text:
Product Description
About QSI RS SERIES MONOCHROME CCD CAMERAS:
Engineered with extensive use of sophisticated CAD-CAM design tools, the QSI RS Series is CNC machined from aircraft grade aluminum alloy. The finely finished anodized body components are assembled with corrosion resistant stainless steel hardware throughout. The RS Series is designed to support image sensors with a maximum diagonal measurement of 22.5mm. For this class of camera they are surprisingly compact. At just 4.45" square, the Slim body camera is just 1.68" deep, occupying less than 30 cubic inches and weighing in at under 26 ounces. Keeping the depth of the camera to a minimum was an early design goal. Not only is backfocus minimized, but the camera moment-arm is reduced resulting in greater stability. The shutter and filter wheel were placed inside the body, very close to the image sensor reducing backfocus and overall depth. The motion control electronics are actually buried in the 0.12" thick shutter/filter mounting plate to reduce depth further. Pulling the cooling fans and heatsinks into the body resulted in another significant reduction in depth. Finally, having all electrical cables and the optional liquid heat exchanger recirculation hoses exit the body in the same direction and perpendicular to the optical axis insuring an interference-free fit in tight spaces.
Key in the compact design of the RS Series cameras is a very efficient custom 2-stage thermoelectric cooler (TEC) subsystem. Intelligent, programmable cooling fans are integrated into the rear of the camera body to remove the heat generated by the cooler. Typically, forced air cooling lowers the regulated CCD temperature by up to 40°C below ambient utilizing 85% power. Tight +/- 0.1°C temperature regulation is maintained at temperature settings of 10°C below ambient and lower. A slim liquid heat exchanger (optional) can be attached to the rear of the camera body to increase the cooling further, up to 45°C below the temperature of the circulating fluid.
A four channel optically isolated control port is accessible through a standard 6 pin modular connector. Two of the signals are used to control the input and output shutter triggers. Utilizing the hardware input trigger through the control port, exposures can be fired within 10μs. The connector panel is thoughtfully recessed into the body of the camera for protection and provides access for all external connections. The two threaded holes on the back of the body are used to attach an optional cable restraint system to support the electrical connections as well as the recirculation hoses, if the liquid heat exchanger is employed. All QSI RS Series cameras utilize High Speed USB 2.0 port (USB 1.1 compatible) for connection to the host computer and imaging application software. For telescope guiding the signal pin-out is compatible with most modern telescope mount drive correctors. The outputs can also be used for other control purposes when developing your own applications with the RS Series ActiveX software development toolkit. Outputs are common emitter, open-collector and can sink up to 50ma. Maximum voltage should not exceed 50V
Interline Transfer Image Sensor:
The Kodak KAI-04022 MAR image sensor has exceptional sensitivity across the visual band with peak quantum efficiency of 77% along with remarkably low dark current. The sensor has antiblooming protection and a fast electronic shutter. Micro lenses cover the surface of the CCD to focus the light into each 7.4µm pixel to increase optical response.
Two separate analog processing chains, providing dual read rates, allow the QSI RS Series to meet two seemingly incompatible imaging goals. The QSI RS Series High Quality mode provides the highest possible Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for applications that require the lowest noise and widest possible dynamic range. High Speed mode has a read rate of 8MHz providing high speed reads at multiple frames per second. The read mode is easily changed under program control providing exceptional flexibility in tuning the camera's performance to the desired imaging goals.
Electronic Shutter:
The QSI RS 4.2ws utilizes the electronic shutter built into the Kodak KAI-04022M image sensor to control exposures. Shutter timing is very precise and can range from as short as 100 microseconds up to 240 minutes. The very fast acting shutter is possible due to two key features of the interline transfer architecture: (1) any existing electrons can be removed from the pixels instantly with a single electronic pulse, beginning the exposure and (2) after the specified exposure duration, the entire image field can be instantaneously moved into a light-shielded holding area on the CCD. The image is then read out at the normal rate without being contaminated by any light still illuminating the CCD surface.
Mechanical Shutter:
The Model RS 4.2ws camera incorporates QSI's proprietary internal, even-illumination mechanical shutter in the 'mid-size' camera body configuration. When operating with an interline transfer CCD, the mechanical shutter is not used to actually make the exposure. This is still the responsibility of the electronic shutter. The mechanical shutter is employed to cover the CCD and simplify the creation of Dark and Bias frames for subsequent image processing. The shutter is rated for more than 1 million cycles. Exposures can be fired under software control or with the use of the hardware input trigger.
The RS Series achieves its compact size and unique configuration flexibility though an innovative shutter/filter subsystem. Both the mechanical shutter and filter wheel can be installed internally while keeping the growth of the camera dimensions at a minimum. This results in minimal loss of backfocus as these features are added. The compact design also reduces vignetting with fast optical systems.
5 Position Internal Color Filter Wheel:
The Model RS 8.3ws adds an internal five position filter wheel to the camera in a 'full-size' camera body. Even with the large 8.3mp sensor, the short backfocus and close spacing provided by the internal color filter wheel allows the RS 8.3ws or ws-8 to work even with optics faster than f/2.8 with no vignetting. The filter wheel accepts any standard threaded 1.25" or unmounted 31mm filters. The filter wheel can be easily removed and replaced to change or clean the glass filters. Additional filter wheels can be purchased allowing quick interchange of different filter set configurations.
High sensitivity, low noise, a linear response to light and precisely regulated cooling are four key traits of an Astronomy camera. All are required in order to maximize the dynamic range of astro images. Given a constant signal, lower noise increases the Signal to Noise Ratio and dynamic range, allowing the system to produce better images in less time.
All significant performance characteristics, including Linearity,Read Noise, and Photon Transfer (Gain), are tested and confirmed as the last step in the manufacturing process. Each camera's timing and voltages are carefully set during manufacture to ensure maximum Charge Transfer Efficiency, and to minimize charge injection and other secondary noise sources. QSI's exclusive ResearchSpec® profiling ensures optimal performance in every camera.
QSI RS 4.2ws Included Items:
- Fitted Foam Pelican Case
- Mechanical Shutter and Electronic Shutter
- QSI 5 Position Color Filter Wheel
- T-Mount camera adapter
- 12V DC / 90-240VAC power supply
- 10' USB Interface cable
- 10' 6P6C Control port cable
- QSI Software Installation software
- Micro-Manager Camera control software
- LabVIEW and MATLAB support
- Windows COM and Linux Developers Toolkit
- Compact, refined design
- AR-coated fused silica window
- Configurations available for UV to NIR applications from 240nm to 1100nm
- Selectable ROI and binning
- Input and output triggers
- PIV exposure mode for flow visualization
- Dual read rates up to 8 MHz
- High-speed USB 2.0, full 16-bit output
- Air and liquid cooling to >50C
- Micro-Manager Microscopy Software New!
- COM-compatible Windows API
- Linux drivers and API
- 4.2 megapixel Sony ICX814 sensor
- 7.4µm pixel provides high resolution
- High Speed USB 2.0 and read rates up to 8 MHz
- 2-Stage TEC w/ cooling to 45°C below ambient
- Electronic shutter w/ exposures to 100µsec
- Broad Software support
- ASCOM-compatible Windows COM API
|Thermoelectric CCD Cooling
|Temperature regulation +/- 0.1°C, @ 0°C to -40°C CCD temperature
|In free air,
Fans @ Full Speed
|Typically 45°C below ambient air with 85% cooling power
|With Opt Liquid Cooling - Fans Off
|Typically 52°C below circulating liquid with 85% cooling power
(adds 0.75" to camera depth)
|Cooling Fan Control
|Intelligent, user configurable
|Read Rate
|User Selectable High Quality mode at 800KHz, High Speed mode at 8MHz
|Camera Gain
|User Selectable High Gain 0.7 e-/ADU (default), Low Gain 1.5 e-/ADU
|Digital Resolution
|16 bits (both High Quality and High Speed mode)
|Total System Read Noise
|Typically <8 electrons RMS (CCD specification limited) in High Quality mode
Typically <16 electrons RMS (CCD specification limited) in High Speed mode
|Pixel Dark Current
|<0.01 electron per second at -10°C
|Full Image Read and Download Time
|Typically <7 second (host computer dependent) in High Quality Mode (800KHz)
Typically 0.7 second (host computer dependent) in High Speed Mode (8MHz)
Image download times will be reduced with binning and/or subframe (ROI)
|Binning Modes
|Symmetrical and Asymmetrical binning up to 9 pixels horizonally or vertically
|Status and Notification
|User configurable multi-color LED status indicator and multifunction
audible beeper. Over-temperature and high/low voltage alarms.
|Power Consumption
|12v, 2A (24 watts) at max cooling, max fans and filter moving
(25 watts max with included 90-240V AC power supply)
|Operating Environment
|Temperature: -20°C to 30°C, Humidity: 10% to 90% non-condensing
|Computer Connectivity
|USB 2.0 High Speed (USB 1.1 compatible)
|Other Ports
|Optically isolated 4 channel control port with low latency input and output shutter triggers
|T Mounting Adapter
|Standard - T-Thread, 42mm x .75mm pitch - Supports Canon EOS and Nikon F-mount lenses
C Mounting Adapter
|Optional, C-Mount (Type I) lens focus compatible
(17.5mm backfocus)
|Optional, C-Mount (Type II) lens focus compatible
(17.5mm backfocus)
|Standard, T-Adapter to 2" nosepiece
Optional, T-Adapter to 1.25" nosepiece
|QSI - QSI RS 4.2ws 4mp Cooled CCD Camera w/ Electronic and Mechanical Shutters & Color Filter Wheel
|CCD Sensor
|Kodak - KAI-04022


text:
ESL Job Feed is the most eclectic and broad source of ESL jobs and teaching positions available worldwide.?ESL Job Feed publishes links to ESL Job postings from a variety of sources including TESall, Total ESL, Yahoo!/Monster, Guardian Jobs, Chronicle of Higher Education, craigslist, TESOL Org, TEFL and many more. From conversation schools for beginners to university positions for teaching veterans,?ESL Job Feed is your source for English teaching positions worldwide.
Online English Teachers Wanted
Date 2013-03-29 03:03:14 Location : Africa
the English language, with a clear accent, then you have the opportunity to become an online English
You will be able to gain valuable teaching experience while working flexible hours for an incentivised
salary from our offices in Cape Town. You will also be given the opportunity to complete a TEFL
diploma which would allow you to travel and teach English overseas!
We are looking for responsible, punctual and committed South African citizens with good computer
and internet ability to be a part of the most state-of-the-art online English learning course
on the market.
Candidates should attach a CV with a response to this advert, with the reference number 0325FT.

subset: commoncrawl


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News By Tag
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Industry News
Eurotique Corsets Supports Woman of the Year Campaign and South Florida Lymphoma Society
Eurotique Corsets supports Woman of the Year campaign and the South Florida Leukemia and Lymphoma Society by donating proceeds from corset sales.
In October 2011, Madie and her family were personally affected by this disease when her father passed from Mantle Cell Lymphoma at the age of 53. His battle with this disease was grueling; he suffered from countless infections, a transplant and his inability to walk. But throughout his entire battle he never lost hope, he continued to spread words of encouragement to family members and close friends. It was during this time that Madie made a commitment to her father that she too would spread the word but in a different way. After losing her Father on October 31st, 2011 Madie's mission became clear, she needed to keep her father's fight alive. Ever since her father passed, she has been dedicated to raising awareness in South Florida which is why she was nominated by the the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society as a candidate for Woman of the Year.
Each year ten to fifteen leaders of the community vie for this title of Man & Women of the Year by raising funds for LLS in a 10-week campaign fighting against blood cancers. Madie has already hosted a series of fundraisers which have generated over $60,000 in the fight for LLS. Eurotique Corsets is doing their part with participating in local fundraisers for the 10 week campaign. Eurotique has donated corsets for silent auctions and they are contributing a percentage of their sales from any Green Corset that is sold during the campaign. "We were honored when Madie approached us with her campaign, she has been a loyal customer of ours for many years and it was our turn to support her", says Peter Grieco of Eurotique. * Green symbolizes Lymphoma Cancers.
On June 8th the winner will be announced at the Grand Finale celebration. The outstanding achievements will be noted through national and local publicity, like USA TODAY and Palm Tran bus advertisements. If you would like to donate to this campaign go to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Man & Woman of the Year and Donate to Madie Bitondo.
For more information about Leukemia and Lymphoma Society go to: www.pbf.mwoy.llsevent.org
For more information about Eurotique Corsets please contact us, ask for Erica Meyer, Chrissy Grieco or Peter Grieco at 561-684-2302.
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Optical schemes pick up steam in LAN, WAN
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SAN DIEGO A record attendance of 10,000 and a flood of venture-backed startups at the Optic Fibers Conference this week betrayed the rising belief that optical networks will become ubiquitous as we head into the new millennium.
Passive wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems are making tenuous forays into enterprise LANs; active optical cross-connects and add-drop multiplexers are being readied for deployment in public backbones. But enthusiasm at the conference was tempered by the realization that optical alternatives must increasingly demonstrate performance and price advantages over more traditional components and systems if they are to reach the next level of growth.
The next two years will see a steady stream of newcomers tout components and system-level products for both LAN and WAN. Next week, Adva Optical Networking (Munich, Germany) will debut its Fiber Service Platform, which lets carriers provision enterprise-LAN services over 4- and 16-channel WDM. Applied Fiber Optics Inc. (Fremont, Calif.) this week announced a name change, to WaveSplitter Technologies Inc. and broadened its approach from filter components to carrier systems. WaveSplitter rolled out the WaveXpander front-end WDM product, which channelizes existing broadband systems using hybrid fused-fiber/Mach-Zehnder devices.
LaserComm Inc. (Richardson, Texas), formed only a year ago, is launching a spatial-mode transformer that is said to allow more effective use of WDM above 10-Gbit rates via chromatic dispersion control.
The stampede of component-level lightwave startups is eclipsed by system-level newcomers pursuing a variety of paths for transporting packet traffic over WDM. New Access Communications Inc. (Santa Barbara, Calif.), a spinoff of MRV Communications that took a best-of-show award at the recent ComNet, is readying a centralized optical router that performs packet-based add/drop multiplexing, for steering traffic packet by packet.
This summer, more newcomers will exploit the optical multiplexing and routing arena recently tapped by Monterey Networks (Richardson, Texas). Such startups as Sycamore Networks Inc., Chromatis Networks, Arroyo Networks and Sirocco Systems are expected to launch products by the June Supercomm show.
Many of the WAN-oriented startups here were working from concepts for optical cross-connects pioneered by Lucent and Tellium Inc. as part of the Multiwavelength Optical Network (Monet) consortium, an intracity testbed linking intelligence agencies and phone companies in and around Washington, D.C. Multiple papers explored the Monet project, which has now spun off a related testbed called the Optical Regional Area Network, dedicated to regional cross-connects.
Even the old hands at optical networking have new tricks up their sleeves. In a conference paper, Hewlett-Packard Labs described a SpectraLAN development for bringing four-channel WDM into the LAN arena. HP Labs research manager Brian Lemoff revealed that the company's upcoming proposals to the IEEE 802 working group for a 10-Gbit Ethernet standard will involve a physical layer using four channels of WDM at 2.5-Gbits/second each, rather than a single 10-Gbit channel.
HP has demonstrated SpectraLAN interfaces that incorporate all passive WDM components within the confines of the small-form-factor MT-RJ connector. The effort to drive WDM into the LAN will likely pick up support from LAN newcomer Unlimited Bandwidth Inc.
Lucent Technologies Inc., meanwhile, is moving on multiple fronts. Lucent's optoelectronics and optical networking groups are rolling out 2.5-Gbit integrated transponders, erbium-doped fiber amps and passive arrayed waveguides. And Lucent Microelectronics has acquired an Ottawa-based Sybarus Technologies Inc. to develop Sonet- and optical-layer IC technology for Lucent's Detroit simplified-data-layer chips, which enable packet traffic over optical layers.
Signs of maturity
With attendance topping 10,000 for the first tim, the Optical Fibers Conference reflected the optical markets' coming of age. At the technical sessions, papers from such companies as Lucent Bell Labs, NTT and Alcatel's Opto+ division described semiconductor optical-amp arrays and planar lightwave circuits that take optical-layer processing further into the network and tighter into circuit-level design than developers would have thought possible five years ago.
The evidence on the show floor, however, was that costs become paramount as systems move to a mass market. When a carrier builds a backbone system from scratch, the possibility exists for moving an advanced optical system without Sonet protection directly into communications backbones. But OEMs and component suppliers seeking to serve upgrades of existing networks whether large enterprise LANs or global undersea WDM optical cables must show clear cost advantages for the bandwidth gains.
Optical growth has thus been slower than expected in metropolitan networks, where traditional time-division-multiplexed Sonet rings remain more important than WDM and photonic-switched equipment. Jesus Leon, senior vice president of products and technology at Ciena Corp. said the problem is not so much a lack of adequate offerings from OEMs as the snail's pace of digital-subscriber-line (DSL) and other broadband-access-service rollouts from incumbent local-exchange carriers. Still, the uncertain state of metro WDM didn't keep Lucent Technologies from launching its WaveStar Metro product line at the show.
Brian McCann, president of Adva U.S., said the thinking behind the new Fiber Service Platform from his company is that metropolitan services cannot depend on traditional carrier-based offerings. Instead, Adva wanted to bring WDM into the enterprise using a variety of protocols, including Gigabit Ethernet, Escon and Fibre Channel.
Playing a strict cost-analysis game will make life tough for the startups at both component and system level. A company with a well-defined integrated silicon and micromachined photonics process, such as Bookham Technology Ltd. (Abingdon, U.K.), can hope for continued proof of concepts and volume production to demonstrate it can ride the cost curve for optotransceivers and WDM modules along with the big players. But in most cases, it's a tough life for startups.
Near Margalit, president of New Access, said his company tossed out an optical add-drop architecture based on tunable lasers after determining that the market needed an optical concentrator for IP-based packet systems. New Access had to demonstrate market advantages for an optical concentrator for gigabit router traffic.
At the same time, the company has had to leverage home-grown talents to challenge the large telecom OEMs. New Access has tapped the laser-component-manufacturing capabilities of its major investor, MRV, as well as borrow concepts from the MRV divisions working on packet routing.
WaveSplitter learned a similar lesson. It turned to an affiliate in Japan for fused-fiber building blocks for its WDM filter components. But the patented Mach-Zehnder hybrids did not provide enough of an edge to compete against the likes of Lucent.
Instead, the company moved upstream to offer wavelength combiner systems directly to carriers. That allowed the system-level product to be used in conjunction with existing dielectric and arrayed-waveguide WDM filters, so that WaveSplitter could even offer system-level products that leveraged its competitors' component advantages, said marketing and sales vice president Rick Eisener.
Developers have stopped looking for the holy grail of all-photonic switching and are aiming at making existing fiber networks the standard form of broadband physical infrastructure.
Michael Zadikian, president of Monterey Networks, said he is under no illusion that startups like his own or Sycamore Networks will convince even new-breed carriers to just toss out Sonet transmission equipment. Optical routers and cross-connects will be able to demonstrate clear-cut performance advantages in network restoration but still must compete on price against a standard Sonet OC-3 or OC12 multiplexer.
Margalit of New Access predicted that the new breed of optical-networking startups will have to collaborate closely with manufacturers of the new IP giga-routers to demonstrate that effective backbones for new Internet GigaPOPs will need to incorporate aspects of both architectures. New Access elected to work on Gigabit Ethernet interfaces before Sonet 2.5- or 10-Gbit interfaces because such I/O ports are more familiar to the giga-router vendors.
For laser and transceiver-module manufacturers at the conference the message was this: Keep costs to a minimum and manufacturing methods standardized. The theme transcends single- and multimode fiber types; Fabry-Perot, distributed-feedback and multi-quantum-well lasers; and SC, MT-RJ and VF-45 connectors.
Andrew Rickman, chief executive officer and founder of Bookham, said the lesson had helped focus the efforts of his company's silicon-based application-specific optoelectronic-circuit process. To show that silicon active parts with on-chip micromachined waveguides really worked, Rickman said, Bookham had to accept being stereotyped as a transceiver company until successive development of bidirectional transceivers and WDM parts proved that the ASOC process was universally applicable to lightwave components.
Siemens Components Inc. (San Jose, Calif.) is betting the world will settle for nothing less than moving all optical subassemblies to surface-mounted packages over time. The company this week launched the OptIC program, under which transceivers will move to devices that can be used in a pick-and-place systems. They will be followed by PIN-diode arrays, integrated transceivers and even laser/driver combos that will be pre-aligned before being placed in surface-mount packages.
In the small-form-factor connector war, Siemens backs VF-45 and HP MT-RJ. Both offer interfaces at the low end for virtually all multimode fiber standards.
Conrad Burke, director of marketing for optoelectronics products at Lucent, foresees a further shakeout in the lightwave-component sector. Those that survive will need to manufacturer their own semiconductor lasers.


text:
Halloween Movie Tip #2 – Watch The Dr. Pepper Guy Turn Into A Werewolf!
This movie recommendation to get you in the mood for Halloween is a movie my dad brought me to when I was probably too young to see it and I thought it was fantastic then. It's 'An American Werewolf In London'. I recently watched it again and despite some special effects that look a little dated (although at least they aren't CGI!) it holds up pretty well. The movie stars David Naughton, who at the time was best known for doing Dr. Pepper commercials, and Griffin Dunne. They are friends traveling through London when they end up in a place they were warned to avoid and then all the trouble begins. An interesting thing about this movie is it was written and directed by John Landis, who at the time was best know for comedies like 'Animal House' and 'The Blues Brothers". Michael Jackson liked the effects in this movie so much he hired Landis to direct his full length video for 'Thriller'. Enjoy and remember not to confuse this movie with the piece of crap 'American Werewolf In Paris' which was released years later.
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text: 5 comments Monday Mingle is hosted by Eighty MPH Mom. If you'd like to participate, simply create a short vlog in which you answer the questions and then hit up the linky. Don't forget to grab the badge and leave some comment love for your fellow participants. Afterall, isn't that what mingling is all about? This […] Monday Mingle31 May, 2010 in In the Cafe tagged About Me / Fun Stuff / Memes / Monday Mingle / Vlog by Daenel


text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|3 Feb 1976
|Fecha de presentación
|3 Feb 1975
|Fecha de prioridad
|3 Feb 1975
|Número de publicación
|Don Leslie Kendall, John C. Knowles, Jr.
|Cesionario original
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (7), Citada por (32), Clasificaciones (35)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to the formation and processing of very thin semiconductor slices and, more specifically, to the formation and processing of such slices which are accessible from both sides and are sufficiently strong due to struts or the like thereon so that they can be maintained flat and handleable for operation thereon from both sides.
Very thin semiconductor slices on the order of 1/10 of a mil would appear to have great utility in the present semiconductor technology since, theoretically, they can be operated upon the device formation from both sides and provide other unique properties. Unfortunately, the formation of semiconductor devices and the like in such thin semiconductor slices has not met with success due to the inability to maintain such slices straight and flat and, even more important, due to the fact that slices of such thin dimensions are not equally handleable and therefore cannot be utilized in semiconductor processing steps on a commercial basis.
In accordance with the present invention, the above problems of the prior art are overcome and there is provided a very thin semiconductor slice on the order of 1/10 of a mil in thickness, which is sufficiently flat and straight and has sufficient strength for processing and later use on a commercial scale. There are also provided several uses of such thin slices wherein components can be formed from both sides of the slice and wherein the slice itself can perform various functions heretofore unavailable on a commercial basis. Briefly, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, by etching grooves in an n+ wafer using an ODE and etching along the {111} plane in {110} n+ wafers. After oxide removal, the surface of the wafer opposite the grooves is epitaxially coated with n-type silicon and the grooves are then further etched by an electrolytic etch or by a concentration dependent etch such as 1:3:8 by volume of stock solutions of HF:HNO3 :Acetic which will remove only the n+ material, thereby leaving the thin wafer with supporting structures such as struts, parallelogram, honeycomb, diamond and the like.
In accordance with the second embodiment of the invention, the thin silicon slices are formed by depositing or forming an n-type region over a {110} n+ wafer. Silicon oxide is then grown or deposited over the n-type region and holes are opened therein. Single crystal silicon is then deposited through the holes to form struts, diamonds or whatever shape of opening was formed into the silicon oxide, there being negligible polycrystalline silicon formed on the oxide using well-known orientation dependent growth conditions. The n+ region is then removed by electrolytic processes or by use of the well-known concentration dependent etch mentioned earlier. The oxide and polycrystalline silicon are removed by etching the oxide with hydrofluoric acid.
The thin slice can be used to purify electron beams since, for given energies, only ions passing in the direction of the lattice structure or along the channel will completely pass through the slice, the other ions being stopped by collisions with the atoms of the silicon slice. The slice can also be used as a channel multiplier since light impinging on the slice will generate electrons which will pass between struts or honeycomb-like members and which, if biased along the grooves with an electric field exceeding about 2 × 105 volts/cm will pick up additional electrons by secondary emission. These electrons are made to fall on a phosphor screen or the like whereby light is again generated, but in multiplied fashion.
Semiconductor devices can be formed in the thin slice by any of the well-known techniques which are compatible therewith. However, due to the thinness of the slice, regions can be formed by operations from both sides of the slice, such as by ion implantation to form p-type, n-type or isolation regions, localized out-diffusion caused by ion bombardment and the like.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide very thin single crystal semiconductor slices which can be maintained straight and flat and which are handleable without breakage on a commercial basis.
It is a further object of this invention to provide very thin semiconductor slices which are accessible thereon from both sides.
It is yet a further object of this invention to provide very thin semiconductor slices having struts thereon of predetermined shape to provide strength to the slice and prevent breakage thereof during handling.
The above objects and still further objects of the invention will immediately become apparent to those skilled in the art after consideration of the following preferred embodiments thereof, which are provided by way of example and not by way of limitation wherein:
FIGS. 1a to 1e show the steps required to provide thin semiconductor slices in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 2a to 2d show the steps required to provide thin semiconductor slices in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a beam purifier in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a photomultiplier in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 shows the formation of a first semiconductor structure in a thin semiconductor slice in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 shows the formation of a second semiconductor structure in a thin semiconductor slice in accordance with the present invention.
Referring first to FIGS. 1a to 1c, there is shown a first method for forming thin semiconductor slices in accordance with the present invention. It should be understood that though the discussion will be presented with respect to a starting n+ silicon wafer, other conductivity types of silicon can be used as can the other semiconductor material such as germanium, gallium arsenide and the like. Therefore, the invention is not restricted just to silicon. Referring now specifically to FIG. 1a, there is provided an n+ silicon wafer with {110} crystallographic orientation 1 onto which a mask of silicon oxide 3 has been formed. The wafer which is of {110} orientation is then etched with an orientation dependent etch (ODE) along the {111} planes to provide rectangularly shaped grooves 7. The bottom of the groove may also be V-shaped. The oxide is then removed and n-type material 5 is then deposited into the grooves 7 as well as on the surface of the wafer 1, as shown in FIG. 1b. The n+ region 1 is now removed by standard methods. Such methods could be electrolytic etch or by the use of the well-known 1:3:8 etch which is one part HF, 3 parts HNO3 and 8 parts acetic acid. The final structure will have a flat semiconductor surface 8 which is approximately 1/10 mil across and struts 9 which are 1/10 mil to 2 mils across in their short dimensions. The final structure in FIG. 1c is shown as a flat semiconductor slice with struts 9 thereon. However, it should be understood that the struts 9 could be in the form of parallelograms as shown in FIG. 1d. In FIG. 1d, only the strut portion is actually shown, it being understood that either the top or bottom of the parallelogram struts would include the very thin semiconductor slice portion. The formation of these reinforcing walls in purely dependent upon the initial masking in FIG. 1a. However, in order to form the parallelograms with optimum geometries, it will be required to repeat the steps shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b before proceeding to the n+ removal step. Thus after forming the structure shown in FIG. 1b, the slice is re-oxidized in steam, and patterned with narrow parallel openings as before, but along the other set of {111} planes that intersect the surface {110} plane at 90°. These openings lie at an angle of about 70.5° to the first set of openings. After etching this second set of grooves using an orientation dependent etch and thereafter removing the oxide coating, the grooves are filled with n-type silicon as before. Finally, the n+ silicon is removed, thereby forming the structure shown in FIG. 1d.
Referring now to FIGS. 2a to 2d, there is shown a second embodiment for formation of thin semiconductor slices in accordance with the present invention. Again, the procedure starts with an n+ slice of silicon 11, over which is formed a layer 13 of n-type silicon. A relatively thick oxide coating 15 is then formed over the layer 13, the oxide layer then being etched in accordance with the desired pattern. This is shown in FIG. 2b. Silicon is then deposited over the device shown in FIG. 2b to form struts 18 as well as depositing some polycrystalline silicon 17 onto the oxide layer 15 as shown in FIG. 2c. The n+ layer is then removed by electrolytic etching or by use of the 1:3:8 etch as mentioned with regard to the embodiment of FIG. 1, and the oxide layer 15 and polycrystalline silicon 17 is removed, in standard manner, such as by the use of HF, to provide the final structure as shown in FIG. 2d.
The device formed by the methods of FIGS. 1 and 2 can be used, for example, as an ion beam divergence purifier. Referring to FIG. 3, the dots 25 represent the atoms which make up the thin portion of the silicon slice. These atoms are therefore formed according to a known lattice structure and have channels between the groups of atoms. It can be seen that if an ion 21 passes with sufficient energy along a straight path along a channel when entering the thin slice, it would pass between atoms 25 and 25A and emerge from the other side of the slice. On the other hand, an atom 23 which is coming in at an angle larger than the critical angle with respect to the channel, will stack up within the thin slice and not emerge. In this way, the ion beam is purified to remove divergent ions that enter the lattice at angles greater than the critical angle. The critical angle has a magnitude of several degrees for large ions such as arsenic or gallium but is only a small fraction of a degree for hydrogen ions (protons).
The description with regard to FIG. 3 can be extended to form erasable masks within the semiconductor slice. If a very low energy beam of ion enters the slice, they are all stacked up in the channel. Furthermore, if the energy is low enough, the entering atoms will not displace silicon atoms in the lattice structure even if a head-on collison occurs. Therefore, the ions entering the lattice structure can be stacked up in a predetermined array to form a mask by eventually clogging up the channel and preventing the movement of ion therethrough. Such a mask could be erasable and would be compatible with all-vacuum processing of semiconductor devices. Erasing can take place by heating up the slice to about 700°C in order to open up the lattice structure as is well known in the art. The plugged lattice structure could also be utilized in the formation of semiconductor devices in conventional thick slices since they could be used to act as a plug against later impurity implants in the zones in which the mask has been formed.
The structure provided in FIGS. 1 and 2 can also be used as a channel multiplier by use of the photoelectric effect as shown in FIG. 4. A negative voltage is placed, for example, on the thin slice portion 31 and a phosphor screen 33 is provided with a positive voltage impressed thereon. Light, hν, which impinges upon the slice 31 will release electrons which will travel in the channel between struts 35, the electrons striking the struts 35 and bouncing back and forth therein to provide even additional electrons due to the secondary emission. In this way, the number of electrons striking the phosphor screen 33 is enhanced to provide a multiplication of the amount of light initially impinging upon the thin slice 31. This is accomplished since it is known that impact ionization in silicon, gallium arsenide and several other semiconductor materials occurs at an electric field of about 2 × 105 volts per centimeter. Any field greater than this, for a given semiconductor or insulator-like silicon dioxide or glass, will cause impact ionization. In the structure of FIG. 4, a field of about 4 × 105 volts per centimeter is applied from one side of the structure to the other, by impressing 4000 volts across a structure of 10- 2 centimeters. The front of this structure is made into a photo-emitter by cesiation thereof. The thin front can be silicon itself, or it can be coated with gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide or other photo-emitting materials. The supporting structure can be made of silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide or other materials capable of electron multiplication. For example, if the structure were originally made from single crystal silicon, its surface would be treated to cause efficient electron multiplication. Alternatively, the structure could be oxidized to form a silicon dioxide supporting structure which would then be coated with material to cause more efficient multiplication. The channel walls could either be the same as the thin photo-emitter material or could be of a different material. In still another variant, the photo-emitter would be separated from the honeycomb-like structure by a small distance, thereby not requiring the integral thin region. The advantage of such a channel multiplier would be that it provides more open area for electron multiplication than is possible using the space between small glass fiber arrays as used in the prior art. The transmission or open area represents only 21.5% of the total area in the prior art glass bundle, but it could be about 81% in the structure, such as in FIG. 1d of the present invention for struts of 0.1 mils thickness separated by 1.0 mils. Furthermore, in conjunction with the photoemitter, it can provide signal amplification or energy intensification of the original light signal. Also, the photoemitter and channel multiplier can be made an integral part of each other, thereby simplifying the manufacturing process and providing for more efficient electron collection.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown the formation of a semiconductor device on the thin silicon slices of the present invention. The devices are formed between the struts or wall patterns as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 starting with a P++ slice 41, there being an isolation region 43 formed by implanting an isolation material such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon to form silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon carbide. The P-type region at 45 is formed by ion-enhanced out-diffusion of boron. This is accomplished by bombarding with protons in the P++ region 45 sufficiently to out-diffuse enough of the boron impurity therein so that a remaining slow diffusing impurity such as indium will determine the final concentration. This is most readily accomplished using the technique of U.S. Pat. No. 3,810,791, "Process for the Fabrication of Semiconductor Materials" - Don L. Kendall. The emitter 47 and collector 49 are formed by ion implantation of an n-type impurity, such as arsenic or phosphorous. It can be seen that impurities have been entered into selected portions of the thin slice 41 which was the starting material. As is well known, the depth of penetration of the ion beam will depend upon the thickness of the slice and the energy of the beam, this being predetermined empirically. This structure further includes a base contact 51 which can be formed later as well as oxide regions 53 and an isolation region 55 which is formed in the same manner as the isolation region 43. It is apparent that there is now a complete semiconductor device formed in the thin slice which is accessible from both sides of the slice and which has been formed from both sides of the slice.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown the formation of a semiconductor device formed in the thin slices of the present invention. In this embodiment, the starting material is a P+ wafer 61. Isolation regions 63 are implanted therein in the same manner as described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 5. Oxide regions 65 are formed in standard manner and then emitter region 67 and collector region 69 are formed by ion implantation from opposide sides of the thin slice in the manner above described. It can be seen that the P+ region along with the region 67 and 69 form a bipolar transistor. Furthermore, by formation of the n+ regions 71 and 73 by diffusion or ion implantation with the contact region 75, there is formed an MOS device in the same thin slice which is isolated from the bipolar transistor.
It can be seen that there have been provided methods for forming very thin semiconductor slices which are accessible from both sides and which are strong, straight and flat so that they can be handled in normal commercial processing operations without material breakage or the like. Furthermore, there have been described many embodiments of structures which can be formed therein for various uses, which uses are apparent to those skilled in the art. pg,13
Though the invention has been described with respect to specific preferred embodiments thereof, many variations and modifications will immediately become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.
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text:
Jasper S. to stand trial for the 1999 murder of Marianne Vaatstra. The trial date is February 27, 2013.
Marianne was sixteen years old when she was found raped and murdered. On September 29, 2012, police began a "DNA relationship testing" in a 5 km radius of the crime scene of approx. 8,000 men. In this study, on a voluntary basis, police studied whether there were people who had a similar chromosomal Y-DNA profile as that of the perpetrator. If so, they could try to find a match with familial DNA to trace the killer.
On November 19, 2012, police announced it had found a match. Jasper S. was arrested. He did not immediately talk to police but within 10 minutes of meeting his lawyer, he told him the truth.
To be continued!
Hat tip to Clouseau for keeping me posted on this case.


text:
Lisa Landis
5 FUN FREE FAMILY Things to do this Weekendlisa : July 7, 2017 9:06 am : Lisa Landis, Staff Pages
5. Free First Fridays for Families at the Lancaster Science Factory tonight from 5-8pm. Visitors receive free access to more than 60 interactive exhibits relating to science, technology, engineering and math, as well as demonstrations and activities in the "Science Cafe," thanks to donations from PPL Electric Utilities. For more information: lancastersciencefactory.org.
4. The Bible Truck Museum and Exhibit on display Friday, Saturday & Sunday from 12:00 – 9:00 PM at the Harrisburg Mall in Harrisburg. It will be parked in the parking lot outside Bass Pro Shops. Guided tours will take place every half hour. It features information on how the Bible was written, distributed and translated, and offers various examples of ancient and modern Bibles. An outdoor planetarium will also be on site. Admission is Free. Fore more information harrisburgbibletruck.com.
3. Rural Life Festival on Saturday, July 8th from 9am-3pm at Newburg United Methodist Church in Newburg. Spend a day in the past with displays of antique farm machinery, small engines, working steam engine, and demonstrations of old-time farm and kitchen chores — grain thrashing, blacksmith, sheep shearing, log hewing, scrapple and butter-making. In addition, there will be many activities for children, an auction, and an abundance of food, including fresh apple cider, kettle cooked sassafras tea, black bean kettle soup, chicken barbecue and ice cream. Free admission and parking. For more information 717-423-6223 or shipsaves.com.
2. New Bloomfield Fire Company Carnival July 7th & 8th at 5:15pm at the New Bloomfield Fire Company. Delicious foods, thrilling rides and a family-friendly atmosphere. Free admission and free parking. For more information (717) 582-2144 or visit the New Bloomfield Volunteer Fire Company Facebook page.
1. Celebrate tomatoes at the 59th Annual Washington Boro Tomato Festival featuring live entertainment, carnival games, prizes, and food. Held at Washington Boro Community Park the festival offers free admission for all. The annual festival is this Saturday evening and next Saturday evening, July 16th from 5-9. Food starts at 4. Visit the Washington Boro Tomato Festival Facebook page.
5 Fun FREE Family Things to Do This Weekendlisa : July 8, 2016 8:56 am : Lisa Landis, Staff Pages
5. The 3rd Annual Historic Marietta Bike Race, Saturday, July 9, 10:45 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. featuring the best cyclists in the mid-Atlantic racing over 40 mph on the streets of Marietta. Includes Women's, Men's Beginners, Men's Masters, Kids, Men's Professional/Elite races and a parade lap for spectators and participants. New for this year is a Fireman's Race!! Free music and children's activities in front of Susquehanna Waldorf School. Kids races free to all children 4 to 10 years. On site complimentary safety checks by local bike shops. https://www.bikereg.com/historic-marietta-bike-race
4. Rural Life Festival on Sat. July 9th from 9am-3pm at Newburg United Methodist Church. Free Admission and Free Parking. Antique Farm Machinery*Antique Displays*Small Engines*Working Steam Engine*Grain Thrashing*Horse Drawn Binder*Scrapple Making* Fresh Apple Cider*Grain to Loaf Bread Baking*Children's Pedal Tractor Pull*Horse Wagon Rides* Barrel Train*Children's Activities*Petting Zoo*Potato Raising*Butter Making*Soap Making*Sheep Shearing*Spinning & Weaving*Quilting*Wood Working* Broom Making*Blacksmith*Log Hewing Music* lots of food! For more information 717-423-6113.
3. Forgotten Voices is hosting a 10 year anniversary benefit concert Saturday, July 9 from 5pm-8pm at Forgotten Voices in Dillsburg to help raise awareness and support for innovative orphan care in Africa. Bring your family & friends, lawn chairs & blankets, and a picnic dinner. Featuring music by Teresa Greco, Kim Edwards, and John Hufford. Cost is free, but donations will be accepted to support the ministry. Raffle for handcrafted jewelry and Forgotten Voices' t-shirt. Visitwww.forgottenvoices.org for more information.
2. It's Second Friday Downtown Lititz TONIGHT from 5 – 9pm. Up and down Main Street and Broad Street in Lititz you'll find artists, entertainers, musicians, and exhibits. Free parking is available in the parking lots north of Main Street. http://www.lititzpa.com/second-friday.php
1. Free family movie night TONIGHT at 7pm at The Junction Center in Manheim with Paddington. Free tickets available. Donations to WJTL will help to cover the cost of the event. http://www.thejunctioncenter.com/
5 FUN FREE FAMILY THINGS TO DO THIS WEEKENDlisa : July 10, 2015 9:01 am : Lisa Landis, Staff Pages
5. Sizzling summer vendor and craft fair Saturday from 10-2. Hosted by Furever Home Adoption Center at 237 Centerville Rd. Lancaster, PA. Free admission! For more information call 717-808-8108.
4. 3rd Annual Community Day featuring This Way Up at Rosedale Church of the Nazarene in Middletown on Saturday from 2-5. Plus, a bounce house, dunk tank, food, games and more. "This Way Up" and their famous boomwhackers will take the stage at 3:00pm. Event is held rain or shine. rosedalenazarene.org
3. First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) hosting S'moreFest in the church's parking lot July 11 from 6:00-8:00 PM. Rain or Shine. S'moreFest includes a make-your-own s'mores bar along with hamburgers, hot dogs, sides and more! For more visit lemoynedisciples.org
2. This Saturday morning is your chance to nestle in with The Rabbit & the Dragonfly family to eat cereal and watch cartoons. Come early to get a sweet perch! This Saturday morning cartoon is the animated version of "The Lion The Witch & the Wardrobe". The Rabbit & the Dragonfly opens at 8am, but official nestle in time is 9:30am. The Rabbit & the Dragonfly Coffee Shop & Cafe is located at 50 North Market Street Lancaster in Market Alley around the corner from Central Market. For more information search The Rabbit & the Dragonfly on Facebook.
1. KCB broadcasting live at Cavod Academy of the Arts open house in New Holland Saturday 9-12. It's an opportunity to meet the instructors, enjoy live entertainment, free food, door prizes, a bounce house and more! Plus the grand opning and ribbon cutting for Cavod's new theater. For more visit cavodacademy.com
KCB Roller Skating Party Updatelisa : March 19, 2014 9:59 am : Lisa Landis, Staff Pages
LISA LANDIS- A reminder that the next KCB Roller Skating Party is MAY 31, NOT this weekend. Since the last skate was postponed due to the wintry weather, we decided to move the March 22nd date so as not to hold two skates in the same month. In case you didn't get word, the last skate of the season is MAY 31 from 10am-11am at Castle Roller Skating in Lancaster. I hope to see you then for tons of KCB skating fun! Visit the Calendar at KIDSCOOKIEBREAK.COM, or click the Kids tab here at WJTL.COM for more KCB live on location dates. We are very busy starting April 26th!
UPDATE ON EMM GUINEA-BISSAU TRIPlisa : September 11, 2012 11:46 am : Lisa Landis, missions
Lisa Landis – This Thursday I travel to Kenya to report on the community of Alendu with Rafiki Africa. Rafiki Africa works together with African communities to provide practical resources, training, real and lasting hope, dignity, encouragement, spiritual growth and guidance. It's been two years since I visited Africa. My last trip was with Eastern Mennonite Missions in April of 2010. Before I travel on Thursday, I wanted to update you on the Guinea-Bissau school project in Western Africa. Here is a quick video of the progress:
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The walls are up and the roof is on the school building in Catel, Guinea-Bissau, that WJTL listeners so generously contributed to in 2010-2011. EMM worker Beryl Forester said all the funds that were raised have been used – about $11,000.
Beryl estimates that another $5,000 would cover the cost of plastering both the inside and the outside of the school, pouring the concrete floors, putting in windows and doors, and painting the building. Of course, furnishings like desks and benches would also be helpful; making or purchasing them would likely cost an additional $3,000. This building will have four classrooms, each accommodating 30 students, 120 per session. There are two sessions per day.
There's still a lot to be done! Catel has one of the worst educational situations in the region. Most of the teachers do not receive a salary so classes are quite irregular and the instructional level is insufficient. Sadly, many of the students who go through the program still can't read or write when they finish.
But there's also reason to hope! A man who is a native of Catel will soon complete his teacher's certificate and Beryl reports that he has a dream to return to Catel to help create an effective school environment here.
Another new project in Guinea-Bissau
Another exciting possibility for the village is the prospect of getting a cashew processing project up and running. EMM is raising funds through a special Faithfunder campaign to run a pilot project. This would mean villagers could process their cashews in the country rather than shipping them to India for processing, which is what they do now. Processing the nuts locally, and establishing trade relationships directly with buyers, means the communities that grow the cashews also get the jobs and retain more of the profits. The community could see long-term economic development.
You can be part of this project, too. You can even get tasty cashew nuts in exchange for supporting it! But it's only running until October 12. Go to www.emm.org/cashew and find out:
- Why is EMM processing cashews in Guinea-Bissau?
- What is Faithfunder?
- How can people help?
5 FUN FREE FAMILY THINGS TO DO THIS WEEKENDlisa : August 10, 2012 8:55 am : Lisa Landis
5. Steven Courtney concert on Sun. Aug. 12th at 5PM at Elizabethtown Grace Brethren Church in Elizabethtown. 717-367-1281 stevencourtney.com
4. Community Day, sponsored by Community United Methodist Church, will be held on Saturday, August 11 in the Saginaw Picnic Grove. The picnic grove is located at the intersection of Long Road and Saginaw Road, Mt. Wolf. The activities will begin at 11:00 am. Phredd concert beginning at 1:00 pm. Food and drinks will be available, featuring Community's famous chicken corn soup. Everyone is welcome! 717-266-1308
3. Rawlinsville Camp Meeting will be hosting Jessie Rothacker and Forgotten Friends on Saturday, August 11. Jessie's show, which includes snakes, turtles, and all kinds of reptiles, as well as fun audience interaction, will start at 1 pm. (717) 284-2746 or check out www.rawlinsvillecamp.com Brett Rush will be playing at the Rawlinsville Camp Meeting on Sunday, August 12.
2. Ralley At Rosedale at Rosedale Camp Grove in Laureldale on Sat. Aug. 11th from 6-10PM. Speaker Joe Duerr and woship leaders Eric Schneiderhan of West Lawn UMC , Ashlin Hollinger and Jason Frey of Life Church Lancaster come together for one night of incredible worship and speaking. Free Admission, Food will be available. 610-301-9835
1. Second Friday in Lititz – Every Second Friday of each month, 5-9 p.m., local residents and visitors alike are invited to head to downtown Lititz, PA, a cool, safe and comfortable place for family and friends to get together-all ages welcome. Enjoy dinner downtown then take a relaxing stroll down the streets of our historic village – take your time! 717-626-6332 lititzpa.com/secondfriday_join.php
5 FUN FREE FAMILY THINGS TO DO THIS WEEKEND JULY 14 & 15lisa : July 13, 2012 8:57 am : Lisa Landis
5. Travis Wetzel on Sat. July 14th from 7-8:45PM at Mt. Gretna Campmeeting in Mt. Gretna at part of their 2012 Heritage Festival. Free admission. An offering will be taken. email@example.com
4. Celebrity animal expert, Harrison Forbes, will offer safe travel tips to local pets and their human families on July 14 from 11AM-4PM at Freedom Toyota in Harrisburg. The popular film and broadcast trainer will demonstrate pet vehicle safety tips and hand out signed copies of his best-seller Dog Talk The festival, co-sponsored by The Central Pennsylvania Animal Alliance, will feature a variety of exhibits and activities. Admission is free. 717-652-3660
3. October Baby this weekend, Saturday & Sunday at 7:00 PM at Life streams Productions in Ronks. It is s free event, a freewill offering will be taken. (717) 687-4263
2 Second Saturday Art Reception to benefit Children's Home of York at the Office Furniture Outlet Saturday Art Reception. The event takes place July 14, 5-9 pm. It is free and open to the public. Second Saturday features food, beverages, live music from Greg Stuller, plus the work of eight local and regional artists.
717-848-2900 or http://www.offfurn.com/
1. Kids Cookie Break broadcasting live at the Strasburg Farmers Market at 145 Precision Ave. in Strasburg on Sat. July 14th from 9AM-Noon.
Strasburg Farmers Market every Saturday from 8AM-1PM and Tuesday from 4-7PM until Oct. 13th.
email@example.com or 717-687-8494
KCB at the Lancaster Science FactoryEddie Daniels : October 5, 2011 2:08 pm : featured, Lisa Landis
Lisa Landis takes the Kids Cookie Break on a field trip to the Lancaster Science Factory!
A KCB Tour of the Police Station!Eddie Daniels : September 29, 2011 5:07 pm : featured, Lisa Landis
Lt. Clark Bearinger takes Lisa Landis and the Kids Cookie Break on a tour of the Lancaster City Police Department and gives us a crash course on what it takes to be a detective!
Roasting Coffee at Square One!Eddie Daniels : September 27, 2011 5:30 am : featured, Lisa Landis
Lisa Landis takes the Kids Cookie Break on a field trip to Square One Coffee in downtown Lancaster to talk with Josh about roasting great coffee!


text:
92 Tasting Notes
First cup of the day – last cup of my sample! I still really like this. It's slightly smokey without tasting too organic (ie grass, dirt etc) which is my preference. Don't be afraid of the smoke – this one is really very light, and suitable for someone new to smoke teas. It's on my list for a possible larger size, but I'm not ready to commit – it's lovely, but really a but light for me.
My first lapsang! I've been steeling myself for it all week, trying other smokey blends until I felt ready to try this one. The dry leaves smell like jerky – yup, I definitely get jerky. I like smoked things, so I persevered. I steeped 4 minutes and then added my usual aount of cream/sugar before trying (not brave enough to try this without!) It smells intensely smokey, but the actual taste is a little more mild. I get black pepper and a little sweetness – it's very nice! I tried a second steeping of the leaves, but I wasn't very impressed with the results. I'm excited to try more smokey teas!
I seem to have bought a lot of smokey teas lately. I find that I'm developing a taste for them ! This tea, however, was just ok. It's neither smokey nor bold, but rather a polite afternoon tea that gives the impression that someone is smoking a pipe… it another building. That's ok – in fact, it's a perfectly nice tea, it just doesn't excite me the way I was hoping. I have more smokey teas to try – maybe it's time to break out the lapsang?
Really nice! I love roses and I love chocolate, so this is a nice combo. The roses taste sweet in this blend. The taste is very floral – I get more rose than chocolate, but the chocolate is there, keeping the rose from tasting of perfume. At 5 minutes the taste is perfect. I am slightly allergic to roses, so I get the sniffles when I drink this, but occasionally it is worth it!
This is a lighter assam. The taste is sweet and light, without the appearance of a lot of malt (even at 5 minutes!) I prefer a stronger assam in the morning, so I will keep this as an afternoon tea. The flavor has a delicacy which is lost on my sleepy tastebuds – for an assam it's really almost light! Recommended.
I prefer for my morning tea to be strong. I have a few favorites, but many breakfast blends are what I would consider to be rather timid brews. Not this one! The flavor is strong and malty, with a hint of smoke that dissipates as the tea cools. Assam is my favorite tea, but I have not been in love with Yunnan. It's lovely with the assam – I get the nice smoke and sweetness without the earthy taste that has made me uncertain about Yunnans. I was doubtful about the 5 minute steeping time recommended by Upton, but it was perfect. There is no bitterness, and I doubt the tea could have achieved this amount of flavor with a shorter steeping. This may make my cut for breakfast teas!
I love Irish breakfast, so I threw this sample into my last Upton order. I steeped for 3 minutes – I usually err on the short side with a CTC tea like this – they get bitter in a hurry! My opinion – eh, it's just all right. Not a lot of nuance, but that's ok in a breakfast tea (it's all I can do to make tea without spilling water on myself in the morning!) It could be stronger. Based on the ratings here, I'm going to give it a try at 4 minutes.
I took the advice of my fellow Steepster-ites and changed the way I steep this. This time I lowered the temp and steeped much longer – about ten minutes. I'm also no longer ill, so I don't suspect my tastebuds are off.
My conclusion? Well, it's definitely better this way. I can taste the chocolate, and at 5 minutes I absolutely could not! Unfortunately, I still get raisin from this tea – really, really strong raisin. Maybe malt just tastes like raisins to me when the tea is hot? It definitely gets less strong as it cools off. My husband thinks it tastes like chocolate – he doesn't get the raisin taste at all. I think it's a personal issue with me and malt. On the other hand, I think I've finally figured out why I don't like beer – that malt! I gave the rest to my husband – he loves it, so there you go!


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Learn about this topic in these articles:
contribution to modern scholarship
...most notable of few exceptions, and he was a jurist and antiquary, not an academic, though his De Diis Syris (1617) laid the foundations of Eastern scholarship. A new era began with the Epistola ad Joannum Millium (1691) of Richard Bentley (1662–1742). This collection of brilliant miscellaneous observations, prompted by the editio princeps of the 6th-century Byzantine...
discussed in biography
...In 1689 he made the acquaintance of John Mill at Oxford, who asked him to look through the proof sheets of the Oxford edition of the chronicler John Malalas. The request gave rise to Bentley's Epistola ad Joannem Millium (1691), a short treatise in which his skill in textual emendation and his knowledge of ancient metre were strikingly displayed.


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What Is 2pac Net Worth 2013'
All the featured articles about What Is 2pac Net Worth 2013. News, articles, net worth profile, and all biography about What Is 2pac Net Worth 2013.
Krizz Kaliko Net Worth
Krizz Kaliko net worth: Krizz Kaliko is an American rapper and songwriter who has a net worth of $1 million. Krizz Kaliko was born in Kansas City, Missouri in March 1974. He often collaborates with his hometown native Tech N9ne and is signed to his record label called Strange Music. His debut studio album Vitiligo was released in 2008. It reached #19 on the Top Independent and #20 on the Top Rap c...


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EUPORA, Miss. – (WCBI)Dozens of law enforcement agencies, medics and helicopters raced towards Highway 82 east in Eupora after a high-speed chase ends in tragedy. Eupora police officer,Keith Crenshaw, 52, died after 3 suspects traveling in a black Nissan ran him over. Crenshaw was attempting to slow the chase by setting up a spike strip along the highway.
"The officer was moving away from the spike strip. The driver of the suspect car sees the spike strip and makes an evasive maneuver to avid the spike strip. He avoids the spike strip, maneuvers the same direction in which the officer runs and tragically the officer was struck by the suspect vehicle and killed," said Mississippi Highway Patrol Sgt. Criss Turnipseed.
The driver then lost control.
"The vehicle continued eastbound on the median and collides right into a light pole, one of the occupants of the vehicle was ejected from the vehicle. That occupant was killed from the ejection. The two other occupants inside the vehicle were seriously injured. One was air lifted from the scene. The other one was taken away in an ambulance," said Sgt. Turnipseed.
The situation early Wednesday morning in Eupora when authorities got a call about an attempted robbery at CB & S bank.
"The suspect tried to follow an employee in but the employees were alerted by their presence and were able to lock their doors behind them. As a result they did not get in the bank. They traveled to Grenada and participated in some type of activity over there. They had a BOLO out for their Black Nissan. They were spotted in Montgomery County by Highway Patrol," said Eupora Mayor Dan Burchfield.
Investigators say the suspect then returned to Webster County where the accident happened. Authorities re-directed traffic for several hours as they cleared the scene. Mississippi Bureau of Investigation is now handling the case. Law enforcement officials say Crenshaw's death is a major blow.
" I heard he was a hard worker. He was a big family man. And that loss is going to be felt deeply here in the Webster County community and across the State. He was a law enforcement officer, he was a brother and we don't like to lose our brothers," said Sgt. Turnipseed.
No word on the condition of the suspects injured.


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"Buzz," by Sam Merten, March 13
Shame on Us, As Usual
That's enough.
Craig Watkins
Good God! Dallas finally gets a politician who actually wants to do the right thing, no matter the cost, and what do you do? You try to burn him!
Craig Watkins will go down in history as the only Dallas DA who had the courage to open up previously tried and convicted cases to DNA testing. He did this knowing full well the political repercussions he would have to endure.
He's a hero, and if he ever ran for higher political office, like governor or, dare I say it, president, I'd vote for him. And before you even ask, I'm white...so it ain't a race thing.
Shame on you for posting anything negative about this man! You're disgusting.
Reuben L. Owens, via dallasobserver.com
"Death in the Inner Circle," by Jim Schutze and Sam Merten, March 13
A Slice of Pie, Please
After reading Jim Schutze's article, I'm wondering if Dallas Hispanic contractors should go to Willis Johnson instead of Mayor Leppert in order to obtain a fair piece of the business procurement contracts at the city of Dallas.
I hope this is not the fact. I'd like to believe otherwise, but at some point in time, Mayor Leppert needs to bring clarity and light into this mess.
For the record, Hispanics also live in Dallas' southern sector. Is this yet another example where the Dallas Hispanic community is playing second fiddle and where Dallas' black business community is using Dallas' Hispanic population numbers to pad its business contracts? If this is the fact, this is not only wrong, it may be against the law.
There is a valid concern to this day among many Dallas Hispanic leaders that Hispanic-led businesses are not offered adequate business opportunities while black-owned businesses are granted many city contracts.
Jesse Diaz, president Dallas LULAC Council 4496, via dallasobserver.com
Wow! What an amazing report by Jim Schutze and Sam Merten. It looks like they're so dedicated to their craft that they would "kill" for a scoop. It's great to know that some reporters in Dallas believe that a suicide shouldn't stop them from continuing their attacks against a public figure. I'm also pleased to learn that Sam Merten has a tremendous knack for burning bridges. I enjoyed reading his articles for DallasBlog.com, where he worked alongside with Rufus Shaw.
Rick Sans, via dallasobserver.com
My friend, Lynn Flint Shaw, has been brutally murdered, and all you people can do is continue to slam her name.
Fact: All elected officials have people around them they trust. The e-mail that was sent to Jim was written in June soon after the election. The people out to destroy Mr. Leppert's name is the same group out to destroy Willis Johnson and destroyed Rufus Shaw's mind.
My friend Lynn Flint Shaw made mistakes, but who has not? If she was a crooked politician she would not have had a financial problem.
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Mayor Leppert meets with the Hispanic chamber and black chamber. He meets with groups of Hispanics all the time. Why on earth would you people continue to make something out of nothing? No one—Jim or others—can find one contract Mayor Leppert has helped any black person get. Name one black person that has a contract with the city of Dallas dated after Mayor Leppert was sworn in that did not follow the process and had some connection to Leppert, Johnson or Shaw.
The city manager runs the city; the mayor has no authority to give anyone a contract. I am mad as hell, and I will not take it anymore, the lies, race baiting, one greedy group blaming another greedy group; Dallas is in a bad way, and you haters are killing it. I am on the DHA board, and I can count on one hand how many Hispanics or blacks bid on any contracts. All both groups do is point fingers. Get up off your lazy ass and go after the work the white people do.
My friend Lynn is dead. I will not hear her voice again, not see her smiling face. She and her family deserve a little respect from this community because she gave a lot of herself and did not take anything from the taxpayers.
Betty Culbreath, via dallasobserver.com


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New Pattern Release
My newest pattern, Mini Market Bag, was just released on the Knit Picks website. A link can be found in my Ravelry store. This little bag is great for last minute shopping trips, or for a trip to the beach. Most of the bag is knit in the round, and there's only one small seam to sew up. Perfect for on-the-go knitting. I hope you enjoy it!
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About Me
Why DistractedKnits? Well, I wanted my name to reflect my designing philosophy. When I knit, and design, I prefer patterns that are interesting to knit, but can be easily memorized. I also need patterns that can be put down at a moment's notice, and when picked back up, it only takes a moment to find my place.
January 2016


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Buddy Bee Goes to School
- Artist: Patti Kaylor
- Format: CD
- Release Date: 8/7/2001
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From a fellow Kindergarten teacher. I have been using this CD for 2 years and lent it to others. We wore my copy out! Palm Bay, FL 'My one year him bop with the music! Jennifer Zanin, Darien, CT. 'I've been using Patti's music for the last three years in my kindergarten class. The kids love the music to start and finish the day. She's added lots of new songs and I still love the music.' Precilla Whelpley, Teacher, Brevard County Schools 'I love Patti's songs for my kindergarten class. I'll play some of the songs before the children arrive just to put me in a happy mood. They are wonderful happy songs with great vocals and harmonies' Peggy Ammen, Lockmar Elementary School, Palm Bay, Fl. 'My three year old daughter asks for Buddy Bee whenever we go riding in our van. She just loves the music. Beth Martin, Palm Bay, Fl.


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Men Are Slaves – Princess Matilda – More Cleaning, Less Kissing
While Matilda loves it when her males grovel at her feet while professing their love and adoration of her, sometimes she just wants to have her shoes cleaned. So while it's understandable that he is excited to see his owner come home, he needs to devote more of his energy right now to making sure her shoes are nice and clean.
Download file – 157.3 MB
Tags: Boot Worship, Men Are Slaves, MenAreSlaves, Princess Matilda


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Good news for all you Buffy the Vampire Slayer fans out there: Joss Whedon and Drew Goddard are up to their old tricks – this time, in a comedy horror film called The Cabin in the Woods. The co-writers claim to have made Cabin in an effort to "revitalise" the slasher film genre, and critics say, they've succeeded with flying colours. Don't miss the strange, funny and frightening things that happen when five friends head to a remote cabin in the woods and get caught up in a world of supernatural beings.
Movies in eastern Germany
For Berlin click here
Movies in central and western Germany
For Cologne, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt and Landstuhl/Ramstein click here
Movies in northern Germany
For Hamburg and Bremen click here
Movies in southern Germany
For Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Munich, Stuttgart, Nuremberg and Bamberg click here


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Markus Schreiber
Mohel doctor Yacov Gassinovitch, center, is surround by other Rabbis and relatives as he holds eight days old Jonathan during the boy's circumcision at synagogue in Berlin on Oct. 29, 2012.
Despite the efforts, well-intentioned or otherwise, of regional authorities, Germany's Bundestag or lower house of Parliament, has passed a law protecting circumcision of infant boys. The law is expected to be passed in the upper house, the Bundesrat, as well.
Not only is this a victory for the free exercise of religion, it is a victory for responsible parenting, good medical practice, and for Germany itself. It represents a welcome new stage in the nation's ongoing post-WWII wrestling with the ethical use of power, be it governmental or parental.
Don't get me wrong, I am not one of those people who are totally insensitive to some of the concerns raised by anti-circumcision folks. Any surgical procedure performed on an infant is serious business, and when it involves their genitals, it is a particularly sensitive issue. That said, the arguments which would criminalize the sacred traditions of both Jews and Muslims, range from wrong-headed to simply hateful.
No, the circumcision ban is not especially wrong in Germany because circumcision is a Jewish ritual and Germany's Nazi government wanted to rid the world of all Jews. Nor is it especially wrong because circumcision is sacred to Muslims, and Germany continues to wrestle with the full inclusion of the 4 million Muslims who make their homes in Germany today.
There is also no guarantee that just because a particular community holds a practice to be sacred, that it deserves to be protected at all costs. From betrothing children, to plural marriage, to the use of drugs, to a host of other practices, governments can and do limit the expression of what some consider legitimate religious practice.
These may be good decisions or not, that is another conversation, but they are examples of the fact that even when it comes to fundamental rights such as religious expression, nothing is absolute, nor should it be. Simply because a community holds a practice to be sacred, does not assure the protection of that act, nor should it. Banning infant circumcision however is wrong, whether the ban is enacted in Germany or anywhere else.
There is no demonstrable damage caused by infant circumcision, especially when done in accordance with good medical practice, as the new German law requires, no matter how many bogus studies some opponents of circumcision claim. In fact, there is copious evidence which supports the enormous public health benefits of circumcision, especially in the fight against sexually transmitted disease including HIV/AIDS.
If there were evidence of the negative health effects of infant circumcision, then there might be real grounds for a debate about abridging the practice, but there is none. That is why no such arguments were made in Germany, even by those who supported the ban.
Those who voted to limit or ban circumcision in Germany, did so out of a misplaced notion of human freedom, and a fundamental inability to accept the notion that people, and especially parents, do things with far-reaching consequences all the time. Parents make all sorts of life-changing decisions for their kids – that's what it means to be a parent. Avoiding that responsibility is virtually always the wrong way to go, and especially so when it involves government either banning or coercing religious practice.
From its penchant for non-interventionism in a variety of global conflicts, to those German jurists and law-makers who would like to avoid allowing parents to make big decision for the children, Germany has struggled with what it means to take and use power responsibly. Happily, this week, the Bundestag got it right. They upheld the right of people to take action on behalf of the people and the traditions they love, even when those acts may be unpopular to some others.
Germany's decision to protect infant circumcision for boys was much more than a victory for the nation's Jews and Muslims. It was even more than a victory for the freedom of religious and cultural expression. The decision to protect circumcision was a victory for Germany and for its future.
Related content on On Faith:
* Jews and Muslims applaud German vote to protect circumcision
* Anti-circumcision activists confront pediatricians
* Germany's ban on circumcisions: Rabbi David Wolpe reflects in verse


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Tuesday, January 19, 1999 Published at 19:14 GMT
Di Canio fit for comeback
Paolo di Canio - has been training at home in Italy
Paolo di Canio has been passed fit by two doctors - but there seems little chance of an early comeback with Sheffield Wednesday.
The Italian agreed to be examined by an independent medical practitioner after earlier informing the club he was suffering from stress and depression.
Di Canio has not played since the Football Association banned him for 11 matches for pushing referee Paul Alcock over after being sent off in the home game with Arsenal last September.
He was subsequently given compassionate leave by the club but failed to return by an agreed date and has been fined every week by them since mid-December.
But secretary Graham Mackrell said: "The club does not believe it should agree to meet all of the conditions requested prior to the player's return to England.
"In view of this we have today requested him to return to the club as soon as he can and suggested that the outstanding difficulty should be arbitrated in due course by the appropriate tribunal, unless a compromise can be reached in the meantime.
"The nature of the outstanding issue will not be disclosed by the club but it is confirmed the player will continue to remain suspended without pay until such time as he returns."
Wednesday fined Di Canio Ł68,000 immediately after the incident and unless he returns by this weekend the total money lost by him will pass Ł100,000.
"The club understands that it will take a few more days to resolve the situation and would like to think that the player will be allowed to consider his position without being subjected to outside pressures," Mackrell added.


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Mercedes To Introduce E-Class Hybrids, First Diesel Hybrid!
Content provided by BenzInsider.com
Premiering at the Detroit Motor Show in January are Mercedes' newest green entries in the luxury car segment. Making their debut early next year are the E-300 BlueTEC Diesel HYBRID and the E-400 BlueTEC Gas HYBRID, which Mercedes claims are some of the most fuel efficient luxury cars in the world. The E-300 is the first car produced by a mainstream to make a diesel hybrid, which
beckons the question: what's taken so darn long? Doesn't it just make
With its 4-cylinder, 200 horsepower diesel and 20kW electric motor,
the E-300 BlueTEC HYBRID consumes only 4.2 liters per 100 kilometers. Bear in mind that one of the best-known hybrids, the Prius, claims 3.9
liters/100 km, and this is for a commuter car that has no luxury
pretensions. The E-300 and E-400 HYBRID retain all their luxury and
convenience comforts.
For the E-400 BlueTEC HYBRID, Mercedes chose to install a 300
horsepower V6 combined with the same 20kW electric motor found in the E-300 HYBRID. Combined CAFE consumption rating for the E-400 HYBRID is 27
According to Professor Dr. Thomas Weber, Head of Mercedes-Benz Cars
Development, "The modular technology opens up a quick way for us to
complement other model series with hybrid models. With these two E-Class
models we are now continuing our comprehensive hybrid offensive."
A diesel hybrid seems like a no-brainer. So why did it take this long? Shout off in the Forums!


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This novel was originally published under the title The Wolves of Andover.
In the harsh wilderness of colonial Massachusetts, Martha Allen works as a servant in her cousin's household, taking charge and locking wills with everyone. Thomas Carrier labors for the family and is known both for his immense strength and size and his mysterious past. The two begin a courtship that suits their independent natures, with Thomas slowly revealing the story of the role he played in the English Civil War. But in the rugged new world they inhabit, danger is ever present, whether it be from the assassins sent from London to kill the executioner of Charles I or the wolves-in many forms-who hunt for blood. At once a love story and a tale of courage, The Traitor's Wife confirms Kathleen Kent's ability to craft powerful stories from the dramatic background of America's earliest days.
©2010 Kathleen Kent (P)2010 Hachette
"Somewhat Disappointing"
The Wolves of Andover serves as a prequel to Kent's The Heretic's Daughter, but it falls a bit short. The story of Charles II's relentless pursuit of the men directly responsible for his father's beheading, even to the extent of sending assassins to find them in the American colonies, is certainly an intriguing one, and Kent does a fine job of describing the hardscrabble life of the New England settlers. What put me off was, I think, the rather stereotypical characters. Martha, the protagonist, is what one would call a "spirited" girl--in other words, the stereotypical ancestral feminist. Her cousin Patience, on the other hand, is a the stereotypical jealous harpy intent on keeping Martha--her cousin--in her inferior place. The lead baddie, Bloodlow, is crueller than cruel and meaner than mean. The Welshman, Thomas, is the strong, silent type, taller than tall, stronger than strong, silenter than silent (at least until he falls in love--then it seems he can't stop blabbing his secrets). Well, you get the picture. These are all folks I've seen before in numerous historical novels, and that familiarity makes the plot, overall, too predictable. Who wants to read a novel with so few surprises? Near the end, Kent sticks in the gratuitous but expected scene of first lovemaking (ho hum!). I could have done without the graphic description of a ruptured hymen, about which which she attempted to wax poetically.
Maybe it's just me . . . maybe I needed an even longer break from historical fiction. The Wolves of Andover is certainly not a bad book, but what disappointed me most was that it had the potential to be so much better.
"Troubled by a not very good narrator"
A decent piece of historical fiction, but terribly marred by a poor performance by the narrator. She seemed to be be constantly in a rush, reading the entire book as if it were one paragraph. It was breathless! It sometimes took me a sentence or two to realize we had switched locales or characters. She also had a very set cadence and read every sentence as if it had equal weight and meaning. I suggest the print version.
"Just didn't hold my attention."
I didn't listen to the end of the story. It was long and wordy.
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Alien: Isolation clip teases 'Sevastopol Habitation Area'
Kicking off what looks to be a weekly occurance, Creative Assembly has released a new teaser for Alien: Isolation. The very brief Vine clip gives us a quick look at the Sevastapol Habitation Area -- Sevastapol, of course, being the primary setting of the game.
Alien: Isolation was first revealed last week as the latest game based on the Alien(s) franchise. Unlike past attempts, the game will take more of a survival/horror approach, and focus less on the blockbuster action seen in most previous Alien games. Isolation follows Amanda Ripley, daughter of film protagonist Ellen Ripley, as she attempts uncover the cause of her mother's mysterious disappearance.
Amanda heads to Sevastapol after she discvers that the flight recorder of her mother's ship,t he Nostromo, has been recovered there. However, upon arriving at the space station it is soon discovered that something is terribly wrong. I think you can guess what happened...
Alien: Isolation doesn't yet have a release date, but it is due out for Xbox 360, Xbox One, PS3, PS4, and PC.


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Special Olympics athlete Dean Boechler has been passionately playing competitive sports all his life, but no thrill has come close to competing in South Korea.
Boechler, a floor hockey player from Saskatchewan, was one of the 109 athletes Canada sent to the Special Olympics World Winter Games in PyeongChang, South Korea in 2013.
The 250-pound Saskatoon Stingers defenceman was in Toronto Thursday night for this year's Special Olympics Canada awards, where his Stingers were awarded team of the year after capturing gold in PyeongChang, as well as provincial and national championships here in Canada. "It was a great experience, had never been (to South Korea) before," said Boechler, 37, who one day wants to coach floor hockey.
"And let them have the same experience I had," he said.
Skier Ellen MacNearney, 19, was awarded Special Olympics Canada's female athlete of the year.
"If it wasn't for (Special Olympics Canada), I wouldn't have gotten as far as I have," MacNearney told the crowd gathered inside the CBC's Glen Gould Studio on Front St. W.
Weightlifter and figure skater Tim Goodacre won male athlete of the year.
Two-time gold medal speed skater Catriona Le May Doan co-hosted the awards ceremony, and told the Toronto Sun it is a celebration of all involved in the athletes' success.
"We are not necessarily honouring performances, we are honouring people," said Le May Doan of the athletes, organizers, coaches and volunteers who were acknowledged Thursday night.
Canada had an impressive haul in PyeongChang, bringing back 47 gold, 41 silver, and 21 bronze — in total, seven more than from the games in Boise, Idaho in 2009.
There were 3,300 athletes and coaches from 112 different countries in PyeongChang.
The birth of the Special Olympics can be traced back to the 1960s, when Eunice Kennedy Shriver, seeing a need for such games in the name of fairness to all, began holding summer camps for children with intellectual disabilities. In February 1988, the International Olympic Committee officially endorsed the Special Olympics.
On Friday night, Special Olympics Canada will hold its annual LIMITLESS gala, an evening that celebrates athletes, as well as the organization's longtime partnership with sports broadcaster, TSN.


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Argan oil has a number of benefits that can help nourish and restore health to damaged areas of the whole body. Argan oil is found mainly in Morocco but was once cultivated in other parts of Africa. The argan tree is now endangered and is now protected under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and is now exclusive to Morocco, which probably explains the high cost of pure argan oil.
Argan oil can be found in many products today promoting frizz free, heat protecting, and shine producing properties for hair. Argan oil is great for curly hair as it helps prevent frizz which can be hard to control without piling on the products which caused build up and scalp itch in some cases.
Argan oil is known to restore damaged hair and is an effective natural, mild heat protectant. The moisturization properties of argan oil are known to exceed that of olive oil and she butter.
Skin benefits
This precious oil is also great for hydrating and healing the scalp as it helps to treat many skin related issues. Argan has a high vitamin e content which helps to restore skin cells. Argan oil is also known to treat eczema and psoriasis. This precious oil may also be used as a cuticle conditioner to prevent cracking and infection around the nail bed.
Argan oil in light yet highly penetrative and will be a great addition to use for hot oil treatment, oil rinsing, deep conditioning, and to use along with a leave in conditioner. The powerful attributes of argan oil makes it suitable for all hair types, curly haired women in particular.
What to look for
When shopping for argan oil examine the label to ensure you are buying 100% argan oil without any filler or carrier oils. The high cost and recent popularity of argan oil has encouraged many companies to bottle the oil in small amounts mixed with other oils to raise their profit margins. If there is no visible ingredients label chances are you will not be getting pure argan oil.


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You always had to watch out for ghost apps and Virgin Mary apps. Now, the UFO apps are fooling local news teams.
UFO Photo of "Vintage" Flying Saucer Purportedly Snapped, But.. | Who Forted? Magazine.
A student in Sakon Nakhon, Thailand claims to have unwittingly snapped a photo of a "vintage-looking" flying saucer on Christmas day, stirring some talk over whether or not the extraterrestrials have a thing for classic vehicles.
During an afternoon of "Sport Day" festivities scheduled by the Sawang Dindaeng School on December 25th, Thidarat Boonlee whipped out her cell phone to take a photo of the grandstands where her friends were seated. However, upon going back and reviewing the snapshot, Boonlee claims to have found something strange hovering just through the trees. When she went to snap another photo, the craft was gone.
I saw this story which was posted on a newscast in Thailand but thought it too ridiculous to post. There was only one photo even though it was reportedly over a stadium full of people! But the story was quickly ripped apart when other photos of the same "classic" flying saucer showed up around the world. The explanation? An iphone app.
You may want to believe but NEVER believe anything based on this kind of crappy evidence.
Credit: Who Forted?


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This month marks the 75th anniversary of the publication of The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck's classic novel about the poverty-stricken Joad family.
The book won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize, and was key to Steinbeck winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. The moving family saga inspired songs by Woody Guthrie and Bruce Springsteen's 1995 album, The Ghost of Tom Joad.
In the novel, the Joads are forced off of their land in Oklahoma and travel to California, suffering the misfortunes of the homeless in the Great Depression.
Steinbeck's best-selling book has been recently republished by Penguin/Viking. The Grapes of Wrath has been studied in schools and colleges around the world, and was made into a movie in 1940, starring Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell and Russell Simpson.
However, farmers, women's groups and librarians were among those who resented its depiction of California's treatment of workers.


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MELBOURNE, Sept. 26 (UPI) -- A new report said the danger of wildfires throughout Australia will increase dramatically because of climate change.
The report, prepared by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization and other meteorological and climatic groups, said that the number of days of extreme fire danger experiences each year in Australia could increase by 65 percent by the year 2020 and up to 300 percent by 2050.
Chief Executive of the Climate Institute John Connor said in the report that "unless green house pollution levels are reversed, Australian and world leaders build on the Kyoto framework and make a switch to clean energy, the fire weather in Australia is set to spiral dangerously upward."
Connor said that bushfires in the 2006-07 fire weather season "forced tens of thousands of firefighters into the field to protect homes and lives of Australians and caused more than $1 billion in damage. This is not a future legacy that we should be leaving our children by failing to get climate change under control."