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JERUSALEM — It's different each time, the sensation driven by my religious body temperature at the moment, each occasion leavened by the vicissitudes of life, by doubt, skepticism, spiritual immobility or vague rhapsody — and certainly by my own vanities.
One first has to get past the sense of being an intruder, even if one is incontrovertibly Jewish, because the landlords of Jerusalem's Western Wall, a conglomerate of stern, bearded men from a variety of ecclesiastic tribes, are rather possessive of their default contract with the place.
They scold you with their fierce eyes if you don't have a skullcap (though never examining your heart), they imperiously ask you for money as if to pay for your unworthiness, and they seem resigned to the presence of sincere folks who are neither dressed for the 17th century nor given to the very judgmental tendencies that controvert the entire thesis of prayer.
But I arrive with my own liturgy; I don't care what they think. My cousins fought in the alleyways of the Old City of Jerusalem in June 1967 to reclaim the Jewish Quarter that the Jordanians had occupied since 1948. My father battled and was wounded in Israel's War of Independence after several Arab armies flouted the United Nations' two-state solution and kept up their efforts to drive out the Jews.
It is ironic that my mother and her granddaughters are not permitted to pray in the same spaces as the oligarchic men who have co-opted the blood and yearning of Jewish history in favor of their sectarian plutocracy in Jerusalem.
My deal with the wall is my own affair, and it has evolved with the crises and upheavals and reversals and triumphs and breakthroughs of my life, and that is more honest than a chart of robotic prayers.
When I touch the wall, I no longer feel that simple-minded awe that was driven by guilty deference to the swaying rabbinical landlords who swarm about the place as thick as their black coats. I just don't believe that God sees any difference between them in their traditional garb and me in my jeans and blazer. Neither they nor people like me, men or women, are exclusively right or wrong, just or unjust.
I place little notes in the wall but I don't think God has a minstrel on the other side of it who collects and annotates the pleas, names and confessionals.
I follow the ritual because so many people have been doing this for so many centuries that the very cycle — and its uniformity and peacefulness and solemnity — instills the absolute holiness that attends this place.
God is there, to paraphrase rabbinical tradition, because we have let God in.
The millions of people — trembling, whispering, diverse, literate, uneducated and of many languages, journeys, dispositions and wounds — who have been performing this ritual for so many centuries add up to the possibility of a divine spark in the open air of a city that both defines and defies peace.
I spoke to an old woman as I walked up the plaza from the wall one day. Her eyes had seen more than mine ever will. She told me she had survived Treblinka. Then she wished me "Shabbat shalom" in Polish-inflected Hebrew.
Who could hear that and then require some passing rabbi to describe God for me?

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Here is my latest smoke. I seem to learn something new every time I use this smoker. The chart represents taking hourly readings on the Maverick, with a couple of exceptions. It pretty much tells the complete story. I started the smoke at 210 degrees on the dial but got a little concerned at the three hour mark when the internal temperature of the meat was already at 180 degrees; so I turned it down. As it turned out, it was in the beginning of a stall and probably should have left it alone. After a long while of plateauing, I turned it back up. My intention was to cook it to 205 internal meat temperature, but after nearly 16 hours I panicked and removed the meat at 193. Next time I will wait it out. I added a more wood after 6 hours or so, but honestly it may have been an overkill. I do like it smoky but next time I will leave it at 5.5 to 6 ounces for these long smokes. The brine was 12 oz pickling salt 8 oz of molasses in a gallon of water. The rub was mustard and dry spices. The brine really make the meat flavorful and will continue to brine for here on out. The bark was rich and flavorful as well. I made a sauce of Mayonnaise, Ketchup, Celery seed, Cayenne pepper and Worchestershire sauce to complement the meat. This was my finest smoked Boston Butt to date. This little smoker delivers every time. By the way, this is the greatest forum. I learn so much from the daily comments, so thank you to each of you.


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Technology and Economic Growth in the Information Age
Policy Backgrounders | Economy
No. 147
Thursday, March 12, 1998
by W. Michael Cox & Richard Alm
Table of Contents
Intangible Benefits of Economic Progress
A more fundamental problem is that our economy is not simply mismeasured, it is misunderstood.
The economy has never tried to produce GDP: it tries to produce happiness, or satisfaction. And there's a lot more to life than GDP.
In the information age, our economy is providing benefits beyond those easily captured by GDP. When making a list of needs and wants, most people start with food, clothing and shelter. After that, they move on to safety and security and leisure time, then perhaps to some of the "fun" aspects of life, such as entertainment, travel and cultural enrichment. Beyond that, most of us seek personal fulfillment, such as the satisfaction that comes from a worthwhile or enjoyable job. This hierarchy of needs and wants reflects the influential work of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-70). Maslow's pyramid, a staple of psychology, consists of a hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior. At the most basic level are the physiological needs. With those met, we move up to safety, social needs, self-esteem and, at the pinnacle of the pyramid, self-actualization.
"It is difficult to measure the value of increased leisure and better working conditions."
Increased Leisure. As Americans grow wealthier, our physiological needs are being increasingly met, and there's a shift in wants from basic products to ever more intangible outputs. There are plenty of examples - from personal physical fitness gurus and Internet chat rooms to ecotourism and early retirement. For example, Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter said, "The reduction of working hours is one of the most significant 'products' of economic evolution." Hours at work have fallen for decades. The average workweek fell from 36.9 hours in 1973 to 34.5 hours in 1990. An equal percentage decline over the next 25 years would yield a 31.4-hour workweek in 2020. Many workers have flexible schedules, including regular breaks. Yet GDP gives the economy no credit for gains in leisure.
Better Working Conditions. Another of the biggest yet most overlooked examples of gains in living standards missed by GDP figures is improvement in our working conditions. For most of us, work is a major part of life. And better working conditions have routinely been a product of progress, right along with more GDP. This is evident not just from the steady decline in worker death rates but also from a comparison of our work concerns today versus yesterday. In the early 1900s, our work worries centered on safety, fatigue, long hours, excessive heat, poor ventilation, high humidity, bad lighting, exposure, disease, lack of adequate toilet facilities and rigid schedules. Today, we seek interesting and fun jobs with meaningful work, nice offices, employee activities, flexible hours, empowerment, wellness classes, communication, employee counseling and the ability to telecommute. Americans have progressed from narrow productivity concerns to "have a nice day."
Work-Time Leisure. Although measures of productivity - output per hour at work - credit time off, they generally miss leisure time taken at work. Time-diary surveys show that Americans today take up to six hours per week of leisure on the job, as compared with only one hour in 1965.17
What are some of the ways employees use their recorded work hours other than to work?
Arrive late after dropping off the kids. Leave early to pick up the kids. Go to parent-teacher conferences. Visit the doctor or dentist. Talk on the phone to friends. Chat with coworkers. Go outside to smoke. Give blood. Play solitaire on the computer. Browse the Internet for personal stuff. Attend wellness classes. Sell cookies for the kids. Raise funds for charities. Visit with friends via the Internet. Call automated tellers. Exercise (even in employers' facilities). Call talk radio programs or contests. Read the paper, a book or a magazine. Attend parties or showers. Write personal correspondence. Leave to run errands. Make a grocery list. Perform club duties. Take long breaks. Pay bills. Nap.
A little bit here, a little bit there, we're spending our day more the way we'd like.
The point is not that American workers are cheating their companies. On the contrary, it's all a part of progress. We're not automatons, enslaved to productivity as if we were still in the fields or on an assembly line. One way we take the gains of technological progress is to simply enjoy life in an economy that, more and more, transcends measurement.
And what about work that's fun? Most folks these days seek work they enjoy. Yet the standard statistics are apt to register economic regression if we quit a job we're good at but don't like in order to take one that's more enjoyable. It just doesn't make good sense. We take our progress in ways other than GDP.
The economy today reflects our wealthier society's preferences for harder-to-measure consumption. As we grow richer still in the future, we can expect society to spend more of its time, energy and income addressing needs that are farther and farther from the physiological. Pity the poor statistician with the job of tracking our increasingly elusive economy.


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Maturation of the nervous system results in changes in both central and peripheral processing. To better understand responses to injury in the young, developmental differences in the acute response to incision were investigated in both tactile and nociceptive myelinated peripheral mechanosensitive afferent neurons in vivo. Neuronal intrasomal recordings were performed in juvenile and infant rats in 34 L5 dorsal root ganglia, and each neuron was phenotypically defined. Neurons had a mechanosensitive receptive field in the glabrous skin on the plantar surface of the hind paw, which was characterized at baseline and for up to 45 min after incision. Fundamental maturational differences in the effect of incision were clear: in high-threshold nociceptive mechanoreceptors, the mechanical threshold decreased immediately and the receptive field size increased rapidly in juvenile rats but not in infant rats. Additionally, a divergence in changes in the instantaneous response frequency of tactile afferents occurred between the two ages. These differences may help explain maturational differences in responses to peripheral injury and suggest that differences in central nervous system responses may be partially mitigated by spatially confined and frequency-dependent differences resulting from tactile and nociceptive mechanosensitive input.
- development
- dorsal root ganglia
- intracellular electrophysiology
- maturation
- peripheral nerve
skin injury produces considerable changes in afferent signaling and processing that leads to a hyperexcitability state (Treede et al. 1992; Brennan et al. 2005). These changes in excitability occur in both young and old alike. Both peripheral (primary sensory neuron) and central (secondary order neuron) changes are present, and a broad spectrum of sensory fibers are affected (Treede et al. 1992; Dougherty 2003; Nagakura et al. 2008; Ririe et al. 2008; Duarte et al. 2005; Obata et al. 2006; Zahn et al. 2005). Primary sensory neurons encode peripheral damage, but they also may play a role in maintaining an abnormal responsiveness state to protect the injured area and prevent further damage. One key component of this injury-induced sustained response is that it is driven by slow conducting nociceptive receptors (mechanosensitive, thermosensitive, and silent units) a few hours after the damage occurs (Kang and Brennan 2009; Pospisilova and Palecek 2006; Pogatzki-Zahn et al. 2005; Kissin et al. 2005; Woo et al. 2004). However, it is less clear how the acute and hyperacute responses (early and initial responses to damage) in neuronal subtype specific fibers modulate or contribute to nociception and processing immediately after surgical tissue trauma. In particular, the speed with which changes occur in neuronal responses and processing of information within the receptive field (RF) and the contribution of fast nociceptors [Aδ-range high-threshold mechanoreceptors (AHTMRs)] or tactile units [low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs)] to this process and differences during development have not been fully elucidated.
Surgical treatment of diseases occurs throughout growth and development. As part of surgical treatment, incision is associated with tissue trauma and injury to distal nerve endings resulting in increased nociceptive input into the developing central nervous system. This may have significant effects on neural connections and the establishment of neural circuits, including establishing unintended connections or failure to establish normal pathways through synaptic strengthening and pruning (Katz and Shatz 1996; Beggs et al. 2002; Hua and Smith 2004). Although it is well accepted that providing analgesia to infants improves survival from surgical procedures, the knowledge of the short- and long-term consequences of differences in noxious input during development are poorly understood (Anand and Hickey 1987, 1992). Noxious stimuli early in development can result in exaggerated responses and increased vulnerability to stress disorders and anxiety in later life (Taddio et al. 1995; Anand et al. 1999; Ruda et al. 2000; Torsney and Fitzgerald 2003; Peters et al. 2005; Schmelze-Lubiecki et al. 2007). Furthermore, long-term sensory processing changes from early childhood surgery may be a marker for a primed system vulnerable to resulting abnormalities in processing of sensory information from surgery in later life (Peters et al. 2005; Schmelze-Lubiecki et al. 2007; Beggs et al. 2012).
Peripheral receptive field characteristics under normal development have been established. Withdrawal thresholds increase as a function of age in both rats and humans (Reynolds and Fitzgerald 1995, Fitzgerald et al. 1988, Andrews and Fitzgerald 1994). This reduction in sensitivity occurs during the normal course of development. Additionally, the RF is larger and decreases with increasing age, resulting in a more focal response with a greater character of input (Fitzgerald et al. 1994). With injury, the RF size increases even to a greater extent in the very young, further decreasing the focal precision and spatial discrimination (Torsney and Fitzgerald 2002; Ririe et al. 2008). Consistent with these localized effects, behavioral manifestations of pain are age dependent, with more specific pain behaviors increasing with age and nonspecific pain behaviors decreasing (Guy and Abbott 1992; Teng and Abbott 1998). However, the underlying neurobiology important to these developmental changes have not been fully elucidated. Few studies have addressed the peripheral responses to surgical injury during development, but rather focus on changes in the spinal cord dorsal horn (Ririe et al. 2006, 2008). Afferent activity early in development seems to be important for establishing future responses (Walker et al. 2009), but it is unknown if developmental differences in the responses of subsets of primary sensory neurons immediately after surgical injury play a role (Ririe et al. 2003). We hypothesized that peripheral neuronal responses to incision are developmentally discrete and may alter input to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn. These developmentally different inputs may result in altered integration of peripheral mechanical stimuli with consequences for development of normal and nociceptive circuits in the brain and spinal cord both short and long term. To improve understanding of the impact of surgical injury early in development, in the present study, we focused on the role of peripheral fast-conducting mechanosensitive afferents (both nociceptive and non-nociceptive) in developmental differences in qualitative processing of peripheral receptive field information and fiber subtype electrical signature changes before and after surgical skin tissue trauma (incision) in both infant and juvenile rats.
After approval of the protocal by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, male Sprague-Dawley rats at either 1 wk (infant) or 4 wk (juvenile) of age were anesthetized with isoflurane, and electrophysiological experiments were performed as previously described (Boada et al. 2010, 2011). Briefly, the trachea was intubated, and animals were ventilated with humidified oxygen. The ECG was monitored, and animals were immobilized with pancuronium bromide. Isoflurane was maintained at 2% throughout the study (Tevan Pharmaceutics). As shown in Fig. 1, the DRG at L5 and the adjacent spinal cord were exposed by laminectomy, and the spinal cord was continuously perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid [aCSF contained (in mM) 127.0 NaCl, 1.9 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, 1.3 MgSO4, 2.4 CaCl2, 26.0 NaHCO3, and 10.0 d-glucose]. The spinal column was secured using custom clamps in a preheated (32–34°C) recording chamber, where the perfusate was maintained at 37°C (MPRE8, Cell MicroControls, Norfolk, VA). The pool temperature adjacent to the DRG was monitored with a small thermocouple (IT-23, Physitemp, Clifton, NJ). Rectal temperature (RET-3, Physitemp) was maintained at 34 ± 1°C with radiant heat. DRG somata were impaled with borosilicate microelectrodes (80–250 MΩ) containing 1 M potassium acetate [in some cases, 20% neurobiotin was also used (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA)]. Intracellular penetrations with a resting membrane potential of less than or equal to −35 mV were characterized further. Direct current output from an Axoclamp 2B (Axon 8 Instruments/Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) was digitized and analyzed offline using Spike2 (CED, Cambridge, UK). The sampling rate for intracellular recordings was 21 kHz throughout (MicroPower1401, CED).
After stable impalement of a neuron, the plantar surface of the foot was searched with a fine sable hair brush to locate the peripheral RF. For afferents requiring higher intensities, subsequent searches used increasingly stiffer probes and finally sharp-tipped forceps. Afferents with cutaneous RFs were distinguished from those with deep RFs by displacing the skin to ensure that RFs tracked rather than remained stationary. Mechanical thresholds (MTs) were characterized with calibrated von Frey filaments (Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL), and areas (spots) were defined where a response could be elicited by threshold mechanical force [high-sensibility area (HSA)]. The adaptation rate was evaluated using micromanipulator-based probes; responses to skin stretch and vibratory stimuli were also tested. In all cases, RFs were characterized and measured with the aid of a zoom stereomicroscope. To protect the skin health before incision (particularly important in neonates), if for any reason (e.g., unsuccessful stable impalements) the skin was exposed to overstimulation as consequence of our RF search, the experiments were aborted. This study includes only cells with a naïve (untouched) RF collected within 30 min of every experiment (<10 min for neonates). No further attempts were made to collect more cells on the same preparation after the first record (and RF activation, 1 cell/animal).
Once a cell had been identified, a small (3 ± 1 mm) and superficial (0.5 mm) incision was performed beginning at 1 ± 0.5 mm from the cellular RF center (the most sensitive area) parallel to the foot midline. After this procedure, the cellular RF was tested {MT, RF size, and response dynamics [number of action potentials (APs) per stimuli]} every 2.5 min (on the first 10 min/4 trials) to detect any change or deviation from the initial state. After the initial 10 min, the cellular RF was tested every 5 min and terminated after 30 min (4 more trials). After the desired record had been obtained, no further cells were collected, and the experiments were terminated (1 cell/animal).
Active membrane properties of all identified sensory neurons were analyzed, including the amplitude and duration of the AP and the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) along with the maximum rates of spike depolarization and repolarization; durations were measured at half-amplitude rather than baseline to minimize hyperpolarization-related artifacts (D50 and AHP50). Passive properties were analyzed, including membrane resting potential, input resistance, time constant, inward rectification, and, where possible, rheobase; all but the latter were determined by the injection of incremental hyperpolarizing current pulses (≤0.1 nA, 500 ms) through balanced electrodes. Conduction velocity (CV), MTs, and vibratory responses (VRs) were also measured. These comprised the 12 measurements of the fibers used in the analysis. Because intact lumbar DRGs serve multiple nerves, spike latency was obtained by stimulating the RF at the skin surface using a bipolar electrode (0.5 Hz); this was performed after all natural stimulation to prevent potential alterations in RF properties. Because we were interested in latency from terminals, all measurements were obtained using the absolute minimum intensity required to excite neurons consistently without jitter; significantly shorter latencies, seen at traditional (i.e., 2- to 3-fold threshold) intensities and presumably reflecting spread to more proximal sites along axons. Stimuli ranged in duration from 50 to 100 μs; utilization time was not taken into account. Conduction distances were measured for each afferent on the termination of the experiment by inserting a pin through the RF (marked with ink at the time of recording) and carefully measuring the distance to the DRG along the closest nerve. This was used to determine CV.
Based on responses to mechanical stimuli, CV, and the adaptation rate, mechanosensitive afferents were classified to follow standard definitions (Boada et al. 2010). Active and passive membrane properties were related to this classification. All included cells satisfied the following requirements: resting membrane potential more negative than −30 mV, AP amplitude ≥30 mV, and the presence of spike AHP.
Data are presented as means ± SD except for MTs, which are presented as medians and ranges. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction where appropriate except for MTs, where a Wilcoxon signed rank was used for statistical analysis due to the nonparametric nature of the MT being discrete fiber force on a logarithmic scale. Significance was P < 0.05.
A total of 34 physiologically identified and well-characterized naïve (untouched) L5 DRG sensory neurons were recorded intrasomally in vivo in juvenile and infant rat spinal preparations. On the plantar surface of the paw, 19 neurons were recorded in postnatal day 28 (P28) animals (8 tactile neurons and 11 nociceptors) and 15 neurons in postnatal day 7 (P7) animals (7 tactile neurons and 8 nociceptors) from a total of 34 male rats. DRG temperature was tightly controlled around normal core temperature (37 ± 0.5°C). Intracellular recordings ranged from 25 to 45 min with a stable resting membrane potential throughout.
Initial Steady State
Somatic electrical properties and CV.
Afferent nerve fiber identities were related to their CV and AP duration (D50) at both ages. In infant animals, both types of afferents clustered below the Aβ cutoff (CV mean: 3.1 ± 0.6 m/s) on glabrous skin (Fig. 2). As expected at this age, tactile neurons had a faster CV than nociceptors (4.6 ± 1.1 vs. 2.01 ± 0.4 m/s, P < 0.01) with a shorter AP duration (0.8 ± 0.07 vs. 1.4 ± 0.1 ms). In juvenile animals, both afferents had increased CV compared with afferents in younger animals (CV mean: 14.2 ± 1.2 m/s, P < 0.001). Fast nociceptors (AHTMRs) remained slower than tactile afferents (LTMRs, 10.9 ± 0.9 vs. 18.6 ± 1.5 m/s, P < 0.05) but with significantly shorter AP durations than in similar fibers in infants (0.9 ± 0.1 ms, P < 0.05). AP duration of the tactile group was similar between juveniles and infants (0.7 ± 0.05 ms).
RF properties.
Before incision, the RF of different subtypes of primary sensory neurons were analyzed by MT, RF size, and number of HSAs per cellular RF. Infant (P7) RF responses of nociceptors (high-threshold mechanoceptors) were different from juveniles (P28), with P7 animals having a lower MT: 1 mN (range: 0.16–10 mN) vs. 58.8 mN (range: 1.4–98 mN; Fig. 3), larger absolute RF size (6.1 ± 0.5 vs 2.1 ± 0.2 mm2; Fig. 4), and a multi-HSA configuration (1–3 HSAs/cellular RF vs. 1 HSA/cellular RF; Fig. 5). On the other hand, naïve neonatal tactile afferents (LTMRs) showed a lower MT [0.04 mN (range: 0.02–0.07 mN)] and smaller absolute RF size (5.5 ± 0.9 mm2) than similar afferents observed in juveniles [MT: 0.07 mN (range: 0.04–0.16 mN) and RF size: 23.6 ± 10.4 mm2]. No difference in multi-HSA configuration was present between the two ages for LTMR neurons (2–3 HSAs/cellular RF).
Incision-Induced Changes in Peripheral Mechanosensitive Afferents
After skin incision, AHTMRs in juvenile animals had a rapid (<2.5 min) and dramatic reduction in MT (94.3%, P < 0.001). The maximal reduction in MT over the time course of the recording was reached 10 min after incision. The MT of tactile afferents remained unaffected across the same time period in juvenile animals. At P7, the MT of AHTMRs did not change after incision. Overall, LTMRs in P7 animals showed no significant change in MT (Fig. 3). However, three of the tactile afferents demonstrated a seemingly paradoxical increase in MT accounting for the large range.
The RF size of juvenile AHTMRs increased from 2.1 ± 0.2 to 33.6 ± 5.6 mm2, reaching a maximal extension 20 min after the incision (Fig. 4). There was no change in the RF size of LTMRs in response to incision in juvenile animals. Interestingly, there was no change in AHTMR RF size in response to incision in P7 animals. However, there was an increase in the LTMR RF size in P7 animals. The increase in RF size in the juvenile paw after incision was preceded by the appearance of more HSAs (median: 3). These emerging sensitivity spots were tested further only when the areas in between them failed to elicit any response when threshold mechanical force was applied (Fig. 5A). This appearance of a "new" HSA within the cellular RF did not appear to occur in a random fashion, and their development occurred with time. In all of the juvenile nociceptors analyzed, the secondary HSA appeared around the wounded area, often reaching a lower MT that the initial HSA after 20 min (Fig. 5B). There was no increase in HSA per RF in P7 animals. In all cases, responses of nociceptive afferents to incision (number of APs per stimuli) were greatly increased when tested at the original threshold force (before the incision; Fig. 5C).
The instantaneous response frequency (IRF) was lower at threshold for P7 animals compared with P28 animals for both nociceptive and tactile neurons (Fig. 6). The IRF was increased in both LTMRs and AHTMRs in P7 animals. However, in P28 animals, the IRF was increased in AHTMRs and reduced in LTMRs in response to incision. No somatic electrical property was changed by incision, and CV was unaffected in all neurons at both ages.
This study provides novel data about the direct effects of skin incision on phenotypically defined mechanosensitive afferents during development. While developmental differences in RF size in response to incision have been reported, the role and contribution of the peripheral nerve itself have not been directly addressed (Boada et al. 2011; Ririe et al. 2008). Changes in peripheral nerve responses have been thought to occur through local changes in the spinal cord dorsal horn or through differences in descending inputs (Jones et al. 2007; Vandermeulen et al. 2000). Our study demonstrates that the peripheral nerve cannot only alter tuning of spatial input directly through altering the RF size in response to injury but may play a larger role in facilitating the interpretation of tactile information through frequency changes in signaling occurring through different fast-conducting mechanosensitive populations in a developmentally regulated manner (see Table 1). This may contribute to developmentally confined alterations in mechanosensitive nociceptive processing in the central nervous system.
In juvenile rats, nociceptive AHTMR afferent neurons are greatly altered from incision. The RF change in these fibers is consistent with the development of primary hyperalgesia by a direct effect on the nerve terminals themselves from the injury or from inflammatory mediators over the terminals in close proximity to the wounded area (Pogatzki et al. 2001, 2002; Liang et al. 2010). This is expected and consistent with injury-induced pain. However, the speed of this sensitization process, the magnitude of the RF size changes, and the emergence of additional HSA (spots) are surprising. The juvenile mechanosensitive low threshold (Aβ) fiber lack of response and high threshold (Aδ) fiber response to incision are similar to that seen in adult animals after incision (Hamalainen et al. 2002). Background activity was found to be present in adult animals in A fibers, but was not altered by incision. In our study, no background or spontaneous activity was found in either age at baseline or after injury in any neuron in our study. This could be related to the differences in methodology, whereby fiber teasing was used in previous studies and intact neurons were evaluated in the present study. It is interesting that fast-conducting fibers in the infant do not change the RF size. This would suggest that there is less effect of the injury with respect to inflammatory process in the periphery. It also suggest that the immediate change in RF when measured at second-order wide dynamic range neurons in the infant animal is solely dependent on local and descending modulation and not the peripheral nerve itself (Ririe et al. 2008).
The emergence of spots may in part explain the responses of "mechanically insensitive neurons" that become sensitive after incision in adult animals, suggesting that their sensitization from incision may in part be from local factors contributing to the enhanced mechanical responsiveness of normally silent terminals (Hamalainen et al. 2002). In our study, the neurons were not "insensitive," but rather spots expanded and sensitivity increased simultaneously. The emergence of these highly sensitive spots in juvenile animals in our study is consistent with the peripheral nerves contributing to the generation of hyperalgesia (Treede 1992). The emergence of these spots may contribute to the summation of input that is partially generated peripherally and not just centrally mediated (Price et al. 1989). It is of great interest that the emergence of spots does not occur with the injury in the infant animal. In stark contrast to the responses to incision in older animals, the effects of incision on nociceptive AHTMR neurons in the infant rat is notably absent with respect to MT, HSA, and size of the RF. However, the instantaneous frequency of AHTMR neurons in young animals had a similar response as AHTMR neurons in older animals, with an increase in instantaneous frequency. This highlights the lack of robustness of the response to injury in the periphery in the young, with the peripheral neuron having less dimensionality to the nociceptive input from peripheral injury. Whether this translates into increase in pain per se in the older animal or less pain in the younger animal is unclear. The low-fidelity signal in the young may be amplified centrally and produce effects that are out of proportion to the apparent peripheral neuronal responses. Another mechanism for the summation of the peripheral input may be present in the young. It is plausible that the increase in IRF in the young animal in the LTMR neuron (opposite the direction of IRF change in the juvenile) may be critical for the summation and interpretation of the input as pain in the infant. Whether these relationships remain over time after the injury is not known, and whether this IRF contributes to coding information in the dorsal horn in the young will be important in understanding developmental response to injury.
Tactile afferents in older animals have a limited response to incision, and this is somewhat surprising. Moreover, instead of tactile LTMR neurons increasing activity input to the spinal cord in response to incision, the instantaneous frequency suggests that the input from tactile afferents is actually reduced from incision. In contrast, the instantaneous frequency response of LTMR neurons in infant animals had a similar response as AHTMR neurons: increasing instantaneous frequency. This would seem to be a manner for the more immature somatosensory system to enhance or code nociceptive input from the periphery to gain information. In the older animal, the increased instantaneous frequency from AHTMRs is not needed or used since fidelity of the system is gained through different dimensional changes of input (threshold, RF size, and spot development), whereas dimensionality and information fidelity coding is enhanced by using the instantaneous frequency response of tactile LTMR neurons in the younger animal. This may further be the case with the LTMR activating more superficial lamina in younger animals (Fitzgerald et al. 1994). This peripheral response of LTMRs in the young may contribute to and partially explain the response to light stimuli being coded as pain in the young and may contribute to resulting long-term responses to injury in later life (Walker et al. 2007, 2009; Fitzgerald et al. 1994; Torsney et al. 2000).
Future studies will need to focus on C-fiber-mediated differences in peripheral responses to tissue trauma since developmental differences in dorsal horn responses to C-fiber activation occur (Walker et al. 2007). Since differences in the dorsal horn in response to incisional injury may also be affected by myelinated mechanosensitive fibers, we focused on fast-conducting myelinated fibers in this study. It will be important to better define the peripheral nerve C-fiber responses to incision as well. While some C-fibers are mechanosensitive, defining the subsets of C-fibers and their responses require determining heat responses as well. This will be the focus of future studies to understand peripheral neuronal responses to surgical tissue injury.
Decreased effects on the immune response to peripheral injury may be at least partially attributable to differences in input from the periphery (Beggs et al. 2012; Ririe et al. 2006; Li et al. 2009). The fact that block of peripheral input with local anesthetic has a differential effect on both subacute responses and long-term responses suggests that the peripheral input is critical. The contribution of differential coding of peripheral input in these phenomena is unclear, but future studies will need to be directed at determining the maturational effects of the altered inputs on dorsal horn and higher center connectivity in the young. In addition, the ability of the brain to discriminate between touch and pain may be dependent on the coding of the peripheral input through maturational input characteristics of the afferent nerve fibers, including temporal differences in the arrival of input as well as the quality, strength, and overall character of the peripheral input (Fabrizi et al. 2011).
The present study addressed fundamental questions with regard to the primary mechanical hyperalgesia from skin injury during development. It is clear that the injury-induced responses of both kinds of fast-conducting afferents (nociceptive and non-nociceptive) are quite different. In addition, development further affects the peripheral responses from mechanosensory activation. This likely reflects fundamental maturational differences in peripheral input to the central system. This suggests that while the general notion of "nociceptive" cells transducing painful stimuli across a single information channel appears correct in adults and juveniles, this is likely a simplified notion of a larger and more complex coding mechanism of fast-conducting peripheral mechanosensitive neurons in early development.
This work was supported by National Institute of General Medical Sciences Grant GM-48085.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
Author contributions: M.D.B., J.C.E., and D.G.R. conception and design of research; M.D.B. and K.G. performed experiments; M.D.B., S.G., K.G., and D.G.R. analyzed data; M.D.B., S.G., and D.G.R. interpreted results of experiments; M.D.B. prepared figures; M.D.B., J.C.E., and D.G.R. drafted manuscript; M.D.B., S.G., K.G., J.C.E., and D.G.R. edited and revised manuscript; M.D.B., S.G., K.G., J.C.E., and D.G.R. approved final version of manuscript.
- Copyright © 2012 the American Physiological Society


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Edible Insects Market Growing Due to Low Production Cost of Insect Products as Compared to Beef, Chicken, or Pork
Persistence Market Research (PMR) delivers key insights on the global edible insects market in its upcoming outlook titled, "Edible Insects Market: Global Industry Analysis and Forecast, 2016 – 2024". In terms of value, the global edible insects market is projected to register a healthy CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period due to various factors, regarding which PMR offers vital insights in detail.
On the basis of product type, the market is segmented into a product as a whole and product as an ingredient. Product as a whole segment is further sub-segmented into steam or fried, raw and BBQ. As an ingredient segment is sub-segmented into drinks, insect confectionery, snack and baked products, and others. The global market is driven by low capital investment, rapid growth in global population, alternatives for egg and dairy proteins, ease of harvesting and processing, low disease risk and food safety, less land for farming, and lower water consumption.
On the basis of insect type, the market is segmented into beetles, caterpillar, hymenoptera, orthoptera, tree bugs, and others. Orthoptera and tree bugs segments are expected to account for relatively high CAGRs of 8.1% and 7.3% respectively during the forecast period.
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Insect rearing involves low capital investment as compared to that needed for another conventional livestock rearing such as cattle, swine, and chicken. Substantial increase in global population and decreasing resources are other factors expected to drive demand for alternative food sources. According to United Nations, global population in 2050 is expected to reach 9 billion, significantly outgrowing existing food resources. Insects contain high protein and amino acids and can be a sustainable food source in future.
Insects are a highly nutritious and a healthy food source with a high content of nutrients (fats, proteins, vitamins, fiber, and minerals) required by humans. Some individuals cannot palate egg, milk, or soy- derived protein due to allergic reactions. For example, milk sugar or lactose can cause severe allergic reactions that result in gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, bloating, diarrhea etc. Insects contain high protein and amino acids, due to which some manufacturers add insect protein to various food products. Insect protein is organic and contains no artificial colors, sweeteners or fillers. Insects have high growth and feed conversion rates and low environmental footprint over their entire lifecycle. Insects are found across the globe and reproduce very rapidly. Farming and harvesting of edible insects provide farmers entrepreneurship opportunities across all economies. Insects provide a cheap source of food and can be reared to cater to the low-income population growth. These activities can directly improve diets and provide cash income through sales of excess produce as street food.
This report covers trends driving segments and offers analysis and insights of the potential of the edible insects market in specific regions. Markets in Europe and North America are expected to register highest CAGR between 2016 and 2024, accounting for 7.3% and 6.9% respectively. In value terms, APAC contributed the highest revenue to the global edible insects market, while MEA accounted for 28.4% market share in 2015 and is expected to account for 28.9% market share by 2024. Increasing consumer awareness in MEA about the benefits attached with consumption of edible insects is increasing fueling demand for such products over the forecast period.
Key players in the global edible insects market include Thailand Unique, Kreca, Nordic Insect Economy Ltd., Entomo Farms (Formerly Next Millennium Farms), Enviro Flight, LLC, Proti-Farm, Exo Inc., Entotech, Deli Bugs Ltd., and Eat Grub Ltd.


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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be as unique as you. Every beautiful Gemvara rose gold sapphire vintage-inspired jewelry design will be made just for you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from an engagement or birthday to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your rose gold sapphire vintage-inspired jewelry with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. A gift of a sapphire is a pledge of trust and loyalty. This tradition makes sapphire engagement rings a perfect symbol of the promise to marry. Sapphire is the September birthstone, the 5th and 45th anniversary gem, and the zodiac gem for Virgo. Fashionable and flattering 14k rose gold adds warmth to the classic gold hue. Gemvara also offers premium 18k rose gold which has even more lasting value, with 75 percent pure gold. Our wide selection of rose gold sapphire vintage-inspired jewelry by Just Like You Designs, Ji Hwang, Gemvara Essentials, and other talented designers means you can find rings, earrings, and necklaces that are exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Classic, Mothers, or Featured Collection Collections. Love vintage jewelry but can't find the perfect antique piece? Gemvara's vintage-inspired designs are made to fit you, with the style and craftsmanship you love. When our work is done and you open that box, you'll see your design is even more beautiful when brought to life in the finest precious materials.
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text: 16 Now therefore tstand still and see this great thing that the Lord will do before your eyes. 17 uIs it not wheat harvest today? vI will call upon the Lord, that he may send thunder and rain. And you shall know and see that wyour wickedness is great, which you have done in the sight of the Lord, in asking for yourselves a king." 18 So Samuel called upon the Lord, and the Lord sent thunder and rain that day, xand all the people greatly feared the Lord and Samuel.


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Roper's Wife is Sir Thomas's daughter, who suffers from a terrible premonitory nightmare the night before More's disgrace.
She tries to shield her mother from worries she attempts to convince her father to submit to the King's demands, being certain that More will then be restored to his place. She is not successful.


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18 Western RoadSouthallMiddlesex, UB2 5DUTel: 020 8893 5515
We work as a team to provide all our patients' comprehensive accessible care, looking after you in times of illness and supporting you to make healthier choices to help you lead a healthier life.
We aim to make all patients feel welcome and comfortable. Our staff treats all patients with courtesy and respect at all times.
All staff have to sign a confidentiality statement and the Practice is registered under the Data Protection Act.
You may be aware that all GP Practices are now required to provide their patients with a 'named accountable GP'.
The GP contract requires the named accountable GP to take responsibility for the co-ordination of all appropriate services required under the contract and ensure that they are delivered to each of their patients where required (based on the clinical judgement of the named accountable GP).
All of our patients here at Belmont Medical Centre, including children, now have a named GP who is responsible for their overall care. Patients will be notified when they contact the Surgery, on repeat medication slips and by text or e-mail where available.
Please note that this does NOT prevent you from seeing any GP of your choice in the practice as you currently do now, and you are unlikely to see any notable change in the way care is delivered to you by us.
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ATHENS, Ga. -- Las Vegas seems to believe Georgia has a better chance against Auburn than many members of the Bulldogs' fan base.
When the opening line was released for Saturday's next installment of the Deep South's Oldest Rivalry, placing Auburn as a three-point favorite -- you can also find the Tigers favored by 3.5, depending on where you look -- the overwhelming sentiment in replies from Georgia fans was, "Is that all?"
That question is understandable given that Auburn seems to have the hammer down after Saturday's impressive 55-23 win at Tennessee, while Georgia has been stuck in neutral for a month since a number of its most important offensive players dropped out of the lineup with injuries.
The Bulldogs re-entered the Associated Press Top 25 on Sunday (at No. 25) for the first time since dropping from the rankings after an Oct. 19 loss to Vanderbilt. Yet it's perfectly reasonable to wonder how the Bulldogs possibly can hang with Auburn at Jordan-Hare, even though Georgia has dominated the series thoroughly in recent years.
Not only did the Bulldogs' blowout wins in 2011 (45-7) and 2012 (38-0) pull the all-time series to even at 54-54-8, they gave Georgia wins in six of its last seven meetings with Auburn and threatened the UGA program record for biggest margin of victory over the Tigers (41-0 in 1946).
When the teams kick off on Saturday, Georgia will be riding a string of 76 unanswered points against Auburn that dates back to the first quarter of the 2011 game in Athens. That's thanks in large part to Bulldogs quarterback Aaron Murray's mastery of the Tigers (he has completed 67.1 percent of his passes in three starts against Auburn, passing for 705 yards, 10 touchdowns and no interceptions) and a defense that has surrendered 238 or fewer yards in each of the last two meetings since Auburn's emotional 49-31 win in 2010 created bad blood on both sides.
Auburn ran 25 times for just 51 yards against Georgia in 2011, Gus Malzahn's final season as the Tigers' offensive coordinator before spending a year at Arkansas State and returning as head coach this season. But it's completely unreasonable to expect such a defensive performance on Saturday against an Auburn rushing attack that now leads the SEC with an average of 320 yards per game.
Former Georgia player Nick Marshall has been exceptional in the Tigers' key wins against Texas A&M, Ole Miss and Tennessee, running for more than 100 yards and two touchdowns against each -- including 214 and two scores in Saturday's win against Tennessee. And running back Tre Mason has scored a touchdown in seven straight games, plus he has rushed for at least 100 yards in four of the last five.
All of that said, run defense is the one area that has been fairly consistent throughout this rebuilding season for Georgia's young defense. The Bulldogs have struggled at times against the pass, but they are fourth in the SEC against the run (126 ypg), setting up perhaps the biggest key to Saturday's game.
If Todd Grantham's defense can slow down Auburn's running game and force Marshall to pass, Georgia's chances of victory increase exponentially. Marshall has attempted 10 or more passes just six times this season and has completed at least 60 percent of his passes in only two of those games.
He's a phenomenal athlete, and he and Mason are both superb runners, but as a pure pocket passer, Marshall scares exactly nobody. Grantham will have the difficult responsibility of finding a way to hem him in and make him throw on Saturday -- something multiple defensive coordinators have attempted, but very few have pulled off effectively.
Auburn's defense hardly resembles the 1985 Chicago Bears -- the Tigers are 10th in the SEC in total defense (394.4 ypg) -- so Georgia will score some points if Bulldogs tailback Todd Gurley is anywhere near full strength after an ankle injury that has plagued him for much of the season.
Grantham's defense probably must deliver its finest effort of the season to keep Saturday's game within reach for Gurley and company, however. If they can't keep Marshall and the Tigers from running wild, that three-point spread that so confused Georgia's fans will probably have seemed generous by the time Saturday's game ends.


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Perez Hilton's Daily Update: Lady Gaga Said Fame Traumatized HerMother Monster detailed her struggles with anxiety and depression that lead to an intervention in 2013.
Bookstore Begs People To Stop Donating 'Fifty Shades Of Grey'Oxfam is so overwhelmed with the excess surplus, they've started building forts out of the discarded novels!
New 'Fifty Shades of Grey' Manuscript Was StolenOne 'Fifty Shades' fan was just too curious about the latest installment in the series.
The Weeknd's 7 Deadly SinsAfter "Earned It" reached No. 1, we decided to track the R&B Lothario's dark and devilish path to success. See what we uncovered.
'Fifty Shades' Sequels Are Coming in 2017, 2018And in February, of course.
Read Every Line Rita Ora Says in 'Fifty Shades of Grey'Curious?
Steve Buscemi Stars in '50 Shades of Grey' SpoofSteve Buscemi makes an amazing and much funnier Christian Grey in this new and Fifty Shades of Grey spoof.
Here's 10 Steamy Movies Sexier Than 'Fifty Shades of Grey' for Valentine's DayHere's a starter kit of the top 10 hottest non-Fifty Shades films for the sexy cinephile in all of us.
Here's 10 Steamy Movies Sexier Than 'Fifty Shades of Grey' for Valentine's DayHere's a starter kit of the top 10 hottest non-Fifty Shades films for the sexy cinephile in all of us.
Every Song on the 'Fifty Shades of Grey' Soundtrack, Ranked by SexinessFrom Beyoncé to Sinatra, we take a closer look at the movie's soundtrack to figure out who is the sexiest of them all. Curious to know who tops the list?
Carson Daly Attends "Fifty Shades Of Grey" ScreeningOur very own Carson Daly was one of the first to see the scandalous flick during a fan screening earlier this morning!
Ellie Goulding Recreates '50 Shades' Scenes in 'Love Me Like You Do': WatchCan you imagine how Anastasia Steele must have felt the first time she met her soulmate Christian Grey? Ellie Golding certainly does.


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On the urbanization of poverty
The author identifies conditions under which the urban sector's share of the poor population in a developing country will be a strictly increasing and strictly convex function of its share of the total population. Cross-sectional data afor 39 countries and time-series data for for India are consistent with the expected theoretical relationship. The empirical results imply that the poor urbanize faster than the population as a whole. But the experience across developing countries suggests that a majority of the poor will still live in rural areas long after most people in the developing world live in urban areas.
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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Lipton, Michael & Ravallion, Martin, 1995.
"Poverty and policy,"
Handbook of Development Economics,in: Hollis Chenery & T.N. Srinivasan (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 41, pages 2551-2657
- Lipton, Michael & Ravallion, Martin, 1993. "Poverty and policy," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1130, The World Bank.
- Gaurav Datt, 1999. "Has Poverty Declined since Economic Reforms? Statistical Data Analysis," Monash Economics Working Papers archive-31, Monash University, Department of Economics.
- Ravallion, Martin & Bidani, Benu, 1994. "How Robust Is a Poverty Profile?," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 8(1), pages 75-102, January.
- Ravallion, Martin & Bidani, Benu, 1993. "How robust is a poverty profile?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1223, The World Bank.
- Haddad, Lawrence & Ruel, Marie T. & Garrett, James L., 1999. "Are Urban Poverty and Undernutrition Growing? Some Newly Assembled Evidence," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 27(11), pages 1891-1904, November. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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Six major retailers are making it easier for consumers to compare prices online.
Walmart, Costco, CVS, Walgreens, Drugstore.com and e-grocer FreshDirect reached an agreement with New York's attorney general last week to provide the unit prices of the products listed on their websites — not just in New York, but in every state.
Unit prices tell consumers the cost of an item per liter, per quart, per pound and so forth. Those are the numbers that make it possible to determine whether you would actually save money by purchasing that large can of tomatoes from Costco instead of the smaller one at Walmart, for example.
"This is a monumental advance for consumers," said Sally Greenberg, executive director of the National Consumers League, in a statement about the agreement. "Providing unit prices helps consumers compare prices between items quickly and easily. Particularly important for consumers on a budget, unit pricing gives them the information they need to make informed purchasing decisions."
Each of the six retailers will begin posting the unit prices sometime between the end of this year and March 2015. If consumers are lucky, the retailers may even begin during holiday shopping season. Greenberg said she hopes more retailers follow their lead to making the shopping experience more transparent.
Notably, online retail mammoth Amazon declined to sign the agreement.


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I've been watching the 2012 Summer Olympics for the last two weeks, and it's been awesome. I sit on my couch and eat anything I can find — Goober peanut butter and jam, potato chips, M&M's, these new Oreos called the "Triple Double" (which are incredible, by the way).
While I win the gold for snacking, I watch and imagine what it would be like to have American gymnast Aly Raisman's body.
As if!
These people work out every day, all day long. I do 25 crunches and half an "Insanity" workout on DVD, then think I'm pretty great and reward myself with a pizza.
Based on what I can tell, what it takes to be an Olympic athlete — besides God-given natural talent — is a fierce competitive edge and the strength to face more disappointment and pain on a worldwide scale than I will ever know.
Last week, I was trying to figure how to use the deep fryer my husband and I got for our wedding when he yelled to me, "You'd better get in here because the fastest man in the world is about to run."
Watching Usain Bolt run is beautiful. The form, the muscles.
I stood there and watched him run, went back to my deep fryer and thought about what it would be like to be that fast.
Bolt, a sprinter from Jamaica, ran 100 meters in 9.63 seconds. That's about 34 feet per second. He is the fastest man in the world — but with even a second of hesitation, there are several other men who would have beat him.
These Olympic athletes are all the best. They race within seconds, sometimes half a second of each other. Sometimes one toe is all that separates the gold and silver medals.
So that got me thinking. Compared to these Olympians, how fast am I?
I can remember playing capture the flag at recess as a kid. It's fair to say that I've always been a little overconfident. When I wasn't picked first by the team captains, I was always surprised. After the game started I'd run for that flag thinking "I'm unstoppable!" as the wind blew through my hair. I'd throw my legs into high gear and then, suddenly, as if I wasn't even trying, someone would tag me and I'd be thrown into jail until I'd been there for so long that the guard would just let me go knowing he'd see me right back there in minutes, sometimes seconds.
How slow am I? You're about to find out.
First, let's look at some stats:
Usain Bolt:
Birthday: 8/21/86
Height: 6-5
Weight: 205
Net worth: $6 million
Jenna Kim Jones:
Birthday: 6/8/86
Height: 5-6
Weight: ?
Net worth: $1 million smile and a pack of Oreos
My husband and I snuck onto the nearby high school's track in between football practice this week to record my slow-lympic run. He insisted that I give myself a one-second grace because I didn't use the blocks that the Olympic runners push off of at the start of their races. I assured him it wouldn't make much of a difference.Comment on this story
See for yourself in the video. I ran 100 meters in 20.4 seconds. That's about 16 feet a second. Bolt is more than twice as fast as me.
At first I thought that was pretty pathetic, but then I decided that my sluggish pace proved that the Olympic athletes are totally worthy of all the hype.
These Olympians are amazing. More amazing than we can even understand.
And for all of their hard work, I think it's important that every four years I get to appreciate them on television with my favorite snack.
Jenna Kim Jones is a writer and comedian in the Los Angeles area. Contact her at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Liquavista takes $3.7 million loan from Dutch government
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LONDON &@151; Electrowetting display pioneer Liquavista BV (Eindhoven, The Netherlands has received a 2.5 million euro (about $3.7 million) innovation loan from SenterNovem, an agency of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. The money is intended to accelerate the development of Liquavista's range of eReader display technologies.
The terms of the loan in terms of interest or a date by which it is has to be paid back, were not disclosed.
"Working with SenterNovem is not just about gaining the support of funding for our research and development work," said Guy Demuynck, Liquavista's recently appointed CEO, in a statement. "It is about building a joint partnership with SenterNovem in bringing our new innovative technologies to the market."
"The loan has been approved as a result of the tremendous progress Liquavista has made to date in demonstrating its latest technology platforms," said Bas Kruiderink, project advisor at SenterNovem, in the same statement. "Liquavista is a great example of an exciting innovative technology started in the Netherlands and as such a role model to other startups."
Related links and articles:
Liquavista appoints former Philips executive as CEO
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Thermal and electrical characterization of large-area OLEDS


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Some reports tell merging tribe color is black. So the ghost tribe would be purple as long as it lasts.Originally Posted by Driew_La_27
Some reports tell merging tribe color is black. So the ghost tribe would be purple as long as it lasts.Originally Posted by Driew_La_27
ps. This is just my opinion in the matter.
It is not fair to the remain players that played a better game than those that got voted out.Originally Posted by Maveno
Yea, I can see this taking place. And yea, the booted players can cause lots of problems. I just can not imagine they would reenter the game (the whole torch extinguishing spectacle...though, remember, Lill's torch had to be put out twice when she was booted...foreshadowing?).Originally Posted by Kaky
Originally Posted by LAGuy
Ya, I see them competing, I'm not sure they can win the grand prize though in the final.
Just because we see them competing, does this mean they are there to stay until the final days as a tribe? Could they be there to compete one week, maybe one or two staying to live within one of the lasting tribes?
I don't know.
They've been snuffed out. The tribe has spoken. They are there to compete and take away something from the existing tribes but can one of the ousted, returning tribe members (didn't outwit, didn't outlast, didn't outplay) be allowed to "compete for the million"?
I don't think it is "right" in the basic foundation of the game of survivor if they are back to stay and "compete" for the final prize.
I agree with you -- to an extent.Originally Posted by Kaky
However, the argument could be made that if you return to the game after being booted (and with a HUGE target on your back) and somehow manage to make it to the final 2, then, yes, you have effectively outplayed, outwitted, and outlasted. Since the final decision is up to the jury, that would have to be something for them to consider.
I remember when Amy returned in Big Brother 3, the other houseguests felt there was NO WAY she would win the money for that very reason: that it wasn't fair or right that the money would go to someone who had re-entered the house after being evicted. It would've been interesting to see, had she made it to the end (against, say, Danielle) how much of a factor that would've been.
Kraky, they ARE allowed to compete and win the million.
fluff said:
Monumental decision?
I'm thinking Osten might decide to leave.
How about...Jon decides to keep his mouth shut and his opinion to himself?
ORRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR............. .........Osten decides to get up off his ass and do something. Osten..? Osten..? Helllllllllllllooooooooooooooo oo....
I don't always act like a bitch; but when I do, I'm the lead float in the bitch parade.
I think I've read most of this thread and if there has been any discussion on the "Ghost" tribe's chances in team challenges, I've missed it.
Besides them being unified in wanting to prove themselves, I'm not sure how well they'll work as teammates. Burton and Michelle's clique might open up to include Nicole, if she is "cool" enough, and maybe Trish as an ex-Drake, but probably not Ryan S and Lill. However, the three ex-Morgans (Nicole, Ryan S, and Lill) might have bonded tight before Burton joined them on day 12. Hopefully they'll have learned their lessons and put aside differences to work as a team.
Burton is their only strong man for physical challenges, because as much as I like Ryan S., he just doesn't have it in the muscles department. Trish seems to be quite athletic, but I don't think she has much upper body strength. Michelle is tough for her size, but her size isn't much. Lill seemed to do well in the swimming challenge, but otherwise doesn't seem too strong, and I haven't a clue about Nicole except that she will have to work at keeping her dress up.
In a mental or logical challenge, which the cages behind them might be, I think they have just as much a chance as Drake or Morgan.
I really have no clue how this is all going to play out, but am looking forward to watching it no matter what happens.
I think the Ghost tribe might do very well as a team -- especially if we're only talking about competing in a challenge or two.
The cage escapes in the past haven't been overly physically challenging, and there's usually a fairly mental aspect to them (untying knots, etc.) I would think Michelle would be the weakest overall member of the tribe, but in the shots of the Ghost tribe in the cage, she isn't shown. Perhaps, as the Ghost tribe numbers 6 (to 5 each for Morgan & Drake), she sits this one out.
Though we don't know the specifics, it's interesting to see in the vidcaps that some people are crawling under the cage (Andrew, and Shawn with Christa's help), whereas Rupert can be seen exiting through an open door. (Shawn is behind him, though, so I wonder why he isn't able to go through the same door. Maybe only one can move at a time and/or there are different cells?) Anyway, if crawling under the cage is one of the options, the overall smaller body size of the Ghost tribe could be a definite advantage. Especially for Skinny Ryan.
Don't know how the footrace figures in, but, since the vidcaps show only Andrew, Burton and Shawn racing, perhaps the race doesn't happen until all tribe members are free of the cage, at which time just one member from each tribe takes part in the race. With Burton being the strongest on the Ghost tribe, it makes sense that he would be the one running.
Overall, the physical aspects of this particular challenge might suit the Ghost tribe very well. And if the reward for their efforts is the opportunity for some of them to return to the game & compete for the million bucks, I think that's probably all the incentive they need to function together as a tribe -- at least in the short term.


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Blogged in Broke Straight Boys by Steve on
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Erik and Ross are in the house baby! :) This is one of my favorite episode from BrokeStraightBoys.com. This is Erik and Ross' second episode with us and in this video, I find the kissing part really hot. There is nothing hotter than 2 straight guys passionately kissing :) When it came to the fucking, Erik started slapping Erik with a belt, I just wish he had done it harder lol hehe That's my kinky side coming out :) Check out Erik and Ross's video below and if you like it, you might want to join BrokeStraightBoys.com to watch the full version, it's worth it! Read More "Erik fucks Ross on Broke Straight Boys"


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There are some that believe the Arizona State Sun Devils' victory over the Washington Huskies last weekend was the most impressive of Todd Graham's time at ASU. I wouldn't disagree with that sentiment but would add Colorado to that statement.
Yes, Colorado.
It's easy to get a team's attention and prepare them when they know their opponent is capable of whipping them.
It's easy to watch film of the Huskies and see the raw physicality they possess on both sides of the ball. Film work like that makes a kid respect his opponent, gets his attention, focuses his passions and helps him muster the urgency required to play well.
But how do you play when the other team possesses little threat to you? How do you play when the film tells you your opponent does not possess the talent and skill that is your equal? Do you have the maturity as a player to summon your passions and play desperate football when you feel like you're playing 1-on-1 against your little brother in the driveway?
And that's where coaching at the college level is paramount. So much of what a head coach does to prepare his team mentally impacts the outcome on Saturdays. The head man (and his staff) needs to be motivator, teacher and psychologist, pushing the appropriate buttons to make sure his team is ready for the task at hand — whatever kind of threat that task may pose.
Todd Graham, over a two-week period, had the Sun Devils ready to play despite the disparate threats Colorado and Washington offered.
After dominating a team that mustered little resistance to ASU, the Sun Devils just bullied the Huskies. This game was won — dominated, really — on the line of scrimmage on both sides of the ball. When talking about ASU's 53-24 win over UW, dominant is the only word that suffices.
So dominant we must ask the question, Sun Devils.
Has Todd Graham planted the seeds that will grow into a winning program for years to come? Better still, will the sower be here to reap the harvest?
Michael Kelly, COO of the College Football Playoff
Friday October 27
Michael Kelly tells us what goes into the College Football Playoff rankings and how they make the fi
Put Up Or Shut Up!
Wednesday September 20
An offensive lineman, an all-star first baseman and two head coaches. Find out who we're calling out
Gump Hayes, Arizona Cardinals rookie defensive back
Wednesday June 28
Former Sun Devil Gump Hayes explains how he got his nickname and discusses what he hopes to bring to
Ray Anderson, ASU athletic director
Tuesday February 14
Ray Anderson explains what went wrong with the joint arena deal with the Coyotes.
Chris Karpman, SunDevilSource.com
Wednesday February 1
Chris Karpman has the latest updates on the Sun Devils' recruiting class.


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BRUNSWICK COUNTY, NC (WWAY) — One person is dead after a collision on River Road (NC 133) south of Leland. Leland Fire Chief John Grimes says a woman died in the crash between a SUV and a box truck.
The name of the victim has not been released. A passenger in the SUV was taken to the hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, Highway Patrol said. The driver of the truck was shaken up.
Investigators say the woman who died was transporting a patient from one facility to another in Brunswick County. A witness who saw the accident told troopers she was present when the driver picked up her passenger. The witness told investigators the woman was sleeping as she waited for the passenger.
It happened after the curve just past Brunswick Cove Nursing Home heading toward Southport.
River Road was closed for several hours as crews worked to clear the scene.


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If you caught last night's episode of Big Brother, you may have a general idea of how the first eviction is going to go this Thursday night, as Head of Household GinaMarie nominated McCrae and Amanda for eviction and the whole house seems to be on board to get them out. Of course, anything can happen between now and Thursday. It's at this point that I'll offer the SPOILER warning. I'm going to discuss who won the Veto and whether or not it was used ahead, along with some speculation on who's most likely to go home on Thursday.
Ok, you've been warned! Here's what's been going on on the Live Feeds.
McCrae won the Veto. He took himself off and Spencer was put up in his place. In all likelihood, Amanda will be sent packing on Thursday.
That's the update as of right now. As I said, anything can happen. We've yet to see a Pandora's Box open up this season, and while I can't imagine GinaMarie would use whatever gift she might receive to save Amanda, there's always the chance of a second Veto or a coup d'etat power making its way into the house this week.
Let's talk about what's been going on in the house. As you saw in the episode, Amanda was convinced GinaMarie would put up Elissa. Watching the feeds, I actually thought she was really just acting confident about that in the hopes that she could will it to be true. But from the start, GinaMarie was always planning on putting up McCranda. Sure, Amanda can talk about how she and McCrae were never coming after GinaMarie, but I think they would've sent GM packing if she'd been put up against Aaryn last week. And from GM's perspective, she stands a better chance at sticking with the Exterminators alliance right now than she does trying to trust McCranda. GinaMarie was only ever linked to them through Aaryn, and she says Aaryn told her to target McCranda, so that's what she's doing.
While Elissa seemed eager to get Amanda out, it was looking like Judd and the rest of the house was leaning toward evicting McCrae. I think on an individual level, everyone knows McCrae would be harder to beat in the final two than Amanda. And given how Amanda's been acting lately, I'm inclined to agree with that. Even if she could take credit for a lot of the bigger moves that took place earlier in the season, her attitude in the house, which has shifted repeatedly from being angry and yelling at people (mainly Elissa) to crying, hasn't earned her any points among the jury members. I feel like any cloud she might have garnered herself for her game moves will have gotten lost in that mess as her social game crumbled. On that, I blame too much time lounging and not enough time working on her relationships with people. McCrae hasn't made a whole lot of big game movies, but between the two of them, people might see him as a bigger threat in a Final-2 scenario, as he doesn't have a lot of enemies.
But McCrae's not going, at least not first. He won the Veto and all signs pointed toward him using it on himself, though Judd, for some reason, thought he was going to be able to convince McCrae to use it on Amanda, assuring him that he'd be safe if he did. No one else seemed to believe that was going to happen and they were right.
Amanda seemed blindsided by the nominations, but I don't think either she or McCrae were foolish enough to think either of them was ever a pawn in this situation. One of the first things Amanda pointed out after the nominations was that the whole house must have been involved in this, because there was no way GinaMarie would risk putting them up if she didn't have the votes to get one of them out. Granted, GM really only needs two votes (with her being the tie-breaker), and she'd have those in Elissa and Judd, but it seemed like Amanda realized Spencer and maybe even Andy had turned on them. So I don't think McCrae had any reason to think he'd be safe if he stayed on the block and took Amanda down.
Their last big effort to save themselves was to urge GinaMarie to put Elissa up on the block as McCrae's replacement. IF there's anyone they could get the house to unite against, it's probably her, as people's involvement with Elissa seems to border on maybe-friends (for Judd) and tolerance for Andy, Spencer and GinaMarie. GM was willing to listen to their arguments, and she gave off the false impression that she was considering it, but it seems evident - especially with last night's diary room sessions where she repeatedly reminded us that she's GinaMarie - that she wants to send Amanda or McCrae out the door on Thursday no matter what. I don't know why she thought it was better to blindside McCranda with the nominations, or why she was giving them false hope that she might save them, unless it was to keep Amanda from going nuts again like she did on Elissa. Or maybe she thinks being nice about it will earn her a jury vote from Amanda in the end. There's always that. Either way, from what we've seen, there was no indication that GM was ever considering getting anyone out besides McCrae or Amanda.
Spencer was put up in Amanda's place, which all but assures that Amanda will go home. Spencer's this season's pawn, and at the rate he's going, he could make it to at least the final three before someone cuts him loose. Or he'll be taken to the end because, aside from his willingness to be nominated every other week and vote with the group (usually) he's done very little in this game in the way of power moves.
I'm more curious to see how McCrae does on his own once Amanda is gone. He may very well be sent out the door immediately after she is, since there's a double eviction this week. Or he'll manage to squeak through and who knows? The exterminators could turn on one another.
BIG UPDATE here!
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by Staff Writers
Pittsburgh PA (SPX) Jan 26, 2016
An international team of researchers, including Carnegie Mellon University's Rachel Mandelbaum, has shown that the relationship between galaxy clusters and their surrounding dark matter halo is more complex than previously thought.
The researchers' findings, published in Physical Review Letters are the first to use observational data to show that, in addition to mass, a galaxy cluster's formation history plays a role in how it interacts with its environment.
There is a connection between galaxy clusters and their dark matter halos that holds a great deal of information about the universe's content of dark matter and accelerating expansion due to dark energy. Galaxy clusters are groupings of hundreds to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity, and are the most massive structures found in the universe.
These clusters are embedded in a halo of invisible dark matter. Traditionally, cosmologists have predicted and interpreted clustering by calculating just the masses of the clusters and their halos.
However, theoretical studies and cosmological simulations suggested that mass is not the only element at play - something called assembly bias, which takes into account when and how a galaxy cluster formed, also could impact clustering.
"Simulations have shown us that assembly bias should be part of our picture," said Mandelbaum, a member of Carnegie Mellon's McWilliams Center for Cosmology. "Confirming this observationally is an important piece of understanding galaxy and galaxy cluster formation and evolution."
In the current study, the research team, led by Hironao Miyatake, Surhud More and Masahiro Takada of the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, analyzed observational data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's DR8 galaxy catalog. Using this data, they demonstrated that when and where galaxies group together within a cluster impacts the cluster's relationship with its dark matter environment.
The researchers divided close to 9,000 galaxy clusters into two groups based on the spatial distribution of the galaxies in each cluster. One group consisted of clusters with galaxies aggregated at the center and the other consisted of clusters in which the galaxies were more diffuse.
They then used a technique called gravitational lensing to show that, while the two groups of clusters had the same mass, they interacted with their environment much differently. The group of clusters with diffuse galaxies were much more clumpy than the group of clusters that had their galaxies close to the center.
"Measuring the way galaxy clusters clump together on large scales is a linchpin of modern cosmology. We can go forward knowing that mass might not be the only factor in clustering," Mandelbaum said.
Additional authors of the study include: David N. Spergel, Princeton University; Eli S. Rykoff, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology; and Eduardo Rozo, University of Arizona.
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Chinese Dragon Could Get Burnt
John Garnaut reports for Stuff.co.nz on how China's overseas investments are playing out on the ground in Africa and other regions:
The map of China's overseas resource investments is not a pretty picture. In the developed world, Chinese investors are tangling with unfamiliar regulations, labour markets and technologies.
In unstable nations, particularly in Africa, they are aligning themselves with transient regimes. In South America and the Pacific Islands, which have pugnacious traditions of local community rights, they are finding that doing cozy deals at the state level does not solve grassroots problems.
So they are encountering huge cost overruns and delays in Australia; a rolling tangle of violent landowner disputes and now court injunctions in Papua New Guinea; ugly labour and environmental disputes in Peru; a violent backlash against Chinese workers in Angola and a fraught alliance with a brutal dictator in Sudan.
Chinese corporate leaders are not accustomed to paying for impartial advice, preferring instead to pay commissions to middle men who can lead them to overpay for the wrong assets. Some are exposing themselves to corruption investigators abroad and also at home for huge kickbacks paid and received.
It is only a matter of time before such antics are exposed in Australia. And in Africa, unlike China, they don't often get what they pay for.


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Weekly Wisdoms for the week of August 28, 2017
It can be difficult to find people of integrity, because so many people make mediocre compromises. At work, such people take every shortcut possible in order to finish the task as quickly as possible, even though they do a terrible job in the process. At school, mediocre people copy homework from friends and copy essays from the Internet just in order to avoid work while hoping to get a good grade, even though they're cheating and don't learn the material.
Unfortunately, many of the people who lack integrity are Christians. Yet, this is clearly not how God wants us to live. He desires that we be people of integrity.
Integrity means doing what is right when no one is looking, and it means going the extra mile, knowing that God sees everything and that what he sees in secret he will reward in the open (Matthew 6:4,6,18). Jesus told his disciples, "What you have said in the dark will be heard in the daylight, and what you have whispered in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed from the roofs" (Luke 12:3).
Whatever you do now, even if it is hidden from others, will be brought out into the open and made public. If you are wondering whether or not to do something, consider whether or not you'd be willing to do it in front of your boss, your teacher, your parents, or your pastor. If you have to hide what you're doing to feel comfortable, then there's a good chance you shouldn't be doing it at all.
In John 13:34-35, Jesus instructed us—His followers—to love others: "A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another." As Christians, learning to walk in love should be a very high priority.
Unfortunately, we often love others only superficially—that is, we talk love, but don't live love. James 2:15-16 addresses this problem: "Suppose a brother or sister is without clothes and daily food. If one of you says to him, 'Go, I wish you well; keep warm and well fed,' but does nothing about his physical needs, what good is it?"
If you say that you love someone, but don't express it by what you do, then that "love" is worthless. Indeed, it isn't even real love.
Likewise, 1 John 3:17-18 asks, "If anyone has material possessions and sees his brother in need but has no pity on him, how can the love of God be in him? Dear children, let us not love with words or tongue but with actions and in truth." Here again, we are instructed to love with actions—not just with our mouth.
Follow the instructions of Jesus: love one another. However, remember that real love must be accompanied by actions, because love unexpressed is not love at all.
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All scripture quotations are in italics. Some portions of scripture have been placed in bold by the author for emphasis.
All scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION©. NIV©. Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations marked (AMP) are taken from the Amplified Bible, Copyright © 1954, 1958, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1987 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.


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Can stabilization policies be efficient?
This paper makes use of optimal control relaxed problems to prove the absence of optimal trajectory in continuous time models with social increasing returns to scale where indeterminacy occurs. Although an efficient optimal policy does not exist, some chattering stabilization policies can mimic trajectories whose criterion functional approximates the supremum of the relaxed problem. This configuration is closely related to indeterminacy: by contrast, when the steady state is determined, an optimal policy is likely to exist.
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- Basu, Susanto & Fernald, John G., 1995.
"Are apparent productive spillovers a figment of specification error?,"
Journal of Monetary Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 165-188, August.
- Basu, S. & Fernald, J.G., 1993. "Are Apparent Productive Spillovers a Figment of Specification Error," Papers 93-22, Michigan - Center for Research on Economic & Social Theory.
- Susanto Basu & John G. Fernald, 1995. "Are Apparent Productive Spillovers a Figment of Specification Error?," NBER Working Papers 5073, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Susanto Basu & John G. Fernald, 1994. "Are apparent productive spillovers a figment of specification error?," International Finance Discussion Papers 463, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Hansen, Gary D., 1985. "Indivisible labor and the business cycle," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 309-327, November.
- Gary Hansen, 2010. "Indivisible Labor and the Business Cycle," Levine's Working Paper Archive 233, David K. Levine.
- Guo, Jang-Ting & Lansing, Kevin J., 1998. "Indeterminacy and Stabilization Policy," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 82(2), pages 481-490, October.
- Jang-Ting Guo & Kevin J. Lansing, 1997. "Indeterminacy and stabilization policy," Working Paper 9708, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
- Basu, Susanto & Fernald, John G, 1997. "Returns to Scale in U.S. Production: Estimates and Implications," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(2), pages 249-283, April.
- Susanto Basu & John G. Fernald, 1996. "Returns to scale in U.S. production: estimates and implications," International Finance Discussion Papers 546, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Guo, Jang-Ting & Lansing, Kevin J., 2002. "Fiscal Policy, Increasing Returns, And Endogenous Fluctuations," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 6(05), pages 633-664, November.
- Jang-Ting Guo & Kevin Lansing, 1999. "Fiscal policy, increasing returns, and endogenous fluctuations," Working Papers in Applied Economic Theory 99-08, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Seierstad, Atle & Sydsaeter, Knut, 1977. "Sufficient Conditions in Optimal Control Theory," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 18(2), pages 367-391, June.
- Daniel F. Spulber, 1996. "Introduction," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(1), pages 1-4, 03. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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