text:
Georgia's tight end meeting room broke out into applause to recognize a teammate.
The players weren't recognizing a big block by Arthur Lynch or a nifty grab by Jay Rome, but the sacrifice made by a someone whose name is probably unfamiliar beyond those at the position.
Geoff Rapp knew he wanted to become a member of the Georgia football program while he was a world away, serving for nine months in a combat zone in Afghanistan as part of a special operations task force of the United States Marine Corps.
"My respect for him is out the roof," Lynch said. "I know, well, I don't know, but I've heard what they have to go through. Obviously, you serve our country, you deserve a standing ovation wherever you go. What they sacrifice is a lot more than what we sacrifice out here."
Rapp played tight end and defensive line at North Cobb High School but said his interest from college football programs started and ended with one Division II scholarship feeler ("I don't even want to call it an offer because they wanted me to come up and visit, but I wasn't really excited about playing DII ball.")
So when a Marine recruiter phoned Rapp after getting his name from a friend who had already enlisted, Rapp took interest. He met with the recruiter and told him he wanted to join the special forces.
An older brother, Matthew Rapp, is a U.S. Army major who teaches at West Point. All four of his uncles were in various military branches.
Geoff Rapp was placed into motor transport.
After boot camp and entry level training, Rapp headed to the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in 29 Palms, Calif., where he spent nine months. Then came a year and a half stationed as a corporal with the Marine Special Operations Command at Camp Lejune, N.C., before deploying to Afghanistan, where he served from June 2010 through April 2011.
"A lot of people say there's not a lot of good being done over there, but that's definitely not the case," Rapp said. "If we went into ground regions that hadn't been explored or cleared before, that's where we ran into a lot of heavy IED (improvised explosive device) activity. We were making those areas safe a little bit at a time."
Rapp was a convoy commander, running over 300 convoys of mine resistant assault protector vehicles and up-armored SUVs, mostly without incident.
"The convoys that I was in, we did get hit with IEDs," Rapp said. "I was never under enemy fire. I never had to pull my trigger. I did get into some vehicular battles with Afghani locals."
While in Afghanistan, Rapp kept in touch with Georgia director of strength and conditioning Joe Tereshinski, who oversees the walk-ons.
"He knew I wanted to play ball for the school," said Rapp, a native of Schenectady in upstate New York who moved to Georgia at 12 when his father's job with General Electric brought him to the state.
Rapp received some college credits through Copper Mountain (Calif,) College and completed five online courses through Georgia Perimeter College while in Afghanistan.
"That was pretty grueling, working 10-, 12-hour days on the road coming back," Rapp said. "Everybody else goes back to bed and I had to go study for six hours. …I knew I was under a time crunch. I didn't really think I'd be able to make it. There was a lot going against me. I actually had to drop one class because I had books being sent out to me and being dropped mail into a combat zone is not very easy."
Rapp earned all As in his classes but missed the application deadline to transfer to Georgia. In May, 2011 he sent his transcript to Georgia's admissions office and after getting his deadline extended, he was accepted.
To join the football team, he still had to go through a walk-on tryout.
"There were 11 guys there," Rapp said. "I busted my hump and I got picked for the team. Three days later, I was on the team."
A year later, the 6-foot-3, 230-pound Rapp is spending his second preseason with the Bulldogs as a 23-year old redshirt freshman.
He wasn't among the 105 players that were in camp when practices began on Aug. 2 but began practicing again after classes started last week.
"He's a very serious kid," tight ends coach John Lilly said. "A lot of guys who kind of know where they fit in things, you'll be in the meeting room and you'll go over something and ask if there any questions. The starter might ask something, the third-team guy, but this guy over there in the corner is going to ask like he's getting ready to play for the national championship. I admire that."
Rapp plays on the scout team, helping Georgia's defense prepare for season opening opponent Buffalo.
"I do think I'm getting better every day," said Rapp, also working on some long snapping. "The coaches love my attitude. I do whatever they ask me to do and that's really all I can do at this point. It's a step up from last year. I was on defensive line scout team. I really didn't see myself going any where with that. I'm just not big enough."
Rapp attends school with the help of the Montgomery GI Bill combined with the Hope Scholarship (he made the academic honor roll last fall), but still had to take out student loans.
Rapp, currently on inactive reserves, doesn't talk much to teammates about life in the Marines.
"I tell them what they ask about," Rapp said. "I don't like to flaunt it too much. That's not really my attitude."
His teammates and position coach appreciate what Rapp brings to the practice field and the perspective he has beyond football.
"When you go out there and it's hot and it's tough and you're practicing and it's a little physical, I think some guys are like, 'Eh, I've got to figure out how much I really like this,'" Lilly said. "That guy knows there's a whole other world out there that's a whole lot more dangerous, that is more life and death than these little battles we engage in out here."


text: hi all, ive just had my head gasket done! dont ask missis drove it and dropped all coolant not good, ive just got car back after head been skimmed new gasket set etc etc... also replaced all hydraulic lifters making her nice and quiet the engine runs great until you try to dab the throttle. its hard to explain but theres no throttle response. i say none it does but not smooth. when driving the boost gauge still reads up to 18 psi( car is maped) but just doesnt feel as quick as it was usually when the turbo kicked in it pulled now it picks up but with no kick i know this could be anything vaccuum leak air mass ........... if the vaccuum gauge still peaks at 18 or so surely the turbo cant be to blame???? can it :/ any input into this would be most appriciated chap that done head is obviously going to have a look see if any codes come up or leak test but before then im panicing. ive just spent 600 and dont want to explain to the missis that may need to spend more especially turbo. thank god i work for euro car parts or this car would be written off 3 times already lol thanks all

subset: commoncrawl


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When an explosion seals off a commuter tunnel, the survivors are faced with toxic fumes, fires and the impending collapse of the tunnel. Their only hope lies in the hands of Kit Latura (Stallone), a former Emergency Medical Services chief who is haunted by a tragic past. As the walls cave in and the tunnel fills up with water, Latura risks his own life to save others and prevent the disaster from escalating into an even greater catastrophe.
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text:
Sandra O.wrote a review of Oakley Factory Winter Glove on February 21, 2013
Familiarity: I've used it several times
I've always thought highly of Oakley products, but this time Oaklely was a big letdown. I have Oakley prescription glasses, Oakley Motility Jacket, Oakley winter beanie; so you can see that I'm a big Oakley fan. Like I said this time Oakley was a big letdown. I purchased the Oakley Factory Winter Gloves (jet black); the lining on the left glove was not put in correctly, it did not line up with the fingers, so at first it was difficult to put on the left glove. The right glove at first was fine, but after a couple of times of use I notice that the stitching came apart around the thumb area. I ended it up having to repair it. I should have returned the gloves, but I didn't want to go through the hassle. I'm just glad that I didn't pay full price for them ($58.50), but if I would of paid the full price of $90.00 I would have definitely returned them. I have lost some of my confident in Oakley products.


text:
24-year-old Tucson, Arizona resident Tyler Edmiston was killed in a fatal car accident that occurred on May 27, 2011, around 5:25 p.m. near mile marker 139 in Interstate 10 (I-10) in Blythe. According to the CHP, the vehicle overturned, leaving him fatally injured.
From the limited available information, it is unclear what made Edmiston's vehicle overturn. An investigation will be conducted to determine the exact cause of the accident. The family members of the deceased victim should consult with an experienced Riverside County auto accident lawyer, who will make sure that the negligent parties are held liable for Edmiston's wrongful death, as well as get the compensation to cover funeral and burial expenses, loss of anticipated earnings, loss of love and companionship, and other accident-related expenses.
Our law office offers sincere condolences to all those who knew and loved Tyler Edmiston.
Ross Jurewitz represents people killed in traffic accidents in Riverside County and is the managing lawyer of the Jurewitz Law Group, a California personal injury law firm dedicated to representing families of people injured or killed in car crashes. If you or a loved one has been hurt in a vehicle collision in Riverside County, please order your free copy of Mr. Jurewitz's California car accident book. It is full of helpful information that will help you protect your legal rights and it is free to all California residents.


text:
D.C.'S NEXT CLIFF – Capitol Rotunda reopens – Right revolts against Boehner on immigration – REID: CHANGE RACIST REDSKINS NAME – Thompson stands by 'Uncle Tom' remarks -- GRIMM MEETS WITH CANTOR
By Scott Wong ( firstname.lastname@example.com or @scottwongDC)
WASHINGTON'S NEXT CLIFF – Jake Sherman and Adam Snider write for the hometown paper: "Washington now is facing a new crisis: the highway cliff. Sometime in the next four months, the Highway Trust Fund — which pays for infrastructure projects across the nation — will run dry. And this slow-moving Congress, in the throes of a heated election year, has to figure out a way to fill the coffers or risk halting construction projects across the country.
Story Continued Below
-- "The Department of Transportation estimates the fund's highway account will be broke by the end of August, but that could change without warning. There aren't many good options for lawmakers — particularly Republicans, who are loath to approve big-money projects, don't much like shifting money around and are sure to resist even a minimal hike in the gas tax. Few things rile up voters more than political stumbles leaving them stuck in traffic. Just ask New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie. And the timing couldn't be worse, with funding slated to run out just months before voters head to the ballot box to vote in a critical election — providing the electorate with a fresh example of congressional dysfunction. …
-- "Highway policy is pricey, complicated and fraught with regional tensions, and the process of rebuilding the trust fund could rattle the power hierarchies within the Capitol. It has bedeviled Speaker John Boehner before. Just two short years ago, the Ohio Republican proposed tying road projects to tax revenue from oil drilling. The idea failed to get momentum and blew up in his face. This time, the situation is far more dire. Not only is the government's authority to keep spending on transportation projects set to expire on Sept. 30 but the funding is running dry." http://politi.co/1kwtSy2
TWITTER TRAFFIC -- @frankthorpNBC: The new 6,100 pound protective netting in the rotunda of the US Capitol, in place for ~1.5 years while [they restore the dome] http://instagram.com/p/nbgMi1EzmX/
-- THE ROTUNDA reopens to the public today "after a 19-day closure to have a circle of protective netting hung from its ceiling prior to the start of repairs to the cast-iron dome," Michael E. Ruane writes for the Washington Post. "The netting, which resembles a huge doughnut, encircles the 149-year-old fresco, 'The Apotheosis of Washington,' painted on the ceiling almost 200 feet above the floor. It is suspended from 12 hardened steel 'outriggers,' Architect of the Capitol Stephen T. Ayers said at press preview in the Rotunda on Wednesday." http://wapo.st/1iCYKhR
RIGHT REVOLT AGAINST BOEHNER ON IMMIGRATION – POLITICO's Seung Min Kim has the story: "John Boehner teased them last week for whining about the fact that they couldn't tackle a tough topic like immigration reform. But conservative immigration foes have yet to let go of the speaker's remarks about them. In the aftermath, they are stepping up their efforts to thwart any plan that might be afoot among House leadership to jam reform through the House by the end of this year. …
-- "'We have to man the watchtowers 24/7," said Rep. Steve King (R-Iowa), referring to a feeling among hard-liners that House leaders will try to sneak through immigration measures. Conservatives intend to huddle this week about immigration, according to Rep. Mo Brooks (R-Ala.), an outspoken critic of providing legal status to undocumented immigrants and encouraging more legal migration in the future. Brooks declined to disclose more details about the meeting, including how many lawmakers are involved." http://politi.co/R67ReR
-- SEN. TED CRUZ (R-TEXAS) huddled this week with a group of House conservatives to talk immigration reform and leadership elections in the lower chamber, Roll Call reports. The meeting was reminiscent of last year's secret gathering at Tortilla Coast during the government shutdown. http://bit.ly/1u8uEX8
REID CALLS ON NFL TO RENAME REDSKINS – Lucy McCalmont writes for POLITICO: "Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wants the National Football League to take a page from the playbook of the National Basketball Association. The Nevada Democrat called upon the NFL to change the name of the Washington Redskins, noting the NBA's recent move to ban L.A. Clippers owner Donald Sterling for life for making racist remarks. 'For far too long, the NFL has been sitting on its hands doing nothing while an entire population of Americans has been denigrated,' Reid said on the Senate floor Wednesday. 'I believe [NFL Commissioner] Roger Goodell is a good man, but it's time for this good man to act. Remove this hateful term from your league's vocabulary, follow the NBA's example, and rid the league of bigotry and racism.'" http://politi.co/1i0pAuc
-- The rich and famous are lining up to buy the Clippers, the NYT writes: "Oprah Winfrey is interested in forming a powerhouse partnership to buy the team with the Silicon Valley mogul Larry Ellison and the entertainment mogul David Geffen, Winfrey's spokeswoman said. The billionaire entrepreneur and philanthropist Eli Broad is also interested, according to his spokeswoman. So is the boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. — along with his rival Oscar De La Hoya. Dr. Dre, an icon of West Coast rap, has expressed interest in the team, as has Sean Combs, who may be an icon of East Coast rap but has caught Clippers fever just the same. "I will always be a Knicks fan," he said on Twitter, "but I am a business man. #DiddyBuyTheClippers #NameYourPrice." http://nyti.ms/1mgYkAa
-- SEN. DIANNE FEINSTEIN (D-CALIF.), who is more partial to the Golden State Warriors, told Huddle with a hearty laugh she wouldn't be among the bidders. "Virtually anybody other than Sterling," she said. Oprah and Geffen "would both be good."
TRANSITIONS – BRIAN WEISS, communications director for Sen. Dianne Feinstein, has been named vice president, Public Affairs and Communications for TechNet, the bipartisan, political network of innovation economy CEOs.
W.H., CRITICS CLASH OVER NEW BENGHAZI DOCS – Siobhan Gorman, Kristina Peterson and Carol E. Lee write foe the Wall Street Journal: "White House documents obtained under court order and released Wednesday provide new evidence of high-level White House concern over fallout from anti-American protests that were underway around the time of the Sept. 11 terrorist attack that killed a U.S. ambassador and three other U.S. citizens in Benghazi, Libya. The documents have refocused Republicans and Obama administration critics on the period of time between the Benghazi attack on Sept. 11 and television appearances by then-United Nations Ambassador Susan Rice on Sept. 16, in which she inaccurately said the attack had grown out of a spontaneous protest. Top White House officials spent those days in a concerted damage control effort, critics maintain, trying to shield the administration from blame and safeguard President Barack Obama's re-election prospects.
-- "The latest documents include one key email written Sept. 14 by White House aide Ben Rhodes, now a deputy national security advisor, to an assortment of other top administration officials, including White House Press Secretary Jay Carney." http://on.wsj.com/1u5I6eh
HAPPY MAY DAY, and welcome to The Huddle, your play-by-play preview of all the action on Capitol Hill. Send tips, suggestions, comments, complaints and corrections to firstname.lastname@example.com. If you don't already, please follow me on Twitter @scottwongDC.
My new followers include @davemorningstar and @MaristJeffH.
TODAY IN CONGRESS – The House meets at 9 a.m. with first and last votes expected between 11:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. on the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act for fiscal year 2015. The Senate meets at 9:30 a.m. and at 11:15 a.m. will hold procedural votes on the nominations of three judges. At 1:45 p.m. the Senate will vote to confirm those judges.
No votes are expected in either chamber on Friday.
AROUND THE HILL – House Education and the Workforce Chairman John Kline speaks about multiemployer pension reform at 8:30 a.m. at Bloomberg Government. House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer speaks at the Color of Wealth Summit at 8:45 a.m. in the CVC Auditorium. Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi gives her weekly press conference at 10:45 a.m. in HVC Studio A. Pelosi delivers remarks at Goldman Environmental Prize at noon in HVC-215.
Sens. Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy, former Rep. Gabby Giffords and others discuss congressional efforts to curb gun violence and domestic violence, at noon in Hart 724. Sens. Jack Reed and Dean Heller speak on unemployment insurance at 12:30 p.m. in the Senate Studio.
CORPORATIONS JOIN THE WHCD PARTY – Our own Anna Palmer and Tarini Parti write: "Big companies have gotten skittish about flooding party conventions and inaugural galas with the kind of cash that would make a Hollywood premiere look middle class. They point to a weak economy, questionable return on investment and the fear of setting off activist shareholders. But one weekend a year these fears fade away and companies large and small open their checkbooks to join in the fun of the establishment celebrating the establishment: the White House Correspondents' Dinner. …
-- "Walmart, Microsoft, AOL and Viacom are among the dozens of corporations sponsoring cocktail receptions, late night soirees, not to mention an educational event or two this Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Even startups — with an entire event focused on emerging technology and industries complete with robots — are getting in on the action. While there is hardly an expectation that serious political wheeling and dealing will take place, there will be plenty of "soft lobbying" — when a lawmaker or reporter has a good time, knowing full well it is on the dime of a special interest that also has numerous issues before Congress." http://politi.co/1iD0bNd
-- So, who's coming to the party? WaPo's Helena Andrews has a running list of news publications and their guests, including some lawmakers. HuffPo: Rep. Steve Israel (D-N.Y.); CBS: Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont), Rep. Mike Rogers (R-Mich.), Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) and Sen. Ed Markey (D-Mass.). http://wapo.st/1md7tW2
GRIMM MEETS WITH CANTOR – Even after threats of getting tossed off a balcony, NY1's Michael Scotto is still on the story: "Embattled Staten Island Rep. Michael Grimm met with a man who may control his political future Wednesday. Grimm had a closed-door meeting in Washington with House Majority Leader Eric Cantor to discuss the criminal charges brought against him. Neither side said much about what happened in the meeting, but so far, Cantor has not called for Grimm to resign or give up on his re-election bid." Watch here: http://bit.ly/1o6fopl
AS EXPECTED, SENATE REPUBLICANS blocked a Democratic plan to raise the federal minimum wage to $10.10 an hour. Burgess Everett: "The bill fell short of the 60 votes it needed to advance, 54-42. Just one Republican, Sen. Bob Corker (R-Tenn.), voted to open debate on the bill, arguing it is Congress' job to debate the big economic issues of the day." http://politi.co/1iAT0VI
HOUSE VOTES TO BAN BONUSES FOR TOP VA OFFICIALS – Josh Hicks writes for the Washington Post: "The House on Wednesday passed a bill amendment that would ban bonuses for senior executives with the Department of Veterans Affairs. … Wednesday's vote came on the heels of a CNN report last week claiming that a Phoenix VA hospital tried to cover up long service delays for more than 1,400 sick veterans, some of whom died while waiting for care." http://wapo.st/1mh0kbC
-- Phoenix VA officials, however, denied that there was ever a "secret waitlist" for veterans waiting for care. CNN: http://cnn.it/1iGEiXk
RYAN MEETS WITH CBC AFTER 'INNER-CITY' REMARKS – Bridget Bowman reports for Roll Call: "Members of the Congressional Black Caucus reported mixed reactions Wednesday to their meeting with Rep. Paul D. Ryan over comments the Wisconsin Republican made regarding poverty in inner cities that some in the CBC considered 'highly offensive.' CBC Chairwoman Marcia L. Fudge, D-Ohio, told reporters after the meeting that the two sides reached a consensus that poverty affects all communities across the country. … Ryan also told reporters that the meeting was part of an effort to expand the debate surrounding poverty. 'I think what we're trying to accomplish here is improving the tone of debate,' said Ryan, 'so that more people are invited to this debate so that we do a better job of actually getting control of our problems with poverty.'" http://bit.ly/1n1MOb8
BENNIE THOMPSON DOUBLES DOWN ON 'UNCLE TOM' REMARKS – "In an exclusive interview with CNN Chief Congressional Correspondent Dana Bash, Rep. Bennie Thompson doubled down on controversial remarks he made about race over the weekend. The Mississippi Democrat had argued Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, a black conservative, is an 'Uncle Tom' who doesn't stand up for African Americans. In his interview with the New Nation of Islam webcast on Sunday, which was first reported by BuzzFeed, the eleven-term African American argued President Barack Obama has been mistreated by other politicians, including Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, because he is black." http://cnn.it/1rIxePt
OIL TRAINS DERAIL, BURN IN LYNCHBURG – Kathryn A. Wolfe and Bob King report for POLITICO: "A train carrying crude oil derailed in a fiery crash Wednesday afternoon in downtown Lynchburg, Va., prompting the evacuations of hundreds of people in a region where activists had been warning of the dangers of oil trains. The crash is the latest in a series of accidents across North America involving railroads' crude oil shipments, which have surged dramatically as oil production rises in regions like North Dakota's Bakken shale and western Canada. Federal regulators have faced criticism for reacting too slowly to the problem, while oil transport by rail has inspired political and legal squabbles from Albany, N.Y., to the San Francisco Bay area. Hours after the crash, the U.S. Department of Transportation submitted a hotly awaited package of proposed rules on oil train safety to the White House Office of Management and Budget." http://politi.co/1mZXGGK
WEDNESDAY'S TRIVIA WINNER – Casey Becker was first to correctly answer that the statue of Hawaii's King Kamehameha had to be housed in the Capitol Visitor Center rather than Statuary Hall because of concerns that the hall's foundation could not handle this statue's weight. More here: http://1.usa.gov/1jkRh5D
TODAY'S TRIVIA – Casey Becker has today's question: This man, represented by a statue in the Capitol, was the only member of the Continental Congress who signed all four of the great state papers. Name the man and the four documents. The first person to correctly answer gets a mention in the next day's Huddle. Email me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
GET HUDDLE emailed to your Blackberry, iPhone or other mobile device each morning. Just enter your email address where it says "Sign Up." http://www.politico.com/huddle/


text:
5 p.m.
Closed on Sunday & Monday, other than bank holidays
Early Bird Special
3 Course - £17 PP
Served From 5-6pm Daily
Click Here for Menu
During off season please ring restaurant for opening time and dates.
We do not currently offer a Takeaway service.
- THAI HARBWR rated "excellent" by 4 travellers
Croeso, Welcome to Thai Harbwr.
Experience the delights of the Orient at the newly opened Thai Harbwr, located at Madoc Yacht Club, Porthmadog. The restaurant is fully licensed and open to non-members.
Thai food is internationally famous. Whether chilli-hot or comparatively bland, harmony is the guiding principle behind each dish. Thai cuisine is essentially a marriage of centuries-old Eastern and Western influences harmoniously combined into something uniquely Thai. Many authentic Thai dishes are spicy but the recipes are easily adapted to be cooked to suit all palates.
Sujit Scahill and Sawitree Barber are a mother and daughter team who have taken over the running of the catering at Madog Yacht club, trading as Thai Harbwr. Both women are members of Madoc Yacht Club and are full British passport holders having lived locally for ten years.
Sawitree Barber, aged 24 has gained qualifications in Business Administration NVQ Level 2, EdExcel Level 3, BTEC National Diploma in Hospitality Supervision and a National Diplomahospitality Achievement Award in 2008. However Sawitree also has a wealth of experience having worked at Porthmeirion and also at NH Victoria Hotel, Spain.
Sujit Scahill is an experienced chef having worked in various reputable hotels in Thailand over a period of ten years.
Views of Porthmadog Harbour


text:
NYM Girls Basketball: Lady Eagles remain perfect with win over Underwood
John George
The New York Mills girls improved to 9-0 Tuesday night with a 52-43 win over Underwood.
Alicia Boe scored 11 of her 13 points in the first half as the Eagles took a 31-23 lead into the break. Boe would finish with seven rebounds and seven assists.
Hannah Rutten would fin-ish with 17 points, six re-bounds, seven steals and five assists. Kendra McCall was also in double figures with 12 points.
It was the Eagles third straight non-conference game and sixth game this season against Section 6A teams. Underwood (6-4) won last year's contest, 58-49.
It marks New York Mills best start since the 1980-81 season when they started 9-0 before going on to State, where they finished 6th.
New York Mills will get back to Park Region Confer-ence action tonight (Jan. 14) at Menahga. They have won three in a row over the Lady Trojans.
Mills will return to the Sports Center Jan. 15 to host Park Region Conference leaders Bertha-Hewitt in a doubleheader with the boys. The Lady Bears, ranked No. 5 in Class A, won both meetings last season and are the defending PRC champs
The C-squad girls game will start the night at 4 p.m. in the Sports Center (no C-squad boys game). The B-squad games start at 5 p.m. in the Sports Center and high school gyms.
The varsity girls will start at 6:15 p.m., with the boys' game will follow at the Sports Center at approxi-mately 7:45 p.m.
The Lady Eagles remain at home Jan. 19 for another PRC game against Pillager. NY Mills has won nine straight against the Huskies dating back to 2005.
Tuesday, January 12
New York Mills 52, Underwood 43
Underwood 23-20--43
New York Mills 31-21--52
Eagles--Rutten 17, Boe 13, McCall 12, Welter 9, Menze 1.
Rockets--Ferry 12, Bjorklund 9, Rocholl 7, Masloski 5, Fitzgibbons 4, Veazie 1, Floersch 1.
2-pointers--NYM 17, U 17; 3-pointers-- NYM 3, U 1; Free Throws-- NYM 9/19, U 6/10; Rebounds-- NYM 28 (Boe 7), U 23; Assists-- NYM 16 (Boe 7); Steals-- NYM 13 (Rutten 7), U 6; Turnovers-- NYM 18, U 20; Team Fouls-- NYM 15, U 17.


text:
Hasmukh Amathalal
I Shall Not Give Up - Poem by Hasmukh Amathalal
Never go for perfection
But watch own action
That shall lead to near goal
Then wait for beautiful call
Do not search for impossible
As everybody faces struggle
How best you try to attain?
And that shall always remain
See in him a best effort
That shall anchor ship at port
We call it perfect attempt
With action so prompt
I shall take chance
At once
To be in line with perfection
For whatever is needed for action
I shall not give up
And fall to trap
As it shall cause my downfall
But I shall dash to break the wall
Topic(s) of this poem: poem
Comments about I Shall Not Give Up by Hasmukh Amathalal
Mehta Hasmukh Amathalal (8/16/2014 8:17:00 AM)
well determined
5 hours ago by Karthika Mohan | Reply (Report) Reply
Mehta Hasmukh Amathalal (8/16/2014 8:17:00 AM)
?? ???'s [3
xIf you want to reach the moon than aim for the sun, if you want to be perfect than aim for the one.
5 hours ago by ?? ???'s [3 | Reply (Report) Reply
Mehta Hasmukh Amathalal (8/16/2014 8:16:00 AM)
Mixed thoughts? Elliott Morreau5 hours ago Contradictory's in line 5 and 15? Mixed emotions or thoughts? Maybe expand or reorder? Ie: abrupt ending, break the wall What is the wall? What does it represent? Is it the wall keeping you from success? Or is it the wall keeping you from failure? Since once you break the wall it will cause your downfall? The ending is little confusing. But other then that i liked it :) Comment 1 Comment+1
Hasmukh MehtaLess than a minute ago that is left to the wisdom of readers.. enjoy poem
today (Report) Reply
Mehta Hasmukh Amathalal (8/15/2014 11:56:00 PM)
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
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Hasmukh Amathalal's Other Poems
Famous Poems
Phenomenal Woman
Maya Angelou
Still I Rise
Maya Angelou
The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost
If You Forget Me
Pablo Neruda
Langston Hughes
Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
Caged Bird
Maya Angelou
Rudyard Kipling
Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You
Pablo Neruda


text:
Model T Ford Jack And Hub Wrench ...Marked
Sold for:
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- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
Model T Ford Jack And Hub Wrench ...MarkedThis jack and hub cap - wheel nut wrench is for a model T Ford car. Not sure if it would be correct for a Model A also.
Jack seems to be in working condition.
Marked on the handle is "Walker Mfg. Co. Racine Wis. 215" on one side and Ford script on the other.
Both items are in good clean condition.
Please look at all the pictures I have supplied.(T may be more at the bottom of the page)
I Will not ship to foreign destinations other than Canada.
Sorry...NO PAYPAL payments accepted (because of fees and and other reasons) ...you can pay with a check , cashiers check , money order drawn off a U.S. bank . Canadian Postal M.O. OK .
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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be one of a kind, like you. That's why we make each piece to order, one at a time, just the way you want it. Choose quartz and platinum or peridot and yellow gold: it's your choice. Mix and match gems and precious metals for a look that's exactly you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a birthday or anniversary to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your october birthstone pink gemstone timeless hearts jewelry design with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. The October birthstones, opal and tourmaline, are the most colorful of gems. Gemvara offers day-glow orange fire opal and pink or green tourmaline as October birthstone options so there is something for everyone. Our wide selection of october birthstone pink gemstone timeless hearts jewelry by Carl Ansley, Damon Washington, Gemvara Essentials, and other talented designers means you can find jewelry that's exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Flower, Knot, or Featured Band Collections. Gemvara's fine quality october birthstone pink gemstone timeless hearts jewelry is designed to be passed down for generations to come, crafted by hand in the United States.
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text: Marineland (official name Marineland of Canada Inc.) is a themed amusement and animal exhibition park in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Owing to its proximity to the falls and other natural park areas and its blend of animal attractions and rides, it is one of the main tourist destinations in Niagara Falls, Canada. The park was founded by John Holer, a Slovenian immigrant who had worked for circuses … Read more


text:
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. In large bowl, with mixer at low speed, beat sugar and margarine or butter until blended.
Increase speed to high; beat until light and fluffy, about 5 minutes. At medium speed, beat in ricotta, vanilla, and eggs until well combined
Reduce speed to low. Add flour, baking powder, and salt; beat until dough forms.
Drop dough by level tablespoons, about 2 inches apart, onto ungreased large cookie sheet. Bake about 15 minutes or until cookies are very lightly golden (cookies will be soft). With pancake turner, remove cookies to wire rack to cool. Repeat with remaining dough.
When cookies are cool, prepare icing: In small bowl, stir confectioners\' sugar and milk until smooth. With small metal spatula or knife, spread icing on cookies; sprinkle with red or green sugar crystals. Set cookies aside to allow icing to dry completely, about 1 hour.
|Mailing Address
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Cape May Court House, NJ 08210
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text:
Hey POPsters!
Tried to film my new HIITILATES video today outside but I ended up chasing the sun so did a vlog instead! I ended up filming your new HIITILATES vid inside my apt with no furniture so it looks pretty boring, but oh well! Will plan better next time and maybe…stop staying up til 5am so that I can wake up with the sun…not close my eyes as it rises! Your new video will be a little late today so I will allow commenting on the new vid up until Friday night 11:59PM PST for prize qualification. That means that I will pick 2 winners on Friday night. One for liking and commenting on the new HIITILATES vid on my Blogilates YouTube Channel and one for commenting on the Friday blog post right here on blogilates.com!
Please let your fellow POPsters know about this amendment to the orig. calendar if anyone asks about the new video!
I got a PO BOX!!!! Yes finally!!!! You can write me and send parcels now! Woo! I plan on making a fanmail POPster Post video weekly to showcase your stories and letters!
I wonder who's letter I will get first. I'm so excited!!!
And now…here is Day 2's lucky winner:
Congrats Alina!!! She gets a POP Pilates DVD ($19.95 at shopblogilates.com)!! Woot woot!!!
K back to editing!!!!
Love you,
<3 Cassey


text:
Hearts & Roses For My Ruby Anniversary
I made this cake for my 40th wedding anniversary. 12", 9" and 6" tiers. Bottom tier was my moist yellow cake, middle tier was red velvet and top tier was a gluten free Italian cream (since I'm gluten intolerant.) That top tier was so heavy that part of the middle tier collapsed on the way to the church. I had to stick a knife in the back to hold up the top tier. (see second pix) Fortunately the front of the cake was not damaged and I was able to display it.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|10 Nov 2009
|Filing date
|27 Dec 2006
|Priority date
|27 Dec 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jeffrey F. Bull, Robert J. Anderson, Ronald S. LeFever
|Original Assignee
|Bull Jeffrey F, Anderson Robert J, Lefever Ronald S
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (43), Classifications (10), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for locating wireless devices, including fixed base stations and mobile stations (MS), such as those used in analog or digital cellular systems, personal communications systems (PCS), enhanced specialized mobile radios (ESMRs), and other types of wireless communications systems. More particularly, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to emitter location by trilateration using less then three receivers.
The process of determining the physical location of devices that emit radio frequency (RF) energy is known as geolocation. Many techniques exist for geolocation of RF emitters. A common geolocation technique is known as time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA). Classically, geolocation via TDOA is accomplished by simultaneously acquiring the RF emitter's signal at a multiplicity of sensors that are at different, and known, locations. The TDOA between any pair of the multiplicity of sensors is the difference in the time it takes the RF energy to propagate from its point of origin to each of the two sensors. The measurement of the TDOA between two sensors in two dimensions of known location yields a hyperbola with the two sensors coincident with the foci of the hyperbola. The hyperbola yields a multiplicity of locations that the RF energy could have emanated from. Deriving multiple hyperbolas from other pairs of sensors will produce a unique location from which the RF energy emanated. Geolocation of a RF emitter with TDOA in two dimensions requires that the signal be received with a sensor at a minimum of three distinct geographic locations. Each pair of sensors yields a hyperbola as the potential source of RF energy. Geolocation of a RF emitter with TDOA in three dimensions requires that the signal be received with a sensor at a minimum of four distinct geographic locations. Each pair of sensors yields a hyperboloid as a surface as the potential source of RF energy. In this specification we will disclose methods and apparatus for geolocating signals that possess timing properties that are very common in commercial wireless telecommunications with a single sensor in an iterative fashion. Additionally, we disclose methods and apparatus for geolocating signals with two or more sensors in an iterative fashion.
The following summary is intended to explain several aspects of the illustrative embodiments described in greater detail below. This summary is not intended to cover all inventive aspects of the disclosed subject matter, nor is it intended to limit the scope of protection of the claims set forth below.
Illustrative embodiments of the present invention may take various forms, e.g., the invention may be implemented in a portable geolocation sensor, a method involving the use of a portable geolocation sensor, and a system. The invention may be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software, including digital signal processing means.
In one exemplary embodiment, a portable geolocation sensor in accordance with the invention comprises a timing signal receiver for receiving timing signals; a tunable wideband receiver for receiving and processing signals from an emitter of interest (EOI); a signal processor for time stamping transmissions from the EOI; and a portable housing enclosing the timing signal receiver, tunable wideband receiver and signal processor.
An exemplary method in accordance with the present invention may be used to locate an EOI using at least one portable geolocation sensor. The method comprises, at a first location, using a first portable geolocation sensor to receive, time stamp and store EOI transmissions during a first period of time; moving the first portable geolocation sensor to a second location; at the second location, using the first portable geolocation sensor to receive, time stamp and store EOI transmissions during a second period of time; and computing the location of the EOI using data representative of the EOI transmissions stored during the first and second periods of time. The inventive method may be carried out using a single portable geolocation sensor that is iteratively moved to different locations at which transmissions from the EOI are received. The method may also be carried out using two or more geolocation sensors, wherein at least one of the sensors is portable and is moved such that it is used to collect EOI transmissions at two or more locations. The number of geolocation sensors utilized may be selected based on the characteristics of the EOI transmissions (for example, a single portable sensor may be used when the EOI transmission includes timing information).
Another illustrative embodiment may take the form of a system for locating an EOI. In this embodiment, the system comprises portable means, including at one receiver, to receive, time stamp and store EOI transmissions during a first period of time at a first location, and to receive, time stamp and store EOI transmissions during a second period of time at a second location; and computing means, including a processor, for computing the location of the EOI using data representative of the EOI transmissions stored during the first and second periods of time. The computing means may be integrated in the same housing as the portable means, or may be separate.
Other aspects and embodiments are described below.
The foregoing summary as well as the following detailed description are better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
We will now describe illustrative or presently preferred embodiments of the present invention. First, we provide an overview and then a more detailed description.
We disclose herein a concept for determining the location of RF emitting devices that is progressive. If one has a priori knowledge of the emitter-of-interest (EOI) timing and it transmits for a long period of time, a single sensor can be utilized to determine the location. This involves acquiring the EOI at multiple distinct geometric positions with a TDOA Sensor that knows its own location and has a very stable reference oscillator. It also involves characterizing and compensating for the EOI's frequency and timing drift. Then the TDOA and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) is calculated. Assume that the EOI is stationary and the FDOA characterizes the EOI frequency drift. For transmitters that derive their RF carrier and framing clock from the same reference oscillator, measurement of the frequency drift via FDOA will permit determination of the frame clock drift. For transmitters that do not derive their RF carrier and framing clock from the same reference oscillator, the frame clock drift rate is characterized in a different manner. One such technique is to revisit data acquisition locations and compare the measured TDOA to the previously measured one. Other techniques exist for compensating for frame clock drift. For example, a set of equations can be written, each associated with a data acquisition location, that incorporates the position of the data acquisition location, measured frequency offset, measured time offset and a model for the frame clock with its drift as one of the parameters. After a sufficient number of data acquisitions a solution for the frame clock drift parameter can be determined from this set of over-determined equations. Additionally, as more data acquisitions are performed it can be refined iteratively. The TDOA is determined from a priori knowledge of the EOI timing. The initial location estimate can be calculated in two dimensions after three data acquisitions, and it can be calculated in three dimensions after four data acquisitions. Once the minimum number of data acquisitions are obtained, the location estimate can be iteratively refined with more data acquisitions to get better accuracy. Guidance can be provided to the user about the direction and distance to move for the next data acquisition for the greatest improvement in accuracy.
If the EOI restrictions cannot be met for the single sensor approach, then a progressive next step is to use two sensors that have a communications link between them. This communications link will permit the two sensors to acquire the EOI simultaneously in time. Each simultaneous data acquisition by a pair of sensors will yield a hyperbola as a range of possible locations of the EOI. The location of the two sensors will be the foci of the hyperbola. When one, or both, of the sensors is/are moved and the EOI is again acquired at both of the sensors simultaneously, another hyperbola will be produced from the TDOA processing. The intersection of these two hyperbolas will yield a unique location of the EOI in two dimensions. Further relocation of one or both sensors and subsequent simultaneous data acquisitions will yield improved location accuracy. A GNSS receiver in the sensor with the better view-of-the-sky can act as an assisted GNSS server for the other sensor, which will provide greater robustness in acquisition of GNSS signals. (GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite Systems, a generic name given to navigation systems that use satellite positioning. These are normally the American Global Positioning System (GPS) or the Russian GLONASS system but will eventually include geostationary systems to compliment the GPS or GLONASS constellations.) Analysis of the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) of the current location estimate at the current iteration of the location solution provides guidance on where to relocate the sensors for the next simultaneous data acquisition.
Adding more stationary and/or portable sensors will improve the location accuracy of the EOI and improve the rate at which location accuracy improves versus the number of sensor relocations. Utilizing mesh communication networks for communications between the sensors, when three or more sensors are utilized, will provide more robust connectivity between the sensors.
1. Geolocation of a GSM Base Transceiver System (BTS) with a Single Sensor
Accurate geolocation of GSM BTSs is accomplished with a single sensor by utilizing the Portable TDOA Sensor illustrated in
The GSM wireless communication system is a time-division-multiple-access (TDMA) digital wireless communications system. The modulation type is GMSK with a symbol rate of 270⅚ kilohertz. Each frame possesses eight time slots of 576 12/13 microsecond duration for each slot. Frames are numbered from 0 to 2,715,647 and repeat every 3 hours, 28 minutes, 53 seconds and 760 milliseconds. Control channel signals are used between the mobiles and BTSs to set up and tear down wireless phone calls as well as align the mobiles with the BTS that is handling its traffic in both time and frequency. BTSs transmit a frequency correction burst and a synchronization burst to permit this time and frequency synchronization. The synchronization burst is transmitted at known times and possesses the current frame number of the BTS as well as its identification, i.e. base station identification code (BSIC). This signal can be exploited to passively determine the location of the BTS. Other known characteristics of GSM BTSs can be used as well. For example, the midamble is typically known a priori and can therefore be used. Additionally, many commercial wireless technologies embed fundamental network timing into base station transmissions to permit their mobile users to time synchronize to the network. All of these waveforms can be geolocated with this approach. These include the pilot and synchronization transmissions in code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless networks. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) waveforms also require their mobile subscribers to time synchronize to the base stations and therefore can be geolocated with this approach. The fundamental reference frequency in a GSM BTS is 13 MHz. The symbol rate is 13 MHz divided by the integer 48. The time slot is equal to 7500 13 MHz time periods. ETSI GSM specification 05.10 requires the GSM BTSs frequency references possess a stability/accuracy of 0.05 parts-per-million (ppm) or 50 ppb. In contrast, the 10 MHz frequency reference in the Portable TDOA Sensor from its High Sensitivity GNSS timing receiver possesses a stability/accuracy of 0.001 ppb or a factor of 50,000 greater than the requirement. A High Sensitivity GNSS timing receiver is one that can acquire and track the satellite navigation signals at low levels which are typical of compromised environments. It can do this autonomously or with assistance data from a server that has a clearer view of the sky. Additionally, it disciplines a frequency reference to the timing signal that it derives from the satellite navigation signals to provide a very accurate and stable frequency reference. This is important since, as will be discussed, the frequency accuracy/stability of the BTS frequency reference greatly impacts the accuracy to which it can be geolocated. Because the Portable TDOA Sensor possesses very good frequency accuracy/stability any drift in the frame clock of the BTS can be measured and compensated for and, therefore, high location accuracy obtained.
The Single Sensor GSM BTS Geolocation approach involves initially receiving the synchronization bursts from the GSM BTS, correlating the received bursts with internally synthesized synchronization bursts and aligning the peaks of the correlation function with an internally generated, GNSS based frame clock. This initial correlation process is described mathematically as:
where y1(t) is the received synchronization burst for the first data acquisition location, r1*(t+τ) is the synthesized synchronization burst and T is the time duration of the synchronization burst, i.e. 576 12/13 microseconds. This correlation function is maximized over delay, τ, and frequency shift, ω. We note that the maximum of the correlation function occurs at τ1 and ω1.
The synchronization burst has the frame number encoded in it and the frames repeat precisely every 60/13,000 seconds when the BTS possesses a perfectly stable frame clock. A data acquisition of the BTSs transmissions is performed at this first geographic data acquisition location and the GNSS based frame clock time aligned to the received synchronization burst. The latitude and longitude of the data acquisition is noted from the GNSS receiver. This data is stored for further processing. Thus, once initially time aligned to the BTSs frame clock the time at which another specific synchronization burst, of a specific frame number, can be predicted in the future. This feature will be exploited to permit geolocation of the BTS. The sensor is moved to another geographic location and another data acquisition of the BTSs transmission performed. The received synchronization bursts are again correlated with synthesized synchronization bursts that have been precisely time shifted by the appropriate time lag between the data acquisitions. This is described mathematically as:
where y2(t) is the received synchronization burst for the second data acquisition location, r2*(t−nT+τ1+τ) is the synthesized synchronization burst that has been time shifted by the appropriate amount over an integer number of frames, nT, and time aligned with the first data acquisition via τ1. The maximum of this two dimensional correlation function is determined and noted at τ2 and ω2.
Again, this data is stored for further processing and the latitude and longitude of the data acquisition location noted. This process is repeated until a sufficient number of geometric locations have been visited for data acquisitions to provide good location accuracy. This process is shown in
The TDOA is determined by the process illustrated graphically in
In reality, the BTS frame clock is not perfectly accurate and will need to be measured, characterized and compensated for via the Portable TDOA Sensor. This measurement occurs at each data acquisition location. Since the BTS frame clock is derived from a 13 MHz frequency reference it can move in time as much as 48.75 symbols in an hour even if it meets the 0.05 ppm GSM 05.10 stability specification. This will be compensated by utilizing the frequency offset measurements that occur at each data acquisition location, i.e. ω1 and ω2, or by other techniques such as measuring the EOI at the same geographic location at different times to determine how much the frame clock has changed over time. Both TDOA and FDOA processing is performed and the measured FDOA used to compensate the TDOA estimate which will be corrupted by the time drift of the BTS's frame clock. Specifically, the sample clock in the Portable TDOA Sensor will maintain a drift rate of less than 10 nanoseconds per hour when locked to GNSS. Thus, data can be acquired from the BTS for approximately 20 hours before it would start to have an impact on the location accuracy in a typical suburban environment with 200 nanoseconds of delay spread. The measured frequency offsets, ω1, ω2, . . . , will be used to compensate for the measured time offsets, τ1, τ2, . . . , thereby compensating for the BTS clock drift and instability provided the RF carrier and frame clock are derived from the same reference oscillator in the BTS.
A number of factors affect the accuracy of the location estimate in TDOA geolocation. The geometric orientation of the sensor data acquisition locations with respect to the location of the BTS is one factor that has a profound impact on the location accuracy. The optimum sensor data acquisition locations are uniformly spaced about the circumference of a circle centered upon the BTS. This impact of sensor data acquisition geometry is described as the Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP). It can be calculated as:
where wlm=ul−um is the difference vector between the unit vectors ul and um which are unit vectors from the evaluation location to data acquisition locations l and m respectfully. The quantity βlm is the area of the parallelogram formed by w1l and w1m and N is the number of sensor data acquisition location. The location accuracy can be significantly improved by increasing the number of sensor data acquisition locations beyond the minimum required for a unique location. However, the rate at which the location accuracy will improve versus the number of sensor data acquisitions will depend upon the location of the next sensor data acquisition. This can be determined by evaluating the GDOP for the addition of another sensor data acquisition and moving the sensor in that direction.
2. Geolocation of an Arbitrary Waveform with a Pair of Synchronized Sensors
Geolocation with a single sensor requires that the signal to be located possess some type of timing characteristics embedded within it, like the synchronization pulse of wireless GSM communications, which is known a priori. This a priori knowledge permits it to be synthesized and this synthesized signal correlated with the received signal to determine a time delay. Additionally, it requires compensation for any drift or instability of the signal as well. These two constraints can be avoided by adding another Portable TDOA sensor to the system as well as a communications link between them. The two sensors can acquire the (EOI) at the same time by virtue of coordination through their common communications link. Correlation of the two acquired signals will yield a time delay estimate. With knowledge of the location of the two sensors during the data acquisition a hyperbola evolves as candidate locations for the signal. The correlation is described mathematically as:
Again, adding more data acquisition locations can significantly improve the location accuracy. Once a unique location is determined guidance on where to move one or both of the sensors for the next data acquisition for minimizing the location error can be determined by evaluation of the GDOP.
3. Geolocation of an Arbitrary Waveform with Three or More Synchronized Sensors
The iterative processes described for determining the location of a RF emitter can be improved by using three or more synchronized sensors. In effect, the convergence rate of the location error versus iteration number is improved as the number of data acquisition sensors is increased. However, a communication link must exist between the portable data acquisition sensors to coordinate the data acquisitions. This is best accomplished, in practical environments, through the use of a mesh communications network. Mesh communications networks permit any sensor to communicate with any other sensor in the network as long as it can communicate with at least one of the sensors in the network. In effect sensors act as relays to other sensors that may not be able to directly communicate with all of the sensors in the network. This will permit robust operation of a portable TDOA system in a physical environment that is not conducive to direct communications between all sensors.
The true scope the present invention is not limited to the presently preferred embodiments disclosed herein. For example, the foregoing disclosure of a presently preferred embodiment of a Wireless Location System uses explanatory terms, such as Base Transceiver Station (BTS), TDOA Sensor, GPS, GNSS, mesh network, and the like, which should not be construed so as to limit the scope of protection of the following claims, or to otherwise imply that the inventive aspects of the wireless location system are limited to the particular methods and apparatus disclosed. Moreover, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, many of the inventive aspects disclosed herein may be applied in location systems that are not based on TDOA techniques. For example, the invention is not limited to systems employing Portable TDOA Sensors constructed as described above. The TDOA Sensors, systems and subsystem, etc., described herein are, in essence, programmable data collection and processing devices that could take a variety of forms without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Given the rapidly declining cost of digital signal processing and other processing functions, it is easily possible, for example, to transfer the processing for a particular function from one of the functional elements described herein to another functional element without changing the inventive operation of the system. In many cases, the place of implementation (i.e., the functional element) described herein is merely a designer's preference and not a hard requirement. Accordingly, except as they may be expressly so limited, the scope of protection of the following claims is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments described above.
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|U.S. Classification
|342/387, 342/465
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|9 Jan 2007
Owner name: TRUEPOSITION, INC., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BULL, JEFFREY F.;ANDERSON, ROBERT J.;LEFEVER, RONALD;REEL/FRAME:018732/0739;SIGNING DATES FROM 20061218 TO 20061220
|22 Jun 2010
|Certificate of correction
|7 Mar 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|27 Jan 2017
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Check out any or all of these 3 cool free apps that we picked out for you to try on your iDevice!
~Santa Toss
(Games - 12/12/11)
Developer Quote: "Help Santa deliver presents for Christmas! Hours of fun for the whole family. Sure to be a hit on those long trips to visit family and friends for the holidays."
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~ Note: If you enjoy poetry, surf over to Coffee Table Poetry to relax and read well-known poems from classic poets.


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The Wizard suggests the best solution to clean a copper immersion chiller and more.
Issue: Jan/Feb 2016
How much yeast can you culture from one vial? How do you force carbonate nitro beers? The Wiz answers all.
Issue: Jan/Feb 2015
I recently noticed a bunch of white spots on top of my brew (which was a wheat recipe) after I transferred it to the secondary. Are certain beer styles more susceptible to this phenomenon?
Issue: September 2012
Build your own cheap, but effective, tap cleaner.
Issue: Jan/Feb 2011
Once a year it pays to give your brewery the once-over. Clean everything that needs to be cleaned, check your inventory, map out your brewing calendar and the only surprise you'll have all year is how smoothly your brew days proceed.
Issue: May/Jun 2007
Does this look infected? Even if your beers tastes fine, it has some level of contamination. Learn how to find out if your beer is in the clear or if you're one pitch away from disaster.
Issue: December 2004
The science behind keeping your brewery clean and sanitized.
Issue: May/Jun 2003
The wise one answers your homebrewing questions.
Don't Let Good Beer Turn Bad!
Issue: September 1995


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Samajwadi Party chief Mulayam Singh Yadav on Tuesday renewed his demand for a high level probe into what he termed as "the blatant misuse of official machinery in collection of funds for Uttar Pradesh Chief Minkster Mayawati's 47th birthday on January 15".
Flaying Mayawati for violating all norms and ethics in public life, he told reporters, "Earlier I had demanded an inquiry by the Central Bureau of Investigation. But if Mayawati is scared of them, then the least that can be done is have a parliamentary committee to look into the charges I have leveled, in support of which I have sufficient proof."
Referring to the multi-crore extravaganza to mark the celebrations, put up at state expense in Lucknow and in Delhi, he said, "While the state government could not provide even a temporary shelter or bonfire to protect people from the current cold spell, the state exchequer was being drained for the chief minister's birthday bash."
He wondered, "Why had the prime minister and the deputy prime minister chosen to remain mute spectators to the unabated blatant corruption in her regime as well as to the murder of democracy through systematic throttling of the legislature, executive and the media."
ALSO SEE:Mayawati's birthday bash to cost croresMayawati threatens scribes for asking about birthday funds
More reports from Uttar Pradesh


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Album is incredible. Every song is excellent.
Album Rating: 2.0Album is bland. Every song is bland.
Album Rating: 2.0... only to be followed by Rudess' bland, more like silly and repeated, keyboards.
Album Rating: 3.0there are certain good moments [2]
Album Rating: 5.0The ACoS snare sounds like a snare should sound in real life.
The snare on this record sounds like the Images and Words snare, ie pixies and unicorns snare.
Album Rating: 3.0Enigma Machine, The Bigger Picture, Behind The Veil and Surrender To Reason are all fantastic. The rest is fine but could have been way better
Digging: Burzum - Filosofem
Album Rating: 3.0First impression is pretty good, bass is actually more audible which I didn't see coming, but wow they really rip off Rush on a good portion of these songs. Then of course it's not the first time they've borrowed from the greats of prog.
this isnt borrowing its borderline theft
Album Rating: 3.5The album really grew on me, like it from first to last. With the exception of I&W, which blew me away at first hearing when it came out in 92 as it was so innovative and inventive, all of DT's albums needed time to fully kick in.
yeah, only I&W can blow you away on first listen
Album Rating: 3.5I&W was and will forever be their best work, but Awake is almost even...
90s DT is def the best
Album Rating: 3.5Agreed, but I also really like SDoiT though. It's their last "big one" imo.
Album Rating: 2.5The Glass Prison > this
Album Rating: 3.0"90s DT is def the best"
Dude, don't need to state the obvious
Album Rating: 4.0I think its a very good album defo better than the last one all in all its a very good listen
Album Rating: 2.0I have no idea why I gave this a three.
I am way too generous.
Digging: Ne Obliviscaris - Urn
Album Rating: 2.5need to relisten but old dt just kicks ass
enemy inside is coo
Album Rating: 2.0Yeah. Old DT is amazing. I usually watch the Live in Tokyo DVD instead of listening to the albums. It isn't mixed well but they sounded so good when they had Moore.
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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Sub pages in Parent
Hi guys
If you take a look at
Under Events (Parent) is a Sub-Category which is Switchover Dates (Child)
then under that is Yorkshire (Grandchild) which was a Sub Category for Switchover Dates but is appearing in Events?
Is this a problem with the theme or do i have settings wrong?
Either way how can i fix it?
I like the navbar as it is at the mo and wouldnt want to change it
I have another website at http://www.thisisglossop.co.uk and if you check the nav bar on that, thats how id like the parent/child categories to work out
Ive tried comparing the header files and CSS in both my sites but dont know really what to look at
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'I want to knock his lights out!' CBB's Kellie turns into Frank as she wages war on James
SEX-CHANGE star Kellie Maloney has threatened to turn back into hardman Frank and punch fellow Celebrity Big Brother star James Jordan.
The former boxing promoter, who revealed he'd begun living as a woman earlier this year, told fellow housemate Dee Kelly that he wanted to pummel the former Strictly Come Dancing professional as tensions rose between the pair.
Chatting about James, Kellie told the Benefits Street star: "I can't be in the same room as James
"The more I'm around James, the more I want to knock his lights out," she raged, adding that she hoped the public vote her out on Wednesday's eviction.
Things later reached boiling point between the pair as the group discussed Lauren Goodger and Ricci Guarnaccio's relationship.
After Kellie claimed it was no-one else's business, James asked her if she'd got out of the wrong side of the bed, prompting Kellie to spit back: "I don't like your company James, do me a favour and don't talk to me."
Kellie, who is the bookies' favourite to leave the telly house in tomorrow night's eviction, previously branded her rival a bully in a Diary Room rant.
"He's a very false person, he's a bully…two faced people are something I don't tolerate," he said.
Celebrity Big Brother continues tonight at 9pm on Channel 5.


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Pendrin (Slc26a4) localizes to type B and non-A, non-B intercalated cells in the distal convoluted tubule, the connecting tubule, and the cortical collecting duct (CCD), where it mediates apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange. The purpose of this study was to determine whether angiotensin II increases transepithelial net chloride transport, JCl, in mouse CCD through a pendrin-dependent mechanism. JCl and transepithelial voltage, VT, were measured in CCDs perfused in vitro from wild-type and Slc26a4 null mice ingesting a NaCl-replete diet or a NaCl-replete diet and furosemide. In CCDs from wild-type mice ingesting a NaCl-replete diet, VT and JCl were not different from zero either in the presence or absence of angiotensin II (10−8 M) in the bath. Thus further experiments employed mice given the high-NaCl diet and furosemide to upregulate renal pendrin expression. CCDs from furosemide-treated wild-type mice had a lumen-negative VT and absorbed Cl−. With angiotensin II in the bath, Cl− absorption doubled although VT did not become more lumen negative. In contrast, in CCDs from furosemide-treated Slc26a4 null mice, Cl− secretion and a VT of ∼0 were observed, neither of which changed with angiotensin II application. Inhibiting ENaC with benzamil abolished VT although JCl fell only ∼50%. Thus substantial Cl− absorption is observed in the absence of an electromotive force. Attenuating apical anion exchange with the peritubular application of the H+-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin abolished benzamil-insensitive Cl− absorption. In conclusion, angiotensin II increases transcellular Cl− absorption in the CCD through a pendrin- and H+-ATPase-dependent process.
- transepithelial voltage
- bafilomycin
- H+-ATPase
- knockout mice
- S1c26a4
- intercalated cell
within the cortical collecting duct (CCD), transepithelial transport of Cl− occurs through both paracellular and transcellular transport (29, 30). The driving force for paracellular transport-mediated Cl− absorption is the lumen-negative transepithelial voltage, VT, generated by ENaC-mediated Na+ absorption (29, 30). In rabbit CCD, only ∼20% of net Cl− absorption occurs through paracellular transport, while the majority of net Cl− absorption occurs through transepithelial transport (30, 33). However, the molecular mechanism responsible for this transepithelial transport is poorly understood. With the recent explosion in genetically engineered mice, our ability to examine the mechanism of transepithelial Cl− absorption in the CCD has been greatly expanded. However, because perfusing mouse tubules in vitro requires greater technical skill than is needed with rat or rabbit, few studies have utilized this technique to examine ion transport in mouse CCD.
Within the CCD, transepithelial transport of Cl− occurs primarily across intercalated rather than principal cells (27). Intercalated cells are classified based on whether they express the basolateral Cl−/HCO3− exchanger AE1 and the localization of the H+-ATPase within the cell (29, 41). Within mouse CCD, the predominant intercalated cell subtypes are type A and type B cells (34). Type A cells secrete H+ equivalents through the H+-ATPase, which localizes to the apical plasma membrane. Type B cells secrete OH− equivalents and absorb Cl− through an apical Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, which operates in tandem with net H+ and Cl− efflux across the basolateral membrane mediated by the H+-ATPase and a Cl− channel (29, 41). Pendrin localizes to the apical regions of type B and non-A, non-B intercalated cells and likely mediates the apical Na+-independent, Cl−/HCO3− exchange observed in these cell types (25, 26, 31, 38, 41).
Within the type B cell, pendrin and apical anion exchange are upregulated with aldosterone analogs, which enhance secretion of OH− equivalents and absorption of Cl− (26, 43). Thus pendrin-mediated transport attenuates the alkalosis observed following the administration of aldosterone analogs. Moreover, the apparent vascular volume expansion and the hypertension which follow treatment with desoxycorticosterone pivalate and a high-NaCl diet are critically dependent on pendrin expression, likely through its effect on renal Cl− absorption (38). Thus, while pendrin has an important role in acid-base balance, it also plays a novel role in the maintenance of blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance (26, 38).
Pendrin is also upregulated in treatment models not associated with increased circulating aldosterone (37). For example, during selective dietary Cl− restriction, pendrin expression increases, although circulating aldosterone does not change (39). However, because plasma renin concentration is elevated in this treatment model, pendrin expression might increase from enhanced angiotensin II production.
Angiotensin II plays a critical role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure as well as fluid and electrolyte balance (8). Besides acting as a powerful vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II regulates Na+, Cl−, and H2O excretion through direct effects on renal epithelia (21, 46). In the proximal tubule, angiotensin II upregulates apical Na+/H+ exchange and basolateral Na+-HCO3− cotransport, which act in series to increase absorption of Na+ and secretion of H+ equivalents (7, 17). In principal cells of the CCD, angiotensin II also increases Na+ absorption by stimulating the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) (23). The effect of angiotensin II on Cl− transport is poorly understood. Weiner et al. (44) showed that angiotensin II application to the bath increases luminal alkalization and increases apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange in rabbit outer CCD through an AT1 receptor-dependent process (44). Because apical anion exchange of the type B intercalated cell is most likely the gene product of Slc26a4, the gene which encodes pendrin, we were prompted to study the effect of angiotensin II in vitro on pendrin-dependent transepithelial net Cl− transport (JCl).
In the present study, we asked following questions: 1) does angiotensin II increase JCl in mouse CCD?; and 2) does angiotensin II increase JCl through pendrin-dependent transcellular transport across intercalated cells? To answer these questions, JCl and transepithelial voltage (VT) were measured in CCDs perfused in vitro from wild-type and Slc26a4 null mice.
All experiments were performed using male and female Slc26a4 (−/−) mice developed by Everett et al. (4) and in wild-type mice from the same strain (129S6/SvEv Tac; Taconic Farms), which were bred in parallel. Unless otherwise indicated, mice were fed either a standard, salt-replete rodent chow (LabDiet 5001; PMI Nutrition International, Richmond, IN) or a balanced diet (53881300; Zeigler Brothers) prepared as a gel (0.6% agar, 74.6% water, and 24.8% mouse chow) supplemented with NaCl (∼1.13 meq NaCl/day) or NaCl plus furosemide (100 mg·kg−1·day−1) for 5 days.
Measurement of blood pressure, arterial pH, and serum electrolytes.
Systolic blood pressure was measured in conscious mice by tail cuff using a BP-2000 (Visitech Systems). Arterial blood was collected through the abdominal aorta under isofluorane anesthesia. Arterial pH and Pco2 were measured using ABL5 analyzer (Radiometer America, Westlake, OH). Serum electrolytes were measured as described previously (38).
In vitro perfusion of isolated CCD.
CCDs were dissected from medullary rays and perfused at flow rates of 2–3 nl·min−1·mm−1 in the presence of symmetric, physiological solutions containing (in mM) 125 NaCl, 2.5 K2HPO4, 24 NaHCO3/5% CO2, 2 CaCl2, 1.2 MgSO4, and 5.5 glucose bubbled with 95% air-5% CO2 (26, 43). Tubules were equilibrated at 37°C for 30 min before the start of the collections. As specified below, angiotensin II (10−8 M) and bafilomycin A1 (10−8 M) were applied to the bath, while benzamil hydrochloride (3 × 10−6 M) was added to the perfusate. Stock solutions of angiotensin II and benzamil hydrochloride (10−5 M, 3 × 10−3 M, respectively) were prepared in deionized water. A stock solution of bafilomycin (10−5 M) was prepared in absolute ethanol. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Measurement of JCl.
Cl− concentration was measured in perfusate and collected samples using a continuous-flow fluorimeter and the Cl−-sensitive fluorophore, 6 methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), as described previously (5, 42, 43). JCl was calculated according to the equation where Co and CL are perfusate and collected fluid Cl− concentrations, respectively, Q is flow rate (nl/min), and L is tubule length. Net fluid transport was taken to be zero since net fluid flux has not been observed in CCDs when perfused in vitro in the presence of symmetric solutions and in the absence of vasopressin (15, 16). JCl was expressed in picomoles per millimeter per minute.
VT was measured in the perfusion pipette connected to a high-impedance electrometer through an agar bridge saturated with 0.16 M NaCl and a calomel cell, as described previously (40). The reference was an agar bridge from the bath to a calomel cell.
Calculation of chloride permeability, ionic conductance, and transepithelial electrical resistance.
Chloride permeability (PCl) was calculated from the Nernst equation where c̄ is the mean Cl− concentration present in the lumen and bath and taken to be 0.129 M, Z is the valence of the ion, F is Faraday's constant, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in degrees Kelvin. We assumed ZF to be 96.5 C/meq and RT to be 2.57 J/meq, respectively, at 37°C.
Ionic conductance (GCl) was calculated based on the relationship (33) In the calculation of GCl, it was assumed that benzamil affects Cl− flux entirely through its effect on VT.
Kidney tissue from wild-type mice given 7 days of the NaCl-replete gel diet or diet plus furosemide was processed for preembedding peroxidase staining using the anti-pendrin antibody and embedded in the Epon as described previously (13). Tissue was cut into 1.5-μm sections, stained with hematoxylin, and examined by light microscopy.
All data are presented as means ± SE. Data from two collections from each tubule were averaged to obtain a single value. Each n used in the statistical analysis represents data from separate mice. To test for statistical significance between two groups, an unpaired Student's t-test was used. When results from more than two groups were compared, an ANOVA was used followed by Tukey's protected t-test. The criterion for statistical significance was P < 0.05.
Effect of angiotensin II on transepithelial Cl− transport, JCl, and VT.
In CCDs from wild-type mice ingesting the NaCl-replete diet, JCl and VT were not different from zero in either the presence or absence of 10−8 M angiotensin II in the bath solution (Fig. 1). Thus, under basal conditions, no appreciable net transepithelial Cl− transport was observed.
Effect of furosemide on pendrin expression.
We sought a treatment model in which pendrin protein expression is increased. Figure 2 shows that pendrin immunostaining appears more prominent in both connecting tubule and CCD in mice given a NaCl-replete diet and furosemide relative to mice ingesting the NaCl-replete diet alone, as described previously (25). Moreover, the subapical cytoplasmic area was larger in pendrin-positive cells from furosemide-treated mice, which gave the appearance that these cells "bulge" into the lumen. Thus further studies examined Cl− transport in furosemide-treated mice.
Because pendrin is critical in the renal absorption of Cl− (43), the effect of furosemide on apparent vascular volume in wild-type and Slc26a4 null mice was explored (Table 1). As shown, after loop diuretic treatment, Slc26a4 null mice developed greater weight loss, a higher blood urea nitrogen and lower blood pressure than wild-type mice over the treatment period. Thus with furosemide administration these mutant mice had greater apparent vascular volume contraction than wild-type mice. We conclude that pendrin is upregulated with loop diuretics, which makes pendrin critical for the conservation of apparent vascular volume in this treatment model.
Angiotensin II stimulates Cl− absorption in CCDs from furosemide-treated mice.
The effect of angiotensin II on JCl and VT were studied in mice given the high-NaCl diet and furosemide (Fig. 3). Cl− absorption and a lumen-negative VT were observed in CCDs from wild-type mice (Fig. 3B). With the application of angiotensin II to the bath, JCl doubled (Fig. 3A), although VT did not become more lumen negative (Fig. 3B). We conclude that angiotensin II-induced Cl− absorption is not mediated by an increase in electromotive force.
In contrast, in CCDs from furosemide-treated Slc26a4 null mice, Cl− secretion was observed, which was unaffected by angiotensin II (Fig. 3A). VT in CCDs from furosemide-treated Slc26a4 null mice was not different from zero either in the presence or absence of angiotensin II (Fig. 3B). We conclude that angiotensin II-induced Cl− absorption observed in wild- type mice is dependent on pendrin expression.
Angiotensin II does not increase Cl− absorption through paracellular transport.
Because the lumen-negative VT does not increase with angiotensin II, the driving force for paracellular Cl− absorption does not increase with application of the hormone. However, paracellular Cl− transport might increase with angiotensin II by augmenting paracellular permeability, such as through changes in tight junction properties. To test this hypothesis, the effect of angiotensin II on JCl was tested when the H+-ATPase was inhibited with application of bafilomycin (10−8 M) to the bath. Basolateral plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibition should reduce net H+ efflux in type B cells, thus reducing intracellular HCO3− concentration and hence reducing the driving force for apical anion exchange (3, 19, 36). The effect of H+-ATPase inhibition on JCl is shown in Fig. 4. In the presence of bafilomycin, angiotensin II did not increase JCl (Fig. 4A). Because the lumen-negative VT persisted following bafilomycin application (Fig. 4B), failure of angiotensin II to stimulate JCl did not occur from a reduced electromotive force. Thus the angiotensin-induced increase in JCl does not involve increased paracellular permeability.
Cl− absorption occurs in the absence of an electromotive driving force.
We asked whether Cl− absorption occurs in the absence of an electromotive force, such as following application of the ENaC inhibitor benzamil (Fig. 5). With benzamil (3 × 10−6 M) present in the perfusate and with angiotensin II (10−8 M) present in bath, the lumen-negative VT was abolished, although Cl− absorption was reduced by only 50%. Thus significant Cl− absorption is observed in the absence of an electromotive driving force. Further experiments examined the mechanism of this "active," benzamil-insensitive component of Cl− absorption. Following application of bafilomycin to the bath, where reduced apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange is expected, benzamil-insensitive Cl− absorption was abolished. We conclude that active Cl− absorption is H+-ATPase dependent and does not occur through paracellular transport.
Based on these data (Table 2, Fig. 5), we calculated PCl to be 0.81 × 10−5 cm/s in mouse CCD, similar to the PCl estimated in rat CCD by Weinstein (0.60 × 10−5 cm/s) (45). Based on this PCl, a chloride conductance, GCl, of 3.8 mS/cm2 was calculated. If the epithelial Na+ and Cl− conductances are comparable, then the overall CCD electrical resistance is 132 Ω·cm2 in mouse CCD, compared with a resistance of 266 Ω·cm2 observed in rabbit CCD under basal conditions (33) and 51 Ω·cm2 observed in CCDs from desoxycorticosterone-treated rats (28).
The present study demonstrates 1) mouse CCDs secrete or absorb Cl− on demand; 2) Cl− absorption in mouse CCD is increased by angiotensin II; and 3) angiotensin II-induced Cl− absorption occurs through transcellular transport across intercalated cells, through a pendrin- and H+-ATPase-dependent mechanism(s).
Previous studies in rabbit and rat demonstrated that net Cl− and HCO3− transport in the CCD are highly regulated by in vivo conditioning (9, 18). While no significant net Cl− movement is observed in rabbit CCD under basal conditions, substantial net Cl− absorption is detected in CCDs from rabbits treated with the aldosterone analog DOCA (9). Following aldosterone analogs, Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion increase in tandem, mediated by electroneutral, Na+-independent, apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange (6, 32). This process likely occurs through increased pendrin expression in the apical plasma membrane of type B and non-A, non-B cells (26, 38, 43). Similarly, while we observed little net Cl− flux in CCDs from mice fed a NaCl-replete diet alone, with increased pendrin expression achieved with furosemide treatment in vivo (25), substantial Cl− absorption was observed. However, Cl− absorption was not observed in CCDs from furosemide-treated Slc26a4 null mice, as expected, due to the absence of pendrin-mediated Cl−/HCO3− exchange and the absence of a lumen-negative VT, which drives conductive absorption of Cl−. The absence of a lumen-negative VT in these mutant mice likely results from the reduction in ENaC expression and the low ENaC-mediated current reported previously in preliminary form within CCDs of Slc26a4 null mice (14, 22). We conclude that total and angiotensin II-stimulated Cl− absorption are pendrin dependent.
In rat and dog renal cortex, interstitial angiotensin II concentration is 3–50 nM (20). Thus 10 nM (10−8 M) falls within the physiological range of angiotensin II concentrations observed in vivo within the cortical interstitium. This angiotensin II concentration (10−8 M) was selected since Weiner et al. (44) observed that 10−7 M, but not 10−10 M angiotensin II, increased B cell apical anion exchange when applied to the bath. Since the effect of angiotensin II on JCl in the CCD has not been tested at concentrations <10−8 M, we cannot exclude the possibility that angiotensin II has a biphasic effect on JCl in the CCD as was observed in the proximal tubule (10).
The present study extends the previous study of Weiner and colleagues (44) to show that angiotensin II directly regulates JCl in the CCD through a pendrin- and H+-ATPase-dependent mechanism(s). We also show that angiotensin II stimulates intercalated cell-dependent Cl− absorption through a direct effect on the CCD, rather than through other systemic effects of angiotensin II observed in vivo, such as changes in blood pressure or changes in the distal delivery of Cl− (37).
Angiotensin II likely modulates apical anion exchange through AT1a receptors, since they represent the dominant AT1 receptor expressed in the collecting duct (1). However, the distribution of the AT1a receptor along the collecting duct is controversial. One study localized AT1 receptors along the collecting duct primarily to the apical regions of intercalated cells (12), whereas others noted diffuse localization of the receptor within both principal and intercalated cells (11). Thus angiotensin II might increase apical anion exchange directly through stimulation of intercalated cell AT1a receptors or could act on principal cell receptors, thereby changing intercalated cell transporter function through cell-cell interaction. In this regard, we cannot exclude the possibility that angiotensin II, when applied to the bath, modulates JCl in mouse CCD by diffusing across tight junctions and acting on apical plasma membrane AT1 receptors.
Since pendrin transport inhibitors are not available, we studied the role of this protein in angiotensin II-induced Cl− absorption using mice with genetic disruption of Slc26a4 (4). H+-ATPase inhibitors were also employed, which should reduce the driving force for apical anion exchange.1 While angiotensin II doubled Cl− absorption in CCDs from wild-type mice, it had no effect in tubules from Slc26a4 null mice. Similarly, inhibiting H+-ATPase-mediated transport eliminated the angiotensin II-induced increase in JCl in wild-type mice, although it did not make VT less lumen negative. Thus angiotensin II increases JCl through changes in transcellular transport across intercalated cells, rather than through changes in paracellular permeability or through changes in electromotive force.
The present study confirms and extends previous work by Terada and Knepper (35), which showed that JCl is reduced 50% with the application of amiloride to the luminal fluid and eliminated with the application of both amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). While HCTZ inhibits the NaCl cotransporter in the DCT, it also inhibits carbonic anhydrase (24), which markedly reduces type B cell apical anion exchange (19). Thus apical anion exchange should fall with reduced intracellular HCO3− concentration, as expected following carbonic anhydrase inhibition, such as with HCTZ, or following H+-ATPase inhibition with bafilomycin.
In the present study, net fluid flux was assumed to be zero in the CCD (15, 16). However, furosemide-treated Slc26a4 null mice have marked apparent vascular volume contraction, which might increase vasopressin secretion. If CCDs from furosemide-treated mice absorb fluid, such as through increased circulating vasopressin, JCl reported above would underestimate true Cl− absorption.2
Pendrin-mediated Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion might generate net ion movement into the renal interstitium, such as through changes in VT or by buffering H+ secreted into the luminal fluid. However, because pendrin is a Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, it might not generate any net ion movement. Resolving this question will require measurement of net Na+, K+, and HCO3− flux under identical experimental conditions.
In conclusion, angiotensin II increases net Cl− absorption in mouse CCD through a transcellular pathway, which is pendrin and H+-ATPase dependent, rather than through conductive paracellular pathways. The H+-ATPase provides an "active step" for transcellular Cl− transport across type B cells.
This work was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant DK-52935 (to S. M. Wall). V. Pech is the recipient of an American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (0525384B).
↵1 Application of bafilomycin (10 nM) to the bath reduces net H+ efflux in type B intercalated cells in mouse CCD, thereby reducing intracellular pH (3). However, bafilomycin is a membrane-permeable compound (2); thus we cannot exclude the possibility that application of bafilomycin to the bath also inhibits the apical H+-ATPase, which should increase luminal HCO3− concentration (36). Either of these expects should reduce the driving force for apical anion exchange of the type B intercalated cell.
↵2 It is unlikely that our failure to detect Cl− absorption in CCDs from Slc26a4 null mice occurs exclusively from vasopressin-stimulated fluid absorption, since Cl− absorption was not observed in CCDs from Slc26a4 null mice following administration of DOCP and NaHCO3 ingestion (43). Circulating vasopressin levels are not likely elevated in Slc26a4 null mice following this treatment protocol since increased serum osmolality and apparent vascular volume contraction are not observed (38).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society