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Mucus secretion from individual tracheal glands in adult ferrets was studied with time-lapse optical imaging of mucus droplets under an oil layer. Density of functional glands (determined by responses to 1 μM carbachol) was 1.5 ± 0.3 per mm2 (n = 6). Secretion rates (in pl·min−1·gland−1) were as follows: 4.1 ± 0.7 basal (unstimulated; n = 27, 669 glands), 338 ± 70 to 10 μM forskolin (n = 8, 90 glands), 234 ± 13 to 1 μM VIP (n = 6, 57 glands), 183 ± 92 to 10 μM isoproterenol (n = 3, 33 glands), 978 ± 145 to 1 μM carbachol (n = 11, 131 glands), and 1,348 ± 325 to 10 μM phenylephrine (n = 7, 74 glands). The potency (EC50, in μM) and efficacy (Vmax, in pl·min−1·gland−1) were 7.6 (EC50) and 338 ± 16 (Vmax) to forskolin, 1.0 (EC50) and 479 ± 19 (Vmax) to VIP, 0.6 (EC50) and 1,817 ± 268 (Vmax) to carbachol, and 3.7 (EC50) and 1,801 ± 95 (Vmax) to phenylephrine. Although carbachol and phenylephrine were equally effective secretagogues, only carbachol caused contractions of the trachealis muscle. Synergy was demonstrated between 300 nM isoproterenol and 100 nM carbachol, which, when combined, produced a secretion rate almost fourfold greater than predicted from their additive effect. The dependence of fluid secretion on Cl− and HCO3− varied depending on the mode of stimulation. Secretion stimulated by VIP or forskolin was reduced by ∼60% by blocking either anion, while carbachol-stimulated secretion was blocked 68% by bumetanide and only 32% by HEPES replacement of HCO3−. These results provide parametric data for comparison with fluid secretion from glands in ferrets lacking CFTR.
- cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- airway
- adrenergic
- cholinergic
- muscle contraction
innate defenses of the airways eliminate pathogens by physically removing them (mucus clearance) or suppressing or killing them with antimicrobial compounds and leukocytes present in the mucus (1, 11, 28, 33). In the upper airways, most mucus originates from submucosal glands, which are distributed along the tracheobronchial airways and are under complex neural control. Stimulation of glands leads to expansion of airway surface liquid volume, which accelerates the rate of mucociliary transport (33).
Chronic bacterial lung infections are the major cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Defective submucosal gland secretion has been hypothesized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease, because the glands are an important site of CFTR expression in human airways (18, 48) and because CF patients have deficient gland fluid secretion to all agonists tested (9, 30, 46, 51, 53), alone or in combination. Comparative functional data from control and CF human airway glands are difficult to acquire, because such data rely on tissues obtained at transplant or via invasive biopsies. Thus there is great interest in studying airway submucosal glands in animal models of CF. CF mice are the most readily available models, but their airway submucosal glands are restricted to the anterior trachea and rely only minimally on CFTR (23); perhaps partly for these reasons, CF mice do not display CF-like airway disease.
Recently, CF pigs (44) and CF ferrets (52) have been produced, and each is predicted to offer an improved model of human CF airway disease. We and others carried out extensive studies of pig glands to provide a basis for comparison with the CF pig model. However, although ferrets have been the focus of many studies of airway gland secretion (2, 13, 20, 21, 31, 41, 43, 47), those studies mainly relied on labeling of secreted compounds or morphometric analyses; no single-gland studies of fluid secretion have been carried out in ferrets. Ferrets are appealing for studies of the possible involvement of airway glands in CF airway disease because ferrets have abundant tracheal glands, the glands express CFTR, and airway morphology, with respect to the presence of surface airway goblet cells and submucosal glands, is similar to that of the human (48).
We have developed an optical method to study fluid secretion from many individual submucosal glands in parallel with minute-by-minute resolution (30). In this study, we apply that method to ferret airway glands, with the primary goal of establishing a good basis for eventual comparison with CF ferrets. We demonstrate that ferret airway glands have many features in common with human glands, including a reliance on Cl− and HCO3− for secretion, a similar proportionality in the magnitude of responses to forskolin and carbachol, and synergy between low levels of agonists that work via these pathways. One marked difference is a large secretory response to α-adrenergic stimulation with phenylephrine, similar to that seen in cats, but not observed in humans, sheep, or pigs.
Ferret (Mustela putorius furo, n = 45), pig (Yorkshire, n = 4), and sheep (Suffolk-Rambouillet, n = 5) tracheas were obtained ∼1 h postmortem (pentobarbital sodium injection) following experiments carried out for other purposes. No animals were euthanized specifically for these experiments; nevertheless, the experiments were approved by the Stanford University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The mean age of the ferrets was 141.1 ± 23.7 days (n = 43); the youngest ferret was 59 days old and had abundant airway glands along its whole trachea. Pigs and sheep were adults. Human tracheas (n = 5) were obtained from surgical trim from lung transplantation donors, under procedures approved by Stanford's Institutional Review Board.
All tissues were transported to the laboratory in cold Physiosol solution (Abbott Laboratories) and transferred to ice-cold Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2, in which they were maintained until use, usually within 24 h. The Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer composition was 115 mM NaCl, 2.4 mM K2HPO4, 0.4 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 10 mM glucose, and 1.0 μM indomethacin to minimize tissue exposure to endogenously released prostaglandins during tissue preparation and mounting. Osmolarity was adjusted to 290 ± 5 mosM with a vapor pressure osmometer (model 5500, Wescor), and pH was verified to be 7.4 (Orion 420A pH meter) after the solution was bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2. To prepare the ferret tracheal tissue for optical recording of mucus secretion from individual glands, the dissection was modified from our previous methods (30). The trachea was cut dorsally along its muscular portion, and a ∼3- to 4-cm2 piece was used. The tracheal mucosa with underlying glands was not dissected from the cartilage, to which it was more adherent than in other species we have studied. We tried several times to work with mucosa dissected from the cartilage, but gland secretion was sparse. Instead, tissue external to the cartilage was removed, and the cartilage was hatched along its outer surface with a surgical blade under microscopic control to facilitate drug access to the underlying glands. From this point, the procedure was standard: the scored trachea was pinned mucosal-side-up with the serosa in the bath in a 35-mm-diameter plastic petri dish filled with Sylgard (Dow Corning). The luminal surface was cleaned gently with cotton swabs and dried with a stream of 95% O2-5% CO2 gas; the surface was coated with 50–80 μl of water-saturated mineral oil. The tissue was warmed to 37°C at a rate of <2°C/min with a temperature-controlled system (TC-202A, Harvard Apparatus) and continuously exposed to warmed, humidified 95% O2-5% CO2 gas. For bicarbonate-free experiments, 25 mM HCO3− in the Krebs solution was replaced with 1 mM HEPES + 24 mM NaCl that had been pregassed with 100% O2. The pH for the HEPES solution was 7.4 after it was gassed with 100% O2. Procedures for other species were identical, except the mucosa was removed from cartilage.
Optical measurement and calculation of mucus secretion.
Bubbles of mucus within the oil layer were visualized by oblique illumination, and digital images were captured automatically at 5-min intervals using krinnicam software and a Nikon digital camera in macro mode. Stored images were analyzed using NIH ImageJ software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Mucus volumes were determined as previously described (30) from the size of the spherical bubbles using the following formula: V = 4/3πr3, where r is radius. Bubbles that were approximately spherical with clear circular margins were selected for analysis. Bubbles from adjacent duct openings sometimes merged; in such cases, measurement was stopped. If merging occurred more often with faster-secreting glands, the exclusion of these glands could lead to an underestimate of average secretion rates during the later periods when their data were excluded. However, only 25 of 389 (5.7%) glands measured for secretion rate merged during our observation period, and no significant difference in secretion rates was noticed when their data were entirely excluded.
Stimulation and inhibition protocols.
Different agonists caused secretion to reach mean maximal values with markedly different latencies, but once attained, the mean maximal rates were stable for as long as we followed them. For a given agonist, there was great variation in the time to reach maximal steady rates of the individual glands. Therefore, to obtain unbiased comparisons of secretory rates produced by each agonist, we extrapolated backward from the last rates obtained (30–60 min after agonist addition) using a linear fit of the data until we reached an obvious shift to a region of slower secretion (see Fig. 2A). For comparisons among agonists, we used the mean maximal rate as just defined, and we also recorded the average latency from agonist addition to the earliest point where the average mean maximal rate began. As noted in many studies, onset times of responses to agonists that raise intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i) were slower than those of responses to agents that raise intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Additional delays common to all agonists resulted from the presence of cartilage in these preparations, but these were minor (∼2-fold compared with off-cartilage times measured in previous studies with other species).
We used bumetanide (100 μM) to block the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter and, thereby, eliminate Cl−-mediated fluid secretion. To block HCO3−-mediated fluid secretion, HCO3− in the Krebs solution was replaced with HEPES, and the solution was gassed with O2 to block both anions; bumetanide was added to the HEPES-buffered solution. Bumetanide, HEPES, or bumetanide + HEPES was added to the bath at time 0, and we observed the effects on 20 min of basal secretion followed by 30 min with the chosen agonists. For the inhibition experiments, we used 1 μM VIP + 10 μM forskolin to raise [cAMP]i, because there is evidence that this combination was more effective than either VIP or forskolin alone (and higher levels of VIP were precluded because of its expense). To raise [Ca2+]i, we used 1 μM carbachol as a acetylcholinesterase-resistant substitute for ACh. At 1 μM carbachol, the response is submaximal, but there are reasons to think that 1 μM is a more physiologically relevant concentration, and higher concentrations caused merging of the mucus bubbles. Control tissues were treated identically without the inhibitors. At least three of the four conditions (control, bumetanide, HEPES, and bumetanide + HEPES) were run on tissues from the same trachea in most experiments.
All compounds were purchased from Sigma and made fresh or maintained at −20°C. Stock solutions of carbachol, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, and VIP were dissolved in distilled water; forskolin was dissolved in DMSO; bumetanide was dissolved in an alkaline solution. The highest DMSO concentration was 0.01%; 0.5% DMSO as vehicle alone had no effect on gland secretion. For all drugs, stock aliquots of <15 μl were kept frozen until the day of use, when they were diluted 1:1,000 with freshly made bath solution or appropriate buffer.
Values are means ± SE unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise stated, n refers to animals. Student's t-test for paired data was used to compare the means of different treatment groups. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc method was used for comparisons of three or more data groups having parametric distributions. The Kruskal-Wallis method was used for nonparametric data among three or more groups. Parametric distribution of data was checked with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences were considered to be significant when P < 0.05. Dose-response curves were generated with Origin 6 software (OriginLab) using a sigmoidal fit function.
Overview of ferret tracheal submucosal glands.
To identify the distribution and abundance of ferret airway glands, tracheas were stained with neutral red dye (see materials and methods), and the unfixed tracheas were photographed as whole mounts with transillumination. In agreement with prior studies of other mammalian species (7), submucosal glands were concentrated between tracheal cartilaginous rings and were distributed along the full length of the trachea (Fig. 1A). Removal of the cartilage was more difficult in ferrets than in larger animals and often led to damage (see materials and methods). Therefore, we assessed the ability of agonists to stimulate secretions in preparations with intact cartilaginous rings, as well as our ability to image such secretions. Images of gland secretions in the cartilage-intact preparation (Fig. 1B) were somewhat less clear than those of larger glands in the off-cartilage preparations from larger species (humans, pigs, and sheep), but images were clear enough to quantify secretion with an accuracy of 97.9 ± 0.03% determined by independent measurements by two raters. In six ferrets, we measured the density of secreting glands by counting the number of mucus bubbles produced by 1 μM carbachol, being careful to avoid undercounting caused by merging of bubbles. For the ventral, cartilage-containing portion of the trachea, gland density was 1.5 ± 0.3 per mm2 (142 glands, 6 ferrets); it was 1.8 ± 0.4 per mm2 when calculated only for gland openings located in the area of intercartilaginous rings (81 glands, 6 ferrets). We did not estimate the gland density in the posterior, membranous portion of the trachea.
Basal secretion from unstimulated glands.
Approximately one-fifth of the glands that eventually responded to agonists secreted at a low level during the 20-min period prior to any deliberate stimulation (basal secretion). The average basal secretion rate for the basally active glands was 4 ± 1 pl·min−1·gland−1 (669 glands, 27 ferrets). Most of the basally secreting glands responded to agonists (95.0% to forskolin, 93.0% to VIP, 97.8% to carbachol, and 97.3% to phenylephrine). The small percentage (<3%) of basally secreting glands that did not respond to any of the agonists might have been injured during the dissection, which could have provoked some secretion but then created a leak pathway that would shunt secretion into the bath, instead of onto the airway surface.
Forskolin- or VIP-stimulated steady rates of gland secretion.
VIP or forskolin elevates [cAMP]i and stimulates CFTR-dependent submucosal gland secretion in humans (8, 26). The response to 10 μM forskolin is shown in Fig. 2, A and B. Figure 2B is a representative plot of the mean cumulative volume increase from 10 ferret tracheal glands (Fig. 2A). In these on-cartilage preparations, the response to forskolin took 20 ± 3 min (n = 8) to reach a maximal rate, in contrast with latencies of 10–15 min in off-cartilage preparations of humans and pigs (26, 29). However, similar to the responses in these species, once they reached the maximal rate, they showed a nearly linear increase in mucus volume, with no peaks or trends in the secretion rates. The average secretion rate for 90 glands in 8 ferrets was 338 ± 70 pl·min−1·gland−1 (Fig. 2B, inset). This value was obtained from experiments in which the mean duration measured after forskolin addition was 46.3 ± 5.7 min and, therefore, might be a slight underestimate, because secretion for three of the ferrets was followed for only 30 min, at which time the secretion rate might not have reached its maximum. The mean time to reach maximal secretion was 20 ± 3 min (n = 8).
A similar response was produced by 1 μM VIP (Fig. 2C). The average secretion rate was 234 ± 12 pl·min−1·gland−1 (57 glands, 6 ferrets; Fig. 2C, inset) on the basis of 30–60 min of secretion measurements. Maximal VIP secretion was reached at 18 ± 2 min (n = 6).
The potencies and efficacies of forskolin and VIP were determined by sequential addition of increasing concentrations of forskolin or VIP. In these experiments, each concentration was present for 30 min before the next increase. At lower agonist concentrations, secretion may not have reached steady state by the time of the next addition. Therefore, a rate reported for a lower concentration may underestimate the secretion rate at that concentration.
For the other concentrations, the secretion rates had stabilized by the end of the 30-min period and, thus, provide an accurate estimate. VIP was more potent and slightly more efficacious than forskolin (Fig. 2D). The EC50 of VIP was 1.0 μM and Vmax was 479 ± 19 pl·min−1·gland−1 (31–54 glands, 5 ferrets) vs. 7.6 μM and 338 ± 16 pl·min−1·gland−1, respectively, for forskolin (32 glands, 3 ferrets). The mean secretion rate response to VIP varied 19.1-fold among individual glands in the same preparation, while the average response across ferrets (10–12 glands per ferret) varied only 1.3-fold (see dose-response curves for forskolin and VIP, with 95% confidence intervals, in supplemental Figs. S1 and S2 in the online version of this article).
Carbachol or phenylephrine stimulated robust, sustained gland secretion.
ACh is the major natural agonist of submucosal gland secretion, acting on muscarinic receptors to elevate [Ca2+]i (35, 36). In ferrets, 1 μM carbachol stimulated a high rate of secretion (Fig. 3A). The mean maximal secretion rate was 978 ± 145 pl·min−1·gland−1 (131 glands, 11 ferrets; Fig. 3B, inset). Secretion rates plotted at 1-min intervals (Fig. 3B) showed variable, transient peaks, with a mean peak rate of 1,613 ± 658 pl·min−1·gland−1 and a mean latency to peak of 4 min 53 s (53 glands, 5 ferrets). These transient peaks occurred at staggered times in different glands (see supplemental Fig. S3), producing a smoother, more gradual rise in averaged secretion to a sustained rate of secretion to a maximum that continued for as long as we followed it. This pattern differs somewhat from that seen in other species, which showed an earlier, sharper peak that was two to three times greater than the sustained response (29, 30). The different kinetics can probably be attributed to the use of 1 μM, instead of 10 μM, carbachol; the intact cartilage may also play a role.
Phenylephrine is an α-adrenergic, [Ca2+]i-elevating agonist that strongly stimulates tracheal submucosal gland secretion in cats but has minimal effects on human, sheep, or pig submucosal glands (30). In ferrets, phenylephrine (10 μM) produced robust, sustained responses (Fig. 4A), with an initial near-peak response followed by a high sustained secretion rate (Fig. 4B). The mean maximal secretion rate was 1,348 ± 325 pl·min−1·gland−1 (74 glands, 7 ferrets; Fig. 4B, inset). Thus, ferret glands resemble cat glands with respect to their responsiveness to phenylephrine, with a response magnitude similar to that produced by carbachol.
Dose-response relations for carbachol and phenylephrine are compared in Fig. 5. Carbachol was more potent than phenylephrine but equally as efficacious, with an EC50 of 0.6 ± 0.1 μM and a Vmax of 1,817 ± 268 pl·min−1·gland−1 (30–53 glands, 3–4 ferrets) vs. 3.7 ± 0.4 μM and 1,801 ± 95 pl·min−1·gland−1, respectively, for phenylephrine (34 glands, 3 ferrets).
Phenylephrine and carbachol differed markedly in their effects on the trachealis muscle.
Airway diameter is reduced and airway resistance is increased when the trachealis muscle contracts. Carbachol contracts the trachealis muscle and also induces strong secretion of mucus from the glands; these dual effects act in concert during the lung defense reflex. Because phenylephrine is almost as efficacious as carbachol for stimulating fluid secretion from the tracheal submucosal glands, we expected that it would have a similar effect on the trachealis muscle. However, in our hands, phenylephrine did not stimulate contractions of the trachealis muscle at ≤100 μM, whereas carbachol caused clear contractions at concentrations as low as 100 nM and strong contractions at 1 μM. Agonist effects on the trachealis muscle were studied with a strain gauge (Fig. 6) and by optical measurements. For the tension measurements, the mean tension produced by 1 μM carbachol was 1.3 ± 0.7 mN (n = 4). This value depended on idiosyncrasies of each muscle arrangement, because we did not rigorously isolate an equal number of muscle fibers in each experiment. Therefore, for comparison with phenylephrine, in each experiment we set each response to 1 μM carbachol equal to 100 arbitrary units and expressed the response to 10 μM phenylephrine as a percentage of that value. With this method, 10 μM phenylephrine produced only 3.3 ± 3.7% of the contractile force of 1 μM carbachol (n = 4). The optical measures were not quantified but gave the same qualitative answer: the effects of phenylephrine were almost undetectable compared with the powerful contractions produced by carbachol (see supplemental Fig. S4). These results show that high levels of gland secretion can occur in the ferret without airway narrowing; whether this occurs naturally remains to be determined.
Combining low-dose isoproterenol and carbachol produced synergistic increases in fluid secretion from ferret tracheal submucosal glands.
In prior experiments with human submucosal glands, synergistic secretion was observed when low concentrations of agonists that elevated [cAMP]i were combined with low concentrations of agonists that elevated [Ca2+]i (8, 9). We tested for synergy in ferret glands by combining low levels of carbachol with isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist previously shown to increase [cAMP]i in canine, ferret, and feline tracheal submucosal glands (34); in feline glands, the increase occurred in the absence of an increase in [Ca2+]i (25). We first tested isoproterenol alone at high concentration. In 33 glands from 3 ferrets, 10 μM isoproterenol stimulated a steady increase in secretion that reached 183 ± 92 pl·min−1·gland−1 (Fig. 7), with a latency of 10.0 ± 3.5 min to reach maximal secretion. The isoproterenol secretion rate is only 54% of the Vmax for forskolin and 38% of the Vmax for VIP. A similar weak activation of tracheal gland secretion by isoproterenol was reported previously for sheep (30).
To determine whether synergy exists between cAMP and Ca2+ agonists, we administered low levels of carbachol and isoproterenol alone and in combination (Fig. 8, A and B). The secretion rate responses were 50 ± 29 pl·min−1·gland−1 to 100 nM carbachol alone (59 glands, 5 ferrets) and 23 ± 7 pl·min−1·gland−1 to 300 nM isoproterenol alone (50 glands, 5 ferrets). Isoproterenol + carbachol produced 271 ± 28 pl·min−1·gland−1, which is four times the rate predicted for a purely additive effect (48 glands, 5 ferrets, P < 0.001, paired t-test). To test for the possibility that the rise seen after addition of the second agonist might be superimposed on a slowly developing response to the first agonist, we extended the exposure times to 60 min and added the agonists in reverse order (Fig. 8, C–F). We carried out these experiments using tissues from a single ferret trachea that had a low basal secretion rate and a minimal response to carbachol alone. We saw synergy in both conditions (Fig. 8, C–F). Interestingly, in these experiments with a single animal, the synergistic response patterns differed, showing a faster rise when the combination followed long exposure to carbachol. As an additional control, we applied both agonists together without prior exposure to either agonist alone (Fig. 8, G and H). We again saw a synergistic response when measured against the responses to agonists alone from the same animal in Fig. 8, C–F.
Ferret tracheal gland secretion is driven by Cl− and HCO3−, but their proportions differed depending on the method of stimulation.
The fluid component of mucus is produced by anion-driven secretion, with Cl− and HCO3− being the major ions involved (24, 27). To assess the contribution of Cl−, 100 μM bumetanide was applied to block the basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl− (NKCC1) cotransporter, while the contribution of HCO3− was assessed by replacing HCO3− with HEPES and gassing with 100% O2. The contribution of each anion differed according to the method of stimulation.
The basal secretion rate was reduced 48.9 ± 13.2% by bumetanide (n = 14, 169 glands), 64.8 ± 23.7% by HEPES (n = 15, 163 glands), and 93.6 ± 6.5% by bumetanide + HEPES (n = 11, 93 glands), but only HEPES or bumetanide + HEPES differed significantly from control [P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001 respectively, Kruskal-Wallis method (Scheffé's and Dunn's post hoc test for nonparametric data); Fig. 9, A and B]. To test the inhibition of [cAMP]i-mediated secretion, we used VIP (1 μM) + forskolin (10 μM) as the agonist. The secretion response to this combination was reduced equally by bumetanide or HEPES (Fig. 9, C and D). Bumetanide decreased secretion by 57.1 ± 6.0% (106 glands, 9 ferrets, P < 0.0001), HEPES replacement reduced secretion by 59.4 ± 4.3% (93 glands, 9 ferrets, P < 0.0001), and HEPES + bumetanide reduced secretion by 95.0 ± 1.1% (58 glands, 6 ferrets, P < 0.0001). Thus, for secretion mediated by increased [cAMP]i, the magnitude of inhibition produced by blocking Cl− or HCO3− did not differ significantly (P > 0.98).
By contrast, secretion stimulated by 1 μM carbachol (increased [Ca2+]i) was more sensitive to blocking Cl− than to blocking HCO3−. Bumetanide decreased carbachol-stimulated secretion by 68.3 ± 7.8% (63 glands, 5 ferrets, P < 0.0001), but HEPES replacement reduced secretion by only 31.5 ± 8.3% (70 glands, 6 ferrets, P < 0.005). The difference between HEPES- and bumetanide-produced inhibition was also significant (P < 0.05). The combined treatments eliminated 93.2 ± 2.2% of secretion (35 glands, 5 ferrets, P < 0.0001; Fig. 9, E and F). Thus, for secretion mediated by increased [Ca2+]i, the magnitude of inhibition produced by blocking Cl− was significantly greater than that produced by blocking HCO3− (P < 0.05).
Contributions of CFTR to fluid secretion are similar in ferret and human submucosal glands.
With regard to CF, one of the more important questions about the utility of ferret glands as a model of human glands is whether they depend on CFTR-mediated fluid secretion to a similar extent. In humans and mice, forskolin-stimulated fluid secretion from glands is entirely dependent on CFTR (23, 26). In mice, CFTR-dependent, forskolin-stimulated fluid secretion from airway glands was ∼5% of carbachol-stimulated secretion (23). To directly and contemporaneously compare the ratio of forskolin to carbachol secretion rates in ferret and human glands, we obtained the secretion rates to 10 μM forskolin and 1 μM carbachol and expressed the ratio as follows: (rate produced by 10 μM forskolin ÷ rate produced by 1 μM carbachol) × 100.
Because we used 1 μM carbachol as a comparison in these studies, we also performed contemporaneous studies of gland secretion in sheep and pigs stimulated with 1 μM carbachol and 10 μM forskolin. The results are shown in Fig. 10 and Table 2. The mean secretion rates (Fig. 10A) scale with the size of the glands. The main finding is that the forskolin-to-carbachol secretion ratios for ferrets, pigs, sheep, and humans did not differ significantly from one another, and all were at least fourfold greater than the ratio for mice.
The twin purposes of these studies were 1) to establish normative data from wild-type (WT) adult ferrets to help guide studies of gland secretion from CFTR−/− ferrets and 2) to allow comparison between ferret and human gland secretion. CFTR−/− ferrets are predicted to be useful models of human CF airway disease, in part because of the hypothesis that airway glands contribute to protecting the airways from infections in ferrets and humans. In ferrets, the most direct evidence for a role of glands in innate defense comes from experiments comparing tracheal xenografts with and without glands. Secretions from the gland-containing xenografts produce much more lysozyme and kill bacteria much more effectively than xenografts without glands (11, 56). In humans, the affirmation for a gland contribution to innate defense is based on four interrelated forms of evidence: 1) human glands produce abundant and highly diversified antimicrobials, 2) human glands express CFTR, 3) gland secretion is severely disrupted in CF, and 4) CF airways are notoriously prone to infections, even though the adaptive immune system is intact or, perhaps, enhanced in CF patients, indicating that local innate defenses of the airways are the source of the defect.
Main features of optically measured fluid secretion from ferret airway glands: agonists.
In the present study, we quantified mucus secretion from individual glands in the ferret trachea using optical methods previously used in mice, pigs, sheep, and humans, allowing direct comparisons with those species. Secretion rates to agonists depend on gland size (N. S. Joo, unpublished observations), which varies widely within a given preparation, while total gland volume appears to scale with the diameter of the trachea (7). For these reasons, comparisons of absolute rates of secretion are less informative than rates normalized to some standard. We chose carbachol-stimulated secretion rates as the basis for normalization, because carbachol is the most potent and efficacious agonist for gland secretion among the species we have examined. As shown in Table 1, the agonists we tested rank in potency as follows: carbachol > VIP > phenylephrine > forskolin. In terms of efficacy, they rank as follows: carbachol ≈ phenylephrine > VIP ≈ forskolin. The main difference between ferrets and humans with regard to these four agonists is the strong response of ferret glands to phenylephrine, in contrast with the near absence of a response in human glands (30). Carbachol and phenylephrine elevate [Ca2+]i and can be expected to stimulate anion-mediated fluid secretion, at least in part via Ca2+-activated Cl− channels (CACC), whereas forskolin and VIP elevate [cAMP]i. In human glands, they appear to mediate fluid secretion entirely via CFTR-dependent mechanisms (26); thus this pathway is of special interest.
VIP as an agonist for airway glands.
VIP is released from intrinsic airway neurons and signals exclusively via [cAMP]i. VIP has been localized to the airway glands of humans (19, 49, 54) and ferrets (15, 38) and has been shown to be an agonist for fluid secretion from airway submucosal glands in human, mouse, and pig (23, 26, 29). VIP (2 μM) induced degranulation (measured morphometrically) of serous cells in ferrets (20), and numerous studies in ferrets established that VIP stimulates release of 35S-labeled macromolecules that represent the mucin component of gland mucus secretion (20, 37, 41). VIP (Vmax, 1 μM) stimulated release of 35S-labeled macromolecules from tracheal explants of ferrets with no change of electrical properties measured in the Ussing chamber (41). This was interpreted to mean that VIP stimulated release of macromolecules without stimulating anion transport. However, we know that VIP stimulates anion-mediated fluid transport via CFTR, and a more likely explanation for the observations of Peatfield et al. (41) is that electrical changes across the epithelia lining the glands is poorly reflected in Ussing chamber measurements (J. H. Widdicombe, personal communication).
In our experiments, Vmax was ∼29% greater for VIP than forskolin, although neither drug was tested at high enough concentrations or in a large enough sample to ensure that this difference is real. It will be of interest to eventually clarify this point, because in Calu-3 cells, a serous cell model, VIP produces an increase in apical expression of CFTR by reducing endocytosis, an effect that did not occur with forskolin and appears to depend on a PKC pathway (6). In contrast with its stimulatory effect on gland secretion, VIP inhibits tension in the trachealis muscle (57). It will be important to determine whether normal, neural activation of glands involves a significant VIP component, because that would produce higher volumes of gland secretion for any given level of trachealis tone.
Sympathetic agonist effects on gland secretion and trachealis muscle.
We observed that phenylephrine stimulates ferret gland secretion but not trachealis muscle contractions. Phenylephrine acts on α1-adrenergic receptors and is a partial surrogate for actions of the sympathetic nervous system. In many species, including humans, α1-adrenergic agonists produce only small effects on the lungs that are thought to mainly consist of increases in resistance of the pulmonary vasculature, but their effects even on blood vessels are apparently modest compared with the nitrergic system (5, 22). However, cat submucosal glands receive adrenergic innervation (40) and respond strongly to phenylephrine (30, 42, 55). Ferret submucosal glands also receive strong α-adrenergic neural input, because electrical stimulation of tracheal explants produced gland fluid secretion that was only partially blocked (27–32%) by atropine or the α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine but was blocked almost completely (92%) by both inhibitors (3). In morphometric studies of ferret airway glands, phenylephrine and methacholine stimulated the release of serous cell granule contents, but only methacholine stimulated significant increases in vacuole formation, which was taken as an indicator of ion and fluid transport (2). However, the present results confirm a powerful effect of phenylephrine on airway gland fluid secretion in ferrets, which, together with cats, are the two species of the six we have tested that respond in this way. However, in a one-sentence comment, phenylephrine-induced gland fluid secretion has also been reported for dog airways (12).
Although phenylephrine was similar to carbachol as a secretagogue, we did not observe a contractile effect on the trachealis muscle. By contrast, carbachol is a powerful secretagogue and a powerful bronchoconstrictor (Fig. 6). Our finding that phenylephrine did not contract the trachealis muscle is interesting in light of prior reports that phenylephrine increases tracheal intraluminal pressure and decreases luminal volume in the cannulated ferret trachea (32, 57). One explanation for the different results might be provided by the finding that, in dog trachealis muscle, phenylephrine alone produced very small contractile responses, but these were augmented manyfold by prior exposure to histamine or serotonin (4), substances that might have been present in the cannulated ferret preparations, but not in our preparation. We do not understand why the α-adrenergic, sympathomimetic agonist phenylephrine is such a powerful gland secretagogue in cats, ferrets, and dogs relative to its trivial effects in pigs, sheep, and humans, nor do we understand the implications of being able to produce copious gland secretion without airway narrowing.
In contrast with the strong α1-adrenergic response, isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist that elevates [cAMP]i, was the weakest agonist we tested for fluid secretion, consistent with previous findings in ferrets for the β2-agonist terbutaline (3) and with prior results with sheep (30).
Role of CFTR in ferret and human glands.
Additional animal models of CF are needed, because mouse models do not adequately mimic CF airway disease. Many factors contribute to the different expression of CF in humans and mice, but probably the most significant is the relative extent to which different organ systems rely on CFTR or CACC for anion-mediated fluid secretion (10). One way to estimate the relative roles of these two anion pathways in glands is to compare fluid secretion rates to forskolin, which is known to be entirely CFTR-dependent in mice and humans, with secretion rates to cholinergic agonists, which are dependent on CFTR and CACC. Previous work in mice showed that maximal responses to forskolin stimulation are only a few percentage of maximal responses to carbachol (23). As shown in Fig. 10 and Table 2, the forskolin response in humans is ∼20% of the carbachol response, while responses in ferrets, sheep, and pigs exceed that value, with ferrets being closest to the human value. We recognize that these ratios are unlikely to only reflect the relative role of CFTR. Nevertheless, to the extent that this ratio serves as an indicator of CFTR's contribution to airway gland function, and if airway glands are important components of airway innate defenses, then these data suggest that CF ferrets, pigs, and sheep might develop human-like airway disease, perhaps even more severe disease. However, the role of airway glands in human CF disease has not been established, and the forskolin-to-carbachol ratio may not accurately reflect the CFTR/CACC contribution for many reasons, including the observation that normal activation of the glands almost certainly involves multiple transmitters acting in concert (8, 9, 58).
Synergy and inhibition among secretagogues in ferret airway glands.
Airway glands are richly innervated by neurons that release at least four transmitters, ACh, nitric oxide, substance P, and VIP (14–17, 39, 59, 60), and it has been demonstrated that human airway glands show marked, CFTR-dependent synergy between agents that increase [cAMP]i and [Ca2+]i (8, 9). Therefore, it seemed important to determine whether synergy is also a property of ferret airway glands. Only one set of synergy experiments was done using nanomolar concentrations of carbachol and isoproterenol. These produced small responses when used alone but showed marked (∼4-fold) synergy when combined (Fig. 8). No further experiments were done in this initial survey, but when CFTR−/− ferrets are available, it will be important to test whether, as in humans, synergy is CFTR-dependent. If it is, it will be important to determine the mechanism of synergy and its role in the normal operation of airway glands. Synergy between VIP and methacholine was previously reported in cats (50); however, VIP inhibited neural, cholinergic-mediated 35S-labeled macromolecular secretion (produced by electrical stimulation) from the ferret trachea (37). This result is of considerable interest, because the effect was near maximal at 1 nM and the EC50 was ∼10 pM, whereas our threshold stimulation for fluid secretion was ∼2–300 nM VIP. Liu et al. (37) also found that 1–10 μM VIP stimulated release of 35S-labeled macromolecular secretion and concluded that VIP has two effects: excitatory on the gland itself and inhibitory on cholinergic terminals. This result highlights the pressing need for a better understanding of the neural control of airway glands; direct application of agonists can take us only so far and may actually produce misleading results.
Anion dependence of cholinergic and noncholinergic secretion.
Gland fluid secretion is dependent on Cl− and HCO3−, but the relative contributions of these two anions may vary across species and conditions. We assessed their contributions by blocking Cl− secretion with bumetanide and HCO3− secretion with HEPES replacement + O2 gassing. In prior experiments with pigs, each of these maneuvers reduced forskolin- and carbachol-stimulated secretion to similar extents, and, in agreement with this finding, the pH of forskolin- or carbachol-stimulated mucus did not differ significantly (29). In ferrets, Cl− or HCO3− block also caused similar decreases in forskolin-stimulated secretion rates, but carbachol-stimulated secretion was decreased significantly more by Cl− block than by HCO3− replacement. It will be interesting to determine whether the pH of ferret mucus also shows agonist dependence and, if so, whether that affects its properties.
Will CF ferret airways be good models for airway disease in humans with CF?
It was a disappointment that CF mice did not manifest a human-like CF airway disease, but the comparison of mouse and human airways revealed many structural and physiological differences that could explain the different outcomes observed when CFTR function is lost. The production of CF models from pigs (45) and ferrets (52) will eventually provide us with an eight-cell matrix (4 WT and CF species) for comparative studies, and this greatly increases the opportunity to define the critical roles that CFTR plays in the innate defense of the airways. Airway submucosal glands are just one component of the airway defense, but there are reasons to think that defective gland secretion plays a role in CF airway disease, and so it is reasonable to propose that we should learn as much as we can about gland function in WT and CF humans, mice, pigs, and ferrets. Focusing just on airway submucosal glands, we found that in humans and mice the component of fluid secretion produced by [cAMP]i-elevating agents was CFTR-dependent and, hence, missing in CF glands, while the fluid component produced by [Ca2+]i-elevating agents was mainly CACC-dependent and, hence, at least partially spared in CF glands.
One way to assess the importance of the CFTR-dependent component is to stimulate secretion with forskolin to elevate [cAMP]i or with carbachol to elevate [Ca2+]i. In humans and mice, the forskolin component of fluid secretion is entirely CFTR-dependent. As shown in Fig. 10B, the forskolin-to-carbachol ratio for gland secretion is as follows: pigs ≥ sheep ≥ ferrets ≥ humans >> mice. The key point of this comparison is that ferrets, sheep, and pigs are similar to humans and are, if anything, more dependent on CFTR for gland fluid secretion, unlike mice, which depend far less on CFTR. It will be interesting to see the extent to which this comparison predicts airway disease in the four CF species; we predict that CF pigs and ferrets will develop airway disease that is at least as severe as human CF airway disease.
These studies were supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant 5 R01 DK-051817, an award from Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics (WINE07XX0), and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
We thank Tran V. Kim, Jonathan Chen, Dr. Rosemary Broome, and Armando Navarro for expert technical support, including the provision of ferret tracheas. We also thank Mauri E. Krouse and Jin V. Wu for extensive discussions about all aspects of this research and Mauri E. Krouse for expert assistance with data analysis and interpretation.
- Copyright © 2010 the American Physiological Society


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Realogy Reports Sale of Remaining Stock by Affilates of Apollo Global Mgmt
Realogy Holdings Corp. (NYSE: RLGY) ("Realogy") today announced that certain funds affiliated with Apollo Global Management, LLC (NYSE: APO) ("Apollo") have agreed to sell 25,125,070 shares of Realogy common stock in a secondary public offering, constituting all their remaining shares of Realogy common stock. Realogy will not receive any proceeds from the offering.
Posted-In: News
© 2017 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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EA SPORTS FIFA 16 Ultimate Team is a massive online community of fans building, managing, and competing with their ultimate football team from the world's best players in FIFA 16. Join over 15 million fans and take on the challenge of building football squads of the world's best players by earning, buying, selling, and trading players with the Ultimate Team community. Play with your dream team and put them against your friends' teams whenever you want. Create and manage multiple squads and take them into competition in online and solo single-player tournaments, all dynamically updated each week.
Grainger Games has a fantastic selection of console games to choose from, including Xbox 360 games, PlayStation 3 games, Xbox One games, PlayStation 4 games, Nintendo Wii U Games, PC games and more. We also have a wide selection of handheld games as well as a number of games for older games consoles.
With over 70 stores Nationwide, we stock an extensive range of new console games and used console games for Xbox360, Playstation3, Nintendo Wii U, Xbox One, PS4, PS Vita and more. Trade in your mobile phones, tablets, iPods and other gadgets online or in-store. Shop in-store or receive free UK delivery on all orders when you buy from Grainger Games online today!


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Oh Winston, you are so beautiful!! You blend right in with the grass! And what a great Halloween prop, a pumpkin! Aww, what a great wish! Happw Halloween to you too, Winston! I'm glad you are learning how to talk! Lol that must be quite a handy trick, whistiling for the kitties!! You are such a sweet bird and I wish I had more time to write but I have to get my costume ready for Hallween! I hope you recieve many special things on your special day!! Congratulations on Pet of the Day!!
Britt, Floppsy, Lady, Sally, and Kelsey.


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Ernestine Northover
Ernestine Northover (25th March 1943)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
My Shoes
'I wouldn't like to be in your shoes',
This woman contemptuously said,
What's the matter with my shoes,
They've stood me in good stead.
read more >>
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Amazing South Lake Tahoe Vacation Home
4 Bedrooms, 3 Bathrooms, Capacity: 14
Photo Gallery
Property Description
Bedrooms: 4. Bathrooms: 3
Gorgeous Lake Tahoe home with incredible mountain views, huge deck, hot tub, privacy and endless recreational opportunities – Close to Lake, Shopping, Skiing and Casinos Nestled in the treetops, this 2,400 square foot home sleeps 13 and features an 850 foot deck w/ hot tub and 360˚ panoramic views of the mountains including Freel Peak, Mt. Tallac, Steven's Peak, Flagpole Peak, Monument Peak and more. Surrounded by Forest Service land on three sides, and conveniently located just minutes off Hwy. 50 in Meyers, it offers the perfect vacation getaway for all seasons. Biking, hiking and cross country trails are literally out the back door with thousands of acres to explore. Lake Tahoe and the casinos at Stateline are 15 minutes away and Outlet Mall shopping at the "Y" is just five minutes away. All three of the South Shore ski resorts are easily accessible; Heavenly's Monument Peak can be seen from two of the three decks. The house is perfect for family vacations, small group retreats, or a romantic get-away. This home is family owned, and we take great pride in the property. Feel free to contact us with questions about the property, availability, or vacation ideas.
Owner Contact Information
|Tracy Rudhall
Tracy Rudhall
566 Otomites Street
South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
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|Member Since:
|Nov. 1st, 2006
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Rental Rates
- Winter and summer: 11/23-4/8; 6/23-9/3
- $379/night; $1495/week; 3 night min.
- Spring: 4/9-6/22
- $250/night; $995/week; 2 night min.
- Fall: 9/4-11/23
- $250/night; $995week 2 night min.
- Christmas: 12/19-12/25
- $3495 for week
- New Years - 12/26-1/1
- $3495 for week
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AmenitiesHot Tub & Gas BBQ , Wood Burning Stove , 850 Sq. Foot Deck , 2 Private Balconies , Game Room , Landscaped Yard , Privacy & Seclusion , Hiking Trails , XC Skiing Trails , 3 Cable TVs w/ DVDs , High Speed Internet , Sony Playstation II , Multiple Lounges , Washer/Dryer
4 Bedrooms, 3 Bathrooms, Capacity: 14
Beds: 2 Kings, 2 Queens, 1 Twin, 2 Futons
Minimum Stay: 7 for Xmas/New Years; 3 for federal holidays
Further Information
$180 cleaning fee; 10% county tax; $300 deposit (refundable)
Restrictions: - Discount for weekly rental, excluding holidays
Nearby Attractions: - Lake Tahoe - 10 minutes (5 miles) Casinos - 15 minutes (10 miles) "Y" Outlet Shopping Mall – 10 minutes (5 miles) Heavenly Mountain Resort - 15 minutes (10 miles) Kirkwood Mountain Resort – 30 minutes (30 miles) Sierra at Tahoe – 10 minutes (7 miles) Camp Richardson – 15 minutes (10 miles) Emerald Bay - 20 minutes Hiking/XC Skiing Trails - 100 yrds. from house Golf - 5 minutes
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This year the wiener dog races will be held Sunday, Aug. 24, during Family Fun Day at Batavia Downs. Sponsored by Genesee Feeds of Batavia, a total of 10 heats will be contested with eight wiener dogs in each race. The first race will begin after the last live harness race of the day, which will be approximately 4:20 p.m. Besides the wiener dog races, other highlights of the Family Fun Day will include free pony rides from 2-4 p.m. (sponsored by Castilone Chrysler, Dodge and Jeep of Batavia), a bounce house and appearances by the ever popular Pringles the Clown, Mr. Scribbles and Jason the Juggler
On August 20th the City of Batavia Police Department joined by the Genesee County Drug Task Force (The Genesee Drug Task Force comprised of personnel from Batavia PD, LeRoy PD and the Genesee County Sheriff's Office), Genesee County Sheriff's Office and K9 unit and New York State Parole participated in the third neighborhood enforcement detail this summer.
In total 11 law enforcement personnel from four different agencies were partnered in a focused enforcement detail in seven separate locations. NET patrols included State St., Bank St., Tracy Ave. Washington Ave., Jackson St., Liberty St., Swan St., Sumner Ave., Central Ave., Pringle Ave., Watson St. and Maple St. The results of this year's third detail were:
• 80 data runs
• 31 vehicle/traffic stops
• 10 traffic tickets issued
• 1 Penal Law Arrests
o Munroe, Isaiah J.A. age 24, Unlawful Possession of Marihuana
• 13 parole checks
• 4 parole violations
The Neighborhood Enforcement Team (NET) details were outlined in the City's Strategic Plan as part of the City's Neighborhood Revitalization efforts
A former nurse at a Batavia hospice, twice found guilty of stealing from her employer, is sentenced to five years' probation.
In a 3-and-a-half page written statement read in Genesee County Court today, former Bergen resident Michele Case said that it actually the managers at HomeCare & Hospice who made up the scheme for insurance money.
Case was convicted of stealing 14-thousand dollars from her employer though fabricated time cards and mileage logs.
She appealed the original decision, only to have a second jury find her guilty of third-degree grand larceny.
District Attorney Lawrence Friedman asked the judge for prison time because she still views herself as a victim. Judge Robert Noonan, though, said he does not see her as a threat to recommit the crime.
Because of time served, it's unlikely Case will serve anymore jail time unless she breaks the terms of her probation.
A DWI checkpoint in Alexander leads to three arrests, including a 21-year-old LeRoy man.
It was conducted on State Route 20 in the Town of Alexander from Thursday night through Friday morning.
A Rochester man and a Webster woman were issued court appearances tickets for DWI offenses.
Also 21-year-old Zachary Plath of LeRoy was caught allegedly driving with a blood alcohol content twice the legal limit.


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School parliaments from Danilovgrad, Bar and Ulcinj visit the Day Care Centre for children with disability in Niksic
Within the "It's about ability" campaign, members of school parliaments from 12 municipalities hang out with peers with disability in the nearest day care centres
With UNICEF's support, Centre for Child Rights has organized visits to the nearest day care centre for school parliamentarians from 12 municipalities in order to raise their awareness of of the services needed to ensure the fulfilment of the rights of children with disability.
The visits of school parliaments to the day care centres are organized with UNICEF's support within the "It's about ability" campaign aimed at building an inclusive society in Montenegro.
"Day care centres provide a range of services for children with the most severe form of disability - learning and play, develop mental activities, physiotherapy and support to families of those children. They ensure that children who cannot go to mainstream schools have the opportunity to learn and that their families that may otherwise send their children to far away institutions, keep those children within a loving, family environment. So, the aim is to expand day care centres so there is one in every municipality and every child who needs them can acces them,'' UNICEF Montenegro Representative Benjamin Perks explained.


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Two men have been sentenced for their part in a gang fight in broad daylight in central Croydon.
The Block Cartel gang clashed with the Don't Say Nothing (DSN) gang near McDonalds in North End at 7.30pm on Saturday, June 11, last year.
The court heard "dirty looks" had probably sparked the two-and-a-half minute incident, when Jermaine McClean, 19, swung a wooden pole, while Darius Watson, 20 ,a youth club volunteer, threw a chair.
Both had each previously pleaded guilty at Croydon Crown Court to violent disorder.
At the same court on Friday, McClean was sentenced to nine months in a young person's institute, suspended for eighteen months, banned from North End for a year, and given a nighttime curfew.
Watson was given a 76 hour community sentence, involving 40 hours of unpaid work.
Sentencing them, Judge Glen Brasse told them: "For anyone who was walking along that street, being caught up in this type of fight with people using furniture, can be terrifying, and people can be seriously hurt.
"You can also hurt each other and it could even end in people being killed."


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Krizzler - Are you letting the buttercream crust before smoothing it? (Not the crumb coat, but the camo pattern.) After you apply the camo pattern, wait 15 or so minutes until the buttercream has crusted...gotten a bit hard...then you should be able to smooth it without it sticking.
Thanks so much for sharing. I think that I'm going to have to buy me a high density foam roller.
Cool...thanks for sharing....love it.
I just want to thank you for the great info. on camo. I tried it, and it worked like a charm! It turned out better than I had hoped. Thanks so much!
where I can find the malvira rolled tutorial help!!!!
thanks for the post
Thank you! I had no idea where to begin!!
where I can find the malvira rolled tutorial help!!!!
can anyone tell me what colors to mix to get the light camo color the tan? I used a little bit of brown but it turned out a little orangy... thank you!
Thank you so much!!! You just saved me the money of buying an airbrush....well, I might still buy one but I won't need it for the camo cake next week!!! ;D thanks!!
JUst bought my roller tonight! Cant wait to try this!!
Good info. Thanks for sharing!
the tutorials on this site are all amazing! I love this one im excited to try all these new things out! Going to buy a foam roller stat!
thank you so much for this! i need to bake a cake for my brother-in-laws welcome home from Afghanistan party and this is what I was looking for! you rock!
has anyone found a way to do this with swiss meringue? I'm doing a hunting themed cake and the family absolutely hates fondant and american buttercream (stating that they're too sweet). I was thinking of doing just a thick layer of SM and then doing a very thin camo layer in American BC.. but I'm not sure how that would go if they hate Amer BC...
wow thanx for the tutorial
wonderfulll! tks.
Thanks for sharing. I guess you can do the zebra pattern the same way.
thanks for sharing
I know it was mentioned here that Sugar Shack made a fondant camo tutorial on her blog, and I looked at it, and yes, it IS amazing... I just wanted to share my method of doing fondant camo.
As much as the cutting out each piece of the puzzle and putting it all together sounds great (not really - too time consuming in my opinion), I did a camo cake tonight doing this:
I made camo colors (beige, brown, dark brown, black and forrest green). I chunked and rolled random pieces of each color onto my rolling mat, sort of squishing them together some, then just rolled it out as if it were one and applied onto my cake. I think it turned out great, and even the little fondant ball boarder is cute looking like camo (IMO anyway).
I hope this also helps someone out there, as I know I searched other CC camo cakes on here and liked the look of the fondant.
Is it just me or all the links to the photos broken on the first page?
I'm interested in the tutorial, it sounds excellent, but I'm daft without pictures!
ADo we need to wet the roller before we rolled the icing? can the roller used on cheese Cream frosting?
This is awesome!! thanks so much for sharing I have to make a camo cake for my husband next week
This is awesome!! thanks so much for sharing I have to make a camo cake for my husband next week
This is awesome!! thanks so much for sharing I have to make a camo cake for my husband next week
AI probably used the wrong icing recipe or I did something wrong. Constructive criticism welcome! My cake doesn't look right.[IMG]http://cakecentral.com/content/type/61/id/2915944/width/200/height/400[/IMG] [IMG]http://cakecentral.com/content/type/61/id/2915945/width/200/height/400[/IMG]
I just did one of these for the first time a couple weeks ago. I used parchment paper with the roller and after i used the roller i used my hands to warm the buttercream and press it easier.I found when i used my hands after the roller it worked great i was able to concintrate on the lines blending better.It looks good for your first time, mine was far from perfect .
AThank you for the advice. I will try the parchment paper next time. Finally gave up and settled with what I had.[IMG]http://cakecentral.com/content/type/61/id/2916042/width/200/height/400[/IMG]
I think it looks pretty good...be proud of yoourself for your first time


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Currently 2.80/512345 Rating: 2.8/5 (Total votes: 5)
Rating: 2.8/5 (Total votes: 5)
What's New in This Release:
· Minor bug fixes.
What's New in 18.104.22.168:
· Added iPhone 5 support
· Updated save post options to "Save as draft", "Publish" or "Cancel"
· Added Google Analytics for application usage statistics
· Bug fixes: Photo upload 1021 error, Japanese/Chinese keyboard black screen error, Application launch error, Compose screen loosing text on clicking "done" button or "attaching images" on iPhone under low memory conditions.
» show more


text:
Artist description:
my first try! whoa...i really spent a lot of time understanding those english direction...
Flash Draw Created Apr 01, 2012 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2012 OrangeWilliam.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
agyla Apr 01, 2012
Well done
OrangeWilliam replied: Apr 02, 2012
thank u!!!!!!!!!
Page 1


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ATHLETICS: Bruce pips Hamilton to bag White Horse double
8:00am Thursday 10th April 2014
By Ed Mezzetti
8:00am Thursday 10th April 2014
By Ed Mezzetti
David Bruce held off the challenge of Dan Hamilton to collect a title double in the White Horse Half Marathon at Grove.
Bruce, from Oxford, finished 13 seconds clear of second-placed Hamilton (Abingdon) on a course affected by strong winds.
Running for first-claim club Highgate Harriers, Bruce clocked 1hr 10mins 57secs to Hamilton's 1.11.10.
This gave him victory in the open race and the Oxfordshire Championship, which took place concurrently.
The pair were part of a lead group of five including James Bolton (Woodstock Harriers), Paul Fernandez (Abingdon) and James Eve (Headington Road Runners) in the early stages of the race, but broke clear around the eight-mile mark.
Despite a fast finish from Hamilton, Bruce always looked strong as he powered to victory.
Fernandez, a winner in three of the previous four races, had to be content with third place this time in 1.11.50.
He did, however, have the consolation of winning the open and Oxfordshire vet 40 titles.
Former Scotland international Shona Crombie-Hicks
Shona Crombie-Hicks, 42, who competed in the marathon for Scotland at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, was the first lady home and 36th overall.
Crombie-Hicks (Bourton Road Runners) recorded 1.24.53 to finish a minute clear of another veteran, 40-year-old Rachel Masser, of Woodstock Harriers.
Masser, who clocked 1.25.54, had the consolation of landing the overall and vet 35 Oxfordshire titles.
Continuing with the veteran theme, 41-year-old Sarah Wheeler (Stratford-upon-Avon), came home third in 1.27.15.
Eynsham Road Runners' Hannah Hale was fourth lady home to win the open and county senior prizes after clocking a club record time of 1.28.50.
With fourth-placed Bolton (1.12.03) leading them home, Woodstock Harriers retained the open and county men's team prizes.
Both ladies' team titles went to Headington Road Runners, whose highest placed athlete Jessica Bruce (1.29.56) was fifth in the individual race.
Host club White Horse Harriers also enjoyed success, with Ian Lambourn winning both vet 50 men's categories after clocking 1.23.45 for 31st.
Jonny Cornish, who is a second-claim White Horse member, finished seventh in 1.15.07 to land the Kit Trophy for the club's leading runner in the race.
Lucia Singer secured the Coachman Trophy, which is the ladies' equivalent, having recorded 1.41.45 for 178th place.
Woodstock's Bryan Vaughan bagged a vet 60 men's double in a time of 1.26.32, while Alchester's Nigel Lambert (2.10.37) took the county vet 70 honours.
Unattached pair Helen Jones (1.44.58) and Wendy Millatt (1.54.43) won the Oxon ladies' vet 45 and 55 crowns.
But both finished behind the evergreen vet 65 winner Kate Williamson (Eynsham), who recorded the impressive time of 1.42.07, aged 68.
© Copyright 2001-2017 Newsquest Media Group


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The Weekly Special!
Hey all,
I'm starting a 'weekly special' at Whispering Pines Tea Company.
This rest of this week through midnight on the 22nd the special will be 8 ounces of Lemon Ginger Mate + Free shipping for just $15!
I'm also still running the samples sale (buy 3 or more and get 1 free) and the free ounce of gunpowder green tea for every 3rd sale.
1 Reply


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You will receive reset instructions in your mailbox.
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At Fitness Town we are pleased to offer 4 financing plans to choose from.
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This brilliant full-color 24"x36" laminated poster by Productive Fitness Publishing demonstrates 21 dumbbell exercises.
Check out the chart's illustrations for variations on wrist and bicep curls, presses, side lying, flyes and raises.
Finish up your routines with the pec minor punch, prone external rotation, kickback, shoulder shrug and the screwdriver.
Dumbbells are designed to develop core strength and coordination, and you can increase the weights as your program develops.
The chart includes safety information and it explains in simple step-by-step instructions and photos all the dumbbell exercises designed to develop your upper body strength.
Protection of the spine during exercise is important and that's why all the Productive Fitness posters teach how to attain and maintain proper torso stabilization while exercising.
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Mayweather madness in london.
Mayweather London (AFP) OK, so who never saw that happening? Floyd Mayweather Jr's two-day trip to the UK culminated in an open workout at the Pea**** gym at Canning Town, East London, on Friday afternoon. For those that don't know, the Pea**** can probably comfortably hold 200 people - about 3,000 turned up.
What resulted was a dangerous crush. When I got there, at about 3pm, the doors were already shut and there were several hundred people locked outside, with plenty more still arriving and some already leaving. I talked my way through a side gate (I was on an official list, honest), but inside it was crowded and sweltering. Floyd didn't arrive for another 90 minutes, having had to make the last bit of the journey on foot because his car could not get through the crowd.
Now the cynical part of me has a hunch that the organisers got exactly what they wanted - a big scene. All the goings-on were being filmed for HBO's latest 24/7 programme. It will be Mayweather's third version of the show and - like many shows in their third season - the storyline could be running a bit thin. So was this merely an elaborate ruse to get a good scene for TV?
Most people I know were shocked at the thought of holding a public workout in such a small place. Most such workouts are held in shopping centres or huge halls - David Haye held one last year in the entrance area to the O2. But it was apparently at Mayweather's insistence that it was open to everyone, not just the media. And so concerned were the organisers that people might not show, that I (and I assume other members of the press) was sent about a dozen reminders.
Having been to plenty of big fights in America, I can quite believe that the organisers were shocked by the turnout. In the US, boxing has become a fringe sport, dumped by the major networks who are in over their heads with contracts for NFL, baseball and basketball.
And while network TV has let the sport slide, some promoters have got lazy, happy to take big fights to Las Vegas, Atlantic City and Indian reservation casinos in search of the gambling dollar rather than try to build up live crowds. On top of that, the parochial nature of newspapers in the US means that boxing is often swept aside for college and high school sports. Some of the biggest name writers in the US today write exclusively for the internet. The sport has become so separated from the fans, that is is little wonder that many in the sport looked on with jealousy when Ricky Hatton's fans arrive in Las Vegas, or when some came to the Millennium Stadium to see Joe Calzaghe.
Fortunately, many promoters are now changing this. The emergence of Kelly Pavlik underlined the crowd potential some felt the sport lacked, while Shane Mosley and Antonio Margarito in January drew a huge live gate. But it is still someway off Britain, where boxing shows time after time that it is not only still a mainstream sport, but it is still on the rise.
And anyone who has ever had the misfortune to sit through an American press conference knows how awful this sport can be at selling itself. Each boxer, manager, promoter and sponsor comes to the platform in a show of stomach-churning backslapping. "I'd like to thank God, HBO, Tecate Beer and the MGM Grand" - do people think anyone is really writing down such nonsense?
But it shows where the allegiances lie - not with the fans, but with the suits who sign the cheques. Mayweather is an expert as such talk. Far more than he thanks the fans, he will thank HBO and the HBO executives by name.
During his stay in Britain, the name of HBO was replaced with that of Sky, who will be showing the July 18 bout on pay-per-view (it will probably be announced straight after their next pay-per view show of Kotelnik v Khan). This meant Sky viewers were treated to the workout through the eyes of Jim White, one of Sky Sports News's presenters. Now, I don't know White, but I have never seen him around boxing and judging by the efforts that I saw, he is no expert. So much of the time he hogged with Mayweather was taken up with the banal - I'm sure at one time he even said 'say hello to my colleagues in the studio', or I might have been imagining this. Why they didn't sent Craig Slater, their excellent boxing guy, I just don't know.
There was a time that you could see top-class boxing on Sky as part of the sizeable subscription, but no more. While Khan and Mayweather cost an extra £14.63, Friday Night Fights is showing such fare as Edwards v Ahmed this weekend, the latest in a string of disappointing offerings that will attract minimal viewers, from which I would omit the last Prizefighter event and the Belfast show ten days ago. Even the live or morning-after US shows seem no more. Sky have bought the rights to the upcoming Berto-Urango fight, but plan to show it six days after in its Friday night slot.
Could Berto or anyone else ever become as popular as Mayweather here? If Sky continue the downgrade of their boxing coverage the answer is a very big no. And where are they going to find their valuable pay-per-view stars then?
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Gary Allan Launches Donate + Download Program to Support Red Cross Hurricane Sandy Efforts
Mon, 10 Dec 2012 10:43:14
Gary Allan Photos
Gary Allan Videos
Multi platinum artist Gary Allan has launched a Donate and Download program to support Red Cross and their disaster relief efforts. Allan is giving away a free download of an exclusive acoustic version of his new hit single "Every Storm (Runs Out Of Rain)" as incentive for fans to donate to the Red Cross.
Allan was scheduled to headline a show in Atlantic City the week Sandy hit. The show, like many others in the northeast, was cancelled due to the storm.
Allan shot the video for his new single just two weeks later in Nashville, TN. Shortly afterwards, Allan and his team started to realize how timely his song was, and that it could be used as a tool to help others in need. When disasters like Superstorm Sandy devastate communities, your support helps ensure the Red Cross is there to provide warm meals, shelter, and hope to families when they need it most.
"My song 'Every Storm (Runs Out of Rain)' is about hope and light at the end of the tunnel," said Allan. "With the devastation in the northeast region by Sandy, I thought this song was extremely timely. I wanted to partner with the Red Cross on this because they have always offered hope for those in need."
Allan has made a commitment to give away this exclusive acoustic version of his single for free.
Visit universalmusic.moontoast.com to nab it and support the cause. Watch the video:
Did you download and donate?
—Katie Sheehan


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Hi Mark, thanks for CD ver 1.I have the 64-bit iussue:- CD 1.0- Windows 7 64-bit Ultimate Edition- .NET Runtime: 2.0.50727.4927
Nice! So glad the 1.0 is released. I found two problems in windows 7.1. When the language is english, CD can't show unicode strings such as chinese. but alpha and beta1 can do this.
2. when CD was first installed, drag some shortcuts into the circle, the new shortcut can't be shown until being reordered or refreshed.
Where can i get the latest source code? is this open -source or .. ?
I just used ResHacker to take a peek into the DLL you sent along.Because it opened...I have to ask.Are compiling in 32 or 64 bit.This makes a huge difference in Windows 7Normally ResHacker will not properly open 64 bit DLL's
The following is from the Config.ini:
I noticed that the error keeps referencing the DLL as 126.96.36.199and the current version just sent is Version 188.8.131.52????
Bug # ????Attempt to rightclick and adjust "Item Settings" and I get the following:
Okay GuysI (am sure) I have finally worked out why Circle Dock wouldn't work on 64-bit Windows 7: the DLL was marked as "Hidden, System". Simple as that - I think! Though why this is only a problem on 64-bit Windows 7, I'm not even going to hazard a guess.I've uploaded a "Refresh" (v22.214.171.124) which clears that problem (the DLL is no longer marked "Hidden, System") and the two other issues reported thus far.Thanks Rigel and Sarge for your assistance!Mark
1- Loading Setting splashscreen backgrund is wait and not trasparent (I think is an error)
2- If setting window is open and you click setting again the spash screen appear again instead of moving on top the setting window
3- Dock item initial positions:Using thier Deafult Position, from top and from bottom: draw item correctly but when you scroll the item jump to opposite side of a ringFrom right and from left works.
4- Label opacity don't work, always 100%
Page created in 0.127 seconds with 72 queries.


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Electrician in Fuengirola. Avalable advertising space for electricians in Fuengirola. Looking for British customers in Fuengirola? Your ad here.
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text: The up state of affairs In the up situation, the maximum achieve that can be attained is the stock finishing at $ten.00 or bigger. At $ten.00, you would revenue from the entire price of the extrinsic worth of the choice which is $.fifty and you would also have $.fifty of capital appreciation from the stock for a whole of $1.00. This represents a 10.fifty two% a person-month return or an annualized return of 126.32%. It is not reasonable to anticipate this sort of return every month but don't forget, after hours trading current reports present that premium advertising functions somewhere around 80% of the time, which is even now extremely good. We stated before that the highest return of this acquire-produce will be actualized when the stock reaches $10.00 or previously mentioned and the optimum return will be $1.00, and no a lot more than $1.00. As the stock goes larger, the selection will get paid much less in immediate proportion with the increase in funds appreciation. For case in point, if the stock closes at $ten.thirty you would acquire only $.20 from the selection trade rush. The selection would now be well worth $.30 since with the stock at $10.thirty, the 10 strike contact would have $.thirty of intrinsic price. Given that you marketed the selection at $.fifty, you would see a $.20 profit ($.50 - $.thirty $.20). Because you purchased the stock at $9.50 and it is now $10.30 you have $.80 of funds appreciation. Combine the two and you have a $one.00 earnings. Lets seem at what occurs when the stock trades up to cedar finance $twelve.00 and see if you all over again have a $1.00 return on the situation. At $12.00, the solution will have $two.00 of intrinsic worth (stock cost strike price) because it is in the funds. You offered the choice at $.fifty so you have a $one.50 loss. Even so, you acquired the stock for $nine.50 thus you have a $two.50 capital obtain. Merged, you have a $one.00 earnings. In a third case in point, if the stock trades up as very little at 24option $.10 you still have a $.sixty get. You will receive $.fifty from the sale of the get in touch with which would expire out of the cash as a result worthless plus $.10 of funds appreciation. $.sixty represents a six.3% 1 month return. Remember to refer to the chart below for examples of whole greenback revenue for each number of contracts, remembering that just about every deal controls 100 shares of stock. Observe that if the stock closes around $ten.00, then your stock will be referred to as away since your small calls will be exercised. stocks to buy This is accurate but we will discuss about situation management afterwards. For now, lets get back to our a few situations. In the up state of affairs, you would profit with the invest in-publish when the stock is up as tiny as a penny, but you are also limited on our utmost revenue. You are restricted on your optimum gain as defined by the formula under Greatest Profit Strike Cost Alternative Value Stock Value. This system of calculation will function every time. As you see, the buy-publish has a optimistic but minimal upside probable.


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Obama's NSA speech changed nothing
The Daily Show's Jon Stewart criticized President Obama's promises for NSA reform.
President Obama's speech on Friday outlining changes to the National Security Agency's collection of telephone and internet data did not register widely with the public. Half say they have heard nothing at all about his proposed changes to the NSA, and another 41% say they heard only a little bit. Even among those heard about Obama's speech, few think the changes will improve privacy protections, or make it more difficult for the government to fight terrorism.
The new national survey by the Pew Research Center and USA TODAY, conducted Jan. 15-19 among 1,504 adults, finds that overall approval of the program has declined since last summer, when the story first broke based on Edward Snowden's leaked information.


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So my girl has been selected to represent West Yorkshire at the 2015 World Scout Jamboree in Japan and she needs to raise a fair bit of cash to be able to go.
I'm really looking for advice on fund raising; has anyone done something similar and has any good ideas?
Alternatively if there are any rich benefactors reading this.....
Any help gratefully accepted.


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May 23, 2012 Phil Blackwell Uncategorized
Sheer numbers of talented runners, especially in the distance events, proved the secret to Fayetteville-Manlius capturing both Section III Class AA championships at Cicero-North Syracuse's Bragman Stadium.
The girls Hornets went first last Tuesday afternoon and earned 162 points, enough to fend off the host C-NS Northstars, who were second with 135 points. No one else reached triple figures as Baldwinsville (70 points) slid into third place.
In a trio of distance-running events, F-M went 1-2-3 at the top. It began in the 3,000-meter run, where Christie Rutledge won in nine minutes, 58.34 seconds, with Jillian Fanning second (10:04.13) second and Michelle Duffy (10:11.33) in third.
Moving to the 800-meter run, Katie Brislin, in 2:13.80, pulled away from Hannah Smith (2:19.78) and Katie Sischo (2:19.96) amid a top-three sweep. Fanning would go to the top in the 1,500-meter run as she edged Sischo, 4:42.35 to 4:42.36, with Alana Pearl (4:44.99) behind them in third place.
That spread to the relays, too, as Brislin joined Heather Martin, Natalie Zazzara and Olivia Ryan to shatter the four-minute mark and win the 4×400 relay in 3:56.52, leaving Liverpool (4:00.44) in second. It was more lopsided in the 4×800, where Brislin, Smith, Annika Avery and Emily McGurrin finished in 9:34.84, nearly 24 seconds ahead of C-NS (9:58.52) in the runner-up spot.
Martin had her own victory in the 400-meter dash, where in 57.67 seconds she topped a field that included teammate Olivia Ryan, who was second in 1:00.57. In the 4×100 relay, Martin, Zazzara, Sarah Olick-Sutphen and Jordan Noble took third in 50.77 seconds.
Alana Pearl contributed more points when she got to second in the 2,000-meter steeplechase in 7:23.59, with Maggie Malone third (7:30.14) and Mary Barger (7:35.71) in fourth place. Anna Castro, with 2,141 points, earned fourth place in the pentathlon.
Valuable points came from field events, too. Christabel Ezidiegwu landed in second place in the triple jump, going 35 feet 3 3/4 inches as Utica Proctor's Kierra Arthur (37′ 6 3/4″) prevailed.
Ezidiegwu moved to the high jump and cleared 4'10" for fifth place. Savannah Pidkaminy rose to fifth in the discus with a heave of 85'9″ and also took sixth in the pole vault, clearing 7'6″.
Just 24 hours later, in the boys Class AA championship meet, F-M won again. By earning 99 points, the Hornets had enough to slide past Liverpool (89 points) and C-NS (81 points) to land in the top spot, and it did so without top sprinter Austin Perez, who sat out the meet due to injury.
Nick Ryan led the way. Ryan shattered his own personal mark in the mile, going to the lead early and pulling further away until he crossed the line in 4:09.61, more than 10 seconds ahead of Liverpool star Zavon Watkins. Bryce Millar was third (4:21.29) and Ben Thomas (4:28.75) was fourth.
Later, in the 3,200-meter run, Ryan led a top-four sweep, cruising to first place in 9:37.45, just ahead of Matt Deyo in second (9:42.21), while Millar (9:45.27) and Thomas (10:05.64) again claimed the third and fourth spots.
F-M also won a pair of relays as Ryan, teaming with Millar, Langston Lightcap and Connor Farrell, claimed the 4×800 in 8:08.02, beating Baldwinsville by 2.39 seconds, while in the 4×400 Lightcap, joined by Said Shakuri, Charlie Beeler and Aaron Blitz, again held off B'ville, 3:28.55 to 3:29.49.
Colin Fitzgibbons, in the 3,000-meter steeplechase, claimed third place in 10:15.02, where Riley Hughes was sixth. Kyle Harbour worked his way to third place in the pentathlon with 2,389 points.
Lightcap finished third in the 800 in 1:59.18, with Farrell fifth in 2:01.37. Lightcap also took fourth in the 400 sprint in 51.58 seconds, edging Beeler (51.60 seconds), who finished fifth. Zhengyue Zhu had a fifth-place triple jump of 41'2" and Kyle Barber was fifth (16.95 seconds) in the 110 hurdles.
F-M's runners can return to Bragman Stadium three more times, for the May 31 state qualifier and, for those that advance, the June 8-9 state championships.
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Below are the all-time best Autumn Ehrhardt poems as chosen by PoetrySoup members
View ALL
Autumn Ehrhardt
He winces contritely,
The new silver in his hair
Is only a wise light.
I try not notice for only
He is only my life.
I stare with abandon,
My wine glass
And how it fills red, violet, white
And can only be the vessel for reflection
The filament spreads evenly
And this liquid delights.
I retrace the warmth of the quiet
To the long mountain road at midnight
The trees in the headlights
The thick forest blackness
Hours of clean air
I crack the car window
Freezing July tonight.
It is longer than expected,
But I know how to wait.
No longer a wispy maiden with eyes of dread.
Life is this heartbeat
He glances at me often on the curvaceous up climb
Our mature honeymoon
Captured in memories' sight.
I tell him this is a good place to stop.
It is frightening to be at the top of the wilderness in the cold,
But be bold for the cosmos has an order
That fills every space with spectacle,
In the pitch, there is no interference.
No glaring light bulbs or street signs.
Only creation's windows.
He winds me into his arms,
Our celestial bodies are now the heat
Against the shiver--Death's a small disturbance
Speak to me with light my love
For existence only
When the only cover for sleep will be these stars.
Copyright © Autumn Ehrhardt | Year Posted 2010
I believe prose is the devil,
The page is too large with detailed explanation.
A herring that is hungry for details and plot lines.
A parasite that taunts me.
I am in love with the poem,
The page is concise with word paint.
A butterfly kiss on a lilac desiring immediate nectar.
A lover that teases me.
For the verse is easier quest
For the moment bound
the present beloved
the feeling liver.
The solemn sinner.
I believe prose is the worthy prince,
The one with the page and the avid reader.
A well educated monarch on a lofty peak.
A soon king that rejects me.
I am in love with the unattainable,
The poem's black heart.
An ignorant fool who understands
A line left open.
For freedom is heartbreak
For the doomed spirit
the critically judged
the cursed be-er
The chosen loner
14:Passages plot themselves on maps
To get you somewhere.
Pour your soul into a hollow vessel
For the archaeologist to find.
To replicate each moment's sound
Will never bring satisfaction
perhaps exaggerate boredom
Definitely annoy reactions
Because the vessel's form is unnecessary
There is no catch-all for past rains.
Copyright © Autumn Ehrhardt | Year Posted 2011
Play the everyday tune
And laugh at the need to swoon,
Over habits and needs
And all the worry it feeds.
Record the everyday woe
And question where should I go,
To the easy comfortable place
Or to the mysterious hard to trace.
Sing the everyday song
And seize the moment, make it long,
Amongst the short course of the day
The present has a melody to play.
On a Wednesday
Or even a better day.
I can't catch you.
The fast paced racer
Needs the best story.
Rich parables and attention.
The quick mess
That is never soothing.
My anxious ride is ending,
I've changed for better or worse.
But the lines and lances and tales--keep spinning.
There's still winning for all.
On a Thursday
Or even the worst day.
You want catching.
The brisk tapped tapper
Needs the loud presence.
Poor escapes and retention.
The shamed nothing
That is never silencing.
My belligerent ways are ending,
I've changed for myself and others.
But the periods and eras and echoes-keep screaming.
Pain is having a ball.
Golden sincere guitar player
Serious musical slayer
True love lightening bolt stayer
Strong diligent brave man
Kiss bare neck hit a new layer
I love more than I plan.
For Rime Coulee Contest
Autumn Ehrhardt
24:Drops of color splinter from the crystal's sharp edges--
From the hard clearness,
Blue splays
Orange dances
Green jumps
Purple plays
As yellow mellows
Down the hot day.
Even through the dust
that filters light's passage,
Rainbow's essence delights the ceiling.
Beams win against a decade of unwashed window.
Some work day mornings just fill with sour time.
The evenness of the florescent lights is annoying
I see all the familiar faces hating every moment along with me.
A department meeting, how horrifying.
The common voices outlining choices--that have nothing to do with you
Blacken and blue, I must stomach this painful gathering of shrews
A pressured push in the brain
To not let this poison my day
I rely on pleasant memories to carry me away:
The last cherished talk, the phone message from a friend.
I really can't wait for this meeting to end.
Now my agitation has been noticed.
I am not paying attention--thinking about folly and Ben.
The expression on my face shows rejection
Can she see my recollection of the last time we met?
Crap now I am found out; she must be judging what my whole life is about.
Turn toward her stare, show sincerity and care
Easy now tiger-- and smile--give the moment awhile.
Save face, my Japanese ancestors would say.
I am disciplined, this is work--not time to play.
Don't let distraction make you her prey.
Color Your World Contest: Mallory
A royal velvet
A lilac flower
Colorful power
Amethyst carat
Favorite pallet
She loves it more
Deep meaningful
Girl beautiful
Streaked in her hair
Artist wild
Brush in hand
Dip it in
(Diminished Hexaverse)
Copyright 2011 Autumn Ehrhardt
So this is the little shop
That you wish to stake your claim
Fill your precious storehouse
With sundries and fame.
So this is the commercial alter
That you pray to every night
Sell your cheap drink umbrellas
Hit on miracle sprites.
So this is the fun palace
That you built upon the sand
Worry not about foundation
Spit irreverently on its land.
So this is your soul's investment
That you spend hours at play
Kill your own profit
Push eternal life away.


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Best Resto Bar Across India
Resto bars are the predecessors of the gastropub, a place where food and drink are given equal importance by the establishment. Artisanal cocktails and well thought-out food menu co-exist effortlessly making it the kind of spot that people drop in for drinks or dinner or both. No more pre-drinking or only eating out, this is the kind of place to order a pasta and martini, confident that both are going to be great. Here are the nominees in the Best Resto Bar category at the INCA Awards
Mumbai - Café Zoe
Located in Lower Parel, the sense of space one encounters when walking into Café Zoe is something few places in the city can boast. A large square bar, casual seating and a menu that does everything from salad to pasta well, means that you can order a carafe of their signature cocktail and know you're in for a great night.
Kolkata - Café Mezzuna
Café Mezzuna's two Kolkata locations dish out upscale Mediterranean food to the city's well heeled. The bar includes cocktails, beers and wines that pair with the pizzas, crepes and pastas that are on offer.
Hyderabad - Heart Cup Coffee
Live music, DJ nights and karaoke sessions ensure that you can take your pick of the kind of evening you want to have at Heart Cup Coffee. The laid back eatery with two city locations has a wide selection of drinks to be paired with their sharable starters or filling mains.
Bangalore - Social
Taking nostalgic food - think chilli cheese toasts and bar friendly snacks - to the masses, Social's food is as inventive as its drinks. Served on records, on wooden trays and more, the food is as good as its drinks - proving it's got its formula down pat.
NCR - Olive
Olive's signature sunny vibe has taken hold in upscale Mehrauli, where the food - which includes pizzas, salads and more - is complemented by the custom cocktail menu, and general Greek holiday vibe. The best way to keep your evening going? Order another round.
Pune - Terttulia
Serving food that blurs the boundaries of cuisine - like karari roti, and pizza on the same menu - Terttulia pulls it off with aplomb. With Asian inspired cocktails and the classics on the menu, you can have a meal and a drink or two while travelling the world through your taste buds.
Goa - Black Sheep Bistro
A farm to table philosophy underpins the food at Black Sheep Bistro, in the heart of Panjim. Using local fish but serving imported beers and wines, this bistro effortlessly brings together Goan ingredients with international flavours.
Chennai - Radio Room
In a space inspired by music, with vintage tape decks, large scale music memorabilia and a warm atmosphere, you'll find sharable punches, an extensive wine list and food that encompasses everything from kebabs to tacos. Radio Room is for the music lover who loves his food and drink as well.
Images: Facebook/Twitter/Zomato
LiveInStyle.com encourages you to Party Responsibly!
Also Read about the five experiences your valentine deserves.


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July 4 events planned at bases in S. Korea
By STARS AND STRIPES Published: June 30, 2007
Bases in South Korea have a variety of activities planned to celebrate the Fourth of July.
Yongsan Garrison
Festivities begin at noon July 4 in the Main Post parking lot. Activities include live music, a magic show, a martial arts demonstration, a naturalization ceremony at 3:30 p.m., a 4:30 p.m. show by the Korean performing group Nanta, and an evening drawing for two round-trip tickets to the United States. A 20-minute fireworks display will kick off at 9 p.m.
Country singer Sherrie Austin will perform at Collier Field House at 6:30 p.m.
Other weekend activities include:
- July 3: Zapp, a funk and R&B band from the '80s, at the Main Post Club at 7 p.m.
- July 6: Family Putt-Putt: A family putt-putt and barbecue party at noon at the Family Fun Park.
- July 6: The classic rock band the Machine at the Main Post Club at 7 p.m.
Camp Casey
Activities start at 8 a.m. July 4 and will include sports competitions, live music, a military police dog demonstration, Korean cheerleaders, a magic show and a fireworks display. Shuttle buses from Camp Stanley and Camp Red Cloud to Camp Casey will run between 10 a.m. and 11 p.m.
Camp Humphreys
- July 3: 7 p.m. Classic rock band The Machine will perform at Independence Park.
- July 4: 8 a.m. 5k and 10K fun runs start at Independence Park.
- 10 a.m. Father-Son softball game, Independence Park.
- 10 a.m. Firecracker one-pitch softball tournament at Soldier Field.
- 11 a.m. Official opening of festival grounds and static displays near Independence Park.
- 11:30 a.m. Korean National Police Band performs at Independence Park.
- 8 p.m. 8th Army Band concert at Independence Park.
- At dark, Mega Fireworks show, vicinity of Independence Park and Main Gate.
- July 5: 10 a.m. Firecracker one-pitch softball tournament at Soldier Field.
- 11 a.m. Various activities, including free swimming and miniature golf, begin.
- 1–4 p.m. Unit alternative Olympics at Independence Park.
- 4:30 p.m. Korean folk dancers perform at Independence Park.
- 5 p.m. Tae kwon do demonstration at Independence Park.
- 5:30 p.m. B-Boys Korean break dance group, at Independence Park.
- 7 p.m. Zapp R&B concert, Independence Park.
- July 6: 7 p.m. Sherrie Austin country music concert at Community Activity Center.
For more information, call DSN 754-8257.
Camp Walker
- July 4: 7:30 a.m. Firecracker 5K fun run at Kelly Fitness Center.
- 10 a.m. Unit Olympics at Kelly Field.
- 1 p.m. Rhythm and Moves band performs at Kelly Fitness Center parking lot.
- 1–5 p.m. Youth activities including face painting, carnival games, moon bounces and ice cream eating contest at Kelly Fitness Center parking lot.
- 1–6 p.m. Adult and family games, including watermelon-eating contest, hot pepper-eating contest and candy-in-the-pie contest at Kelly Fitness Center parking lot and Kelly Field.
- 8:45 p.m. Fireworks, launched from vicinity of Kelly Field.
For more information, call DSN 768-7563 or 764-4432.
Osan Air Base
- July 4: A Liberty Fest with fireworks, live bands and other entertainment is set for 4–9 p.m. at the Charlie Diamond Area of the base flight line, across the street from the fitness center. The day will also include static displays of military equipment, a martial arts demonstration, and numerous activities for kids. Fireworks begin at dusk.
- July 5: The fourth annual Liberty Fest golf tournament is set for a shotgun start at 7:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m., at the base golf course.
For more information, call DSN 784-4128.
Kunsan Air Base
The base will host its 5K Fun Run beginning at 8:30 a.m. at the fitness center, a cardboard boat race 10-11:30 a.m. at the Wolf Pack Pool, eating contests at the food court, an all-day barbecue and bazaar outside the base theater, a softball game at 1 p.m., a parade at 3 p.m., and other activities throughout the day. Other events, movie viewings and trips throughout the weekend also are planned.


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|Property type
Property details
Holiday resort Schwabe, Rerik
Offered at your holiday complex
two-room apartment/type 1
22 residential units. bike storage. sunbathing area, BBQ area. parking spaces. fee payable: bakery service, washing machine, tumble drier.
apartments, comfortably and tastefully fitted. Open kitchen. glass-ceramic stove top, oven, refrigerator with freezer, dishwasher, coffee machine, kettle, toaster, eating nook. shower, toilet. satellite TV. heating. outdoor furniture.
2-room apt., on ground floor or upstairs. living / dining room, (1 double sleeper couch). telephone, wireless LAN. bedroom, (1 double bed). balcony or terrace.
bathing 900 m, sea, sandy beach 900 m, Kühlungsborn 11 km, Insel Poel 30 km, Warnemünde 42 km.
Extensive baby equipment
1 Flasche Wasser bei Ankunft
15% Ermäßigung pro Person auf den Eintritt in das Erlebnisbad Wonnemar in Wismar
non-smoking accommodation. Es handelt sich um einen kl. Fitnessraum mit 1 Stepper und 1 Fahrradtrainer.
playground, swing, sandbox, playroom, babysitter / child care, children´s cinema, goal wall, volleyballnet, bobbycar, board games in local language, children´s books in local language, children´s DVDs in local language. baby crib (in addition to maximum occupancy), highchair, baby tub, baby monitor, change table, diaper pail, potty, toilet-seat, baby gate, safety guard for electrical outlet.
Recreation / Sports
fishing 900 m
Indoor pool for common use, heated
sauna. solarium (fee payable). freezer. fitness room, soccer, table tennis.
Paying per credit card incurs fees in the amount of 0.7% of the sum due, rounded up to full euro amount.
*Plus compulsory or optional charges based on actual occupancy or consumption. The payment has to be made in the currency offered by the property manager, before use of conversion tool. Payments in other currencies have to be negotiated beforehand with the property manager. The currency conversion tool is provided for your convenience only and is non-binding.