text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|17 Mar 1998
|Filing date
|13 Sep 1995
|Priority date
|13 Sep 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jacques A. Laurent, Wolfgang Decker
|Original Assignee
|Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (62), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (31), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for manufacturing a packaging material that incorporates a barrier layer. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for manufacturing a packaging material using gaseous phase atmospheric photo chemical vapor deposition to apply a barrier layer on a moving web substrate.
Flexible and non-flexible packages having at least one layer of a polymer material have been used in the packaging industry for a substantial period of time. Non-flexible packages are generally manufactured from a laminate material that includes a paperboard support layer and inner and outer layers of thermoplastic materials that are heat sealable to one another. Flexible packaging materials often do not include a structural support layer (although they may contain a thin substrate layer of, for example, paper) and are often used to form pouch-type containers. Packages made from these laminated materials have the requisite properties for packaging non-aromatic foodstuffs that are generally insensitive to oxygen but are not suitable for aromatic, oxygen-sensitive foodstuffs, such as orange juice or the like.
Packages for aromatic, oxygen sensitive foodstuffs are generally made from laminated materials incorporating a barrier layer, either as a product contact layer or as an intermediate layer in a multilayer laminate. One of the most commonly used barrier layer materials is aluminum. Another commonly used barrier material is ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH).
Other materials have been found to exhibit excellent barrier properties. One set of materials that has been shown to exhibit excellent barrier properties is the silicon based materials. These materials include silicon oxides (SiOx) such as silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3 N4). Packaging materials incorporating such silicon based materials are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,410, issued Jun. 16, 1992, to Lofgren, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Generally stated, the '410 patent discloses a laminate material comprising a carrier layer of thermoplastic material and a barrier layer of inorganic material that is joined to a further carrier/barrier layer at the faces of the barrier layers by a bonding agent. In one embodiment, the barrier layers are silicon based layers, each having a thickness of 50-500 Å. In the illustrated embodiments, the silicon based barrier layers are deposited on the respective thermoplastic carrier layers using a vacuum deposition process.
The existing vacuum deposition processes used in the manufacture of the multilayer barrier materials are prohibitively costly due to the equipment, time, and energy needs associated with batch processing the materials in a chamber that has been evacuated to a pressure that is substantially below atmospheric pressure. One such process that has been utilized to deposit SiOx materials onto a web in a batch process is a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,441. Other CVD processes are shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,495,218 to Azuma et al.; 5,364,667, to Rheiu. These processes tend to be prohibitively costly and have generally not been economical for the production of packaging laminate materials.
An economical apparatus and method for depositing a barrier layer on a substrate material is set forth which eliminates many of the problems associated with prior processes. In accordance with the method of the present invention, a continuous web of substrate material is provided on which the barrier layer is to be deposited. The web of substrate material is driven, either continuously or in an indexed fashion, through a reaction chamber of a deposition apparatus wherein there is provided a flow of precursor gas and oxidizer gas. The reaction chamber has an internal pressure of about one atmosphere. The continuous web of substrate material, the precursor gas, and the oxidizer gas are exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the reaction chamber as the continuous web of substrate material is driven therethrough to thereby provide a barrier layer on the web of substrate material. In accordance with one embodiment of the method, the precursor is a silicon precursor and the barrier layer is a silicon-based barrier layer. The method allows a continuous web of substrate material to be continuously processed at a reaction pressure of about one atmosphere thereby making the production of the resulting packaging material more economical than the batch processing at low pressure that is required of the prior processes.
An apparatus for implementing the method of the invention is also set forth. The apparatus comprises a web dispenser supporting a continuous web of substrate material and a deposition apparatus. The deposition apparatus comprises a) a reaction chamber; b) a web inlet portion for accepting the continuous web of substrate material from the web dispenser into the reaction chamber; c) an ultraviolet energy source disposed to radiate ultraviolet energy into the reaction chamber; d) at least one gas inlet for conducting a flow of a precursor gas, an oxidizing gas, and a carrier gas into said reaction chamber, pressure within the reaction chamber being about one atmosphere, the precursor gas, oxidizing gas, and continuous web of substrate material being exposed to the ultraviolet light energy from the ultraviolet lamp to thereby cause deposition of a barrier layer on the web of substrate material; e) a web outlet portion for allowing passage of the continuous web of substrate material from the reaction chamber; and f) a gas outlet for allowing gases to exit the reaction chamber. The apparatus further comprises a web driving mechanism for driving the web of substrate material through the reaction chamber.
In accordance with further enhancements to the apparatus and method of the present invention, the temperature of the moving web of substrate material is controlled, at least in part, by passing the web over a cooling table as it is processed in the reaction chamber. Additionally, the precursor, oxidizer, ultraviolet light intensity, substrate material, and web speed through the reaction chamber may be chosen so that the deposition of the barrier layer takes place at a temperature of less than about 200� C. within the reaction chamber. Selective deposition of the barrier material may take place using photo masking techniques.
The foregoing apparatus can be used in any one of a variety of system configurations. For example, the foregoing apparatus can be used in a modular fashion to better regulate the thickness of the barrier layer deposited on the substrate. To this end, a plurality of deposition device modules may be arranged so that the continuous web of substrate material is passed through a series of the devices, each device contributing to a predetermined thickness of the barrier layer material. Additionally, the apparatus can be utilized in a first web converting system wherein the barrier layer is, for example, the product contact layer of the packaging material or in a second web converting system wherein a further material layer is joined on or over the barrier layer of the substrate/barrier material after processing by the deposition apparatus. In either instance, the resulting laminate material may be taken up onto a rewinder roll for transport and use in subsequent converting or packaging operations. In accordance with a still further system utilizing the foregoing apparatus, the apparatus is disposed at the input of a packaging machine wherein the resulting substrate/barrier material is transported after the deposition of the barrier layer to the input of the packaging machine for forming the material into a package which is both filled and sealed.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present method and apparatus will become apparent on review of the following drawings and accompanying description.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section of a deposition device constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a cross-section side view of one embodiment of a web inlet suitable for use in the deposition device of FIG. 1.
FIG. 2B is a cross-section side view of a further web inlet suitable for use in the deposition device of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a system diagram illustrating the use of a plurality of serially disposed deposition devices of the general type shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a system diagram illustrating one embodiment of a web handling system for use with a deposition device such as the one set forth in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a system diagram of a packaging system employing a deposition device and web handling system that feeds a material web directly from the output of a deposition device to the input of a packaging machine.
FIG. 6 is a system diagram illustrating one embodiment of a system wherein a further web of material is applied over the barrier layer of the substrate/barrier material exiting the deposition device using adhesive lamination.
FIG. 7 is a system diagram illustrating one embodiment of a system wherein a further layer of material is extruded over the barrier layer of the substrate/barrier material exiting the deposition device.
FIGS. 8 and 9 are schematic cross-sections illustrating a further embodiment of the deposition device of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-section of a deposition device of the type shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 and further including a masking apparatus.
FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate one embodiment of a heating apparatus which heats the reaction chamber to a desired, reaction temperature.
With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a deposition device 20 constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The deposition device 20 includes a web inlet portion 25, a reaction chamber 30, and a web outlet portion 35. A continuous web of substrate material 40 extends from a location exterior to the web inlet portion 25, through reaction chamber 30, to a location exterior to the web outlet portion 35. The continuous web substrate 40 is driven in the direction illustrated by arrows 45 in a continuous manner or in an indexed fashion so as to enter the deposition device 20 at the web inlet portion 25, enter the reaction chamber 30, and exit the deposition device 20 at the web outlet portion 35. The continuous web of substrate material 40 may be a single polymer, such as polyethylene (LDPE, VLDPE, LLDPE, etc.), polyethylene terephthalet (PET), etc., or a multilayer laminate, for example, a paperboard based material coated with at least one layer of polyethylene. Numerous polymers and polymer layer combinations are suitable for use as the web substrate 40. A known surface treatment, such as corona or flame treatment, may be performed on the web substrate 40 prior to processing within the deposition device 20.
A barrier material is deposited on the continuous web of substrate material 40 as it passes through the reaction chamber 30. To this end, a precursor gas, oxidizing gas, and carrier gas are supplied at a first gas inlet 50. These gasses are directed through region 55 in the direction indicated by arrow 60 under the guidance of baffle wall 65. Baffle wall 65 terminates in a curved section 70 at an open region where the gasses are deflected in a direction indicated by arrows 80 and 85 over the upper surface 90 of the web 40. The gasses entering the reaction chamber 30 may be heated, for example, in a manner that will be described below. Although the precursor, oxidizing, and carrier gasses are illustrated as entering the reaction chamber 30 through a single inlet 50, it will be recognized that multiple inlets may be used for communication of these gasses to the reaction chamber 30.
An ultraviolet radiation module, shown generally at 100, is disposed to irradiate the web of substrate material 40 and the oxidizing and precursor gasses so as to result in the deposition of a barrier layer onto the upper surface 90 of the web substrate 40. In the illustrated embodiment, the ultraviolet radiation module 100 includes one or more ultraviolet lamps 102 disposed beneath a reflector hood 103 within a housing 105. Cooling ports (not illustrated) may be used to conduct a cooled air flow through region to cool the reflector hood 103 and UV lamp 102. An ultraviolet transparent window 110 is disposed at one end of the housing 105 proximate the upper surface 90 of the web substrate 40. One type of ultraviolet lamp that may be utilized is a model EPIQ 6000 lamp available from FUSION UV Curing Systems of Rockville, Md. Such a lamp has a generally broad spectrum extending from 200 nm to 450 nm and has a power output of about 600 Watts/inch. Another type of lamp suitable for use in the present system is an excimer (KrCl) lamp such as one sold by Hereus Noblelight. Such an excimer lamp is characterized by a narrow wavelength centered, for example, at 222 nm and has a power output of about 170 Watts/inch. The choice of ultraviolet lamp type is principally determined by the absorption spectrum of the precursor and oxidizing gas molecules that have to react with one another and, further, by the absorption spectrum of the web of substrate material 40.
The precursor and oxidizing gasses react with one another under the influence of the ultraviolet radiation emanating through the window 110. The reactions, however, also take place at the window surface 115 as well as at the upper surface 90 of the web 40. To reduce the deposition of the barrier material on the window surface 115, a further flow of carrier gas is introduced through a second gas inlet 120 and an optional third gas inlet 121. This flow of carrier gas is directed through region 125 and is separated from the precursor/oxidizing/carrier gas stream in region 55 by the baffle wall 65. In the illustrated embodiment, the curved portion 70 assists in directing the carrier gas from region 125 in a direction, illustrated here by arrows 130, across window surface 115 to purge the precursor and oxidizing reactants from the region adjacent the window surface 115. A further flow of carrier gas is directed through inlet 121 and into region 131 in the direction of arrows 132 where it is directed to the window surface 115 by further baffle 133 to further assist in separating the flow 85 of the precursor and oxidizing gasses from the flow 130 of the carrier gas. The carrier gas, residual gas, and byproduct gasses ultimately flow into region 135 where they are removed through exhaust outlet 140, for example, to be released into the atmosphere, to be stored in a containment vessel, to be separated and recycled, etc.
The pressure within the reaction chamber 30 will typically be about one atmosphere and, preferably, slightly greater than one atmosphere. As such, it is necessary to ensure as tight a seal as possible at the web inlet and outlet portions 25 and 35 while still allowing the web of substrate material 40 to readily pass therethrough. To accomplish this, the inlet and outlet portions 25 and 35 may be provided with a web sealing device 150, such as shown in FIG. 2A. The web sealing device 150, shown here at the inlet portion 25, includes a channel guide member 155 that extends through a sidewall 160 of the reaction chamber module 20. The channel guide member 155 is elongated in the direction of web movement and defines a channel region 165 through which the web 40 passes. Flexible sealing members 170 and 175 are disposed at opposite ends of the channel region 165 and, for example, may be integrally formed with the channel guide member 155. The flexible sealing members 170 and 175 may be of sufficient length to contact the upper surface 90 of the web 40 and urge the web 40 against a lower wall 175 of the channel region 165. In this manner, the web 35 passes through a generally sealed antechamber (or in the case of a web sealing device at the web exit portion 55, a generally sealed post-chamber) which assists in isolating the reactant and carrier gasses within the reaction chamber 50 from the atmospheric gases. Such a partial seal also increases the integrity of the barrier layer by reducing the possibility of the entry of contaminants into the reaction chamber 30.
Another web sealing device is shown in FIG. 2B. As illustrated, the web sealing device 177 is disposed through sidewall 160 of the deposition device 20 and includes an upper roller 179 and a lower roller 180 that extend along at least the width of the web 40. The web 40 proceeds between the rollers 179 and 180 and into the interior of the deposition device 20. The edge portions of the sidewall 160 may be provided with gaskets to further seal the interior of the deposition device 20 from external contaminants.
With reference again to FIG. 1, it is possible to select a precursor gas, oxidizing gas, web material, and web speed that allows the deposition of the barrier material to take place in the reaction chamber 30 at temperatures about or below 200� C. Depending on the material(s) used for the web substrate 40, such temperatures may cause one or more layers of the web substrate 40 to go to a molten state. To prevent this from occurring, and to facilitate deposition of the barrier material on the upper surface 90 of the web 40, a cooling table 185 is provided over which the web substrate 40 is transported as it passes through the reaction chamber 30. The cooling table 185 functions as a heat sink for the web 40 and, for example, may be cooled by water tubes or the like extending throughout its interior. Other cooling mechanisms may likewise be employed to cool the cooling table 185 and/or the web substrate 40.
FIG. 3 illustrates a modular approach to utilizing the deposition device 20 of FIG. 1 in a system. In the modular system shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of deposition devices 20 are arranged in a serial fashion along the direction of travel of the web substrate 40. The deposition devices 20 are connected to a common carrier gas source 195, an oxidizing gas source 200, and a precursor gas source 205 which includes a vaporizer for the precursor. Pressure regulating valves 210 are disposed between each of the sources 195, 200, and 205 and their respective common lines 215, 220, and 225. A mass flow controller 230 is disposed between the first gas inlet 50 of each deposition device 20 and the common line 225 carrying the precursor gas. Flowmeters 235 are disposed in the oxidizing gas line 220 to monitor flow of the oxidizing gas to the first gas inlet 50 of each of the deposition devices 20. Flowmeters 240 are also disposed in each interconnect line 245 that connects the line 215 supplying carrier gas to the first gas inlet 50. Similarly, flowmeters 250 are disposed in line with the second gas inlet 120 to monitor the flow of carrier gas that is used for purging of the window surface 115 (FIG. 1). Flowmeters 252 may also be used to monitor carrier gas flow at inlet 121. Flowmeter information may be in a digital format suitable for monitoring by a central controller. Similarly, the mass flow controllers 230 may be of the type that may be digitally controlled monitored by a central controller.
Using the deposition devices 20 in a tandem fashion gives rise to several advantages over the use of a single deposition device. For example, the tandem deposition devices can provide more accurate control of the thickness of the barrier layer since a single barrier layer may be deposited on the web substrate 40 by depositing a series of thinner layers whose thickness are easier to control. Additionally, the speed of the web substrate 40 through the deposition devices 20 for a given barrier layer thickness may be increased for large scale production. Also, the modular set-up facilitates quick and economical adaptation of the production line to accommodate for the production of different packaging materials having different substrate/barrier characteristics. Further, the process parameters (flows, gas types, irradiation, etc.) may be different from one module to the next thereby providing a greater degree of flexibility in forming a multilayer structure coating.
Various web handling systems are suitable for driving the web substrate through 5 one or more deposition devices. One such system suitable for initial material production or converting operations is shown in FIG. 4. As illustrated, the system, shown generally at 260, includes a web dispenser 265 and web recoil roll 270. The web of substrate material 40 extends between the web dispenser 265 and web recoil roll 270 and through the deposition device 20 in the illustrated manner over a plurality of idler rollers 275 and dancer rollers 280. Each dancer roller 280 is connected to a tension cylinder 285 that assists in adjusting the tension of the web substrate 40 as it passes through the deposition device 20.
The web handling system 260 may be controlled by a central controller 300 which, for example, includes one or both a programmable logic controller, a programmable axis manager, or other type of controller capable of controlling an electric motor, such as a servomotor. The controller 300 receives position information along one or more lines 305 and 310 indicative of the position of dancer rollers 280. This information is used by the controller 300 to control the speed of motors 315 and 320 (i.e., servomotors) which are connected to drive the web dispenser 265 and web recoil roll 270, respectively, and motor 320 which is connected to output drive roller 325. The controller 300 effects control by sending signals along lines 330, 335, and 340, to maintain the speed of the web 40 through device 20 at the desired rate while further maintaining the tension of web 40 at the requisite tension. Tension of the web 40 may also be monitored using a tension sensor 345 that supplies a signal indicative of tension on the web 40 along one or more lines 350. Web tension should be chosen to ensure that the barrier material does not crack or otherwise create flaws in the barrier material.
The central controller 300 may also be used to monitor and control the flow of gases through the deposition device 20 and the temperature within the reaction chamber. To this end, signals indicative of the flow of the respective gasses through the deposition device 20 are provided to the controller along one or more lines 350. The controller 300 also provides output signals along one or more lines 355 to, for example, mass flow controllers and other flow control valves to automatically regulate the supply of gasses in response to the sensed gas flows. Gas flows may be set to and maintained at a predetermined constant level or dynamically changed in response to barrier layer thickness as monitored, for example, by a barrier thickness sensor 360 that supplies a signal indicative of barrier thickness along one or more lines 365. As will be readily recognized, web speed, tension, temperatures and gas flows will vary depending on the barrier material, substrate material, desired barrier material thickness, etc.
The use of one or more deposition devices in a single integrated packaging system is illustrated in FIG. 5. The packaging system, shown generally at 500, includes a deposition subsystem 510 and a packaging machine 515. The deposition subsystem 510 deposits a barrier material layer on the web substrate 40 and provides the substrate/barrier material 520 to the input of the packaging machine 515. The packaging machine 515 may, for example, be a TBA-9™ aseptic packaging machine available from Tetra Pak, Inc. The packaging machine 515 receives the web of substrate/barrier material 520 and forms the material into a container, for example, a brik-type container, that is filled and sealed. Other packaging machine types may also be utilized, the TBA-9� machine being merely exemplary.
The barrier layer of the web substrate/barrier material need not be the product contact layer of any resulting package found from the material. Rather, the substrate/barrier material 520 may have a further material joined to it at the face of the barrier layer. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate two mechanisms that may be used to join the substrate/barrier material 520 to a further material. In the apparatus of FIG. 6, a web of, for example, a multilayer material (e.g., paperboard and polymer, multi-layer polymer, etc.) or single polymer material 535 proceeds from a web dispenser 530 and is laminated to the substrate/barrier material 520 as the substrate/barrier material 520 and material 535 pass between a lay-on rollers 540 and a heating and combining drum 545. An adhesive material may be applied to one or both of the materials 520 and 535 in a known fashion. A known surface treatment, such as corona or flame treatment, may also be utilized to enhance adhesion between the material surfaces. The resulting laminate packaging material 550 is directed over a plurality of heated rollers 555 to, for example, a recoil roll or a packaging machine.
In the apparatus of FIG. 7, a polymer material 557 is extruded through an extruder 560 onto the barrier layer of the substrate/barrier material 520 in a known manner as it passes between a rubber roller 565 and a pinch roller 570. A known surface treatment, such as corona or flame treatment, may be utilized to enhance adhesion between the material surfaces. The resulting laminate packaging material 575 is directed over a plurality of cooling rollers 580 to, for example, a recoil roll or a packaging machine.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a further embodiment of the deposition device 20. This embodiment principally differs from embodiment of FIG. 1 in the manner of delivering the precursor, oxidizing, and carrier gasses to the reaction chamber 30. In the illustrated embodiment, a mixture of precursor gas, oxidizing gas, and carrier gas is supplied through an inlet pipe 600 to a manifold 605. A plurality of outlet pipes 615 first extend downward from the manifold 605 and then in a direction that is generally parallel to the web of substrate material 40. Each of the outlet pipes 615 of the plurality of outlet pipes terminates in a diffuser 620 that, for example, may include a heating element for heating the gas mixture as it enters the reaction chamber 30. A similar arrangement including inlet pipe 625, manifold 630, outlet pipes 635, and diffusers 640 are utilized to supply the purging flow of carrier gas over the window surface 115. The outlet pipes 635 for the purging flow of carrier gas do not extend as far downward as the outlet pipes 615 carrying the gas mixture so as to assist in keeping the flow of the gas mixture and the flow of purging carrier gas separate.
In accordance with one modification to the deposition device 20 of FIGS. 1 and 8, the device of FIG. 10 is provided with an endless belt mask 640 which facilitates selective exposure of the upper surface 90 of the web substrate 40 to ultraviolet 5 radiation. The endless belt mask 640 is driven, for example, by one or more drive rollers 645 at the same speed as the web of substrate material 40 and includes a repeating pattern which only allows the ultraviolet radiation from the ultraviolet energy module 100 to irradiate selected areas of the web substrate 40. In this manner, only selected portions of upper surface 90 of web substrate 40 have the barrier layer deposited thereon. Selective deposition is particularly desirable when the barrier layer is to be the product contact layer of a package formed from the substrate/barrier material. The portions of upper surface 90 that do not have the barrier material deposited thereon can be used to provide a heat sealing surface to facilitate front-to-back and back-to-back heat sealing of the substrate/barrier material.
An alternative selective deposition construction may be used if the web of substrate material 40 is driven through the deposition device 20 in an indexed manner. In such instance, a mask may be fixed between the UV energy source and the web of substrate material 40, for example, on the window 110. The ultraviolet energy source may then be gated on during the time in which the web dwells beneath the ultraviolet source and gated off as the web is moved.
As previously described, the gasses flowing into the reaction chamber 30 may be heated. One manner of heating the gasses to the desired temperature is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. In the illustrated embodiment, heated diffusers 705 and 710 are disposed in regions 55 and 125, respectively, and extend along the entire width of the respective chamber. A diffuser may also be disposed in region 131 in a similar fashion. The diffusers may be heated by passing an electric current therethrough or in any other known manner.
If a barrier layer of SiOx material is desired to be deposited on the web of substrate material 40, the precursor may be an organic silane such as tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), triethoxysilane, tetraacetoxysilane, or a siloxane such as hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). Other silicon precursors may also be utilized, although organic silanes and organic siloxanes are preferable since they tend to be safer for use in large scale processing. The oxidizing gas may, for example, be an oxidizer such as N2 O or O2. The carrier gas may be an inert gas such as N2, Ar, or He.
As previously noted, web speed, gas types, and gas flows are system dependent. In accordance with one system, a 20 nm silicon dioxide barrier layer was deposited on a PET substrate. The PET substrate was 12 μm thick and 30 cm wide. The web speed was set to 30 m/min at a tension of 1 kg and the web was irradiated by three, 1.7 KW excimer lamps having a narrow spectrum at 222 nm. The distance between the window 115 and the surface 90 of the web was set to 1 cm. The reaction gas flows were set to 95 slm of N2, 9.5 slm N2 O, and 0.5 slm of HMDSO, through inlet 50. A nitrogen gas flow of 105 slm through inlet 120. The temperature of the precursor gas lines and diffusers 705 and 710 were set to 150� C. and the PET was passed over cooling table 185 which was water cooled to 10� C.
While particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. It is therefore contemplated by the appended claims to cover such modifications as incorporate those features which come within the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Amtech Systems, Inc.
|Photo-assisted chemical vapor deposition method
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|Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.
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|Packaging laminate with gas and aroma barrier properties
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|25 Jun 1996
|Bridgestone Corporation
|Apparatus for the continuous surface treatment of sheet material
|3 Feb 1995
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|Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Sa
|Method of producing interiorly sterile packages possessing superior barrier properties
|28 Dec 1994
|5 Nov 1996
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
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|United States Patent Serial No. 08/547,414 by Laurent et al., filed Sep. 13, 1995.
|Citing Patent
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|Semiconductor Equipment Group, Llc
|Single body injector and method for delivering gases to a surface
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|System and method of fast ambient switching for rapid thermal processing
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|Corus Technology B.V.
|Process for coating substrates using vapour deposition
|14 Sep 2004
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|15 Oct 2010
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|Method of forming a film by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation
|23 Aug 2002
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|Protective shield and system for gas distribution
|14 Feb 2002
|14 Aug 2003
|3M Innovative Properties Company
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|17 Jul 2001
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|Vapour deposition
|27 Oct 2003
|6 May 2004
|Bertrand Jaccoud
|Packaging laminate with gas and aroma barrier properties
|14 Sep 2004
|24 Feb 2005
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|23 Oct 2007
|21 Feb 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
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|26 Sep 2007
|26 Mar 2009
|Levy David H
|Deposition system for thin film formation
|13 Mar 2009
|17 Sep 2009
|Tokyo Electron Limited
|Shower head and substrate processing apparatus
|4 Jul 2007
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|Wipak Walsrode Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Multilayer film
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|Protective shield and system for gas distribution
|25 Nov 2015
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|Picosun Oy
|Ald method and apparatus including a photon source
|U.S. Classification
|118/718, 118/722, 427/255.5, 427/583, 118/50.1, 427/582, 53/140
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|6 Oct 1997
Owner name: TETRA LAVAL HOLDINGS & FINANCE S.A., SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LAURENT, JACCQUES A.;DECKER, WOLFGANG;REEL/FRAME:008746/0790;SIGNING DATES FROM 19970901 TO 19970923
|14 Sep 2001
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Year of fee payment: 4
|19 Sep 2005
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|17 Sep 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
LAWRENCE — So, where were you at 11:15 a.m. Tuesday?
Actually by that time, Kansas basketball fans were rejoicing.
Andrew Wiggins declared himself a Jayhawk six minutes earlier than his scheduled announcement. Me? I was in the bathroom. Thought I timed the break perfectly. Turns out I didn't, but I learned of the decision soon enough.
Used to be we were on pins and needles over this sort of thing. Now, we're on Twitter.
In the case of Wiggins, the nation's top recruit kept his announcement so secretive, even KU coach Bill Self learned the news monitoring tweets.
That made Tuesday's bombshell quite refreshing. No news conference. No television coverage. No hat tricks.
"He downplayed what is obviously big news on the college basketball front,'' Self said. "I totally respected that. I thought it was a classy, cool way to do it in a time when kids are basically seeking the most attention they can get. He shied away from it.''
Not that Wiggins' reticence reduced interest in his intentions. One reporter was allowed to attend Wiggins' school reception. Fittingly, he was a local writer from Huntington, W.Va. His Twitter feed ballooned about 15-fold, almost to 20,000.
Recruiting never ceases to amaze me — the attention thrust on a kid whose skills most of us have never seen. I rarely think the hype is justified, but in the case of Wiggins it was in all likelihood.
He is a decorated phenom who promptly vaulted Kansas into contention for an NCAA championship next season despite losing five starters off a 31-6 team that reached the Sweet 16.
Oh, and KU is, officially, the Big 12 favorite again. Like anyone should ever pick against the Jayhawks after claiming nine straight titles, but some seemed convinced Oklahoma State could wrest the crown away. Rest easy, Travis Ford. Pressure's off.
The last time Kansas underwent this kind of makeover under Self was when the Jayhawks returned no starters off the 2008 national championship squad. Even then, Sherron Collins and Cole Aldrich provided more trusted experience than Perry Ellis and Naadir Tharpe.
Those two returnees, and Jamari Traylor, will probably begin next season as KU starters alongside Wiggins and Wayne Selden. At some point, 7-foot Joel Embiid could crack the lineup, and possibly even sharp-shooting Conner Frankamp.
Still, Wiggins is the man.
"He brings athleticism, length, scoring ability and he's also an assassin, an alpha dog, and we definitely need that when you have a whole bunch of young kids,'' Self said.
Critics will point to the wash-out by another top-rated national recruit, Josh Selby, and question whether Self can tap into Wiggins' abundant potential.
Something tells me, though, that this get is going to be great for the Jayhawks. So much so that Wiggins could join the likes of Wilt Chamberlain and Danny Manning among the most influential recruits in KU history.
Strange, though, how the process works sometimes. Self acknowledged that over the last month he and his staff had little contact with Wiggins.
Even on Tuesday, the prized prospect offered no indication he was leaning toward Kansas. Self texted Wiggins, encouraging him to have a great day. Wiggins responded by typing, "Thank you.'' Afterward, Self conducted his phoner with the media before speaking with his newest addition.
This is how nutty recruiting is at the highest levels. Yet Self can always get into that mix after maintaining KU's heritage as a basketball blueblood by averaging 30 wins a year in his 10 seasons coaching the Jayhawks.
Sometimes Self has missed on the recruiting trails, including a rough one this season when Julius Randle picked Kentucky. Had Wiggins joined the Wildcats for a campus cameo John Calipari seems adept at arranging, Self would have been vastly disappointed. Same had Wiggins gone to Florida State to play for Leonard Hamilton, a coach Self once worked under. Or North Carolina, which we all know is home to Roy Williams.
Without Wiggins, projections would have targeted KU for a down year.
Instead, KU lands Wiggins and all's well ... at least on paper.
"There wasn't jubilation like you'd think,'' Self said. "There was kind of a surreal feeling. I was so happy, but at the same time it was almost a humble happiness. I was so proud to land Andrew to go along with what is already a terrific recruiting class. If anything, it got me excited to get to work.''
No wonder. The offensive sets he gets to devise now take on new dimensions with a 6-foot-7 slasher who, Self said, "could be as versatile as anybody we've ever had.''
Maybe the end result — what happens next season, mind you, since Wiggins is an undeniable one-and-done — leaves KU fans with vivid memories of where they were when Andrew Wiggins announced his college intentions.
My whereabouts are not really worth sharing, though Twitter caught me up ... and then some.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Teaching Resource
American Symbols: The Flag, the Statue of Liberty, and the Great Seal
Unit Objective
This unit is part of Gilder Lehrman's series of Common Core State Standards–based teaching resources. These units were written to enable students to understand, summarize, and analyze original texts of historical significance. The lessons are built around the use of visual evidence and critical thinking skills.
Students will understand the significance of several iconic American symbols: the Flag of the United States of America, the Statue of Liberty, and the Great Seal of the United States. The iconic symbols...


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A new study reveals that Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) implementation costs fell by some 44 percent in 2005, even with Section 404 requirements. Bloomberg reports costs dropped to an average cost of $4.8 million for the largest publicly traded companies. CRA International predicted the decrease would go to 42 percent.
CRA International facilitated the Spring 2006 Survey for the Big Four accounting firms in order to capture year-two implementation costs and cost drivers and audit fees reported in corporate proxy documents and financial statements. The New York Times reported that CRA International also completed the Big Four's Fall 2005 Survey.
âThis is the second year with Sarbanes-Oxley, so there were significant efficiencies from doing it a second time,â said Gregory Bell, a group vice president at CRA International. He went on to say that larger companies spent more on SOX compliance because they had higher non-repeating costs, according to Bloomberg.
Smaller companies didn't see the 44 percent drop off in SOX costs but saw their costs drop 31 percent instead, to an average cost of $860,000, according to Bloomberg. These were companies with market capitalizations ranging from $75 million to $700 million. CRA International predicted that smaller company costs would decrease 39 percent. The larger companies cited in the study had capitalizations greater than $700 million.
The complete Spring 2006 Survey is available for your review. CRA International's complete Fall 2005 Survey is also available for your review here http://www.crai.com/pubs/pub_4896.pdf.


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With Jay Z and Beyoncé's joint tour dubbed the On the Run tour, Eminem and Rihanna's competing stadium Monster jaunt is akin to a musical drive-by. Like two mercenaries coming together to build on their mutual notoriety and string of massive hits, Slim Shady and RiRi have birthed the perfect beast, which kicked off last night (Aug. 7) at Pasadena, Calif.'s iconic Rose Bowl.
Between Eminem's legendary but reclusive rap status and Rihanna being one of pop music's most consistent hit-makers of the past decade, the Monster tour launch drew an impressively panoramic cross-section of 60,000 fans. From family scenes of tweens with parents in tow to packs of twenty-something men and women to a middle-aged contingent who bought The Slim Shady LP when it first debuted in early 1999, there was a festive, communal energy around the stadium.
With the sun setting in the distance, the show started with a short film with Eminem as a Hannibal Lecter-type character in an isolation chamber and Rihanna as his Clarice Starling, leading to the pair hitting the expansive stage to open with "Numb," their collaboration from her 2012 album, Unapologetic.
Related: Why Rihanna's Instagram Was Groundbreaking for the Fashion Industry
Shifting into a version of Jay Z's "Run This Town," the pair performed a handful of hits together including T.I.'s "Live Your Life" and "Won't Back Down" before Eminem disappeared into the shadows to allow Rihanna to perform an extended set of her icy electro R&B hits.


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Afton City Council Q&A: Bill Palmquist (incumbent)
Age: 47
City: Afton
Education: Bachelor of arts from the University of Wisconsin
Occupation: Insurance broker
Family: Married with two children, ages 12 and 9
Civic involvement: Comprehensive Advisory Board in 2007; elected to City Council in 2008; chair of Parks Committee; member of Emergency Management Committee; liaison to Heritage Preservation/Design Review Committee; volunteer on Fourth of July Parade Planning Committee.
The Bulletin asked Afton City Council candidates the following questions:
Q: What do you see as the major issues facing Afton?
A: Long-term planning to preserve open space and the protection of our natural environment are critical issues facing Afton. We are on our way to dealing with stormwater treatment before it reaches the St. Croix River as well as improving our aging flood protection. These are positive steps forward, both for the environment and for our residents and business community. Over the next four years we need to continue to work with our partners at the state and county to see these projects through, while exploring creative ways to preserve open space and rural lifestyle that make Afton unique.
Q: How would you like to see the city's flood mitigation project progress?
A: We have a multi-year timeline to complete the project in phases. It is my hope we can get the lift station and stormwater trunk line in place within two years as this will greatly improve our ability to handle spring flooding and large rain events. A large portion of the city drains through the Old Village area. Our city engineer and city administrator manage this project in the context of multiple programs and goals. The actual timing will be based on achieving maximum efficiencies with minimal disruptions for businesses and residents.
Q: How do you think the city should manage development?
A: The comprehensive plan we just approved lays out our vision for future development, which maintains our overall one house per 10 acre density and encourages use of the Minnesota Land Trust as a partner to preserve open space and keep agricultural land in production.
Q: What are your views on the city's handling of taxpayer dollars?
A: Overall I am happy with our record of keeping taxes low while maintaining quality city services. Afton has a large bond payment from a street paving project that increases each year. We have to deal with that increase every budget cycle. However we have been diligent in keeping any increases beyond that small, and for 2012 had a zero percent increase above the level needed to keep pace with the bond payment. Within our budget we are also finding ways to increase funding for street reconstruction to get us to a level that will fully fund our street revitalization plans.
Q: Why are you running?
A: I decided to seek re-election for several reasons. When I first ran I wanted to see us address some long overdue infrastructure improvements, which we have begun. I would like to see these projects through to completion. I wanted to see us approve a sound comprehensive plan, which we accomplished. Now, I would like to see it implemented. But most importantly, I wanted to see the tone of our city politics change. It has. I believe we are headed in the right direction, and I would like to continue to be a part of this process.
Bill Palmquist is the incumbent for Afton City Countil's Ward 1 seat.


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Her son was openly gay and serving in the U.S. Navy when he was shot five times down while on sentry duty. Now she's a grieving mother demanding to know who killed her son and why.
Melanie Collins spoke from Texas Sunday, asking the military for answers in the shooting death of her son, 29-year old Seaman August Provost.
Provost, who was stationed at Camp Pendleton, was found dead early June 30 in a guard shack at the Assault Craft Unit Five compound. While he was standing watch, Provost was shot several times and then burned in a fire was set to destroy evidence military investigators said His body was not gagged, bound or mutilated when it was found according to investigators.
Provost's family said he recently told them he was being harassed at the base.
"I don't know if he reported it or not but he had several incidents where people came in was picking on him or steal something from him," Collins said. "I told him 'Just let it go BJ. Let it go.'"
Collins said her son was shot five times.
"Regardless of his sexual preference or anything, he went there to honor and protect," she said. "But no one protected him. No one."
Military investigators have made an arrest and said it doesn't appear that Provost's killing was a hate crime.
Provost was buried in Houston Friday morning. On Friday evening, several dozen people held a candlelight vigil demanding an investigation into the motive for Provost's killing.
Several members of Congress, including Susan Davis, Bob Filner and Sheila Jackson Lee, have demanded a full and complete investigation. Filner wants the Navy to address the possibility that the killer was storming the area of Camp Pendleton that houses Assault Craft Unit 5.
A sailor was taken into custody as a suspect two days after the shooting but has not been identified. He is being held at the Navy Brig at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, according to investigators.


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|11 Jan 2009
Printer Job Accounting
I am trying to setup my printer at work. It is a Canon iR C5185, and Windows 7 found the driver fine and has installed it.
The problem I now have, is we have to use a printer ID for Print Job Accounting, and I can't find anywhere at all to input this setting. In Windows Vista/XP the window would pop up automatically, where I could input my User ID. Perhaps it is Canon driver specific? I am all out of ideas, and would prefer not to have to dual boot and use XP at work.
Would love to get some help on this.
Thank you
|My System Specs
|11 Jan 2009
Hi, lodog, and welcome to the forums.
How did you add the printer, via networked printer or via local printer and creating a new port?
|My System Specs
|11 Jan 2009
thanks for the welcome & speedy response
I installed the printer through network printer, it found the IP address of the printer automatically. Previously with vista I had to input this.
Do you think I should try adding the printer local and adding port?
|My System Specs
|11 Jan 2009
Nah, that is probably the best way to do it - but it is probably using a default driver for the printer. I'd get a Vista driver for that printer and inatll it manually and see if that helps.
|My System Specs
|11 Jan 2009
ah perfect, i actually tried running the .exe that came with the driver a few days ago but that gave me some issues. so i just went to change the driver with have disk & it now has job accounting. time to test print.. and we are successful. brilliant, now i'm 100% good to go with windows 7 - and happy.
|My System Specs
|11 Jan 2009
|My System Specs
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Olmert promises to Abbas to free Palestinian prisoners
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert pledged in a meeting Wednesday to release more than 150 Palestinian prisoners by the end of this month as a "goodwill gesture" to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Olmert announced last week he is resigning because of multiple corruption investigations against him.
Announcing the pledge after a meeting between the two leaders, Olmert spokesman Mark Regev did not say how many prisoners were to be freed. Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat, who took part in the meeting at Olmert's official residence, said it was agreed that over 150 prisoners would be freed on Aug. 25.
Wednesday's meeting between the Israeli and Palestinian leaders was the first since Olmert announced he would step down after his party selects a new leader in September. According to the AP, Regev, Olmert's spokesman, said after the talks with Abbas that the sides were still striving to meet the target they set at last November's U.S.-sponsored peace conference in Annapolis, Md.
"We're committed to moving forward, we're committed to making the Annapolis process work," he said. "I expect these meetings to continue."
Top Headlines
- Israeli cabinet OKs release of 441 Palestinian prisoners as Olmert, Abbas meet
- Olmert, Abbas hold talks: Israel to free 250 prisoners on Friday
- Olmert tells Abbas peace talks to continue despite corruption scandal
- Israel to free 250 Fatah detainees
- Abbas makes lofty promises to end the Israeli occupation of Palestine


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Hey I need the stock rom for the galaxy s 4g. I'm about to send my phone back for warranty repair and I don't want to take any chances lol.
XDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. It is now a valuable resource for people who want to make the most of their mobile devices, from customizing the look and feel to adding new functionality.
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text:
Delhi, India (PressExposure) July 02, 2007 -- As per a recent report "Opportunities in Thailand Tourism Industry (2007-2009)" published by RNCOS, it has been found, "Growing at a CAGR value of around 7.71% for the period spanning 2007-2011, tourism arrival in Thailand would reach almost 20.03 Million by the year 2011."
Thailand has emerged as one of the tourists' hot spots throughout the globe. And, the contribution of tourism industry can't be overlooked in the rapid growth that the Thai economy is witnessing at present.
"The relationship between Vietnam and Thailand is now enormous, which is shown in various bilateral activities, including tourism," Prakit Priyakiet, Head for Thai Travel Agents' Association in ASEAN, South Asia and the Pacific said and THANH NIEN NEWS.com reported this in news on May 19, 2007.
Tourism authorities in Thailand and Vietnam have launched an ad campaign to further promote tourism between the two countries. Tour companies, hotels, tourist services, and various travel agents, etc are supporting the campaign, which is expected to result in the exchange of approximately one million tourists per year between the two nations.
According to RNCOS report on "Opportunities in Thailand Tourism Industry (2007-2009)", "Growing tourists influx over the past few years is a direct result of various aggressive promotional campaigns that the Thai Tourism Authority keeps on launching to lure more tourists from across the globe. Celebration of the 60th anniversary of the king accessing the great throne of Thailand was another major contributor in promoting the country as a tourist destination across the globe. About 13.82 Million tourists visited the country last year (2006), representing a rise of 20% from previous year (2005)."
This report looks into the details of Thai tourism industry. It provides the client with key information about the industry, such as the position of Thai tourism industry with respect to the ASEAN tourism industry, opportunities and challenges before the tourism industry in Thailand, and so on.
About RNCOS E-Services Pvt Ltd.:
RNCOS, incorporated in the year 2002, is an industry research firm. It has a team of industry experts who analyze data collected from credible sources. They provide industry insights and analysis that helps corporations to take timely and accurate business decision in today's globally competitive environment.


text:
In a press conference Nov. 19, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel announced the city of Chicago will file a "Notice of Intent" to sue U.S. Steel...
The facility generates renewable energy, provides new sources of revenue & serves as an educational & outreach platform for the university
Anaergia Inc. announced that Michigan State University has been presented a Project of the Year Award from the American Biogas Council for the Michigan State University South Campus Anaerobic Digester. The facility, designed and built by Anaergia, generates renewable energy, provides new sources of revenue and serves as an educational and outreach platform for one of the largest universities in the United States.
The anaerobic digestion facility generates approximately 3,000 MWh per year of renewable energy by processing organic waste from campus dining halls, food processing facilities and university farms. In addition to renewable energy for campus use, the facility also diverts nearly 10,000 tons per year of organic waste from landfills and wastewater treatment plants.
"This is a great day for Michigan State University and Anaergia. All the hard work in planning and construction undertaken by the university and the Anaergia team of engineers and technicians has been rewarded. The entire team including engine supplier 2G Energy of Florida and the contractor, Weiland Davco based in Lansing, Mich., are proud of the final product," said Bernard Sheff, P.E., vice president of agriculture at Anaergia. Sheff is a graduate of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University.
"It's an honor to receive this recognition. This is a unique project as it's one of the largest operating anaerobic digesters on a University campus in the United States. Through collaboration with Anaergia and our teaching, research and outreach programs, we are developing new sustainable energy solutions that will have a positive impact in all regions of the world," said Dana Kirk, Ph.D., P.E., Michigan State University, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and manager of the Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center.
"This anaerobic digestion project not only advances the environmental sustainability initiatives of the University, but also serves as a great platform to inspire the next generation of leaders," said Steve Watzeck, CEO of Anaergia Inc. "It is an honor that Michigan State University and the project partners were recognized for this innovative project by the American Biogas Council."
The American Biogas Council is an industry association which represents over 200 companies dedicated to maximizing the production and use of biogas from organic waste. Michigan State University was awarded the Institutional Biogas Project of the Year Award as it excelled in innovation, technology, collaboration and managing complex systems.


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Rainy Day Activities Near Los Angeles
Our Terranea Concierge Team has a listing of local movie theatres and direction as well as current movie times. Catch up on the movie you have been meaning to see, or bring the kids for a fun filled movie day!
Local Attractions
Southern Californian's best kept secret is that a rainy day can be the very best day to enjoy theme parks like Disneyland, Universal Studios and Knott's Berry farm ~ as ¾ of the attractions are inside with almost no waiting in line. In addition, it's an ideal day for the Aquarium of the Pacific or even taking a covered Hollywood tour by Starline. Our Terranea Concierge Team has directions and tour options as well as discount coupons. In addition, if our guests need to rent a car our partners at Enterprise can have it delivered here is less than 2 hours!
Believe it or not, Catalina Kitchen, bashi, Nelson's, and mar'sel all have indoor seating as well as the outdoor terraces :). See all of Terranea's dining options.
Amazing Art
While guests will need to brave the 405 freeway for a bit, rainy days are an ideal to lose yourself in the incredible exhibits at the Getty Museum. We recommend 3-4 hours to tour the exhibit, so it makes it an ideal afternoon getaway. Plus there is no entrance fee.
Lobby Bar
Happy Hour at Terranea's Lobby Bar starts at 3pm! See the Prohibition Happy Hour menu.
A Not So Bored Board Game Day
Our Tide Pool Kids club offers a variety of classic board games including Monopoly, Chess and Checkers, Battleship, Scrabble, and more. All are complimentary for our guests to use along with coloring sheets and activities puzzles.
The Resort Pool will remain open unless there is project lightning in the forecast or thunder in the area. In that case, we will have to be closed for safey. We will keep all guest informed of the closure.
What better time to enjoy a relaxing spa treatment? Book a massage or facial, work out in The Spa's Fitness Facility, or get pampered in the salon. See a full list of services and activities at the Spa.
For more information or ideas contact the concierge department at extension 2861.


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Family of murder victim still looking for justice
PROVIDENCE — Even though Tyler Marchand was Elizabeth Lopez's cousin, she says he was more like a brother.
"Very outgoing, always smiling, laughing, telling jokes, barely saw him frown," she said.
A year ago Tuesday, the 19-year-old was shot and killed on Steere Avenue in Providence. Marchand's family gathered at his grave to talk about Tyler.
"It's really hard for me to accept he's gone, and still a year later I don't believe it," Lopez said.
What has made this past year even more painful for Lopez is not being able to see anyone held for her cousin's death. After an initial arrest was made on a charge related to the case, no one has been charged with Marchand's murder.
"To know this kid is out there on the street living his life and my cousin's under the ground?" Lopez said.
Maj. David Lapatin of the Providence Police Department told NBC 10 they are still actively investigating the murder and continue to follow leads.
Lopez said there's someone who has information about her cousin's murder.
"There's no way. He wasn't alone. People were around. It's my understanding there was an altercation with other people. Where are they at?" she said.
Lopez said an arrest won't bring him back, but will at least bring many in her family some peace of mind.
Lopez said her family will never give up hope that they will finally see justice for the person who took the life of her cousin.
"No one will ever, ever forget," she said.


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Request a Quote
The Flex Man Digital Clock
Item #: SM-3046
Get a quote before you order. Please complete the form fields below and we will respond with a price quote before you place your order. FREE ARTWORK! We will redraw artwork from your supplied file FREE. We also send you a proof prior to production.
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I have to write a Java program that calculates and displays the result of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, bitwise & or bitwise | operation on two integer values input by the user. The program should prompt the user for the two integers and the operation to be performed. Here is a sample run:
Enter the first integer: 24
Enter the second integer: 4
Enter the operation: +
The result is 24 + 4 is 28
I am having trouble trying to figure out how to link the operation with input from the integers. Please help if you can/
Thanks Alisha
I need Help! I am taking my very first class in Java
|Nova Dadow · January 24, 2015
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Jag Singh
· January 24, 2015
you can create the functions such as add and subtract then call them as per the operation required. e.g.:
char Operator;
if (Operator == '+'){
answer = obj.add(num1, num2);
else if (Operator == '-'){
answer = obj.subtract(num1, num2);
else {
System.out.println("invalid operator. Operation failed.");
Jag Singh
· January 24, 2015
create functions such as add or subtract which return int or double or long. then you can use the above logic to call them.
Bernard Pyc0d333 Parah
· January 24, 2015
I don't think this is up to her level considering the fact that this is her first java class, I think solving the problem in a procedural manner will give her better understanding of the basics.
here is a simple example
you can just follow this logic to do all others, not forgetting the fact that switchcases are more efficient in this situations..
BTW you could also practice Jag's answer, it's gonna help you alot when you begin to learn methods.
Nova Dadow
· January 24, 2015
First off I want to say Thank you both soo much!!
This is what I have so far what do you guys think? I am using Eclipse and it will not allow me to run it. But I am not sure what I am doing wrong. Also did I use the bitwise & an bitwise | correctly? I wasnt really sure how to use them.
//Import each required Java Class
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
public class HomeWork1Part1 {
public static void main(String [] args) {
//Variables to hold values
int integerOne;
int integerTwo;
int result;
char operation;
System.out.println("Welcome to the simple Java calculator");
//Use the Scanner class to read System.in
Scanner scannerIn = new Scanner(System.in);
//Prompt user to enter integer one
System.out.println("Enter the first integer: ");
//the nextInt() method scans the int value
integerOne = scannerIn.nextInt();
System.out.println("The first integer you entered is: " + integerOne);
//Prompt user to enter integer two
System.out.println("Enter the second integer: ");
//The nextInt() method scans int value
integerTwo = scannerIn.nextInt();
System.out.println("The second integer you entered is: " + integerTwo);
System.out.println("Enter the operation: ");
operation = scannerIn.nextChar();
if (operation == '+'){
result = integerOne + integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result);
else if (operation == '-'){
result = integerOne - integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result);
else if (operation == '/'){
result = integerOne / integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result);
else if (operation == '*'){
result = integerOne * integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result);
else if (operation == '%'){
result = integerOne % integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result);
else if (operation == '&'){
result = integerOne AND integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result)
else if (operation == '|'){
result = integerOne OR integerTwo;
System.out.println("Result is: " + result);
Jag Singh
· January 24, 2015
Some of the wrong things that I came across in your code:
Instead you can use:
operation = scannerIn.next().charAt(0);
The logical operators you used OR AND are incorrect. correct ones are & |. Please refer to the below link for the list.
Jasmin Bakalović
· January 24, 2015
This is okay, but there's one catch why its not working:
Somehow Java doesn't have .nextChar() so instead of Char type use String, which have .next() for reading text in one line without spacing.
Here's your new code with some modifications: http://pastebin.com/9qwUBwTY
Again, in Java you can't use "==" signs just nameofyourvaraible.equals("something");
By Bernard and Jag it will look like this: http://pastebin.com/Hq5fztCp
Nova Dadow
· January 25, 2015
Jasmin Bakalovic, Thanks for the idea of using the case statements. I changed my code to those, it seemed to be a little simpler. You both were an excellent help. I am taking an online class in America while I live in Japan so it is hard to connect with my teacher.
Thanks again!
Alisha (Nova) Hager
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text:
SUVs and crossovers have a lot of advantages. Most of them can carry a lot of cargo, they can seat plenty of passengers, it's often easier to see what's in front of you, and some of them look pretty stylish. Hyundai's all-new 2013 Santa Fe fits that description perfectly.
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Some (although not all) SUVs and crossovers are powerful enough to comfortably and safely pull a camper or trailer once they're fitted with aftermarket trailer hitches. When was the last time you tried towing a boat with an underpowered vehicle? It's not pretty. Fortunately, the 2013 Santa Fe can handle towing your boat, trailer or camper without any problems. It was already pretty good, but the towing capacity of the Hyundai Santa Fe has been bumped up in the 2013 model.
What about fuel efficiency? Pulling a trailer or camper will inevitably reduce your vehicle's mileage per gallon, so it's important to start with a vehicle that's efficient and economical. Like the 2013 Santa Fe, for example.
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Why not visit World Hyundai Matteson and learn how Chicago's leading Hyundai dealership can make your new Santa Fe even more versatile? The dealership is an easy 25-mile drive from downtown Chicago.


text:
Harry Styles Addresses Taylor Swift's Grammys Performance
Harry Styles Addresses Taylor Swift's Grammys Performance
- Listen to Harry Styles break his silence on Taylor Swift — Celebrity Fix
- Country singer Mindy McCready dead after reported suicide — Who
- Rebel Wilson reportedly snubbed fans at the airport — Daily Telegraph
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- Lindsay Lohan is making her first trip to Australia for Melbourne Cup — Famous
- Prince Michael Jackson is now an entertainment correspondent for ET — Pedestrian.tv
- The Block: All Stars spoiler alert: real estate sites reveal details — TV Tonight
- Miranda Kerr takes Flynn Bloom to gym class — Daily Mail
- Tropfest busking star, 86-year-old Raymond, has been found! — Sydney Morning Herald
- Is Network Ten going to revive Australian Idol? — Reality Ravings
- Taylor Swift sued over a scrapped country music festival — OK! Magazine
- Logies organisers call an audit after Underground star tries to influence votes — The Vine
Image Source: Getty


text:
Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company
Contents / Previous / Next / Main Tariff Index
Effective Date: 03/01/2008, Docket: RP04- 99-004, Status: Effective
Original Sheet No. 307.04 Original Sheet No. 307.04 : Effective
GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS (continued)
(iv) Once Transporter approves a specific pairing arrangement,
such arrangement shall remain in effect until terminated by
shipper or supplier, terminated by Transporter due to a
material change in Transporter's operations so that the
pairing arrangement creates undue risk of an HDP Problem or
until Transporter reduces the Hydrocarbon Dewpoint limit on
the segment(s) of Transporter's System that include the gas
subject to the pairing arrangement. If Transporter reduces
a Hydrocarbon Dewpoint limit, it will allow existing pairing
arrangements to continue, so long as the parties to such
arrangements notify Transporter within one (1) Business Day
of adjustment of the affected volumes to meet the newly
posted Hydrocarbon Dewpoint limit, and such volume
adjustments do not create undue risk of an HDP Problem.
(v) To the extent that Transporter determines that the pairing
proposal does not meet one or more of the above listed
conditions, Transporter will provide shipper or supplier a
written denial specifying the basis for the determination.
(vi) Transporter shall permit all shippers and suppliers
interested in pairing to post relevant data, including
contact information, on PASSKEY.
(d) Transporter shall post on PASSKEY each Receipt Point Hydrocarbon
Dewpoint value Transporter calculates, within 24 hours after
making the calculations, and the method by which the Hydrocarbon
Dewpoint value was calculated.
(e) Transporter shall post on PASSKEY each blended Hydrocarbon
Dewpoint and blended BTU values Transporter calculates for a line
segment of its system within 24 hours of such calculation.
(f) HDP Measurement - Transporter shall perform the Hydrocarbon
Dewpoint (cricondentherm) calculations for Section 3.1 using the
Peng-Robinson equation of state and C6+ assumptions consistent
with industry practices. Upon a shipper's request, Transporter
shall conduct a C9+ analysis; provided that in no event shall
Transporter be required to conduct such C9+ analysis at any one
receipt point more frequently than once every twelve months,
except if a new source of supply has been added at that point.
4. The design and construction of any facilities to be installed by Shipper
in order to comply with the quality specifications in Article II Section 3
shall be approved by Transporter prior to such facilities being placed in
service, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld.
5. Tests to determine sulphur, hydrogen sulphide, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
nitrogen content shall be made by approved standard methods in general use
in the gas industry.


text:
Public meeting on proposed operating levy tonight in Audubon
The Lake Park-Audubon School District will hold a public meeting at 7:30 p.m. today at the Audubon Elementary School on its proposed operating levy increase.
A second meeting will be held at 7:30 p.m. Monday at the high school in Lake Park.
The district will ask residents on Nov. 3 to approve a seven-year, $750-per-student operating levy referendum.
That would replace the current operating levy of $500 per student that expires next year. It would cost the owner of a $100,000 homestead about $39 per year.
The current operating levy brings in about $343,000 per year.
That would increase to about $515,000 per year if the $750-per-student levy is approved.
An operating levy is used to pay general expenses for operating the schools -- it is not the same as a building bond levy, which would be used to build or renovate schools. The district is not seeking a building bond levy this year.


text:
Overall Rank:
Avg. Rating:
# of Ratings:
Theater Date:
Bill NighyColin FirthSienna GuilloryLiam NeesonEmma ThompsonGregor Fisher
Plot Outline:
Follows the the love lives of eight different couples, and their loosely interrelated interactions, in one, frantic month before Christmastime in London. -- Chris Kavan
Characters left. Want more? See how.
Elshad 01/04/2013 (0 of 0 found this helpful)
Rating of 3.5/4
One of the best and excellent movies I've ever watched. First of all I didn't expect that much from this movie, but after minutes flew by, it became more and more interesting. What a pure, sincere and lovely movie. It makes you think, it makes you smile and and it lets you cry. Love, that's the only thing that bonds people to each other. Also, I've to say I've never thought of arrivals in airports this way before. Will watch again for sure!!!
mitchellyoung 05/21/2012 (0 of 0 found this helpful)
Rating of 4/4
Unashamedly, Love Actually is one of my favorite films. Contrived as it is, it is the perfect example of a successful ensemble film, carefully and neatly tying all of its storylines together into an explosion of pure holiday joy and love. Not only does it work as a romantic comedy, but the film manages to encapsulate the childlike feeling of happiness that is nostalgically attached to Christmastime. The film also injects a fair amount of "Four Weddings" style humor, chiefly from Bill Nighy's brilliant turn as a cynical and aging rockstar.
Alaine 12/16/2011 (0 of 0 found this helpful)
Rating of 3/4
I watched this again and decided to rate it a bit higher. I guess I was feeling a bit critical when I rated it before. Not an example of great film making, but it definitely is a good example of a movie about relationships (ten couples). This is something I'll include in my short list of things to curl up with during holidays. Many heartwarming moments and opportunities for tears of joy. The idea that love is everywhere on the planet and that everyone has a story about relationships is a wonderful antidote to the seemingly endless torrent of hate and hopelessness we're inundated with daily.
PsychoKing1227 04/30/2010 (0 of 0 found this helpful)
A fine Holiday treat, albeit sometimes a very dramatic one. Richard Curtis (of "Four Weddings and Funeral" fame) handles the interweaving stories quite well in my opinion. A nice comedy that will, in the end only uplift. Performances by Bill Nighy (especially funny in this film), Colin Firth, Liam Neeson (in a very touching role), Emma Thompson, Alan Rickman, and Natalie Portman all sparkling well-done, create such a wonderful atmosphere for comedy and drama. A recommended film.
03/15/2012 (0 of 0 found this helpful)
"Love Actually" by Yojimbo
I have to admit, I watched this film under duress and in its favour, if you enjoyed Notting Hill and Bridget Jones, you'll enjoy this. If however you are like me, part of the 49% of the population with their plumbing on the outside, you will probably make the following observations (after being revived from the diabetic coma watching this film will induce.):
In a world that isn't inhabited solely by sensitive upper middle class English professionals who all live happily ever after covered in pixie dust tra-lal-la
1. Liam Neeson's son's stage school perfect cutie-pie brains would've been splattered all over Heathrow airport by armed security forces.
2. Keira Knightley would've called her hubbie's best mate a pervert and a stalker and he would've been on the receiving end of a restrainin...
Rating of2/4
09/19/2011 (0 of 0 found this helpful)
Love Actually review
Probably one of the most copied flicks because of its hidden formula of detailed story telling and romantic comedy aspects. Some good lines: "Sam - But you know, the thing about romance is... people only get together right at the very end." an Jamie - "It's my favorite time of the day..driving you." A star studded, well written and positive film about the lives of couples. The feel was realistic and it didn't feel forced like Valentines Day. It wasn't too sappy either while the stories very interesting and humrous. Soundtrack and pace was superb. Not everybody will enjoy this film and that is why the reviews are mixed. Love Actually delivers the goods that is believable and not too Hollywood in a sense.
Rating of3.5/4
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text:
Vocalist Ralf Scheepers of German power metallers PRIMAL FEAR says that "no dirty laundry" will be aired regarding the band's split with drummer Randy Black.It was announced on Monday (August 11) that the Canadian-born Black will leave PRIMAL FEAR effective August 16, one day after the band's performance at the Summer Breeze festival in Germany. His exit from the group was attributed to "irreconcilable differences" between the drummer and Scheepers, but no further details were given. In a new posting on his Facebook page, Ralf addressed Black's departure from PRIMAL FEAR, writing, "For all of you out there who are wondering now about the reasons why Randy has left the band: we've agreed to keep the reasons private! Decisions are made and have to be accepted! "It's as sad as it is, but Randy and I have agreed on having respect to each other and there will be NO dirty laundry! "If we can't work together as pros anymore, we still can go separate ways like pros! "So please show some respect to Randy's decision, to him as a person, the band's future and me as a person." PRIMAL FEAR will announce its new drummer in September. Black joined PRIMAL FEAR in 2003 and played on the band's last six studio albums beginning with 2004's "Devil's Ground". PRIMAL FEAR's tenth studio album, "Delivering The Black", was released on January 24 in Europe and January 28 in North America via Frontiers Records. The follow-up to 2012's "Unbreakable" landed at position No. 16 on the Top New Artist Albums (Heatseekers) chart, which lists the best-selling albums by new and developing artists, defined as those who have never appeared in the Top 100 of The Billboard 200.
PRIMAL FEAR Singer Refuses To Air 'Dirty Laundry' Regarding Split With Drummer RANDY BLACK
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