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Our new release - the Bang Bang Riddim - is out now, with vocal cuts from Slycer Treez, Shantha Roberts and Babascum.
Like it? Want it on vinyl?! Then buy the digital and we'll get it pressed! Unfortunatley the clusterfuck that is the UK leaving the EU has made it a bit tricky for the moment... poli-tricks.
Have a listen and buy via our online store.
Those paying attention may have noticed some changes going on... anyway, since the beginning of November we can officially say that we have expanded and modified our operations in the reggae business!
With Wayne now in London the sound system has morphed into something of a collective - as such still expect to find Argonaut Sounds selectas creating the vibe at venues (but now in both Glasgow AND London!), and our label will be based over both cities, and further afield, too. Sometimes a change is as good as a holiday, and this is gonna be an exciting new era!
More details to follow on gigs etc, but keep up to date by following us here, on facebook and a variety of other social media platforms.
Since February 2001 we have been privileged to host our Argonaut Sounds Radio Show on Subcity - and this Wednesday 14th October 2015 we present our final episode!
Expect two hours of the finest reggae music in all forms and varieties, some of the biggest tunes from the last few years, and others which have been favourites on the show since the days of just four episodes a year on FM. We'll have as many of the crew in the studio as possible to bring the vibes, and we'll probably reminisce over some of our "finest" moments. It's gonna be fast and furious, ruff n' tuff, and lawd a' mercy, it may well run over.
So – for the final time – on air live Wednesday 8-10pm Subcity Radio, or listen back anytime…
Tonight sees the FINAL Dutchy Pot session at The 78 Cafe Bar!!!
Not far short of 4 and half years since it began, it's gonna end in style… roots, dancehall, rub-a-dub and conscious vibes, and all the best tracks to have mashed up the place over the piece, inna strictly vinyl stylee!
Get down, fill yuh belly, buy out the bar, and get yuh dancin' shoes on – we'll be firing up the sound at 8pm sharp and it'll be ruff an' tuff from the start.
Big up all the reggae family in Glasgow who have made Thursdays such a pleasure!
Argonaut Sounds run t'ings fi years!
Our new release - the Link Slu Riddim - is out now on two limited edition, hand-numbered 7" vinyls and digital download! There's only 300 of each, so move quickly!
Both vinyls and digital formats are available now via our Online Store now, as well as various other online stores.
Details of each vinyl:
Tom Spirals "This Vision"
Slycer Tress "Hail King Selassie"
Babascum "We Are Rasta"
Link Slu Riddim Version
We have a new track out titled "Real Early" on our version of the Water Pumping Riddim, with vocals inna combination stylee from Babascum, Slycer Trees, Scratchy B and Shantha Roberts.
This track forms part of the charity album "Social Sounds From Planet Dub" and is available for download via basscomesaveme on bandcamp from 10/4/15 - 100% of proceeds contribute to the Kindersprachbrucke Jena E.V. project supporting refugee children in language skills, enabling them to access education and equal opportunities.
You can also hear the track (and then buy the album for as little as €5 via the link!) on our soundcloud.
Alternatively, the CD is available via our friends at Scotch Bonnet Records.
Big up Sereno Sounds and Basscomesaveme for the opportunity to contribute to this great project.
Big up everyone who supported us through to the runners-up spot in the soundclash last night, and big up all nine crews involved - nuff respect to winners P45.
Apologies for all the technical troubles at the event, although they were nothing to do with us! As much as we were happy to take part and pleased to represent Glasgow in the final, we can't hide our disappointment at how the whole event was run.
One thing we're not sure about… yuh can spend all yuh money on dubplates, but how can yuh be in a SOUNDclash if yuh nuh have a sound?
Out today on Argonaut Sounds Productions - the Sweet Cherry Riddim! Featuring cuts from a quartet of St Lucian vocalists (our own Babascum, Slycer Trees, Scratchy B, and Benji), as well as a cover version by Shantha Roberts, the tracks are available via digital download only.
Download your copies via our online store on a "pay what you want" basis - no minimum!
Shantha's version is available for free via our soundcloud.
Check out a brand new version on our Outta Hand Riddim, "Mind Your Self", by Fada Dougou and the legendary Lutan Fyah.
The track is available for legal download here.
Remember the original release is still available via our online store.
Out now - our new release on Argonaut Sounds Productions, the Outta Hand Riddim, with four tracks over two limited edition 7"s and digital download:
#ASP002: Tenna Star "Hold The Faith" / Argonaut Sounds "Outta Hand Riddim"
#ASP003: Babascum "Give A Damn Bout Dem" / Slycer Trees & BJ "The Right Thing"
Both the vinyls and downloads are available from our Online Store, as well as all the usual contenders (Scotch Bonnet, Rastavibes, Dub Store, iTunes, Amazon, and many more)...


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Warren Buffett, much admired in the US both for his genius at making money and for his willingness to give it away, has put the cat among the pigeons by demanding that the mega-rich be asked to pay more in taxes. "Our leaders have asked for 'shared sacrifice'," he wrote in the New York Times last week. "But when they did the asking, they spared me." "While the poor and middle-class fight for us in Afghanistan, and while most Americans struggle to make ends meet," he went on, "we mega-rich continue to get our extraordinary tax breaks ... These and other blessings are showered upon us by legislators in Washington who feel compelled to protect us, much as if we were spotted owls or some other endangered species." Saying that most employees in his investment company paid income tax at more than twice the rate that he did, Buffett said that he had been "coddled long enough by a billionaire-friendly Congress" and that the tax rates for the rich should be increased.
This caused a rumpus, with strident arguments between left and right about the likely economic effects of Buffett's proposal. He had already rejected the charge that it would deter the rich from investing and thus put economic recovery at risk; but others continued to say it would, while at the same time having minimal impact on the budget deficit. Some, like Conrad Black, preparing to resume his prison sentence in America for fraud, accused Buffet of engaging in a dishonest PR exercise. "He knows what he is saying is bunk," he wrote in New York's rightwing National Review. For Black, Buffett is a hypocrite: "His years of padding around university campuses with Bill Gates in their corduroy trousers and Viyella shirts explaining that they weren't really interested in money were hard enough to take, but this next act, solo, as a slimmed-down Santa without beard, sleigh, or red uniform is wearing thin."
It seems a bit hard on Buffett to accuse him of cheap PR tactics. On Wednesday he was lauded for helping to stabilise a struggling US institution after he announced a $5bn investment in Bank of America. He has also committed most of his vast fortune towards doubling the wealth of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, ensuring that it will have some $60bn set aside "to reduce inequities and improve lives". That Buffett and Gates believe in the American ideal of a meritocratic society is also shown by their opposition to Republican proposals to abolish death duties, for neither believes that his children should start out too rich. I feel for them as they struggle to reconcile this ideal with their own unimaginable wealth.
Buffett's lead was followed this week in France, where 16 billionaires also demanded to pay more tax to help the country out of its economic difficulties. "When the government is asking everyone to make an effort of solidarity, we feel we must contribute," they said. Of course, their motives were doubted. "They understand that if they do nothing, they will be criticised, so they are taking preventative measures," said one French trade union leader. But however motivated, such a gesture on the part of the mega-rich suggests that they are at least aware of their good fortune. For some reason, this is not an awareness that seems to have spread to the British plutocracy. Far from offering to pay more taxes, all we hear from them is grumblings that we will all be doomed unless the present 50% top marginal rate of income tax is reduced.
A recent study contained interesting insights into the psychology of the rich. It found that they were generally less empathetic, less altruistic and more selfish than the poor. "We have done 12 separate studies measuring empathy in every way imaginable, social behaviour in every way, and some work on compassion, and it's the same story," said psychologist Dacher Keltner. "Lower-class people just show more empathy, more pro-social behaviour, more compassion, no matter how you look at it." In videos of conversations, he found that rich people were more likely to appear distracted, doodle, avoid eye contact and so on; while poor people made eye contact and nodded their heads frequently to show they were listening.
Electrodes on their chests also showed that they had a much more intense emotional response to pictures of starving children than rich people did. Keltner put this down to an "ideology of self-interest" in the American upper class. They tended to take personal credit for their financial success, believing they had achieved it all on their own without help from the government or anyone else. Poor people, on the other hand, knew that they depended on others for survival, which was why they showed more concern for other people and gave more to those in need.
These judgments seem to me to apply even more strongly to the rich in Britain than to those in America, many of whom feel, like Andrew Carnegie, "that huge fortunes that flow in large part from society should in large part be returned to society". British billionaires tend to be too disconnected from the rest of society and generally out of sympathy with it. They are also loth to admit that luck has played any part in their achievement, whereas Buffett has said that he got rich not "because of any special virtues of mine or even because of hard work, but simply because I was born with the right skills in the right place at the right time".

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Need html and Css code to be done
Create the web page seen on the next page.
1.Use the index.html and a styles.css files provided in the quiz folder.
a.You do not need to type any text.
b.It is provided in the resources folder. Just copy and paste.
2.The page background color was set in CSS file in the body tag declaration block and is called dodgerblue. All other colors used are simple red, white, or blue
3.The tags used are from the list of 20 tags.
4.Heading tags h1 through h4 were used
a.The h1 tag has a padding of 20px.
b.The h2 and h3 tags have paddings of 5 px.
c.The h4 tags did not have padding applied.
5.The p tag is used and no CSS is applied to it.
6.The img tag was used. Images are in the images folder.
a.They have a width of 200px,
b.a padding of 10px,
c.and a border of 2px.
7.The table tag and its td, tr, and th tags were used
a.All table tags have a padding of 4px
b. and a border width of 2px.
8.The ul and li tags were used to create 3 lists.
a.No CSS properties were applied
9.Change the Quiz1 folder name to YourLastname-InitialQuiz1
10.Zip your work
11.Submit it to the hand-in folder.
The text for the web page. Also i dont need pic.
The American Revolution
Battle at Concord Bridge
The American revolution started with the battles at Concord and Lexington in 1775. The British had attempted to confiscate arms held by the local militia, know as "Minutemen". The British were confronted by a small band of Minutemen at the bridge at Concord. It is unclear which side fired the first shot but that shot started the war.
Battle of Concord Bridge
Seige of Yorktown
The war continued for 6 years until a British army surrendered at the seige of Yorktown in Virginia in 1781. The British had been caught with their backs to the broad York River. The French had sided with the Americans and prevented the British fleet from lifting the seige. The ensuing peace negotiations lasted until 1783.
Battle of Concord Bridge
Opening and closing battles of the War
BattleLocationBritish CommanderAmerican CommanderVictor
ConcordMiddlesex County, MassachusettsLieutenant Colonel Francis SmithDr. Joseph WarrenAmerican Colonies
YorktownYork County, VirginiaGeneral Charles CornwallisGeneral George WashingtonUnited States
American Colonies
New England
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
New York
New Jersey
North Carolina
South Carolina
Brown University
1271 Tutors
California Institute of Technology
2131 Tutors
Carnegie Mellon University
982 Tutors
Columbia University
1256 Tutors
Dartmouth University
2113 Tutors
Emory University
2279 Tutors
Harvard University
599 Tutors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2319 Tutors
New York University
1645 Tutors
Notre Dam University
1911 Tutors
Oklahoma University
2122 Tutors
Pennsylvania State University
932 Tutors
Princeton University
1211 Tutors
Stanford University
983 Tutors
University of California
1282 Tutors
Oxford University
123 Tutors
Yale University
2325 Tutors


text:
Exalt Studios Inc. has announced its first game, "Silas"!
April 28, 2009
Exalt Studios Inc. has announced its first game, "Silas"!
Silas is an innovative kart racing/shooter hybrid for the PC. Prepare to enter the world of Silas, and become one of 12 different characters looking to compete in a high stakes tournament. Gear up to race in 12 diverse environments, and wage war in 8 different arenas. Choose from 18 different weapons to wreak havoc, each with 2 unique firing functions. Weapons are either projectile or turret based and use a new targeting system to make it all possible. Enjoy an original soundtrack with 22 songs and hundreds of sound effects and voiceovers.
Single player modes contain such classics as Grandprix, V.S, Mission, and Time Trial, where you can compare your scores with the world. The online component allows battle and racing for 2-12 players, contains a fully featured lobby system, and allows stats tracking. Experience 7 distinct multiplayer modes, such as Deathmatch, CTF, Battle, Survival, and Capture the Pipes. Silas is being created by a single independent developer (William Sworin) and has been in development for a period of 5 years.
The philosophy behind the creation was always to make a fun, solid, and balanced game, and to revolutionize the kart genre which hasn't changed much within the last decade. It is being built to take advantage of the PC, in terms of both gameplay and graphics, but also supports alternate methods of control. Silas is scheduled for release on the PC for August of 2009. It supports a wide range of systems.


text:
BRETHREN-L ArchivesArchiver > BRETHREN > 2000-11 > 0973384198
Subject: Re: Hardman/Cable
Date: Sat, 4 Nov 2000 19:29:58 EST
Dear Joe, yes I am the one you communicated with a couple of yrs ago. I thank
you so very much for the efforts you put forth in helping me locate my Gr.
Grandmother Sarah Hardman. Now we never found out where she was buried or a
birth certificate on my grandfather. you might recall that he was born out of
wed lock and was named WILLIAM ELSTON BROWN. There was a Stump lady in
Greenville that helped also, she located a bastardy case with Sarah Hardman
taking a William Brown to court and proved he was the father of her unborn
child, which was given his fathers name William. However my Grandfather
changed his name to Robert Elston Hartmann sometime from 1910 census to 1918
when he and my grandmother gat married.
Hope you are in Good Health now
Larry Hartmann
This thread:


text:
A proposal to fine motorists who run out of fuel on Auckland's motorways is both inappropriate and cruel, says the car buyers' Dog & Lemon Guide.
Editor Clive Matthew-Wilson says:
"People generally run out of gas because they have no money. Only a politician or a policeman could come up with a bizarre scheme that fines people for being poor."
"Auckland has an appalling public transport system, so people have no choice but to use the motorways."
"The police should set up systems to deal with reality, not systems that punish poor people in the middle of a recession."
"I know that from a Police point of view it seems perfectly reasonable to tell drivers to ensure that they have adequate fuel in their cars, and then to fine them if they don't. However, there's actually very little credible evidence that fines work particularly well as a means of changing driver behaviour."
"No one deliberately runs out of petrol on a busy motorway. There's no criminal intent. Sometimes people run out of gas because they simply have no money. Sometimes they run out of gas because their lives are messy. Either way, fining them is unlikely to solve anything. In fact it's probably going to make a bad situation worse."


text:
GeneRead QIAact Custom Panels
For targeted sequencing of the variants most relevant to your research
Whatever your area of medical research, you can use the GeneReader NGS System to gain actionable insights with the GeneRead QIAact Custom Panels. Consult with us about your specific requirements and let us help you to develop a panel that will target the genes or regions of most value to your research†.
The GeneRead QIAact Custom Panels can be designed to detect all genetic variants, including somatic mutations, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number variation (CNVs), small insertions, deletions (inDels) and fusions*. Incorporating our novel unique molecular index (UMI) technology guarantees reduced variant calling errors and provides highly sensitive variant detection. As an integral part of our Sample to Insight NGS solution, the GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom Panels are supported by QCI Analyze and Interpret, allowing seamless sequence data analysis and interpretation at the push of a button.
The GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom kit contains all of the reagents required for both the target enrichment and library preparation steps of the GeneReader NGS System workflow, to help streamline your laboratory operation.
*Coming soon
†Dependent on feasibly assessment and capacity
The GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom Panel Kit and GeneRead QIAact Panel Cleanup Kit are for Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
DNA sequencing is a useful tool to detect genetic variations, including somatic mutations, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number variation (CNVs) and small insertions and deletions (InDels).
Targeted enrichment technology enables next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform users to sequence specific regions of interest instead of the entire genome and effectively increase throughput with lower cost. The GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom panel is based on customer requirements enabling you to specify the regions of specific interest to your research (SNVs, InDels, CNVs and fusions*).
Existing target enrichment methods, library preparation and sequencing steps all utilize DNA polymerase and amplification processes, which can introduce artifacts and substantial bias. These artifacts and biases lead to background artefactual errors that greatly limit the detection of true low-frequency variants in heterogeneous samples such as tumors. The GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom Panel integrates unique molecular index (UMI) technology and a gene-specific, primer-based target enrichment process to enable sensitive variant detection of targeted genomic regions by NGS on the GeneReader system. The use of UMI technology results in higher confidence variant calling, which is reflected in the high Q scores obtainable.
*Coming soon
The GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom Panel is provided as two primer mix tubes, with a customer specific number of primers per tube and is designed to enrich selected genes and regions using 40 ng of starting DNA.
Genomic DNA samples are first fragmented, end-repaired and A-tailed within a single, controlled multi-enzyme reaction. The prepared DNA fragments are then ligated at their 5' ends with a specific adapter containing a UMI and a sample-specific bar code.
Ligated DNA molecules are subject to limited cycles of target enrichment PCR, with gene-specific primers targeting genomic regions and a universal primer complimentary to an adapter sequence. This reaction ensures that intended targets and UMIs are enriched sufficiently to be represented in the final library. A universal PCR is then carried out to amplify the library and add GeneReader specific sequences which completes the library.
Three DNA cleanup steps are required during this protocol for the removal of buffer and enzymes that might inhibit downstream library processing:
• A first cleanup procedure takes place after the adapter ligation
• A second cleanup procedure takes place after target enrichment PCR
• A final cleanup procedure is performed after the universal PCR step
Each of these cleanup steps is fully automatable on the QIAcube platform with the GeneRead QIAact Cleanup Kit (catalogue no. 185446) to reduce sample processing time and risk of handling errors.
Once the library is sequenced, results can be analyzed using the GeneRead QIAact DNA Custom Panel workflow, which will automatically perform all steps necessary to generate a DNA sequence variant report from your raw NGS data. All detected variants can be further interpreted by QIAGEN Clinical Insight (QCI) analysis.
For constructing targeted, molecularly bar-coded libraries from DNA for digital sequencing as part of the GeneReader NGS System workflow.
fragment fix placeholder


text:
ACParadise Network: American Cosplay Paradise American Cosplay Experience American Cosplay Snapshots
Cosplayer IzunaDrop247 > Costume of Sadaharu Inui (Prince of Tennis)
- Most Recent Photo
- 04-14-2010
- Series
- Prince of Tennis
- Character
- Sadaharu Inui
- Year Completed:
- 2009
- Construction Difficulty:
This Costume has been retired
About this Costume
- Construction Details:
I put paper under the lens. Couldn't see anything.
- Personal Thoughts:
- One of my first cosplays. Bought... I made the glasses and couldn't see.
Add a Comment


text:
The California Golden Bears football team is at last returning home, after a season-long road trip.
Cal played its entire season at AT&T Park in San Francisco in 2011, while Memorial Stadium underwent much-needed renovations and repairs. That means that Thursday's practice back in Berkeley is the first home practice in nearly two years -- and the first time on the home field for some members of the team.
"We've got our own field again," sophomore linebacker Brennan Scarlett told the Bay Area News Group.
The Bears and Cal coach Jeff Tedford are back, but it's not exactly full strength -- the north tunnel into Memorial Stadium isn't yet repaved, which means the team can't fit its blocking sleds onto the turf. That means full practices are held elsewhere until Aug. 24.
But no matter. A feel for the new field is the idea, ahead of the season opener Sept. 1 against Nevada.


text:
Tuesday Morning Zone Has John Birch Society, Mayor Kaysen and Chief Kozak
Today will be a great listening day on The Morning Zone. Dave's 7:07AM MDT guest will be Jeff Hymas from the John Birch Society. He will be talking about Agenda 21 and other issues and speaking tonight at a special informational meeting in the Sunflower Room of the Laramie County Library.
At 7:37AM MDT: Cheyenne Mayor Rick Kaysen will be Dave's guest. The Mayor will update us on all the latest issues facing The City of Cheyenne.
At 8:07AM Mayor Kaysen will be joined by Cheyenne Police Chief Brian Kozak


text:
Despite many reports indicating the existence of precise firing sequences in cortical activity, serious objections have been raised regarding the statistics used to detect them and the relations of these sequences to behavior. We show that in behaving monkeys, pairs of spikes from different neurons tend to prefer certain time delays when measured in relation to a specific behavior. Single-unit activity was recorded from eight microelectrodes inserted into the motor and premotor cortices of two monkeys while they were performing continuous drawinglike hand movements. Repeated scribbling paths, termed drawing components, were extracted by data-mining techniques. The set of the least predictable relations between drawing components and pairs of neurons was determined and represented by one statistic termed the relations score. The chance probability of the relations score was evaluated by teetering the spike times: 1,000 surrogates were generated by randomly teetering the original time of each spike in a small window. In nine of 13 experimental days the precision was better than 12 ms and, in the best case, spike precision reached 0.5 ms.
Most of what is known about the response properties of neurons and the functional architecture of the cortex is based on studying the changes in the firing rates of neurons. Even studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) draw on the assumption that when a group of neurons engage in a certain function, their average firing rate increases and thus there will be a concomitant increase in their oxygen demand and blood flow.
The fact that each cortical neuron is affected by thousands of other cells, yet each neuron typically fires at a low rate, seems to support the notion that the exact time of each spike is random. In the motor cortex, from which our measurements were derived, a response is typically characterized by counting the number of spikes in 20- to 100-ms epochs (e.g., see Georgopoulos et al. 1982; Kakei et al. 1999; Moran and Schwartz 1999). However, there are numerous reports of precise firing sequences in the cortex in which the interval between spikes ranges from precise synchrony to several seconds (Abeles 1982; Abeles et al. 1983; Dayhoff and Gerstein 1983; Frostig et al. 1990; Hastopoulos et al. 1998; Klemm and Sherry 1981; Landolt et al. 1985; Legendy and Salcman 1985; Lestienne et al. 1987, 1996, 1999; Nadasdy et al. 1999; Prut et al. 1998; Riehle et al. 1997; Tetko and Villa 2001; Villa and Fuster 1992; Villa et al. 1990, 1999). Some quantitative efforts to define the temporal accuracy of the activity of cortical neurons have produced a figure of around 25–10 ms (Nadasdy et al. 1999; Victor and Purpura 1998).
In recent years it has been claimed that what seemed to be precise firing sequences could be accounted for by chance if the appropriate firing statistics are used (Baker and Lemon 2000; Oram et al. 1999). These testing methods can be applied when there is a clear indication of the time to which the neuron responses can be related or when the interspike intervals (ISIs) of a single neuron can be accurately described by a gamma density of a fixed order throughout the recording period. Neither of these scenarios applies to the data analyzed here.
An alternative way of approaching the statistics issue is based on the following experiment suggested by Bienenstock, which begins with a hypothetical illustrative scenario. Suppose there were a drug that could create a random delay between the time that the membrane potential of a neuron hits threshold and the actual time that the neuron emits a spike. If after consuming this drug, all our thought processes were incapacitated, precise timing would be very important. If on the other hand nothing went wrong, the exact spike time would have no significance. This idea was formalized by Geman and Bienenstock in the following way. The null hypothesis is that spike time is random up to a time window of width J. If this is true, then teetering each spike at random within ±J/2 should not affect any statistic extracted from the spike trains. To test the probability that this null hypothesis holds, we repeatedly teeter the spike trains within J, recompute the statistic after each teetering, and obtain the distribution of these statistics for the teetered data. If the value of the statistic derived from the real data falls at the Xth percentile, then the probability that the data are consistent with the null hypothesis is (1 − X).
Our data are taken from recordings from several electrodes in the motor cortex of two monkeys while they performed continuous drawinglike hand movements. Testing the above null hypothesis calls for studying the relations between thousands of possible firing sequences and tens of motion components of the same type for both real data and thousands of teetered data. This appears to be a formidable computing task. However, data-mining techniques (Mannila et al. 1995, 1996) can efficiently carry out such calculations.
A preliminary report of this study that described only part of the results was published in Shmiel et al. (2005). Note that the results in this article were based on data recorded from two monkeys in two different experiments (see description in methods).
The experiments
Two Macaca fascicularis monkeys were trained to hold a two-joint manipulandum and perform continuous drawinglike motions in the horizontal plane. The monkeys held the manipulandum that was placed under a white screen where they could not see it. A yellow cursor projected onto the screen indicated the position of the monkey's hand. In one of the monkeys (monkey U) free scribbling was induced by the following task. The working space was tiled by 19 invisible hexagons. One of the 19 hexagonals was randomly selected as an invisible target. When the monkey hit the target, a short beep was sounded the monkey obtained a juice reward and the target jumped at random to another location. In this way the monkey was encouraged to produce continuous movements. In the second monkey (monkey F) the task started by showing a circular initial target. Once the monkey placed the cursor inside the initial target one of 40 curved trajectories was displayed in gray. An elongated wormlike target was shown in front of the cursor. Once the monkey entered the cursor into the "tail" of this worm it advanced slightly along the trace. Thus the monkey was induced to "chase" the wormlike target along the trace. When it reached the end, the monkey was reinforced by a drop of juice. The manipulandum position was sampled 100 times/s.
After training, a recording chamber and a head holder were attached to the skull under full surgical anesthesia in aseptic conditions. The chamber position was verified by MRI. Proximal arm regions were identified by cortical microstimulation and the border between M1 and PreM by histology. After recovery, daily recordings of cortical activity with eight individually movable microelectrodes commenced. After recording for several weeks, the monkeys were trained to alternate between trials of scribbling and trials of a standard center-out motion. Data were initially stored in the computer memory and after 10 rewards, or 1 min with no reward, were transferred to disk files. Each file contained only trials with similar behavior.
Here, only data obtained for blocks of continuous drawing motion were analyzed. The statistics ideally require long stretches of stationary recording with multiple neurons. Therefore we looked for recording days with penetrations in which many cells showed arm-related activity based on intracortical microstimulations (train duration 100–200 ms; 300 pulses/s, each lasting 0.2 ms; amplitude ≤50 μA) and/or passive manipulations of arm joints. Only days with ≥400 rewards were selected. All isolated units were tested for stability of total spike count in a fixed window ranging from 1,000 ms before the reward event until the reward. For each unit we used only a continuous range of files in which activity was judged to be stable, in the sense of only small variations of mean firing rates.
Based on this criterion, eight recording sessions from monkey U and five recording sessions from monkey F were selected for further analysis. For three of these sessions spike sorting was done on-line and time resolution was 1 ms. For the other 10 days, spike shapes were sorted off-line (Alpha-Sort, Alpha Omega, Nazareth, Israel) and stored at a resolution of 0.1 ms. Only shapes regarded as well isolated or as a mixture of two spike shapes at most were used. Units whose averaged firing rate was below two spikes/s were not analyzed. These days contained three to 21 isolated units recorded through two to eight electrodes that showed stationary activity in a range of five to 136 files.
All handling and treatments were in compliance with the law, were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and were supervised by a veterinarian.
Analysis overview
The study presented here focuses on analyzing the relations between hand motion and patterns of spikes. In our analysis we focused on finding relations that involve exact time delays between spikes. The statistical significance of the results was evaluated by comparing with the results from a large set of surrogate spike trains having the same firing-rate undulations as the actual data. The number of possible relations is large. In a typical day we had over 8,000 pairwise intervals that had to be studied for tens of motion patterns. All these had to be analyzed for both the real data and thousands of surrogate spike trains.
In each experimental day we first detected the set of the most repeating patterns of drawing. Then we computed all the possible pairwise cross-correlations near the beginning of each of these drawings. We estimated the probability that the outstanding bins were attributed to precise timing control by teetering (more details below). Finally we summarized the data by a single number we term the relations score. Intuitively the relations score grows larger as the chance probabilities of timing relations (between pairs of spikes and drawing patterns) become smaller. The next question was whether its value was higher than what we would expect from random data that have similar firing rate modulations. Thus to evaluate the significance of the computed relations score for the real data, we used an independent set of 1,000 more surrogates, for which we computed the relations scores following exactly the same procedure. By comparing the relations score of the real data with the 1,000 surrogate relations score values, we estimated the statistical significance of the real relations score. The details of this analysis are given below.
Drawing data analysis
The main goal of the drawing data analysis was finding repeating patterns of drawing. The idea was to use data-mining techniques (Mannila et al. 1995, 1996). In computer science there are many algorithms for detecting patterns in data. A major group in this type of algorithms is taken from the field of data mining, where the input data can be interpreted as a series of events with an associated time for each. Variations of common data-mining models usually assume an input of the form: 〈T1, E1〉, 〈T2, E2〉, … , 〈Tn, En〉, where Ei is the ith event in some described activity and Ti is its occurrence time. Efficient methods have already been developed to solve such problems. The results given in this article are based on the algorithms for discovering serial episodes as described below.
A serial-episode S is an ordered set of events, noted by: Ej1 → Ej2 →… → Ejk. Given a time window W, we say that S occurs at time t if the two following conditions hold.
1) The event Ej1 occurs at time t.
2) The events Ej2, … , Ejk occur in this order within the time interval [t, t + W]. Note that they can be separated by other events.
The frequency of S, noted as freq(S), is defined as the maximal number of nonoverlapping occurrences of S. A serial episode whose frequency has crossed some predefined threshold is called frequent. Given a series of events, a time window W, and a frequency threshold f, the problem of discovering serial episodes is the problem of finding all serial episodes that are frequent with respect to W and f.
For this purpose, the continuous drawings were converted into sequences of events (drawing events). A drawing event was marked as occurring at the time at which a certain drawing property changed from one range of values to another. The property itself could be arbitrarily chosen. However, in this research, we quantized all possible drawing directions into 12 sections of 30° each, and all possible drawing velocities into 10 sections of 20 cm/s each (i.e., 0–20, 20–40, … , 180–200). Transitions from one section to another were considered drawing events (for both types of sections). For example, a drawing event was said to occur when the drawing direction varied from 27 to 32° or when the drawing velocity varied from 101 to 99 cm/s. In one experimental day there could be hundreds of such transitions. Had we based our transitions on criteria other than direction and velocity (e.g., acceleration or curvature), a different set of transitions would have emerged.
To detect repeating patterns among these transitions on a timescale, we implemented the serial-episodes algorithm (Mannila et al. 1995, 1996). The detected repeating patterns were called drawing components, which consisted of either direction transitions or velocity transitions. A mixture of the two types in the same pattern was not allowed, but a single pattern might contain many transitions of the same type.
During the translation of the data into a series of transitions, an additional parameter was used for pruning indecisive transitions. The idea behind this parameter is that a formal transition of values between sections is sometimes not enough for it to be noted. Similar to Schmitt Trigger Logic we required that the trend of the transition would continue even after the first time we detected it. In practice, this parameter is a real number between 0 and 1, which determines how deep the channel must enter the target range to show conclusively that the transition is not noisy. If it goes deep enough, a transition is generated the first time the values entered the target range. For example, if we set this parameter at 25%, a transition between section [0, 20] and section [20, 40] is noted only if the channel reaches (or exceeds) value 25 within the target section, where 25 = 20 + 0.25(40 − 20). In this way we avoided generating transitions that are caused by noise inherent to the recorded channels.
Figure 1 illustrates typical direction and velocity drawing components.
Relations between drawing components and pairs of neurons
Once the occurrence times of the most frequently repeating drawing components based on direction and velocity transitions had been obtained (for a given experimental day), we turned to finding relations between these components and pairs of neurons. Formally, a relation is defined as a triple 〈C, n1, n2〉, where C is a drawing component and n1, n2 are different neurons. To simplify our analyses we focused on only the 15 most frequent components based on drawing direction and the 15 most frequent components based on drawing velocity (the more frequent the component is, the more spike activity to be analyzed near the occurrences of this component). For each such possible relation we tabulated the occurrences of each possible time interval between a spike from n1 and a spike from n2, adjacent to all occurrences of C. Because the brain activity is expected to precede hand motion, the exact time regions in which we counted these intervals were determined relatively by trying several 100-ms offset windows before each occurrence of C. Ten different offset windows were checked, starting at offsets 100, 200, … , 1,000 ms, respectively, before each occurrence of C. Formally, if 1 ≤ k ≤ 10 is the index of the offset window that we want to try, and T1, T2, T3, … , Tn are the occurrence times of C, then for each time interval delta we counted the number of windows of the form [Ti − k × 100 ms, Ti − (k − 1) × 100 ms], where i = 1, 2, … , n in which n1 emitted a spike, and after an exact time delay of delta, n2 emitted a spike as well. Note that only the first spike (from n1) is required to be within the offset window. For example, if C occurs at times 500, 2,000, and 7,500 ms, and we want to count an interval of 28 ms for the first predefined offset window, we need to count how many of the time windows [400 ms, 500 ms], [1,900 ms, 2,000 ms], [7,400 ms, 7,500 ms] contain a spike of n1 followed 28 ms later by a spike of n2.
The total number of different intervals between each pair of neurons was limited to 50, whereas the time units in which they were measured varied from 1 to 2 ms (depending on the recorded time resolution of the analyzed day). Data for 13 recording days were analyzed. On 10 of these days spike times were recorded at a resolution of 0.1 ms and on the three others at a resolution of 1 ms. For the first group, time intervals were measured in units of 1 ms, and in the second group in units of 2 ms. Thus for the 3 days in the second group, the 50 possibilities for time intervals were: {0–1 ms, 2–3 ms, … , 98–99 ms}. This is equivalent to computing the cross-correlation between the two spike trains with bins of 1 (or 2) ms and for delays 0 to 50 (or 0 to 100) ms.
Spike sorting by shapes that were recorded through a single electrode can result in mislabeling. Intracellular properties that may generate precise time intervals can be confused with precise timing, which is generated by the organization of activity in the network. Therefore we included only neural components consisting of two neurons that were recorded through different electrodes. For example, if we have three electrodes recording spikes from two neurons each, there are 30 − 6 = 24 valid pairs of neurons (note that the pairs 〈n1, n2〉 and 〈n2, n1〉 are different). Altogether, this yields 24 × 50 = 1,200 potential intervals, some of which may never occur.
Given a relation R = 〈C, n1, n2〉 and an offset window W, we used the notations CC(R,W) and CC_peak(R,W) to represent the frequencies of the interspike intervals and the maximal frequency respectively. Formally, for each 0 ≤ d ≤ 49, the dth bin of CC(R,W) is the total number of occurrences of C around which (with respect to W) the time delay d exists between some spike of n1 and some spike of n2. Following this notation, CC_peak(R,W) is the maximal value of CC(R,W) over all time intervals. Figure 2 illustrates how intervals are counted in three different windows of 100 ms assuming a resolution of 1 ms.
Preparing expected distribution for CC_peak based on surrogate trains
Once CC(R,W) and CC_peak(R,W) were computed for all possible relations in all 10 predefined windows, our next goal was to determine the likelihood of obtaining CC_peak(R,W) by chance, given the null hypothesis that there is nothing precise about the spike times. In other words, given a relation R and an offset window W, we wanted to estimate the probability of CC_peak(R,W) to occur by chance. For this purpose we used the idea of teetered data (Date et al. 2000; Hastopoulos et al. 2003). We generated surrogate spike trains by randomly teetering the time of each spike within 10 ms around its real time. Formally, for the data recorded at a resolution of 0.1 ms, suppose the time of a certain spike in the original data is t; then its time in the teetered data is uniformly distributed in [t − 4.9 ms, t + 5 ms] up to a resolution of 0.1 ms. For the data recorded at a resolution of 1 ms its time is uniformly distributed in [t − 4 ms, t + 5 ms] up to a resolution of 1 ms. Note that teetering destroys the accurate times of original spikes while preserving the averaged firing rate of each neuron around a certain time point.
After the teetered data were created, we used the values to again compute CC(R,W) and then CC_peak(R,W) for every R and for every W, following the same steps as before (recounting intervals during the same time slices, etc.). We repeated this process 1,000 times, creating an estimated distribution of 1,000 values for CC_peak(R,W). We labeled this distribution CC_peak_distribution(R,W) and it was used to compute the relations score in the next section. Figure 3 shows CC(R,W) and CC_peak_distribution(R,W) for one of the significant cases in our data. Note that the value of the peak of the real data (dashed line in Fig. 3) stayed outside the distribution even when the data were teetered 1,000,000 times. In all the cases used for further analysis the peaks for the real data were outside the distribution or in its far tail.
The significant relation shown in Fig. 3 was found for the offset window W = [−0.6, −0.5], i.e., it starts 0.6 s before the onset of the drawing component and lasts for 0.1 s. This drawing component consisted of a single transition in the drawing direction from [120°, 150°] to [150°, 180°]. An extremely significant time interval of 25 ms was found (measured at a resolution of 1 ms) between spikes from two specific neurons, where the first spike was within the offset window (related to the occurrences of the drawing component). Figure 4 provides a dot display of these two neurons within the offset window.
Evaluating the relations score for the original data
For each R and W, we wanted to roughly estimate the probability of obtaining the computed value CC_peak(R,W) by chance in the original data. We labeled this probability CC_peak_prob(R,W) and estimated it by the geometrical average of the two following probabilities.
1) CC_peak_prob1(R,W)—the probability of obtaining the value CC_peak(R,W) or more, assuming a Poisson-like distribution CC(R,W) of all other intervals in the original data.
2) CC_peak_prob2(R,W)—the probability of obtaining the value CC_peak(R,W) or more, assuming a Normal-like distribution CC_peak_distribution(R,W) of all heights of peaks from all teetered data. Note that if that distribution contains K > 0 values, which are greater than or equal to CC_peak(R,W), the CC_peak_prob(R,W) is simply estimated by K/1,000.
These two probabilities might be dependent, so we used their geometrical average as a rough estimation to measure the precise timing relations between drawing components and pairs of neurons. As mentioned earlier in the Analysis overview section, this imprecise estimation is of little importance because at the very end we repeat the exact computations for another independent set of 1,000 teetered data.
Conceptually, given R = 〈C, n1, n2〉, the value CC_peak_prob(R,W) provides a rough estimation of how unlikely it would be to obtain a delayed synchronization between spikes of neurons n1 and n2, within the offset window W, around the occurrence times of C. Because the computation of CC_peak_prob(R,W) relies on two approximations to Normal and to Poisson distributions, its evaluated value may at times not reflect the real probability of the relation R to occur by chance. Thus given an offset window W, we did not want to analyze CC_peak_prob(R,W) for all possible relations R, but only for those that had the highest likelihood of being estimated properly. In our analysis the only relations used were the 2% in which the mean value of CC(R,W) was the highest, considering its average in all teetered data. The rationale for this idea is that distributions consisting of discrete integer values have a better chance of being estimated properly when their mean value is relatively large. If the mean approaches zero, the total number of distinct distribution values becomes small (because they must be integers). Thus statistical metrics such as the SD becomes less reliable. Using relations that have relatively higher averages decreases the estimation errors.
Once we had all the estimated probabilities CC_peak_prob(R,W) for each used relation R and for each predefined offset window W (for a given experimental day), a statistic called the relations score was extracted. The relations score sums up the likelihoods of the estimated relations into a single score value. Intuitively, the relations score should become larger as the likelihood of the CC_peak(R,W) values decreases for this day. Note that its evaluation is based solely on the window in which the found relations were most unlikely, using the following steps.
1) For each predefined offset-window W compute relations-score(W) as follows.
1.1) Sort all relations into buckets, where each bucket contains relations having the same pair of neurons and the same peak interval (considering W).
1.2) For each bucket, remove all relations except the one of the lowest CC_peak_prob(R,W) probability.
1.3) Sort the remaining relations in ascending order by their CC_peak_prob(R,W) probabilities.
1.4) If there are more than 10 relations, remove the kth relation for all k > 10.
1.5) relations-score(W) is defined as ∑ −log2 (CC_peak_prob(R,W)).
2) The result relations score is defined as the maximal value of relations-score(W) out of all possible W.
In step (1) we score each possible offset window based on the unlikely relations in it. In step (2) we choose the maximal score out of all 10 offset windows and define it as the final relations score.
Estimating the P value using a test set of surrogate trains
We were interested in testing the null hypothesis that spike times are random within a window of width J. If this null hypothesis is true, then replacing the time of each spike by a randomly selected time within J around its true time should not affect any of the statistics extracted from the spike times (Date et al. 2000; Hastopoulos et al. 2003). To implement this idea we used the relations score statistic as defined in methods. This statistic becomes larger when there are several pairwise correlations between drawing components with outstanding bins. Once the relations score was computed for the actual data (denoted by S0), the next step is to assess the probability it could occur by chance. In other words, we need to test whether S0 is significantly higher than what we would expect from random data with similar firing rates. To simulate random data that preserve firing rates of neurons, we randomly teetered the time of each original spike within a small window of J milliseconds in units of 0.1 ms. For example if J = 10 ms and the original time of some spike is 125 ms, its new time after teetering may be any time within {120.1 ms, 120.2 ms, 120.3 ms, … , 130 ms}. Using this technique, we generated 1,000 such surrogate spike trains. Each surrogate train was given a relations score (S1, S2, S3, … , S1,000, respectively) following exactly the same procedure as for computing S0 (including reselection of the best offset window that led to the largest relations score). These 1,000 values were used to estimate the probability [denoted by p(S0)] of obtaining the value of S0 by chance (see Fig. 5). For example, if only 50 surrogate trains exceeded the relations score of the actual data, then p(S0) was estimated by 50/1,000 = 5%.
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate a part of the actual data leading to the high relations score found in Fig. 5. The relations score was based on the 10 least likely relations. This method was used to estimate the probability p of the relations score value of the actual data for each experimental day. Significant values for p were observed for nine of 13 recording days in this study.
Detecting the time precision of the synchronization
For each of the experimental days that showed a significant relations score (using a J = 10-ms teetering window), we recomputed the value of p for different widths of teetering windows. Figure 6 shows that significant values of p could be obtained for much smaller teetering windows. The smallest windows producing significant results for monkey U were 0.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 ms and for monkey F were 2, 6, and 12 ms. Note that these represent an upper bound for the resolution. A different statistic could yield even higher temporal precision.
A significant value for this probability indicates that the relations between drawing components and pairs of neurons (on that day) are impaired as a result of teetering within J milliseconds. From this we can conclude that around the occurrences of similar behavior, pairs of spikes tend to prefer some specific time delays. Clearly, teetering within 0.5 ms already had a significant effect on the experimental day August 26, 1999. Thus the spike times of the cortical neurons are accurate within 0.5 ms. Figure 7 supplies information about the type of movements and their associated temporal structures in 10 unlikely relations found in our data.
Reliability tests
To ensure the reliability of the results in this article we made the following verifications.
) We took the data for all significant days and, before starting, we teetered spike times within a window of J = 10 ms. Then we repeated the entire procedure step by step from the beginning (including reteetering the data, etc.). No significant relations scores were found for any of these days.
) Similar to 1), but instead of teetering the original spikes, we replaced the occurrence times of each drawing component used with randomly generated times (within the boundaries of the trials). No significant relations scores were found in this case either.
) When evaluating the probability of a relation whose peak was outside the created 1,000-value distribution of peaks, we used a probability of 0.001 instead of approximating by Normal/Poisson distributions. This change did not affect the results reported here.
) In addition to the brute-force teetering method, we tried another teetering method that preserves the refractory time of spikes from a certain neuron. We obtained the same results.
If each spike in the cortex could be tagged in a way that would allow grouping of all spikes that belong to the same process, then many computations could be carried out much faster (von der Malsburg 1981, 1994). Such tagging could be provided by the exact time at which the spike is emitted. Precise synchrony for all the associated spikes could then be used to identify them as belonging to the same process (Singer and Gray 1995). Phase-locked oscillations can play a similar role (Eckhorn et al. 1988; Gray and Singer 1989). Sequences of synchronized activity in small groups of neurons could be used as well (Abeles et al. 1993a,b; Bienenstock 1995; Shastri and Ajjanagadde 1993). It is worth emphasizing that the concept of coding by precise timing and by firing rates are not mutually exclusive and the two codes could well be multiplexed. Neurons may elevate their firing rates when an appropriate stimulus, or mental state, is present, and within this elevated rate each spike could be tagged by its exact time in relation to other spikes.
Several conditions and experimental evidence must be present to demonstrate that precise firing time is used in the cortex.
) Cortical neurons should be capable of emitting precisely timed spikes.
) There should be networks that are capable of controlling the spike time and read it.
) There should be experimental evidence that there are precisely timed spikes in the cortex.
) There should be experimental evidence that precisely timed spikes are strongly linked to specific stimuli, actions, or mental states.
Cortical neurons can emit precisely timed spikes, as was demonstrated by repeatedly injecting pseudorandom current into neurons (Mainen and Sejnowsky 1995). Synfire chains (Abeles 1991), synfire braids (Bienenstock 1996), and polychronous groups (Izhikevich et al. 2004) can generate precisely timed spikes. This was demonstrated by theoretical analysis (Abeles 1991; Herrmann et al. 1995), numerical analysis (Diesmann et al. 1999), simulations (Abeles et al. 1993a,b; Izhikevich et al. 2004; Morrison et al. 2005), and in a brain slice (Reyes 2003). The same structures can recognize the precise firing sequences of other networks and lock onto them. This ability can be used to dynamically bind some elements to a complex object while ignoring others (Abeles et al. 1993b; Hayon et al. 2004, 2005).
Despite multiple reports on the existence of precise firing sequences in brain slices of both anesthetized and behaving animals (Abeles 1982; Abeles et al. 1983; Baker and Lemon 2000; Dayhoff and Gerstein 1983; Frostig et al. 1990; Hatsopoulos et al. 1998; Klemm and Sherry 1981; Landolt et al. 1985; Legendy and Salcman 1985; Lestienne et al. 1987, 1996, 1999; Nadasdy et al. 1999; Prut et al. 1998; Riehle et al. 1997; Tetko and Villa 2001; Villa and Fuster 1992; Villa et al. 1990, 1999), the statistical validity of these findings has been challenged (Oram et al. 1999). Testing by teetering the spikes seems to be the most assumption-free approach, although it does present several pitfalls.
Precisely timed spikes may be evoked when activity is tightly locked to an external event. Such precise timing will be detected by teetering spike times, but may be of little interest when relating to coding by precise firing sequences. In our experiments, when the monkey scribbles freely, there is no precise external event and the firing rates of individual neurons wax and wane gradually in time. Pace-maker activity of a single neuron will produce precise time intervals between its spikes, a structure that will be destroyed by teetering. Careful examination of all dot displays of sequences that contributed to the final score on each day did not reveal any periodicities. Other intracellular processes (aside from pace-maker activity) can also contribute to precise spike timing. These include fast recovery from refractoriness and bursting mechanisms. Using only intervals across neurons reduces the likelihood that such intracellular processes will show up as precise across-neuron intervals. Furthermore, eliminating all bursts and short interspike intervals (ISIs) did not affect the results. Spike sorting has an inherent dead time in which two partially overlapping spikes cannot be detected. This too may be destroyed by teetering and therefore alter the results. By using only intervals between spikes of neurons recorded through two different electrodes, we eliminated the effects of such a dead time.
There are several variants of spike teetering. It is possible to use softer teetering by wedge-shaped or bell-shaped windows. One can avoid two-teetered spikes from becoming closer than a predetermined refractory period. G. L. Gerstein (2004) suggested using the joint ISI distribution to produce a teetered spike train with the same joint distribution. In this study, we simply teetered the time of each spike and disregarded all other spikes. In the teetered spike train refractoriness may be violated. If this occurs, however, it may only increase the likelihood of obtaining high counts in the same bin of a cross-correlation. To clarify this point, we used reliability test 4.
Finally, the choice of the statistic is crucial as well. For example, Oram and Richmond studied responses of single neurons in LGN and V1 to presentations of grating. They looked for cases where the same ISI repeated twice (or more) after a single stimulus presentation. The number of cases in which such repetitions occurred did not exceed chance. These results may indicate that there were no precise spike timings in their experiment, but also may indicate that their statistic was not appropriate for detecting precise timing. Our statistic was based on the number of repetitions of the same across-neuron spiking interval during repetitions of the same drawing behavior. It is based on the assumption that precise timing is generated by synfire chains. The precision found in our experiments is an upper bound on the actual precision. Possibly a smarter statistic may reveal even higher precision. Note that our findings are consistent with the assumption that activity is organized in synfire chains, but does not prove it. There may be other networks that can produce such precise timing.
Our results provide a positive answer to 3) above: There is experimental evidence showing precisely timed spikes, whose temporal accuracy may reach 0.5 ms. Our data partially provide evidence for 4) above: We were able to find evidence for precise timing only when data within a set time range before certain drawing components were considered. When the same number of time slices was randomly selected, no evidence for precise timing was found. Further research should focus more directly on ways of discriminating between stimuli, movements, or mental states by precise firing sequences.
This project was funded in part by Center of Excellence Grant 8006/00, administered by the Israel Science Foundation, and grants from the German–Israeli Foundation, Deutsche–Israelische Projektkooperation, the Horowitz Fund, and the Rich Center. M. Abeles is Shamoon professor at Bar-Ilan University.
T. Shmiel was responsible for the analysis and was aided by O. Shmiel. R. Drori was responsible for the experimental part and was aided by Y. Ben-Shaul, Z. Nadasdy, and M. Abeles. M. Shemesh conducted the off-line spike sorting. Y. Ben-Shaul and M. Abeles developed the behavioral hardware and software, M. Teicher supervised the analysis, and M. Abeles directed the project as a whole.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2006 by the American Physiological Society


text:
Missing Women: Age and Disease
Relative to developed countries and some parts of the developing world, most notably sub-Saharan Africa, there are far fewer women than men in India and China. It has been argued that as many as a 100 million women could be missing. The possibility of gender bias at birth and the mistreatment of young girls are widely regarded as key explanations. We provide a decomposition of these missing women by age and cause of death. While we do not dispute the existence of severe gender bias at young ages, our computations yield some striking new findings: (1) the vast majority of missing women in India and a significant proportion of those in China are of adult age; (2) as a proportion of the total female population, the number of missing women is largest in sub-Saharan Africa, and the absolute numbers are comparable to those for India and China; (3) almost all the missing women stem from disease-by-disease comparisons and not from the changing composition of disease, as described by the epidemiological transition. Finally, using historical data, we argue that a comparable proportion of women was missing at the start of the 20th century in the United States, just as they are in India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa today. Copyright , Wiley-Blackwell.
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Volume (Year): 77 (2010)
Issue (Month): 4 ()
Pages: 1262-1300
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Arrambam(U) (2013)
Arrambam is a tamil action movie directed by Vishnuvardhan. The film will feature Ajith Kumar, Arya, Nayantara and Taapsee Pannu playing lead roles. Movie ...
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text: Located just outside Downtown Landrum, Southside Smokehouse provides creative and classic comfort food with something sure to please the palates of all your dining companions. We have a full bar, outdoor dining (pet-friendly), and a frequently rotated Chef's Specials menu that showcases eclectic upscale cuisine with an emphasis on locally sourced and seasonal produce as well as healthy and delicious options like salads, speciality pizettes, grilled fish and more! Please call or check our Facebook page for today's offerings.


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This year's Super Bowl made history in one very important, very sad way. No Cheerleaders!
This is the first time in the games 45 year history that there were no cheerleaders present on the sidelines. The Steelers dissolved the Steelerettes in 1970, and the Packers ditched their squad in 1988. Luckily, even though neither team was represented during the game, the TCU Cheerleaders graced us with their presence before the game.


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Reviewed By Billy B (Greensburg, KY) Reviewed for a 1995 Ford Ranger —5/4/2016 12:28 PM
Arrived sooner than I expected. I laid the covers out for a couple of days then put in in my vehicles, I ordered 2 one for 2014 GMC Acadia and one for 2013 GMC Sierra. Both fit very well but I do wish there were more color choices. The SUV is a perfect match but the truck is not close. They both look good and fit the dash very well. I agree with others in that there should be more Velcro strips provided, just not enough to properly mount the cover.


text: I was wondering if you use H-adapters when stringing Yonex frames? I have an Alpha Ultra Edge 3 electronic 6pt mount stringer and have heard that the mounting posts at 6 & 12 can crack these frames unless the pressure is more equally distributed with the use of the adapter. Thanks.


text:
Community Calendar for July 31, 2000
Unity in the Community will hold a series of "Prayer for Peace" rallies for the next seven Mondays at area churches.
17-year-old shot early Sunday
IWith the cooperation of witnesses, two of three suspects have been identified, police said. One is 18-year-old Jason Johnson of the Fred Wessels housing community.
Community, cooperation keys to reducing crime
For the two sides of how High Point, N.C., put the clamps on violent crime, listen to police Lt. Steve Danford talk about an 18-year-old arrested there for killing two people.
Community Calendar for Sunday July 30, 2000
Unity in the Community will hold a series of "Prayer for Peace" rallies for the next seven Mondays at area churches.
Classes and lectures
A quilting class, Southern African-American Quilting, to teach the history, techniques and business.
Southside music store destroyed in blaze
Rody's Music Enterprises Inc., on Mall Boulevard, was gutted by a fire late Saturday night. No one was injured in the incident, but the smell of smoke still hung in the air Sunday as owner George Rody and members of his staff watched Savannah fire investigators go through the store's soaking wet remains.
Community News for Sunday July 30, 2000
Parrot Heads 'phlock' to Grayson Stadium
Those diehards picked up free beach towels and Hawaiian leis.
From Savannah's Il Pasticcio to a Montreal suburb
MONTREAL -- The first time Dominique Venetico Giambattista visited Savannah, she brought her own pasta machine. "It's a good thing, too," she said the other day from her new restaurant outside Montreal. "There was no Italian pasta. And no bread! Oh, you wouldn't believe."
Vox Populi, the voice of the people
"I just got back in town from a business trip in the high-priced state of Wisconsin, but guess what? Gasoline prices there are cheaper than here in Savannah.
Civil War movie premiers at Governor's mansion
ATLANTA -- The Governor's mansion has been the setting for many dinners, receptions, tours and parties, but never before has the estate staged a movie premier until this week.
There's beach sand in your toothpaste ... and your ink pen, and your sunscreen ...
Before, the uncooked egg white was clear, but after it was agitated, hundreds of little oxygen bubbles blocked out the light.
Children get equipped for a positive beginning
Delores Williams is ready for school. Not for her. But for her child.
'Our community is dying'
As Parks Ballenger led his 2-year-old son into Forsyth Park last week, Savannah's violent crime problem was there to greet him.
Hero's welcome
Two men from the same hometown in Poland. Both involved in the Polish Underground during World War II. One as a Jew pretending to be Christian.
Two arrested in Sunday homicide
A 17-year-old shot early Sunday has been pronounced brain dead by doctors, making him the city's 24th homicide victim of the year. Police have identified two suspects in the shooting, and both are now in custody.
The saving grace of photographs
George Dynin settled at his kitchen table and shuffled through old family photographs.
Mutant creatures, false prophets, and B-movie freaks
If you've thought about visiting Atlanta for a dose of cutting-edge contemporary art, you're in luck.
Here are the city's programs to combat violence
In response to violent crime in Savannah, the city released a plan in March introducing several new programs. Some of the programs have already begun, and others are still in the planning stages.
Teen shot during an armed robbery attempt
A teen-ager was shot Saturday afternoon when an armed man entered Discount Auto Parts on Montgomery Street demanding money.
A streetcar for Savannah
Think of the days more than 50 years ago, when streetcars -- rather than CAT buses or cars -- served as the mass-transit system.
A fighter all his life
George Stepney still bobs and weaves.
Programs in other cities that have worked to combat violence
Here are some programs that have been used to effectively reduce crime in cities throughout the country. In most cases, several programs are used together. Some cities have similar programs to those listed, either by the same or different names.
Vox Populi
Is the Morning News trying to send subliminal messages to the voters?
Man in Black: Dog barks up the right tree
Precinct 2 officer Jim Thomson was on patrol in the Midtown area one night about six weeks ago. He was stopped at a stop sign when this little Chihuahua dog came running up to his car barking at him and raising cain.
Obituaries for Sunday July 30, 2000
Obituaries for July 31, 2000
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Editorial:Community crime-busters
SAVANNAH RECORDED its 23rd homicide for the year last Thursday night, three more than last year at this time.
Letters to the editor
I have to write and do my part to try to preserve the spirit of baseball. My family attended a recent Sand Gnats game at Grayson Stadium.
Editorial: Content-free coronation
THE REPUBLICAN National Convention begins today in Philadelphia, a city rich in the nation's political tradition and history. Ironically, the convention promises to eschew many of those kinds of trappings.
Letters to the editor
Cameras were flashing and news reporters were scurrying around as I took my normal seat in the jury room at the courthouse.
Editorial: Tax less, spend less
AMID THE continuing gripes about property assessments and their effect on taxes, there was some good news last week.
Editorial: Music industry takes a Nap
PUTTING NAPSTER out of business may slow the inevitable, but it won't stop it. Napster and other music-swapping services will force the music industry eventually to adapt to the new world of Internet technology; the only questions are when and how the industry will make money.
Joyner hits 200th HR in Braves' win
ATLANTA -- After a rain-delayed win Friday night that could be classified as Chinese water torture, the Atlanta Braves made relatively quick work of the Houston Astros Saturday.
Braves notes: Don Sutton says 200 wins is tougher now
"So many won-lost decisions now are out of the hands of the starters," Sutton said before presenting Tom Glavine an autographed bottle of wine.
Braves' Tom Glavine joins 200-win club
If Tom Glavine could have scripted his 200th career victory, it might have looked something like this: A very simple plot, an early lead, without a lot of muss and fuss, accomplished in a very efficient fashion.
Is a new stadium Savannah's ticket?
Savannah doesn't need a new baseball stadium to replace aging Grayson Stadium, but the city would benefit from a more modern facility, according to a study by an Atlanta architectural firm.
Steady Hanzel wins second Oglethorpe title
After all the attention paid to additions and alterations to the event, little had actually changed by the end of the 2000 SunCom Oglethorpe Invitational.
Hype begins for GSU-Georgia matchup
Five weeks before THE GAME and already the hype has begun. Already the coaches are being inundated with questions. Already fans are trash-talking. Already THE GAME is a sellout.
Hanzel irons out Oglethorpe lead
Doug Hanzel might have been the most comfortable player preparing for the most uncomfortable shot in golf at the Wilmington Island Club Saturday.
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Former President Clinton: Obama should honor health care pledge
worf Mcallen, TXNov. 13, 2013 8:39 p.m.
Depends on what the definition of honor is.
Christoph b Salt lake, UTNov. 13, 2013 12:55 p.m.
LDS Lib,
How many people in the military were allowed to sit around and do nothing, and then receive whatever benefits they wanted?
patriot Cedar Hills, UTNov. 13, 2013 12:31 p.m.
"people can keep their junk plans" ?? Really?? I know you know better. You know as well as I that the vast majority of those so-called "junk plans" were not junk plans at all but were in fact good plans tailored to the needs and budget of the person. We have all heard many stories nationwide of good insurance plans of people suffering from cancer being cancelled. No these are NOT junk plans but that lie is added to the other lies from Barack "if you like your plan you can keep it" and "if you like your doctor you can keep him". The entire premise of this Obamacare scam was built on a series of lies and now those lies are showing their ugly faces for all to see. When you have leading Democrats - Bill Clinton and Dianne Feinstein - abandoning ship you know other Democrats will soon follow since they know the 2014 elections are only a year away. The question here is will these Democrats lose their congressional seats or will they allow Barack to get swallowed by his own lies?
RedShirtCalTech Pasedena, CANov. 13, 2013 11:45 a.m.
To "LDS Liberal" but the military doesn't have the conformity that you attribute to it.
Generals are paid more than privates. Plus, pay here in Utah is different than in Florida.
Officer housing is much nicer than for enlisted personnel.
Can you say "Officer's Club"? I don't think that the food there is equal to where the enlisted eat.
Different jobs have different clothing requirements. I don't know of too many mechanics that are issued bullet proof vests for their daily jobs.
Apparently in the military everything is different. Are you sure it was the US military and not the USSR military?
JWB Kaysville, UTNov. 13, 2013 8:53 a.m.
Even though he is not the President with the most Integrity, he should be able to know what the definition of "is" is. He knows the impact of not telling the truth and he just wants to advise President Obama that the people, not all the people, will forget that honesty is the best policy. To tell the Congress to pass the bill and then read it wasn't the best policy. Each one of those 500 plus United States of America's legislators in the Senate and House swore to uphold the Constitution of the United States of America. Some did and some didn't. Some of those who didn't were not in the next session of Congress. Hillary Clinton has a need to have this be Obama's fault as she wants to be elected as President. She let Obama be the candidate in 2008 by acquiescing to him due to his charismatic nature. Two charismatic people have become President and the one is telling the other to listen, if not privately, in public, this time.
The President is still trying to use some executive powers instead of fixing the problem in Congress, as Pelosi and Reid are there.
worf Mcallen, TXNov. 13, 2013 8:10 a.m.
@LDS Liberal:
You'd give up your independence? Give someone else the responsibility of seeing to your needs? Living by their rules, and regulations?
How often in world history has a government not been corrupt? Most human suffering/poverty through history, has been caused by governments. I don't trust Obama, and crew, with redistributing my property.
I guess a third of the people would except this kind of plan.
Esquire Springville, UTNov. 13, 2013 6:20 a.m.
I seriously doubt there is one iota of good faith amongst the Republicans that would allow any revisions, modifications or enhancements of the ACA.
In the end, this problem is really rooted in the fact that insurance companies are putting their interests first. We need a single payer system similar to Canada or Europe. Even with the ACA trying to leverage private health insurance (thus the private sector) to solve a serious issue, the fact remains that our health insurance system is a predatory mess.
worf Mcallen, TXNov. 12, 2013 10:34 p.m.
We the people of America are pawns in a corrupt political chess game.
Obama Care is a scam.
intervention slc, UTNov. 12, 2013 7:20 p.m.
I hate to tell you but if between you and your boss you are paying almost 2,000 dollars a month your boss is a poor business man and you may want to start looking for a new job before he bankrupts himself.
A1994 Centerville, UTNov. 12, 2013 5:18 p.m.
@LDS Liberal
"100% education,
100% Medical at no cost, no deductibles, no co-pays, no premiums, no questions asked - ever,
full retirement..."
At no cost? Are you being serious? There is a cost for everything. Are you under the impression that Doctors and medical supplies grow on trees? There is a cost for all of it.
A1994 Centerville, UTNov. 12, 2013 5:14 p.m.
"Whatever, if people like their junk plans so much, let them keep them."
It's estimated that 50 million people may lose their plans. Do you think all those plans are junk?
FreeThinker Magna, UTNov. 12, 2013 5:05 p.m.
"We have to pass the bill so that you can find out what is in it." - Nancy Pelosi
THIS is what happens when you leap without looking. When you charge ahead without thinking things through, you get a mess. I say this not just about the ACA, but about anything in life. If you don't think things through enough, then you will end up with a massive mess that could have been properly implemented with enough foresight.
LDS Liberal Farmington, UTNov. 12, 2013 4:37 p.m.
Sanpete, UT
LDS Lib,
Your socialistic ideologies never cease to amaze me.
3:15 p.m. Nov. 12, 2013
You should then thank the United States Military for engraining and instilling that in me.
I was a hardcore Republican when I joined the service.
I came out Socialized and Liberal.
Where else can you get;
Same clothes,
Same pay,
Same apartments,
Same chow,
100% education,
100% Medical at no cost, no detucibles, no co-pays, no premiums, no questions asked - ever,
full retirement,
Best Socialist lifestyle anyone could dream of.
Pitty --
I had to get out when WallStreet and the Military Industrial Complex Capitalists bribed Politicians into mis-using us for control of Oil and winning re-elections.
Like Captain Moroni and Mormon,
I will do what I need to defend my country and protect our Freedoms,
I refuse to a mercany for hire for the Gadiantons on WallStreet who control, manage, and manipulate our Government.
spring street SALT LAKE CITY, UTNov. 12, 2013 4:31 p.m.
Actually yes I have, Toronto, your comment however suggest you have not given the healthcare was and is anything but assembly line. I terms of cost I would first point out insurance premiums have steadily been climbing far longer then the ACA has been around and that one of the major flaws of the law is that there are no protections for consumers that must buy insurance from predatory insurance companies.
Star Bright Salt Lake City, UtNov. 12, 2013 3:57 p.m.
I know you are a young student atl134, but many of us have had health plans we have loved. They have taken care of cancer operations/chemo etc., no cancelations. Maybe if you would refuse to believe the lies Obama puts out such as "junk insurance", "you can keep your insurance if you like it, Period!", you would know that calling it junk does not really mean insurance is junk. They just used that word ( and they knew the young would believe them) because of all the back lash and they had to blame it on someone else so the insurance companies are standing right there in front of them. A lie, is a lie, is a lie!
BeSmart Cheyenne, WYNov. 12, 2013 3:53 p.m.
My employer currently pays well over a thousand dollars a month for my insurance. Then I contribute an amount that is near that level.
Jan 1st I will get hit with a large increase citing " due to the increased taxes on health care providers"
Look through the law at some of the rules this created for hospitals.
I did not pull anything out of thin air for my comment.
I am involved in politics everyday.
The percentage of GDP used on healthcare will increase.
You increase taxes on companies and individuals for healthcare. It will increase the GDP %.
Do your research from independent academic sources and not from the media.
Look at what MIT has published for the future of health insurance rates due to obamacare.
The media is not a reliable source (even msn anchors are mad about the increase in their premiums)
Other questions?
BeSmart Cheyenne, WYNov. 12, 2013 3:47 p.m.
@ atl134
According to several news sources 15% of americans are not insured.
So obamacare which does raise almost all insurance rates effects 85% of people negatively.
That is not out of thin air.
Research it.
America percentage of GDP for healthcare is the highest because it has extremely high quality health care (I have travelled around the world and you will see)
Also malpractice law suits raise our rates extremely, but some of these suits are needed some are not.
The part time jobs issue I used from my own experience being in private industry and family members experience.
Several family members (who have all graduated with bachelors degrees in math and accounting) have been told by there employers that as of December 31st they will be cut from 40 hours to 29 hours.
"So far this year there have been 848,000 new jobs. Of those, 813,000 are part time jobs"
not all of these are cited by obamacare but a percentage is (this is published research)
Those subsidized plans are paid by what? Taxes on both the uninsured and the medical institutions.
Obi-Jon Kenobi Layton, UTNov. 12, 2013 3:26 p.m.
Bill Clinton: bastion of honesty and . . . unlikely voice of reason
TOO Sanpete, UTNov. 12, 2013 3:15 p.m.
LDS Lib,
Your socialistic ideologies never cease to amaze me.
techpubs Sioux City, IANov. 12, 2013 2:55 p.m.
I'm happy that you are now going to be able to purchase health insurance that will meet your needs.
However I still have a few issues with the PPACA as it currently is written.
When I was first married we purchased Health Ins. and added maternity coverage which almost doubled the cost of the policy. Three years and several tests later I discovered we didn't need it because I was sterile and maternity doesn't cover adoption. Needless to say my wife doesn't need Contraception coverage either. But both maternity and contraception are required as part of the PPACA Policies which greatly increases the cost. So what some are saying is a junk policy because it doesn't cover certain items was working great for our needs. I know of single and widowed women who really don't need coverage for prostate exams, but they will have to carry it as part of the PPACA raising their costs also.
atl134 Salt Lake City, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:49 p.m.
"Have you heard about the health care rates in some places quadruling?"
The US has the highest healthcare costs (in terms of % GDP spent on healthcare) in the world, much higher than the socialist nations in Europe, Canada, Australia, and Japan.
"This law should never have passes it hurts 85% of americans to help the 15%"
'Out of thin air' is not an acceptable source for statistics...
"This law almost by itself turned the USA into a part-time employment nation."
That's false. There's been no statistically significant shift to part-time employment since Obamacare was passed.
"In college I could get a high deductible health plan for 98 dollars a month. Today for the same college student? quoted around 400 dollars a month."
False. You didn't account for subsidies, which would make it around 100 a month since well... college students don't make much. Also anyone 25 and under could stay on their parents plan so many of them would be paying 0 like I was the last few years.
JNA Layton, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:48 p.m.
TO LDS Liberal:
Please Move to Greece, France, Portugal, Spain, you pick I could care less
Problem, solved
The End.
IndeMak South Jordan, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:45 p.m.
Clinton was a good president and I'm sure most of the country would gladly switch Clinton for Obama at any time. Clinton did what Reagan was good at; bringing all sides together for the betterment of our country. Obama may end up being the worst president of all time. He has managed to tear the country apart. Apparently we Americans don't like freedom as we continue to make horrible choices.
atl134 Salt Lake City, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:46 p.m.
Whatever, if people like their junk plans so much, let them keep them.
"The problem is what's done is done.
I don't think that there is any way to honor this pledge save repealing obamacare"
Actually this would be very easy to deal with since all the non-Obamacare-compliant pre-Obamacare plans are still allowed through the grandfathering provision, so the post-Obamacare non-Obamacare-compliant plans would just be handled the same way. There would still be some people losing insurance but that would just be because the insurance company itself chose to drop the plan (something they do all the time).
patriot Cedar Hills, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:29 p.m.
Barack is in a pickle with this Clinton comment. What to do...??
1. If Barack DOES change the law and allow for his promise to be kept (if you like your insurance you can keep it) he loses all those young enroll-ees....the young healthy ones that were supposed to sign up and pay for everyone else. If he loses all the young folks money his wealth redistribution scam is dead in the water. No young people - no Obamacare.
2. If Barack holds to his guns and does nothing, the outcry of people getting cancelled is going to grow and cause a mutiny within his own party for those dems trying to save their necks for the mid term elections in a year. He risks losing the senate and puts a bad taste in peoples mouth for ANY sort of government run healthcare going forward.
the Clinton's on the other hand have kept one step ahead of Barack. Hiliary knows she has to distance herself from this train wreck Obamacare somehow or her election is dead before it gets started. By having her popular husband do her bidding for her she wins by proxy.
TRUTH Salt Lake City, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:07 p.m.
Clinton is about as smart as Obama......how do you give someone back the insurance that has been cancelled after having been promised by the LYING POTUS that you can keep your plan?
Its over, Clinton, who defined "is"! The bell has rung and you cant un-ring a bell! But we can abolish Obamacare and Obama!
Viva la Migra American Fork, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:04 p.m.
The administration continues to lie and use the "5%" figure to try to explain away the cancellations. They've repeated that as much as the original "if you like your plan, you can keep it. Period." lie.
Kimber Salt Lake City, UTNov. 12, 2013 2:04 p.m.
The reason for the cancellations is because the health insurance companies can't keep the ACA's standards of care (no pre-existing conditions, no caps, no cancellations of dependents under the age of 26 and so forth). If it were me, I would want a new plan anyway....perhaps not all of them know this. Most of the plans that would cancel the people are no great loss. Health insurance is like many other things in life...it changes with time and the requirements of the person does too. As for me, I've done without health insurance for seven years in order to have my self employment. I tried to get a personal plan, but they denied me for "pre-existing conditions". And now I'm excited to be choosing a plan without such a thing for 2014. Good luck to all!
LDS Liberal Farmington, UTNov. 12, 2013 1:58 p.m.
Single-Payer, public option.
Problem, solved.
The End
Say No to BO Mapleton, UTNov. 12, 2013 1:48 p.m.
As Stephanopoulos once told the press about Bill Clinton, "The President has kept all the promises he intended to keep."
Kettle, meet pot.
george of the jungle goshen, UTNov. 12, 2013 1:46 p.m.
Is their a World court for B.o.
GiuseppeG Murray, UtahNov. 12, 2013 1:45 p.m.
Advice from a benevolent tyrant to a dumb one? Guys...the lie is that Obama assumed that he could control everything like a tyrant and was dumb enough to say that in front of everyone multiple times...and a majority of congress and the American public were dumb enough to believe him. Trying to turn that lie into a reality is NOT the answer in a society that still at least professes to be a free society!
The Rock Federal Way, WANov. 12, 2013 1:40 p.m.
Bill Clinton rarely told the truth in my opinion, but even Bill knew better than to lie to people in order to con them into supporting a bill that he knew would hurt millions.
The political liabilities of Obama Care and the lies told to gain support are so toxic that many are now predicting that the Democrats will lead the charge to repeal it. If the Republicans are smart (a mighty big if) they will refuse to make any changes in the law other than to repeal it. If they were really smart they would challenge all the waivers that Obama has issued to date, including delaying the employer mandate. There would be 93 million more highly angry voters before the 2014 elections if that were to happen.
mohokat Ogden, UTNov. 12, 2013 1:29 p.m.
techpub is correct. Slick knows that Hil can't run with this dog around her neck,
Hemlock Salt Lake City, UTNov. 12, 2013 1:21 p.m.
Bill Clinton is perhaps the most savvy politician in the US. Everything that he says has a secondary political objective. As liberal billionaire David Geffen said when he withdrew his support of Hillary, the Clinton's can't tell the truth.
t702 Las Vegas, NVNov. 12, 2013 1:16 p.m.
Clinton calling Obama to stop lying, priceless!
BeSmart Cheyenne, WYNov. 12, 2013 12:34 p.m.
@ Spring Street
The law in and of itself is not good for a free market economy.
Or for the people
Have you ever lived somewhere with socialized medicine (it is like an assembly line)
Have you heard about the health care rates in some places quadruling?
Is that good for the middle class?
This law should never have passes it hurts 85% of americans to help the 15%.
How many people have been laid off or their jobs cut to 29 hours a week because of this?
I am grateful to have a great job with good insurance.
But my relatives have been laid off hours cut and insurance dropped.
This law almost by itself turned the USA into a part-time employment nation.
Because most private companies (I managed one for years) can not afford to pay for these insurances.
This law hampers the medical field itself. If you get time look through the law and the added taxes and regulations it puts on healthcare companies.
In college I could get a high deductible health plan for 98 dollars a month. Today for the same college student? quoted around 400 dollars a month.
That is not progress.
Granny Saint George, UTNov. 12, 2013 12:27 p.m.
@techpubs...You are SO right!!!!
Hilary will now come in and save the day at the next election. Oh, may the Heavens not let that happen. We are in enough trouble already.
patriot Cedar Hills, UTNov. 12, 2013 12:22 p.m.
those darn racist Tea Party folks are at it again - trying to criticize Barack...oops I guess this was Barack's go to guy - President Clinton calling Barack out on this one. This ought to make for some interesting double talk from Jay Carney in the next briefing....Let's see Barack could say he was for allowing you to keep your insurance before he was against it?? Nope Kerry already used that one. Maybe Barack could just say he feels sorry for those that were actually dumb enough to believe him?? Ouch - that doesn't sound too good either. Maybe there is some u-tube video they can blame it on but that one has already been used too. The ole blame game is getting harder and harder...It is just getting harder and harder for a liar to govern these days ... I guess and that has got to Bush's fault somehow.
spring street SALT LAKE CITY, UTNov. 12, 2013 12:20 p.m.
@be smart
so once a law is passed there can never be changes to the law, the only option is repeal? Clinton is right the law needs to be adjusted. I remember when the ACA first passed everyone admitted it was an imperfect law and would need work, then everyone got entrenched and refused to make the needed changes. I say they meed to get back to work making the changes they have known needed to be made a long time ago.
techpubs Sioux City, IANov. 12, 2013 12:13 p.m.
Sounds like Bill is trying to distance himself and Hillary from the PPACA so that she can run in 2016.
Chris B Salt Lake City, UTNov. 12, 2013 11:47 a.m.
You mean keep his word? How dare he say barack do something like that. Barack doesn't answer to us or anyone else. Barack answer to barack and barack only.
BeSmart Cheyenne, WYNov. 12, 2013 11:45 a.m.
The problem is what's done is done.
I don't think that there is any way to honor this pledge save repealing obamacare or placing regulations on insurance companies that destroy them.
The answer to this problem will need to be addressed in the next election.
Until then, the government regulation of the largest industry in the U.S. will cause who knows how many problems.
Good luck with healthcare everyone.
What this has become is a shame to our once free market republic.