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The intensity of exercise above which oxygen uptake (V̇o2) does not account for all of the required energy to perform work has been associated with lactate accumulation in the blood (lactate threshold, LT) and elevated carbon dioxide output (gas exchange threshold). An increase in hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) is approximately concurrent with elevation of blood lactate and CO2 output during exercise. Near-infrared spectra (NIRS) and invasive interstitial fluid pH (pHm) were measured in the flexor digitorum profundus during handgrip exercise to produce a mathematical model relating the two measures with an estimated error of 0.035 pH units. This NIRS pHm model was subsequently applied to spectra collected from the vastus lateralis of 10 subjects performing an incremental-intensity cycle protocol. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was also calculated from spectra. We hypothesized that a H+ threshold could be identified for these subjects and that it would be different from but correlated with the LT. Lactate, gas exchange, SmO2, and H+ thresholds were determined as a function of V̇o2 using bilinear regression. LT was significantly different from both the gas exchange threshold (Δ = 0.27 ± 0.29 l/min) and H+ threshold (Δ = 0.29 ± 0.23 l/min), but the gas exchange threshold was not significantly different from the H+ threshold (Δ = 0.00 ± 0.38 l/min). The H+ threshold was strongly correlated with LT (R2 = 0.95) and the gas exchange threshold (R2 = 0.85). This initial study demonstrates the feasibility of noninvasive pHm estimations, the determination of H+ threshold, and the relationship between H+ and classical metabolic thresholds during incremental exercise.
- pH
- anaerobic threshold
- near-infrared spectroscopy
- cycling
- lactate
- carbon dioxide
historically, the term anaerobic threshold (AT) has been used to describe a shift in muscle metabolism during incremental exercise from predominantly aerobic energy pathways to a greater reliance on anaerobic exercise sources, but the central concepts of this threshold have been the subject of debate over the last 20 years (5, 9). Recently, AT has been defined by Svedahl and MacIntosh (32) as an intensity of exercise above which oxygen uptake does not account for all of the required energy to perform work and has been associated with lactate accumulation in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide output, and increased ventilatory rate. The lactate threshold (LT) is identified as the level of exercise where there is an abrupt increase in blood lactate concentration as exercise intensity increases. Corrective respiratory changes can also be identified through the measurement of pulmonary CO2, by determining either the ventilatory threshold (VT) or a change in slope of the rate of CO2 output through the V-slope method (gas exchange threshold) (3, 8, 35). These methods have been successfully used in clinical exercise testing (36), are widely used as predictors of aerobic endurance performance, and are considered indexes of the level of exercise capacity (10, 22, 24).
A comparison of the measurement techniques has shown that under some conditions the gas exchange threshold is different from LT (13, 14, 22, 42). Underlying this difference are disparities in the biochemical mechanisms that result in lactate accumulation and CO2 output during exercise. Lactate accumulates in the blood when its rate of consumption is overshadowed by its rate of production (6). Wasserman et al. describe the threshold in the rate of CO2 output identified with the V-slope method as the result of bicarbonate buffering of hydrogen ions produced with the lactate (35), although the concept of bicarbonate buffering has been questioned (18). H+ is transported from the muscle cell stoichiometrically with lactate through the monocarboxylate transporter. Moderate and intense exercise are marked by a significant reduction in cellular and blood pH (31, 33).
Near-infrared light passes through skin and subcutaneous fat and can be used to noninvasively measure metabolic parameters in muscle. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is most commonly used to measure capillary oxygen saturation in muscle (SmO2) (20); however, we have shown that in the setting of local hypovolemia and ischemia, NIRS also can be used to noninvasively and continuously measure muscle, or interstitial fluid, pH (pHm) (26, 43). We hypothesize that this methodology can be extended to determine a threshold based on the accumulation of hydrogen ions in the muscle interstitial fluid during graded exercise, the H+ threshold. We also hypothesize that the H+ threshold will be different from, but correlated with, the LT. In this paper we describe a method for determining pHm from spectra acquired noninvasively during handgrip exercise and the application of the derived mathematical model to noninvasively determine H+ threshold during graded cycle ergometry. We also present comparisons between H+ threshold and classical metabolic thresholds (lactate and gas exchange), as well as NIRS-determined SmO2 thresholds in 10 exercising subjects.
Overall protocol.
This project had two components, with human studies conducted at two different centers. Handgrip dynamometry tests conducted at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, MA, were intended to develop and validate the pHm model for the NIRS-derived measurements. Cycle ergometry tests conducted at National Aeronautic and Space Administration-Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC) in Houston, TX, were intended to determine whether these pHm measures could be used as a noninvasive method to determine the H+ threshold. In each case, study volunteers received a verbal and written explanation of the procedures to be performed and provided written informed consent before participation. Testing performed at the University of Massachusetts Medical School was reviewed and approved by the University of Massachusetts Medical School Institutional Review Board for Human Studies; testing performed at the NASA-JSC was reviewed and approved by the NASA-JSC Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects.
Noninvasive determination of muscle pH: measurements to derive calibration model.
In this study NIR spectra were continuously collected from eight adult subjects (4 men/4 women) during rhythmic handgrip exercise using the right hand. Simultaneously, pHm was measured by a small fiber-optic sensor (Paratrend 7 Plus, Diametrics Medical, St. Paul, MN) previously inserted under sterile conditions into the right flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscle. This sensor measures pH, Po2, and Pco2 of the fluid in which it rests with three separate fiber sensors.
Measurements with this sensor during handgrip exercise have been described previously (28), and identical methods were used. Briefly, the sensors were calibrated before use in a separate calibration unit (Diametrics Medical) using three different calibration gases (CO2-O2-N2 = 2%-0%-98%, 7%-15%-78%, and 22.5%-50%-27.5%). The right FDP muscle was located with ultrasound (SonoSite 180, SonoSite Corp, Bothell, WA). A 20-gauge catheter was placed under sterile conditions into the FDP at an angle of ∼20° and ∼3 cm deep into the muscle. The needle was then removed from the catheter, and the sensor was threaded into the catheter lumen. Finally, the catheter was withdrawn to the skin level, leaving only the sensor in the muscle. Location of the sensor in the FDP was confirmed with ultrasound after placement. Intramuscular measurements of pH, Pco2, and Po2 were recorded continuously at 2-s intervals throughout the rest, exercise, and recovery periods.
After placement of the Paratrend sensor, a custom-fabricated spectroscopic sensor (Luxtec, West Boylston, MA) was placed on the skin surface overlying the FDP. The spectroscopic sensor head contained two fiber bundles, spaced 30 mm apart. A 4-mm-diameter fiber bundle transmitted white light to the skin surface, and a 1-mm-diameter fiber bundle transmitted the received light to the spectrometer (USB2000, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL). The white light source was a custom-built fixture using an 8-W tungsten-halogen bulb (model 8106-001, Welch Allyn, Skaneateles, NY). OOIBase32 software (Ocean Optics) was used to acquire the reflected photon count spectra, which were saved every 3 s.
For each subject in the study, the integration time was selected to maximize the sample count of the light reflected from the tissue to the spectrometer. Since the optimum integration time varied across the different subjects because of variations in the sampled tissue, the measured spectra from the tissue were normalized through division by the integration time across all the measurement wavelengths. Multiwavelength tissue reflectance spectra in absorbance units (A) were calculated by comparing the count rate (counts/integration time) of the detected radiation to the count rate from a 99% reference standard (model SRT-99–050, Labsphere, North Sutton, NH) and taking the log as shown in Eq. 1: (1) where A is the absorbance and Ir and Is are the count rate spectra for the reference and sample measurements, respectively. Only data in the wavelength range 725–880 nm were used for determination of pHm.
After the placement of both the Paratrend and noninvasive NIR sensor, each study subject performed four 5-min bouts of repetitive handgrip exercises with a hand dynamometer (MIE Medical Research, Leeds, UK). Each exercise bout entailed repeated cycles of 2-s contractions with intervening 1 s of relaxation. The exercise induces rapid pH changes in the FDP muscle (28). The force of contraction was prescribed according to a specified percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), which was measured before data collection. Each subject was prompted through one bout of exercise at 15% MVC followed by three rounds of exercise at 30% MVC, 45% MVC, and 30% MVC, respectively. Subjects received visual and audio feedback through a laptop computer to instruct them in the proper timing and level of effort. As exercise intensity increased, pH fell to a lower level by the end of the exercise bout. The subject rested for approximately 30–45 min between bouts, during which time the pH recovered to baseline values.
Noninvasive determination of muscle pH: calculations to derive and evaluate calibration model.
Partial least-squares (PLS) regression (21) was used to develop the multisubject calibration equation (model), which correlates NIR spectra to pH values from the invasive sensor placed in the muscle of the calibration subjects. Once the model is developed, it can be applied to NIR spectra acquired from future independent subjects to predict pHm without the invasive reference pH sensor. Additional details on the PLS-determined calibration equation are contained in appendix a.
Before the calibration model development, several preprocessing steps were performed on the spectral and/or reference pH data. Principal component analysis loading correction (PCALC) was used to correct for the subject-to-subject spectral variations, such as skin color, fat thickness, and muscle scattering. Details of the PCALC method have been described previously (39, 40), and further information is contained in appendix a. The NIR spectral response to a step change in pHm is considerably faster (∼5 s) than the corresponding response of the invasive reference sensor to the same change in pH (4 min). To correct for this, we have developed a "weighted averaging filter" from time profiles of the step changes in invasive sensor pH values that is used to match each subject's NIRS sensor response to the corresponding invasive sensor response (25). This filter was applied, and then each subject's NIR spectral time was matched with its invasive sensor time. For each subject, 300 spectral/reference pH pairs were selected based on spectral Euclidian distance (DISTSLCT function in PLS_Toolbox version 3.5, Eigenvector Research, Manson, WA) for the development of the multisubject tissue pH calibration model.
PLS "subject-out" cross-validation (21) analysis was performed on the preprocessed NIR tissue spectra and the reference pHm measurements to develop and validate the PLS model. During the subject-out cross-validation, one subject was selected as the test subject, and the remaining subjects were used as calibration subjects. The spectra and reference pHm from the calibration subjects were used to build a calibration model, and the model was used to predict pHm from the test subject's spectra. This process was repeated as each subject was rotated out until every subject had been used as a test subject.
Both concentration and spectral outliers were removed if the corresponding concentration or spectral F-ratio was ≥3 (17). The prediction accuracy was described by R2 (coefficient of determination) between the estimated and actual pHm, and the estimated measurement error, which was calculated as the root mean squared error of prediction, RMSEP, described in Eq. 2: (2) where N is the number of test samples, and ŷi and yi are NIRS estimated and reference (invasive) pHm values, respectively. A high R2 and low RMSEP indicate good model prediction ability.
The optimal number of model factors was chosen to be the one with the fewest number of factors such that root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) for that model was not significantly greater than the RMSECV for the model with the smallest RMSECV (17). The F-statistic was used to make the significance determination with a significance level of 0.05 (17). RMSECV was computed in the same way as RMSEP by Eq. 2 but with the number of test samples replaced by the number of calibration samples. The model accuracy was described by the average R2 between the estimated and actual pHm for each left-out subject, and the RMSECV. A high average R2 and low RMSECV indicate good multisubject model prediction ability.
Data analysis was performed using customized programs written in Matlab version 7.0 (Mathworks, Natick, MA) and PLS_Tooxbox version 3.5 (Eigenvector Research, Manson, WA).
Leg exercise protocol and measurements.
Ten healthy men and women (5/5) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects reported to the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at NASA-JSC well rested without performing strenuous exercise within the last 24 h and without performing any exercise on the day of testing. Subjects dressed in comfortable exercise clothing that was not constrictive, permitted ease of movement while performing cycle ergometry exercise, and allowed easy access to the thigh for NIRS measurements.
Subjects performed a graded exercise test on an upright cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, LODE BV, The Netherlands) to maximal exertion. Before exercise, seated resting blood pressure was measured by auscultation, resting heart rate was recorded from a heart rate monitor (Polar S-810i, Polar Electro, Lake Success, NY), and two small blood samples (25 μl) were obtained from a fingertip to determine resting blood lactate concentration (BLa). BLa was determined using a standard analyzer (1500 Sport, YSI, Yellow Springs, OH). Universal precautions were followed during the collection and handling of the sample. The sample was drawn into a capillary tube and then processed according to the vendor's protocol. Before lactate analysis in the instrument, the erythrocytes were lysed with YSI 1515 lysing agent.
A NIRS sensor of the same design as used in the handgrip dynamometry protocol was placed over the vastus lateralis muscle at the palpated midpoint between the greater trochanter (hip) and knee joint at least 10 min before the beginning of exercise. The sensor was held in place with a special mounting pad that conformed to the shape of the thigh and contained a plastic restraint that prevented the sensor from moving on the skin during exercise. Spectra were collected approximately every 10 s during the exercise protocol and processed with the pH calibration equation derived from data in the handgrip dynamometry study. In addition, the same spectra were used to calculate muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) using methods previously published by our group (41) and described briefly in appendix b.
After the initial seated rest period, subjects performed 3-min exercise stages of increasing intensity on the cycle ergometer, beginning at 50 W. The exercise intensity was increased 50 W per stage until the subject could no longer maintain a pedaling cadence of 75 rpm. Additional blood samples were drawn from the finger at the end of each stage for the measurement of BLa. After reaching their peak effort, subjects completed 5 min of exercise at 50 W as an active recovery.
Heart rate (HR) and rhythm were measured using 12-lead electrocardiography (Q-Stress, Quinton Cardiology, Bothell, WA), and oxygen uptake (V̇o2) was measured using a metabolic cart (TrueOne 2400, Parvo-Medics, Salt Lake City, UT). Peak V̇o2 (V̇o2 peak) was determined as the highest level of V̇o2 measured during a 1-min period in which at least two of the following criteria were met: respiratory exchange ratio (RER) exceeded 1.1, maximal HR was greater than 85% of the age-predicted HR maximum, and/or a plateau of the V̇o2 curve occurred. Subjects achieved a mean V̇o2 peak of 47.7 ± 10.5 ml·kg−1·min−1 (mean ± SD) with a mean peak HR of 185 ± 9 beats/min (98 ± 3% of age-predicted maximum) and a peak RER of 1.18 ± 0.03.
Threshold calculations and statistics.
Hydrogen ion concentration was calculated from the NIRS-measured pHm with Eq. 3: (3) Metabolic thresholds were defined as the V̇o2 at which the slope in lactate (LT), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2; gas exchange threshold), and [H+] (H+ threshold) increased and SmO2 decreased with incrementally greater work. Thresholds were determined with a simultaneous bilinear regression using the fitting equation (4) where x0 is V̇o2 at the threshold and y0 is the corresponding value for V̇co2, lactate, or [H+], and s1 and s2 are slopes for the linear segments. The bilinear regression for V̇co2 was further constrained such that s1 was required to be less than 1.0 and s2 was required to be greater than 1.0 as defined by the V-slope method (3).
The average values for LT, gas exchange, and H+ thresholds for all subjects are reported as means ± average SE of the bilinear regression. Comparison of H+ thresholds with the other two methods was assessed with a paired t-test with Bonferroni adjustment, with P < 0.05 considered significant.
Validation of noninvasive pH measurement during handgrip exercise.
NIRS-derived pHm is a good predictor of the invasive (Paratrend) pHm measurement (Fig. 1, Table 1). Four PLS factors were used in the model (see appendix a); the average coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.722; three subjects had R2 below 0.70, indicating that their spectra were not completely described by the model developed from the other subjects. The estimated error of measurement (RMSECV) was 0.035 pH units. The calibration equation determined with these data was used to determine pHm during the cycle exercise to calculate the H+ threshold.
Metabolic threshold measurements.
Subjects were 30.4 ± 4.7 yr old and 172.7 ± 9.7 cm tall, and their body mass was 68.4 ± 12.2 kg (mean ± SD). The average V̇o2 peak was 3.29 ± 1.04 l/min with a range of 2.26–5.04 l/min. Although metabolic gas analysis data and NIRS spectra were collected from all 10 subjects, complete blood lactate measurements were obtained for only 9 of the 10 subjects. Figure 2 shows data used to calculate the respective thresholds from each of the parameters for one subject.
LT (1.95 ± 0.27 l/min, n = 9) was statistically different from both the gas exchange (1.64 ± 0.08 l/min, n = 10) and H+ (1.64 ± 0.15 l/min, n = 10) thresholds. The average difference between LT and H+ threshold was 0.29 ± 0.23 l/min; LT was greater than the H+ threshold for all but one of the subjects (average absolute difference: 0.31 ± 0.20 l/min) . Expressed as %V̇o2 peak, this average difference was 16.2 ± 9.6%. The gas exchange threshold was not statistically different from the H+ threshold. The average difference between the gas exchange and H+ thresholds was 0.00 ± 0.38 l/min; the gas exchange threshold was greater than the H+ thresholds for 4 of the 10 subjects (average absolute difference: 0.27 ± 0.25 l/min). Although the average difference was zero, our results do not indicate that the gas exchange and H+ thresholds are necessarily equivalent.
The H+ threshold and LT were highly correlated (R2 = 0.946) with a slope very close to 1 (slope = 1.06, Fig. 3A). The H+ threshold was also well correlated with the gas exchange threshold (R2 = 0.849) with a slope near 1 (slope = 1.17, Fig. 3B).
Thresholds were found for all the available lactate, V̇co2, and H+ data; however, no clear SmO2 thresholds could be determined for 3 of the 10 subjects. For subjects where an SmO2 threshold could be determined it was, on average, greater than the H+ threshold (average difference 0.11 ± 0.11 l/min, n = 7). Visual comparison of time trends for pH and SmO2 showed that for all 10 subjects the decrease in pH either began earlier than the decrease in SmO2 (Fig. 4A) or reached a minimum value at an earlier time than the minimum in SmO2 (Fig. 4B).
The primary findings of this study were that an accurate mathematical model was established relating pHm to near-infrared spectra of exercising muscle during handgrip dynamometry and that the resultant model can be used during graded cycle exercise to measure [H+]. H+ threshold was highly correlated with classic metabolic thresholds during incremental exercise, LT, and the gas exchange threshold. For the subjects in this study, the average V̇o2 at which the NIRS-determined H+ threshold occurred was significantly lower than the average V̇o2 at which the LT was observed.
NIRS has previously been used to estimate LT or VT during incremental cycling by analyzing trends in the deoxyhemoglobin concentration (HHb) (12, 16), multiple calculated parameters (34), and raw absorbance spectra (4). Depending on the method used to identify the threshold and the NIRS parameter chosen, these authors were able to demonstrate a relationship between LT, VT, and NIRS-determined parameters. Wang et al. (34) used the same method employed in this study to identify LT and found that change from baseline HHb was the best predictor of LT and VT compared with change from baseline oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb), total hemoglobin index, and the tissue oxygenation index. Except for Ferreira et al. (12), who used an instrument that calculated the absolute value for the concentration of HHb, these other methods determined relative changes in HHb.
Our methodology allows us to calculate absolute values for pHm and SmO2, and trends in these parameters during the cycling protocol are compared in Fig. 4. Figure 4 demonstrates that there were significant portions of the experiment where pHm and SmO2 are uncorrelated, indicating that the pH calibration equation is not modeling microvascular SmO2 but is an indication of the interstitial fluid pH. One of the unique aspects of NIRS is that collected spectra result from absorption of light by blood in only the small blood vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) (19). Light that illuminates the larger blood vessels is so strongly absorbed that any light which might be reflected back out of the skin from those vessels is too weak to reach the spectrometer for analysis. Only light that is scattered back to the spectrometer by the muscle fibers (and skin and fat) is analyzed. Our mathematical models calculate SmO2 and pHm from these absorbance spectra. The absorbance of myoglobin and hemoglobin cannot be easily distinguished, so Sm is considered to reflect both hemoglobin and myoglobin oxygen saturation. However, the mathematical methods used to develop the pHm model relate the absorbance spectra with direct pH measurements in the interstitial fluid; therefore the NIRS pHm measurement reflects pH of the interstitial fluid, rather than either venous or intracellular pH.
One possible limitation of our study is that the H+ threshold was measured locally in the interstitial fluid of the exercising muscle, yet both LT and the gas exchange thresholds are determined from systemic parameters. The fundamental assumption in cardiopulmonary exercise testing is that pulmonary measurements are a surrogate for V̇o2 in the exercising muscle (36); this has been previously demonstrated for cycling exercise (15, 23).
Another limitation of the regional spectroscopic measurement was our use of handgrip exercise to derive the mathematical model used with spectra collected from the leg for H+ threshold determination. The mathematical methods used to correct spectra for subject-to-subject differences in the scattering properties of the muscle were derived from spectra collected from the forearm (39). Light scattering in muscle varies with fiber type and distribution, so these correction factors should be derived for the leg if absolute values of pH or [H+] are required. However, since we assessed changes in [H+] during exercise to identify V̇o2 where there was a significant, uncompensated increase in [H+], the absolute value of [H+] is not required.
The cycling exercise protocol was not designed specifically for the purpose of determining LT, and the step increases were somewhat large (50 W), resulting in a very small number of lactate samples for subjects with low V̇o2 peak. This is seen in the large SE for LT determination. Yet, despite this large error, LT was statistically greater than HT. Step intervals of 3 min may be considered long, for a graded intensity protocol; however, Whipp et al. (37) have previously shown that threshold determination is independent of step duration under 5 min in graded exercise protocols.
Despite these limitations, we have demonstrated the feasibility of determining a metabolic threshold using a noninvasive, optical determination of [H+] in 10 normal subjects. The instrumentation needed for this method is small and could be miniaturized to be worn by a subject outside the exercise laboratory or by athletes training or participating in their activity of choice. The technology has application in occupational hazard monitoring by allowing continuous determination of work effort in situations where it is difficult to measure pulmonary gas exchange, such as for astronauts, firefighters and hazardous material crews who perform strenuous work in protective garments. This initial study demonstrates the feasibility of noninvasive [H+] measurement to assess metabolic threshold. Its application in assessing cardiopulmonary performance and its use in predicting aerobic performance and training endurance athletes remain to be tested in subsequent studies.
PLS regression to determine muscle pH.
The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is mediated in part by electrostatic interactions between individual amino acid residues and external factors such as hydrogen ion, chloride, inorganic phosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (30). The Bohr effect is described as the change in oxygen affinity as a function of pH. Recently Fang et al. (11) have shown that 24 different histidyl residues at the surface of the hemoglobin molecule can explain 86% of the Bohr effect at pH 7.4. The various histidyl residues protonate and deprotonate in different pH ranges so as the pH changes, the oxygen affinity changes, resulting in spectroscopic variations. When oxygen binds to the hemoglobin molecule, there are configurational changes in the protein structure. These configurational changes result in a distortion of the symmetry of the porphyrin ring, which changes the oscillator strength of the electronic transition, which is subsequently reflected as a small change in the absorption spectrum. The distortion varies as the pH changes because different histidine residues on the hemoglobin molecule are affected. pH-induced changes have been observed for hemoglobin absorption spectra in both the visible (7) and near-infrared regions (1) of the spectrum. PLS regression has previously been shown to be successful for developing calibration equations for determining pH from NIRS of both blood (1, 2) and tissue (26, 27).
PLS calibration equations are determined by simultaneously collecting spectra from the in vivo component along with a gold standard method. Alam et al. (2) demonstrated that NIRS pH calibration equations can be determined independently of the blood oxygen saturation using PLS when the calibration data set is constructed in a way that pH and oxygen saturation are uncorrelated. In the handgrip study used to develop our calibration equation, the invasive sensor pH and venous oxygen saturation measurements were decoupled, and the R2 for this relationship was near zero, so the NIRS pHm determination is expected to be independent of oxygen saturation. In our previous work comparing intramuscular pH and Po2 during handgrip exercise, it is clear that the time course for changes in these two parameters are different (28).
The PLS method deconvolves the spectra into a set of common factors and weights. The factors describe the wavelength regions of the spectrum that are most correlated with pH. The sum of the weighted factors should describe each measured spectrum. Various pH values correspond to different weights for each of the factors. The process of developing a PLS model involves determining the minimum number of factors that produces the smallest error in estimating pH from the calibration data set. For our pH calibration model there are four factors.
The more complex the data, the larger is the number of factors. We were able to derive a pH model with a relatively small number of factors because we removed subject-to-subject and non-pH-related exercise-induced variability from the spectra using the PCA loading correction (PCALC) method (39). PLS is employed on the corrected spectra to derive the model. To calculate pH from newly acquired spectra, those spectra are first corrected with the PCALC method, and then the calibration model is applied.
Method for determining SmO2 from NIRS.
The method for determining Sm is reported in detail by Yang et al. (41) but is described briefly here. Sm is defined by Eq. 5: (5) where <L> is the average photon pathlength through the tissue, cHbO2+MbO2 is the oxygenated heme concentration, cHb+Mb is the deoxygenated heme concentration, Hb represents hemoglobin, and Mb represents myoglobin.
Attenuation of light by the subject's tissue, Aexp(λ) at wavelength λ is defined in Eq. 6: (6) where Iref(λ) is the measured diffuse reflectance intensity from a 99% diffuse reflectance reference standard at wavelength λ, and I(λ) is the measured diffuse reflectance intensity from the subject at wavelength λ. Incident light attenuation by tissue is caused by both absorption and scattering events. Light is absorbed by hemoglobin in the small blood vessels and myoglobin in the cells, as well as both intravascular and extravascular water and melanin pigment in the skin and other chromophores in the tissue. Light is scattered away from physical structures in the tissue such as blood vessels and muscle fibers, as well as fat that lies over the muscle.
To calculate SmO2, we first remove the components of the spectrum that result from skin pigment absorption and fat scattering by using a two-source fiber-optic probe. One source is placed close (2.5 mm) to the detector fiber-optic bundle, which transmits light to the spectrometer. This captures light from only the skin and fat layers. The second source, a farther distance from the detector bundle (30 mm), captures light from the skin, fat, and muscle layers. Light collected from the short-distance pair is orthogonalized with the light from the long-distance pair to generate a spectrum that describes attenuation from only the muscle layer. The details of this method are described in a prior publication (38). The corrected spectrum is then used for the calculation of SmO2 based on an adaptation of a method first proposed by Stratonnikov and Loschenov (29). In this method, a Taylor expansion attenuation model is used to model light that penetrates through the tissue. The light absorption is modeled by Beer's law, and that of the scattering is modeled as a Taylor expansion term.
The skin color- and fat-corrected attenuation spectrum is then described with the Taylor series expansion model Amodel detailed by Stratonnikov and Loschenov (29) in Eq. 7: (7) where I0 is the light source intensity, c0 and c1 are constants, cwat is the concentration of water; and εHb, εHbO2, and εwat are known extinction coefficients of Hb, HbO2, and water, respectively. Since hemoglobin and myoglobin have nearly identical extinction coefficients, only the extinction coefficients of hemoglobin are required. The function (c0 + c1λ) describes the portion of the spectrum resulting from light that is scattered, as well as the wavelength-independent absorption caused by chromophores other than heme and water, and the experimental difference caused by using Iref in Eq. 6 as the incident light intensity (I0) when calculating the attenuation spectra.
c0, c1, as well as cHb+Mb, cHbO2+MbO2, cwat, and <L> are obtained by nonlinear least-squares fitting of the measured attenuation spectrum Aexp to the modeled spectrum Amodel described by Eq. 7. Once cHb+Mb and cHbO2+MbO2 are obtained, SmO2 is calculated using Eq. 5. One of the limitations of this technique is the inability to separate the deoxygenation of myoglobin from hemoglobin, hence the general name muscle oxygen saturation.
This work was funded by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute under NASA Cooperative Agreement NCC 9-58.
B. R. Soller and Y. Yang are coinventors of the NIRS technology described in this publication and could gain financially if commercially developed, in agreement with the University of Massachusetts' policy of sharing its licensing income with inventors.
We thank the test subjects for participation in these studies; Jason Norcross and Leah Zidon for assistance with the cycle exercise testing; and Michelle Landry and Matthias Walz, MD, for assistance with the handgrip studies. We also acknowledge Olusola Soyemi, Peter Scott, and Randy Ross for help with data analysis. Additionally, we are indebted to Pat Phillipps, Sherry Grobstein, and Luxtec for the design, development, and fabrication of the noninvasive pH/SmO2 monitor and fiber-optic sensor.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2008 the American Physiological Society


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|09 May 2012
BSOD while computer running idle...5 times in less than 5 in one night
Hello All,
I recently upgrade my computer, new motherboard, cpu and harddrives and am now getting BSOD screen while the computer is idle. I've attached the dump files, i'm sure this is just a configuration issue which is beyond my expertise. Any help would be great, I've attached one of the ".dmp" files too.
Machine Configuration.
2 x Western Digital Caviar Black 1TB SATA3 6GB/S 7200RPM 64MB [WD1002FAEX] (Raid Mirrored )
2 x Gigabyte GV-N470UD-13I GTX 470 ( SLI Mode )
Gigabyte X79-UD3 ATX LGA2011 X79
Intel Core i7 3820 Quad Core
ASUS BW-12B1ST Blu-Ray Writer 12X BD-R 16X DVD+R SATA
|My System Specs
|09 May 2012
Please upload (5 is fine) all of the DMP files.
|My System Specs
|09 May 2012
Here is all 7, it happened a couple of more times since the first posting. I've also included the sysdata.xml.
|My System Specs
|09 May 2012
All of these are related to a critical process being terminated. Either an OS file is corrupt or a 3rd party driver is forcing it to happen.
Lets start with a system file check.
SFC /SCANNOW Command - System File Checker
How to use the System File Checker tool to troubleshoot missing or corrupted system files on Windows Vista or on Windows 7
|My System Specs
|09 May 2012
Here is the results of the scan, says everything is fine.
C:\Windows\system32>sfc /scannow
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection did not find any integrity violations.
|My System Specs
|09 May 2012
After reading this thread.
It made me think that I may be having the same issue, the last 2 programs I installed where StarCraftII and SWTOR, which seemed to have installed DirectX. Do you think they are related?
|My System Specs
|10 May 2012
Well, was it blue screening before you installed starcraft, swtor?
These seem like disk problems to me. Perhaps something is off with the mirror. Did you set up the RAID using windows 7 installer?
|My System Specs
|10 May 2012
As far as I know, it was not, but the system is only 3 days old, so maybe the problem is relate to the install or not. Also, hydro came by and replace my meter unannounced which shut my computer off unexpectedly, which may have effected the raid system.
As far as using windows 7 installer for the raid system, I'm not sure what you mean by that I'm using the intel drivers that came with the motherboard, since the system is fairly new windows 7 need the drivers from the disk. The raid controller is Intel C600 Series Chipset.
|My System Specs
|10 May 2012
Windows 7 Home Premium 64 Bit
An unexpected shutdown often causes disk errors to occur. Have you checked the hard disk?
|My System Specs
|10 May 2012
Ran a complete Disk Check on C drive and it found no errors, was looking in my event logs for the output and found the event logs for the crashes. It seems that the crashes all seem to say the SleepInProgress was true, could this be an issue?
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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Here's my spec's Windows 7 Home Premium 64 bit AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual core 3800+ 2GHz AMD Sapphire PURE CrossFireX 770 model PC-AM2RX780 motherboard 6GB DDR2 800MHz (3 2GB sticks) ATI Radeon X1300 Pro 256MB WD 500GB hard drive 500Watt Power supply with cooling fan on bottom 3 system fans...
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
How Michael Kors and Coach can capture the millennial customer
Both Michael Kors and Coach reported recent gains, but is either brand poised to win the hearts — and wallets — of younger shoppers?
What's the story with Kors and Coach?
The question isn't flippant. In a millennial-driven market, stories and experiences drive purchases, and young consumers want to connect with companies that tell compelling narratives. Millennials, who reached adulthood 16 years ago and are now raising families of their own, are the first digitally native generation, but clearly not the last. Therefore, understanding the complex way they interact with the world is critical when it comes to building a brand that will appeal not only to today's omnichannel consumers, but to subsequent generations as well.
Although recent earnings reports from New York-based Coach Inc. and London-based Michael Kors Holdings Ltd. showed both companies exhibiting promising signs of life, the two giants still have trouble gaining traction with millennial consumers. That's in part because millennials don't see a material world so much as a digital one. They value the intangible aspects of brand — how it makes them feel, how it helps them self-define — as much, or more, than the tangible aspects, such as price point and quality.
For companies such as Coach and Kors, which have spent decades establishing luxury bonafides, it's understandable that they'd bristle at the concept of having to reinvent themselves for a generation that values connectivity over ostentation.
Posting Positives
To be fair, both Kors and Coach are on a slight upswing. In January Coach Inc., which declined to comment for this story, reported fiscal net sales of $1.27 billion for the period ended December 26, 2015, compared with $1.22 billion for the same period of the prior year, a 4% increase. However, total North American Coach brand sales decreased 7% for the quarter, a decline that was offset by marginal gains internationally. The company is still profitable, reporting a gross profit of $859 million versus $840 million a year ago.
Michael Kors Holdings Ltd., which also declined to comment for this story, reported earnings last week that were more encouraging. According the earnings call, total revenue increased 6.3% to $1.4 billion from $1.31 billion for third quarter ended December 26, 2015, and gross profit increased 4% to $832 million.
So what's the issue, exactly? According to some analysts, it's all about appearances.
"I don't think of Coach as true luxury product anymore because it doesn't have the cachet as a brand," Ben Smithee, CEO of The Smithee Group, a consumer consultancy specializing in millennial marketing, told Retail Dive. "Luxury is truly about an image. If I took the label off an Hermès belt it would not be worth $1,000. Kors has historically catered to the approachable luxury market, but there's no brand story. And what do they advertise? What is the luxury product on offer? You can get a $150 top at Zara, but the quality might be on par with low-end Kors."
This isn't to say that there aren't positives moving forward for both brands. On the heels of its upbeat earnings report, Coach announced it would be opening a new New York City Fifth Avenue flagship store to coincide with the brand's 75th anniversary. Still, integrating forward momentum into existing brand identity can be challenging, especially for brands with long-established histories.
"Millennials are digital natives, and brands like Michael Kors and Coach are investing strategically in delivering a seamless, blended multichannel shopping experience," Ray Hartjen, director of marketing for RetailNext, told Retail Dive.
Hartjen said that the lion's share of this investing leaned toward digital, and that to date, Michael Kors was seen as a digital strategy leader. However, Hartjen also noted that it was important to enhance brick-and-mortar channels moving forward. This is especially important in light of of razor thin online margins that even Michael Kors CEO John Idol acknowledged affected retailing in general.
"To spur growth, brands like Michael Kors and Coach need to organize their businesses to mirror the circuitous, multichannel journeys their shoppers — particularly millennials — are already undertaking," said Hartjen. "For that, they have to build greater value in the physical channel."
"Millennials don't have to shop in stores. It's paramount for brands to make them want to also shop in stores, and to do that, stores have to be blended with digital channels to form one branded experience."
Why Millennials Matter
For anyone who doubts the importance of gaining ground with millennials, the numbers are telling. According to a U.S. Chamber of Commerce report, millennials wield "$200 billion of direct purchasing power and $500 billion of indirect spending, largely due to the influence on the spending of their mostly baby boomer parents." Add to that influence the growth of the millennial market itself, which is projected to outspend Boomers by 2017, and the fact that mllennials are now becoming parents themselves, and this maturing consumer base becomes difficult to ignore, but almost as difficult to understand.
So what is a millennial customer looking for these days? It is, not surprisingly, complicated.
"Millennials are a tricky segment, and often misunderstood," said Hartjen, who explained that connecting with them involves a holistic approach. Integrated multichannels, differentiation through experience, stories and tangible value are all essential components.
This is where these approachable luxury brands seem to be struggling.
"Coach's brand got all over the place, and they tried to make it cooler and younger and hipper by changing the logo," said Smithee. "But it didn't work. So Coach needs to see what the Coach brand is now, and they need to really connect in the digital space to find out where they are."
Kors has struggled with similar branding issues, and both Coach and Kors have seen stiff competition from much smaller rival Kate Spade & Co., which has posted consistent gains. In November 2015 the company reported an 18.5% North American sales increase in its third quarter.
Of course, Kate Spade, founded in 1993, is a relative teenager of a company compared to Coach, which was founded in 1941, and Kors, which was founded in 1981. Seen in that light, it's perhaps not surprising that Kate Spade is experiencing an adolescent growth spurt while the other two brands are somewhat sluggish.
Smithee sees Michael Kors and Coach struggling in similar ways. Both brands have difficulties reinventing themselves after the market moved away from them. For Coach, Smithee saw the brand falter after it lost its cachet about eight years ago. For Kors, he saw the brand unable to fully recover its appeal after the watch market's decline. Both brands faced a tarnished image, and have not yet been able to polish it.
Contrast that with Kate Spade, which currently has an almost cameleon-like quality to shift with the market. "Kate Spade speaks to the millennial mom," said Smithee. "[It] has cachet as a brand, and it has the right price point. It's approachable luxury."
Beyond Borders
Despite millennial appeal in North America, brands such as Kate Spade will need to find footing internationally in order to be truly competitive with Coach and Kors, whose market caps are currently $10.11 billion and $9.27 billion respectively. Kate Spade has a relatively small market cap of $2.36 billion, and it's worth noting that North American makes up just over 80% of the company's sales.
"Millennial spending in the United States is important, but it's far from the only market opportunity," Hartjen said. "Data shows tremendous opportunity with millennials in China and other Asia Pacific countries, particularly with a fondness and growing appetite to consume luxury goods. Tech is high on their spending lists, but designer clothes and accessories are right up there."
Looking Forward
As encouraging as it was to see Kors and Coach rebound, short-term success in a quickly changing marketplace is not an indicator of long-term viability.
"For brands like Michael Kors and Coach to succeed even mid-term — much less long-term — they have to effectively address the millennial segment," said Hartjen. "Ignoring them, or even not making the segment a priority, dooms any chance at organic growth."
This means Kors, Coach, and brands like them will need to find ways to connect with millennial consumers sooner rather than later. That connection, made of digital filaments that marry tactile product experiences with shareable stories, will add brand value now—and will ultimately become cornerstones of the evolving multichannel marketplace.


text:
Each Friday morning Tom and Maria announce our Be KOOL Stay in School nominee. Thank you to Fulton Homes we will be awarding three $4000 college scholarships at end of the school year.
Congratulations to Matthew Van Doren, this week's winner.
I would like to nominate my son Matthew Van Doren for the Be KOOL, Stay in School Scholarship. Matthew attends the 6th grade at Imagine Rosefield in Surprise. He is a bright, sensitive and caring young man who has had a really difficult time the past couple of years. In May of 2008 we lost my mother, his grandmother to kidney failure. It was a great blow to all of us, but particularly to Matt. He was definitely Grandma's little boy. My parents had been very predominant fixtures in my son's lives. They watched both my children from a young age so I could return to work without the expense of childcare.
When we relocated to Arizona they moved with us. They bought a home a block away from us so they could see and spoil their grandchildren daily. His grandmother's illness snuck up on us and the last year of her life was a very difficult time for all of us. After her passing we moved my father into our small home. Matthew and his brother gave up their separate rooms so that their Grandpa could be comfortable. They would help him every chance they had. About six months after his grandfather moved in we came to realize he suffered from Alzheimer's/dementia. It was a very trying time. At times Grandpa would not remember where he was and who we were, he would go on walks and we wouldn't know where he had gone so we would have to go find him. Eventually we had to move him into a nursing home. In May of 2009, one year after losing his grandmother his grandfather passed away.
His Grandfather was a World War II Veteran and at his funeral the Honor Guard presented Matthew with a small US flag after observing how devastated he was. He keeps that small flag near his bed so he feels close to his Grandpa. After moving Grandpa into the nursing home I took Matthew to parent and child counseling to deal with the loss of his Grandmother, and one week after that workshop ended his Grandfather passed away. The timing never gave him the opportunity to heal before dealing with another loss. He has still not come to terms with these devastating losses. So many things can trigger his grief, TV shows, books, seeing someone that looks like his grandparents even smells and sounds will start him sobbing uncontrollably.
Before these devastating events Matthew was an excellent student. He always received high marks and never misbehaved. Since his Grandparents deaths he has failed classes and has been exceedingly unmotivated. My husband and I along with his teachers have tried everything to motivate him and slowly we seem to be making progress.
The end of last year we decided to un-enroll him from the school he has attended since Kindergarten and enroll him in a local charter school. Since arriving at Imagine Rosefield he has made great improvements. He is participating in class and in school clubs and activities. He received his Arrow of Light from Cub Scouts and crossed over into Boy Scouts in February of 2010. He also plays sports like flag football in the city league. Through these efforts he seems to be coming back to us and I feel this Scholarship would really help his motivation and self esteem.
Thank you in advance for considering Matthew for this Scholarship.
Beth Van Doren


text: On Wed, 22 Mar 2000, Daniel Quinlan wrote: > I think "ln -s /<large-partition>/opt /opt" is fine. We only care about > the pathname that gets referenced. Also, in the actual implementation, > /usr doesn't have to be the location. As an example, I have this at > home: I meant that we'd have to do this as a standard part of the upgrade process, which is gross, if we were to move things like gnome and kde to /opt. Erik ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | "Who is John Galt?" - Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand | | | | Linux Application Development -- http://people.redhat.com/johnsonm/lad |


text:
Designer Paul Smith collaborated with Audio-Technica on a pair of ATH-A50 full-size stereo headphones. The limited release headphones feature a gold aluminum housing inscribed with Mr. Smith's signature and come packaged in a Paul Smith suiting fabric travel pouch. Now available direct from Paul Smith.
Detailed images and tech specs for the Paul Smith x Audi-Technica Headphones follow after the jump.
Type: Dynamic
Driver: 40mm Neodymium magnet
Frequency Response: 10-25,000 Hz
Maximum Input Power: 1,000 Mw
Impedance: 34 ohms
Weight: 120g
Connector: 3.5mm gold plated stereo mini plug
Cable: 1.2m/OFC/Y-type


text:
Made-a-move #32: Taking ideas and making them happen
Busy week with lots of accomplishments. But, as I am attempting to type this posting on a 7 inch tablet (for the 2nd attempt), while on a vacation, I will try to keep words brief.
Sorry for delay on pix for the post – I can say with confidence that I am not able to upload pictures from my 7″ tablet directly to my WordPress site – errrrr.
Last week in brief…
Saw a new recipe and tried it out – YUM! Honey Chicken Kabobs – so easy and worth the time to string them (especially with the help of my DD!)
Prototype, testing, modifications, sample market testing, feedback and suggestions:
Swim skirts x 4 for trip (yes, I know only 3 of them are in the picture):
Great vacation with the family and DH's mom, but…
… it's good to be home. I soooo needed a nap today! at least my DS got a good rest in during the trip:
Keep moving! Keep growing.
- DebBee


text:
Ambrose's character, Frankie, dresses and acts like a woman who's entrenched in middle age without any hope of escaping. She runs the family restaurant with her older brother, Nick (Josh Pais), and she shares their parents' old house with Nick's wife and kids. Frankie's best friend, Nicola (Jennifer Dundas Lowe), apparently keeps her around so she can look more vivacious by comparison.
Continue reading: Swimming Review
Take a look back at October's inaugural event.
The film is expected to continue without Mendes' involvement.


text:
Welcome to Tir Heddwch
Tir Heddwch is welsh for Peaceful Land. Thirty acres of beautiful south-facing, gently sloping hillside on Moel Eiddew, part of the Mynydd y Cemais ridge, ten miles from Machynlleth in west Wales. Owned and run by Annie Hooper, it is known locally as Annie's Land.
Tir Heddwch is a working smallholding as well as a sacred site. A place where all beings on all levels can live in peace and harmony together. There are sheep, chickens, ducks, and bees; an orchard, nut grove and fruit bushes; fresh organically grown vegetables in season; and native trees grown from local seed have been planted to create an area of deciduous woodland, the Peace Wood – Coed Heddwch. There are four elemental circles representing Earth, Air, Fire and Water.
Annie's Land hosts a variety of workshops each year; you can also stay in one of our Mongolian yurts for a relaxing retreat. There are ecoloos, recycling facilities, outdoor shower, mountain bike washing and safe storage.
Owain Glyndwr's Way runs alongside Annie's Land and there are great mountain bike trails in the area as well as the seaside nearby. Fantastic views of Cader Idris and the Cambrian Mountains are visible from the land, where buzzards and red kites circle overhead.
Tir Heddwch is a haven for wildlife and biodiversity and a place of peace and harmony waiting to welcome you.


text:
Monadnock Region
The Monadnock Region is a region in southwestern New Hampshire. It is named after Mount Monadnock, a 3,165 foot isolated mountain, which is the dominant geographic landmark in the region. Although it has no specific borders, the Monadnock Region is generally thought of comprising all of Cheshire County and the western portion of Hillsborough County.
The largest municipality, and only city, in the region is Keene with 23,409 residents. The nearby town of Peterborough is famous for the MacDowell Colony and for being the setting of the Thornton Wilder play Our Town. Other notable landmarks in the region include Cathedral of the Pines and Franklin Pierce College, both located in Rindge.
External links
- Monadnock Region at NH Division of Travel and Tourism Development
- Guide to Monadnock Region events
- Monadnock Region visitor's guide
- MonadnockRegion.net
- DiscoverMonadnock.com
MONADNOCK REGION Latitude and Longitude:
|This New Hampshire state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Fast French transcription
I'm looking for fast and accurate FRENCH transcription of a French audio
files, that is around an hour long or less. The transcription should
be very accurate.
You should please provide the transcription of an audio file within an hour or
around a couple of hours turn around or so.
Furthermore, I think that you may find useful the following transcrition software:
transcribe.wreally.com for google chrome
Dragon Naturally Speaking
or Express Scribe.
(This is only a suggestion, not a requirement.)
Kind regards. Thank you.
Tutor Answer
Brown University
1271 Tutors
California Institute of Technology
2131 Tutors
Carnegie Mellon University
982 Tutors
Columbia University
1256 Tutors
Dartmouth University
2113 Tutors
Emory University
2279 Tutors
Harvard University
599 Tutors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2319 Tutors
New York University
1645 Tutors
Notre Dam University
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Oklahoma University
2122 Tutors
Pennsylvania State University
932 Tutors
Princeton University
1211 Tutors
Stanford University
983 Tutors
University of California
1282 Tutors
Oxford University
123 Tutors
Yale University
2325 Tutors


text:
This week's bad vacation photo comes from Mary Tripp of Chicago. That's Tripp on the right, which no one would ever know just by looking. And this was a moment that she wasn't going to get back.
While on vacation in Colorado in June with her siblings, Tripp agreed to an expensive fly-fishing excursion even though she had never done it before.


text:
Pattern Making
Carbon Transfer Paper
Make your own hand embroidery patterns when you transfer any design with our reusable carbon transfer sheets! Includes white to transfer a white embroidery pattern on dark fabric. Use when tracing our PDFs, your own work, or any non-transferrable design! Unlike the chalky blue stuff, these leave a smudge-proof, distinct line for you to follow (does not wash out). They also work on paper and wood! Note: not for use on spongy fabrics like t-shirts or denim. They work great on standard, smooth fabrics!
Each pack contains:
Choose a pack of all gray or all white sheets!


text:
Opening night in Allen Fieldhouse wasn't pretty for No. 24 Kansas (1-0, 0-0), but the young Jayhawks were able to pull themselves together in the second half for a 15 point win over UMKC. Cole Ald...
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The HKSP-R80 routing switcher controller is a stand-alone primary station CPU board for Sony routing switchers. The HKSP-R80 fits in a PFV-SP Series signal processing unit. The HKSPR80 provides a range of features in addition to the primary functions of S-BUS SUB-NET control and conversion between S-BUS and Ethernet LAN. For CPU redundancy, the HKSP-R81 is available as a backup to the HKSP-R80. Installs in PFV-SP Series Signal Processing Units in any combination with other HKPF-SP/HKSP function boards.


text:
I'm pleased to see coverage of The Kids Are All Right popping up all over the media. (My own review is here.) I wanted to highlight a couple of interviews with director Lisa Cholodenko and many in the cast, including Julianne Moore, Mark Ruffalo, Josh Hutcherson, and Mia Wasikowska.
Below is comedian Bridget McManus doing the interviews for After Ellen. I particularly like how Moore says she and Bening brought their real-life experience as moms to their roles.
After the jump is the Advocate's similar session.
I hope either or both of these clips will convince you (if my own review didn't) that the whole "lesbian has an affair with a man" subplot stays far away from the dreaded "all a lesbian needs is a man" myth. Really. Go see this film. Happily, it will be opening at more theaters across the country soon—here's a list.


text:
The Johnny Max Band recently came out with their third great CD Ride and Roll. It's one of those rare musical finds that can grab the listener right off the bat, due to its intense energy and captivating delivery. This is in part due to Johnny Max himself. His vocals are rousing and filled with determination. The Johnny Max Band knows well how to entertain and get the soul rollin' 'n' rockin'. They also know how to keep the listener in that higher emotional state.
The Johnny Max Band consists of Johnny Max on lead vocals; Kevin Higgins on lead/slide guitar; Uli Bohnet on all basses; Duncan McBain on drums; Martin Aucoin on piano, organ and backing vocals; along with Alec Fraser on backing vocals and 'canneryisms' (whatever that is). Fraser produced and recorded this fine blues CD at his award-winning Liquid Toronto recording studio.
The first tune on this explosively enjoyable CD is "(Baby) Please Don't Go." This is one of the best upbeat party tunes around. It's one of those rare songs that can get you going anytime of the day or night. The title tune, "Ride and Roll" is one of the rockinest rockabilly tunes around. It's followed by "Angel of Mercy" - a deep, jazz influenced slow blues, that can touch the soul and emotions. Max's vocals reflect suffering in their intensity, and are reinforced by Higgins' hauntingly melodic guitar soloing. "Walkin' In Jerusalem" features Higgins' bluesy slide solo, leading into Max's soulful vocals, ending in more of Higgins captivating slide guitar that seems to speak the lyrics. This is followed by "Long Gone Train", which possesses long gone soul from a long gone time.
The pace picks up considerably with "Mad At Me." This is a rockin' and rollin' dance tune that's upbeat all the way! Max's vocals and Higgins' guitar solo are energizing, as are McBain's drumming and Aucoin's piano solo. They're well supported by Bohnet's steady, rollin' bass backbeat and the whole rhythm section echoing back "She's mad at me" to Max's lead vocals, in perfect call and response fashion.
Just when you think you've heard all the blues you need for your musical dollar, along comes the mesmerizing "Shake 'Em All Down." Higgins' heavy, slow guitar rhythm and 'honeybee'-style slide playing helps Max's intoxicating vocals hit the bluesy bullseye. This song is absolutely superb and faultless. Its hard driving intensity is added to with McBain's consistent, steady drumming.
Aucoin's B-3 riffs are the soulful intro to "Mimico Bus." This is an easy feat for Aucoin's who's spent many happy years in soul/R&B band The Lincolns, featuring renowned bassist Prakash John, (ex-Alice Cooper/Lou Reed;currently in Blues Angels). Max's vocals are upbeat all the way in this fast-paced soul excursion.
The classic "Junko Partner" slows things down, Louisiana bayou style. In this rendition Max's vocals seem to be from a bygone era that's happily come back. The arrangement is faithful to versions recorded decades ago, yet still retains Max's own distinct way of putting a song across. The atmosphere in this tune exudes images of snapping gators and crawfish cookin' over an open fire. Higgins' mouthwatering slide playing reinforces this imagery, along with more of McBain's invigorating drumming and Bohnet's bass lines.
"I Like Women" is an upbeat, soul/R&B tune, which holds a surprise for the listener part way through. Although supposedly the finale to this great CD, three minutes into it, "Women" fades into a slow, hand-clapping vocal solo by Max. He sings some gospel-influenced 'church blues' at this point, sounding much like an old southern blues man on his porch in the U.S. deep south, singing out his soul to 'beat the devil'. On another level, this captivating, early gospel-influenced blues style explains why Max is so good at what he does best - being a blues singer. In this finale, he's able to go back to the original blues sung by the blacks toiling away on the plantations with no end in sight - just more hard work and singin' away dem ol' blues.
Johnny Max's vocal solo finale on Ride and Roll, sounds much like the originators might have sung it a century ago or more ago. Max comes across this way in his vocal delivery, because he's in tune with the real blues, and knows how to express it well! Not to mention his talent at being able to pick an impeccable rhythm section of pros who really know their stuff and have paid their dues. This is the reason why the Johnny Max Band's latest CD, Ride and Roll, is a must-listen-to and must-have to own and enjoy. The Johnny Max Band is also a must-see wherever they perform live! As the late great Marvin Gaye and Tammy Terrell once sang, "There ain't nothin' like the real thing, baby" and baby this is it!


text:
New Leadership at Staten Island's Snug Harbor
Published: Thursday, October 07, 2010, 12:38 AM Updated: Thursday, October 07, 2010, 7:09 AM
By Michael J. Fressola Staten Island Advance
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- The incoming new boss of the Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden is a 37-year-old former Staten Islander, an urban planner who spearheaded the redevelopment of Coney Island.
State Sen. Diane Savino said yesterday she got to know Ms. Kelly over the past few years and called her "a wonderful addition to Staten Island," adding, "She has a fabulous relationship with City Hall and I'm very happy that she's coming over to this side of the bridge."
he Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden is a 35-year-old adaptive-reuse project within an 83-acre city park. It encompasses several museums, a theater, music hall and gardens. Originally, from 1831 to 1976, the site was a self-sufficient, gated retirement home for mariners.
To Read More:http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/10/new_leadership_at_snug_harb...


text:
Red Spikes
Lanahan, whose Black Juice won critical acclaim both in her native Australia and in the U.S., will further enhance her reputation with this fine second collection of 10 stories. Driven by beautiful, often quirky language and deep psychological insight, these works demonstrate a powerful sense of the marvelous. In "Baby Jane," a boy on holiday hears a magical servant shout, "My queen is in difficulties. Is there a midwife here?... Any kind of leech, any wise woman," and finds himself in charge of delivering a royal child; a different sort of child, an emotionally needy girl who fears she will "die of her distress" after being separated from her mother for a night, must show some gumption and outwit the terrifying, baby-eating ogre Wee Willie Winkie in "Winkie." Other memorable characters include the dead souls in Limbo, who in "Under Hell, Over Heaven" earn brownie points by transporting the recently deceased to their final reward or punishment; and the eponymous "Daughter of the Clay," an unhappy changeling who travels to fairyland and decides in the end that it's best for her "to stay silent, on my bottom among the Clay, and fill my mouth with fish." Gritty, dark and sometimes very nasty, these stories are, at their best, worthy of comparison to the fairy tales of Angela Carter. Ages 14-up. (Oct.)
Release date: 10/01/2007


text:
click photo to enlarge
Georgia quarterback David Greene throws a pass during the second half of Georgia's 48-28 win over Georgia Southern in this Sept. 4, 2004 photo, in Athens, Ga. Greene isn't much of a stats guy, but here's one he can embrace. On Saturday, in a crucial Southeastern Conference game, he can equal Johnny Rauch as the winningest quarterback in Georgia history. "That would be a great way to get it, wouldn't it," Greene said.
AP Photo ATHENS, Ga. -- David Greene isn't much of a stats guy, but here's one he can embrace.
On Saturday, in a crucial Southeastern Conference game against LSU, Greene can join Johnny Rauch as the winningest quarterback in Georgia history.
"That would be a great way to do it," Greene said, smiling hopefully.
For this left-hander, there's no greater measure of a quarterback's worth than wins and losses. In that respect, Greene should go down as one of the best in college football history.
He's started every game of his career at Georgia, leading the Bulldogs to a 35-8 record. Rauch, who played in the 1940s and went into the College Football Hall of Fame last year, went 36-8-1 record as the starting QB.
Once he passes the school mark -- a mere formality unless there's an injury -- Greene can set his sights on a loftier goal: Peyton Manning's record for the most wins by a Division I-A quarterback. He guided Tennessee to 39 victories during his college career.
With eight games left in No. 3 Georgia's regular season, plus the possibility of playing in the SEC championship game and a bowl, Manning's mark is definitely in peril.
"That really means more to me than stats or numbers," Greene said. "That's the reason I came here. That's the reason I play the game, to win."
Typically, Greene refuses to look at his record as a purely individual achievement. He knows that any winning quarterback must have a good team around him.
"I don't know what it says about me," Greene said. "I guess it just says that I've been playing a long time. It's more about the program than anything."
There's more to it than that, of course. Greene isn't a spectacular passer by any means, but he's a calming influence on his teammates and has the complete confidence of coach Mark Richt.
After Richt sends in the play, Greene steps to the line, surveys the defense and knows he can switch the call if something might work better. He's almost like having a second coach on the field.
"He certainly has kept us from losing a lot of games," Richt said, "where another quarterback could have made it very difficult for us to win."
Greene's career numbers are impressive but not overwhelming. He has completed just under 59 percent of his passes and thrown for more than 300 yards only seven times. During his four seasons, the Bulldogs have never cracked the Top 20 nationally in either scoring or yards.
With good reason, Georgia has become known as the school with a stingy defense and an offense that does just enough to win.
There's that word again. Win.
"People just don't respect or admire David's handling of the offense," fullback Jeremy Thomas said. "He doesn't get as much credit as he deserves."
Greene can certainly bolster his reputation this week.
No. 13 LSU has one of the nation's best defenses, making things tough on the quarterback with their willingness to blitz on just about any down. The Tiger rely on their two cornerbacks, Corey Webster and Travis Daniels, to shut down receivers in one-on-one coverage, freeing up their safeties and linebackers to get pressure on the passer. When they're not getting sacks, they're knocking down passes.
Or, if the offense can handle the pressure, there's plenty of opportunities to burn the Tigers.
"I'd much rather them adjust to what we're doing than the other way around," Greene said. "If we come out early and execute, hit them with some big plays, they'll have to adjust."
LSU had its way with the Bulldogs last season, winning a close one during the regular season and routing Georgia 34-13 in the SEC championship game. Greene struggled in those meetings, completing 37-of-85 (43.5 percent) with five interceptions and only two touchdowns.
Greene is optimistic about turning things around on Saturday, even though the offense has struggled this season and his numbers through three games are a bit below par: 45-of-82 (55 percent) for 583 yards and three touchdowns.
"We feel like we've got a lot of weapons," he said. "Obviously, we've not done anything yet. But we're still confident that we can do some good things. This would be the perfect game to show what we can do against one of the best defenses in the country."
But Greene really doesn't care about individual glory. Rest assured, if the Bulldogs are celebrating a victory Saturday night, he won't care about his numbers.
"When it comes down to it, it's not a matter of who's the best athlete or who has the strongest arm," he said. "It's knowing how to win, knowing how to lead. Those are the things I've always wanted to do."
Greene has gotten a chance to meet Rauch, who lives in Florida but still gets back to Athens every now and then. They chatted about how much things have changed since the 1940s, but also marveled at all the similarities.
Certainly, the objective remains the same.
"I want to be remembered as a guy who was a winner," Greene said.
No problem there.
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Plenty of al frescopoops, as I used to spend a lot time carp fishing and often there was little choice.
Best not to position yourself near stinging nettles I've found. Toppling backwards with your pants round your ankles stings the sack and crack a tad.
Bike Forum
Have you ever had a wild poo?
Plenty of al frescopoops, as I used to spend a lot time carp fishing and often there was little choice.
Double post
Was running in central London in November, round one of the large central parks, about 7pm or so (after dark). It wasn't very well lit and there were very few people about, which is good, cause I got a sudden stomach cramp. Had to run to the nearest flower bed and add my own compost...
I used to spend a lot time carp fishing and often there was little choice.
I think I achieved most of my wild poos whilst carping.. there's almost an anagram in there somewhere
Am I childish that I found the fact I had to 'log in' to reply to this thread amusing?
In March we went up to Brechfa. We combined the Red and Black Trails starting at the beginning of the Red in Abergorlech.
Getting near to the end of the ride at the point where the Black joins the Red at the top of the last Red descent we realised we had dropped one of our mates.
He caught up with us quite a few minutes later and we realised he had been doing some different dropping of his own.
Caught by sudden attack of stomach cramps he had to dive into the woods and use the non-facilities. In his rush he realised he had chosen a spot without many wiping opportunities.
He did however spot a rather comfy looking mossy tree trunk and decided to use this for a wipe. As he told us the story he re-enacted his 'wiping' action by bending his knees and poking his arse backwards towards the trunk performing squats. A movement I had always imagined bears to use when performing their oblutions.
Now I know this was at a trail centre but considering he didn't have any paper to hand was this a 'Glit' or a 'Woo'?
Explosively once at the top of porter clough in Sheffield. Luckily I was the first up the hill by a long way so by the time the rest arrived I was all cleaned out and considerably more comfortable.
There's an ace branch at just the right height for an optipoop.
Now I know this was at a trail centre but considering he didn't have any paper to hand was this a 'Glit' or a 'Woo'?
The comparison with a bear makes this a full on gnar woo.
I had to shit whilst climbing on Tryfan once. I scrambled off the route and found a suitable ledge. Post deposit the climb continued to the summit. A little later 2 Auzzies summited on an adjacent climb. Typically they were loudly praising the wonderful route and rock, but then added 'only problem was that some bastard had shat on our belay ledge!'. Oh dear. Clearly this wasn't my finest hour but it still cracks me up.
Yep halfway up the main climb for Dead water Fell in kielder. Nothing like having cold northern wind whistling around your bollocks. Having no proper bog roll on me meant I had to improvise with my first aid kit bandaging. Didnt fancy using the antiseptic wipe in case it stung a little.
few times when I was in the cadets at school, but hardly wild pooing as we had paper and all sorts from the rat packs. A mate did once lay one in a burnt out car, and then proudly stuck loads of sticks in it and invited people to come and look at the hedgehog he'd found.
But my favourite wild poo story was in a book of squaddie anecdotes. On an NBC exercise (Nuclear, biological, chemical) a squaddie in his all in one hooded activated carbon NBC suit set off for a poo. He dug a hole, dropped his top half to his waist, squatted and produced. But then on turning to evaluate his productivity, found nothing? How odd?
The realisation struck home when he pulled his NBC suit back up and pulled the hood back over his head.
Has anyone ever done a wild poo in front of 40,000 people and a TV audience of millions?
No amusing poo stories! - however on our recent LEJOG trip we soon overcame our inhibitions and learned to pee just about anywhere. Being gentlemen tho, we generally avoided "showing off" - however on one memorable occasion, I was standing having a p+*s on the cycle path on top of Slochd summit with mates behind me, and A9 to front of me (too knackered to realise) it soon occurred to me that I was giving an indecent display to passing motorists.
My how me mates laffed!!
^^ we often used to piss off a bridge onto the M25 when we were kids. yay!
Yep, on a number of occasions. It's a fine feeling if it all goes OK, but if not, you'll be tight cheeked till you can reach civilization.
Most memorable experience was not me but when we were driving about france in a big van. young lady who's name I forget said she needed to go so we stopped on this country lane and waited. As we did we looked up and saw a road bridge that had about 30 French road workers all hanging off the edge cheering,.
She thought she was hidden but had chosen a spot where she was in full view of the bridge, we debated whether to tell her but eventually decided she shouldn't know.
Did a Three Peaks charity challenge a few years back by rail- Snowdon was first up, which we did in the dark. Had eaten n manky pasty on the journey North and started with shocking case of the squits on the way down off the hill. Was forced to carry out no less than 5 tactical bowel movements on the descent. The rest of the team were in stitches seeing me hare off behind boulders every 20 mins.
Really horrible. Immodium was my friend for the rest of the weekend...
Used to do it all the time in my dh days. Squat leanin against a tree... Beautiful
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Founded in 2004 in Los Angeles, California, by longtime latke lover Linda Hausberg, Linda's takes all the muss and fuss out of the beloved latke experience. Made from the finest ingredients and available in a variety of sizes and flavors, they are perfect for cocktail parties and holiday get-togethers or as a delicious side dish.
As good as Bubbie used to make and deemed "the best frozen heat-and-serve latkes that have come our way" by the New York Times, Linda's exceptional latkes are all natural, Star-K Kosher-certified, and handmade from a family recipe. Various flavors, two available sizes, and a gluten-free version make them versatile, too. The minis are perfect cocktail party appetizers (perhaps topped with caviar or smoked salmon and a dollop of sour cream or crème fraîche), while the larger versions are ideal when hankering for a classic serving—with or without sour cream and applesauce.
Linda Hausberg, a consummate entertainer, had long been sharing her latkes with friends and family. But in 2004 she realized she could help latke lovers everywhere by taking all the effort out the endeavor, leaving only the fun and flavor. Since then, her latkes have been heralded by Oprah's O magazine, The New York Times, and Bon Appétit.
"Latkes to Love"
The Oprah Magazine - Holiday O List, Oprah's Favorite Things - December, 2010
"Pass the applesauce, please. These bite-size, delicious crispy potato pancakes from Linda's Gourmet Latkes, in Los Angeles, will please tater-loving adults and, yes, tater tots."
Real Simple, December 2009
"About the best frozen heat-and-serve latkes that have come our way are Linda's Gourmet Latkes."
The New York Times, November 28, 2007
"...sometimes the holidays are so busy there isn't even time to look at a potato, let alone make latkes. Linda's Gourmet Latkes, the Los Angeles-based company will ship you frozen latkes that come out of the oven tasting tender, crispy, and practically homemade."
Bon Appetit, December 19, 2006
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At FoodyDirect we are doing everything we can to drive down shipping costs for our customers, including offering Low Flat-Rate Shipping.
$ 9.95 Flat-Rate Shipping - If your shipping address is reachable from Linda's Gourmet Latkes via UPS Ground service within two days, you will be presented with the incredibly low shipping rate of $ 9.95 upon checkout.
$ 19.95 Flat-Rate Shipping - If your shipping address is beyond 2-day ground reach, you will be presented with a flat rate of just $ 19.95 for 2nd-Day Air upon checkout.
*Please note that the flat rates above will be applied per shipping box. While several packages can be combined into a single box, some packages may require their own shipping box. You will be presented with the actual shipping rate before finalizing your purchase.
Next Day Air service and Saturday delivery may be available for an additional charge.
Service to Alaska and Hawaii is now available. Service outside the U.S. currently not available.
Orders are shipped on Monday through Thursday, except holidays. Orders placed by 2:00 PM (ET) can be shipped that day. The max allowable transit time for all products is 2 days. Perishable items cannot be shipped over a weekend and cannot be delivered on Sunday or Monday.
Weather and unforeseen circumstances can delay your shipment. We strongly recommend that you schedule your order to arrive at least 1 business day before your desired usage date to allow for any delays.
Shipping Options
The following shipping options are available depending upon the delivery date selected and reflect the max allowable transit time of two days:
Ground Shipping (1-2 Days) - If a customer's shipping address is reachable via UPS Ground service within 2 days, they will be presented with a $9.95 Flat-Rate Shipping upon checkout. Orders will be delivered via UPS Ground service on or before the selected arrival date, between 9:00 AM and 8:00 PM to residences, and between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM to businesses.
2nd-Day Air - If the shipping address is not reachable within 2 days via UPS Ground service, the customer will be presented with $19.95 Flat-Rate Shipping upon checkout. The order will be shipped via UPS 2nd-Day Air and will be delivered on or before the end of the second business day following shipment (unless upgrading to Saturday delivery). Delivery time can vary based on area, but can be as late as 8:00 p.m. to residences and 5:00 p.m. to businesses.
UPS Next Day Air Saver - Your package will be delivered by the end of the next business day after it has been shipped. Delivery time can vary based on area, but can be as late as 8:00 p.m. to residences and 5:00 p.m. to businesses. The flat-rate for Next Day Air Saver is $29.95.
UPS Next Day Air - Your package will be delivered the next morning after it has shipped, by 12 noon to most addresses. The flat rate for Next Day Air is $34.95.
Saturday Delivery - Saturday delivery is available for UPS 2-Day, and UPS Next Day Air service for an additional charge of $20 per package (for a total of $39.95). Deliveries are made between 9:00 AM and 8:00 PM, depending upon delivery address. Saturday delivery is not available for UPS Ground shipments.
Once your order has shipped, you will receive a ship notification email with a tracking number for each package in your order. When your order has been delivered, you will also receive a delivery notification email.
For complete shipping details we encourage you to visit our General Shipping and Packaging Information page.
All food from Linda's Gourmet Latkes is shipped in extra thick recyclable foam containers with sufficient coolant to assure it arrives in excellent condition within the max allowable transit time of 2 days.
All orders are shipped signature release. This means UPS will leave the package at the doorstep, front desk or gate associated with the shipping address without requiring a signature upon delivery. It is the customer's responsibility to ensure that the contents of the package are stored in a freezer or refrigerator promptly after delivery. FoodyDirect cannot be responsible for orders with incomplete or invalid addresses, or that are sent to recipients who are not available to store the contents of the order on the day of arrival. UPS cannot deliver to a P.O. box.
Linda's Latkes have been fully cooked and flash-frozen prior to shipping. It is normal for them to become fully or partially thawed during transit and it is perfectly fine to re-freeze them. Immediately or as soon as possible after delivery, remove the latke containers from the shipping box and store them in your freezer. Your latkes will maintain their quality when stored frozen for up to 1 year.
For detailed Preparation & Care instructions, please click here.


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Senior Internal Auditor
Salary : S$84000 - S$96000
Location : West Region
Post Date : 22 September 2016
Employment Type : Permanent
Job Order Number : MN15730
Line of Business : Finance & Accounting
Location : West Region
Post Date : 22 September 2016
Employment Type : Permanent
Job Order Number : MN15730
Line of Business : Finance & Accounting
Description :The Company
Our client is a leading player in the technology industry. With their exponential growth in Asia, there is now an opportunity for a high calibre professional to join them as a Senior Internal Auditor.
The Role
Reporting to the Head of Internal Audit, you will be responsible for the documentation of internal controls. Working closely with various functions of the business, you will be responsible for identification of risks of financial misstatements and development of control procedures. In addition, you will make continuous improvements plans of internal control system deficiencies and monitoring of the implementations of the plans.
Your Profile
You should ideally hold minimum 7 years of relevant experience in a similar capacity and open to 70% travel. Possessing strong business acumen and excellent interpersonal skills, you are adaptable to a diversified culture and able to build key relationships with internal and external stakeholders.
Apply Today
Please send your resume, in WORD format only and quote reference number MN15730, by clicking the apply button. Please note that only short-listed candidates will be contacted.
Co. Registration no.: 200612189E | EA Licence no.: 07C5595 | EA Registration no.: R1329773
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No.1 Raffles Place #27-02Phone : +65 6533 7778
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Written on: 26/08/2010
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Felony charges have been filed against a Brownstown High School student who allegedly threatened another student through the networking website Facebook.
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My Nonprofit Reviews
Vone Research
Review for VONE RESEARCH INC, Pompano Beach, FL, USA
I first met the members of Vone Research in January of 2010. I was so impressed with their organization and with what they are trying to accomplish that I decided to volunteer my services to them on a weekly basis. I now handle the accounting and office administration for Vone Research.
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The kinds of staff and volunteers that I met were...
The Vone Research staff and volunteers truly believe in "Diving to Make a Difference" and protecting the world's living ocean and conserve its resources for present and future generations to come!
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About every week
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Companies have invested a lot of time and money in efforts to improve financial reporting and related processes, but a recent survey suggests they've still got a long way to go.
Of the more than 1,100 finance executives worldwide surveyed by Oracle and Accenture, 82% say they've made significant changes to their financial close, reporting and filing processes in the last three years, and 47% say they've made substantial investments within the last year. Despite those investments, 67% continue to use spreadsheets.
Still, executives are not satisfied with the current state of reporting, with 68% saying they lack visibility into at least one phase of the process. Eighty-eight percent say they have experienced a delay in closing the books or filing financial report, and 70% of those delays reflected issues with data, such as collection and integration or validation.
In fact, 42% of the companies say they have missed internal deadlines for closing or filing financials, while 22% have missed formal reporting deadlines.
Finance executives also have a hard time putting a price tag on the financial close and financial reporting, with 60% saying they don't know what the processes cost their company.
To read about a survey that shows companies are taking longer to close their books, see Financial Close Takes Longer.


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POY Finalist: Absorbent pillow
Finalist in Maintenance Tools and Equipment in Plant Engineering's 2011 Product of the Year competition
The PIG LEAKTRAPPER Universal Absorbent Pillow is designed to absorb nuisance leaks and drips before they hit the floor and become a slip and fall hazard. Ideal for wrapping around pipes, the loop-backed pillow attaches to Velcro hooks and can easily be positioned to capture oil, coolant, solvent, and water leaks at their source.
Also, its puncture-resistant, impermeable poly backing prevents strike-through onto surfaces, and the pillows are available with dimensions of 9-in. by 9-in., 14-i.n by 14-in., or 14-in. by 21-in.
New Pig Corp.
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Before the calendar turned, 2016 already had the makings of a pivotal year for manufacturing, and for the world.
There were the big events for the year, including the United States as Partner Country at Hannover Messe in April and the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago in September. There's also the matter of the U.S. presidential elections in November, which promise to shape policy in manufacturing for years to come.
But the year started with global economic turmoil, as a slowdown in Chinese manufacturing triggered a worldwide stock hiccup that sent values plummeting. The continued plunge in world oil prices has resulted in a slowdown in exploration and, by extension, the manufacture of exploration equipment.
Read more: 2015 Salary Survey


text: Continuing the family design tradition, Arman Sarkisyan picks up the mantle from his master jeweler father, who had a career in Armenia and Russia that spanned 53 years. Committed to the idea of creating wearable art, Sarkisyan has become one of the world's most renowned jewelers in his own right, combining old-world techniques and modern design in his 22kt gold pieces. Creating every ring, necklace and locket by hand in Los Angeles, he refreshes bygone techniques with colorful gemstones and the use of oxidized silver to create one-of-a-kind designs.