of privacy when he used his employer's computer system to create,and transmit, personal email correspondence in the course of his employment.
The High Court has held that the suspension of a teacher was a "knee-jerk" reaction and in breach of the implied term of trust and confidence between the employer and employee.
An employment tribunal has awarded £25,000 for breach of contract to an apprentice whose contract of apprenticeship, which was due to run for four years, was terminated after less than two years.
The High Court has held that two ex-employees breached their contracts of employment by misusing confidential information belonging to their former employer's business. However, the High Court found that the employer had not suffered any financial loss and that it was entitled to only nominal damages of £1 from each employee.
No matter who the employer is and how much scrutiny they are under, calculating bonuses can be problematic. We round up five employment law cases where the employer made a bonus mistake.
The Court of Appeal has held that an employee's failure to take action to remedy a situation was a serious dereliction of his duty that amounted to gross misconduct.
In DLA Piper's latest case report, the High Court awarded damages of £30,000 and gave an injunction to a company after a former employee breached restrictive covenants by using a combination of customer contact details and information from purchase logs acquired during his employment to poach customers.
An employment tribunal has awarded a claimant damages for breach of contract where he verbally accepted a job offer made by the employment agency acting for the employer, and the employer subsequently withdrew the offer.
The High Court held that the presence of commercial exit discussions between a football club and an assistant manager during which he stated that he was prepared to leave did not prevent the club from committing breach of contract. Gurpreet Duhra and Germaine Cowen-Machin explain this employment case, in which the High Court made an award of more than £330,000.
Updated to include information on Novakovic v Tesco Stores Ltd, in which the EAT considered if written acceptance of new terms affirmed the contract.
HR and legal information and guidance relating to breach of contract.


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Fastest isn't necessarily best when it comes to GTX 660s
Subject: Graphics Cards | September 20, 2012 - 04:35 PM | Jeremy Hellstrom
Tagged: overclock, gtx 660, DirectCU II, asus
As promised [H]ard|OCP has spent some time overclocking the ASUS GTX 660 DirectCU II card and have come back with their results. The highest GPU clock they managed was a reported 1170MHz Boost clock in GPU Tweak but which was 1215MHz in actual in-game performance. While that was the high speed record it did not provide the best performance as the frequency often dipped much lower because of the heat produced, [H]'s sweet spot was actually a 1100MHz Boost clock, in-game a much more steady 1152MHz though it did still dip occasionally. They also upped the memory, but again because of the heat produced by the overclock they could not raise voltage without negative consequences. Check the whole review here.
"We put our new ASUS GeForce GTX 660 through the ringer of overclocking and make real world gaming comparisons. If you are thinking the new GTX 660 (GK106) GPU will be a good overclocker like its bigger brother GK104, you may be in for a surprise that puts the new GTX 660 in a new light."
Here are some more Graphics Card articles from around the web:
- ASUS GeForce GTX 660 Ti DirectCU II TOP @ [H]ard|OCP
- GeForce 9800 GT vs GeForce 660 GTX @ Guru of 3D
- Zotac GTX680 AMP Edition @ Bjorn3D
- EVGA GeForce GTX 660 SuperClocked Video Card Review @ Hardware Secrets
- Zotac GeForce GTX 660 with GK106 GPU @ @ X-bit Labs
- NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660 2GB Review @ Techgage
- Sparkle GTX650 OC Dragon Series @ Kitguru
- GeForce GTX 650 MSI Power edition @ Guru3D
- KFA GeForce GTX 650 EX OC 1 GB @ techPowerUp
- EVGA GeForce GTX 660 SC @ Guru of 3D
- MSI GeForce GTX 650 Power Edition OC 1 GB @ techPowerUp
- NVIDIA Chips Comparison Table @ Hardware Secrets
- NVIDIA FXAA Anti-Aliasing Performance @ Phoronix
- Seven Nvidia GeForce GTX 680 round-up: Super cards @ Hardware.info
- Desktop Graphics Card Comparison Guide @ TechARP
- Arctic Accelero Twin Turbo 6990 VGA Cooler Review @ eTeknix
- Sapphire Radeon HD 7750 1GB Low Profile Review @ Neoseeker
- ARCTIC Accelero Hybrid 7970 @ Hardwareoverclock
- PowerColor Devil 13 HD 7990 Review @ OCC
- Sapphire Radeon HD 7770 Flex Edition Review @ Hi Tech Legion
- XFX Radeon HD 7770 Black Edition Overclocked 1GB Graphics Card Review @ eTeknix
- Sapphire HD7770 GHZ FleX Edition @ Kitguru
- Sapphire Radeon Flex HD 7770 GHz Edition Video Card @ Pro-Clockers
- Sapphire Radeon HD 7950 3GB Vapor-X Review @ OCC
- HD 7990 Review; PowerColor's Devil 13 @ Hardware Canucks
- MSI HD7850 Power Edition Video Card @ Bjorn3D
When pushing those cards much higher than stock, you need to set up a custom fan profile that will have the fans at full speed once you hit 75C
A side panel air intake fan near the video card also helps
Overall even at stock, these cards run way too hot, especially since they can only handle 100-105C
^ LOL @ way too hot at stock. Yea, 60c is way too hot under load.
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What Decreases a Stockholder's Equity?by Cynthia Gaffney ; Updated April 19, 2017
Stockholders' equity shows the amount of capital a company has received from investors in exchange for shares in the company. It also shows donated capital and the company's current and historical retained earnings. Stockholders' equity tells us the stake held in a company by equity investors. Various transactions affect stockholders' equity, some of which decrease the company's overall balance.
Retained Earnings
Retained earnings, including net income for the current year, make up part of stockholders' equity. Retained earnings reports the firm's cumulative net income from inception to the most recent accounting period. If a corporation operates at a loss, stockholders' equity decreases because the current year's net income reduces retained earnings.
Revenues and Assets
Revenues increase stockholders' equity through retained earnings, and expenses decrease it. This shows the direct connection between a company's income statement and balance sheet. Since stockholders' equity is equal to the sum of assets plus liabilities, an increase in assets causes an increase in stockholders' equity, while a decrease in assets or increase in liabilities causes a decrease in stockholders' equity.
Stock dividends
When corporations pay dividends on stock, the payout activity decreases stockholders' equity. The dividend payments reduce retained earnings, which in turn reduces stockholders' equity. Firms also have a stockholders' equity account called treasury stock, which is a contra-account to stockholders' equity. The contra-account offsets the balance of stockholders' equity and reports stock re-purchases. A company may buy back its stock for several reasons. It may choose to distribute it to employees using a stock option plan, distribute it as a stock dividend, or repurchase it to defend against a hostile takeover bid. When the company repurchases stock, an accountant debits, or increases treasury stock and credits, or decreases cash. The result is a decrease in stockholders' equity.
Other Adjustments
Stockholders' equity may contain other items such other comprehensive income, or OCI. Items recorded in this account do not hit the income statement. They arrive at stockholders' equity through retained earnings; an accountant records them directly to the OCI account in stockholder's equity. These entries include gain or loss on available-for-sale securities, or foreign currency translation adjustment, and they may either increase or decrease stockholders' equity.
Photo Credits
- Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images


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All of twenty minutes after I finished reporting Halle Berry was back in New Year's Eve, we now have confirmed reports she'll be joined by former Night At The Museum star Carla Gugino. The Watchmen actress already has a pretty full plate of upcoming releases, as next month she'll be seen reteaming with Zack Snyder for Sucker Punch and this summer, she'll be seen in Mr. Popper's Penguins with Jim Carrey.
According to THR, she'll portray a doctor who will mostly be sharing screen time with Seth Meyers and Jessica Biel. The Gary Marshall-directed romantic comedy follows a gigantic web of characters all sorting out their lives during the last night of the year. I guess you could think of it like Magnolia, but do so at your own peril. It's very unlikely frogs will fall from the sky in this one.
New Year's Eve is currently filming in New York City and will likely be ready for a holiday release.
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I'm pretty sure Dallas has never had what you'd call an old-style, all-powerful political boss. And I'm absolutely certain that Craig Watkins shouldn't be the first.
It became official this week that the district attorney's top lieutenant is running to lead the Dallas County Democratic Party. And there's really no way to interpret that except as a political power play by Watkins.
For a variety of reasons, this is not a good thing. By temperament alone, the notoriously thin-skinned Watkins would be a bad king.
So when the Democratic primary rolls around in March, one of the most important matchups will be found at the absolute bottom of the ballot. First Assistant District Attorney Heath Harris will try to depose sitting county chair Darlene Ewing.
This matters to every resident of Dallas County — Republicans included — because Democrats now hold every countywide elected position. As the party goes, so goes county government. And right now, there's turmoil in both.
Of course, Harris denies any hidden agenda in his bid to head the party. "I just think I can do a better job," he told me.
But Ewing, who has led the county party since 2005, sees it differently. "Is Craig behind it? I think he is, yes," she said. "I think Craig wants to put his stamp on the courthouse and put his stamp on the party."
This is not the first time Watkins has been suspected of political empire building. Many see his handiwork in the unusually high number of his assistants now challenging incumbent judges for their jobs.
District Judge Lena Levario is one of the judges who has clashed most publicly with Watkins. She drew opposition in the primary from Tammy Kemp, one of Watkins' top assistant prosecutors.
The conflict of interest in all this is clear to Levario. "Do you want judges to be an extension for the DA's office or an independent judiciary?" Levario asked in an interview with my colleague Jennifer Emily.
That's an easy one. The Texas method of electing judges is already too political. And Harris' run for county chair creates even more potential conflicts. Harris and all the assistant prosecutors under him will be appearing before the same judges who depend on Democratic Party support to keep their jobs.
Ewing said, "I don't think any judge should be afraid to rule based on the idea that the district attorney might bring people to run against him. I think we want an independent judiciary."
Harris sees no conflict, of course. "No, I don't think so. I don't think so at all," he said. "The county chair should be neutral."
A second major concern is whether a public servant with a job as big as Harris' should even consider devoting so much time to political duties. As first assistant, Harris runs the day-to-day operations of the district attorney's office, which is equivalent to a large law firm with its 250 lawyers and another 250 in support staff.
"Whether I'm going to be able to handle both titles, I don't think there will be a problem at all," Harris said. "Mr. Watkins has allowed me to surround myself by the best of the best."
Ewing is also a lawyer. She has her own family law practice. "I'm self-employed, so I can structure my time," she said. She doesn't see how Harris can do the party job and the job our taxes pay him to do.
"He has a very time-consuming job and a lot of responsibilities. Maybe he underestimates the time commitment of a county chair in a county our size," she said.
Ambition is a good thing, but there's such a thing as reaching too far. In working to right wrongful convictions, Watkins has garnered national, even international attention. But he shouldn't let it go to his head.
He was elected district attorney, not courthouse czar.
Follow Steve Blow on Twitter
at @DMNSteveBlow and on
Facebook at facebook.com/DMNSteveBlow.


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It is well known that portions sizes in the United States have increased tremendously throughout the years, but what about increasing portion sizes as a way to promote increased fruit and vegetable intake among children? It may just a work. A recent study published in the March edition of Obesity examined just that (1). The… Read more »
Monthly Archives: March 2010
Fresh vs. Frozen Vegetables – What's the Difference?
Are you someone who is prone to buying fresh vegetables at the start of the week, and three to five days later they are still sitting in the refrigerator waiting to be used? If this sounds like you, you may be someone who would benefit from purchasing frozen vegetables to get more bang for your… Read more »
The Water and Weight Loss Connection
Throughout my career, a common question that arises is whether water consumption before or during a meal really helps with weight loss. A common responses to this question is that people often confuse hunger for hydration, but a recent study may provide an answer to this question that is based on science. A randomized clinical… Read more »
7 Tips to Motivate You to Stay Active
No matter what area of the country you live in, there are always obstacles that hinder your ability to keep up with our exercise routines. Loss of motivation can stem from living in New England during the winter months with the cooler temperatures and shorter daylight hours, or living in the South in the middle… Read more »
What's The Buzz About Magnesium?
Magnesium is a mineral that is inching its way into the spotlight. About 50 percent of the magnesium in our bodies is located in our bone, and the other half is found inside our cells and tissues (1). So what's the big deal? Well in addition to maintaining muscle and nerve function, regulating heart rhythm,… Read more »


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Madson feels ready to go when activated
Madson feels ready to go when activated
It could be Thursday, after Madson pitched in back-to-back games for Triple-A Lehigh Valley on Monday and Tuesday without any setbacks from his surgically-repaired right big toe. Madson has been on the DL since April 29.
Phillies manager Charlie Manuel said he didn't know when Madson would be brought back to the big league club, but he said he heard Madson has been throwing well and Philadelphia wants him back as soon as possible.
"He's going to really help us," Manuel said. "We need him back."
Madson, who was in the Phillies' clubhouse before Wednesday's game, said he felt ready to be activated whenever the team called on him. In five Minor League rehab games between Class A Clearwater, Double-A Reading and Lehigh Valley, Madson allowed two runs in 5 2/3 innings (3.17 ERA) on four hits and five walks.
-- Zach Schonbrun


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The lead counsel for the man accused of raping and murdering eight-year-old Victoria (Tori) Stafford launched a blistering cross-examination of the prosecution's key witness on Wednesday afternoon, and its purpose was clear: To convince the jury that Terri-Lynne McClintic was telling the truth when she testified last week that she – not her former boyfriend, Michael Rafferty – killed Tori with a hammer almost three years ago.
Drawing on a compendium of violent, gangster-style writings by Ms. McClintic, now serving a life term for Tori's death, defence lawyer Dirk Derstine elicited from her the admission that more than a year before the girl was kidnapped and killed, Ms. McClintic had fantasized in a jailhouse letter about kidnapping a stranger, torturing the person and then crushing their skull.
At the time, she was behind bars for a stabbing and a robbery, part of a long criminal record that will be further explored on Thursday.
"I feel like a vampire in heat. I hear voices in my head, I pray they aren't real," she wrote.
"I want to be on the road so I can take the first person I see, grab 'em … bring 'em with me … mutilate them … smash their skull apart and put it back together like a puzzle."
While it is Mr. Rafferty who is on trial, Ms. McClintic surprised many in the courtroom last week by claiming that she killed Tori with three hammer blows to the head.
That testimony directly contradicts what she told police after she was arrested.
Earlier on Wednesday, in a major victory for the prosecution, Mr. Justice Thomas Heeney permitted the jury to see and hear the police videotape in which Ms. McClintic states, in graphic detail, that Mr. Rafferty killed Tori.
Furthermore, Judge Heeney told the jurors that, unlike other video aired at trial last week, that clip can be regarded as evidence in the case against Mr. Rafferty, 31.
Mr. Rafferty has pleaded not guilty to kidnapping, sexually assaulting and killing the Woodstock girl.
Ms. McClintic, 21, pleaded guilty to first-degree murder in 2010 and is serving life imprisonment with scant prospect of parole for at least 25 years.
In her jail letters, she portrayed herself as a tough, unforgiving gangster affiliated with the Crips. She styled herself and a young woman she wrote to in much of the correspondence as "murderous bitches."
Yet in her police interrogation, she seemed meek and overwhelmed by remorse, determined to do all she could to help officers find Tori's body.
The two snapshots of the immensely troubled young woman were in stark juxtaposition.
Other letters described tying up and torturing the family of a fellow inmate who had slighted Ms. McClintic, and in another, she supplied the names and addresses of potential witnesses so they could be targeted: "Yo, I just want it done."
On that letter, she drew a pistol.
She also wrote she wanted to "go on a killing spree," but needed to learn how to use a gun.
Asked by Mr. Derstine about her dark writings, Ms. McClintic said she didn't mean most of it.
"I spoke about a lot of things, that doesn't mean I would necessarily do them," she said. "I did a lot of things at that point in my life that I'm not particularly proud of and that I wouldn't do now."
She conceded, however, that she was more serious when she wrote about targeting possible witnesses.
"When you provided all that personal information, you weren't just venting, were you? That wasn't just talk," Mr. Derstine suggested.
"No," she responded.
She also wrote about dyeing her hair and wearing coloured contact lenses so police wouldn't recognize her, and Mr. Derstine seized on the detail: After Tori was killed, Ms. McClintic cut her hair and bought a box of dye.
And he offered a strong hint of the central plank in his defence strategy: The notion that long before she met Mr. Rafferty, Ms. McClintic was both violent and capable of considerable planning.
Neatly dressed and coiffed, looking pale, Ms. McClintic delivered her evidence in a calm voice. From the prisoner's box, Mr. Rafferty stared at her hard, occasionally closing his eyes.
The crucial video clip of her police statement, played to the jury by Crown attorney Kevin Gowdey, lasted just under an hour and left some jurors visibly perturbed.
It showed Ms. McClintic outlining for Detective-Sergeant Jim Smyth of the Ontario Provincial Police the horrifying circumstances of how Tori was killed after being abducted in April, 2009, outside her school in Woodstock, Ont.
Under Det.-Sgt. Smyth's gentle prodding, the witness provided a searing, tearful description of how Mr. Rafferty raped, kicked and finally beat Tori to death.
At the trial last week, she insisted that while Mr. Rafferty did rape and abuse the child, she inflicted the fatal blows.
Ms. McClintic's longhand jailhouse letters, in neat, single-space printing on foolscap, were riddled with profanity and deliberate misspellings.
Signed with her nickname – Trip – they were addressed to a young woman dubbed "Krazy."
Many were decorated with three-point crowns and other symbols of the Crips street gang.
"We share the same thirst for blood, we love to see it pour," she wrote in a poem.
"As they beg for pain to stop, we inflict it even more."
On another occasion, she wrote about "doing in" her adoptive mother, Carol McClintic, whom she admitted assaulting more than once.
The correspondence also provided a glimpse of Ms. McClintic's life behind bars. She described a rigorous daily exercise regimen that included 400 sit-ups, 150 push-ups and boxing with her mattress. Simultaneously, however, she was also "railing" (snorting) prescription drugs, and she discussed having them smuggled into the jail by a guard.
Mr. Derstine's cross-examination resumes on Thursday.Report Typo/Error
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Proving to be the customer's favourite was Wilkinson's store as it swept the board at the Howgate awards ceremony.
The annual accolades were handed out at a ceremony in Behind the Wall after voting by shoppers and readers of The Falkirk Herald.
The homeware retailer scooped the prizes in the Best Variety/Speciality and Best Shopping Experience category, as well as being named Best Large Store.
They were nominated but pipped at the post in the Best Health and Beauty and Friendliest Staff categories.
The success was rounded off by manager George Dryburgh being named the Howgate's 2014 Store Manager of the Year.
After picking up his trophy from Real Radio's Ewen Cameron, he said: "This is a fabulous night for the entire team. It's a recognition of their hard work and dedication.
"Retail has many challenges currently, it's only by focusing on customer service that we can give people something extra – service that can't be found online.
Other winners on the night were Best Small Store – La Bonita; Best Service – Bank of Scotland; Most Friendly Staff – Strathcarron Hospice; Best Health and Beauty – Boots; Best Jewellers – Chisholm Hunter; Best Menswear/Sportswear – Bank; and Best Ladieswear – River Island.
One of the youngest winners on the night was Matthew Turner of Bank whose career has gone from Saturday assistant to the Howgate's Employee of the Year in a short space of time.
Suzanne Arkinson, Howgate manager, said: "The Retailer Awards give us the opportunity to reward and thank our retailers, who have provided an excellent service to all our customers in 2013. It has a very serious purpose in recognising the shops and more importantly the people, who keep retail in business."


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Although still a niche sport, mountain bike trials have been gaining popularity among the mountain bike community as seen previously in the "Road Bike Party" video on YouTube. The discipline involves riders attempting to pass both man-made and natural obstacle courses without setting foot on the ground. For "Road Bike Party 2," the riders have upped the ante, using their skills to land elaborate stunts on water slides, overgrown trees, rocky mountains and more. While the tricks are incredible to watch, the blooper reel at the end makes them even better.
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Safeguards against Data Security Breaches (Part One)
On October 4, 2017, the CFPB released an interim final rule and a proposed rule to amend certain provisions of its 2016 Mortgage Servicing Final Rule. While the changes will not drastically change the 2016 Mortgage Servicing...more
On June 7, 2017, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued a Consent Order against mortgage servicer Fay Servicing, LLC (Fay), requiring Fay Servicing to pay $1.15 million to borrowers and to cease activities...more
On October 5, 2016, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB" or the "Bureau") released its long-awaited final rule on prepaid cards (the "Final Rule"). The 1689-page Final Rule will fundamentally change how...more
The Ninth Circuit has ruled that the FDCPA requirement in 15 U.S.C. §1692g(a) for "a debt collector" to send a validation notice either in "the initial communication" or "[w]ithin five days after the initial communication...more
Earlier this month, the Consumer Financial Services Bureau issued its proposed rule amending the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's annual privacy notice requirement set forth in Regulation P....more
In an issue of first impression, the Supreme Court of New York refused to find a loan servicer violated Regulation X by initiating foreclosure when a borrower failed to strictly comply with the servicer's instructions for...more
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recently proposed amendments to its Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) rules requiring motor vehicle dealers to send their customers an annual privacy notice. The amendments would allow motor...more
In This issue:
- 6 Things You Need to Know Before Filing Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
- Don't Get Left in the Dark: Pre-eviction Noticing Requirements Following Sunset on the Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure...more
The CFPB has finalized its proposal allowing financial institutions to forgo mailing annual privacy notices by posting such notices online. Unfortunately, despite numerous pleas from the industry that the proposal would do...more
Some banks and other organizations covered under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) may now post their privacy policies online rather than having to mail them annually. Earlier this week, the Consumer Financial Protection...more
Nearly three years after identifying the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) annual privacy notice requirement as a candidate for streamlining, the CFPB issued a final rule earlier this week to allow financial institutions that...more
In July of 2010, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) was amended by Congress to reduce the time period from twenty days to five days for a servicer to acknowledge receipt of a qualified written request, and from...more
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) requires financial institutions to provide customers with initial and annual notices of their privacy policies, including whether they share consumers' non-public information with third...more
The CFPB is extending the comment period on its proposed rule that would amend Regulation P to allow financial institutions that satisfy certain conditions to deliver annual privacy notices to their customers using an...more
On May 7th, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) announced a proposed rule that would allow financial institutions to post annual privacy notices online, potentially eliminating the current requirement to provide...more
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau recently published a proposed rule that would amend Regulation P to allow financial institutions, under certain circumstances, to deliver annual privacy notices to their customers...more
On May 6, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) proposed a rule that would allow institutions that limit their consumer data-sharing and meet other requirements to post their annual privacy notices online rather...more
On May 6, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("the CFPB" or "the Bureau") announced a proposed rule that would permit financial institutions to post annual privacy notices required by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act ("GLBA")...more
The CFPB moved one step closer to allowing online privacy disclosures in lieu of individually-delivered disclosures, proposing a rule to amend Regulation P, the implementing regulation for the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act to create...more
The CFPB has proposed allowing financial institutions to forgo mailing annual privacy notices by posting such notices online, if the financial institution meets certain conditions. While the proposal is welcome, it needs...more
The CFPB published a semi-annual update of its rulemaking agenda. The rulemaking agenda includes a number of rulemakings on disclosures under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and its implementing regulation, Regulation C, the...more
In a continuing effort to resolve issues and answer questions "identified during the implementation process," the CFPB finalized revisions to the mortgage rules it published in January and subsequently amended in June 2013....more
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed a lower court's opinion rejecting plaintiffs' attempt to rescind a loan agreement after the loan had already been foreclosed, ruling that the foreclosure...more
Many companies and individuals that are facing investigations or subsequent enforcement actions by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") will be forced to incur substantial sums to defend such claims, to settle...more
In This Issue:
- Virginia General Assembly Concludes 2013 Session – Highlights and Considerations for Financial Institutions
- Cyber Fraud: Lawsuit by Local Community Bank Demonstrates Need for Vigilance...more
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The Seljuk Han of Anatolia
View of the han from the west
Main portal showing stalactite vault
View from roof onto covered section portal
Steps inside of main portal, leading to second storey mosque. To the right is the fountain iwan
(photo courtesy of Serdar Ceylan)
(photo courtesy of Serdar Ceylan)
Mevlana Dervish performance inside of han courtyard
This han is located on the Aksaray-Tomarza-Kayseri Road. It stands 5 km southeast of Avanos and 6 km north of Ürgüp in the Damsa Valley. It is on the left bank of the Kizilirmak River (Damsa brook).
Avanos Han
Saru Han
The name of the han means "Yellow Han", and comes from the
distinctive color of the
building material.
Not known, but thought to be around the year 1249
İzzeddin Keykavus II (1249-1254)
İzzeddin Keykavus II
Covered with open courtyard (COC)
Covered section is smaller than the courtyard
Covered section with a middle aisle and 2 aisles on each side
5 bays of vaults
Coming upon this han from afar is an unforgettable experience: its stunning profile dramatically rises from the floor of the fawn plane like the Cathedral of Chartres. It lies in a peaceful and majestic setting.
This is one of the finest hans of the Seljuk period in Turkey. The magnificent story of the Seljuk han finds its coda in this han, as it is the last han to be built by the Seljuks. Its magnificent architecture is testament to this long tradition of distinctive buildings. It has an elaborate bath and a mosque over the entry.
The han, with its portal facing towards Kayseri, is
similar in plan and in elements to the Kayseri and Aksaray Sultan Hans. It
adheres to the classical plan, but with one variant: here, the
mosque is placed over the gateway and not in the courtyard.
The mosque is on the upper floor of the entry passageway, and is reached by steps leading up to a tiny balcony. It has a small dome decorated with stalactites (muqarnas) and a mihrab with a 5-sided niche. Another set of steps leads up to the muezzin's pedestal. The doorway to the mosque is decorated with squinches and stalactites.
There is also a bath over the gatehouse, located at the right corner of the courtyard (like the Sultan Han at Kayseri and the Karatay Han).
The courtyard door has a pointed arch that most certainly held an inscription plaque. The inscription over the hall door has been lost.
There are 6 corner towers and 6 side towers.
To the southeast of the large courtyard is a iwan/portico with a fountain, and to the
northeast are places for accommodation and bathing.
There is a plain oculus in the center of the covered section. The covered section has 5 naves.
The inside and outside portal arches which were made from two different colored
bands of stones in yellow, pink and beige, which confer a lively
appearance to the main outer portal and inner portal.
The decorative elements of the portal include shells, Syrian knots, saw-teeth, meanders and rope designs.
Total external area: 2000m2
Area of hall: 570m2
Area of courtyard: 1120m2
This is one of the finest existing examples. It now serves as a cultural center for evening performances (The Saruhan Exhibition and Culture Center (see website below) and Mevlana sema dance performances). The restoration of the han, parts of which were in ruins, was started in the late 1980's and was completed in 1991. A new stone floor was installed in 1990.
Acun, pp. 210-235 (includes extensive bibliography in Turkish); 454; 522.
Altun, p. 198.
Bektaş, pp. 110-113.
Erdmann, pp. 130-135, no. 35.
Gülyaz, Murat Ertuğrul. "The Kervansarays of Cappadocia", Skylife Magazine, December, 1999
Rice, p. 206.
Karpuz, Kuş, Dıvarcı and Şimşek (2008), vol. 2, p. 227.
Parlak Bicer, Z. Ozlem and Fusun Kocaturk. "An Examination of the use of the Caravanserai at Cappadocia on the Silk Road; Saruhan Caravanserai". Proceedings of the Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road, 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, p. 390-392.
Saruhan. Internet web document. http://www.sarihan1249.com/ Contains many photos of the han and its current activities.
Unsal, p. 49.
©2001-2016, Katharine Branning; All Rights Reserved. No part of this site may be reproduced in any form without written consent from the author.


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Higher lake levels could mean a smoother year for the federal agency that markets hydropower from Thurmond Lake and 21 other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers projects.
"We certainly hope it's going to be better," said Virgil Hobbs, the assistant administrator for finance and marketing for the Southeastern Power Administration.
That U.S. Department of Energy agency, based in Elberton, Ga., sells electricity to 491 customers – mostly rural electric cooperatives and small municipalities – in 10 states.
In wet years, contracts are easy to fulfill. During droughts, when falling water levels reduce production, the agency must purchase alternative power elsewhere to fulfill its contracts.
During fiscal year 2012, the agency spent $7.6 million in peak replacement energy. Those costs are expected to be much lower for the remainder of fiscal 2013 and into fiscal 2014.
"We would prefer not purchasing any off-system power and have our customers getting all the power from inflows and the river," Hobbs said. "But we do purchase power because, with a drought, and working with the corps under their Drought Contingency Plan, we stay within the releases they provide us."
The corps' drought plan requires incrementally lower releases from dams as lake levels fall, which can reduce power production and shift the priorities for the available water.
Thurmond Lake, for example, has "authorized purposes" that include flood control, navigation, hydropower, recreation and fish and wildlife – in addition to providing drinking water and maintaining sufficient river flow to assimilate industrial and municipal wastewater.
As reservoir levels fall and releases are reduced, water supply and water quality rise to the top of the priority list.
Thurmond Lake has risen more than 10 feet since Jan. 1, and is currently at its highest levels in 18 months, with forecasts calling for continued recovery.
"It's anybody's guess what the weather is going to do, but if you look at trends, even if we have a bad water year in 2014, because of lower natural gas prices we would expect to spend less on alternate power," he said.
Although 2012 was a significant drought year, the cost of replacement power was nowhere near the high of $41 million spent in 2008, the height of the most recent "drought of record."
The hardships of low water that bring complaints from homeowners, recreation interests and real estate brokers also affect SEPA's power customers.
"Through recent droughts, since October of 2005, federal hydropower customers have spent $282 million above and beyond their contract rates to support higher lake levels in the Savannah River Basin," Hobbs said. "Hydropower customer interests are no different from recreation proponents, shoreline homeowners and environmental advocates. We all want to keep reservoir elevations high."


text:
I saw something on the Multikopter.co.uk "New to Multicopter" post that you're probably making 3-16 stick moves per second while hovering with a KK board. I found that very enlightening, as I was expecting the number to be about 1/10th of that. I'm sure once you're more experienced you make these corrections without thinking, but I'm certainly not there yet!
Thanks for the explanation lovegroove & isaacintheclouds
that helps a lot.
I am new to the multirotor area (plane guy) and could not find a clear explanation on the different platforms. Didn't know if it was a style/marketing thing or if there was a reason behind the different platforms.
Looking for something simple to build and learn on that I can fix and not have to wait on the slow boat from china to deliver parts.
Is a bigger or smaller Quad easier to learn on with more stability? Is there a recommended size to start out on?
Just looking at the flying abilities at the moment. Perhaps FPV down the road but that can be another build.
Something about the size of the 450 frame that I recommend in my beginner multicopter article is a great size for a first copter. It will be easy to add FPV equipment later on. The good thing with this frame is that you can buy spares from all over the place and they're really cheap. In fact, it's so cheap that you could just buy 3 of them from China and have loads of spares.
Mic603, I started with a Gaui 330x. It was good and cheap, but after a few months I was maxing it out with fpv gear and gopro. If I could do it all over I would go with a DJI 450 flamewheel. The NAZA flight controller is pretty solid and has 3 modes- manual(tilt it one way and you have to recenter it, also aerobatics capable in this mode), Atti. mode(recenters itself and holds altitude around mid throttle), and if you get a GPS compass with it, in GPS/Atti. mode, it can hold its altitude and position(GPS hold) and if you lose radio contact you can set it up to failsafe itself and have it fly back and land itself where you powered it up at. I would recommend better motors than stock ones. I use Avroto 2814s. which have been pretty good so far. They lend themselves nicely to a range of different props. I like the APC slow flyers best so far.
I dont know what your budget is, but the DJI f450 with NAZA, stock motors(2212s) DJI 30A escs, props and no GPS=450$ Thats not including controller/receiver. If you are planning on doing FPV down the road you can always get more powerful motors if you need. I would also consider looking at the Dragonlink uhf control system or something like it. It gives you long range(10+miles) and it uses 433mhz uhf, so you can use 2.4ghz video transmitters without interfering with model control or vice versa.
Here is a link to a place I have used which has some of these 450s. Look under DJI.
There are many other control systems out there, I know many people have had much success using other systems, but the DJI stuff has been good to me (except the Wookong-M. I like the NAZA much more.)
Last edited by isaacintheclouds; Oct 17, 2012 at 07:54 PM.
Can I get some feedback on my latest article about FPV? There's so much info I want to put in, but I've tried to condense it as much as possible but still feel that it's a bit text heavy and probably needs more photos to break it up. Or maybe I should break it up into lots of separate articles (Transmitter, Receiver, Antenna, Camera) and include more detail in each one?
Nice work Lovegroove
I like the format so far.
As a relative newbie to the whole RC Quad thing (less than 2 years), and a senior, most of the knowledge required for this hobby is new and quite daunting to me, consequently this info you have presented so far, is a valuable resource, and re-enforces the stuff that I 'think' that I remember from reading the forums.
I will be referring to this Blog over the coming winter months as I hope to try FPV, next year.
PS: Tried to post in the comments section and couldn't get past the stupid "prove you're not a robot" thing.
I guess that must be the default spam filter that google use. Sorry about that, but it stops getting loads of spam getting posted in the comments section with links to dodgy websites.
Regulations: There are no laws that require buddy box use, that is an AMA regulation required for AMA fields or if you are AMA and want to be covered under AMA insurance. I would also add that while FPV for hobby is generally considered unregulated, use of FPV for commercial gain is probably illegal in the US even though it is never enforced. Overall, it falls under the "know your airspace" clause of flying in general.
I spent far too long last night rebuilding my quad again after a prop failure ( HINT: if your model fails to respond to turns bring it down and ground it until you have found the source, those clockwise props are a bear if not secured 100% ). Got in some new parts on and then took off "prop savers" since I just didn't feel they were secure. Ended up just attaching the props directly to the bells. I think this will be simpler and more secure in the long run.
Before I lost the prop yesterday I completed at least 2 complete flips. They were crude, but they were 360 flips. Need to get better with downing the throttle.
Last edited by brontide; Oct 18, 2012 at 08:37 AM.
I didn't say that there were laws on the use of a buddy box, but in some countries, if you want to fly at a club and be covered by the national model flying association then you have to use one. I was just pointing out that it might be the case, to avoid the shock of finding out later.
I would love to see a tutorial on how to wire LEDs. I would like to add 2 blue LEDs on the front arms of my quad and 2 red LEDs on the back arms, with maybe a white LED underneath.
What I want to know is if it is better to get the power for the LEDs from the battery directly, or from somewhere else. I have a Ladybird and I found a video with somebody getting the power for their LEDs from the receiver. I would guess it could also come from a BESC or FC board.
I think it all comes down to resistors and the LED voltage range, but it has been so long since I learned all this in school. A simple tutorial explaining what to do with different battery and LED types would be great, along with some examples.
As a result of this thread I now have most of the pieces for a 450 quad build on order from HK. I also ordered 30a esc's from RC Timer. What I haven't yet ordered are the motors. I want to use my existing 2200mah 3s batteries on this quad. They all come in very close to 200 grams. I would also like to lift a HK 5.8hz vtx which uses a 450mah 3s battery at under 50 grams, and a HK board camera which is very light. My question is which motors? I have used the HK 750kv pancake motors on other models and they seem ok. I have three HK 35/36 1200kv's and one G-Force 35/30 1200kv along with two 28/16 1200kv's. But I have no clue as which would be best for what I'm trying to do. I'm sure the 35mm motors will lift more, but will certainly suck the power from a 2200mah battery in no time at all. Which ones will give the best compromise between lifting power and flight time?
This is why you have to look at the LED specifications for 2 key figures. You need to know the diode forward voltage (this is the voltage required to provide the forward bias to overcome the p-n junction) and the second is the diode forward current.
Once you have these 2 figures, you need to do some maths. A typical forward voltage would be 3.4v and typical forward current would be about 30mA. If you have a supply voltage of 4.2v (1s lipo) we subtract the forward voltage from the supply voltage (4.2-3.4) and then using ohm's law we divide that voltage by the forward current to work out what size resistor is required (0.8v/30mA 0r 0.8/0.030) which gives us the resistance that we need to put in series with the LED. In this case, the resistance = 26.666666, so we round up to a 27ohm resistor.
The power dissapated by the the resistor = I^2*R =24mW and in this case we would choose a 1/8W 27ohm resistor in series with the LED. The colour code for the LED is Red,Purple,Black.
Hope that helps.
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President Barack Obama will decide the fate of the Keystone XL pipeline by the end of 2011.
Yes, I want to raise my voice in opposition to the Keystone XL by joining thousands of others in encircling the White House on Sunday, Nov. 6.
We're thrilled to have you as part of this Sunday's action to stop the Keystone XL pipeline.
The Center's Bill Snape will be at the action and would love to meet you. He'll be wearing a Center T-shirt and hat, and between 2:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. he'll be in Lafayette Square Park, directly across the street from St. John's Church, which is at 16th and H Streets NW. Bill will likely be accompanied by Frostpaw the Polar Bear. Please stop by to say hello.
When: Sunday, Nov. 6. Rally at 2:00 p.m.
Where: Meet at Center fountain, Lafayette Square Park, Washington, D.C.
What: After the rally, we'll divide into four groups to encircle the White House. One group will go to the south side, along E Street, followed by two groups moving to the east and west along 15th and 17th streets. The fourth will form a line along Pennsylvania Ave. on the north side. There will be monitors directing the crowd. After heading back to the park, we hope to wrap up at 5:30 p.m.
Key points:
• Clocks fall back on Nov. 6 and return to standard time.
• The weather forecast says it will be cool and overcast. Please dress warmly; you'll be outside for several hours, and only some of that time will be spent in motion. Be ready for a possible sprinkle. This is a rain-or-shine event.
• There are no unattended items or structures of any kind allowed in the park. Please bring only what you can carry. Unattended items are grounds for the park to be evacuated and the item blown up by a bomb team.
• This means no tripods or chairs. If you need to sit, please arrive early and find space on a bench. Wheelchairs are the only exception.
• Portable bathrooms will be on Vermont Ave. at the northeast corner of the park.
Feel free to contact me with questions.
Rose Braz, Climate Campaign Director
email@example.com; 415.632.5319


text:
Derby has become the latest area to consolidate numerous recycling bins into one, larger offering, waste-management-world.com reports.
Following in the footsteps of its peers around the country, Derby City Council has started delivering larger bins that will be used for paper, textiles and cardboard in one place. It will see the old scheme of separating into blue, red and orange containers; instead requiring locals to place all their recycling together in a new 240-litre bin.
The 80,000 recycling bins for home are expected to be delivered over the next three months, along with correspondence to inform local residents of the change.
As part of the new scheme, however, Derby Council has put an end to collecting textiles, so locals have been advised to leave them out of the bins. They will take paper, cardboard, glass, tins, plastic, cartons and aerosols, though.
It is hoped the scheme would not only encourage residents to recycle more as the whole process will be easier, but also save the council in the region of £500,000 every year.
Commenting on the development, chairman of the Sinfin and Spondon Against Incineration protest group, Simon Bacon told thisisderbyshire.co.uk how a simpler scheme will encourage more recycling.
Noting problems with the old scheme, Bacon complained: "Paper and card would come out of the bags and blow about and that may have put some people off."


text:
Introduction: This is dedicated to a lovely little 18 year old boy at my place of work who just seem to inspire this little piece of fantasy. It isnt true, God I wish it was, but its still nice to think about the possibilities! Casually I sat at my bench at work and put together one of the frames for a client. I worked at a frame shop in town and was one of the few people that worked here. Across from me sat a newbie to the trade. He was fresh out of high school and was working here for the summer. From the first day I had been instantly attracted to him. Maybe it was his man boy face or how he was a total jerk off, but that boy soon became my fuck fantasy at work when things were slow.
I had caught him a couple times looking at my chest while I was working away. I had a habit of in the summer wearing some lower cut shirts so I always ended up with a lot of cleavage showing. And I guess to a horny 18 year old it was a God send.
So as I worked on this frame I found myself staring out of the corner of my eye as I watched him work. He didnt seem to notice my stare while he had his ear buds in listening to his music just working away on some matting for an 18 X 24 picture. Slowly I let my gaze travel down from his face and slightly linger on his chest, imagining just grabbing those nipples while kissing him. My gaze continued as I looked down to where his crotch would be. If only the table was lower or his stool high I could see it. How I wanted to grab his dick he so praised about and make him feel torment at my hands. Make him cum only to stop right before he got that blessed release.
I kept looking over at him as I kept my work going only breaking that trance to change a song on my iPod. In one of those instances he had gotten up and moved to the back storage room to get the bonding glue we keep in there. Now was my chance.
I finished up my nailing and quickly walked over to where he was. He had almost left the room when I got his attention. Hey, did you see if we were out of poxi yet? Kellie wanted to know cause she ordering right now.
Um…I didnt look but I can look again.
Ok. I followed him in closing the door behind us as he climbed up a step stool to look.
Whyd the door close!? his face was barely seen in the dim light of the single bulb, just a few days from going out. From my angle I could see just how thin he was compared to me. Now I wasnt any size two blonde bimbo, I had curves and 38 D boobs with a frame to support them.
He was at the perfect angle that he would be helpless to me grabbing him from his slight height above me.
I just wanted to talk to you.
Ok? he now came down from the small ladder and right to me, now face to face. What is it you wanted to talk to me about?
Reaching back I shoved the other ladder under the knob and started to purr as I got really close to him. I just wanted to get you alone finally. Youve been bugging me all week with how you work.
How do I work?
You look so innocent and sweet behind those cute little glasses of yours and your funny little way you look so helpless. Like a child. Makes me just want to…mmm! I was now so close I could have licked his glasses with my whole tongue. My boobs were right against his chest and my pelvis was arched in towards his dick, like I was inviting him to thrust forward himself.
Um…youre really close… he tried to back up but he was pinned by the shelves. There really wasnt much room in this place, making it perfect for trapping someone.
I curiously brought my hand up and poked his chest as I managed to move my semi hard nipples against his body, clueing him into what I was wanting. You know how much I wanted to get my hands on you from the minute you got here. How fucking adorable you looked in your little shirts and glasses. The boy beard doesnt hurt either. I was now on top of him, my face so close to his we could have kissed. You make me horny.
He tried to move from under my boobs, pressing against him so hard that I could feel his heart beat through my tits. He was scared but turned on by my forwardness. He tried to swing at me to get me off of him but I caught his arm and flung it up, pinning it. He tried to hit me with the other but I was ready and ended up getting it pinned too. Soon he was helpless and I was back in total control. Slowly I moved in and kissed him, getting it all started. He tried to move his face to impede my kiss but instead just gave me entry to his ear as I licked the outer part sending shivers down his body.
I just want to play. You boast all day about how many girls you seem to get that are my age so I thought Id just move on it.
Keeping his arms above his head I shoved my right hand down his pants and latched on to his warm fleshy sword. He twitched a bit when I grabbed him but grew stiff as the seconds moved on. Your hard just from this. he tried to struggle against me but I quickly moved my hand up and down, causing him to stop and his hip to slowly copy my hand movement. Feeling good isnt it? Youre still a perve.
By now he was already going weak from me stimulating his cock that he relaxed his body and I let his arms go. Quickly I pulled my shirt off and watched as he froze at the sight of my melons.
Theyre nicer in person hu? he only nodded as I continued to stroke him up and down, his pants now on the floor with his boxers. I used two hands as I tormented his shaft with one hand and slapped his balls with the other. He grew so hard that I could barely get him to even bend a centimeter.
Without even thinking I dove right at his hard dick and started sucking his head and licking the precum from it until he couldnt hold the moans in any longer. I could feel his balls tightening as I played with them, giving each a swift slap as I clawed the other. Slowly I tortured his balls until I could feel he was ready to shoot hard, but I wasnt going to let him cum just yet. Abruptly I stopped licking the juicey shaft and unhooked my bra, shoving my engorged tits in his face. He took the hint and stated sucking on my tits so hard I felt like screaming.
By now he had gotten the message and had his hand down my pants, fondling my clit with all he had. The pressure of his finger on my labia was almost too much for me, that I was inches away from cumming myself. Thinking fast I shoved my pelvis down and forward getting him to end up shoving his finger into my cunt as I kissed him to keep us quiet.
He took my act as an invitation to start slamming his finger into my cunt at full force and getting me to buck so hard against his hand that I lost control of my orgasm and quickly came. Juice streamed down his hand as I now was the one slamming my hips onto his hand.
So I was the one who got you off first. Hows it feel to be finger banged by an 18 year old? his face was so close to mine, inches. I was too absorbed in my pleasure journey that I didnt answer him, but I think he could tell.
As I came down to earth again I remembered his now throbbing member by my hip. Animal like, I peeled my sweaty pants off my legs and swung my left leg over his shaft, sticking up, and impaled myself onto his cock. He gasped just as I gasped, wrapping my arms around him as he pulled my legs up. I was being held in midair as I seemed to be fucking myself on his now rocklike dick, giving it every ounce of lust I had. His mouth found its way to my tits and latched onto one biting down hard on it. I gave a cry of pleasure as he hit what I liked and continued shoving my hips forward to fuck myself.
From his face I could tell he wasnt getting the least bit tired but he was close to coming. Tell me when you are about to shoot. I whispered into his ear as he gave one last shove at my now dripping cunt, the floor around us getting slicker by the second. A shock wave rippled through my body as I felt every nerve ending fire with blinding white ecstasy as sound became frozen to my deaf ears. He kept pumping savagely in and out of me, creating friction on my already numb pussy. And just as quickly as this whole thing started I heard him cry that he was cumming and found myself becoming his cum dump as he unloaded shot after shot into my womb, biting down on my tit as he tried to compress his grunts of pleasure. I in turn tried to suppress my own moans as I felt warmth radiate from my groin and up into my now burning tits.
Slowly the rhythm we had slowed and his grip started to loosen. I fell to the floor, so weak from his pounding that it hurt to just breathe. He leaned against the shelves, rubbing his now purple cock of its last few drops of cum. His gasping breaths matched mine as the time moved forward and life started coming back to my legs. Awkwardly I rose from the floor and pulled my pants back on forgetting to put my panties on. He too awkwardly got dressed as he tried to clean the cum off the floor. We never exchanged looks, just cleaned our mess up and walked out as if nothing had ever happened, going back to work. Only now, there was not music to keep us occupied and cum could be smelled though out the whole store.
No one else ever found out why or what happened and he soon went off to school back east and I stayed working there still. But we do still keep in touch on the off chance we want to ever rape each other again.


text:
Melt density and the average composition of basalt
- 721 Downloads
- Citations
Densities of residual liquids produced by low pressure fractionation of olivine-rich melts pass through a minimum when pyroxene and plagioclase joint the crystallization sequence. The observation that erupted basalt compositions cluster around the degree of fractionation from picritic liquids corresponding to the density minimum in the liquid line of descent may thus suggest that the earth's crust imposes a density filter on the liquids that pass through it, favoring the eruption of the light liquids at the density minimum over the eruption of denser more fractionated and less fractionated liquids.
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© Springer-Verlag 1980


text:
- Info
- The Fly-O is a 3 foot rod with 15 feet of bulky fluorescent yarn for casting practice.
- Perfect for indoor casting!
- Requiring the same timing and the same strength to push the yarn through the casting motions, it simulates fly casting perfectly.
- New instructional booklet by Joan Wulff included.