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Britons told to leave Tokyo as fears grow
British citizens have been advised to consider leaving Tokyo as the crisis at Japan's stricken nuclear plant appeared to worsen.
The Foreign Office issued advice to any British nationals in — or to the north of — Tokyo to consider leaving the area because of the "evolving situation" in Fukushima and potential disruptions to the supply of goods, transport, communications and power.
Five days on, and as snow fell, the death toll from the disaster reached more than 4,000, and is likely to rise substantially with more than 8,000 people missing.
The latest FCO advice states: "We advise against all non-essential travel to Tokyo and north-eastern Japan given the damage caused by the March 11 earthquake and resulting aftershocks and tsunami.
"Regarding the situation at the Fukushima nuclear facility, the most recent advice from the UK's chief scientific adviser remains that for those outside the exclusion zone set up by the Japanese authorities there is no real human health issue that people should be concerned about.
"This advice is kept under constant review. However, due to the evolving situation at the Fukushima nuclear facility and potential disruptions to the supply of goods, transport, communications, power and other infrastructure, British nationals currently in Tokyo and to the north of Tokyo should consider leaving the area."
The White House is recommending that US citizens stay 50 miles away from the stricken nuclear plant, not the 20-mile radius recommended by the Japanese.
The order comes after President Barack Obama met top advisers and the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. As late as Tuesday, the US had not issued its own recommendations, advising citizens instead to follow the recommendations of the Japanese.
Belfast Telegraph


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- Announcements
Welcome to Cell Biology (BIOL4004/GCD4005W). In addition to this site, the course will also use a Moodle for grading purposes: Moodle
- Course Location and Meeting Times
Lectures: 8-8:50 AM, M,W,F
(01/18/2017 - 5/012/2017)
Location: Molecular Cellular Biology Building
Room 2-122
Instructor and TA office hours can found by following this link
- Supplemental Material
Slides, overheads, and figures that are not found in your text may be found in the Study Guides and Assignments section of the website. Be sure to check for posted material after each lecture. This is the location where you will also find homework assignments and study guides. This material is NOT a substitute for attending lectures. It is intended to aid your learning of the topics covered in the course.
- Updated Jan. 13, 2017

subset: commoncrawl


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AA Unmasked
The Premier 12-Step Program Has a Killer Drug Problem
by M.T. May 9, 2001
Members wore masks: To protect their
anonymity, members of the Dayton, Ohio, AA Chapter donned masks while posing for
the press in 1942.
photo: © Bob Doty/courtesy of Dayton Daily News
I came into Alcoholics Anonymous 15 years
ago. I was always made to feel that I was not allowed to share about my drug
addictions. There was an AA old-timer who would rap on the table to stop the
sharing about drugs. So I shared as an alcoholic and didn't identify as an
addict anymore. I was about nine years sober when I started relapsing. I did
everything I could get my hands on . . . prescription drugs, alcohol, speed,
coke, and downers. My drug use took me to depths I didn't know existed. I could
have died. —Angela F.
For 66 years, AA has been the refuge of last resort for millions of desperate alcoholics who have hit bottom. AA has always been free for the taking, and as testament to its revolutionary Twelve Steps, its program has been successfully adapted over the years to over 40 12-step fellowships. But throughout AA's 66 years runs a history of mistreatment of non-alcoholic addicts and dually addicted alcoholics that is not in keeping with AA's own criteria for membership and the spiritual principles the program espouses.
Built into AA's Twelve Traditions, which are the spiritual guidelines for all AA groups, is a flaw, born of the limitations of its time. AA's Fifth Tradition dictates that each group's primary purpose is to help the "alcoholic who still suffers." Many groups follow this literally, not allowing dually addicted addicts to openly share (talk) about their drug use without relating it to alcohol. As a sign at a Boston meeting says: "We only talk about Alcohol here!"
Late last month, at AA's 51st annual General Service Conference held in New York City, the "issue of people sharing about problems other than alcohol" was at the top of the agenda. The Conference took action to emphasize in its literature to health care professionals (from whom AA estimates it gets 40 percent of its referrals) AA's primary problem: people coming in with addictions other than alcohol. As a General Service Office staffer speculated after the delegates departed, "A lot of groups . . . are at their wits' end about what to do about this issue. There are those who say if you keep letting these guys in here, AA is going to pot."
Recently, at a meeting I attended in Wilmington, North Carolina, a man—a regular at that meeting—raised his hand. He said he needed to share about problems he was having with a prescription narcotic he was taking for an injury. It had been stated at the start of that meeting (as it is at meetings throughout the country): "In keeping with our primary purpose, please limit your sharing to your problems with alcohol." The man was immediately interrupted by the leader and told he could not "share about drugs," and someone else was called on. He wasn't the only person in the room that night having an issue with prescription drugs, but after what happened to him, I decided to suffer in silence. (I had tried to find a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, but they weren't listed in the phone book or with the local police.)
This phenomenon is not exclusive to so-called backwaters of addiction enlightenment. For more than two years, I regularly attended a liberal AA meeting that caters to the Hollywood writing community. I was yelled at in the meeting when I shared about plans to do this piece, and was reminded that it was an AA meeting—"addicts" didn't really have any business there.
The irony is that people talk about everything in AA—all the ugliness and degradation that comes with the abyss of alcoholism and the struggles of living sober. As one member put it: "You can talk about wanting to kill your mother, but you wouldn't want to offend anyone by talking about marijuana!"
"Pure" Alcohol
Why are we insisting that people not talk about drugs if it's part of their problem? It's mass denial in AA, and it's faulty thinking. Most people in AA are dually addicted. Alcohol was just a symptom—it's a recovery program, for Christ's sake!—M.M., "pure" alcoholic, 22 years sober in AA
The policy that "The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop drinking," which is stated in AA's Third Tradition, has wounded AA. Nothing demonstrates this as clearly as the organization's declining membership.
In 1939, cofounder Bill W. boasted in the AA bible, Alcoholics Anonymous (a.k.a. "The Big Book"), that "AA's membership is growing at the rate of 20% a year." According to the General Service Office, there has been no membership growth in AA for over 10 years, while Narcotics Anonymous (NA) has grown, and AA's most recent count indicates that membership is declining. Asked about this, a GSO spokesperson said, "AA's primary purpose is not changing, and it's not going to change. . . . We adhere to our historical and spiritual history. We will not adjust for fear of not being here."
Bill W. could not have known in 1935 that alcoholism and drug addiction are the same disease. To say someone suffers from alcoholism is like saying someone suffers from heroin-ism, cocaine-ism, or marijuana-ism. Alcoholism is not a disease separate from addiction. Says Dr. Milton Birnbaum, director of addiction medicine at STEPS and a member of the American Society of Addiction Medicine, "Alcohol is a drug. The basic behavior characteristics are the same for alcoholics and those addicted to other drugs. It's the same disease. There is no difference." In 1989 the American Medical Society on Alcohol and Other Drug Dependencies changed its name to the American Society of Addiction Medicine for this very reason (though AA still uses its oldest name, from the 1970s—the American Medical Society on Alcoholism—in one of its current pamphlets).
Bill W. himself emphasized that AA should seek guidance from the medical community. So why ignore the virtually unanimous research? "We don't get into a drug is a drug is a drug," AA's GSO spokesperson told me. "It's not in keeping with our primary purpose." When I cited Dr. Birnbaum's opinion that addiction covers alcoholism as well as other drugs, she replied, "Well, maybe it does in his field of work, but not in Alcoholics Anonymous."
Still, what's the point of attacking AA? After all, addicts who aren't comfortable in one AA meeting can find another one, or go to NA.
But AA's blind spot on the subject of addiction does matter. AA meetings outnumber NA meeting (the next largest 12-step fellowship) three to one. AA estimates that it has about 100,000 meetings worldwide and a membership of about two million, compared to NA's estimated 28,000 meetings and 500,000 membership.
Many areas outside of major U.S. cities have only AA, and even in areas that have NA, most addicts will end up in an AA meeting by default. In the court system, for example, what fellowship to mandate for drug and alcohol offenders is left to a judge's discretion. AA gets, by far, the most referrals. "Older judges are still sending addicted persons to AA," noted the spokesperson for the NA World Service Office. "It's got better credibility, for lack of a better word. And for many judges, AA is all they know."
Take what happened to Los Angeles addict Bruce M. "When I was arrested for driving under the influence," he explains, "the judge gave me a choice: 100 days in jail or 100 AA meetings. No one ever asked me if it was alcohol I was under the influence of. In fact, I was high on a number of drugs."
What's more, an addict's first meeting is crucial. It's hard enough for newcomers—ashamed and destroyed by drugs—just to walk in. Nor are they well equipped to judge whether they're getting what they need. A bad experience can result in a relapse. And a person's next high on drugs can always be the last.
"When I walked into my first meeting, that was all I could do," said Bobbi, who has 12 and a half years in AA. "People pulled me in and made me a part of the meeting. I saw other people who were told not to share as addicts. It turned them off, and they said they would never come back. So many people. Some I've seen at meetings of Cocaine Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous. The ones I haven't seen again, I don't know what happened to them. If I had been treated that way, I would not have come back, and I would be dead now."
For a long time AA was all male, virtually all white, mostly Protestant, mostly middle-class, and all "pure" alcoholics. And drug addiction wasn't the only blind spot. AA historically discriminated against African Americans (who were only allowed in as visitors until the mid 1940s, and then were encouraged to start their own meetings) and women.
The AA book Pass It On notes that "even Dr. Bob [an AA cofounder] had expressed uneasiness about admitting women to AA membership when the first few appeared." Alcoholics Anonymous is still gender-specific to men throughout (despite social changes over the last 50 years, purists refuse to alter even one word Bill wrote). The only chapter for women is titled "To Wives."
Women have made some strides in AA since Dr. Bob, but the fellowship's racial demographics continue to reflect its racist origins. As of a 1998 AA survey, an estimated 34 percent of members were women, and AA was 88 percent white.
But what has never evolved is AA's blind spot with drugs.
Bill Turns On
If Bill had found drugs, he'd have done them, and AA would be a different place today. - K.W.
Bill W. did find drugs. He took LSD in 1956, and did so regularly for at least two years. Pass It On recounts that "he was enthusiastic about his experience." There are old AA rumors that Bill did this in an attempt to ease his chronic depression or to test it as a possible cure for alcoholism (which at first some scientists thought it might be). In fact, Bill W. took LSD for the same reasons many hippies later did. He happily turned on non-alcoholic friends and his non-alcoholic wife: "I have felt free to give it to Lois, and she had a most pleasing and beneficial experience. It was not the full dose, and I expect shortly to try that on her. Though she doesn't necessarily connect it with the LSD, there is no doubt she is undergoing a very great general improvement since even this mild administration."
Other AA members were less than thrilled with Bill W.'s experimentation, but like him, they continued to see alcohol and drug use as unrelated. They never thought he lost his 22 years of sobriety and neither did he.
"In AA you could say, 'I shot dope today,' " commented Terry R., founder of Narcotics Anonymous in New York, "and they'd say, 'But you didn't drink!' "
According to AA's GSO, "There is only one definition of sobriety" in AA, and it's the one Bill W. gave in the 1958 AA pamphlet, "Problems Other Than Alcohol." It reads simply: "Sobriety—freedom from alcohol." And the program is limited by it, since AA cannot tell anyone they are not sober if they use drugs, although AA members generally may believe otherwise. An AA spokesperson told me, "It's an outside issue. They are free to decide if they're sober or not. We talk about drinking. That's it."
The main reason given for talking only about alcohol is "identification," a concept argued forcefully by C.I. With 42 years of sobriety, C.I. is a powerful AA figure in the mold of Bill W. He founded in L.A. what may be the single largest AA group in the world, boasting 1200 members, with a reputation for sobering up the lowest of low-bottom drunks.
Says C.I., "Since AA is based so much on identification rather than information, it is imperative that alcoholics talk about their experiences" and that alcoholic-addicts should "glide over their drugs" when they share. For more than 27 years, he has worked with skid-row addicts, and says, "I still get no empathy from hearing a guy who talks about shooting up drugs. I understand it intellectually, but when a guy gets up and talks about why he drank and what drinking did for him, that brings an empathetic bond."
But what of the alcoholic who shared in a meeting that he "shot whiskey and drank morphine." Would C.I. identify with him?
The basic thing we all have in common is not how we used drugs or whether they came in a glass or a needle; it's the similar behaviors we manifest and the feelings that motivate them: the isolating, lying, denial, and unmanageability. It's the mental and physical cravings, obsessions, and compulsions—and these cross substance lines.
Otherwise, how could a wealthy wine connoisseur identify with a beer-drinking truck driver? Or a movie mogul who snorts cocaine relate to low-income crack users who prostituted themselves? As one addict accurately noted, "The disease doesn't care if you're from Park Avenue or a park bench—and it also doesn't care if you drank it, shot it, snorted it, or smoked it."
In NA, they prove daily that alcohol addicts, heroin addicts, cocaine addicts, and others can identify with each other and recover together. They urge everyone to identify as an "addict," regardless of their drug of choice, and they stress listening for similarities instead of differences since "Our stories may be different, but the feelings are the same." And what they find—what we all have in common—is the experience, as Bill W. most aptly described it in "The Big Book," of "incomprehensible demoralization," which is where all our addictions take us regardless of drug of choice.
Smoke and Mirrors
I'd like to see who would be left if you took all the addicts out of AA - just crotchety old men smoking cigarettes and drinking coffee, and no newcomers! —K.W.
In 1983, 31 percent of AA respondents said they were also drug addicts. By 1989 it was 42 percent. After that, the General Service Office stopped asking. Said a GSO spokesperson, "We don't ask that question anymore. It's not in keeping with our singleness of purpose." Another GSO spokesperson said, "Finding out how many addicts are in AA serves no purpose to serving the alcoholic."
Talk about needing a reality check: A 1998 federal study found that just 26 percent of clients in treatment for substance abuse related only to alcohol. When the Betty Ford Foundation opened in 1982, 72 percent of its clientele named alcohol as their sole drug of choice. Today it's 10 percent. The same trend is reflected across the country, from Gracie Square Hospital's detox on Manhattan's Upper East Side to the C.L.A.R.E. Foundation in West Los Angeles, which serves 90,000 people a year—90 percent of whom, according to a spokesperson, are dually addicted.
As Terry R. puts it, "AA is like the King's English. It may be the purest form, but it's not what the majority of people are speaking."
A section of Chapter 5 from "The Big Book," which is commonly read at the beginning of every meeting, says, "Some of us have tried to hold onto our old ideas and the result was nil until we let go absolutely." Bill W. is referring to the change in thinking necessary to recover, but the principle applies to the program itself.
Following the recent move at the New York conference, the GSO staffer attempted to focus the issue: "Sharing about drugs—that's a problem. AA is looking for some way to solve this problem." Though how they'll ever do this by censoring the majority of their members is a bigger problem.
In addition to AA's self-inflicted wounds, the fact that many addicts are now finding homes elsewhere is limiting the program's growth. Given these developments, NA may well be in the 21st century what AA was in the 20th.
© Village Voice
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EVEN just mentioning the 'C' word before we've reached halfway through November is usually unheard of in our household.
But not this year, after seeing Ballet Theatre UK's stunning production of A Christmas Carol.
Beautifully hand-crafted costumes and simple but effective stage sets brought Dickensian London to life in the Grand Theatre.
The audience, which almost filled the theatre, was taken on the well-known spiritual journey with old misery Ebenezer Scrooge as the three ghosts of Christmas past, present and future endeavored to make him see there is more to life than work.
Vincent Cabot played an evocative Scrooge with dramatic gestures making it easy to see his transformation from being a selfish penny-pincher to crumbling under the terror of the ghosts.
The choreography was perfectly timed to well-known festive tunes and hymns with some beautiful pointe work, splits in the air and pirouettes.
The dark, sinister moments in the production – especially during the performance from shadowy ghost of Christmas Yet to Come – were contrasted with some light touches of humour.
Natalie Cawte made an elegant Ghost of Christmas Past while Ghost of Christmas Present – Kazuka Oike – brought plenty of festive sparkle to the stage with her energetic routine to Deck the Halls.
There was lovely partnering between Young Scrooge and his lost love, Belle, and the corps de ballet's final routine when Scrooge found redemption was heart-warming.
This yuletide production really was the perfect way to get into the Christmas spirit early.


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Watch Peter Jackson Discuss THE WORLD'S END With Edgar Wright, Nick Frost And Simon Pegg
Comic-Con is ramping up in San Diego today, but who needs that noise. Peter Jackson just gifted us with our own personal Comic-Con panel on his YouTube channel.
Edgar Wright's The World's End debuted in Wellington, New Zealand recently, so Jackson sat down with Wright and stars Simon Pegg and Nick Frost to talk about the movie and filmmaking. If you're a fan of either of these guys you should give this discussion a watch.
It's like watching two of the more talented filmmakers we have discuss something they love: movies. I've always found it fascinating to watch talented people talk about what they're good at, so this is like a godsend for me. In fact, I'm hoping Jackson continues to do this.
Could you imagine Jackson talking about Steven Spielberg's latest with Spielberg? Or Pacific Rim with Guillermo del Toro? It's like a movie nerds Christmas.


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A US State Department official said on Wednesday that 12 countries that buy Iranian oil could be subject to US sanctions unless they significantly cut purchases. The list includes China, India and Pakistan.
The department released the number of countries – but not their names – on Tuesday after saying the United States would grant exemptions to the sanctions to Japan and 10 European Union nations that have cut shipments of Iranian oil.
Countries that won the exemptions have a six-month reprieve from the threat of being cut off from the US financial system under sanctions designed to pressure Iran over its nuclear program, which the West suspects is intended to produce weapons.
Iran says that its program is solely to generate power.
A government source who is not in the State Department earlier gave Reuters a list of 13 countries that did not get an exemption on Tuesday and could be subject to the sanctions.
That list included Morocco. The State Department official, however, said that its information was that Morocco last bought Iranian crude oil in June 2010 and therefore was not among the 12 that may face the sanctions.
However, he stressed that the assessment of which countries could be subject to the sanctions was a dynamic process and that other countries could be added, or dropped, as additional information becomes available.
The State Department official gave the following list of the 12 countries that remain potentially subject to sanctions. The group includes China and India, the top two importers of Iran's crude, and South Korea, the fourth-largest buyer.
Country Rank in top buyers of Iranian crude
China 1
India 2
Indonesia NA
Malaysia NA
Pakistan NA
Philippines NA
Singapore NA
South Africa 9
South Korea 4
Sri Lanka NA
Taiwan NA
Turkey NA
(NA indicates the country's ranking was not immediately available)


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Dave Harvey, former Control Engineering publisher, dies
David A. Harvey, former Control Engineering publisher, died Sept. 22, 2010, at 54 years of age.
David A. Harvey, former Control Engineering publisher, died Sept. 22, 2010, at 54 years of age. He began with Technical Publishing in 1980 and worked for Electric Light & Power magazine and then Control Engineering magazine, in sales. After Control Engineering was sold to Cahners Publishing Co., Harvey succeeded long-time publisher and vice president Tom Barry, who died in October 1993.
Areas of Control Engineering growth during Harvey's tenure included multiple international editions, web site launch in 1996, start of email newsletters and webcasts, acquisition of IAN magazine, online directories, and expansion of International Control Engineering Expo (ICEE), which eventually became part of National Manufacturing Week.
He was well-known for love of family and friends, humor, outgoing nature, appreciation of sports, and fondness for a good meal. Harvey left Control Engineering, then part of Reed Business Information, in 2003. Control Engineering and CFE Media, which also publishes Plant Engineering and Consulting-Specifying Engineer, extend sympathies to the Harvey family.
- Mark T. Hoske, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com
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Annual Salary Survey
Before the calendar turned, 2016 already had the makings of a pivotal year for manufacturing, and for the world.
There were the big events for the year, including the United States as Partner Country at Hannover Messe in April and the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago in September. There's also the matter of the U.S. presidential elections in November, which promise to shape policy in manufacturing for years to come.
But the year started with global economic turmoil, as a slowdown in Chinese manufacturing triggered a worldwide stock hiccup that sent values plummeting. The continued plunge in world oil prices has resulted in a slowdown in exploration and, by extension, the manufacture of exploration equipment.
Read more: 2015 Salary Survey


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Review Details
Long Sleeved Paint Smock
Product Rating:
|Overall Rating
Product Review (submitted on July 17, 2013):
This worked great for my daughter! She likes to paint at home, and this keeps her clothes clean. Very glad we bought it! Long sleeves was a great idea, most of them have short sleeves


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Some nitric oxide gas (NO) produced in the sinuses and nasal cavity is absorbed before leaving the nose. To measure production and absorption, we introduced NO at different concentrations into one nostril while sampling the NO leaving the opposite nostril with the soft palate closed. The quantity of NO gas produced in six normal subjects (amount leaving plus the amount absorbed) averaged 352 nl/min and was the same at gas flows ranging from 8 to 347 ml/min and at 10 l/min. An absorption coefficientA was calculated by dividing the amount of NO absorbed by the concentration leaving the nose.A ranged from 17 ml/min at a nasal gas flow of 8 ml/min to an A of 24 ml/min at a nasal gas flow of 347 ml/min. The calculated rates of production and absorption did not change when gas flow rate was increased, suggesting diffusion equilibrium. The amount of uptake of NO in the nasal mucosa can be explained by its solubility coupled with tissue and blood reactivity.
- regional blood flow
- nasal gas flow
the nitric oxide concentration [NO] in gas drawn from the human nostril has been found to be higher than in gas expired from the mouth (2, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15). The amount of nitric oxide (NO) gas leaving the nose, as calculated from its concentration and nasal gas flow, does not indicate the total NO production in the nasal cavity, partly because some NO production may be in the form of compounds that are not gaseous and partly because a portion of the gas produced in the nose is absorbed or chemically altered in the nasal cavity before leaving the nose. Four facts suggest this. First, although the solubility of NO in water is only ∼0.05 ml/g, it does suggest that some NO gas goes into solution. Second, there is a rapid reaction between NO and water to form nitrite, which in the presence of oxyhemoproteins further oxidizes to nitrate (12). Third, there is a rapid reaction rate of NO with blood (1, 9). Fourth is the rapid uptake of NO by the lungs (11).
To calculate NO gas production in the nose, it is necessary to measure not only how much NO leaves the nose in a given time but also how much NO has been absorbed, converted, or removed by nasal blood flow and tissue reaction. The rate of NO gas production in the nose can then be calculated as the sum of the amount leaving the nose and the amount removed by the processes of absorption and reaction.
Experimental design.
The experiment was designed to measure the rate of NO outflow from the nose. Then the rate of removal of NO gas from the nasal cavity was measured by presentation of different [NO] in the gas entering the nose ([NO]in) at different flow rates (V˙in). The rate of production of NO gas in the nose (Q˙prod) was then calculated by using equations relating inflow, outflow, and uptake of NO (Fig. 1).
Because the breathing procedure required voluntary closure of the soft palate for periods of up to 15 min, individuals who had prior experience in respiratory physiology were used as subjects.
NO concentrations were analyzed by using a chemiluminesence gas analyzer (model 270b; Sievers Instruments, Boulder, CO). The setting of the analyzer's needle valve determined the flow rate into the analyzer, and, therefore, the operating pressure of the reaction chamber. The flow into the needle valve was measured by using a calibrated ground-glass syringe. The NO sensitivity of the gas analyzer was recalibrated at each different operating pressure. The electrical output from the Sievers gas analyzer was recorded on a strip chart (model BD41, Kipp and Zonen).
Calibration of the Sievers gas analyzer was done with tanks containing 19 and either 179 or 198 parts per million (ppm) of NO gas in nitrogen as gas standards; these were diluted with different amounts of clean air. Air was passed through filters containing potassium permanganate (Purafil II; Purafil, Doraville, GA) followed by activated charcoal to remove NO. The dilution ratio between NO and clean air was set by using a gas-control unit (model 8570, Monitor Labs) for concentrations between 0 and 17 ppm. Flow through this diluting system was verified by using a water-filled spirometer. Water vapor was removed from the calibrating gas mixtures and the nasal gas sample by passing the gas through a cold trap or through an absorbent (anhydrous calcium sulfate; Drierite, Xenia, OH) before it entered the NO analyzer, because otherwise the water vapor reduced the electrical output of the NO analyzer by ∼10% (see appendix for details).
Teflon tubing (2 mm ID) was used to connect the outlet from the gas control unit to a T tube and then to a fitting placed tightly against or within the nostril into which the gas mixture was delivered. A slight positive pressure of 1 cmH2O was maintained at the nostril by a spring-loaded relief valve on the side arm of the T tube attached to the outlet of the gas control unit.
Teflon tubing (1 mm ID) was used to draw gas from a nasal olive, consisting of a ground-glass bulb (Pyrex ground joint ball, 18 mm OD, 9 mm ID; Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY) which was placed tightly against the opposite nostril, into the NO analyzer's needle valve.
Before the subject's arrival, the NO analyzer was adjusted to the first operating pressure (11 Torr) and was calibrated. First, the rate of gas flow (averaging 347 ml/min) into the sampling inlet was measured. Then gas mixtures of NO were made by setting the gas control unit to different ratios between the calibrating gas and purified air. The gas mixtures were concentrations of 0, 1.77, 8.51, and 15.40 ppm NO or 0, 9.46, and 17.26 ppm of NO in clean air. These same mixtures were introduced, one by one, into one nostril of the subject ([NO]in), while the gas drawn from the other nostril was analyzed for its NO concentration ([NO]out). After the first series, at 11 Torr, the needle valve was reset to the next operating pressure, 6 Torr, with a sampling rate of 103 ml/min. The analyzer was recalibrated with NO mixtures at this setting. This procedure was then repeated at 4 Torr (35 ml/min) and 3 Torr (8.2 ml/min).
To find out whether the [NO] leaving the nose depended on the bulk rate of gas flow or on velocity of gas within the nasal cavity, in one experiment we added recirculation, by using a roller pump (Masterflex model 7518) to feed back some of the gas drawn from one nostril into the other nostril and thus to triple the rate of circulation within the nose without causing greater bulk flow. The circulating pump also was run in a reverse direction to slow down the nasal velocity without altering the net dilution by clean air.
Before the experiment, subjects were seated in front of the NO analyzer and instructed in the procedure. They were shown how to place the tubes tightly against the nostrils, seal the nose against the tubes, close the soft palate, and keep it closed while breathing through the mouth. At the fastest sampling rate (347 ml/min), the record of NO leaving the nose reached a steady level after 2–5 min. At medium-flow rates, this took 5–10 min; and at the slow-flow rate of 8.2 ml/min, a steady level was reached after 10–15 min.
To voluntarily close the soft palate, the subject generated a slight pressure in the mouth either by breathing through partly closed lips or teeth or by breathing against the resistance of a mouthpiece and breathing valves. Some subjects simply made plosive consonants ("papa" on expiration and "mama" on inspiration). Outward leaks at the nostrils were detected by air moving a piece of tissue paper. Inward leaks at the nostrils or opening of the soft palate produced a sudden drop in the NO record. Runs were repeated until they were reproducible.
Calculation of the rate of nasal NO production.
The procedure for finding the amount of NO gas produced per unit time in the nasal cavity was to measure the [NO] in the gas leaving the nose at known rates of gas flow out of the nostril while the soft palate was closed, first when the [NO] entering the nose was zero, then when it was at several levels above zero. These measurements were repeated at several different rates of nasal gas flow. The equations for calculating production are presented in appendix .
The relationship between the [NO] entering and leaving the nose was established. The amount of NO absorbed per unit time was calculated by using equations presented inappendix .
Statistical methods.
Cricket Graph (Cricket Software, Philadelphia, PA) was used to plot a least-squares linear-regression line passing through points of [NO]out vs. [NO]in at four rates of nasal gas flow for data on each of the six subjects. Values for production and absorption were plotted as a function of gas flow for each subject. The mean and standard error of estimate of regression lines plotted for each subject were calculated by using a statistical program (StatWorks, Cricket Graph) to calculate significance of the regression of production (Q˙prod) and of an absorption coefficient (A) on gas flow on the basis of these data.
Six healthy subjects were studied; they ranged in age from 23 to 72 yr. At times, the subjects could not keep the soft palate closed, despite breathing against resistance, and the run, lasting 6–15 min, had to be repeated. When runs were successful, data were reproducible.
First, we found that when the soft palate was closed and clean air devoid of NO entered one nostril, the [NO] leaving the opposite nostril was inversely related to the rate of gas flow out of the nostril. Figure2 A shows individual data on six subjects. The rates of gas flow ranged from 5 to 360 ml/min. The [NO] leaving the nose that corresponded to these flows ranged from 21.1 to 0.57 ppm. Figure2 B plots [NO] leaving the nose vs. the reciprocal of gas flow out of the nose. The NO from the nose is concentrated at lesser rates of gas flow and is more dilute at higher rates of gas flow. This extends the relationship between concentration and gas flow into a much lower range of gas flow than previously used by others (2, 8, 14, 15).
The product of concentration and gas flow yields only the amount of NO gas that leaves the nose per unit time. This does not represent the amount produced within the nose because of the rate of absorption of NO as it passes through the nose. Figure 3 is a graph of group means and SE of unpaired data on six subjects with different [NO] entering one nostril and leaving the opposite nostril while the soft palate was kept closed. The NO exposures were to clean filtered air and to concentrations of 8.5–9.5 and 15.4–17.3 ppm. Each concentration was introduced at nasal gas flows averaging 8.2, 35, 103, and 347 ml/min. Linear-regression lines for [NO] leaving vs. entering are determined by the least-squares method through the group means for each of the four gas flows. The line of identity,y =x, is shown for comparison.
The intercepts of the regression lines on the vertical axis represent the concentrations that leave the nose when NO-free air enters.
The slopes of the regression lines represent the fraction of NO that is not absorbed during its passage through the nose. These slopes ranged from 0.33 at low gas flows to 0.93 at rapid gas flow. The lines in Fig.3 intersect each other at ∼21 ppm. They cross the line of identity,y =x, when the [NO] into the nose is between 13 and 19 ppm. When y= x, [NO] leaving one nostril is equal to [NO] entering the other nostril, and the rate of gaseous NO absorption equals the rate of NO production.
Regression lines of NO leaving the nose on [NO] entering the nose at each of four gas flows were calculated for individual subjects. From the vertical intercept, where clean air entered, a hypothetical concentration was calculated that would have existed if no NO gas had been absorbed. For this they-intercept,b, was divided by the slope of the regression line, m. This hypothetical concentration,b/m, was multiplied by the rate of gas flow from the nose (V˙) to obtain the rate of NO gas production in the nose orQ˙prod =V˙ ×b/m. Table 1 lists the mean ± SE of group data of Q˙prod for six subjects at four flow rates. The units, nanoliters per minute, are the product of the concentration in microliters per liter and flow in milliliters per minute. When measured at rates of gas flow between 8.2 and 347 ml/min, the rate of NO gas production is independent of the gas flow.
Table 1 also lists the means ± SE of group data for the absorption coefficient A which, when multiplied by the gas concentration, gives the rate of absorption of NO. The units of A are milliliters per minute, because the amount of NO absorbed in nanoliters per minute divided by [NO] in parts per million yields milliliters per minute.
Inspection shows that the rate of production of NO in the nasal cavityQ˙prod is independent of the gas flow at which it is measured. This suggests that the rate of production is not inhibited by back pressure of NO in the reaction producing it. The absorption coefficientA is slightly greater at higher than at lower rates of gas flow (P = 0.05). This slight increase of A with gas-flow rate is seen in Fig. 3 as slightly lower intersections between the regression lines of the faster gas flows with the line of identityy =x. The linearity of absorption with increasing [NO] indicates that the process of absorption was not saturable over this range of [NO].
When the recirculating pump was used in a feedback mode to speed up or slow down the gas flow through the nasal cavity, while keeping net bulk flow in and out of the nose unchanged, we found that this did not affect the analyzed [NO]out of the nose. From this, we concluded that the [NO] leaving the nostril represented the total integral process of NO accumulation and absorption during the passage of gas into one nostril and out the other. Remixing did not change [NO]out.
While subjects breathed normally through the nose, mixed expired [NO] collected via a face mask and breathing valves were 24 ± 1.9 (SE) parts per billion (ppb). These concentrations were significantly reduced to 10 ± 0.15 ppb if subjects wore a noseclip and breathed via the mouth (P < 0.05, paired t-test). However, mixed expired air only contained 3.9 ± 1 ppb of NO if subjects inhaled and exhaled through the mouth with the soft palate closed (P < 0.05, vs. value with noseclip; paired t-test). This result shows that there was still contamination of exhaled gas by nasal NO when subjects wore a noseclip. These data (5) suggested to us that inhalation of clean air or air containing known [NO] into the mouth and out the nose or vice versa could provide data that would allow an accurate calculation of mixed expired NO. These two breathing techniques provided data that can be used to solve two equations (seeappendix ) containing two unknowns, namely, the [NO] in mixed expired air as if it were free of NO from the nose (Cno L) and the NO from the nose (Cno N) as if it were free of NO from the lungs. In four subjects breathing at 10 l/min, Cno Nwas calculated to be 35.3 ± 6.5 ppb, while in the same four subjects, Cno L was 3.4 ± 0.5 ppb. The latter value is in excellent agreement with the [NO] in mixed expired air during mouth breathing with the soft palate closed.
The rate of nasal output of NO at 10 l/min of nasal airflow was calculated by multiplying that flow rate by the [NO] coming from the nose, namely 35.3 ppb, as calculated above. The product of these is 353 μl/min and is equal, at this normal breathing rate, to the same value measured at nasal gas flows of 8–347 ml/min.
Because little is known about how much of the total NO generated in a tissue appears as a gas compared with how much appears in chemically combined forms, we are unable to calculate total NO production in the nose but must limit the discussion of our results to the gaseous NO produced in the nose, put out from the nose, or absorbed in the nose.
At gas-flow rates of 330–360 ml/min through the nose, the [NO] that left the nose was 0.6–1.3 ppm. At a flow of 5–10 ml/min, the [NO] was 11–21 ppm. There was a hyperbolic relationship between flow and concentration, and concentration was directly related to the reciprocal of gas flow.
Lundberg et al. (16) found evidence that NO may be produced in the paranasal sinuses more than in the nasal cavity and may reach 20 ppm in the maxillary sinuses. Whatever NO is produced in the sinuses, if it reaches the nasal cavity, seems to be measured along with NO produced in the nasal cavity as part of our calculations of the rate of NO production.
Ventilation of the paranasal sinuses can be calculated by using the xenon washout data published by Kalender et al. (13) and Paulsson et al. (19), as follows. Half-times of xenon washout of 5–10 min were typical of healthy sinuses, but the time range was considerable. Let paranasal gas flow be V˙, in milliliters per minute, and the volume of the paranasal sinuses be V in milliliters. In a time Δt, in minutes, the decrease in concentration of a gas in the sinuses during washout is from C1 to C2, and the concentration reached after a long time is C0. The washout equation is Assuming a half time of 10 min and volume for paranasal sinuses of 80 ml, we calculate a ventilation of the sinuses of 5.5 ml/min. For sinuses of 80 ml with a half time of 5 min, the ventilation calculated is 11 ml/min. These ventilation rates of the sinuses resemble the slowest gas flows through the nasal cavity that we studied. The half times of sinus washout are similar to the times required to reach a steady state of [NO] leaving the nostrils during introduction of NO. Our addition of NO to the nasal cavity opposes diffusion of NO out of the sinuses and raises their [NO], promoting NO absorption in them. For these reasons, we believe that the NO production we calculated probably pertains to both the sinuses and the nasal cavity, and we speculate that the absorption factorA may refer to absorption of NO in the paranasal sinuses as well as in the nasal cavity.
The question of whether a chemically inert, soluble gas, given sufficient duration of exposure, equilibrates in the nose was addressed by Morris and Cavanagh (17). As a criterion of equilibrium, they used equality of the rate of uptake of a given gas over widely differing rates of nasal gas flow. Because uptake was equal at slow and rapid gas flow, they concluded that an apparent steady state had occurred. Similar criteria were applied by Morris and Cavanagh (18) to some other gases that were not only soluble but also chemically reactive in nasal tissue or blood. Again, equilibrium was possible, given 3–6 min of steady-state exposure.
We applied the criteria of Morris and Cavanagh, of rate of uptake being constant at different rates of gas flow, to NO uptake in the nose, and, as explained below, we extended the concept to rate of NO gas production being constant at different gas flows.
The rate of production of NO gas (corrected for absorption) was constant, despite widely differing rates of gas flow used in the study (8–347 ml/min), provided sufficient time of exposure (3–15 min) was allowed. This constancy suggests a quasi-steady state among the gas, tissue, and blood within the nasal cavity while the gas was in transit through the nose. Furthermore, if the absorption coefficientA had decreased (rather than increasing, as it did) as nasal gas flow was increased, it would have implied that there had been insufficient time for NO gas to equilibrate with the nasal tissues and blood at fast rates of gas flow. However, the absorption coefficient did not increase with gas flow, implying that equilibrium had occurred. In other words, the amount of NO absorbed was dependent on [NO], provided exposure time to the tissue and blood was sufficient. Disequilibrium would have resulted in NO gas generated in the tissue and blood contributing in lesser amounts to the clean air in transit through the nose. If such a barrier existed, the [NO] leaving the nostril would have been low, and a low value for the rate of NO leaving the nose would have been calculated at the higher gas-flow rates. Also, [NO] entering the nostril at a rapid flow rate would not have had time to have been absorbed sufficiently before the gas left the nose, causing an underestimate of the absorption coefficient. The combination of an underestimate of effluent NO and an underestimate of the amount absorbed would have led to an underestimate of NO production at fast flow rates compared with slow flow rates. Experimentally, we found that the rate of NO gas production, calculated as the sum of NO leaving the nose and NO absorbed in the nose (see Fig.4), was the same at very slow rates of flow (8.2 ml/min) and fast rates of flow (347 ml/min). This led to the conclusion that equilibrium of diffusion and reaction must have been reached while the gas was within the nasal cavity. For similar reasons, diffusion from the gas phase to the blood phase must have reached equilibrium within the allotted time of exposure.
We recently used steady-state nitrous oxide (N2O) absorption to measure superficial nasal blood flow and found it to be ∼15 ml/min (P. M. Kelley and A. B. DuBois, unpublished observations). Based on a simple ventilation-perfusion model of nasal uptake, used by Morris and Cavanagh (17) to describe uptake in small mammals, we were able to calculate an absorption coefficient for N2O. Mathematically, the absorption coefficientA is equal to the partition coefficient multiplied by the blood flow. By comparison, between the rate of uptake of NO and N2O, taking into account their partition coefficients (0.47 for N2O, 0.05 for NO), we calculated that the "apparent partition coefficient" (including reactivity) of NO was 1.2. This is 24 times as great as its actual partition coefficient (0.05). The excess of apparent over true partition coefficient can best be explained by the rapid reactivity of NO with water (12) or with tissue and blood (1, 9). Time constants for uptake of inert soluble gases are quite similar to each other except for those gases that diffuse more slowly because of greater molecular weight. Gases that combine chemically with blood or tissue move in greater quantities and therefore take longer to reach diffusion equilibrium with blood and tissue. Guenard et al. (11) compared the rate of uptake of two such gases, CO and NO, in human lungs and found that the lung transfer coefficient for NO was five times that for CO. Diffusion equilibrium for a chemically reactive gas such as NO requires measurement rather than prediction.
In deriving equations for the quantity of NO gas production in the nose per unit time (Q˙prod) and for the absorption coefficient A, we had to decide whether it was valid to use the [NO] gas leaving the nose, [NO]out, to indicate the net result of production and absorption of NO gas inside the nose. We reasoned that the [NO] analyzed leaving the nostril represented the total NO accumulated and absorbed during the passage of air into one nostril and out the other.
To elaborate on the accumulation of NO, we postulate the following. First, suppose that along the length of the nasal passage there are elements of mucosa each of which generates and absorbs NO at a certain rate, dNO/dt. As a segment of gas moves through the nasal cavity, the resultant NO in later parts of the nose adds to the NO arriving from earlier parts, until the point of exit, where the cumulative amount of NO results in a concentration which, when multiplied by the volume rate of gas flow, is the integral of the cumulative process of production minus absorption. In other words, the output from the nose is the integral of all the processes that go on inside the nose from entrance to exit. This concept is bolstered by the finding that recirculation of the nasal output to achieve higher velocity did not alter the end product of concentration multiplied by net flow.
The constancy of NO production measured at different flow rates suggests that the sites of production of NO gas in the nasal cavity and sinuses generate NO at rates independent of back pressure over the range of [NO] between 0 and 19 ppm. The rate of absorption at any given flow appears to be directly proportional to the NO concentration. The nasal passage can be described as a linear integrator that accumulates the small elements of production and absorption as the gas passes between entrance and exit.
The fate of the NO generated and going into solution or undergoing chemical reaction in the nasal mucosa and blood flowing through the mucosa is not entirely known. In the lung, it is supposed that the NO that is inhaled as a gas enters the tracheobronchial tree, where some of it is absorbed (4) and some is reexpired with the dead-space gas (5). Whatever enters the alveoli presumably is absorbed so fast that it is not reexpired in the expired alveolar air (11).
Comparison with the work of others.
When the nasal cavity is isolated from the mouth by closure of the soft palate, [NO] in the gas drawn from a nostril can be multiplied by the volume rate of gas flow through the nose, from one nostril to the other, to calculate the quantity of NO per minute coming from the nose. Rough calculations show that this is ∼250 nl/min (6); 455 nl/min, calculated from the data of Gerlach et al. (8); 205 nl/min, calculated from data of Lundberg et al. (15); as nasal NO minus mouth NO, 217 nl/min per m2, according to Kimberly et al. (14); and in a comparable range as calculated from data of Dillon et al. (2).
We found [NO] and amounts of NO leaving the nose to be in reasonable agreement with the values published by other investigators cited in the introduction. What we have added to their studies is information about the uptake of NO, and consequently some information about its total rate of gas production in the nose, rather than just the amount that leaves the nose. Table 2 and Fig. 4illustrate this. When nasal gas flow is rapid, the amount of NO absorbed is small. Therefore, the amount of NO leaving the nose, as calculated from the work of most other investigators, is reasonably representative of the amount of NO produced in the nose.
Measurements of NO gas output from the nose were made at rates of nasal gas flow closer to those found in nasal obstruction or ventilation of the paranasal sinuses than to flow found during normal breathing. We find that the output of NO at a gas flow of 10 l/min is equal to that at 10–350 ml/min, showing that the NO gas delivery to the nasal cavity is not different between gas-flow rates characteristic of normal breathing or of stagnant air.
We tested the collection of NO from one nostril in a number of animals to compare with humans (3). Two anesthetized, tracheally intubated baboons had NO levels in the nostrils comparable to NO levels in humans. However, two dogs, a cat, several guinea pigs, rats, and pigs had much lower NO levels from the nose, even if their small body size is considered.
The significance of nasal production and absorption of NO may pertain to several topics. First, the NO generated spontaneously may or may not help to keep the nose and sinuses free of infection. Second, the NO inhaled may possibly add to NO generated in the rest of the upper airways when inspired into and absorbed in the lungs, where it may or may not act as a vasodilator. Third, in the analysis of NO coming from the trachea and lungs, the NO from the nasal passages must be subtracted or excluded. The present study relates to these issues.
The authors appreciate the assistance of Patrick M. Kelley, research assistant, during this investigation.
Address for reprint requests: A. B. DuBois, c/o John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Ave., New Haven, CT 06519 (E-mail:adubois{at}jbpierce.org).
This work has been supported in part by the John B. Pierce Foundation and by a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute HL-53630.
- Copyright © 1998 the American Physiological Society
Equations for Nasal Production and Absorption of NO Gas
Equivalent model of the nose.
The nose is isolated from the mouth and lungs by closure of the soft palate against the back of the throat. The rate that NO gas enters one nostril is its concentration ([NO]in) multipled by nasal gas flow (V˙). The rate leaving the other nostril is [NO]outtimes V˙. Let the rate NO is produced in the nose and sinuses per unit time beQ˙prod and the rate of absorption of NO from the gas in the nose and parasinal sinuses be Q˙abs. Let there be an absorption coefficient A, which when multipled by [NO] gives the rate of NO absorption.
[NO] leaving the nasal cavity depends not only on the rate of gas production but also on the rate of absorption, which varies with [NO]. The latter depends on nasal gas flow and on the balance between production and absorption.
The objective is to find the rate of production of NO gas in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. To calculateQ˙prod, it is necessary to measure the rate of NO input minus the rate of NO output and to add the rate that NO is absorbed during passage through the nose.
Equations for NO production and absorption.
If there were no absoprtion of NO, the rate that NO would leave the nose would equal the rate it entered plus the rate of production Dividing by gas flow to calculate gas concentration If there were only absorption of NO, but no production, the rate of absorption would be whereA is the absorption coefficient. Then Substituting for Q˙abs and dividing by V˙ to obtain concentration and With simultaneous production and absorption of NO therefore Equation A1,1 This equation is of the form wherey is [NO]out,x is [NO]in,m isV˙/(V˙ +A), andb isQ˙prod/(V˙+ A).
Since m =V˙/(V˙ +A), then Equation A1,2 If [NO]in = 0, [NO]out =b. Substituting these intoEq. EA1,1 Equation A1,3 therefore From Eq. EA1,2 ,A = (V˙/m) −V˙. Substituting forA in Eq.EA1,3 and
Use of the equations.
At each particular value of nasal gas flowV˙, the values of the [NO] leaving one nostril ([NO]out) are measured while clean air enters the other nostril, then at a series of different [NO] with the soft palate closed. The slope (m) and intercept (b) of the regression line relating [NO]out to [NO]in are calculated. The rate of NO production (Q˙prod) is calculated from Eq. A1,4,Q˙ = (b/m) × V˙. The absorption coefficientA is calculated fromEq. EA1,2 or from its equivalent: A = V˙(1 −m)/m, where (1 − m) is the fraction of NO absorbed and m is the fraction not absorbed during passage through the nose and paranasal sinuses.
Effect of Water Vapor on Chemiluminescence of NO
NO gas was passed until it reached equilibrium at a concentration of 18 ppm over water in a tube inside an insulated case heated to temperatures between 25° and 40°C measured with a Yellow Springs Instrument temperature gauge, and from there it was passed through a tube heated with electrical tape to the heated needle valve of the Sievers model 270b NO analyzer operated at 6 Torr. The reference calibration was done with dry gas from which water had been removed by absorption or condensation in a cold trap. The results are shown in Fig. 5. At 25°C, the calibration with humidified gas was 88% of dry gas. At 37°C, it was 82% of dry gas (Fig. 5). At 25°C, the decrement of calibration done at 3, 4, 6, and 11 Torr operating pressure was the same percentage. An earlier model Sievers 270b analyzer (1993) had only a 3–4% decrement of humid air at temperature (25°C) compared with the 12% decrement with the later (1995) model. No explanation was found for this difference in analyzers. In all the experiments reported in this paper, we used a cold trap or drying agent (Drierite) to dry the gas before it was analyzed.


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Mangaluru: The Karavali Jeevanadi Netravati Rakshana Samiti held a press meet at the Press Club Urva here, on November 23. Addressing the mediapersons, Prof S D Mayya pointed out the facts about the Yettinahole river diversion project.
The Government of Karnataka and the KNNL were to submit their reply on November 18, to the argument of the applicants on interim prayer. Though the Advocate representing KNNL has submitted the argument, it was surprising that the Advocate for Government of Karnataka was neither present nor had the reply submitted".
Deliberate Misleading of the Tribunal by the Advocate Representing KNNL
The government is continuously misleading the public at every level. Even on 18th November, the Advocate for KNNL tried to mislead the Tribunal by saying that it is a "Linear Project". The fact that 8 weirs are to be built at different places on different tributaries of Netravathi River, 12 Pump houses built to pump water at different places, about 100 km length of pipe line to be laid at different places, Power transmission lines, Tanks, roads, etc., in the Western Ghats cannot be considered as a linear project! Exclusive railway track, road or electricity line can be considered as a linear project. This argument is again to justify the work that has already began initiated in the project area without completing the legal and statutory requirements.
Dereliction of Duty
How can the Government Advocate be absent when the reply was given to the stay plea of the applicants? We have made both the Chief of Wildlife Authority and the Bio Diversity Board as parties in the application. But till, today they have not submitted their reply. Is it because if they submit the reply, they have to tell the facts which will go against the project/government? Is it not a deliberate dereliction of duty? They are constitutional bodies and are bound to give the factual report. This may go against the Government! Their absence and not submitting report to TRIBUNAL amounts to dereliction of duty.
The Project has no Reliability
The project is certainly going to face shortage of water if implemented. The exaggerated figure of 24.1 TMC of water will never be available in the present form of the project. It is said that about 100 days water is drawn on the basis of rainfall in the catchment. The flow and yield estimation is based on unreliable rainfall data deliberately leaving important available data in the catchment. There are serious conceptual errors in deriving flows for different weir sites. The Tribunal is misled by saying that the flow data is observed at the weir sites. The project components are designed on the basis of this flow. There is no guarantee that the people of Kolar and Chikkaballapur will ever get water in this project. It will be a mere waste of tax payers' money by constructing unscientific water conveyance system.
The project will simply cause irreparable damage to Western Ghats without serving any purpose.
Dependability Drama
Water supply projects are to be designed for 90% dependability. This assures to the beneficiaries guaranteed water. In the present case, it is designed for only 50% dependable flow. Further, the available yield is over estimated. It is again said that water is going to be pumped only during peak monsoon days, amounting to about 100 days. Will the Beneficiary region ever get water, particularly the people of Kolar and Chikkaballapur? Thus there is no reliability on the project. It is merely a politically motivated project and not a practical project!
Support from Media
The present relief is not a mile stone, rather it is only a furlong stone. Cooperation is needed from all corners and all the stakeholders are needed by providing all necessary information.
The support from the media is particularly needed by social verification of the reality at the project sites. Fact needs to be reported to the Green Tribunal as any continuation of the work amounts to contempt of Court. It is of utmost important to report the facts to the Tribunal and thereby prevent the waste of Tax Payers' money.
World Water Development Report 2015 (Para 3.6, Page 27)
This stresses the need for investing in the protection of water related ecosystems, maintaining the essential and varied environment services they provide. In this context, it is very important to protect the forest, environment and the soil on the slopes. If the Western Ghat is not protected from these kinds of dangerous situations, it will be very sure to face the fate of "Uttaranchal".
Damage to Western Ghats
The project will certainly cause irreparable damage to the Wildlife and the Bio diversity of the Western Ghats. If Western Ghats is damaged, there will be danger not only to the coastal region but to the entire southern India as most of the main rivers originate in the Western Ghats. It is very much necessary that MoEF look into all these issues before giving concurrence to release the forest land for the project.
Decision of the Statutory Bodies
Constitutional bodies like Zilla Panchayat, MCC, Grama Panchayats and other similar bodies have resolved against the project. Then how can the government go ahead with the project without taking into consideration the view point of these constitutional bodies?
Interstate Water Disputes
It is very important to consider the submission of the NWDA in the Green Tribunal. It has very clearly said, "Since 8.98 TMC of water is released to the irrigation tanks in Cauvery and Krishna basin; it has to be accounted by the Cauvery and Krishna Tribunals in allocation of water from these rivers to the disputing states".
Water Rights of the People of the River Basin/Stakeholders
It is argued before the Green Tribunal by the government that the people of the river basin cannot claim any right over the Netravathi river water. It is very dangerous and the people of the river basin will lose the right to use water forever, if it is not opposed now. This is a violation of the fundamental right of the people in the basin and against the water law.
Supreme Court Verdict
The Supreme Court, in its judgement dated 6th July 2011 in the Lafarge case, has laid down precautionary principles and ordered tests which are to be applied in this project.
- Have all the relevant factors been taken into account? NO
- Have extraneous factors influenced the decision? YES
- Is the decision strictly in accordance with the legislative policy underlying the law that governs the field? NO
- Is the decision consistent with the principles of sustainable development and a balanced decision? NO
- Is the decision of MoEF and Government of Karnataka fair and fully informed based on the correct principles and free from any bias and restraint? NO
It is time for the people to stand above political compulsion and prevail upon the government to stop the project and think of alternative solutions for the people of Kolar and Chikkaballapur.
Advocated Dinaker Shetty, deputy mayor Purushotham Chitrapur, Utha Alva and Kumar Mendon were also present.


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The origin of the flag, its association with St. George (the patron saint of England), and its adoption by England all lack thorough and clear documentation. At the Church of St. George in Fordington, England, there is a sculpture of St. George on a horse leading the Crusaders to victory at the Battle of Antioch (June 1098); his flag bears a cross. It is known that English Crusaders used a red flag with a white cross about 1189. Another record, dating from 1277, attests that a red Cross of St. George on white was used for pennants flown by the troops of King Edward I. The same flag, referred to as the Banner of Victory, was early shown in artistic representations of Christ; the flag was only later attributed to St. George in his role as patron saint of soldiers. Some evidence suggests that a flag of this design flew on English ships in the late 13th century. As part of the Union Jack and various other British flags, the Cross of St. George today continues to play an important symbolic role, although when England and Scotland joined to form Great Britain in 1707 their flags lost individual international status. See also Scotland, flag of.
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> Career Resources
> Interviews > Career Path
In the midst of rising unemployment, the job of flight attendant has now come to be seen as a desirable pursuit for many young hopefuls. Earlier this year, some 1,500 job seekers signed up for interviews during an open recruitment campaign organized by Dragonair - a Hong Kong-based airline that has long been recruiting high-quality flight attendants to cope with its ever-expanding fleet and business. While on-going pay cuts and decreasing benefits are associated with many other entry-level occupations, flexible working hours and competitive salaries continue to be the main attractions of becoming a flight attendant today.
"...I finally chose my career as a flight attendant primarily because of the flexibility and attractive salary it offered," says Cheukee Lee, who is currently working as Chief Purser, the highest rank in charge of the flight cabin, with Dragonair.
Ms Lee started off as a receptionist at a major hotel, and joined Dragonair as a flight attendant in late 1988. From then on, her career took off: she subsequently received a series of promotions, moving up quickly to Flight Purser a year later to Senior Purser in 1991 to finally Chief Purser in 1996. She recalls: "The greatest challenge was to overcome my own introversion, while learning how to be friendly to people."
Customer orientation
To become qualified as a flight attendant, applicants need to meet a set of basic requirements, including a minimum Form Five standard, fluent English and Cantonese or Mandarin, and a minimum arm reach of 212 cm. Speaking other Asian languages and dialects or past experience in the service industry is also an advantage.
In addition, the ability to develop a positive, customer-oriented mindset is of paramount importance. "After all, the customer is our boss," she says. "Therefore, it's important we always think of ways to improve the service. To do so, we need not only lavish more attention on external customers but, just as important, on internal customers. It's my belief that if my colleagues are happy, my customers will be happy. As a team leader, I have a responsibility to make this happen."
While education and prior work experience are important, they are not as pivotal as such personal qualities as friendliness, patience and willingness to learn. Ms Lee says: "In the selection process we are most concerned about the hearts and minds of the applicants. While those who lack experience and job knowledge can be trained, those who fall short of the right qualities cannot."
Dragonair provides an eight-week training program for new recruits aiming to develop practical skills and a basic knowledge of the aircraft, first aid, quality service concepts and procedures.
Career prospects
Flight attendants have to be as knowledgeable on the ground as in the air. False impressions often stem from the belief that flight attendants merely serve meals. Ms Lee says there are opportunities for assuming ground responsibilities while continuing to work in the air, serving passengers regularly.
"Many of my colleagues are currently working as so-called 'dual crew', which means that they spend roughly half their working time flying and the rest of it staying in the office," she says. These dual crew perform a wide variety of ground functions including performance appraisal, services design and development, training, recruitment, and so on, and many seize the opportunity to increase overall job experience in anticipation of retirement at age 45, or above.
The experience of working as a flight attendant provides an invaluable foundation for further career building outside the airline industry, with the hospitality field as an obvious option. But Ms Lee cautions that prerequisites for entry to the service industry have been increasingly based on academic achievements. "I know of many colleagues who are now studying either distance-learning or Master's programs, albeit they're working in an unrelated field," she says.
"Although we only require our flight attendants to have a minimum Form Five standard at present, we see many of our applicants now possessing at least a university degree, with some even holding a Master's or Doctorate. I think continuous learning is the only way to stay competitive, and open up new possibilities for career change."
No doubt China's burgeoning aviation industry has presented a host of opportunities for Dragonair, as the airline is holding rights to many mainland routes.
Despite the continuing growth in China's air transport market, "there hasn't really been a trend of a lot of Hong Kong people seeking employment there as far as the flight attendant position is concerned," says Ms Lee, summing up the possibility of this as "extremely rare" at present.
Chinese carriers do not at present employ foreign nationals on their services, due to the large choice of home-grown talent. However, because of the thorough international-level training, Hong Kong flight attendants are easily able to find employment with Hong Kong-based international airlines other than the two local companies.
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Nature's Sunscreen
The primary goal of every trained tanning professional is to teach sunburn prevention to every client. Building a gradual suntan actually creates two different forms of natural protection against sunburn:
- Melanin pigment is produced in outer skin cells after being exposed to sunlight. Melanin literally enshrouds and shields skin cells in the epidermis, protecting each cell from getting too much UV exposure.
- After sun exposure, Extra keratin migrates to the surface of the skin, thickening it, which makes the skin naturally more resistant to sunburn.
These two steps combine to create a powerful natural sunscreen that doesn't wash off quickly. One benefit of indoor tanning is that trained operators can give a tanner controlled UV exposure to gradually develop this sunscreen – often called a "base tan" – while minimizing the risk of sunburn.
The value of a base tan, as millions of sunbed users know, is that it adds another layer to your sunburn protection arsenal – making chemical sunscreen worn outdoors for outings on sunny days even more effective at preventing sunburn. Here's how that works:
- The effectiveness of chemical sunscreen products are measured in what is called "Sun Protection Factor" (or SPF). An SPF 15 product means a user can spend 15 times longer in the sun while wearing sunscreen before they would sunburn if applied correctly.
- Say, for example, a sunbed user begins tanning under the direction of a trained salon operator following the exposure schedule of that piece of equipment (average start time 2 to 3 minutes). After about a month that tanner may gradually develop a tan and works her/his way up to the maximum session time. At this point, she/he becomes naturally up to SIX TIMES more resilient to sunburn than when she first started tanning. So that tan has an SPF 6 value (BC Health Ministry Report 2012).
- When someone with a base tan uses sunscreen outdoors, they essentially multiply the sunburn-prevention effectiveness of the sunscreen. In other words, an SPF 15 product applied to the skin correctly of a person whose base tan has already made her six times more resilient to sunburn creates a net SPF of 60. (SPF 15 x 6 = SPF 90).
That's the reason so many indoor tanning clients come to salons in the winter and spring prior to sunny vacations. In sunny environments many fair-skinned people can sunburn during normal outdoor activities even while wearing chemical sunscreen. But with a base tan their chemical sunscreen becomes more effective and they are much less likely to sunburn.
For more information, visit www.TanAwareness.com.


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Doves were released in remembrance of loved ones as part of an annual memorial event.
More than 170 people from Borehamwood attended The Co-operative Funeralcare's annual memorial service and dove release to remember loved ones.
Families were treated to the sounds of a Highland piper and a special remembrance service was led by the Reverend Richard Leslie of St Michaels and All Angels Church and humanist celebrant John Graham.
The event, now in its sixth year, was attended by families who gathered to pay tribute to their loved ones along with funeral arranger Aimie Hutchin and funeral director Luke Slater.
Funeral home manager Charmian Alexander, said: "We provide this memorial service to the local community as part of our ongoing care and commitment to the people we are privileged to serve.
"All the hard work in organising the service is worth it when the families thank us afterwards and tell us they felt a great comfort in listening to the service and music."


text: Opie Oils are pleased to announce that Dodo Juice cleaning and detailing products are now available to buy on our website. For a limited period we are giving one lucky Customer the chance to WIN A £90 bundle of Dodo Juice products. We are also giving an additional 10% discount in addition to our standard members discount of 10% (20% in all!). These special launch prices are only available until the 23rd July, and the additional 10% can be obtained by using the following discount voucher at checkout: DODO10 There is no question to answer but you do need to buy ANY Dodo Juice product from us before the 23rd July 2010 to be entered into the Prize Draw. The superb range of Dodo Juice products can be found here>>>> This prize bundle includes the following: - A Dodo Juice Tooled Up detailing bag (To be filled with all your new Dodo juice products) - A 250ml Pot of Dodo Juice Rainforest Rub Car Wax - Original Soft Wax (Wait until you smell this stuff!!) - A Dodo Juice Fantastic Fur microfibre buffing cloth (Softer than soft) - A Dodo Juice Tee Shirt - Size Large (Become the cleaning king) - A Dodo Juice logo exterior vinyl sticker XL (405x750mm) We have Dodo Juice products available for every stage of the wash process: Dodo Juice Car Shampoo - Sour Power or Born to be Mild Shampoo Dodo Juice Pre Wax Cleansers - Lime Prime Lite or Lime Prime Dodo Juice Car Waxes - 8 core Dodo Juice waxes & the range topping Supernatural Dodo Juice Maintain Stage - Car Shampoo, Microfibre cloths and Detailers With 20% discounts and the chance to win £90 of products, why not give Dodo Juice a try today! Don't forget to use DODO10 for your additional 10% discount. Till next time - The Team at Opie Oils Team


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Texas-based energy explorer, EXCO Resources Inc. reported third quarter 2013 adjusted earnings – excluding one-time items such as gains from asset sales and other non-cash gains – of 4 cents per share, missing the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 10 cents and deteriorating from 13 cents earned in the prior-year quarter. Increased capital expenditure and impairment loss on TGGT joint venture, in addition to production declines, were the reasons behind the weak results.
During the three-month period ended Sep 30, EXCO generated total revenue of $165.3 million, up 16.7% year over year amid higher natural gas realizations, but was below the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $181.0 million.
In the third quarter, overall production decreased to 455 million cubic feet equivalent (Mmcfe) per day from 512 Mmcfe in third quarter 2012.
In the East Texas/North Louisiana region, production dropped to 340 Mmcfe/d from 442 Mmcfe/d in the year-ago quarter. The decrease was due to normal field declines and conventional properties' contribution to the EXCO-HGI partnership. However, it was partially offset by contributions from the recently acquired Haynesville assets.
In the South Texas region, which includes the Eagle Ford assets acquired from Chesapeake Energy Corp. (CHK - Free Report) on Jul 31, production averaged at about 6 million barrels of oil equivalent (Mboe) per day.
In the Appalachian region, the trends were positive and production levels increased to 64 Mmcfe/d from 46 Mmcfe/d in the prior-year quarter owing to solid Marcellus Shale play performance.
From the EXCO/HGI partnership, the company's share of production was 27 Mmcfe/d for 3Q13, down from 28 Mmcfe/d in the previous quarter.
Realized Prices
Natural gas, which comprised 93.8% of the total production for EXCO, was sold at a realized price of $3.17 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf), up 17.8% from $2.69 in the prior-year quarter. The natural gas equivalent price realizations also increased 31.2% year over year to $3.95 per thousand cubic feet equivalent (Mcfe).
Drilling Statistics, Balance Sheet & Capital Spending
Net operated wells drilled and completed during the quarter were 7.2 and 12.9 respectively, apart from the 1 net well operated by others.
As of Sep 30, 2013, EXCO had approximately $33.5 million in cash and cash equivalents and long-term debt of $1,863.5 million, representing a debt-to-capitalization ratio of 87%.
The company's capital expenditure (excluding spending related to the partnership with HGI) for the quarter was $109.7 million, up 81.3% from the previous quarter's expenditure of $60.5 million. This substantial rise is attributable to the Haynesville and Eagle Ford assets acquisition earlier in the reported quarter.
Company Guidance
EXCO forecasts capital expenditure of approximately $111.5 million for the fourth quarter and $350 million for the full year. Per management, capex budget was increased to cater to the development of the newly acquired assets.
Zacks Rank & Stock Picks
EXCO Resources currently carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold), implying that it is expected to perform in line with the broader U.S. equity market over the next one to three months.
Meanwhile, one can consider other firms in the exploration and production industry that are expected to significantly outperform the broader U.S. equity market over the same time frame. These include Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) stocks of Linn Energy, LLC and Matador Resources Company (MTDR - Free Report) .
In-Depth Zacks Research for the Tickers Above
Normally $25 each - click below to receive one report FREE:
Chesapeake Energy Corporation (CHK) - free report >>


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Victoria's Clare Hall-Patch did the double at yesterday's third annual Formwerks Westside Cycling Classic.
Hall-Patch, a 24-year-old with Oak Bay Bikes, won the senior women's Westside race and provincial road racing championship in 2:15:27.9. She was almost 12 seconds faster than runner-up Leah Guloien of Port Moody. Vancouver's Moriah MacGregor was third.
Hall-Patch was also 2006's B.C. champion but finished second in last year's Westside to another Leah - Israeli-licensed Leah Goldstein.
Senior women raced eight laps of the 10.5 km loop around the south of Pacific Spirit Park and University of B.C. Endowment Lands. Hall-Patch broke away from MacGregor and Guloien after the challenging climb up Camosun hill.
"As soon as we got into the flat section I attacked and got a gap from Leah and I managed to hold it all the way [to the finish]," Hall-Patch said. "That was the hardest last couple of kilometres I'd ever done."
Hall-Patch also registered the fastest climb by a female racer up Camosun in 1:30, just 10 seconds slower than the fastest male climber, Brandon Crichton.
Trek Red Truck Racing's Ryan Anderson beat two other racers by a fraction of a second to take the senior men's race and B.C. championship.
Anderson, an ex-Edmontonian now living in Youbou, raced 13 laps in 3:15:04. Vancouver's Alistair Howard (3:15:04.2) and Kelowna's Jeff Sherstobitoff (3:15:04.4) were second and third, respectively.


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The USA Network without "Burn Notice"? Seems inconceivable, as the spy drama remains one of the cable network's most successful and loved series. But with the second half of Season 6 unfolding now and only 13 episodes ordered for Season 7, the exploits of burned spy Michael Westen (Jeffrey Donovan) and his loved ones have also made for one increasingly expensive show.
That, "Burn Notice" Emmy nominee Sharon Gless says, may be what leads to the series' ending, despite its continued success. Gless, who plays Westen mama Maddie (a woman every bit as smart, tough, and resourceful as her son), talked to Yahoo! TV about losing one of her TV sons this season, about the future of the season and the show, and about the possibility of reteaming with her old "Nip/Tuck" pal Ryan Murphy on "American Horror Story."
So, when you got that script that said Maddie was planning to move away from Miami after her son was killed … panic? We were a little worried that Maddie was really leaving.
I know! [Series creator] Matt Nix called me and said, "Now, listen. You're going to be getting a script where it says you're moving away, but you're really not. We're not firing you." I said, "OK, good!"
This has been a tough time for Maddie. Michael and his friends are going through a lot, obviously, but Maddie lost a child, and her other child has some responsibility in that … double emotional whammy for her. Does she also blame herself for Nate's death?
She does. In her defense, she did the best she could to keep the boys alive, but she never left her husband, which she probably should have done. [Back then], women very seldom left, abused wives. We did an episode on it on "Cagney & Lacey." It's because they don't know where to go, and the men would follow them and beat them somewhere else. So [Maddie] stayed to try to keep peace for her sons. But Michael's character apparently would chase after the father and try to protect his mother, and then he would get beaten, whereas Nate never got involved on that level. He was just a sweet boy. He never had Michael's angst. But yes, she does blame him for Nate's death. And she blames herself. It's a very, very complicated family.
[Related: Since 'Cagney & Lacey' paved the way, TV's female cops have come a long way, baby]
Were you shocked when you found out Nate was going to be killed? "Burn Notice" is a drama, but that was a bit of a tone change for the series.
Matt told me that I'd be losing my boy before I had to read it in the script. Because you do become very involved with these people, and it's just sort of rude to have the mother of a son [learn] that her youngest son is blown away [by reading the script]. So, he did take the time to tell me. But I was shocked, as we all were. I'm sure Seth [Peterson, the actor who played Nate] was. But that's show biz, folks. They sometimes do that to shake up a show. On "Cagney & Lacey," they killed off my character's father, who she was very, very close to. And they did it just to shake up the show and to force Cagney to grow up a little and force her alcoholism to come to the fore. And sometimes you lose a beloved character to go to that next level with the rest of them.
She decided to stay in Miami, at least partly, to help Michael and his friends as they try to straighten out the mess with Card's death, but has she, or can she, really forgive Michael?
I do. She had that scene with him, where she told him she was going to stay, where she said eventually I have to forgive you or I'll lose you too. I think she can do that because she feels she also has responsibility in Nate's death.
But she is angry with everyone. They are her family, all of those people. But in dealing with all of that for her, losing her child, her youngest … we [filmed] just a brief scene of the funeral, and I didn't want to stand at the coffin with the [other actors]. I sort of lost it on the set. I said, "Why? I don't want to do this. Let [Maddie] say goodbye to her son and walk away." And they said, "No, Sharon, this is the family standing there together." And I said, "The family? Every one of them is culpable. I don't want to stand here with these people. My son is dead because of these people. My son is dead because of me. I don't want to associate with them."
So we had to find other ways [to address her anger]. They were wonderful, the writers. They came up with stuff for me. Don't forget, "Burn Notice" isn't about her, but you have to deal with the mother. It hurts worse losing a child than losing a brother. That's what those guys have to deal with over there, and they have beautifully.
You once described Maddie as the mother from Hell, early in the show's run. Do you think that's still true?
Well, it depends on which day you get her. I don't think she is now, but I know Michael sees her that way sometimes. Obviously their relationship is tumultuous. It's a roller coaster, but there's love there, and, as you'll see, it's going to get even better.
And what will Maddie be up to the rest of the season?
I don't want to ruin it for you, but I will say that the end of the season has a big twist. They continue to be on the run, though, and Maddie is a part of it. They don't leave me behind at all. As for next year, I have no idea what they're going to do with us and with me.
Have you finished filming completely on Season 6?
Yes, and then we go start Season 7 in Miami in March.
Season 7 has been confirmed for 13 episodes. Do you think that will be the end of the show, then?
I do. Yeah, it's a short order. It's a short order because we've become too expensive. We're still [a hit]. And you think, well, gee, then wouldn't you want to keep us on for 20 years? But each year comes along, everybody becomes more expensive. Not just the actors, [also] the writers, the producers, everybody.
It'll be interesting to see how they end it. I hope they don't end it like it's an ending. Always leave the possibility open that there's a life for these characters after this.
You earned an Emmy nomination for your role on Ryan Murphy's "Nip/Tuck," playing psycho fake agent Colleen. Has there been any talk of you sinking your teeth into another juicy role on his "American Horror Story"?
Well, there's been talk from me. [Laughing.] And talk from my camp. "Nip/Tuck" was a great show. They were so sick, those writers. Ryan told me [the Colleen story] was the most twisted arc he'd ever written. My agent called Ryan, and Ryan said, "Oh, I love her. I love her. I have to think of something [for her on 'AHS']."
[Related: Yahoo! TV Q&A: Mark Consuelos disappears into 'American Horror Story']
That sounds promising.
Oh, I don't know. Producers always say things like that. But I was on Rosie O'Donnell's cruise -- well, Rosie doesn't do it, her [former] partner Kelly does now -- and some of the ["AHS"] producers were there. And they said, "Sharon, you should come and do 'American Horror Story.'" I didn't know what it was at the time, so I said, "What is it?" And they said, "It's one of the best shows on TV!" So I said, sure, I'd love to be on it, because I love anything Ryan does.
"Burn Notice" airs Thursdays at 10 PM on USA.


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A popular quote, simplified. Spread your affection with this quaint linoleum block print — the top reads "You are my" and the bottom sports a cup of tea. We'll let you do the dot-connecting there.
- Linoleum print
- Signed print
- Printed with acrylic ink
- Measures 11" x 14" (image is 8" x 10")
- Print is unframed
This product ships from the maker within 6 days, via USPS
If you're not happy with this item for any reason, you may return it for a full refund within 14 days.