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An extension or attendant group, VDN, or ACD split designated as an alternate answering position in a coverage path.
A family of application-enabling hardware elements: intra-switch connectivity, controlinterfaces, port interfaces and cabinets. They support both bearer and signaling traffic routed between packet-switched and circuit-switched networks, in order todeliver data, voice, fax and messaging capabilities. They provide protocol conversion(IP to ATM to TDM), conferencing, presence (on-hook/off-hook), connectivity (to private/publicnetworks, IP/ATM/TDM) and networking (QSIG/DCS/ISDN). Optional form factors are supported.
A feature that routes calls to other than the first-choice route when facilities are unavailable are unavailable.
An incoming call in which the caller hangs up before the call is answered.
A feature that allows callers to place calls by dialing just one or two digits.
ATM access concentrator
A 1-, 2-, or 3-digit dial code used to activate or cancel a feature, or access an outgoing trunk.
Either a nonsignaling channel on a DS1 interface or a nonsignaling port on an analog tie-trunk circuitpack that is assigned a unique extension.
wink-start tie trunk
A trunk that connects a main communications system with a tandem communications systemin an electronic tandem network (ETN). An access tie trunk can also be used to connecta system or tandem to a serving office or service node. Also called access trunk.
ACD also refers to a work state in which an agent is on an ACD call.
A link that is initiated by an adjunct, allowing it to receive event reports for a specific switch entity,such as an outgoing call.
A call for which event reports are sent over an active-notification association (communicationchannel) to the adjunct. Sometimes referred to as a monitored call.
VDN or ACD split extension for which event notification has been requested.
AUDIX Data Acquisition Package
A relationship initiated by an application via Third Party Make Call, the Third PartyTake Control, or Domain (Station) Control capabilities to set up calls and controlcalls already in progress.
A call that can be controlled using an adjunct-control association. Call must havebeen originated via Third Party Make Call or Domain (Station) Control capabilitiesor must have been taken control of via Third Party Take Control or Domain (Station)Control capabilities.
An ACD split that is administered to be under adjunct control. Agents logged into such splitsmust do all telephony work, ACD login/ logout, and changes of work mode through the adjunct (exceptfor auto-available adjunct-controlled splits, whoseagents may not log in/out or change work mode).
An adjunct-controlled call, active-notification call, or call that provides event reporting over adomain-control association.
Various items that connect to Avaya MultiVantage solutions, such as Intuity.
Asynchronous data module
To access and change parameters associated with the services or features of a system.
A feature that allows the switch to automatically establish and maintain end-to-endconnections between access endpoints (trunks) and/or data endpoints (data modules).
A feature that allows administration of ports without associated terminals or other hardware.
Acoustic Echo Cancellation, a signal processing technique that significantly reducesthe coupling of a received audio signal back into an active microphone.
A mode in which agents are unavailable to receive ACD calls. Agents enter the ACWmode to perform ACD-related activities such as filling out a form after an ACD call.
ASAI Gateway
A person who receives calls directed to a split. A member of an ACD hunt group or ACD split. Also called an ACD agent.
A report that provides historical traffic information for internally measured agents.
Asynchronous interface module
Automatic Identification of Outward Dialing
Automatic Line Build Out
The state in which no trunks are available for call handling.
Alarm acknowledge.
Common abbreviations for ALARM, an indication generated by a system to indicate thepresence of a fault.
The standard code for representing characters in digital form. Each character isrepresented by an 8-bit code (including parity bit).
Automatic Message Waiting
The representation of information by continuously variable physical quantities such as amplitude, frequency, and phase. See also digital.
A device that converts an analog signal to digital form. See also digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Data that is transmitted over a digital facility in analog (PCM) form. The data must pass through a modem either at both ends or at a modem pool at the distant end.
A telephone that receives acoustic voice signals and sends analog electrical signalsalong the telephone line. Analog telephones are usually served by a single wire pair(tip and ring). The model-2500 telephone set is a typical example of an analog telephone.
Processor responsible for controlling the operation of the port board on which itresides, under the direction of the archangel and the SPE. It functions in a slaverole on the TDM bus control channel.
Automatic Number Identification
Recorded Messages played in telephony.
A number used to respond to a page from a code-calling or loudspeaker-paging system,or to retrieve a parked call.
Attendant-offered load
Applications processor
Advanced Private-Line Termination
A software process that is associated with an extension and whose purpose is to supervise a call. An extension can have appearances. Also called call appearance,line appearance, and occurrence.
The programming interface between two software entities. For example, maintenancedefines an API which is used as the interface between SNMP and maintenance.
The master controller of the TDM bus control channel. It relays CCMS messages betweenthe SPE and the port boards, while handling low-level functions such as sanity, activity,and overload scanning, and the acknowledgment of messages sent to and received fromthe angels under its control.
The organizational structure of a system, including hardware and software.
Address Resolution Protocol, IETF STD 37. RFC 826.
Adjunct-Switch Application Interface (ASAI).
Access Security Gateway.
A communication channel between adjunct and switch for messaging purposes. An activeassociation is one that applies to an existing call on the switch or to an extensionon the call.
A method of transmitting data in which each character is preceded by a start bitand followed by a stop bit, thus permitting data characters to be transmitted atirregular intervals. This type transmission is advantageous when transmission isnot regular (characters typed at a keyboard). Also called asynchronous transmission.See also synchronous data transmission.
A device that allows direct connection between RS-232C equipment and a digital switch.
ATM is a dedicated-connection switching technology that organizes digital data into53 byte cell units and transmits them over a physical medium using digital signaltechnology. Individually, a cell is processed asynchronous relative to other relatedcells and is queued before being multiplexing over the transmission path.
All trunks busy.
Attention dial
A person at a console who provides personalized service for incoming callers andvoice-services users by performing switching and signaling operations. See also attendantconsole.
The workstation used by an attendant. The attendant console allows the attendantto originate a call, answer an incoming call, transfer a call to another extensionor trunk, put a call on hold, and remove a call from hold. Attendants using the consolecan also manage and monitor some system operations. Also called console. See alsoattendant.
A command in the Hayes modem command set for asynchronous modems.
A fully integrated voice-mail system. Can be used with a variety of communicationssystems to provide call-history data, such as subscriber identification and reason for redirection.
Trunk group for which the CO processes all of the digits for an incoming call. Whena CO seizes a trunk from an auto-in trunk group, the switch automatically connectsthe trunk to the destination - typically an ACD split where, if no agents are available,the call goes into a queue in which callers are answered in the order in which theyarrive.
One of four agent work modes: the mode in which an agent is ready to process another call as soon as the current call is completed.
A feature that routes calls to other than the first-choice route when facilities are unavailable.
A method of routing calls of a similar type among agents in a call center. Also,a group of extensions that are staffed by agents trained to handle a certain typeof incoming call.
A feature that enables internal callers, upon reaching a busy extension, to havethe system automatically connect and ring both parties when the called party becomesavailable.
A device that places a telephone call.
A feature that tracks calls of unusual duration to facilitate troubleshooting. Ahigh number of very short calls or a low number of very long calls may signify afaulty trunk.
Representation of the calling number, for display or for further use to access informationabout the caller.
A service that restores disrupted connections between access endpoints (nonsignaling trunks) and data endpoints (devices that connect the switch to data terminal and/orcommunications equipment). Restoration is done within seconds of a service disruptionso that critical data applications can remain operational.
A feature that allows the system to automatically choose the least-cost way to send a toll call.
Equipment used for optional system features, such as Loudspeaker Paging and Music-on-Hold.
A trunk used to connect auxiliary equipment, such as radio-paging equipment, to acommunications system.
An open, scalable, highly reliable and secure telephony application. Avaya MultiVantagecall processing software provides user and system management functionality, intelligentcall routing, application integration and extensibility, and Enterprise Communicationsnetworking.
A family of application-enabling processing platforms, based on open CPUs and industryoperating systems. They provide centralized Enterprise Class call processing thatmay be distributed across a multi-protocol network including but not limited toIP, to support a highly diversified network architecture. In addition, they providemultiple features such as user and system management functionality, intelligent callrouting, application integration, mobility, and conferencing.
The network management platform developed for use with the Avaya product family.
Software developed for the Avaya product line to implement policy management.
Alternate voice/data
Average work time
The difference, expressed in hertz, between the defined highest and lowest frequenciesin a range.
A security code used with the Remote Access feature to prevent unauthorized accessto the system.
A standard ISDN frame format that specifies the protocol used between two or morecommunications systems. BRI runs at 192 Mbps and provides two 64-kbps B-channels(voice and data) and one 16-kbps D-channel (signaling). The D-channel connects,monitors, and disconnects all calls. It also can carry low-speed packet data at 9.6kbps.
Basic Call Management System
See business communications terminal (BCT).
Code that identifies the type of a call (for example, voice and different types ofdata). Determination of BCC is based on the caller's characteristics for non-ISDNendpoints and on the Bearer Capability and Low-Layer Compatibility Information Elementsof an ISDN endpoint. Current BCCs are 0 (voice-grade data and voice), 1 (DMI mode1, 56 kbps data transmission), 2 (DMI mode 2, synchronous/asynchronous data transmissionup to 19.2 kbps) 3 (DMI mode 3, 64 kbps circuit/packet data transmission), 4 (DMImode 0, 64 kbps synchronous data), 5 (temporary signaling connection, and 6 (widebandcall, 128-1984 kbps synchronous data).
Bit error rate
Busy Hour Call Capacity.
A line encoding algorithm that guarantees ones density by removing an octet of allzeros and replacing the octet with a pattern that contains bipolar line violationsin specific bit locations. When received by a B8ZS receiver, the substituted patternoctet is removed and replaced by the original all zeros octet.
One unit of information in binary notation, having two possible values: 0 or 1.
A device that supports LAN-to-LAN communications. Bridges may be equipped to provideframe relay support to the LAN devices they serve. A frame-relay-capable bridgeencapsulates LAN frames in frame relay frames and feeds those frame relay framesto a frame relay switch for transmission across the network. A frame-relay- capablebridge also receives frame relay frames from the network, strips the frame relayframe off each LAN frame, and passes the LAN frame on to the end device. Bridgesare generally used to connect local area network (LAN) segments to other LAN segmentsor to a wide area network (WAN). They route traffic on the Level 2 LAN protocol (e.g.,the Media Access Control address), which occupies the lower sub layer of the LANOSI data link layer. See also router.
A call appearance on a voice terminal that matches a call appearance on another voiceterminal for the duration of a call.
British Thermal Unit
1. In hardware, a circuit or component that isolates one electrical circuit fromanother. Typically, a buffer holds data from one circuit or process until anothercircuit or process is ready to accept the data. 2. In software, an area of memory that is used for temporary storage.
Housing for racks, shelves, or carriers that hold electronic equipment.
Physical connection between two pieces of equipment (for example, data terminal andmodem) or between a piece of equipment and a termination field.
A jack (female) or plug (male) on the end of a cable. A cable connector connectswires on a cable to specific leads on telephone or data equipment.
Capabilities (Third Party Selective Hold, Third Party Reconnect, Third Party Merge)that can be used in either of the Third Party Call Control ASE (cluster) subsets(Call Control and Domain Control).
An identifier present in ISDN messages that associates a related sequence of messages.In ASAI, CRVs distinguish between associations.
A low-pitched tone identical to ringback tone except that the tone decreases in thelast 0.2 seconds (in the United States). Call-waiting ringback tone notifies theattendant that the Attendant Call Waiting feature is activated and that the calledparty is aware of the waiting call. Tones in international countries may sound different.
1. For the attendant console, six buttons, labeled a-f, used to originate, receive,and hold calls. Two lights next to the button show the status of the call appearance.2. For the voice terminal, a button labeled with an extension and used to place outgoingcalls, receive incoming calls, or hold calls. Two lights next to the button showthe status of the call appearance.
A feature that uses software and hardware to record call data (same as CDRU).
Software that collects, stores, optionally filters, and outputs call-detail records.
An application, running on an adjunct processor, that collects information from anACD unit. CMS enables customers to monitor and manage telemarketing centers by generatingreports on the status of agents, splits, trunks, trunk groups, vectors, and VDNs,and enables customers to partially administer the ACD feature for a communicationssystem.
A set of up to 15 vector commands to be performed for an incoming or internal call.
A number, up to 16 digits, entered by ACD agents to record the occurrence of customer-definedevents (such as account codes, social security numbers, or phone numbers) on ACDcalls.
A call that automatically returns to a voice-terminal user who activated the AutomaticCallback or Ringback Queuing feature.
Centralized Automatic Message Accounting
A request or indication of an operation. For example, Third Party Make Call is arequest for setting up a call; event report is an indication that an event has occurred.
Set of capabilities, determined by switch administration, that can be requested byan application. Capability groups denote association types. For example, Call Controlis a type of association that allows certain functions (the ones in the capabilitygroup) to be performed over this type of association. Also referred to as administrationgroups or application service elements (ASEs).
Carrier Port and Power Unit for AC Powered Systems
An enclosed shelf containing vertical slots that hold circuit packs.
Centralized Attendant Service or Call Accounting System
A module inserted into the back of an Avaya P330 family member (including the AvayaG700 Media Gateway), which connects the member to the Octaplane.CA-
A value is returned in response to requests or in event reports when a denial orunexpected condition occurs. ASAI cause values fall into two coding standards: CodingStandard 0 includes any cause values that are part of AT&T and CCITT ISDN specifications;Coding standard 3 includes any other ASAI cause values. This document uses a notationfor cause value where the coding standard for the cause is given first, then a slash,then the cause value. Example: CS0/100 is coding standard 0, cause value 100.
Common-Channel Interoffice Signaling
CCITT (Committee Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique), now calledInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU).
Control-Channel Message Set
A unit of call traffic. Call traffic for a facility is scanned every 100 seconds.If the facility is busy, it is assumed to have been busy for the entire scan interval.There are 3600 seconds per hour. The Roman numeral for 100 is the capital letterC. The abbreviation for call seconds is CS. Therefore, 100 call seconds is abbreviatedCCS. If a facility is busy for an entire hour, then it is said to have been busyfor 36 CCS. See also Erlang.
Channel-division multiplexing
Customer-dialed and operator serviced
Call Detail Record Poller
Call Detail Recording utility
Letters used to mark products that conform to type approval standards of the EuropeanUnion (EU).
Caller entered digits
Channel-expansion multiplexing
The central interface between the processor port network and expansion port networksin a CSS-connected system.
The location housing telephone switching equipment that provides local telephoneservice and access to toll facilities for long-distance calling.
The first three digits of a 7-digit public-network telephone number in the UnitedStates.
A telecommunications channel that provides access from the system to the public networkthrough the local CO.
Caller's Emergency Service Identification
1. A circuit-switched call. 2. A communications path for transmitting voice and data. 3. In wideband, all of the time slots (contiguous or noncontiguous) necessary tosupport a call. Example: an H0-channel uses six 64-kbps time slots. 4. A DS0 on a T1 or E1 facility not specifically associated with a logical circuit-switchedcall; analogous to a single trunk.
This is a method of signaling used with non- ISDN digital trunks. This method isonly defined for E1 trunks, and is bit oriented by nature. Typically for ITUT definedE1 trunks, CAS signaling is carried over E1 timeslot 16 while framing is carriedover TS0.
The process by which the channel offered in the Channel Identification InformationElement (CIIE) in the SETUP message is negotiated to be another channel acceptableto the switch that receives the SETUP message and ultimately to the switch thatsent the SETUP. Negotiation is attempted only if the CIIE is encoded as Preferred.Channel negotiation is not attempted for wideband calls.
Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol.
Controlled-LAN. Provides TCP/IP connectivity over ethernet or PPP to adjuncts. Thiscircuit pack in a DEFINITY port network serves as a DEFINITY servers network interface.It terminates IP (TCP & UDP) and relays those sockets and connections up to the DEFINITYserver.
A feature that uses a number to specify if voice-terminal users can activate theAutomatic Callback, Call Forwarding All Calls, Data Privacy, or Priority Callingfeatures. See also Class of Restriction (COR).
Command line interface. A simple terminal interface as might be provided via telnetor a serial port providing management functions. MultiVantage SAT and UNIX's shellare examples.
Clock input
Connection Manager
Call Management System
Coder/decoder or compressor/decompressor - a device, typically implemented in DSPfirmware, which converts data from one format to another.
Communications ports; UNIX only recognizes COM1 and COM2 and presents them to theuser as TTY port. DOS also recognizes COM3 an COM4, although there will be contentionfor the interrupt line when all COM ports are in use.
A private telecommunications network using dedicated trunks and a shared switchingcenter for interconnecting company locations.
The server running the Avaya MultiVantage application from the perspective of aG700 media gateway. When the CC is a Avaya media module, it's called the AvayaS8300 Media Server. The S8300 may also run INTUITY and other applications. In theexternal configuration, the CC is an Avaya S8700 Media Server.
The software-controlled processor complex that interprets dialing pulses, tones,and keyboard characters and makes the proper connections both within the system andexternal to the system. The communications system itself consists of a digital computer,software, storage device, and carriers with special hardware to perform the connections.A communications system provides voice and data communications services, includingaccess to public and private networks, for telephones and data terminals on a customer'spremises. See also switch.
Audio coding process that reduces 64 Kbps audio streams to sub-16 Kbps rates, atthe expense of delay and audio quality. Useful for transport over limited bandwidthdial-up PPP connections. Usually referred to as CODEC compression/ decompression.Common standard CODECs are G.723a and G.729.
A serial TDM bus used to interconnect communications devices.
A tone confirming that feature activation, deactivation, or cancellation has beenaccepted.
Adjacent DS0s within one T1 or E1 facility or adjacent TDM or fiber time slots. Thefirst and last TDM bus, DS0, or fiber time slots are not considered contiguous (nowraparound). For an E1 facility with a D-channel, DS0s 15 and 17 are considered contiguous.
A group of up to eight voice terminals that ring simultaneously when a call is redirectedto it by Call Coverage. Any one of the group can answer the call.
A call that is automatically redirected from the called party's extension to an alternateanswering position when certain coverage criteria are met.
A person at a coverage point who answers a redirected call.
Customer-premises equipment
Calling-party number/billing number
Cyclical Redundancy Checking
Center-stage switch
A Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit is a hardware device that in one form isabout the size of an external modem. The unit converts digital data frames fromthe communications technology used on a local area network (LAN) into frames appropriateto a wide-area network (WAN) and vice versa. The Channel Service Unit (CSU) receivesand transmits signals from and to the WAN line and provides a barrier for electricalinterference from either side of the unit. The CSU can also echo loopback signalsfrom the phone company for testing purposes. The Data Service Unit (DSU) managesline control, and converts input and output between RS-232C, RS-449, or V.xx framesfrom the LAN and the time-division multiplexed (Time-Division Multiplexing) DSX frameson the T-1 line. The DSU manages timing errors and signal regeneration. The DSU providesa modem-like interface between the computer as Data Terminal Equipment (Data TerminalEquipment) and the CSU. CSU/DSUs are made as separate products or are sometimes partof a T-1 WAN card. A CSU/DSU's Data Terminal Equipment interface is usually compatiblewith the V.xx and RS-232C or similar serial interface. The DSU provides an interfaceto the data terminal equipment (DTE) using a standard (EIA/CCITT) interface. Italso provides testing capabilities.
1. Dial access code or Direct Agent Calling 2. See digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
The equipment (usually a modem, data module, or packet assembler/disassembler) onthe network side of a communications link that makes the binary serial data fromthe source or transmitter compatible with the communications channel.
A trunk that allows dialing directly into a communications system (digits are receivedas they are dialed).
The specific voice terminal to which calls, originally directed to a certain extension,are redirected. Commonly used to mean the forwarded-to terminal when Call ForwardingAll Calls is active.
This term specifically describes an entity in an Avaya managed network which isaccessed from the Avaya MultiService product suite, and managed by a Java-basedsoftware entity called a Device Manager.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, an IETF protocol, RFCs 951, 1534, 1542, 2131& 2132.
Differentiated Services (DiffServ, or DS) is a protocol for specifying and controllingnetwork traffic by class so that certain types of traffic get precedence - for example,voice traffic, which requires a relatively uninterrupted flow of data, might getprecedence over other kinds of traffic. Differentiated Services is the most advancedmethod for managing traffic by Class of Service (CoS). Differentiated Services avoidssimple priority tagging and depends on more complex policy or rule statements to determine how to forward a given network packet.
A proprietary protocol used to transmit both digitized voice and digitized data overthe same communications link. A DCP link is made up of two 64-kbps information (I-)channels and one 8-kbps signaling (S-) channel. The DCP protocol supports two information-bearingchannels, and thus two telephones/data modules. The I1 channel is the DCP channelassigned on the first page of the 8411 station form. The I2 channel is the DCP channelassigned on the analog adjunct page of the 8411 station form or on the data modulepage. Digital Communications Protocol. The DCP protocol supports two information-bearingchannels, and thus two telephones/data modules.
Devices such as the 510D terminal or the 515-type business communications terminal(BCT).
An interface that provides connectivity between a communications system and a hostcomputer or between two communications systems using DS1 24th-channel signaling.DMI provides 23 64-kbps data channels and 1 common-signaling channel over a twisted-pairconnection. DMI is offered through two capabilities: bit-oriented signaling (DMI-BOS)and message-oriented signaling (DMI-MOS).
A single 64-kbps voice channel. A DS0 is a single 64-kbps channel in a T1 or E1 facilityand consists of eight bits in a T1 or E1 frame every 125 microseconds.
Digital signal X is a term for the series of standard digital transmission ratesor levels based on DS0, a transmission rate of 64 Kbps, the bandwidth normally used for one telephone voice channel. Both the North American T-carrier system and theEuropean E-carrier systems of transmission operate using the DS series as a basemultiple. The digital signal is what is carried inside the carrier system. DS0 isthe base for the digital signal X series. DS1, used as the signal in the T-1 carrier,is 24. DS0 (64 Kbps) signals transmitted using pulse-code modulation (pulse codemodulation) and time-division multiplexing (Time-Division Multiplexing). DS-2 isfour DS1 signals multiplexed together to produce a rate of 6.312 Mbps. DS-3, thesignal in the T-3 carrier, carries a multiple of 28 DS1 signals or 672 DS0s or 44.736Mbps. Digital signal X is based on the American National Standards Institute T1.107guidelines.
E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format devised by the ITU-TS and giventhe name by the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication Administration(CEPT). It's the equivalent of the North American T-carrier system format. E2 throughE5 are carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format. The E1 signal format carriesdata at a rate of 2.048 million bits per second and can carry 32 channels of 64 Kbpseach. E1 carries at a somewhat higher data rate than T-1 (which carries 1.544 millionbits per second) because, unlike T-1, it does not do bit-robbing and all eight bitsper channel are used to code the signal. E1 and T-1 can be interconnected for internationaluse.
E-2 is a line that carries four multiplexed E1 signals with a data rate of 8.448million bits per second.
E3 (or E-3) carries 16 E1 signals with a data rate of 34.368 million bits per second.
Expansion archangel
A physical interface specified by the EIA. EIA-232 transmits and receives asynchronousdata at speeds of up to 19.2 kbps over cable distances of up to 50 feet. EIA-232replaces RS-232 protocol in some MultiVantage applications.
A tandem tie-trunk network that has automatic call-routing capabilities based onthe number dialed and the most preferred route available. Each switch in the networkis assigned a unique private network office code (RNX), and each voice terminal isassigned a unique extension.
Electromagnetic Interference; Class A is typically required for business, Class Bfor residence.
The transmission of touch-tone signals generated by dialing from a voice terminalto remote computer equipment. These digits are sent over the trunk as DTMF digitswhether the trunk signaling type is marked as tone or rotary and whether the originatingstation is tone or rotary. Example: a call to a voice-mail machine or automated-attendantservice. A connection is first established over an outgoing trunk. Then additionaldigits are dialed to transmit information to be processed by the computer equipment.
An analog private telecommunications network based on the No. 5 crossbar and 1A ESSthat provides advanced voice and data telecommunications services to companies withmany locations.
In H.248 signaling, an ephemeral termination is used for an IP connection. For example,a connection between an analog phone and an IP telephone would be described by anH.248 context with two terminations, a physical termination for the analog phone(which corresponds to a physical port) and an ephemeral termination for the IP telephone.The ephemeral termination includes additional information describing the IP sideof the call, i.e. the codec chosen, the near end and far end IP addresses and ports,silence suppression information, frame rate (samples per IP packet), etc.
In the Avaya G700 Media Gateway and in the Avaya stackable switch/router family,this consists of one or more 8 port, wire-speed ASIC devices called Timpani.
A network-control microprocessor located on an expansion interface (EI) port circuitpack in an expansion port network. The EA provides an interface between the EPN andits controlling switch-processing element.
A link-access function on the D-channel (LAPD) logical link that exists between aswitch-processing element and an expansion archangel (EA). The EAL carries controlmessages from the SPE to the EA and to port circuit packs in an expansion port network.
expansion control carrier
A port circuit pack in a port network that provides the interface between a PN'sTDM bus/ packet bus and a fiber-optic link. The EI carries circuit-switched data,packet-switched data, network control, timing control, and DS1 control. In addition,an EI in an expansion port network communicates with the master maintenance circuitpack to provide the EPN's environmental and alarm status to the switch-processingelement.
In DEFINITY server configurations, a port network (PN) that is connected to the TDMbus and packet bus of a processor port network (PPN). Control is achieved by indirectconnection of the EPN to the PPN via a port-network link (PNL).
A feature allowing incoming calls to be routed to specialized groups of agents withina larger pool of agents.
A 1- to 5-digit number by which calls are routed through a communications systemor, with a Uniform Dial Plan (UDP) or main-satellite dialing plan, through a privatenetwork.
An external server running the Avaya MultiVantage application, i.e. Avaya S8700Media Server, controlling Avaya G700 Media Gateways.
A trunk allocation term. In the flexible allocation scheme, the time slots of a widebandcall can occupy noncontiguous positions within a single T1 or E1 facility.
An area code other than the local area code, that must be dialed to call outsidethe local geographical area.
A (mu-law or a-law, 64Kbps) codec.
A (6.3Kbps or 5.3Kbps audio) codec.
A (8Kbps audio) codec.
GateKeeper is a term specifically defined by the H.323 standard which describes theentity performing most of the authorization, routing, and feature functionality inan H.323 system.
An enhancement to Automatic Alternate Routing/Automatic Route Selection (AAR/ARS)that performs routing based on call attributes, such as Bearer Capability Classes(BCCs), in addition to the address and facilities restriction level (FRL), thus facilitatinga Uniform Dial Plan (UDP) that is independent of the type of call being placed.
The simultaneous seizure of a 2-way trunk by two communications systems, resultingin a standoff.
A trunk on which, for outgoing calls, the system transmits a request for servicesto a distant switching system by grounding the trunk ring lead. To receive the digitsof the called number, that system grounds the trunk tip lead. When the system detectsthis ground, the digits are sent.
ITU standard for switched multimedia communication between a LAN-based multimediaendpoint and a gatekeeper.
An ISDN information transfer rate for 1536-kbps data defined by CCITT and ANSI standards.
An ISDN information transfer rate for 1920-kbps data defined by CCITT and ANSI standards.
The local area code. The area code does not have to be dialed to call numbers withinthe local geographical area.
A proprietary interface used for the DEFINITY Wireless Business System for the radio-controllercircuit packs. Each interface provides communication between the radio-controllercircuit pack and up to two wireless fixed bases.
A proprietary interface used for the DEFINITY Wireless Business System for the cellantenna units. Each wireless fixed base can communicate to up to four cell antennaunits.
A trunk on which, after making a connection with a distant switching system for anoutgoing call, the system waits a nominal 65 ms before sending the digits of thecalled number. This allows time for the distant system to prepare to receive digits.On an incoming call, the system has less than 65 ms to prepare to receive the digits.I
A server that routes an incoming call on a trunk not administered for SupplementaryServices Protocol B to a trunk not administered for Supplementary Services ProtocolB.
The exchange of data between users of two different systems, such as the switch anda host computer, over a LAN.
A WAN and LAN with an open architecture combining host computers, minicomputers,word processors, storage devices, PCs, high-speed printers, and nonintelligent terminalsinto a single packet-switching system.
A software tool used by Avaya Services personnel located at the Technical ServiceCenter (TSC) to initialize, administer, and troubleshoot customer communicationssystems remotely.
A public or private network that provides end-to-end digital communications for allservices to which users have access by a limited set of standard multipurpose user-networkinterfaces defined by the CCITT. Through internationally accepted standard interfaces,ISDN provides digital circuit-switched or packet-switched communications within thenetwork and links to other ISDNs to provide national and international digital communications.See also Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface (ISDN-BRI) andIntegrated Services Digital Network Primary Rate Interface (ISDN-PRI).
The interface between a communications system and terminal that includes two 64-kbpsB-channels for transmitting voice or data and one 16-kbps D-channel for transmittingassociated B-channel call control and out-of-band signaling information. ISDN-BRIalso includes 48 kbps for transmitting framing and D-channel contention information,for a total interface speed of 192 kbps. ISDN-BRI serves ISDN terminals and digitalterminals fitted with ISDN terminal adapters. See also Integrated Services DigitalNetwork (ISDN) and Integrated Services Digital Network Primary Rate Interface (ISDN-PRI).
The interface between multiple communications systems that in North America includes24 64-kbps channels, corresponding to the North American digital signal level-1(DS1) standard rate of 1.544 Mbps. The most common arrangement of channels in ISDN-PRIis 23 64-kbps B-channels for transmitting voice and data and 1 64-kbps D-channelfor transmitting associated B-channel call control and out-of-band signaling information.With nonfacility-associated signaling (NFAS), ISDN-PRI can include 24 B-channelsand no D-channel. See also Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and IntegratedServices Digital Network Basic Rate Interface (ISDN-BRI).
Circuit pack that provides VoIP (voice over internet protocol) audio access to theswitch for local stations and for outside trunks. It performs echo cancellation,silence suppression, fax relay service and DTMF detection.
A version of Avaya Call Processing and INTUITY messaging running on an NT serverin a 4U high 19 rack mount configuration (data form factor). This configuration supportsstandard DEFINITY line cards and is driven by the same software as DEFINITY ONE.
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is a developing standard for security at the networkor packet processing layer of network communication. Earlier security approacheshave inserted security at the application layer of the communications model. IPSecwill be especially useful for implementing virtual private network and for remoteuser access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPSecis that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individualuser computers. IPSec provides two choices of security service. Authentication Header(AH), which essentially allows authentication of the sender of data, and EncapsulatingSecurity Payload (ESP), which supports both authentication of the sender and encryptionof data as well. The specific information associated with each of these servicesis inserted into the packet in a header that follows the IP packet header. Separatekey protocols can be selected, such as the ISAKMP/Oakley protocol.
IP Server Interface circuit pack that provides for clock generation and synchronization,tone generation and detection, and Port Network AA functionality in S8700 Media Serverconfigurations.
An IP component, which takes packets and streams and statically reroutes them toanother port on the layer two switch based on the destination MAC address.
An IP component, which takes packets and streams and dynamically reroutes them toanother port on the layer three switch based on the IP address of the packet or stream.IP Routering is a layer-3 functionality.
A semiconductor device that produces light when voltage is applied. LEDs providea visual indication of the operational status of hardware components, the resultsof maintenance tests, the alarm status of circuit packs, and the activation of telephonefeatures.
Hardware that provides an interface to fiber-optic cable from port circuit packsand DS1 converter circuit packs. Lightwave transceivers convert electrical signalsto light signals and vice versa.
A selectable output attenuation is generally required of DTE equipment because T1circuits require the last span to lose 15-22.5 dB.
An Avaya G700 Media Gateway without any IP phones.
A link-layer protocol on the ISDN-BRI and ISDN-PRI data-link layer (level 2). LAPDprovides data transfer between two devices, and error and flow control on multiplelogical links. LAPD is used for signaling and low-speed packet data (X.25 and mode3) on the signaling (D-) channel and for mode-3 data communications on a bearer(B-) channel.
A configuration of the S8300 Media Server used to provide redundancy of the AvayaMultiVantage application. In the LSP configuration, the server acts as an alternateserver/gatekeeper for IP entities such as IP telephones and Avaya G700 Media Gateways.These IP entities will use the LSP when they lose connectivity to their primaryserver.
The communications path between a processor and a BRI terminal.
A trunk on which, after establishing a connection with a distant switching systemfor an outgoing call, the system waits for a signal on the loop formed by the trunkleads before sending the digits of the called number.
Leave Word Calling
Media Access Control. A general reference to the low-level hardware protocols usedto access a particular network. The term MAC address is often used as a synonym forphysical address.
A device that mounts to the wall inside the system equipment room. The MDF providesa connection point from outside telephone lines to the PBX switch and to the insidetelephone stations.
An indication of a failure that has caused critical degradation of service and requiresimmediate attention. Major alarms are automatically displayed on LEDs on the attendantconsole and maintenance or alarming circuit pack, logged to the alarm log, and reportedto a remote maintenance facility, if applicable.
The terminal that is used by the system administrator to administer the switch. Theterminal may also be used to access the BCMS feature.
An Avaya Media Gateway that holds one to five carriers. See Avaya Media Gateway.
In Avaya G700, this refers to a removable, hot-pluggable circuit pack that can beinserted into one of four slots on the G700 box. They are approximately 6.25 x 11.00inches in size, and interface to the buses on the G700 motherboard.
In Avaya G700, this refers to a removable, hot-pluggable circuit pack that can beinserted into one of four slots on the G700 box. They are approximately 6.25 x 11.00inches in size, and interface to the buses on the G700 motherboard.
The circuit pack than handles voice processing for voice over IP.
Media Gateway Control Protocol, a protocol designed for use by Gatekeepers to controlGateways. In the IETF, it was superseded by the Megaco protocol, which was unifiedwith the ITU's H.248 (formerly H.gcp).
An indication of a failure that could affect customer service. Minor alarms are automaticallydisplayed on LEDs on the attendant console and maintenance or alarming circuit pack,sent to the alarm log, and reported to a remote maintenance facility, if applicable.
A capability that provides shared conversion resources (modems and data modules)for cost-effective access to analog facilities by data terminals. When needed, modempooling inserts a conversion resource into the path of a data call. Modem poolingserves both outgoing and incoming calls.
A processor data module (PDM) that can be configured to provide several kinds ofinterfaces (RS-232C, RS-449, and V.35) to customer-provided data terminal equipment(DTE). See also processor data module (PDM).
A terminal equipped with several call-appearance buttons for the same extension,allowing the user to handle more than one call on that same extension at the sametime.
A signal consisting of two frequency components, such that when a signal is transmittedfrom a switch, another signal acknowledging the transmitted signal is received bythe switch. R2 designates signaling used in the United States and in countries outsidethe United States.
An information element in an ISDN-PRI message that specifies which public-networkservice is used. NSF applies only when Call-by-Call Service Selection is used toaccess a public-network service.
A collection of IP endpoints and switch IP interfaces interconnected by an IP network,such that IP interconnection of endpoints and switch interfaces is lessexpensive(or provides better performance) than interconnections between members of differentregions.
The Synchronous Optical Network (Synchronous Optical Network) includes a set of signalrate multiples for transmitting digital signals on optical fiber. The base rate (OC-1)is 51.84 Mbps. OC-2 runs at twice the base rate, OC-3 at three times the base rate,and so forth. Planned rates include OC-1, OC-3 (155.52 Mbps), OC-12 (622.08 Mbps),and OC-48 (2.488 Gbps). Asynchronous transfer mode makes use of some of the OpticalCarrier levels.
Outbound Call Management
Peripheral Component Interconnect. A local bus technology that allows SCSI host adapters,video cards, and other peripherals to send data directly to and receive data directlyfrom the CPU.
Personal central-office line group
Processing element
A feature that allows a call to originate either from a station AWOH or from a non-huntgroup made up of AWOH stations.
A cabinet containing a TDM bus and packet bus to which the following components maybe connected: port circuit packs, control circuit packs, service circuit packs, andpower converter circuit packs. Each PN is controlled either locally or remotelyby a switch processing element (SPE).port-
The wideband switching capability introduces PRI endpoints on switch line-side interfaces.A PRI endpoint consists of one or more contiguous B-channels on a line-side T1 orE1 ISDN PRI facility and has an extension. Endpoint applications have call-controlcapabilities over PRI endpoints.
The main extension associated with the physical voice or data terminal.
A standard ISDN frame format that specifies the protocol used between two or morecommunications systems. PRI runs at 1.544 Mbps and, as used in North America, provides23 64-kbps B-channels (voice or data) and one 64-kbps D-channel (signaling). The D-channel is the 24th channel of the interface and contains multiplexed signalinginformation for the other 23 channels.
A terminal that has its primary extension bridged on one or more other terminals.
A person to whom a telephone is assigned and who has message-center coverage.
A network used exclusively for the telecommunications needs of a particular customer.
The first three digits of a 7-digit private network number.
In DEFINITY server configurations, a port network controlled by a switch-processingelement that is directly connected to that PN's TDM bus and LAN bus. See also portnetwork (PN).
In DEFINITY server configurations, a carrier containing the maintenance circuit pack,tone/clock circuit pack, and SPE circuit packs for a processor port network (PPN)and, optionally, port circuit packs.
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) is a client/server protocol andsoftware that enables remote access servers to communicate with a central serverto authenticate dial-in users and authorize their access to the requested systemor service. RADIUS allows a company to maintain user profiles in a central databasethat all remote servers can share. It provides better security, allowing a companyto set up a policy that can be applied at a single administered network point. Havinga central service also means that it's easier to track usage for billing and forkeeping network statistics.
Information administered for each voice terminal's coverage path that determineswhen an incoming call is redirected to coverage.
An optional feature that redirects an unanswered ringing ACD call after an administerednumber of rings. The call is then redirected back to the agent.
The signal one switch sends to another to disconnect a call. If the calling switchends the call, it sends a forward release signal. If the receiving switch ends thecall, it sends a backward release signal.
A foreign numbering-plan area code that is treated as a home area code by the AutomaticRoute Selection (ARS) feature. Calls can be allowed or denied based on the area codeand the dialed CO code rather than just the area code. If the call is allowed, theARS pattern used for the call is determined by these six digits.
A CCITT and ISO standard that defines a notation and services that support interactionsbetween the various entities that make up a distributed application.
A tone to signal that at least one of the facilities, such as a trunk or a digittransmitter, needed for the call was not available.
A protocol that allows channels or paths on the Internet to be reserved for the multicast(one source to many receivers) transmission of video and other high-bandwidth messages.RSVP is part of the Internet Integrated Service (IIS) model, which ensures. best-effortservice, real-time service, and controlled link sharing. The basic routing philosophyon the Internet is best-effort, which serves most users well enough but isn't adequatefor the continuous stream transmission required for video and audio programs overthe Internet. With RSVP, people who want to receive a particular Internet program(think of a television program broadcast over the Internet) can reserve bandwidththrough the Internet in advance of the program and be able to receive it at a higherdata rate and in a more dependable data flow than usual. When the program starts,it will be multicast to those specific users who have reserved routing priority inadvance. RSVP also supports unicast (one source to one destination) and multi-sourceto one destination transmissions.
A standard monitoring specification for shared Ethernet and Tokenring media definedin RFC 1757. RMON enables various network monitors and console systems to exchangenetwork-monitoring data. The RMON specification defines a set of statistics and functionsthat can be exchanged between RMON-compliant console managers and network probes.As such, RMON provides network administrators with comprehensive network-fault diagnosis,planning, and performance-tuning information. RMON has two levels. n RMON-I analyzes the MAC layer n RMON-II analyzes the upper layers (layer 3 and above)
A device that supports LAN-to-LAN communications. Routers may be equipped to provideframe relay support to the LAN devices they serve. A frame-relay-capable routerencapsulates LAN frames in frame relay frames and feeds those frame relay framesto a frame relay switch for transmission across the network. A frame-relay-capablerouter also receives frame relay frames from the network, strips the frame relayframe off each frame to product the original LAN frame, and passes the LAN frameon to the end device. Routers connect multiple LAN segments to each other or to aWAN. Routers route traffic on the Level 3 LAN protocol (e.g., the Internet Protocoladdress). See also Bridge.
A physical interface specified by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). RS-232Ctransmits and receives asynchronous data at speeds of up to 19.2 kbps over cabledistances of up to 50 feet.
The first logical signalling channel of DCP. The channel is used to provide signalinginformation for DCP's I1 channel.
The second logical signaling channel of DCP. The channel is used to provide signalinginformation for DCP's I2 channel.
A custom VLSI microchip located on each port circuit pack. The SAKI provides addressrecognition, buffering, and synchronization between the angel and the five controltime slots that make up the control channel. The SAKI also scans and collects statusinformation for the angel on its port circuit pack and, when polled, transmits thisinformation to the archangel.sanity and control interface
SCC1 Media Gateway. Avaya Media Gateway with a single carrier. See Avaya Media Gateway.
A contract between a network service provider and a customer that specifies, usuallyin measurable terms, what services the network service provider will furnish. ManyInternet service providers (Internet service provider) provide their customers withan SLA. More recently, IS departments in major enterprises have adopted the ideaof writing a Service Level Agreement so that services for their customers (usersin other departments within the enterprise) can be measured, justified, and perhapscompared with those of outsourcing network providers. Some metrics that SLAs mayspecify include: n What percentage of the time services will be available n The number of users that can be served simultaneously n Specific performance benchmark to which actual performance will be periodicallycompared
A voice terminal served by a single-line tip and ring circuit (models 500, 2500,7101A, 7103A).
Technology which is an extension of RMON Standard. SMON adds to the RMON capabilities in following ways. Device SMON is an extension of RMON-I that provides additional tools and features for monitoring in a local switch environment. AnyLayer SMON extendsRMON-II that provides a global view of traffic flow in a network with multiple switches.SMON collects and displays data in Real time. SMON is capable of providing.
System Management Terminal. An administration device for System 85 which is similarto the MAAP. The SMT provides limited administration capability to the customer.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP, IETF STD 15 (RFC 1157) and RFCs 1441, 1905and 1906) is the industry standard protocol governing network management and themonitoring of network devices and their functions. It is not necessarily limitedto TCP/IP networks.
A report that provides real-time status and measurement data for internally measuredagents and the split to which they are assigned.
Stratum 3 clock board
A communications protocol developed for use with 500-type business communicationsterminals (BCTs) and 400-series printers.
An obsolete term now called CDR - a switch feature that uses software and hardwareto record call data. See Call Detail Recording (CDR).
A green light that shows the status of a call appearance or a feature button by thestate of the light (lit, flashing, fluttering, broken flutter, or unlit).
Another name for a Local Survivable Processor.
Any kind of telephone switching system. See also communications system.
A carrier containing a single switch node, power units, and, optionally, one or twoDS1 converter circuit packs. An SN carrier is located in a center-stage switch.
The circuit pack in an SN carrier that provides clock and maintenance alarm functionsand environmental monitors.
The basic building block of a switch node. An SNI circuit pack controls the routingof circuit, packet, and control messages.
The hardware that provides a bridge between two or more switch nodes. The SNL consistsof the two SNI circuit packs residing on the switch nodes and the hardware connectingthe SNIs. This hardware can include lightwave transceivers that convert the SNI'selectrical signals to light signals, the copper wire that connects the SNIs to thelightwave transceivers, a full-duplex fiber-optic cable, DS1 converter circuit cardsand DS1 facilities if a company does not have rights to lay cable, and appropriateconnectors.
Switch Processing Element. The control complex that operates the system. In DEFINITYservers, it includes all control circuit packs. Other configurations place some ofthe SPE functions in other components of the control network such as servers andethernet switches.
A method of sending data in which discrete signal elements are sent at a fixed andcontinuous rate and specified times. See also association.
Interface into the DEFINITY server and media server configurations for administrativeand maintenance functions.
The person who maintains overall customer responsibility for system administration.Generally, all administration functions are performed from the Management Terminal.The switch requires a special login, referred to as the system administrator login,to gain access to system-administration capabilities.
A report that provides historical traffic information for internally measured splits.
The T1 (or T-1) carrier is the most commonly used digital line in the United States,Canada, and Japan. In these countries, it carries 24 pulse code modulation (pulsecode modulation) signals using Time-Division Multiplexing at an overall rate of 1.544megabit per second.
44.736 Mbps
Trunk Answer from Any Station
A switch within an electronic tandem network (ETN) that provides the logic to determinethe best route for a network call, possibly modifies the digits outpulsed, and allowsor denies certain calls to certain users.
A private network that interconnects several customer switching systems.
Transmission Control Protocol, a connection-oriented transport-layer protocol, IETFSTD 7. RFC 793. Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables twohosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. TCP guarantees deliveryof data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in whichthey were sent.
A telecommunications channel that directly connects two private switching systems.
A bus that is time-shared regularly by preallocating short time slots to each transmitter.In a PBX, all port circuits are connected to the TDM bus, permitting any port tosend a signal to any other port.
The period of time, either one hour or one-half hour, that BCMS measurements arecollected for a reports.
64 kbps of digital information structured as eight bits every 125 microseconds. Inthe switch, a time slot refers to either a DS0 on a T1 or E1 facility or a 64-kbpsunit on the TDM bus or fiber connection between port networks.
The situation whereby the N octets of a wideband call that are transmitted in oneT1 or E1 frame arrive at the output in the same order that they were introduced.
A device that connects off-premises private-line trunk facilities and DEFINITY ECS.The trunk-data module converts between the RS-232C and the DCP, and can connect toDDD modems as the DCP member of a modem pool.
Telecommunications channels assigned as a group for certain functions that can beused interchangeably between two communications systems or COs.
Relative to the Internet, tunneling is using the Internet as part of a private securenetwork. The tunnel is the particular path that a given company message or file mighttravel through the Internet.
The trunk interface between a network access device and a packet network at datarates greater than 19.2 Kbps. V.35 may use the bandwidths of several telephone circuitsas a group.
A hunt group or ACD split administered with the vector field enabled. Access to sucha split is possible only by dialing a VDN extension.
An extension that provides access to the Vectoring feature on the switch. Vectoringallows a customer to specify the treatment of incoming calls based on the dialednumber.
Virtual LAN, a term used for networks whose traffic can be segregated independentof physical LAN connectivity. 802.1Q framing can support VLAN operation.
A term used in IP telephony for a set of facilities for managing the delivery ofvoice information using the Internet Protocol (IP). In general, this means sendingvoice information in digital form in discrete packet rather than in the traditionalcircuit-committed protocols of the public switched telephone network (public switchedtelephone network). A major advantage of VoIP and Internet telephony is that it avoidsthe tolls charged by ordinary telephone service.
VoIP Monitoring Manager adds to the RMON/SMON capabilities for VoIP call level monitoring.VoIP Monitoring Manager is capable of displaying both Real time data as well ashistorical data.
A virtual private network (VPN) is a private data network that makes use of the publictelecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures. A virtual private network can be contrasted witha system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one company. The ideaof the VPN is to give the company the same capabilities at much lower cost by usingthe shared public infrastructure rather than a private one. Phone companies haveprovided secure shared resources for voice messages. A virtual private network makesit possible to have the same secure sharing of public resources for data. Companiestoday are looking at using a private virtual network for both extranet and wide-areaintranet. Using a virtual private network involves encrypting data before sendingit through the public network and decrypting it at the receiving end. An additionallevel of security involves encrypting not only the data but also the originatingand receiving network addresses. VPN software is typically installed as part of acompany's firewall server.
A circuit-switched call at a data rate greater than 64 kbps. A circuit-switched callon a single T1 or E1 facility with a bandwidth between 128 and 1536 (T1) or 1984(E1) kbps in multiples of 64 kbps. H0, H11, H12, and N x DS0 calls are wideband.
A trunk with which, after making a connection with a distant switching system foran outgoing call, the system waits for a momentary signal (wink) before sendingthe digits of the called number. Similarly, on an incoming call, the system sendsthe wink signal when ready to receive digits.
One of four states (Auto-In, Manual-In, ACW, AUX-Work) that an ACD agent can be in.Upon logging in, an agent enters AUX-Work mode. To become available to receive ACDcalls, the agent enters Auto-In or Manual-In mode. To do work associated with a completedACD call, an agent enters ACW mode.
An ACD agent may be a member of up to three different splits. Each ACD agent continuouslyexhibits a work state for every split of which it is a member. Valid work statesare Avail, Unstaffed, AUX-Work, ACW, ACD (answering an ACD call), ExtIn, ExtOut,and OtherSpl. An agent's work state for a particular split may change for a varietyof reasons (example: when a call is answered or abandoned, or the agent changes workmodes). The BCMS feature monitors work states and uses this information to provideBCMS reports.
A redundancy configuration that provides service to elements in a MultiVantage solutionsnetwork across an ATM infrastructure. WSPs may be placed in various places in thecustomer's network to provide reliable service in cases where the ATM network fails.
Wireless Subscriber System


text:
Produced by Young Chop
While looking at Chief Keef's tracklist for Finally Rich, you were probably thinking to yourself "Where the hell is Kobe?" Well, while it didn't make the proper album, it will be included as a bonus track. Finally Rich doesn't drop until December 18, but today we have the Mp3 for your listening pleasure. Finally, right? Be sure to cop the album on 12/18.
Alternate link below
Show Comments (1)
Hot garbage.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
PARIS -- President Nicolas Sarkozy sent a strong signal to France's disaffected minorities yesterday by appointing an outspoken advocate of Muslim women and a woman of Senegalese origin to his government -- among the country's most diverse ever.
As junior minister for city policy, feminist activist Fadela Amara will oversee the renovation of dilapidated housing estates where many immigrants live -- neighborhoods similar to the one where she grew up with her Algerian immigrant parents.
Senegalese-born Rama Yade was appointed to the new post of junior minister for human rights, an area Sarkozy has identified as a priority for his month-old government, which he reshuffled and expanded after his conservative party did not fare as well as expected in weekend parliamentary elections.
The nomination of three women with roots in Africa -- his current justice minister, Rachida Dati, is of North African origin -- is unprecedented in France, where previous governments had few nonwhites. The appointments highlight Sarkozy's determination that the corridors of power should better reflect France's ethnic and religious diversity and have more women.
They were also seen as an attempt by the blunt conservative to mend fences with poor immigrant neighborhoods where he is widely reviled for his tough stance against delinquency and illegal immigration. In 2005, he described young troublemakers in a Paris suburb as "scum" -- a comment that helped fuel three weeks of rioting in housing projects across France.
In another first, a woman was nominated to the Finance Ministry. Former lawyer and two-time Cabinet minister Christine Lagarde replaces Jean-Louis Borloo, who was promoted to de facto deputy prime minister, heading a broad ministry that includes the environment, another of Sarkozy's priorities. Borloo took over from Alain Juppe, who resigned after he lost in the weekend elections.
France has the largest Muslim population in Western Europe -- about 5 million -- and has wrestled with how to integrate them without weakening the secular traditions that are a foundation of the French state. Sarkozy's predecessor, Jacques Chirac, pushed through legislation to force Muslim girls to take off their head scarves in public schools, responding to concerns that Muslim fundamentalism and tensions stemming from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict were finding their way into classrooms.
Amara is the founder of "Ni Putes, Ni Soumises" -- "Neither a Whore nor Submissive" -- an outspoken group fighting to improve the lot of Muslim women and girls in impoverished neighborhoods. A defender of secularism and of the head scarf ban, Amara said Sarkozy respected her independence and outspokenness.
"I am a thorn in the side of both the right and the left, an honest woman who doesn't hesitate to speak my mind," she said on France-Info radio.
Amara said her priorities would be improving housing and fighting joblessness, which in many poor neighborhoods is twice the national average of about 8 percent, and even higher than that among youths.
Malek Boutih, of the opposition Socialists, called Amara "an exceptional woman" and said the post will give her the power to improve the lives of project dwellers.
"It is the first time that the person who is going to be dealing with them comes from there and is not from the other side of the barrier," Boutih told France-Info radio.
Ahmed El Keiy, editor in chief of Beur FM, a station aimed at France's North African population, called her appointment "a laudable effort to reach out" to minorities but warned that it might prove more symbolic than effective.
"She is a grass-roots activist, but she'll have to prove she has the skills to be a junior minister," he said in a telephone interview.
Yade is the daughter of a prominent Senegalese diplomat and a rising star in Sarkozy's UMP party. The telegenic 30-year-old, with her braided dreadlocks, stands out in the sea of mostly middle-aged white men who still dominate French politics, even though the percentage of women in Parliament grew in the weekend elections.


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GreatSchools Ratings for Kansas
In calculating these ratings, GreatSchools analyzed the 2011-2012 Kansas State Assessments (KSA) reading, math, science and history-government results and compared them to the test results for all Kansas schools with the same grade levels.
If there are no GreatSchools Ratings for a school, the school's test results were either not reported or incomplete. The different student groups are identified by the the Kansas State Department of Education. If there are fewer than 10 students in a particular group in a school, the state doesn't report data for that group.
Keep in mind that when comparing schools using GreatSchools Ratings, it's important to factor in other information, including the quality of each school's teachers, the school culture, special programs, etc.
GreatSchools Ratings cannot be compared across states, because of differences in the states' standardized testing programs.


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Interested in a meal subscription plan and want to try Green Chef? Looking for a Green Chef Review? I tried it for a week, and here's what I thought. Please note: This post is NOT sponsored by Green Chef– I used a promotional email offer for a free week of meals to try it out (but I still had to pay for shipping).
Do you want someone to plan your dinners for you, deliver the food straight to your front door, and keep doing it week after week? Have you begged your neighbor to be your personal chef, but they refused? Is your 'better half' still laughing? Did your mom tell you it's time to learn how to cook, and your cat refuses to grow opposable thumbs and cater to your every whim? Well, dear reader, I totally understand! Never fear– you aren't out of options yet! There are plenty of meal subscription companies ready to be your personal meal-planning assistant– for a price. Which is right for you? Here at Champagne Tastes– I'm here to help! During my 'Blue Apron Project,' I've been experimenting, taste-testing, and eating everything in sight. I'm trying out several meal subscription plans, so you can figure out which is best for you. Today I'm looking at Green Chef— one of the few meal delivery services out there that offers a vegan menu.
What they promise:
Green Chef promises to deliver organic, sustainably farmed produce, seafood, and meat. Nothing is genetically modified, and they promise smaller, more eco-friendly packaging when compared to other meal services. They also promise that each meal will fall between 450 -750 calories per serving.
Meal Selection / Current Pricing*:
Green Chef's meals come with three meals a week, and can be ordered for two, four, or six people. Once you factor in shipping price, they're pricier than all the other plans I looked at, even on their cheapest vegetarian plan. The meal plans are different prices depending on which you choose, and range from $10.49 per meal per person for vegetarian selections, to $14.99 per meal per person for paleo selections. They also offer omnivore ($11.99), vegan ($11.99), carnivore ($13.49), and gluten-free ($13.49). Green Chef also charges a $9 shipping fee for each box, so don't forget to factor that into your budget.
I was a little confused by their meal preference options, and wasn't sure if I'd be able to switch an omnivore box to just seafood. After completing the sign-up / payment process, I was able to switch to a seafood and shellfish-only box. The omnivore box gave me one seafood meal and two vegetarian meals. I wasn't able to choose from different meal choices, because the meals were 'curated.' (Either you like the options that week, or you skip the week.) That said– the food all sounded amazing, and skipping was easy.
The Food:
Note: My 'Week with Green Chef' turned into two weeks, because the produce in week one's box wasn't in great shape. While I was able to prepare all the meals for Green Chef during week one, and most of the produce was usable, sadly I did have to throw away a handful of over-ripe grape tomatoes, a chunk of the fennel, and pick through the spinach to pull out bad pieces. Since anyone can have a bad week, I reached out to Green Chef, and they responded a few days later and offered to send me a second box. The second week's food box looked much better, and I was happy with all the produce inside.
My Green Chef box arrived while I was home, so it didn't wait outside at all. However, the cooling packs and insulation setup were similar to other companies I've used, and I'm fairly confident it would have been fine outside for a few hours. As for their promise to use less packaging than other companies– they did, sort of. The box was the same size, and the cold packs were the same size, but the insulation was jute (as opposed to the other companies which used various types of recyclable packaging). The cool packs could be cut open and drained, and the wrapping recycled (the other companies I ordered from used reusable, but not recyclable, cool packs). The only downside to their packaging is that everything, and I mean everything, inside the box was packaged in individual plastic bags (this including whole produce like lemons). The only items not bagged were in reusable plastic jars.
Green Chef sends exactly the amount of produce needed, and some is pre-prepped– I received half of a bell pepper, and half of an onion. The sweet potato was pre-chopped, and the single clove of garlic was pre-peeled and separated from the head. Personally, I don't care for this– I've always found that produce doesn't last as long after it's been peeled and chopped. Plus, produce is easier to clean when it's whole. That said, I've read a lot of complaints about wasted produce with other companies, so if you despise chopping veggies and have a very limited time to cook, maybe this works for you.
Meal One: Lemon Pepper Ahi Tuna with Orzo Pasta Salad. This meal was delicious and fast. The ahi steaks were huge– even the ravenous, always hungry husband was satisfied. Also, I hadn't eaten orzo before, so I was happy to try something new! My one complaint was about the tuna– when ahi tuna is bright red, it's been treated with carbon monoxide for coloring (otherwise it would be a pale pink). I checked the label (because my Green Chef tuna was EXTREMELY red), and carbon monoxide was indeed listed. This isn't unusual (ahi tuna I've ordered in restaurants has always been bright red), and mainly bothered me because Green Chef uses organic, chemical free- produce, and I thought the seafood would be the same.
Meal Two: Vegan Black Eyed Pea Patties with Sweet Potato Hash. This meal was delicious, filling, and there was a TON of food. The husband and I both had seconds. This meal took a full hour to prepare, and used one pot, two pans with lids, one baking sheet, and a cutting board– so there was a lot of clean-up after.
Meal Three: Grilled Vegetables and Polenta with Halloumi. This meal was a little bit of a miss for both of us, but I think we just didn't care for the chimichurri sauce. On the bright side, it was easy to prepare, and since the husband fixed most of this food on the grill outside, I didn't have much clean-up.
Bonus Week- Meals from my Replacement Box
Meal One: Basque Style Peppers with Chive Scrambled Eggs. This meal took just over 30 minutes to prepare, and consisted of seasoned, sautéed bell peppers and onions, roasted fingerling potatoes with rosemary, eggs scrambled with herbs, and a green bean salad. There was a lot of food, and it was all delicious. I'll probably hold onto the green bean salad recipe and make it again.
Meal Two: Moroccan Tuna Kabobs. This meal took about 30 minutes to prepare, and included a bulgar wheat salad cooked with lemon zest (delicious), roasted cauliflower, and Moroccan-spiced ahi tuna (also delicious– but with the same carbon monoxide coloring objection as before). (This is where I admit that I couldn't bring myself to cook the tuna on kabobs for 7 minutes under a broiler until it was well done like they told me to. I just.. CAN NOT DO IT. Tuna should be rare… it just should. So I seared it for 30 seconds per side, and it was delicious. That is all.)
Meal Three: Sun-dried Tomato Flatbread. This turned out to be one of my favorite Green Chef meals! It was naan with sun-dried tomato paste, cheese, mushrooms, and fresh herbs, along with a salad. It was simple to prepare, baked quickly, and I would definitely make it again on my own.
Overall, Green Chef seems like a great option if you want organic produce and have some strict dietary needs. The food was mostly delicious, included incredibly generous portions, and I was impressed with how many different types of vegetables were included in each meal. Personally, I didn't like that the produce was pre-cut, and that there seemed to be an excessive amount of plastic bags compared to other companies. I did enjoy the 'cooking lesson' aspect, and felt that the directions were easy to follow. Since the food was mostly prepared from scratch, their recipes could easily be incorporated into your normal cooking routine.
Who Might Love Green Chef
- Vegans
- Vegetarians
- Pescetarians
- Anyone on a gluten-free diet
- Anyone who can only eat certain types of meat (i.e.- no pork, no beef)
- Anyone without dietary restrictions
- People who eat out on a regular basis (this might actually end up saving you money!)
- Anyone looking for basic cooking lessons
Who Should Keep Looking
- Anyone who doesn't want their produce partially prepared
- Anyone who wants more meal choice options each week
- Anyone who doesn't have 30 minutes to an hour to invest in cooking– some of these meals were quick to prepare, but one took at least an hour
Was this Green Chef Review interesting, but you're still looking? Try these:
*A Note on Cost: The cost for meal subscription companies varies quite a bit from company to company. However, with each company, expect that the food will cost more than at a grocery store. You're paying for convenience– they've taken care of several meals for the week, and you don't have to worry about what to cook on those nights. You probably will still need to go to grocery store for the rest of the week's meals, but the Green Chef meals are taken care of. You're also paying for produce that may be hard to find locally, as well as an introduction to new foods and cooking styles. Whether or not the cost is worth it, is of course, up to you. Additionally, the prices I've listed here are what each meal subscription service currently charges and that may change over time– check each company's website for up-to-date price information.
Also Note: As the name implies, all of these companies provide meal 'subscriptions.' That means they keep your credit card information on file, and your food will keep coming (and you'll keep paying for it), unless you tell them otherwise. A lot of complaints I've seen about meal subscription companies are about canceling the food on time– each company provides a 'skip or cancel by date,' usually about a week before each delivery. I didn't find it difficult to cancel or skip weeks, but keep the 'subscription' part in mind when you're ordering.


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Dec. 20, 1999
On the Road to Buddhahood
Trying to Be Who I Already Am
Poems: "Trying to Be Who I Already Am" and "On the Road to Buddhahood" by David Budbill from Moment to Moment: Poems of a Mountain Recluse published by Copper Canyon.
Its the birthday of fiction writer Hortense Calisher, born in New York City (1911)who wrote almost exclusively about New York, where she grew up and lived her entire life. She wrote novels, but is most highly regarded for her short stories, which began appearing in The New Yorker in the 1940s. She once said that the action of a short story is "an apocalypse served in a very small cup." "When it begins to be said that I have a style, am a stylist, I chafe. Doesnt this mean I have nothing to say comparable to the way I say itor else that anything I say will all sound the same?"
Its the birthday of philosopher Sidney Hook, born in New York City (1902)who wrote many books on Marxism, public policy, and education. After supporting the American Communist Partys presidential candidate in 1932, he broke entirely with the Party. His sharp critique of Stalinism in the mid-1930s alienated him from many leftist friends; and while he stayed fervently anti-Communist, he was just as opposed to Senator Joe McCarthy. After writing 35 scholarly books, he published his autobiography, Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century (1987). "Mans vocation should be the use of the arts of intelligence in behalf of human freedom."
Its the birthday of revolutionary Maud Gonne [gun], born in Dublin (1866). A founder of Sinn Fein [shin fane], the political wing of the Irish Republican Army, she campaigned against the eviction of tenant farmers in Donegal [dawn-ay-GAHL], and for the release of Irish prisonersand was herself imprisoned several times. William Butler Yeats modeled the heroine of his play The Countess Cathleen (1892) after her; he was overwhelmed by her great beauty from their first meeting at his fathers house in London. She refused his offers of marriage but encouraged his art, and sharedfor a timehis interest in mysticism. She referred to their non-physical relationship as a spiritual union. Her marriage to Irish Brigade officer John MacBride greatly disturbed Yeats, although he continued to write poems about her. But she soon accused her husband of adultery and divorced him; he was executed following the Easter Rising of 1916, by which time she was living in France as Madame MacBride. Her memoir A Servant of the Queen, which focuses on her shining days between 1890 and 1900, came out in 1938.
In 1803 on this day, the Louisiana Purchase was formalized in New Orleansone of the great real estate deals in history, doubling the size of the United States. 800,000 square miles of Frances Louisiana Territory were turned over to the U.S. for 60 million francs, or about $15 million$20 a square mile. President Jefferson had sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to negotiate navigation rights to the lower stretches of the Mississippi; when Napoleon Bonaparte offered to sell them the entire territory, they were delighted.
Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.®


text: Hi all, I'll be in LV for a few days beginning next week, I'm a 4.5 male who would like to hit or play for a couple hours each day. I could play after 5:30 Tuesday, early Wednesday or after 5:30 again. thanks, d e a n i e j a c k a t h o t m a i l


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 53,006 this week
Coley Wallace (1927–2005)
Coley Wallace was born on April 5, 1927 in Jacksonville, Florida, USA. He was an actor, known for Raging Bull (1980), The Joe Louis Story (1953) and Carib Gold (1957). He was married to Pearlie-May Wallace. He died on January 30, 2005 in New York City, New York, USA. See full bio »
Born:in Jacksonville, Florida, USA
Died:(age 77) in New York City, New York, USA


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The single life with cancer.
Hindsight- recognition of the realities, possibilities, or requirements of a situation, event, decision etc., after its occurrence.
My name is Kenny Toye. November 2012 I was diagnosed with stage 3 colon cancer. I am blessed to be cancer free at the time of writing.
When the news spread about my diagnosis, I received encouragement and support. It felt good to know that people care. My friends and family wanted to help with anything and everything. As challenging as a …


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Soledad O'Brien Going Solo
We can all finally breathe a collective sigh of relief with the knowledge that Soledad O'Brien will be just fine after her CNN morning show ends. The beloved journalist will go on to start her own production company, Starfish Media Group, with the help of CNN and its new boss, Jeff Zucker. She is already slated to make three documentaries for the network and will reprise her role as host of the yearly documentary series Black in America. We missed you already, Soledad.


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[ad#The Buzz Sponsor Ad]
US Energy Secretary Announces $22 million for Algae Biofuels
August 2, 2013
uring remarks at the Energy Department's Biomass 2013 annual conference August 1, Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz announced over $22 million in new investments to help develop cost-competitive algae fuels and streamline the biomass feedstock supply chain for advanced biofuels. "By partnering with industry and universities, we can help make clean, renewable biofuels cost-competitive with gasoline, give drivers more options at the pump and cut harmful carbon pollution," he said.
The research projects announced build on the Energy Department's broader efforts to bring next generation biofuels online, with the goal of producing cost-competitive drop-in biofuels by 2017 and algae biofuels by 2022.
Secretary Moniz announced nearly $16.5 million to four projects in California, Hawaii and New Mexico aimed at breaking down technical barriers and accelerating the development of sustainable, affordable algae biofuels. The projects will help boost the productivity of sustainable algae, while cutting capital and operating costs of commercial-scale production.
The projects include:
- Hawaii Bioenergy ($5 million DOE investment): Based in Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii Bioenergy will develop a cost-effective photosynthetic open pond system to produce algal oil. The project will also demonstrate preprocessing technologies that reduce energy use and the overall cost of extracting lipids and producing fuel intermediates.
- Sapphire Energy ($5 million DOE investment): Headquartered in San Diego, California, Sapphire Energy will develop a new process to produce algae-based fuel that is compatible with existing refineries. The project will also work on improving algae strains and increasing yield through cultivation improvements.
- New Mexico State University ($5 million DOE investment): For its project, New Mexico State University will increase the yield of a microalgae, while developing harvesting and cultivation processes that lower costs and support year-round production.
- California Polytechnic State University ($1.5 million DOE investment): California Polytechnic State University will conduct research and development work to increase the productivity of algae strains and compare two separate processing technologies. The project will be based at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Delhi, California that has six acres of algae ponds.
Additionally, a new project led by Columbus, Ohio-based FDC Enterprises will receive a nearly $6 million Energy Department investment to reduce harvesting, handling and preprocessing costs across the entire biomass feedstock supply chain.


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Monday, December 19, 2011
Why can't I play Text Twist?
My fiance upgraded the Internet...I can play some games, but when I go to Text Twist it has the little red "X" in the upper lefthand corner of the game screen...on both of our computers. I can't seem to figure out why, any suggestions?|||Make sure that Active X is enabled in your security settings. If using XP, go to Tools %26gt; Internet Options %26gt; Advanced %26gt; Security...then make sure the box is checked to allow active content to run.|||I had the same problem and my brother Ben solved this one for me. I know this comment is 2 years late, but in case someone else has the same problem, just download java at java.com. After it's been installed, close all your browser windows. Reopen your browser window to go to Text Twist. Enjoy!
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Photo: Jorge Rodriguez served on San Francisco's LGBT Aging Policy Task Force. (Rick Gerharter/Bay Area Reporter)
Part 2 of a series. For links to the entire series, see Part 1.
SAN FRANCISCO--Facing pronounced housing issues and isolation in San Francisco, the city's population of Latino lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender (LGBT) seniors is in particular need of housing assistance and adult day programs, say policy experts on aging.
"Many people come here and become more isolated because they are living on their own," said Jorge Rodriguez, 69, a gay man who served on the
Report Shows LGBT
Latino Elders Neglected
WASHINGTON D.C.--Latino elders who are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) face additional challenges as they age, compounded by barriers rooted in their racial and ethnic identities, as well as LGBT stigma and discrimination, according to the first-ever national needs assessment of older LGBT Latinos.
"In Their Own Words: A Needs Assessment of Hispanic LGBT Older Adults" incorporates an overview of research with in-depth interviews to experts and LGBT elders to examine the social, economic and political realities of a growing, though multiply marginalized, population. The report was produced by the National Hispanic Council on Aging, in conjunction with SAGE (Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders) and the Diverse Elders Coalition.
The report notes that Social Security is particularly important for Hispanics because more than 40 percent of married Latino elders and over and more than 60 percent of those unmarried rely on the program for 90 percent or more of their income.
Older LGBT Latinos report encountering and fearing biased care providers, in both the aging-services network and long-term care, who also lack the skills or resources to support their unique needs.
The report calls for the field of aging to invest in more multilingual, LGBT-friendly outreach, training and services for LGBT Latino older people.
A major driver of inequities facing LGBT seniors is income insecurity rooted in lifetimes of discrimination in the workplace and in public benefit programs, such as Medicaid and Social Security. Other critical factors are lower educational status, housing instability and reduced savings associated with a higher concentration in low-wage jobs offering meager health insurance or none.
Some study participants spoke of discrimination within the LGBT community, as well as broad societal disregard of older people.
One participant described the overbearing power of religious leaders in destabilizing multicultural LGBT communities: "The ones who kick you out are those who run the church. But those who are rejected believe it's God who is throwing them out."
Another who was interviewed adeptly summarized the problem as "a lack of information and knowledge about where services are located. There is also a difficulty speaking about one's own health, as well as a language barrier. This community is not used to speaking about its health, body or sexuality."
Efforts by social and health services will become even more pressing in the ensuing decades, as people of color become the U.S. majority and as sexual and gender diversity becomes more salient in civic life.
--Robert Espinoza, SAGE Senior Director for Public Policy and Communications.
Rodriguez retired last year from the Mission Neighborhood Health Center, where he worked as a case manager for its HIV/AIDS Clinica Esperanza. He now volunteers at the AIDS Legal Referral Panel assisting immigrants seeking political asylum in the U.S.
"I am a lucky guy. I have my family and friends," said Rodriguez, who is single. "I am retired and lucky to be living here at a time when everything is expensive."
Few Own Homes
While homeownership is lacking in general among San Francisco's LGBT seniors, Hispanic older LGBT adults are even less likely to own their own home in the city than their counterparts.
That was one of the findings included in "Addressing the Needs of LGBT Older Adults in San Francisco: Recommendations for the Future," a report based on a survey conducted for the Task Force in 2013.
Of those who took part in the survey--616 LGBT city residents aged 60 to 92 years old--7 percent were Latino. Released last summer, the survey found that a majority (59 percent) of all respondents either lived in rental housing, nursing homes or for free with family or friends. The remaining 41 percent lived in homes they owned outright or were continuing to pay off their mortgages.
The survey did not break out the homeownership statistics by race. But the report did note that the 45 Hispanic respondents to the survey were "the most likely to cite rising crime rates as the reason they might have to move out of their current housing situation."
The report, overseen by lead researcher Karen I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, Ph.D., a professor at the University of Washington and director of the Institute for Multigenerational Health, also concluded that the survey's LGBT Hispanic participants were the "least likely to turn to a partner or spouse for social support" when confronted with abuse or discrimination.
LGBT Hispanics, along with African American seniors, are also less likely to be out of the closet than non-Hispanic white older adults, according to the study results.
Another survey finding is that the LGBT Hispanic respondents had the highest level of living with HIV or AIDS. They were also more likely to utilize community health centers than non-Hispanic whites.
Rodriguez, who oversaw the Task Force's successful recruitment of LGBT Latinos to take the survey, said the main lesson he derives from the findings is that housing is the number one concern facing LGBT Latino older adults in San Francisco.
"I would say, and this will cover any aging group no matter gay or straight, it has to do with housing. Housing to me is the main subject here," said Rodriguez, who served on the Task Force's housing subcommittee.
A National Concern
Housing and social isolation is a nationwide concern when it comes to the country's older LGBT Latino population. So found a report released in December, called "In Their Own Words: A Needs Assessment of Hispanic LGBT Older Adults," by Services and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Elders, or SAGE for short, the National Hispanic Council on Aging and the Diverse Elders Coalition.
"The fact that many LGBT Hispanic older adults report both that they suffer from multiple layers of discrimination and that they cannot count on their communities and those who should be closest to them for support is particularly troubling and worthy of substantial attention," wrote SAGE Executive Director Michael Adams in the foreword to the report.
One of the main findings in the assessment was that due to a "dearth of research about Hispanic LGBT older adults," policymakers across the country do not adequately understand the needs of this population.
It is unclear exactly how many LGBT Latino seniors there are. Demographers estimate that the national LGBT senior population overall will number 3 million by 2050. In San Francisco, it is believed that upwards of 20,000 LGBT seniors are currently living in the city.
Were it not for his living in an affordable housing unit in a Duboce Triangle development, Rodriquez doubts he would still be a San Francisco resident.
"I lived in [San Francisco's] Noe Valley and in Oakland prior to here. Without this program I could had not afford to live in San Francisco as a senior," he said. "We need more housing like this one."
Matthew S. Bajko wrote this ongoing series of articles for the Bay Area Reporter through the MetLife Foundation Journalists in Aging Fellowships, a program of New America Media and the Gerontological Society of America.


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The subject list below shows the locations where Bodleian Library material is kept on the open shelves in Bodleian reading rooms and in other Bodleian Libraries. Bodleian Library members should be able to register for membership at all the libraries listed. A full list of subjects covered across the Bodleian Libraries, and individual guides to resources for these subjects, are provided on the Bodleian Libraries Subject pages. You can access the subject guides for the subjects listed here via the links below.
The Bodleian Book Storage Facility also contains material on the subjects below, and on most others not represented on open shelves. Main Enquiry Desk staff can advise on where best to consult materials ordered from closed stacks. Main Enquiry Desk staff can also advise if your membership will allow access to other Bodleian Libraries, if they hold material that would be helpful to your studies. Material on the history and politics of some areas of the world is organised separately from the main sequences for these subjects, and these areas are also listed below. Some of these libraries and rooms cover language and culture in addition to history and politics.
Modern Languages
The Bodleian Library has extensive holdings in the fields of modern Western European languages and literatures held in closed stacks, but with the exception of linguistics, there is no specific open shelf provision. The Taylor Institution Library holds the specialist research collections, as well as separate teaching collections. An online guide to the Bodleian Libraries modern languages provision is available here.