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Shoehorning Darwin into an otherwise legitimate history of a science movement
|April 10, 2012
|Posted by News under Culture, Darwinism, Intelligent Design, News
In "New Book Poses the Question: At the Birth of Modern Science, Was Darwin Present — or AWOL?" ( Evolution News & Views, April 10, 2012), Michael Flannery reviews The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World :
The book takes its title from breakfast meetings that occurred from the end of 1812 through the spring of 1813 in which the four Cambridge students discussed Francis Bacon and inductive reasoning, the nature of scientific inquiry, and its appropriate goals and objectives. Their bond would remain life-long. More importantly, in developing their ideas they crafted the modern concept of "the scientist" as one who put his or her investigations to the practical service of human betterment. Given its broad altruistic aims, they saw this new scientific age as one in which the government had an active responsibility to support research and to recognize those who labored on its behalf. In their collective revision the natural philosopher (often an amateur cleric dabbling in astronomy, geology, chemistry, or other field) was transformed into a professional scientist supported by the academy and a collegial network of fellow practitioners.
Unfortunately, Snyder offers a second narrative. This one presents a strained and ultimately failed attempt at linking Charles Darwin with the work of the Philosophical Breakfast Club, a "breakfast" meeting of the minds that never happened. There are some hints of this misdirection sprinkled here and there throughout the book, but it comes to the fore in chapter 12, "Nature Decoded."
Why did Snyder go out of her way to tie Darwin to these founders of modern science? The question, of course, almost answers itself. If these Victorian creationists (in a broad historical and philosophical sense, not our modern one) are indeed the founders of modern science — which is, after all, her central thesis — then she had to make them Darwin-friendly.
The fact is, Snyder probably could not have sold the book contract if she hadn't. Who cares about actual science when the literary airheads are all channelling Darwin?
19 Responses to Shoehorning Darwin into an otherwise legitimate history of a science movement
1GregoryApril 11, 2012 at 3:22 am
Charles R. Darwin was 3 years-old in 1812. Probably a bit young for a 'philosophical breakfast club'?
"the literary airheads are all channelling Darwin"
There are also practical heavyweights who are circumscribing Darwin's influence. Check the response in a recent interview with an internationally honoured engineer, on the topic of 'design' and 'evolution':
"Evolution the word was not invented by Darwin. Like revolution for that matter. Evolution means changes in something you look at…something is changing in time. Nobody needs Darwin in order to use the word."
What 'non-Darwinian' or 'post-neo-Darwinian' approach to evolution would you otherwise like to Name?
I'm hoping to read this book (which I ordered last week for the college library) over the summer. Flannery clearly has read it, but I am hesitant to accept a couple of his points–even without reading the book yet.
First, this:
Snyder claims that Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859 "can be seen as encoding Whewell and Herschel's philosophy of science" and that his "argument for evolution by natural selection" was modeled upon the methodologies they promoted, especially what they had considered the strongest type of evidence for a scientific theory — "what Whewell had dubbed consilience" (p. 332).
Flannery comes back to this a bit later, briefly: "It was also wrong. Thus the degree to which Darwin's theory was consilient is irrelevant since the consilience of any given theory is really a neutral factor in deciding whether it is true or not."
I don't know how Snyder documents her claim, but Michael Ruse's early book "The Darwinian Revolution" lays out the case very clearly for the influence of Whewell and Herschel on Darwin's thinking, esp the notion of "consilience" that IMO helps to make Darwin's case very persuasive. In short, Snyder ain't just makin' this up (it that's what she says).
I also think that Flannery be have quoted Howard Gruber out of context, when he has this:
Gruber goes on to admit that an examination of Darwin's private notebooks makes it clear that "his actual way of working . . . would never have passed muster in a methodological court of inquiry among Darwin's scientific contemporaries" (p. 122).
Gruber isn't talking about Darwin's arguments; he's talking about the way in which he first came to his conclusions. In other words, context of discovery vs context of justification. The "Origin of Species" is "one long argument," as Darwin says, and it's in the context of justification that Whewell and Herschel seem so important.
As for Whewell influencing Darwin's views about science and religion, I think some influence was indeed present. The tip of that iceberg is the quotation from Whewell opposite the title page of the "Origin." It sounds *exactly* like what Darwin himself wrote in the early, manuscript versions of his theories from the 1840s.
Finally, a side point about Malthus. He wasn't the only person writing about this in that way. In the second edition of his book, Malthus cites a paper by none other than Benjamin Franklin, who was worried about the carrying capacity of the land in Pennsylvania, which was being overrun by immigrants at the time (1751)–esp immigrants from Germany who weren't assimilating.
3Robert ByersApril 11, 2012 at 2:45 pm
Is MS Snyder aware Darwin insisted women were biologically intellectually inferior to men and only careful selective breeding possibly could change this???
Her ideas on science he would of smirked at?
Just thought I'd bring it up because modern evolutionism doesn't want to.
They flirt with the race stuff(genetic brainism) but are shy of Darwins girl theories.
4FlanneryApril 13, 2012 at 12:01 pm
1. To Ted Davis,
Permit me to respond to your points.
Point #1
I am familiar with Michael Ruse's work on consilience, most recently in 2009, but really dating from the 1970s. I think Ruse is wrong to suggest that consilience validates (or somehow makes "more persuasive") a scientific theory and Snyder implicitly makes this same mistake (whatever her sources for the claim). Maybe Snyder "ain't just makin this up," but neither is the point strengthened by repeating old errors. The error really begins with Whewell himself, who was simply wrong to accord consilience such power as an explanatory feature of scientific truth. I highly recommend Paul Thagard's "Coherence, Truth, and the Development of Scientific Knowledge," Philosophy of Science 74 (Jan. 2007): 28-47. Again, my point is that the degree to which a scientific theory is consilient is simply irrelevant to its truth. While we can have examples where it is, there are other examples where it clearly is not. In my essay I gave humoral theory as a consilent theory that was false; Thagard gives the example of phlogiston.
Point #2
I did not cite Howard Gruber out of context. Indeed Gruber's comments go directly to the point that Darwin's methodology – i.e., "the way in which he first came to his conclusions" – was NOT based upon Baconian induction as Darwin himself had claimed. Remember, Snyder is arguing the thesis that Darwin adopted the Breakfast Club's methodology of Baconian induction in arriving at his conclusions. Gruber is stating here that Darwin did not. In fact, as I quote, Gruber ends by stating that "his [Darwin's] actual way of working . . . would never have passed muster in a methodological court of inquiry among Darwin's scientific contemporaries." The examples I cite from Herschel, Whewell, and Sedgwick go directly to Gruber's comment.
As for the quotation of Whewell that Darwin (as Janet Browne so accurately puts it) took so "audaciously out of context," I think the point that Darwin was consciously trying to make his theory amenable to Whewell and thus grant it the credibility he so earnestly sought for it, speaks for itself. Darwin was rather shamelessly namedropping here in an attempt to gain the credibility and authority for his theory that he so anxiously sought. It's important to distinguish "influence" from salesmanship.
I thank Michael Flannery for his reply to my comments.
I don't share Mr Flannery's rather low view of "consilience." As with all sorts of inductive inferences, it can lead us astray–we agree about that. However, it can be very persuasive in other cases, including in the kind of forensic reasoning that Darwin often engaged in when doing natural history, whether evolution was the specific topic or not.
Janet Browne does indeed say that Darwin took his epigram from Whewell "audaciously out of context." I'd like to know exactly what she means. This is not germane to what Mr Flannery says in his review; there he is talking about Darwin's desire to link himself with Whewell's methods, whereas I was referring to Darwin's desire to link himself with Whewell's attitude toward natural theology and divine action. The quotation he borrowed from Whewell is *not* (pace Browne and Mr Flannery) taken out of context, whether audaciously or not, with regard to what it actually says about God and miracles. I will elaborate in a separate post below.
Here's what Whewell says, in the longer passage from which Darwin borrows, which I [enclose in brackets]:
"We are not to expect that physical investigation can enable us to conceive the manner in which God acts upon the members of the universe. The question, 'Canst thou by searching find out God?' must silence the boastings of science as well as the repinings of adversity. Indeed, science shows us, far more clearly than the conceptions of every day reason, at what an immeasurable distance we are from any faculty of conceiving *how* the universe, material and moral, is the work of the Deity. [But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this; — we can perceive that events are brought about, not by insulated interpositions of divine power exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws.] This, which is the view of the universe proper to science, whose office it is to search out these laws, is also the view which, throughout this work, we have endeavoured to keep present to the mind of the reader."
He goes on to say that natural theology should be done on that basis.
Now, let's compare this with what Darwin wrote in his early "Essay" version (1844) of what later became "On the Origin of Species." I quote:
"I must here premise that, according to the view ordinarily received, the myriads of organisms, which have during past and present times peopled this world, have been created by so many distinct acts of creation. It is impossible to reason concerning the will of the Creator, and therefore, according to this view, we can see no cause why or why not the individual organism should have been created on any fixed scheme. That all the organisms of this world have been produced on a scheme is certain from their general affinities; and if this scheme can be shown to be the same with that which would result from allied organic beings descending from common stocks, it becomes highly improbable that they have been separately created by individual acts of the will of a Creator. For as well might it be said that, although the planets move in courses conformably to the law of gravity, yet we ought to attribute the course of each planet to the individual act of the will of the Creator{306}. It is in every case more conformable with what we know of the government of this earth, that the Creator should have imposed only general laws."
Source: http://www.readbookonline.net/read/63478/112423/
As I say, I wonder what Janet Browne means by quoting Whewell out of context. She's an excellent scholar, so I'm sure she means something, but I can't fathom just what that is. Whewell and Darwin were on the same page here. Indeed, the same paragraph.
7GregoryApril 17, 2012 at 2:03 pm
Hi Ted,
I'm a bit surprised to see you use the language of 'forensic reasoning' to describe what Darwin was doing.
A typical definition of 'forensic' means that it is "of or before the forum." More specifically, it is "for the legal system." Darwin was not doing natural science or being a naturalist mainly for the courts of law, was he?
ID of course uses the comparision of 'design detection' and/or 'design inference' with 'forensic science' quite often. Are you simply borrowing their language, going with the fashion?
My question for you, Ted: what do you mean by 'forensic reasoning'? Are you not "shoehorning ID language into an otherwise legitimate history of (a) science movement"?
Btw, it is interesting to me that Darwin's language, which you quote, speaks of 'organisms' as 'peopling the world.' Arggh (as Charlie Brown would say), it is so common for naturalists and zoologists to anthropomorphise their speech!
Gregory–I mean that, in the historical sciences, one looks for hypotheses about past events that unify and explain the evidence available to us here and now. That's what happens in law courts.
That's what Darwin was doing also. A lovely example is his theory of coral reef formation, which is still accepted today in its broad outline, although certain details pertaining to the rise and fall of the ocean (as vs the bottom of the sea) were unknown to Darwin.
Gregory–I mean that, in the historical sciences, one looks for hypotheses about past events that unify and explain the evidence available to us here and now.
The evidence available here and now does not support evolutionism.
10GregoryApril 19, 2012 at 9:11 am
It makes little sense to say Darwin was engaged in 'forensic reasoning' other than with a stretch of the imagination. The 'forum' is something Darwin rarely engaged in (cooped up in Down) and he wasn't working for the 'legal system' or courts of law. I think you're confusing some terms here, Ted. You're not suggesting the Royal Society was Darwin's (hopeful) 'forum,' therefore he was a 'forensic scientist,' are you?
Please excuse, Ted, but you seem to have been Meyerized, along with your ASA and BioLogos comrade Randy Isaac, over Stephen C. Meyer's discussion of 'the historical sciences' in SotC (and elsewhere). For ID folks here, I don't mean that pejoratively re: Meyer, but rather supportively as an observation of influence. I've been McLuhanized myself, which means, stamped with the imprint of McLuhan's ideas. In fact, it shows that Meyer's ideas about 'the' historical sciences are taking hold even of those who oppose the IDM on cultural, theological or holistic grounds.
Meyer's argument (which Ted's somewhat echoes), in short form, via C. Lyell: "The present is the key to the past."
Here's Isaac:
Here's the NCSE:
Of course, the 'experimental science' or 'operations science' vs. 'historical science' dichotomy has been used by YECs as well, which is why I'm so surprised to see Ted Davis, who is strongly positioned against YECism, appealing to 'historical science' as a significant and valid category here. Or is this the part of ID that Ted agrees with?
Isaac almost seems to want to embrace ID (or at least the 'historical science' claims) in the above article, because: "Creation science proceeds from the premise that historical science is not credible" and Isaac could be more against YEC than he is against ID.
Just because subjects/objects 'have a history' surely does not qualify them as 'historical sciences.' Just because a person has a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in a field, doesn't make them a philosopher! Coral reefs are surely not 'historical sciences' just because history/change-over-time is involved in their study; try 'Earth and Ocean Sciences,' 'Environmental Sciences' (or some other nearby 'natural scientific' field) instead.
'Historical sciences' stated within a weak Anglo-American philosophy of science seems to me counter-productive because it warps various realities in the division of academic knowledge. There are other far stronger schools, notably the German-Russian tradition and its influence on Eastern Europeans (Poles, Austrians, Romanians, Slovaks, Hungarians included, i.e. where the top PoS's come from). The original distinction that Wilhelm Windelband made (i.e. nomothetic and idiographic, google it) was key; so were the distinctions by Dilthey and Rickert, as well as Max Weber.
What appears to have happened is that Anglo-Americans (in privileging the 'analytics' over the 'continental') have come to exclude the label 'science' from a large chunk of the Academy, while at the same time they are now reeling from a consequent disappearing of philosophy from many peoples' views of information, knowledge and wisdom.
Philosophy (and I would add sociology) 'of science' is desperately needed, a view that Ted has supported re: HPS at ASA, saying there that these fields that offered the best interpretations of the Dover trial (and probably of ID generally speaking).
Both Ted Davis and Stephen C. Meyer should welcome this unconventional (more globally-oriented) observation because recognizing it would assist them each in their common refusals of 'materialism,' 'naturalism' (both of the main types in evangelical and atheist US circles), and 'scientism.' It will be HPSS that allows TE/EC and ID to unite in a serious way, rather than speaking of 'accommodationism,' 'concordism' or 'Theistic Darwinism.'
Notice that in NCSE's quotation, Eliot Sober doesn't tell the whole story, being not as familiar with the stronger Eastern tradition as he is with the weaker Western one; he missed 'idiographic,' calling it 'historical sciences' instead. This is a great example of a blind spot in action!
The "International Committee of Historical Sciences" (http://www.cish.org/membres/or.....ionaux.htm) carries a different meaning, Ted, from what you (and Meyer and partly Sober) are suggesting, i.e. that Darwin was doing 'historical science.' They mean 'history as science,' not 'sciences that deal with history.' Do you recognize the difference that a philosophical perspective makes on this question or do you dismiss or reduce the role of philosophy is actually setting the terms of the conversation?
'History' as a field is taught and studied mainly within 'humanities' or 'arts' faculties in N. America. What do you call 'non-historical sciences,' if you are not stuck on the 'experimental' or 'observational' (Isaac) vs. 'historical,' given that you've even included biology now as a 'historical science'? What seems to me is happening here is an historian trying to turn 'history' into a 'science' by combining terms. Please correct me, Ted, if this is not so. The irony, Ted, is that, having been trained also in the East, I agree with your effort! The higher developed position in philosophy of science says that 'history is (a) science.' So, you, Isaac *and* Meyer should all be pleased with those results!
"the modern concept of 'the scientist' as one who put his or her investigations to the practical service of human betterment." – Flannery
At least with this statement, most of us, even if in very different 'camps' should be able to agree. Sadly, I'm quite serious when I say that by wresting 'history' (cf. idiographic events) away from the humanities and social sciences and chucking it (analytically) into the territory of 'natural sciences' poses a real and lurking danger of dehumanization in Anglo-American philosophy of science and knowledge.
– Gregory
11GregoryApril 22, 2012 at 10:06 am
Ted Davis wrote about "the kind of forensic reasoning that Darwin often engaged in when doing natural history." This would seem to support the idea that Stephen C. Meyer is doing the same sort of reasoning that Darwin was doing, according to the notion that ID echoes or mimics 'forensic science.' In Dembski's words, this would validate the 'generally accepted scientific principles'(GASP) of 'intelligent design' theory, which Ted, however, seems not to accept.
Ted's answer to my question about his use (re: Darwin) of 'forensic reasoning,' however, avoided the term 'forensic' altogether and instead concentrated on 'historical sciences,' to which I provided a long, challenging (and synthesizing) post in reply. Is Ted equivocating between 'forensic' and 'historical' and/or between 'historical' and 'scientific'? Is he attempting to make history (into) a science? Without involving philosophy, a direct answer to this question would seem unlikely and worth little.
"Darwin's desire to link himself with Whewell's attitude toward natural theology and divine action." – Ted
Could you please share some evidence if you've found any re: Darwin's "desire to link himself with Whewell's attitude toward natural theology and divine action" from the 1860's (a decade after his daughter Annie's death) onwards? The Darwin of the 1840s seems not to have been the same character wrt those themes as the 'later' Darwin, indeed it seems 'divine action' was no longer on his inner radar. Whewell, however, seemed more resilient in his willingness to discuss natural theology in his twilight years.
Perhaps your conclusion, Ted, is that Darwin really was 'primitive' when it came to his HPS and as a person failed to develop theologically or religiously after a certain age? We don't read many 'forensic prayers' in Darwin's autobiography, do we? BioLogos is a home for "Saving Darwin" via Karl Giberson, even if many people think this effort is a lost cause. Do you wish to attempt to 'save Darwin' by portraying him in alliance with Whewell's views of natural theology and divine action?
This isn't the place to elaborate extensively on the distinction between "historical" and "experimental" or "nomothetic" (the term Sober used in one of the places you link). But, yes, I think the distinction has limited validity. I like what Sober says about the legitimacy of the "historical" sciences as empirically verifiable sciences, despite the fact that they are not quite the same in methodology. As you've pointed out, Steve Meyer also agrees that the historical sciences have validity. So did the late Ernst Mayr; one of his last books is about this.
YECs do not accept the legitimacy of the historical sciences at all. They push a valid distinction much further than I or anyone else named in this comment would push it, to the point of wholly obliterating the scientific status of those sciences. When certain advocates of ID (I'll leave out names here, since I don't want to get into a prolonged argument) also advance this distinction, it can (for them) go toward the YEC end of the spectrum; other advocates of ID (such as Meyer) employ it with much more caution.
As for Darwin and Whewell, I think the evidence is very clear, that when Darwin wrote the early versions of "On the Origin of Species" in 1842 and 1844, he (like Whewell, Charles Babbage, and some other English natural theologians of that period) was thinking of God as a lawgiver, and he sought simply to bring biology within the realm of law, in exactly the same manner in which astronomy and physics had already been brought into the realm of law. By the 1830s, as the late Walter Cannon (as he called himself then) showed more than 50 years ago, English natural theologians were looking for evidence of design much more in the overall lawlikeness of nature than in particular contrivances. Whewell was in this category. Darwin was probably influenced by it, which is why he quoted Whewell on the flyleaf.
I have nothing more to add here.
13FlanneryApril 24, 2012 at 2:43 pm
Your attempt to make Whewell and Darwin kindred spirits in your two quotes is flawed for two reasons. First, your reference from Whewell fails to fully demonstrate how Whewell viewed natural law and the intimate link it had with the Divine. As the Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy so well summarizes, "Since our ideas are 'shadows' of the Divine Ideas, to see a law as a necessary consequence of our ideas is to see it as a consequence of the Divine Ideas exemplified in the world. Understanding involves seeing a law as being not an arbitrary 'accident on the cosmic scale,' but as a necessary consequence of the ideas God used in creating the universe. Hence the more we idealize the facts, the more difficult it will be to deny God's existence. We will come to see more and more truths as the intelligible result of intentional design. This view is related to the claim Whewell had earlier made in his Bridgewater Treatise (1833), that the more we study the laws of nature the more convinced we will be in the existence of a Divine Law-giver." Now this is not Darwin's point at all. The quotation from Darwin is merely a retort against special creation and a view of God that is at best deistic.
But for argument's sake, what if they really are reflections of similar views? I don't think they are, but let's assume that they are. Why presume a sketch written in 1844 reflects the same thinking of the final work written 15 years later? Darwin made no mention of a Creator in his first edition of Origin and only as an afterthought (to soften the theological blow and enhance its reception) did he add a strained mention at the every end of the second edition that appeared soon after in January of 1860. Even this he retracted in a letter to Joseph Hooker on March 29, 1863, when he confessed he had "truckled to public opinion & used the Pentateuchal term of creation, by which I really meant 'appeared' by some wholly unknown process." This would never have come from the pen or mouth of William Whewell!
So, Ted, when you're set to head-scratching over Janet Browne's comment that Darwin took Whewell "audaciously out of context" please bear this in mind. Browne understands as you seem not to that Whewell and Darwin were very different in their worldviews. Whewell had real reasons for not wanting The Origin of Species on the shelf of his Trinity College library.
Mr Flannery, I have no doubt that Darwin and Whewell had different worldviews, even at the time when Darwin wrote those early versions of the "Origin of Species." At that point in his life, however, their worldviews were not (yet) as different as you think.
You and Janet Browne may both be missing something important about Darwin's use of Whewell on the flyleaf of the "Origin." The passages I juxtaposed above are pretty darn close in meaning–as far as they go. Yes, as you rightly point out, Whewell's view of natural law was strongly theistic, while Darwin's was at that point in his life probably deistic. This does nothing to diminish the striking parallel: both Whewell and Darwin say that we can't know the first thing about exactly *how* God does things (as Whewell puts it); it's impossible to reason about this, as Darwin puts it. And, they both agree that the job of science is to search for the general laws through which the universe is governed.
Yes, it was ultimately (in the 1850s and later) Darwin's view that God had nothing whatsoever to do with the origin of species. It's highly questionable that he saw it that way in the early 1840s. Certainly he saw himself as looking for general laws–trying as best as he could to solve Herschel's "mystery of mysteries," by subsuming the arbitrary acts of divine creation under general laws. The very approach that Whewell had praised. Yes, Whewell went quite a bit further than this; but, they agreed on that much, at least. That's why Darwin used Whewell, IMO. Whatever Browne thinks of this, the evidence reviewed here supports my conclusion.
And, b/c Whewell quoted Bacon a few times in that same section of his Bridgewater treatise, it makes sense that Darwin would do likewise. Indeed, Whewell used Bacon to make the same point he had made himself in the passage Darwin quoted: "That notwithstanding God hath rested and ceased from creating since the first sabbath, yet, nevertheless, he doth accomplish and fulfil his divine will in all things, great and small, singular and general, as fully and exactly by providence, as he could by miracle and new creation, though his working be not immediate and direct, but by compass; not violating nature, which is his own law, upon the creature."
The larger question I have implicitly raised here concerns "rationalism" and "voluntarism" in Darwin's understanding of divine action. That's largely unexplored territory for the time being, but I know someone who is very interested in mapping it. I'm not at liberty to be more specific. (My own early work was on the same general topic, though not about Darwin or other 19th century authors.) If that work eventually comes to light, I suspect it will support what I've said here. In the meantime, readers must draw their own conclusions, but I advise them to take Darwin's citation of Whewell more seriously than Prof Browne and Mr Flannery.
Let me add simply, that the "someone" I mentioned in #14 is not yours truly. Unlike Whewell, who called himself "some ingenious gentleman" in the famous review in which he used the word "scientist" for the first time in print, I'm not wearing a thin mask over my own face.
16FlanneryMay 2, 2012 at 7:24 am
Mr. Davis,
Thanks for your reply, but I don't see where anything you've said here really strengthens your position. The point Janet Browne was making was the "audacity" of using Whewell's quote in Origin in 1859 not some unpublished sketch 15 years earlier (whatever their comparative mindsets in 1844). I'll stick with her on this.
As for your promissory note for verification of Darwin's views of divine action, its value will have to be judged on the basis of the primary resources that back it. In the meantime, readers should look to Darwin's early notebooks on the development of his thought; Stanley Jaki provides an excellent analysis in his book The Savior of Science (1988) as does Ben Wiker's The Darwin Myth (2009).
Incidentally, there is a fairly large electronic library of important 19th-century works on natural history and natural theology at http://www.geology.19thcentury.....index.html. The person responsible for the site, mathematician David Bossard, is a longtime member of the ASA and a keen student of religion and science. All of the Bridgewater treatises are there, including the one by Whewell from which I've quoted. IMO, the final 3 chapters should be required reading for anyone interested in ID (indeed, the whole book is worth reading). Among other sources, Whewell quotes an extended passage from Boyle's "Disquisition on the Final Causes of Natural Things: Wherein it is Inquir'd, Whether, And (if at all) With what Cautions, a Naturalist should admit Them?" (1688) Boyle was in many ways the proto-type ID thinker; I also recommend this treatise in its entirety to all here. For background on some of its aspects, see the essays by Timothy Shanahan and me in this book: http://www.cambridge.org/gb/kn.....cale=en_GB.
My exchange here with Mr Flannery underscores the fact that ID involves two related, but not identical, questions concerning natural history: (1) is there evidence for design in natural history (whether that inference is considered "scientific" as ID holds or "extra-scientific" as I hold)? (2) does design necessitate "supernatural" assembly of many individual specific artifacts, or only of the universe itself?
It's the latter question that Whewell was dealing with in the passages I quoted. He personally believed that many individual artifacts had been assembled "supernaturally," but in those passages he argues that the general laws are what we can discover from science. That was Darwin's point as well.
Signing off of this thread now.
18GregoryMay 2, 2012 at 9:05 am
Ted, I didn't respond because you said you had nothing more to add, though it didn't seem you wished to dialogue critically about 'forensics' or 'historical sciences,' but just to attempt to validate them by appeal to authority and common sense.
You wrote: "I like what Sober says about the legitimacy of the "historical" sciences as empirically verifiable sciences, despite the fact that they are not quite the same in methodology."
So, are you suggesting that 'historical sciences' are synonymous with 'empirical sciences'? My apologies, Ted, but it seems to me that your philosophy of science is all jumbled. Yes, there are multiple scientific methods, of course, but the label 'historical sciences' is actually a blatant distortion you are perpetuating by apparently forgetting your field's home is (typically) in the humanities and 'liberal artes'.
I asked a simple question: in your view, is (the field of) 'history' a 'science' or not? Would you not return for an answer?
In #10 above, I showed how major international scholarly organisations and national schools disagree with your Anglo-American position re: 'historical sciences,' yet you chose not to address this. Instead, you wrote: "I think the distinction has limited validity," without even ackowledging the term 'idiographic,' which is precisely what Sober was missing (in the article cited above, which I re-cited) and which also impoverishes your 'historical sciences' claim and shows how it has become 'dehumanised,' un-reflexive and neo-positivistic.
To make it easy, let me just ask please: which academic 'fields' do you consider count as 'historical sciences'? A list of 5-7 fields should be easy; even 10 should not be that hard; for that matter 20 wouldn't seem difficult according to the way you seem to be framing it. As someone who does 'science studies,' for me this is a typical exercise. How about in your historian's perspective?
Is this a case of a historian of natural sciences turning each and every science into a nail so he can hammer on it? Please excuse if I apply a simple dialectic by asking then the limits of what you call 'historical sciences' in the academy today. By your standard, Business Administration is a 'historical science' too, is it not; the 'science' of applying best practices through history?
"when Darwin wrote the early versions of "On the Origin of Species" in 1842 and 1844, he (like Whewell, Charles Babbage, and some other English natural theologians of that period) was thinking of God as a lawgiver, and he sought simply to bring biology within the realm of law" – Ted
Is this what made you speak of Darwin doing 'forensic reasoning' – this is the 'legal' reference you were suggesting? After he gave up on "God as a lawgiver" in the 1850s and 60s, did he then cease being a 'forensic reasoner' in your estimation? Though you appeal to Darwin's use of Whewell re: order and law, if it has to come to that, Ted, you don't consider yourself a 'Darwinist,' do you? This last question is the kind of thing I suppose many who visit UD would like to know.
Aren't all BioLogos authors and proponents, as Denyse calls them, 'Christian Darwinists'?
19FlanneryMay 3, 2012 at 12:56 am
To Mr. Davis,
In 17 you write: "does design necessitate 'supernatural' assembly of many individual specific artifacts, or only of the universe itself? It's the latter question that Whewell was dealing with in the passages I quoted. He personally believed that many individual artifacts had been assembled 'supernaturally,' but in those passages he argues that the general laws are what we can discover from science. That was Darwin's point as well."
Well, as I said in my post 13, Darwin was arguing against special creation and in a limited sense Whewell was too, but to suggest that because of this the two men were of the same mind on these matters is simply false. Again, for Whewell nature's laws provided a window to the "intelligible result of intentional design," and this is most assuredly NOT Darwin's essential point.
But we must return to the larger issue here, does an extrapolated quotation from Darwin's earlier sketch warrant the justification for his quoting Whewell as some kindred spirit in The Origin of Species? (I would note that this question is easily extended with equal effect, namely, was Darwin justified in quoting Whewell's earlier work in support of his present work?) While I would urge your consideration of Gregory's points regarding the "historical sciences," let's take it down a notch. What about basic sound historical methodology? From that standpoint one must look askance at your use of an earlier quote from an unpublished sketch in support of that same author's using a superficially similar quotation of another years later. This clearly commits the fallacy of presumptive continuity. So to clarify things let's see what Whewell himself said about Darwin's theory IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS ORIGIN.
In a letter to Aberdeen Rev. D. Brown, Oct. 26, 1863, Whewell wrote the following:
"It still appears to me that in tracing the history of the world backwards, so far as the Palatiological sciences enable us to do so, all the lines of connexion stop short of a beginning explicable by natural causes; and the absence of any conceivable natural beginning leaves room for, and requires, a supernatural origin. Nor do Mr Darwin's speculations alter this result. For when he has accumulated a vast array of hypotheses, still there is an inexplicable gap at the beginning of his series. To which is to be added, that most of his hypotheses are quite unproved by fact. We can no more adduce an example of a new species, generated in the way wliich his hypotheses suppose, than Cuvier could. He is still obliged to allow that the existing species of domestic animals are the same as they were at the time of man's earliest history. And though the advocates of uniformitarian doctrines in geology go on repeating their assertions, and trying to explain all difficulties by the assumption of additional myriads of ages, I find that the best and most temperate geologists still hold the belief that great catastrophes must have taken place; and I do not think that the state of the controversy on that subject is really affected permanently. I still think that what I have written is a just representation of the question between the two doctrines.
So as this demonstrates Whewell objected to Darwin's views on theological AND scientific grounds. Note that Whewell regarded Darwin's views as "speculative" and that his multiple hypotheses still revealed a "gap" inexplicible by "natural causes." Whether Whewell was correct or not is, I suspect, a subject about which we could have another argument for another time. Nevertheless, Janet Browne is surely right in concluding that Whewell's views and Darwin's were distant enough to consider that the latter's quotation of Whewell in support of his theory was "audaciously out of context." A full and fair analysis of both men's views in their totality plus sound historical methodology demand this verdict.
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State Trooper Jeffrey Bebak says that there are distracted driving accidents everyday. Teens are often the focus of the effort to end distracted driving because of the added factor of their inexperience.
Students at Oakfield-Alabama High School today got a chance to get behind the wheel without actually getting behind the wheel to see how dangerous distracted driving is through a simulator.
Bebak says limiting distractions, whether it's texting, eating, or anything else, will help make the roads safer.
"It's important because we obviously don't want students to get behind the wheel and do it first-hand on the roadways," Bebak said. "It gives them a real-life approach as to what can happen when they do get behind the wheel when they get the privilege to drive, and the dangers of texting while driving. It's an epidemic in New York, in the country and unfortunately, a lot of people are getting hurt as a result."
"These are all things that are taking away the focus of actually being in the car and driving, and when you take away that focus, that's when accidents happen. We're just trying to educate the public that they shouldn't be doing anything put driving when they're in the car."
Michael Granica is a financial specialist at Nationwide Insurance, a sponsor of the event. He says that even if one student gets the message, the program is working.
"We've had several students come back to us and say that after the program they thought about putting their phones down and they haven't used them since," Granica said. "So, if we're able to change the habits of one person while they're driving, everything that we've done to promote safe driving has been worth it."
Bebak says teen drivers can feel like they're invincible and that they can handle multiple activities, even while driving, which just isn't true.

subset: commoncrawl


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Nancy midfielder Bakaye Traoré has confirmed he's coming to Serie A. "I'm going to sign for Milan, one of the biggest clubs in the world."
The Malian international recently turned 27 and has been linked with numerous Premier League clubs, including Manchester United.
"I am happy to finally announce that I'm going to sign for Milan. It's an incredible sensation," he told RMC radio.
"I am signing for one of the biggest clubs in the world. There will be a lot of competition for places, which is only normal, but there will also be the motivation to grow further."
Traoré is out of contract with Nancy, so arrives on a free transfer.
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The unit of Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu along with Ramya, the film's producer and hero Adithya Babu and Veera Shankar toured different parts of the state to promote the film. The three day tour was a grand success, according to Manju, who is one of the production controllers of the film. Ramya was the main attraction of all the promotional programmes, says the film's director Veera Shankar.
The video clips of the songs of the film was shown in all the places where the film unit visited during the promotional tour. And both Ramya and Adithya Babu interacted with film fans and briefed them about their roles in the film. And the promotional team also handed over audio cassettes of the film for the lucky winners who answered a few questions about the film.
Ramya feels that she has an author backed role in Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu which is in fact a remake of Telugu hit Aadavalla Maatalukku Arthaale Verule directed by Selvaraghavan. She is extremely confident of the film and her role which she feels has been tailor-made for her. Therefore she has decided to promote Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu which is slated for release in a competition with another much awaited film Arjun which has Darshan in the lead.


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The new 234-bed high-security psychiatric facility – which will be built next to the existing complex – is due to be completed by spring 2017.
Residents had the chance to look at the designs and speak to project bosses at events in Crowthorne and Sandhurst.
Sue Burton, of Napier Road, Crowthorne, was impressed by the plans when she looked at them at the village library last Thursday.
She said: "It looks as though it has been well planned and well spaced on the site. The way they've coped with the ground levels is good – the buildings are going to be on three levels and I thought that's quite a good use of the land.
"One concern I did have was about the water run off but they answered that." The new facility will have a system where rain water is stored in 'reservoirs' on the site.
She added: "On the whole it's good but the amount of housing will be important – the village can't cope with it." Part of the existing Broadmoor site has been earmarked for 400 new homes as part of Bracknell Forest Council's long-term housing strategy, which will result in more than 11,000 homes being built in the borough by 2026.
It has not been decided what will happen to the existing Victorian hospital buildings, some of which are listed.
Another visitor at the exhibition at the library was Neil Lofthouse, from Crowthorne, who said: "It all seems very good on paper although they always do.
"I'm quite pleased that there's not going to be a through road – that's quite reassuring. I'd say it's so far so good." Neil Montgomery, design and construction manager of the project at West London Mental Health Trust, which runs Broadmoor, said he is working closely with Bracknell Forest Council to ensure the scheme is successful.
The new buildings will provide accommodation for 210 patients.
In total about 100 people visited the exhibition at Crowthorne Library last week, and Christine Tama, redevelopment communications officer at the health trust, said: "Both sessions had extremely busy peak periods and were well attended and well received." Another exhibition took place at The Meadows, in Sandhurst on Tuesday.


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Department protocols
Department protocols differ for each area and must be followed closely. Please review the following protocols for the department(s) you will be working in:
- Dental triage
- Endodontics
- Exit interview
- Hygiene
- Lab
- Medical triage
- Needle
- Needlestick testing
- Numbing
- Oral surgery
- Patient ambassador
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- Pediatric
- Prosthodontics
- Radiology
- Restorative
- Special Olympics
Contact your department lead(s) with any questions you have about a specific area's operations.
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wikiHow to Plan a Florida Flydrive Holiday
Going to Florida? There's so much to decide! The flight, the car, accommodation, things to do, packing, budgeting - the list is endless. Don't panic! We can help.
1Make a decision about the type of flight you want. Chartered flights are cheaper and are always direct, scheduled flights are more comfortable but sometimes have a connection.
2Choose your airports. If you are flexible about your departure airport, you'll be able to get a better price. For Orlando, chartered flights go into Sanford (Northern Orlando), scheduled flights go into Orlando International (Southern Orlando.
3Check destination airports for other cities in Florida and make sure you are happy with your destination airport.
4Choose your car. The cheapest option is a compact 2-door (around £100.00 p.w.) but bigger cars, vans and convertibles are available for very reasonable upgrades so check what's best for your group.
5Plan a 5-seater for 4 people, a 6 seater for 5 people, a 7 seater for 6 people etc. because you NEVER have enough luggage space!
6Choose your accommodation. For groups of 5 or more, a villa is usually the cheapest option. For smaller groups, hotels and motels are cheap and convenient. You can usually get a cheap motel room for 4 people for less than £20.00 per night.
7If you're having a villa holiday, book before you go for the best price and guaranteed availability.
8If you're having a hotel or motel option you can book or just take potluck when you get there. NEVER book hotel rooms for 2-4 people on a package deal without checking the separate accommodation price first! Package deals will charge you per person whereas the hotel charges per room.
9If you are British, you can enter the USA on the visa waiver program for up to 1 month (30 days). If you want to stay longer, you'll need a visa. Check variations on this for your own nationality.
10Check you have at least 6 months before your passport expires after the date of your return from the States.
11For suggestions for things to do in Florida and more details about all things related to your holiday, go to www.floridaflydrives.com
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Customers Gain Access to New 32 Amp Connectors
PowerCon AC connectors, 32 amp power connectors, are now available. The connectors are 3-pole, single-phase AC installation couplers without breaking capacity and they feature a current rating of 32 amps for voltage up to 250 Vac, as well as a unique locking system and cable strain relief. The connectors are ideal for high-power distribution systems and environments including professional audio and lighting devices and installations, as well as industrial applications where high current at small form factor is required.


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The NHS drugs rationing body, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has refused to recommend Avastin for people with advanced bowel cancer.
The drug's manufacturer's, Roche, offered a complex deal which would see the price of the drug fixed at £20,800 for a year and would then be provided for free, along with a drug to be taken alongside it. When this was turned down Roche offered, in addition, to pay a payment to the NHS every time a new patient was started on the drug.
However, a panel of advisers at Nice, said this was a complex scheme that was likely to be expensive to administer and this threw into doubt the cost effectiveness of Avastin, also known as bevacizumab, for advanced bowel cancer.
Nice said the drug extended life by six weeks when compared with placebo.
Roche claiming that Avastin often shrank tumours sufficiently to enable them to be removed by surgery.
In the wake of the latest rejection, Roche criticised Nice's approach to drugs for cancer patients at the end of their lives and added that Britain was now the only developed country not to offer Avastin to advanced bowel cancer patients.
Patient groups also said they were disappointed at the news, saying their hope now lies with the new Cancer Drugs Fund set up by the government.
Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in Britain with 38,000 people diagnosed a year. It kills around 16,000 people a year.
Nice estimates have suggested that around 6,500 people in Britain would be eligible to have Avastin for their bowel cancer.
The draft guidance is now open for consultation for the second time.
Sir Andrew Dillon, Chief Executive of Nice said: "We have recommended several treatments for various stages of colorectal cancer, including cetuximab for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
"We are disappointed not to be able to recommend bevacizumab as well but we have to be confident that the benefits justify the considerable cost of this drug."
Unless the decision is overturned when final guidance is published later, patients will have to apply for funding under the new government's Cancer Drug Fund, where local doctors decide whether to provide medicines turned down by Nice for individual patients.
Mark Flannagan, Chief Executive of Beating Bowel Cancer, said: "This preliminary decision by Nice is a great blow to patients with advanced bowel cancer. While we understand that it may not be a suitable treatment for all advanced bowel cancer patients, Avastin has been shown to increase survival by an average of five months, and can offer patients a better quality of life at a time when every day counts.
"Over the last decade we have tirelessly campaigned for open access to treatment for all bowel cancer patients, so this initial decision by Nice is certainly disappointing. We can only hope that the Cancer Drugs Fund provides treatment options for patients denied drugs on the NHS by Nice."
A statement from Roche said: "The decision not to recommend bevacizumab for use on the NHS demonstrates the difficulty in achieving Nice's cost-effectiveness threshold for end of life medicines.
"The fact that the UK is now virtually the only country in the developed world not to provide Avastin for bowel cancer patients through the state healthcare service is further evidence that the current UK reimbursement system is not appropriate for end of life cancer treatments."
Mike Hobday, Head of Policy at the charity Macmillan Cancer Support, said: "We think this is devastating news for cancer patients with metastic colorectal cancer, especially as this drug could have a significant impact on peoples' quality of life. Although a few extra weeks or months might not sound much to some people it can mean an awful lot to a family affected by cancer."


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Thursday, August 05, 2010
TONIGHT in Toronto: the Saidah Baba Talibah Video Premiere and Performance at the Gladstone Hotel
Congrats to Futhi who won our ticket giveaway for tonight's party. Here's what you'll be watching the video premiere and live performance of:
Saidah Baba Talibah - 'Place Called Grace' [mp3 audio stream]
Drop a comment if you're going down tonight - I'll be there.
Saidah's official debut album, (S)cream is coming soon too. Click HERE for details.
Connect with Saidah online - twitter | website | myspace | youtube
Labels: Its a T.dot Thing, Saidah Baba Talibah


text: [Federal Register Volume 77, Number 248 (Thursday, December 27, 2012)] [Rules and Regulations] [Pages 76234-76249] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2012-31052] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Parts 2, 15, and 90 [ET Docket No. 12-338; FCC 12-140] WRC-07 Implementation Order AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: This document amends the Commission's rules to correct grammatical, typographical, and display errors in the United States Table of Frequency Allocations (U.S. Table) and also remove inconsistencies between the non-Federal Table of Frequency Allocations (non-Federal Table) and parts 15 and 90 of the Commission's rules. DATES: Effective January 28, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Tom Mooring, Office of Engineering and Technology, 202-418-2450, [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This is a summary of the Commission's Order, ET Docket No. 12-338, FCC 12-140, adopted November 15, 2012 and released November 19, 2012. The full text of this document is available for inspection and copying during normal business hours in the FCC Reference Center (Room CY-A257), 445 12th Street SW., Washington, DC 20554. The complete text of this document also may be purchased from the Commission's copy contractor, Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 445 12th Street SW., Room, CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554. The full text may also be downloaded at: www.fcc.gov. People with Disabilities: To request materials in accessible formats for people with disabilities (braille, large print, electronic files, audio format), send an email to [email protected] or call the Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau at 202-418-0530 (voice), 202-418-0432 (tty). Summary of the Order 1. In the Order, the Commission makes several non-substantial editorial revisions to the parts 2, 15, and 90 of the Commission's rules. The most significant of these updates are: 1) correct the cross references to Allocation Table footnotes in parts 15 and 90 of the Commission's rules; 2) update the list of grandfathered sites in the 1432-1435 MHz band; and 3) remove an unused Federal site from the list of grandfathered sites in the 3650-3700 MHz band. 2. US117. NTIA requested that the Commission correct the coordinates for Table Mountain Observatory in US117 by revising the latitude from 40[deg] 07' 50'' N to 40[deg] 08' 02'' N. The Commission noted that the requested change would have little or no impact on non- Federal operations because paragraph (b) of US117 states that non- Federal use of the 406.1-410 MHz band is limited to the radio astronomy service and as provided by US13 (i.e., two channels that are available for the specific purpose of transmitting hydrological and meteorological data). Accordingly, the Commission revised the coordinates of the Table Mountain Observatory in US117 as requested by NTIA. 3. General Aviation Air-Ground Stations. Section 22.805 lists 13 channel pairs that are allocated for the provision of radiotelephone service to airborne mobile subscribers in general aviation aircraft. The Commission amended NG12 to accurately reflect the frequency bands that may be assigned to domestic public land and mobile stations to provide a two-way air-ground public radiotelephone service per Section 22.805. Accordingly, the Commission replaced the 454.4-455 MHz and 459.4-460 MHz bands in NG12 with the more specific 454.6625-454.9875 MHz and [[Page 76235]] 459.6625-459.9875 MHz bands, respectively. The Commission also takes this opportunity to renumber NG12 in frequency order as NG32. 4. Radiolocation Use of 420-450 MHz. The WRC-07 Table Clean-up Order renumbered US217 as US269, but did not update a cross reference to this footnote in Sec. 90.103(c)(21). Accordingly, the Commission amended Sec. 90.103 (``Radiolocation service'') by revising the cross reference in the last sentence of paragraph (c)(21) from ``US217'' to ``US269.'' 5. On-board Communications. In 2006, the Commission added Sec. 80.373(g)(2) to its rules to make four frequencies (457.5375 MHz, 457.5625 MHz, 467.5375 MHz, and 467.5625 MHz) available for narrowband use by on-board ship communication stations within U.S. territorial waters. An international footnote, RR 5.287, provides for on-board communication stations on these frequencies outside the territorial waters of the United States. A separate footnote, RR 5.288, makes different frequencies available for on-board communication stations within the territorial waters of the United States. RR 5.288 is incomplete because it does not include the four narrowband frequencies listed in RR 5.287 that the Commission allocated in 2006 for use by on- board communication stations in the U.S. territorial waters. To correctly show the 2006 Commission action in the Allocation Table, the Commission replaced RR 5.288 with a new U.S. footnote, which we number as US288. US288 incorporates the text from RR 5.288 and adds the four frequencies contained in RR 5.287. The Commission also added a cross reference to part 80 (Stations in the Maritime Mobile Services) to the 462.7375-467.5375 MHz and 467.5375-467.7375 MHz bands in the Allocation Table. 6. US361. The 1432-1435 MHz band was a Government transfer band and US361 lists 23 operating areas where Federal stations in the fixed and mobile services may operate indefinitely on a primary basis. At NTIA's request, the Commission amended US361 by correcting the name of a grandfathered site and by removing a grandfathered site. Specifically, the Commission corrected the Location name for 37[deg] 29' North latitude, 114[deg] 14' West longitude from ``Nellis AFB, NV'' to ``Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR).'' Next, because the ``AUTEC'' location is not within the United States and its insular areas (the listed coordinates are on Andros Island in The Bahamas), it removed this location from US361. Finally, the Commission reorganized and simplified the text of US361 and renumbered this U.S. footnote in frequency order as US83. 7. NG168. In the Mobile Use of MSS Bands R&O, the Commission revised the text of NG168. It further amended the text of NG168 to make the following grammatical corrections. First, the Commission introduced the MSS abbreviation, i.e., ``mobile-satellite service (MSS)'' in the first sentence and removed the introduction of the MSS abbreviation from the last sentence. Second, it made the word ``component'' plural in the first sentence. The Commission also took this opportunity to renumber NG168 in frequency order as NG43. 8. US385. The WRC-07 Table Clean-up Order added ``the current text of US269, which urges fixed and mobile except aeronautical mobile licensees in the 2655-2690 MHz band to coordinate their systems, along with the secondary allocation status of the radio astronomy service in the 2655-2690 MHz band that is shown in the U.S. Table, to US311, and renumber[ed] US311 as US385.'' However, the cross reference to US311 in Sec. 15.242(e) was not updated at that time. Accordingly, the Commission amended the first sentence in paragraph (e) of Sec. 15.242 by revising ``US 311'' to read ``US385.'' 9. US338. The text of US338 applies to the 2305-2310 MHz and 2310- 2320 MHz bands, but the reference to US338 is shown only in the 2305- 2310 MHz band. The Commission added the missing U.S. footnote, which it renumbered in frequency order as US97, to the 2310-2320 MHz band. 10. US348. Primary Federal operations in the 3650-3700 MHz band are limited to three grandfathered radar sites, which are codified in US348 and in Sec. 90.1331(b)(1). NTIA has informed us that one of these sites--Naval Station Pascagoula--has been closed. Accordingly, the Commission amended US348 and Sec. 90.1331(b)(1) to remove the unused Federal site. It also takes this opportunity to renumber US348 in frequency order as US109. 11. 10-10.5 GHz. With the concurrence of NTIA, the Commission amended the Federal Table by revising the ``10-10.45'' GHz band and the reference to ``G2'' to read ``10-10.5'' and ``G32,'' respectively. We also revise the text of three footnotes (US58, NG42, NG134) that pertain to the 10-10.5 GHz band. First, the Commission revised US58 by adding the existing amateur-satellite service allocation to the list of permitted non-Federal services in the 10-10.5 GHz band so that this footnote correctly lists all permitted non-Federal services, and it renumbered this footnote in frequency order as US128. Second, the Commission combined the text of NG42 and NG134 (which require that non- Federal stations in the radiolocation service not cause harmful interference to the amateur service in the 10-10.5 GHz band, and that these stations not cause harmful interference to the amateur-satellite service in the 10.45-10.5 GHz sub-band, respectively) and renumbered the new footnote in frequency order as NG50. 12. US277 and US355. Initially, NTIA requested that the Commission correct the coordinates for the Arecibo Observatory in US355 by approximately 68 meters (from 18[deg] 20' 39'' N, 66[deg] 45' 10'' W to 18[deg] 20' 37'' N, 66[deg] 45' 11'' W). Subsequently, NTIA requested that the Commission correct the elevations of nearly all of the radio astronomy observatories specified in US355. It noted that the requested changes are de minimis in nature and would affect only future non- geostationary satellite orbit systems in the fixed-satellite service (space-to-Earth). Accordingly, the Commission amended US355 by correcting the coordinates of the Arecibo Observatory and the elevations of 12 of the observatories. It also renumbered US355 in frequency order as US131 and added missing references to this footnote in the 10.6-10.68 GHz (Federal and non-Federal Tables) and 10.7-11.7 GHz bands (Federal Table). The Commission revised US277 by updating the cross reference from US355 to US131. Finally, the Commission renumbered US277 as US130, which places the allocation in US130 adjacent to the list of radio astronomy observatories in US131. 13. G27 and G117. At NTIA's request, the Commission amended the text of two Federal Government footnotes in Sec. 2.106 of our rules. First, it amended G27 by revising ``255'' to read ``225.'' Second, the Commission amended G117 by replacing the ``17.3-17.7 GHz'' and ``17.8- 21.2 GHz'' band entries with ``17.375-17.475 GHz'' and ``17.6-21.2 GHz.'' This action updates G117 by listing the sub-bands that are specified in US402 (17.375-17.475 GHz and 17.6-17.7 GHz) and by restricting Federal fixed-satellite service use of the 17.7-17.8 GHz band (which is authorized in US401) to military systems. 14. Allocation Display Changes. In the U.S. Table, the Commission generally does not subdivide a frequency band unless it is necessary to do so, e.g., when we are adding a radio service in only a segment of an existing frequency band. In the non-Federal Table, the only difference between the 19.7-20.1 GHz and 20.1-20.2 GHz bands is RR 5.529, and the only differences between the 29.5-29.9 GHz and 29.9-30 GHz bands [[Page 76236]] are RR 5.529 and RR 5.543. Accordingly, the Commission merged these bands to form the 19.7-20.2 GHz and 29.5-30 GHz bands. Paperwork Reduction Act 15. This Order contains no new or modified information collection requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Public Law 104-13. In addition, therefore, it does not contain any new or modified ``information collection burden for small business concerns with fewer than 25 employees,'' pursuant to the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002, Public Law 107-198, see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4). Congressional Review Act 16. The Commission will send a copy of this Order to Congress and the Government Accountability Office pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, see 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A). Ordering Clauses 17. Pursuant to sections 1, 4, 301, 302(a), and 303 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. sections 151, 154, 301, 302(a), and 303, and section 553(b)(B) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(B), this order is hereby adopted and the Commission's rules are amended as set forth in the Final rules. 18. The rule amendments adopted herein shall become effective January 28, 2013. 19. It is further ordered that the Commission shall send a copy of this Order in a report to be sent to Congress and the General Accounting Office pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, see 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A). List of Subjects in 47 CFR Parts 2, 15, and 90 Spectrum, International telecommunications. Federal Communications Commission Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary. Final Rules For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Federal Communications Commission amends 47 CFR parts 2, 15, and 90 as follows: PART 2--FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS AND RADIO TREATY MATTERS; GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS 0 1. The authority citation for part 2 continues to read as follows: Authority: 47 U.S.C. 154, 302a, 303, and 336, unless otherwise noted. 0 2. Section 2.106, the Table of Frequency Allocations, is amended to read as follows. 0 a. Pages 27-28, 32, 36-37, 40, 47, 51-52, and 54 are revised. 0 b. In the list of United States (US) Footnotes, footnotes US83, US97, US109, US128, US130, US131, and US288 are added; footnotes US58, US277, US338, US348, US355, and US361 are removed; and footnote US117 is revised. 0 c. In the list of non-Federal Government (NG) Footnotes, footnotes NG32, NG43, and NG50 are added; and footnotes NG12, NG42, NG134, and NG168 are removed. 0 d. In the list of Federal Government (G) Footnotes, footnotes G27 and G117 are revised. Sec. 2.106 Table of Frequency Allocations. The revisions and additions read as follows: * * * * * BILLING CODE 6712-01-P [[Page 76237]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.000 [[Page 76238]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.001 [[Page 76239]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.002 [[Page 76240]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.003 [[Page 76241]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.004 [[Page 76242]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.005 [[Page 76243]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.006 [[Page 76244]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.007 [[Page 76245]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.008 [[Page 76246]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27DE12.009 [[Page 76247]] BILLING CODE 6712-01-C United States (US) footnotes * * * * * US83 In the 1432-1435 MHz band, Federal stations in the fixed and mobile services may operate indefinitely on a primary basis at the 22 sites listed in the table below. The first 21 sites are in the United States and the last site is in Guam (GU). All other Federal stations in the fixed and mobile services shall operate in the band 1432-1435 MHz on a primary basis until re-accommodated in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1999. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State Site North West Radius ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AK..................... Fort Greely................... 63[deg]47' 145[deg]52' 80 AL..................... Redstone Arsenal.............. 34[deg]35' 086[deg]35' 80 AZ..................... Fort Huachuca................. 31[deg]33' 110[deg]18' 80 AZ..................... Yuma Proving Ground........... 32[deg]29' 114[deg]20' 160 CA..................... China Lake/Edwards AFB........ 35[deg]29' 117[deg]16' 100 CA..................... Lemoore....................... 36[deg]20' 119[deg]57' 120 FL..................... Eglin AFB/Ft Rucker, AL....... 30[deg]28' 086[deg]31' 140 FL..................... NAS Cecil Field............... 30[deg]13' 081[deg]52' 160 MD..................... Patuxent River................ 38[deg]17' 076[deg]24' 70 ME..................... Naval Space Operations Center. 44[deg]24' 068[deg]01' 80 MI..................... Alpene Range.................. 44[deg]23' 083[deg]20' 80 MS..................... Camp Shelby................... 31[deg]20' 089[deg]18' 80 NC..................... MCAS Cherry Point............. 34[deg]54' 076[deg]53' 100 NM..................... White Sands Missile Range/ 32[deg]11' 106[deg]20' 160 Holloman AFB. NV..................... NAS Fallon.................... 39[deg]30' 118[deg]46' 100 NV..................... Nevada Test and Training Range 37[deg]29' 114[deg]14' 130 (NTTR). SC..................... Beaufort MCAS................. 32[deg]26' 080[deg]40' 160 SC..................... Savannah River................ 33[deg]15' 081[deg]39' 3 UT..................... Utah Test and Training Range/ 40[deg]57' 113[deg]05' 160 Dugway Proving Ground, Hill AFB. VA..................... NAS Oceana.................... 36[deg]49' 076[deg]01' 100 WA..................... NAS Whidbey Island............ 48[deg]21' 122[deg]39' 70 GU..................... NCTAMS........................ 13[deg]35' 144[deg]51' 80 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: The coordinates (North latitude and West longitude) are listed under the headings North and West. The Guam entry under the West heading is actually 144[deg]51' East longitude. The operating radii in kilometers are listed under the heading Radius. * * * * * US97 The following provisions shall apply in the band 2305-2320 MHz: (a) In the sub-band 2305-2310 MHz, space-to-Earth operations are prohibited. (b) Within 145 km of Goldstone, CA (35[deg]25'33'' N, 116[deg]53'23'' W), Wireless Communications Service (WCS) licensees operating base stations in the band 2305-2320 MHz shall, prior to operation of those base stations, achieve a mutually satisfactory coordination agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Note: NASA operates a deep space facility in Goldstone in the band 2290-2300 MHz. * * * * * US109 The band 3650-3700 MHz is also allocated to the Federal radiolocation service on a primary basis at the following sites: St. Inigoes, MD (38[deg]10' N,76[deg]23' W) and Pensacola, FL (30[deg]21'28'' N, 87[deg]16'26'' W). The FCC shall coordinate all non- Federal operations within 80 km of these sites with NTIA on a case-by- case basis. * * * * * US117 In the band 406.1-410 MHz, the following provisions shall apply: (a) Stations in the fixed and mobile services are limited to a transmitter output power of 125 watts, and new authorizations for stations, other than mobile stations, are subject to prior coordination by the applicant in the following areas: (1) Within Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, contact Spectrum Manager, Arecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612. Phone: 787-878-2612, Fax: 787-878-1861, Email: [email protected]. (2) Within 350 km of the Very Large Array (34[deg]04'44'' N, 107[deg]37'06'' W), contact Spectrum Manager, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box O, 1003 Lopezville Road, Socorro, NM 87801. Phone: 505-835-7000, Fax: 505-835-7027, Email: [email protected]. (3) Within 10 km of the Table Mountain Observatory (40[deg]08'02'' N, 105[deg]14'40'' W) and for operations only within the sub-band 407- 409 MHz, contact Radio Frequency Manager, Department of Commerce, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305. Phone: 303-497-4619, Fax: 303-497-6982, Email: [email protected]. (b) Non-Federal use is limited to the radio astronomy service and as provided by footnote US13. * * * * * US128 In the band 10-10.5 GHz, pulsed emissions are prohibited, except for weather radars on board meteorological satellites in the sub-band 10-10.025 GHz. The amateur service, the amateur-satellite service, and the non-Federal radiolocation service, which shall not cause harmful interference to the Federal radiolocation service, are the only non-Federal services permitted in this band. The non-Federal radiolocation service is limited to survey operations as specified in footnote US108. US130 The band 10.6-10.68 GHz is also allocated on a primary basis to the radio astronomy service. However, the radio astronomy service shall not receive protection from stations in the fixed service which are licensed to operate in the one hundred most populous urbanized areas as defined by the 1990 U.S. Census. For the list of observatories operating in this band, see footnote US131. US131 In the band 10.7-11.7 GHz, non-geostationary satellite orbit licensees in the fixed-satellite service (space-to-Earth), prior to commencing operations, shall coordinate with the following radio astronomy observatories to achieve a mutually acceptable agreement regarding the protection of the radio telescope facilities operating in the band 10.6-10.7 GHz: [[Page 76248]] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Elevation (in Observatory North latitude West longitude meters) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Arecibo Observatory, PR................................ 18[deg]20'37'' 66[deg]45'11'' 497 Green Bank Telescope (GBT), WV......................... 38[deg]25'59'' 79[deg]50'23'' 807 Very Large Array (VLA), Socorro, NM.................... 34[deg]04'44'' 107[deg]37'06'' 2,115 Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) Stations: Brewster, WA....................................... 48[deg]07'52'' 119[deg]41'00'' 250 Fort Davis, TX..................................... 30[deg]38'06'' 103[deg]56'41'' 1,606 Hancock, NH........................................ 42[deg]56'01'' 71[deg]59'12'' 296 Kitt Peak, AZ...................................... 31[deg]57'23'' 111[deg]36'45'' 1,902 Los Alamos, NM..................................... 35[deg]46'30'' 106[deg]14'44'' 1,962 Mauna Kea, HI...................................... 19[deg]48'05'' 155[deg]27'20'' 3,763 North Liberty, IA.................................. 41[deg]46'17'' 91[deg]34'27'' 222 Owens Valley, CA................................... 37[deg]13'54'' 118[deg]16'37'' 1,196 Pie Town, NM....................................... 34[deg]18'04'' 108[deg]07'09'' 2,365 St. Croix, VI...................................... 17[deg]45'24'' 64[deg]35'01'' 16 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * US288 In the territorial waters of the United States, the preferred frequencies for use by on-board communication stations shall be 457.525 MHz, 457.550 MHz, 457.575 MHz and 457.600 MHz paired, respectively, with 467.750 MHz, 467.775 MHz, 467.800 MHz and 467.825 MHz. Where needed, equipment designed for 12.5 kHz channel spacing using also the additional frequencies 457.5375 MHz, 457.5625 MHz, 467.5375 MHz and 467.5625 MHz may be introduced for on-board communications. The characteristics of the equipment used shall conform to those specified in Recommendation ITU-R M.1174-2. * * * * * Non-Federal Government (NG) Footnotes * * * * * NG32 Frequencies in the bands 454.6625-454.9875 MHz and 459.6625- 459.9875 MHz may be assigned to domestic public land and mobile stations to provide a two-way air-ground public radiotelephone service. * * * * * NG43 Except as permitted below, the use of the band 2180-2200 MHz is limited to the mobile-satellite service (MSS) and ancillary terrestrial components offered in conjunction with an MSS network, subject to the Commission's rules for ancillary terrestrial components and subject to all applicable conditions and provisions of an MSS authorization. In the band 2180-2200 MHz, where the receipt date of the initial application for facilities in the fixed and mobile services was prior to January 16, 1992, said facilities shall operate on a primary basis and all later-applied-for facilities shall operate on a secondary basis to the MSS; and not later than December 9, 2013, all such facilities shall operate on a secondary basis. * * * * * NG50 In the band 10-10.5 GHz, non-Federal stations in the radiolocation service shall not cause harmful interference to the amateur service; and in the sub-band 10.45-10.5 GHz, these stations shall not cause harmful interference to the amateur-satellite service. * * * * * Federal Government (G) Footnotes * * * * * G27 In the bands 225-328.6 MHz, 335.4-399.9 MHz, and 1350-1390 MHz, the fixed and mobile services are limited to the military systems. * * * * * G117 In the bands 7.25-7.75 GHz, 7.9-8.4 GHz, 17.375-17.475 GHz, 17.6-21.2 GHz, 30-31 GHz, 33-36 GHz, 39.5-41 GHz, 43.5-45.5 GHz, and 50.4-51.4 GHz, the Federal fixed-satellite and mobile-satellite services are limited to military systems. * * * * * PART 15--RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES 0 3. The authority citation for Part 15 continues to read as follows: Authority: 47 U.S.C. 154, 302a, 303, 304, 307, 336, 544a, and 549. 0 4. Section 15.242 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows: Sec. 15.242 Operation in the bands 174-216 MHz and 470-668 MHz. * * * * * (e) The user and the installer of a biomedical telemetry device operating within the frequency range 608-614 MHz and that will be located within 32 km of the very long baseline array (VLBA) stations or within 80 km of any of the other radio astronomy observatories noted in footnote US385 of Section 2.106 of this chapter must coordinate with, and obtain the written concurrence of, the director of the affected radio astronomy observatory before the equipment can be installed or operated. The National Science Foundation point of contact for coordination is: Spectrum Manager, Division of Astronomical Sciences, NSF Room 1045, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230; tel: (703) 306- 1823. * * * * * PART 90--PRIVATE LAND MOBILE RADIO SERVICES 0 5. The authority citation for Part 90 continues to read as follows: Authority: Sections 4(i), 11, 303(g), 303(r), and 332(c)(7) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 154(i), 161, 303(g), 303(r), and 332(c)(7), and Title VI of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, Pub. L. 112-96, 126 Stat. 156. 0 6. Section 90.103 is amended by revising the last sentence in paragraph (c)(21) to read as follows: Sec. 90.103 Radiolocation Service. * * * * * (c) * * * (21) * * * Authorizations will be granted on a case-by-case basis; however, operations proposed to be located within the zones set forth in footnote US269, Sec. 2.106 of this chapter should not expect to be accommodated. * * * * * 0 7. Section 90.1331 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(1) to read as follows: Sec. 90.1331 Restrictions on the operation of base and fixed stations. * * * * * (b)(1) Except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, base and fixed stations may not be located within 80 km of the following Federal Government radiolocation facilities: [[Page 76249]] St. Inigoes, MD--38[deg]10' N., 76[deg], 23' W. Pensacola, FL--30[deg]21'28'' N., 87[deg], 16' 26'' W. Note to paragraph (b)(1): Licensees installing equipment in the 3650-3700 MHz band should determine if there are any nearby Federal Government radar systems that could affect their operations. Information regarding the location and operational characteristics of the radar systems operating adjacent to this band are provided in NTIA TR-99-361. * * * * * [FR Doc. 2012-31052 Filed 12-26-12; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6712-01-P


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It's been over one month since NVIDIA presented their proposed Weston patches for supporting Wayland with NVIDIA's Linux binary driver but the discussion over their proposed approach remains heated.
Libinput 1.3 was released today with support for tablet pads -- the tablet part of a graphics tablet, with this being the last feature the developers needed for declaring feature-complete graphics tablet support in this widely-used input handling library.
The first alpha is now available of Wayland 1.11 along with the adjoining Weston 1.11 reference compositor. This also marks the feature freeze for the Wayland/Weston 1.11 series.
Sway, the i3-compatible tiling window manager for Wayland, is out with a new version.
Bryce Harrington has laid out plans for shipping the next major version of Wayland (v1.11) around the end of May and of course joined by Weston 1.11.
Libinput 1.3 has stepped closer to being released with today's RC2 release. Libinput 1.3 will further enhance input handling for Wayland, X.Org, and Mir powered systems.
While many games are running on Wayland either natively or through XWayland (the most likely scenario right now), not all of them offer a great experience due to functional issues. One of the functionality problems right now for games being piped through XWayland is the lack of pointer/mouse warping.
A new proposal was published today for adding per-surface remote support to Wayland's Weston compositor with regard to its IVI (In-Vehicle Infotainment) shell.
The libinput input handling library used by X.Org, Wayland, and Mir systems now has support for a touchpad software middle button.
Samsung developers have been working on implementing client-side post processing effects for Wayland. This is to achieve similar effects like "wobbly windows" as were common to the Linux desktop going back many years with AIGLX / Compiz / Beryl.
If you are looking for some Wayland drama, check out the most commented on mailing list thread this week: collaboration on standard Wayland protocol extensions.
Following NVIDIA publishing a new Linux driver that supports Wayland and Mir alongside X11, a NVIDIA engineer followed through and posted patches of the EGL support changes needed by Wayland's Weston compositor to support the new driver.
There is a quick update to the XWayland Gets GLAMOR X-Video Support story.
It's been less than one week since the Wayland-Protocols 1.2 release while out now is Wayland-Protocols 1.3.
Wayland-Protocols 1.2 was released this morning as the newest version of this official Wayland protocol collection.
Among the features not putting Wayland at feature parity with X11/X.Org is screensaver inhibition. You know, when you're watching a movie or gaming and don't want the screensaver to interrupt the experience? It's now being worked on for Wayland's reference compositor.
While traditionally Wayland summer projects have been tucked into the X.Org umbrella with their longtime involvement in Google's Summer of Code, for GSoC 2016 there is now Wayland as its own organization alongside the X.Org Foundation.
Linux input expert Peter Hutterer has written a blog post about the state of graphics tablet support inside the libinput input landing library.
For those interested in the state of various open-source desktop programs on Wayland, there is a nice read about the compatibility with these modern Linux programs.
Libinput 1.2.0 was officially released this morning by Red Hat's Peter Hutterer for improving the Linux input support on X.Org, Wayland, and Mir systems.
Wayland 1.10 was officially released today with Bryce Harrington of Samsung's Open-Source Group announcing the release on behalf of all Wayland developers.
Coming out this morning ahead of Wayland 1.10 final is the Wayland-Protocols 1.1 release.
If you are interested in the X-Video output mechanism at all for video presentation under X11, thanks to a new patch it could soon be working under XWayland for maintaining legacy support.
Peter Hutterer announced the release today of libinput 1.1.902 as the latest development snapshot of this input handling library becoming very common to Wayland / Mir / X11 systems.
Developer Pavlo Rudyi has written a blog post about his experiences with the different desktop environments currently supporting Wayland. The results aren't a big surprise, but nevertheless it's great to see the continued interest in Wayland and the ongoing work by many different parties in ensuring Wayland will be able to dominate the Linux desktop.
The first release candidate is out for Wayland 1.10 and its reference Weston compositor.
For the longest time, when bringing up Wayland a recurring question was "what about network transparency?!" Well, Samsung's Derek Foreman has today published the set of Wayland patches for providing Wayland network traparency by pushing the Wayland protocol over TCP/IP.
If you want to try out Wayland from a Live DVD/USB device, RebeccaBlackOS has seen a new release and ships the very latest Wayland/Weston components as well as for the high-profile software making use of Wayland.
Longtime free software developer Carsten Haitzler, better known as Rasterman, presented at last weekend's FOSDEM conference about Enlightenment on Wayland. As part of that, with Samsung's Tizen environment using Enlightenment, they too are after Wayland as being the superior solution to X11.
The Wayland 1.10 beta (v1.9.92) is now available.
587 Wayland news articles published on Phoronix.


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The waiting game continues for Milt Stegall.
It's a game the 38-year-old has gotten used to since he underwent arthroscopic knee surgery on May 2, yet not one he likes.
You can't really blame the 13-year veteran for not taking a liking to sideline pacing, he's the CFL's undisputed touchdown king, a career of playing and playing well is all he knows.
He's been injured before, most recently in 2007 when his knee began bothering him, but he's never been forced to miss a season opener because of it. That came to a screeching halt last Friday night when he didn't suit up in Winnipeg's 23-16 loss to the Toronto Argonauts.
"It sucks, but I can't do anything about it so I don't try to worry myself or stress out about something I can't control," said Stegall after taking part in drills yesterday at practice. "The only thing I can control is just trying to get better and getting myself healthy."
Winnipeg head coach Doug Berry said yesterday that based on what he's seen so far, he's almost ready to pencil Stegall in for action in week three against the BC Lions.
That sounds close enough, but for someone who lives and breathes touchdowns, it's another 10 days before he'll be able to head into battle with his comrades.
Stegall, however, is taking it all in stride, not the letting time missed affect his focus.
"I knew I wasn't going to play (against Toronto) so there was no use in me getting frustrated. When I know I can't do something, I don't get frustrated over it. That's like saying I wish I could bench 500 pounds, I can't do it so I don't concern myself with it."
What Stegall will do when he returns is give the Blue Bombers an instant boost in a variety of departments.
Charisma: check.
Experience: check.
Leadership: check.
"To get a guy like that back in the lineup is important," said QB Kevin Glenn. "I think everybody wants to see him back just because of the success and the presence that he brings to the team, to the town and to the league."
Glenn was like a yin without the yang against the Argonauts without Stegall. Yes, the pivot found receiver Derick Armstrong seven times for 116 yards so it's not as if there was no one to pass to. It just wasn't the same.
"It's his experience in the huddle that he brings to the game that's going to be important," said Berry. "I think we've got a good physical talent in Romby Bryant filling that spot right now, but Milt and Kevin have a relationship. I talk about knowing what the receiver is going to do and anticipating and Kevin and Milt have that working for them and it'll be nice to have that back. And of course Milt's on the field leadership, I can't measure that."


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The 'Grindhouse' star talks Lucas, Disney and "Snake Plissken"
Russell stars in Quentin Tarantino's 'Death Proof', the second half of the double feature, 'Grindhouse' from Dimension Films. The film opened Friday in fourth place with just over $5 million on 2,624 screens. The 191 minute running time and R-rating were expected to create obstacles to the film's box office potential. 'Blades of Glory' and 'Meet The Robinsons' maintained their number one and two positions. 'Blades', on 3,410 screens, skated to a cool $9 million and passed the $54 million mark. 'Meet The Robinsons' added another $7 million to it's $42 million plus total on 3,435 screens.
More on this story at:
I've had a career of making all kinds of movies. For us, the process is always the same: You create something that you think an audience is going to have a great time with. I had a conversation with George Lucas once, and he said, I don't think I trust anybody over 14. They become not jaded but contaminated. They begin to have an opinion. I'm paraphrasing. But I had conversations with Walt Disney a thousand years earlier in the same vein. I'm of that belief too.
More on this story at:


text:
Home > Disney Figurines and Plush > Disney by Britto
Disney By Britto - Dopey Dwarf Figurine
Dopey holds out a heart to you
from Snow White and seven dwarfs
Disney by Britto captures the fun and whimsy of Disney in the iconic bold and colorful designs of Romero Britto.
Hand PaintedItem Number: 4030814
Height: Approx 21cm
UK Delivery - Delivery costs £2.95 per order for 2nd class post, £3.85 for 1st Class post
Free UK delivery on orders over £35.00
We do offer a next working day courier service which costs £7.95 (providing order is placed by 11am Monday - Friday) - this is only available to mainland UK addresses
International Delivery For European Destinations - Delivery costs start from £7.95 per order.
For USA, Canada & Rest of the World - Delivery costs start from £14.95 per order (£12.46 Tax Free)
See Terms & Conditions for more information
Code: 4030814Brand: Disney


text:
Search Results
Entries tagged with "
Post Media"
June 11, 2016 6:25 AM
Six Links Worthy Of Your Attention #312 tagged "Post Media"
Is there one link, story, picture or thought that you saw online this week that you think somebody you know must see? My friends: Alistair Croll (BitCurrent, Year One Labs, GigaOM, Human 2.0, Solve For Interesting, the author of Complete... Read more
November 26, 201511:00 PM
Why The Newspaper Business? tagged "Post Media"
There was some news in the media about my future yesterday. Let me start off with this: I am not leaving Mirum (formerly Twist Image). I will not be putting less time into Mirum (in fact, I've been working harder... Read more
November 20, 201212:28 PM
Two Steps To Success tagged "Post Media"
How well are you planning for success? It was the late nineties when I took on a marketing position at Airborne Entertainment. The company's vision was to deliver big content on little screens. Yes, nearly a decade ago when all... Read more
November 6, 2012 6:51 AM
On The Road (Warrior) Again tagged "Post Media"
Now - more than ever - it's possible to do business from anywhere at any time. For over ten years, I've been doing my best to figure out how to be as upwardly mobile as possible. To ensure that I... Read more
September 25, 2012 9:39 AM
Where Everybody Knows Your Name... And Face tagged "Post Media"
Have you ever found yourself being tagged in a Facebook picture that makes you feel just a little bit uncomfortable? Things just got a whole lot creepier. We live in a day and age when people rage against the machine... Read more
July 31, 201211:58 PM
The Art Of Fake Familiarity tagged "Post Media"
Pitches are getting worse. I recently got an email pitch from a public relations specialist that read something like this: "Hey Mitch, I work with Lame Corp. I'm a big fan of your blog and your newspaper articles. I know... Read more
July 17, 201210:32 AM
Planning World Domination With $100 tagged "Post Media"
Portland, Oregon seems like the perfect place to hold the World Domination Summit, doesn't it? No, this isn't some kind of Austin Powers joke. The city best known for its unconventional creative thinkers, farmer's market, food carts and people with... Read more
July 3, 201210:12 AM
The New Electricity tagged "Post Media"
You can't click a trackpad without seeing some kind of chart that compares the growth of the Internet and mobile connectivity to traditional media channels. As newspapers, television and radio lament plunging advertising dollars, and not a week goes by... Read more
June 19, 2012 9:39 AM
In The Age Of (Digital) Anxiety tagged "Post Media"
Are you stressing out? In a world of global economic instability, a deplorable job market, the digitization of everything, Occupy Wall Street movements, student protests and the general atrocities of a sadistic few, the headlines - whether you read them... Read more
June 5, 2012 7:44 PM
Is Social Media Too Good To Be True? tagged "Post Media"
Has the Internet turned into a wasteland of hollow ideas and groupthink? Is it possible that in a day and age where any one individual can have an idea and publish it in text, images, audio and video for the... Read more
May 8, 201210:24 AM
This Is Being Recorded... By You tagged "Post Media"
The art of self-tracking. It was one thing to know where I was going. It was a totally different experience to know how far I had been, how much further I needed to go, what my expected time of arrival... Read more
April 24, 2012 7:47 AM
The Next Billion-Dollar Startup tagged "Post Media"
The truth about Instagram. There wasn't a building high enough for me to jump off of when I first heard about Facebook acquiring Instagram for a billion dollars two weeks ago. I know that sounds extreme, but I'm honest enough... Read more
April 10, 201211:30 AM
The Church And State Of Advertising tagged "Post Media"
Are marketers poisoning the well? When I first started publishing music magazines back in the nineties, I kept running into the question of ethics. We were a two-person operation back then and my job was not only handling all of... Read more
March 27, 2012 1:17 PM
The Start-Up Of You tagged "Post Media"
Welcome to Generation Flux. The January 2012 cover story of Fast Company magazine was all about Generation Flux. You've head of Gen X, Gen Y and more, but what is Generation Flux? Our business world has been through some tumultuous... Read more
March 13, 201210:57 AM
Rise Of The Indie Brand tagged "Post Media"
The art of marketing is a fascinating beast. Last week, I had the pleasure of delivering the opening keynote address at The Art of Marketing in Toronto. With over 1500 business professionals in attendance, I shared the stage with people... Read more
February 28, 201210:19 AM
It's Time To Defy Convention tagged "Post Media"
How many days have you sat around, stomach twisted, waiting to hear if you had won a new piece of business that you pitched for? It's a terrible feeling and the only thing that can alleviate it is getting the... Read more
February 14, 201210:36 AM
How Cloud Computing Changes Everything tagged "Post Media"
There's been a lot of talk about "the cloud" when it comes to technology and IT in the past few years. It's a revolution as big as the advent of the microprocessor and just as relevant as the desktop computer.... Read more
January 31, 201210:56 AM
A Pinteresting Story tagged "Post Media"
That Facebook IPO... With rumors swirling of Facebook's pending IPO (and the billions at play that go along with it), it does seem like the most opportune time for the online social networking behemoth to go public. With over 800... Read more
January 17, 2012 7:19 AM
Is Google+ About To Make Facebook Frown? tagged "Post Media"
It's time to pay attention to Google+. Back in July, I Blogged about Google's foray into online social networking, Google+ (more here: Co-dependency In The Age of Facebook). At the time, the majority of the discourse surrounding Google+ was about... Read more
January 3, 2012 9:09 AM
The Year Of More tagged "Post Media"
While many article and columns look back at the year that was or posture on the year that will be, it's becoming abundantly clear that 2012 will - without question - be the "Year of More." It sounds a little... Read more


text:
Canada beat the United States in overtime, 3-2, in the gold medal game of the men's Olympic hockey tournament on Sunday. Sidney Crosby scored the game-winner in overtime for the Canadians, who captured Olympic gold for the first time since beating the Americans in 2002 in Salt Lake City.
Canadian Jonathan Toews scored the first goal of the game at 12:50 of the first period for an early 1-0 lead. Corey Perry scored in the second period to extend the lead to 2-0. American Ryan Kesler put Team USA on the board at 12:44 of the second with a goal assissted by Patrick Kane.
Canada held the 2-1 lead until the United States forced overtime on Zach Parise's goal with 24.4 seconds left in regulation. Team USA goalie Ryan Miller stopped 36 shots, finished the tournament with a record of 5-1, and after the game was named the MVP of the tournament.


text:
Temperance Mercer
Found 10 Records, 7 Photos and 704,230 Family Trees
Born in Georgia, USA on 1777 to Thomas Mercer and Annis Green. Temperance married Moses Robinson and had 8 children. She passed away on 1881 in Mississippi, USA.
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Surname meaning for "Mercer"
English and Catalan: occupational name for a trader, from Old French mercier, Late Latin mercarius (an agent derivative of merx, genitive mercis, 'merchandise'). In Middle English the term was applied particularly to someone who dealt in textiles, especially the more costly and luxurious fabrics such as silks, satin, and velvet.