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A cover letter for a special education teacher should be, well, special. Imagine sending in a standard cover letter for a position where you will be given a chance to transform lives. A generic letter will simply not work!
Owing to the fact that working as a special education teacher poses many challenges, you need to come across as someone who has the capacity to live up to them. You should be able to portray yourself as someone very able, who knows all about special education and how to handle the many trials that accompany this type of education. Of course, you can only do this if you are truly qualified so make sure that you meet all the requirements asked for in an advertisement.
The kind of information that you put in your letter depends on how much your experience is and how well your skills are developed. If you are applying for a first time job, you may want to concentrate on your knowledge – but if you are an experienced individual, you can mention the skills that you developed over the years. You might want to mention your knowledge of developing and implementing individual learning plans and skills in working with other special education professionals.
Two cover letter samples for a special education teacher are given below for your reference:
See also: Special Education Teacher Resume
Special Education Teacher Cover Letter Sample 1
April 21, 2015
Kathleen Mantis
Fairfax Behavioral Health
543 Elias Road
Letart, WV 66772
Dear Ms. Mantis:
Please accept my application for the advertised position of Special Education Teacher with Fairfax Behavioral Health.
My resume briefly outlines 10 years of experience in the field of special education, the most recent of which includes 2 years of "technology-dependent education". I am presently working as a Special Education Teacher at The Children's Guild and would now like to extend my expertise to an organization that is working dedicatedly towards integrating children with special needs, into regular society.
I have always been passionate about working with children who need just a little push to get them to come at par with their peers. At my current workplace, I am known for my teaching expertise, enthusiasm, commitment and purpose, which I have displayed in many ways such as:
• Modelling and implementing individually placed lessons
• Integrating technology into special needs programs
• Taking a proactive role as a communicator
• Actively seeking training and education to continuously increase my own knowledge and expertise
Please refer to the enclosed resume for details regrding my accomplishments in the special needs arena. I will contact your office after few days to ask for a mutually agreeable time to meet and discuss this further. Until then, I can be reached on my cell phone at (111) 111-1111.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincere regards,
Winona Gene
(Enc: Resume)
Special Education Teacher Cover Letter Sample 2
Sabrina Titan
776 North-view Lane
Aberdeen, SD 76363
(000) 999-8888
sabrina.titan3 @ email . com
April 21, 2015
Mr. Jerry Awe
Hiring Manager
Rising Sun
6 Valley View Drive
Aberdeen, SD 54545
Dear Mr. Awe:
My love with the children, early childhood education and relevant experience at the SOS Village makes me the perfect contender for a Special Education Teacher position at Rising Sun.
Working with the special children was very demanding yet extremely fulfilling. Children who have special needs and require assistance in leading a near normal life have always fascinated me not as a subject but on humanitarian grounds. I have worked extensively with teachers (and independently) to nurture young minds and bodies so that they can acquire semblance of self worth and to equip them with basic knowledge and skills that lead to a normal life. Moreover, I am proficient in employing mundane procedures to accomplish and able to communicate effectively with them using a variety of media. Over and above, I am well versed in managing time and resources efficiently to bring out desired results in behavior and education.
I am very excited at the prospect of utilizing my skills to bring happiness in the lives of children at Rising Sun. Please refer to the enclosed resume for more information regarding my qualifications and feel free to contact me at (999) 999-9999 for any information that you may require to support my claims here.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Sabrina Titan
Enc. Resume


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James' honest new record mines parenthood for gold.
Singer-songwriter Jennifer James, 31, has a full house. She lives in Friendswood with husband of 12 years Kyle Sapaugh, their four young daughters who range in age from 2 to 10, and a 23-year-old daughter the couple adopted six years ago. How does she find the time and space to create?
"I sometimes shut the door of a walk-in closet when the kids are in bed," says the striking brunette, whose green eyes light up when speaking of her two loves: motherhood and music.
James, who started jotting lyrics when she was 6 years old, has a straightforward, stripped-down approach to songwriting that's reminiscent of a folk-tinged Faith Hill. Recording became a much-needed outlet amid the challenges of motherhood. "I had to do music before losing my mind," says James of making her self-titled 2012 album while pregnant. Last month, she celebrated the release of How Does It Feel, a new 12-song effort featuring a complete arsenal of guitars, bass, drums and organ. Moody and pensive, it candidly documents ups and downs in James' full life.
The song "If I Could" addresses the multiple tragedies that one close family member has endured, while "Make You Mine," the first single from the album, is based on James' experience with adoption. "It's about opening your heart and making that child yours," says James, who cites musicians like Ryan Adams and Graham Colton as influences.
James, no stranger to Houston live-music venues such as McGonigel's Mucky Duck (2425 Norfolk St.), says making time for her career is not just for herself but also for her family. "Working on music," she says, "makes me a better mom, a better wife, and it makes me better at home."


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We offer only the highest quality parts available. We're passionate about our cars just like you! We don't have the patience for inferior, low quality parts, and neither should you. CupHoldersPlus.com aims to offer the best fitting, highest quality components for your vehicle! We work with our suppliers to find only the best available parts because that's what our customers are looking for.
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Because Christmas is probably the favorite period of the year, Racing Metro 92 presents its advent Calendar from which supporters will have the opportunity to win quality prizes such as, tickets for the games against Toulon and Scarlets, Racing jerseys, autographed Rugby balls or dicount coupons to use on the Kappa collection! Today's prize: the Ciel et Blanc jersey!
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shirt: The Limited via Discount Fashion Warehouse
cardigan: thrifted
skinnies, flats: Target
So anyway, here I am back in the good ol' alley behind my house. Recycling bins and weird looks from neighbors included. I DGAF, I'm just happy for sunshine and days that are conducive to being outside, regardless of whether I'm shooting for the blog, riding Perdita, or just sitting on the porch eating dinner.
Are you experiencing similar joy at the better-late-than-never arrival of spring this year? How are you celebrating its return?


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What was the first National Monument in the United States?
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Wishes for Our World is a free new teacher's resource for you to download and use, based on a moving letter written by Michael Morpurgo, former children's Laureate and 'War Horse' author.
The letter is from a grandfather to a granddaughter about the world he loves and wants to protect from climate change and has inspired a beautiful 5 minute film starring Jeremy Irons.
Created for KS2 English classes, ages 9-11, the resource encourages children to explore the issue of climate change in an inspiring new way. It's packed full of creative activities and discussion ideas that will get pupils thinking, talking and writing.
Our competition: Children wrote over 800 beautiful letters this year about their own wishes for our world. Read more about the competition and the winning letters.
Download Wishes for Our World – Schools Resource now:
Watch Michael Morpurgo on a trip to a school talking about the importance of the resource:
Watch the film starring Jeremy Irons and Maxine Peake that is part of the resource:
Go to this address to download the film: tiny.cc/filmdownload


text: Notre Dame, which finished a disappointing third in the Coaches vs. Cancer Classic in New York over the weekend, opens a five-game homestand that will be highlighted by a Nov. 29 contest with Kentucky in the SEC/Big East Challenge. Wednesday's game is the first meeting between the Irish and Colonials. Notre Dame coach Mike Brey is a George Washington alum who was captain and team MVP of the Colonials in 1981-82. He and George Washington coach Mike Lonergan are close friends who grew up in the Metro DC area playing high school basketball against each other, Lonergan at Archbishop Carroll and Brey at famed DeMatha Catholic High School.


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ATLANTIC CITY — Ishrat Jabin, 13, is from Bangladesh, but on Friday she played an athlete from Argentina during the opening ceremonies of the Sovereign Avenue School Winter Olympics.
"That's in South America, of course," she said of her adopted country, "and soccer is a famous sport there."
As one of the most diverse schools in Atlantic City, Sovereign Avenue is used to welcoming students from many nations. More than half of the more than 900 students in grades K-8 speak Spanish as their primary language at home. An additional 10 percent speak Bengali, and 6 percent speak Vietnamese.
As the Olympics in Sochi, Russia, bring together athletes from all over the world, teachers at Sovereign Avenue are using the games to help students share their cultures and learn about others. Each class chose a country it will study and represent for the next two weeks.
English teacher Tish Becker, an organizer of the event with Caroline McCabe and Adhan Perez, said all teachers are incorporating lessons into the theme, whether it's tracking Olympic medals in math or reading fables from different countries in English.
"We want our students to have a well-rounded education," Becker said. Linking the lessons to the Olympics gives them a real-life connection.
Students have already begun learning about their countries. Kathy Tran, 8, a representative of Egypt, said they had learned about mummies. Anthony Wilcox, 6, said he learned that Norway has a lot of sports that involve snow.
"Like skiing, where you go down a hill like this," he said, pumping his arms to demonstrate how skiers use their poles.
Students are divided into five teams, each representing a color of the Olympic rings. They will compete in Olympiclike events during gym class, and the winning teams will be awarded medals during the closing ceremonies Feb. 21.
On Friday, students held an opening ceremony, complete with a parade of countries, led off by the host country, Russia. They carried the flags of their countries and dressed in their native garb or colors representing the flags.
Countries with a representation of students got huge cheers, including Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Pakistan. But the largest cheers were saved for last, as the American flag entered the gym.
A group of students representing the original Greeks carried in the Olympic torch. Students in the school music academy played "The Star-Spangled Banner," and Mayor Don Guardian lit the electric torch that will remain on through the two-week event. Students cheered, chanted "USA, USA" and took an abbreviated version of the Olympic oath in which they promised to abide by the rules and show good sportsmanship.
"Let the games begin!" announced eighth-grader Bryan Alba, one of the torchbearers chosen for his school spirit and leadership abilities, along with Fidel Garcia, Adrian Nunez, Miguel Javier and Jacob Roman.
"We chose students who are good role models," said Becker, not to mention those confident enough to take some ribbing about wearing a toga for the event.
Principal Medina Peyton said she promotes interdisciplinary learning, and having a theme like the Olympics helps bring all subject areas, students and teachers together.
The school also played host to a group of students from Seoul, South Korea, who are spending two weeks traveling through New Jersey, Philadelphia, Washington and historic sites in Virginia. Sovereign Avenue student Godfre Tucci, 10, whose class is representing South Korea in the school Olympics, played the role of school ambassador, welcoming the Korean students with origami lotus flowers students had made for them.
Kevin Treadaway, vice principal at the private school in Korea, said students there have lessons in both Korean and English, and take trips to experience global cultures.
"This was a tremendous experience for them," he said.
Contact Diane D'Amico:


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Homogeneous crystalline FeSi2 films of c (4 × 8) phase grown on Si (111) by reactive deposition epitaxy
- Zhi-Qiang Zou1, 2Email author,
- Li-Min Sun1Email author,
- Gao-Ming Shi1,
- Xiao-Yong Liu1, 2 and
- Xu Li1
© Zou et al.; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 11 November 2013
Accepted: 26 November 2013
Published: 5 December 2013
The growth of iron silicides on Si (111) using reactive deposition epitaxy method was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Instead of the mixture of different silicide phases, a homogeneous crystalline film of c (4 × 8) phase was formed on the Si (111) surface at approximately 750°C. Scanning tunneling spectra show that the film exhibits a semiconducting character with a band gap of approximately 0.85 eV. Compared with elemental Fe, the Fe 2p peaks of the film exhibit a lower spin-orbit splitting (−0.3 eV) and the Fe 2p3/2 level has a smaller full-width at half maximum (−0.6 eV) and a higher binding energy (+0.3 eV). Quantitative XPS analysis shows that the c (4 × 8) phase is in the FeSi2 stoichiometry regime. The c (4 × 8) pattern could result from the ordered arrangement of defects of Fe vacancies in the buried Fe layers.
Iron silicides grown on silicon surfaces have attracted much attention in the last decade because of their possible applications in different technological areas [1–4]. The equilibrium Fe-Si phase diagram shows that there exist four stable bulk compounds: Fe3Si crystallizing in cubic D 03 structure, simple cubic ϵ-FeSi, tetragonal α-FeSi2, and orthorhombic β-FeSi2[5].These iron silicides exhibit metallic, semiconductor, or insulating behavior depending on their structures. For example, Fe3Si is ferromagnetic and is a promising candidate as spin injectors in future spintronic devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions [6]. β-FeSi2 is semiconducting with a direct band gap of approximately 0.85 eV, which fits into the window of maximum transmission of optical fibers and is expected to be a suitable material for optoelectronic devices such as light detectors or near-infrared sources [2, 7]. In addition to the above stable compounds, metastable iron silicide phases which do not exist in the bulk phase diagram can also be grown and stabilized on silicon surfaces by epitaxy due to the enhanced surface energy of thin films. It has been reported that very thin films of metastable γ-FeSi2 phase with a cubic CaF2 structure [8, 9], FeSi1+x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) phase with a defect CsCl structure [10, 11] and a new silicide phase with a c (4 × 8) surface periodicity [2, 12, 13] can be grown on Si (111) substrate by solid-phase epitaxy (SPE), which was realized by depositing iron on the silicon substrate at room temperature and then annealing the film at an elevated temperature.
Despite the interesting properties and potential applications, it is challenging to control the silicide reaction at the Fe/Si interface and grow a flat and single-phase thin film of iron silicide with the demanded structure. Due to the variety of existing compounds and the complexity of growth kinetics, the iron silicide thin films usually grow into a mixture of different phases with heterogeneous morphology [2, 5, 13]. Different from the silicide reaction in SPE, which is realized under iron-rich condition, reactive deposition epitaxy (RDE) (deposition of iron on the silicon substrate heated to a determined temperature) most probably involves diffusion of monomers on the surface, which may lead to the formation of unusual silicide structures. It has been reported that RDE favors the production of Si-rich phases and single crystalline epitaxial structures [14, 15]. In this paper, we performed a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) study on the reactive epitaxial growth of iron silicides on Si (111)-(7 × 7) surface at different temperatures. We found that a thicker homogeneous and crystalline c (4 × 8) iron silicide thin film can be formed on the Si (111) surface with an extremely low deposition rate. The thickness of the film can be up to approximately 6.3 Å, which is significantly larger than that obtained previously by RDE method. This film could be used in the optoelectronic devices or serve as a precursor surface applicable in magnetic technological fields.
Iron silicide thin films were grown on Si (111) substrates by using an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) molecular beam epitaxy-STM system (Multiprobe XP, Omicron, Taunusstein, Germany) with a base pressure of less than 5.0 × 10−11 mbar. P-doped, n-type Si (111) substrates with resistivity of approximately 1 Ω cm were cleaned in UHV by the well-established annealing and flashing procedures [16]. Iron was deposited on the clean substrates by heating iron lumps (purity 99.998%) in a Mo crucible with electron bombardment. The iron flux was monitored by an internal ion collector mounted near the evaporation source. During deposition, the substrates were heated by direct current and the temperatures were measured using an infrared pyrometer. The deposition rate was controlled from approximately 0.01 to 0.07 ML min−1 (1 ML = 1 iron atom per 1 × 1 surface mesh = 7.8 × 1014 atoms cm−2) [13]. An electrochemically etched tungsten tip was used for scanning. All STM images were recorded at room temperature with a bias voltage (Vs) of approximately 2.0 V and a tunneling current (I) of 0.1 to 0.25 nA.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were acquired with a Kratos Axis Ultra DLD spectrometer using a monochromatic Al Kα source (1,486.6 eV). A detailed description of the experimental apparatus and the measurement conditions can be found in [17]. The XPS peak areas and peak decompositions (i.e., curve fitting) were determined using software XPSPEAK 4.1 [18]. Prior to fitting, Shirley background was subtracted and then peaks were fitted with mixed Lorentzian-Gaussian functions. The spectra were deconvoluted into components consisting of spin-orbit split Voigt functions [the intensity of the (Fe, Si) 2p1/2 is half that of the (Fe, Si) 2p3/2, and the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) is the same for both the splitting peaks]. The smallest number of components, with which a good fitting can be achieved for the experimental data, was adopted for the chemical state analysis.
Results and discussion
Previous studies showed that several metastable silicides [1 × 1, 2 × 2, and c (4 × 8) phases] that do not exist in the bulk phase diagram can be grown epitaxially on the Si (111) substrate under the strain from the substrate. The 1 × 1 phase can be assigned to the FeSi with a CsCl structure, while the 2 × 2 phase can be assigned to the γ-FeSi2 with a CaF2 structure and the FeSi1 + x (0 ≤ x ≤1) with a defect CsCl structure [4]. The FeSi1 + x (0 ≤ x ≤1) can be derived from the CsCl structure by introducing Fe vacancies distributed in a random fashion. The heights observed for the type A islands prove that the 2 × 2 phase is FeSi1 + x (0 ≤ x ≤1) because the corresponding crystal structure has a spacing of 1.57 Å between equivalent atomic planes. If the 2 × 2 phase is γ-FeSi2 in the CaF2 structure, the heights in multiples of 3.14 Å should be observed [8, 10]. Furthermore, the tunneling current–voltage (I-V) curve measured on top of the type A islands (Figure 2c) exhibits a semiconducting character with a band gap of approximately 0.9 eV, verifying that the 2 × 2 phase is not γ-FeSi2 because γ-FeSi2 is metallic [5, 9]. The c (4 × 8) pattern could result from the formation of periodic defects of vacancies and/or Si substitution on the Fe sites in the buried Fe layers. These defects modify the local density of states above the Si atoms of the topmost layer, resulting in the different brightness of the protrusions [2, 13]. Similar to the 2 × 2 phase, the I-V curve measured on top of the c (4 × 8) structure also shows a semiconducting character with a band gap of approximately 0.85 eV, as shown in Figure 2d.
In summary, using RDE method, we have shown that a homogeneous crystalline iron silicide thin film of c (4 × 8) phase can be grown on the Si (111) surface at a temperature above approximately 750°C. The thickness of the c (4 × 8) film can be up to approximately 6.3 Å. This result is quite different from the previous results obtained using the SPE method, where the c (4 × 8) film has a definite thickness in the range of 1.4 to 1.9 Å. We attribute the larger thickness of the c (4 × 8) film obtained by the RDE method to the supply of sufficient free Si atoms during the silicide reaction. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements show that the c (4 × 8) thin film exhibits a semiconducting character with a band gap of approximately 0.85 eV. Quantitative XPS analysis shows that the c (4 × 8) phase is in the FeSi2 stoichiometry regime. This homogeneous c (4 × 8) thin film could be used in the optoelectronic devices or serve as a precursor surface applicable in magnetic technological fields.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant no. 61176017 and the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission under grant no. 12ZZ025.
Authors' Affiliations
- Walter S, Bandorf R, Weiss W, Heinz K, Starke U, Strass M, Bockstedte M, Pankratov O: Chemical termination of the CsCl-structure FeSi/Si (111) film surface and its multilayer relaxation. Phys Rev B 2003, 67: 085413.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Krause M, Blobner F, Hammer L, Heinz K, Starke U: Homogeneous surface iron silicide formation on Si (111): The c (8 × 4) phase. Phys Rev B 2003, 68: 125306.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Garreau G, Hajjar S, Gewinner G, Pirri C: High resolution scanning tunneling spectroscopy of ultrathin iron silicide grown on Si (111): origin of the c (4 × 8) long range order. Phys Rev B 2005, 71: 193308.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kataoka K, Hattori K, Miyatake Y, Daimon H: Iron silicides grown by solid phase epitaxy on a Si (111) surface: schematic phase diagram. Phys Rev B 2006, 74: 155406.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wawro A, Suto S, Czajka R, Kasuya A: Thermal reaction of iron with a Si (111) vicinal surface: surface ordering and growth of CsCl-type iron silicide. Phys Rev B 2003, 67: 195401.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dahal N, Chikan V: Phase-controlled synthesis of iron silicide (Fe3Si and FeSi2) nanoparticles in solution. Chem Mater 2010, 22: 2892. 10.1021/cm100224bView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- González JC, Miquita DR, da Silva MIN, Magalhães-Paniago R, Moreira MVB, de Oliveira AG: Phase formation in iron silicide nanodots grown by reactive deposition epitaxy on Si (111). Phys Rev B 2010, 81: 113403.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Weiß W, Kutschera M, Starke U, Mozaffari M, Reshöft K, Köhler U, Heinz K: Development of structural phases of iron silicide films on Si(111) studied by LEED, AES and STM. AES and STM. Surf Sci 1997, 377: 861.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wallart X, Nys JP, Tételin C: Growth of ultrathin iron silicide films: observation of the γ-FeSi2phase by electron spectroscopies. Phys Rev B 1994, 49: 5714. 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5714View ArticleGoogle Scholar
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- von Känel H, Mäder KA, Müller E, Onda N, Sirringhaus H: Structural and electronic properties of metastable epitaxial FeSi1+xfilms on Si (111). Phys Rev B 1992, 45: 13807. 10.1103/PhysRevB.45.13807View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Sugimoto Y, Abe M, Konoshita S, Morita S: Direct observation of the vacancy site of the iron silicide c (4 × 8) phase using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology 2007, 18: 084012. 10.1088/0957-4484/18/8/084012View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hajjar S, Garreau G, Pelletier S, Bolmont D: Pirri C: p (1 × 1) to c (4 × 8) periodicity change in ultrathin iron silicide on Si (111). Phys Rev B 2003, 68: 033302.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
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- Zou ZQ, Li WC, Liu XY, Shi GM: Self-assembled growth of MnSi~1.7nanowires with a single orientation and a large aspect ratio on Si (110) surfaces. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8: 45. 10.1186/1556-276X-8-45View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Zou ZQ, Shi GM, Sun LM, Liu XY: Manganese nanoclusters and MnSi 1.7nanowires formed on Si (110): a comparative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. J Appl Phys 2013, 113: 024305. 10.1063/1.4774098View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gaowei M, Muller EM, Rumaiz AK, Weiland C, Cockayne E, Jordan-Sweet J, Smedley J, Woicik JC: Annealing dependence of diamond-metal Schottky barrier heights probed by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 100: 201606. 10.1063/1.4718028View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Michel EG: Epitaxial iron silicides: geometry, electronic structure and applications. Appl Surf Sci 1997, 117/118: 294.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ohtsu N, Oku M, Nomura A, Sugawara T, Shishido T, Wagatsuma K: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies on initial oxidation of iron and manganese mono-silicides. Appl Surf Sci 2008, 254: 3288. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.11.005View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Egert B, Panzner G: Bonding state of silicon segregated to α-iron surfaces and on iron silicide surfaces studied by electron spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 1984, 2091: 29.Google Scholar
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Ways to Eat Healthy in the Food Court at the Mall
Food Court Survival: Part II
The mall is almost unavoidable during the holidays, and something about all that running around and waiting in lines makes me hungry. What's worse: Not only am I hungry, but I also know there is a place where food is easily accessible. That place, like the fast food holy land, is the Food Court.
Don't worry, we can get through this.
I already shared a few survival strategies, and another idea is to bring your own snacks. Healthy snacking options are limited at the food court: Think french fries, bagels, candy, and cookies. Last year user redsugar suggested carrying a zip top bag full of nuts so you can satisfy your hunger without heading to Cinnabon.
If you forget your baggie of healthy munchies, then pretzel shops are not always a bad option. The Jalapeño Pretzel without butter from Auntie Anne's has 270 calories and no trans fat (this was the best I could find at Auntie Anne's in terms of nutrition) — not horrible. If you're cutting out white flour, then try the Whole Wheat Pretzel (no butter) with 350 calories and 1.5 grams of fat.


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Shivering Teeth Sound. Live and cleaned up to give a comic but real sound. 24 bit quality. Please comment if ...
Knocking against wood of a rattley old train carriage
This is one of many sounds I recorded on the fly while sitting at my desk. The whole collection is ...
Well I used it as a sound to support a medium fast transition... Feel free to use it, too! ;)
Male Tawn Owl recorded in rural Spain. Re-mastered to remove background noise added echo to increase spin-tingling index
Low frequency 'boom' sound of the type used in dance records.
low frequency boom sound, great to hear on subwoofer!
A common Bass Boom found in heavy rock songs.
My cat meowing into the microphone.
About 15 people quietly chatting in a large country-house dining room.
Another recording of the beach at Dunbar / Scotland, this time using the Sony HiMD MiniDisc Recorder MZ-NH 1 in ...
a single bird species and flies. In scrub near Doñana, S Spain
small sandy beach
Another Binaural. I am attempting to capture the sounds that remind me of the places I have visited. This is ...
Processed smashing bottle sound.[Remix of Freesound #66519 ]


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Rochester, N.Y., credit union marks 60th anniversary with member payback.
If you're a small dog and you want to play with the big dogs, you may need to find a larger buddy.
The $8.9 million, 1,200-member Ukrainian Home Dnepr FCU in Buffalo, N.Y., has merged into $152 million Ukrainian Federal Credit Union in Rochester, N.Y.


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Established since 1981 D P Woodcock is the company who will ensure your decorating projects are carried out to the highest standard.
Some of the services we carry out:
London, Richmond, Teddington, New Malden, Kingston upon Thames


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Soul Massage[CD]
~ Johann Bernard
Product Notes
1 Soul Massage: Music for me is a soul massage and that is what I wish for others. 2 Cool Guy: Dedicated to my son, Gilles, who seems to be a natural for the stage! 3 Talking to my Angel: In memory and honor of my Father who often proclaimed this aphorism:" Please protect me from my friends, from my enemies I can protect myself". 4 Funk Appeal: This song is powered by the horns with lots of sex appeal. 5 Dance for Me: A tribute to my ballerina wife, Gretchen, and her lifelong career in dance. Through her, dance became a big part of my life, but I still can't do it! 6 Bachelor's Freetime: Memories of all of the great clubs we were playing in and hanging out, looking for another adventure. 7 Sentimental Whispers: Like the look in a person's eyes could whisper: Often it says more than words. 8 River Ride: For all of the times I slept outside by a river, I had to do something with these sounds. 9 Optimistic: Being optimistic is certainly more fun than wasting energy by being pessimistic. 10 Don't Step (on my toes again): This song is written in protest of people who step on other people's toes. 11 Spirit of a Climber: In memory of a wonderful person who had an enormous power for life, adventure, cooperation, helpfulness and such an easy going type of being. Hopefully, some of Remo Duerig's essence is captured in this music. 12 Enjoy your Dreams: I keep my most secret dreams for myself, but you are holding one of them in your hands... 13 Nature Warrior: I spend one week hiking in the mountains every year and have a special place in my heart for nature. I hope that this song will somehow be a contribution to the conservation of it. 14 Full Moon: Written in my favorite measure, dedicated to my friends, who often are a little unsquare themselves. 15 Going Clavé: This key of rhythm ain't for walkin, but you can try!
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Leivo really one to watch
Josh Leivo
Josh Leivo's play certainly turned some heads in Sudbury Wolves training camp last season.
The Innisfil native was easily the talk of the Wolves camp and the expectations for the rookie winger were growing each and every time he hit the ice.
But Leivo's play early on quickly tempered those lofty forecasts as, like most young players finding their way in a new league, he struggled out of the gate, scoring just twice in his first 30 OHL games.
The second half was a completely different story. The Wolves' 11th round pick in the 2009 OHL Priority Selection blossomed into one of the team's top forwards, scoring 11 times in Sudbury's final 34 contests.
It was the playoffs, though, where Leivo really came to life. Playing on the Wolves' top line with former Barrie Colt Michael Sgarbossa and Andrey Kuchin, he scored six goals and assisted on seven others as Sudbury upset the Ottawa 67's in the opening round before falling to the Mississauga Majors in the second round.
Looking back, Sudbury head coach Trent Cull admits the Wolves were probably playing Leivo out of position. When they scaled things back, he believes, is when things finally started to pay off for their young winger.
The result was a dominant second half and Leivo being drafted in the third round (82nd overall) by the Toronto Maple Leafs in this year's NHL Entry Draft.
"We had to do the right thing by him last year," said Cull, whose squad will play host to the Barrie Colts Friday night at the Sudbury Arena. "We had to make sure we were teaching him the whole parts of the game first and then we felt like at the start of the year we weren't in a great situation to put him in a spot to succeed. By the end of the year, we'd thought we'd done the right steps and you know what, he was obviously rewarded for that, but then he rewarded us in turn because he played so well.
"That's where Josh has come back this year. When Josh is in our lineup, it really helps us out as a team and we think he's a big part of our team moving forward."
It was a big summer for the six-foot-one, 181-pound winger, but building off his play in last year's playoff run is what's important now for Leivo.
"For sure. It was a huge run last year and unfortunately we had to lose in the second round," said the 18-year-old, who wasn't even listed on the NHL's final Central Scouting Rankings in April.
"I feel like I helped out in the playoffs and I'm just looking forward to this year," he said, "because I know I can do what I did in the playoffs last year.
"I'm just going to look forward and do as much as I can and produce as much as I can."
Leivo hasn't gotten off to the start he wanted this season, only because of a hip injury he suffered in the Maple Leafs rookie camp.
After earning two assists in Sudbury's season opening 5-3 loss to Mississauga, the hip wasn't getting any better and it was decided he would shut it down until he was fully healed.
"It wasn't that bad," Leivo said of what he called a tightness in his hip. "I guess it just kept getting a little worse and worse. I took a little break off to heal it 100% and I guess it paid off, because now all the guys are ready to go and it looks like we're doing good."
Cull had to shut down his top forward for two weeks.
"By the time we got him back (from Leafs camp), he desperately needed time off," Cull said. "He played the first couple of games for us, but he wasn't the player that he certainly finished as. He was trying to fight through for us, so we parked him off for a couple of weeks and saw that it did him a world of good.
"He's come back and played the last few games for us and been instrumental for us and certainly will be for us moving forward as a team."
Leivo impressed in his short stay with the Leafs, but was told to return to the Wolves and get bigger, stronger and faster.
Despite a brief stay at the Leafs main camp, the power forward feels he came away a more confident player and he hopes to pass on what he learned to his younger Sudbury teammates.
"They teach you a lot of stuff," said Leivo, who aims on working harder on his defensive side of the game. "No matter if it's one time, or 10 times, you're going to learn a lot. Main camp was also a big help. All the older guys on the team are good guys and they helped you out. They taught you things you didn't know.
"It obviously helped and I'm going to bring it back to this team and help them out a little bit."
The Wolves (1-4-1-0) are off to a slower start than expected, although much of that is probably a result of having eight regulars out of the lineup early on.
But with the likes of Sgarbossa, Josh McFadden, Frankie Corrado and Justin Sefton back in the lineup, Leivo expects the club to turn things around.
They started that process by earning their first win of the season, a 5-4 victory over the Niagara IceDogs last Friday.
"We had seven guys go to NHL camps, so at the beginning of the year some of the guys stayed a little later than some of the other guys that were there," said Leivo, who has a pair of goals and four assists in four games this season. "We didn't have everybody, but now we do so hopefully we can just keep it rolling and we can teach the younger guys."
Facing his hometown team is always fun for Leivo, but with both teams in the Central Division and noted rivals, all that matters is they cool a strong start by the Colts and start on their own winning streak.
"These guys are definitely hot and they're beating everybody and doing what they can, but I think our team can do just fine against them," Leivo said of the Colts. "Any team can do good against anybody, it's just how they play. We worked hard this week and we're ready to go. We just want the win."
Game time tonight is 7:30 p.m. The Colts finish off the northern road trip with a date Saturday night against the Greyhounds in Sault Ste. Marie.
The Sudbury Wolves lessened the log jam on the blue line by dealing defenceman Frank Schumacher to the Niagara IceDogs for a sixth-round selection in 2012 and a conditional sixth-round pick in 2014 if Schumacher plays an overage season. "What it boiled down to was, with McFadden returning, we had eight defencemen here," Wolves general manager Blaine Smith told QMI. "Schumacher is in his draft year and he would have had a hard time getting the experience and minutes he wanted here with so many returning defencemen."
Forwards Michael MacDonald, Alex Racino and Jacob Harris are expected to miss Friday's contest and remain week-to-week with unspecified injuries. Goaltender Joel Vienneau is listed as day-to-day.
Former Colt Michael Sgarbossa leads all Wolves skaters in scoring with three goals and four assists in six games. The San Jose Sharks prospect went on an impressive tear for the Wolves after he was acquired from Saginaw before last year's trade deadline, racking up an almost unconscious 29 goals and 33 assists in just 37 games with Sudbury. He topped if off with five goals and nine assists in just eight playoff games.
A lot is expected of Sudbury this year after their strong finish and upset of Ottawa in the first round of the playoffs last year. But head coach Trent Cull is quick to remind those his young club is still finding its way in the OHL. "We got three 19-year-olds and two overages. We just don't have an old team," Cull said. "We're a young team moving forward. I kind of always known that. I know we had a good flash at the end last year, but we're still going to have some growing pains this year. Even though we have a lot of guys that played a year, maybe two years, it's time for them to start slowly taking that next step and we're going to need some time to get better."
Steven Beyers (groin injury) will be back in the lineup after missing the last five games with a groin injury. Reid McNeill also returned to the ice last week after missing all of preseason and the first five games with an upper body injury. Alex Lepkowski (upper body injury) and Ivan Telegin (lower body injury) are not expected to return this weekend.
Mathias Niederberger will make his seventh start of the season in Sudbury. The German import gave up three goals on 10 shots and was pulled early in the second period of last Saturday's 8-6 win over Niagara.


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DENVER — The Denver Broncos have stripped star linebacker D.J. Williams of his captaincy for the season and won't start him Sunday against Kansas City following his arrest on suspicion of drunken driving.Comment on this story
The Broncos also fined their leading tackler an undisclosed amount for missing practice and a meeting Friday when he was in a detox facility. The team issued a statement saying it was "extremely disappointed in D.J. Williams' careless and irresponsible actions Friday morning."
It's up to the NFL to fine or suspend a player for alcohol-related offenses. And Williams faces a multiple-game suspension from the league because it was his second such arrest in his seven seasons in Denver.
Williams has been ordered to appear in court Dec. 13.


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Amity is a speciality chemical manufacturer located in the United Kingdom and the USA with an excellent reputation for product innovation in the healthcare, food and industrial sectors. In recent years, Amity has focused on the development of alternative products specifically designed to overcome the environmental and safety restrictions which now confront the old 'traditional' products. These new products are ideal as solvent carriers in a wide variety of formulations as well as providing exceptional performance in the metal cleaning area.
AMITY group of companies are approved suppliers to some of the largest corporations in the world i.e. Shell UK, General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Jaguar, Wabco Automotive (American Standard), Parker Hannifin, Bombardier Group, Airbus, Lockheed Martin, UTC, NASA, Honeywell, Sony, Hoya and hold preferred supplier status to BAe Systems (British Aerospace).
With a reputation for innovation AMITY is repeatedly called upon to work in partnership with customers to look for safer and better ways to enhance manufacturing processes and seek always to protect and conserve the environment.
In 2005, Amity moved into the healthcare sector by developing several patented technologies in the area of High Level Disinfection (HLD) for instruments, surfaces & the environment. These proved to be so good they have re-written the rules for EN standards in contact time, efficacy, and how the products destroy and not just in-activate microbials. These initial products led to the development of the healthcare range.
To gain the same global success as our industrial products have. Amity realises the need to replicate the same responsible distribution policy that nurtures a true partnership. This ideal follows the company's motto – 'quality through partnership', partnership with suppliers, regulatory authorities, environmental scientists, distributors and customers guaranteeing the best materials, advice and service.


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03/31/2009. Manufactured as a OH-58A-BF under the US Army s/n 71-20916, this helicopter was delivered to the CAF as a CH-136 Kiowa on June 12, 1972, serialed 136251. It served with No. 427 and 430 (Tactical Helicopter) Squadrons at respectively CFB Petawawa, Ontario, and CFB Valcartier, Quebec.
Struck off charge it came on the US civil registry as N6228C on March 15, 2004, owned by Coastal Helicopters of Panama City, Florida. Eight months later, on November 24, the registration was cancelled.
It reappeared in Australia were it was registered as VH-MZN on July 14, 2005. AMT Helicopters Pty. Ltd. (trading as Airwork Helicopters and Airwork Aviation), of Caboolture, Queensland, had adapted it into an agriculture spraying device. Reportedly it has also been designated AMT OH-58A (c/n AMT 005).
View also the History Brief .


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OSHA withdraws noise standard interpretation
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) announced it is withdrawing its proposed "Interpretation of OSHA's Provisions for Feasible Administrative or Engineering Controls of Occupational Noise." The proposed interpretation, which was published in the Federal Register Oct. 19, 2010, would have clarified the term "feasible administrative or engineering controls" as used in OSHA's noise standard.
In 2008, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported more than 22,000 hearing-loss cases resulting from high workplace noise levels. David Michaels, assistant secretary of labor for occupational safety and health, says OSHA remains committed to finding ways to reduce the toll.
As part of the effort, OSHA will:
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Hey guys, I will be going to New York City for the first time and I would like to try the famous New York pizzas! Any recommendations of places I should try? I don't mind trekking further! Thanks!
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New York style pizzas
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We have a lot of great pizza in NYC now, not all of it New York-style. We also have a lot of famous, touristy pizza places that are more hype than quality in my opinion. But one of my favorite traditional New York pizzas is John's (the original on Bleecker Street). There's another John's on W. 44th Street near Times Square that is almost as good.
But I think most people here will steer you to some other famous names. So this may turn out to be quite a list. I thnk you'll have your choice.
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Where are you based and how far are you willing to trek?
Willing to take subway to Brooklyn?
Two places I like that are easy to reach from most anywhere in Manhattan are Motorino and Keste, along with Forcella and Co, the latter owned by our most famous bread baker. All these are downtown, below 25th Street or so.
Also: Artichoke, but only for the square, not the namesake artichoke pizza. I've only been to the 14th Street location, which is not so comfy.
Also: Rubirosa:
Want the real NYC experience? Hop on the train and take a trip to DiFara in Midwood, Brooklyn, being careful of noting their opening hours.
Want a colorful NYC experience? Some people love this spot and the characters you will encounter may make the log subway trip worthwhile; they also have a full menu of other foods. Nice on a mild afternoon but not my favorite pizza.
YOu could continue on to Coney Island, for some dother interesting foods!
I've also been meaning to get to Paulie Gees:
This has been discussed here over and over again, so take a look at past threads. If you are noto from here, and not a pizza fanatic, they might all seem great to you, so no need to immerse yourself into the various heated discussions that may ensue....it's all delicious!!!!!
Where are you from? Waht is your favorite hometown standard?
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Fish + barrel + shotgun.
There's one (never noted the name) on the NE corner of 83rd and Lex that's great.
Doug may know this: Wasn't there a John's right behind NYU law school?
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We've had pizza at a few of the places named - Motorino, John's, Keste, and liked them all. I'd say of those, we liked them in the order John's, Keste, Motorino. Some people think Motorino is the very best, but we didn't like the crust as much as we did at the other two.
What you DON'T want is pizza from a by-the-slice place ---- I haven't found a good one in years. Anyone?
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Doug, what are the NON-New York style pizzas like?
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sf7307 --
A place often recommended for by-the-slice pizza is Joe's on Carmine Street. http://joespizzanyc.com/
Haven't tried it yet myself.
Comment has been removed by Fodor's moderators
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OK, next time I'm there, Joe's it is! (We try at least one new place every trip, still looking for "pizza nirvana")
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I (personally) don't consider Keste or Forcella NY-style pizza, but they consistently rank among favorites of people here. Time Out NY did a great article on some of the newer pizza restaurants last fall: http://tinyurl.com/cgqkc9w. It's definitely worth a look if you want to explore further.
But to be honest, pizza for me is a convenience food rather than a destination-food, and I tend to get whatever is available close by and don't tend to visit many of the best reviewed pie places (I'm not willing to travel for pizza unlike, say, fried chicken). But I'm looking for a good spot on the Upper East Side; my favorite place near my new apartment closed recently.
As the chains by the slice go, I like Famous Famiglia. The worst in all possible imagination, in my opinion, are the various Ray's.
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I've been to many Ray's and Famous Famiglia. Ray's used to be great (I'm talking mid-70s).
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As mentioned by Ekscrunchy upthread, Paulie Gee's in Greenpoint. Great pizza, fun, lively and lovely decor. The favorite of mine and a number of my friends.
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If you get to Spumoni Gardens in Brooklyn, the thing to have is the Sicilian pizza. It's thick and doughy and almost creamy in the middle of the thick square. It's sprinkled with parmesan and the sauce is very basic but very fresh. We also like Co. My favorite is still John's on Bleecker in the Village.
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The OP asked about NY style pizza. What many of you have posted about is different.
NY-style pizza IS the big triangular slice.
These specialty pie places like Keste are more traditional Napolitano pizzas but this pizza genre is NOT a NY specialty. It is the new pizza craze, and has adherents throughout the country (here in the Dallas area, we have a bunch that negated my former complaint that there wasn't any good pizza south of the Mason-Dixon line).
The "Traditional Neapolitan" pizza is quick-fired in a hot oven heated by burning wood and has a crisp crust but fairly soft center. The NY pizza that the Italian immigrants have called Neapolitan (as opposed to Sicilian) is an invention of NY Italians - it is more evenly cooked, cooked for a longer period of time, larger than the Traditional Neapolitan style (there are no "personal" pizzas unless you're a football lineman) and thicker (not thick - the Traditional Neapolitan is a few millimeters, the NY is about 3/8"). It's also not confined to a wood oven - usually the cooking is in a traditional oven with higher maximum temperatures.
Famiglia isn't real NY pizza, it's Sbarro's with better quality control.
Yeesh - the Sicilian is not really NY Pizza. It's closer to Chicago-style, which certainly isn't real pizza.
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I've never brought my micrometer, but are you saying that Lombardi's, Grimaldi's and John's are not New York pizzas?
Sure to be news to them! They are quick-fired in very hot ovens.
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Actually, I agree with BigRuss - Lombardi's, Grimaldi's and John's are Neopolitan-style pizzas, which can be found all over the country (my favorite is actually here in San Francisco - Delfina Pizza). Traditionally, what was considered "New York Pizza" (the kind I loved and couldn't get anywhere else, still can't - the difference is now there aren't many places you can get it in NY either) was a great slice.
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There has always been a distinction between the whole pie and by-the-slice. The earliest mention is in Verrazzano's diary, complaining of the nearly inedible venison pizza offered by the Manhattoes tribe to his starving crew. "Unlike all proper pies, the natives here do split it even unto eighths, which they then do fold upon itself and push it into the mouth, and much oil and sauce doth run down the eater's sleeve. May this never be understood as the common way to make pizza . . . "
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Real, traditional NY pizza is sold by either the slice or the pie. The crust is very thin and crisp - never soggy unless you have let it sit a long time.
The problem is the good pizza they have to use decent oil and fresh cheese(neither of which you get in most pizzerias). IMHO to get good pizza you need to go to a decent Italian restaurant - not a store window pizzeria.
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I'll eat any kind of cooked dough that can hold delicious tomato sauce and high quality cheese.
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Traditional NYC style pizzas often use low-moisture mozzarella, which is not considered "high quality cheese' by many food mavens. Some of the best pizzerie I know of in the city. for example, Di Fara, often cited as the
"best of the best" is most emphatically NOT an "Italian restaurant." It is a slightly grungy pizza joint.
Ditto Artichoke on 14th Street, which I like quite a bit provided you order the square slice.
The traditionall NYC places are not using the DOP bufala mozzarella cheese, except as a possible menu addition at a much higher price.
Keep in mind that this cheese is flown in only a few times a week, and it is usually days from production to appearance on your pizza. In Campania, fresh mozzarella is considered good only on the day of production; not kept for several days in the frig as people do here in NYC.
I bought some at Vannulo (legendary buffalo farm near Paestum) and asked about keeping it in my mini bar for a day or two...I was practically read the riot act by staff at our hotel in Cilento.
Pizza sauce is almost always made from canned tomatoes in NYC's pizza spots.....that does not mean it is not delicious!
There are so many myths flying about around pizza, and so many labels. the good part of this is that most of them are very good, providing you stay away from chains and get a few good recommendations.
Serious EAts is a good place to start; they cover the subject quite often:
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Not one mention of the original Patsy's on 116 St.
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There are so many choices and personal preferences it is impossible to name the best pizza but everyone can pretty much agree on the worst pizza!
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Yes ... anything that costs 99 cents a slice is among the worst pizza not only in NYC but the world. One gets what one pays for.
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Apart from the small matter of having my new leather jacket (purchased days ago in Milano) stolen from my chair at lunch while I was in the Patsy's rest room back in the mid-ate 80s, I think Pastys ,might be worth a visit, allthough back then I might have accepted the theft with more grace had the pizza been more to our liking.
I would certainly defer now to those more familiar with its curent incarnation that I am. Even then , the pizza makers were from Colombia.
I would have to check but I think it is part if a chain, not that that would disqualify it by any means if your quality is great..long way for some of us to travel.
....as for the theft, that could have happened almost anyplace back in those "bad old days" so not fair to disqualify it for that one incidcience of malfeasence by a fellow diner. The neighborhood around the place has done a total turn around by now and I would not be concerned in the least about diing there solo, night or day. )it was also quite safe even back a few decades ago, the interior theft notwithstanding)
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That kind of theft could happen anywhere outside of the bad old days!
I'm unfamiliar with Patsy's. It's at 116th and ?. Thanks.
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First Avenue at 117th Street.
I would not run there, with so many great places around these days, but it does have a nostalgic appeal:
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No the worst pizzas are Domino's or any similar national chain - except for the frozen ones from the market,
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I don't care, I don't care, I don't care!
I don't care if Illinois' license plates say they're the Land of Lincoln. They're not.
Not! NOT! NOT!
Indiana is the one true Land of Lincoln.
I say this as a lifelong Hoosier who clings to every piece of Indiana tradition and historical significance I can.Which means that if anyone gets to lay claim to being an influential part of Abraham Lincoln's life, it's Indiana. His family moved here in 1816, to Spencer County (what was then part of Perry County), before leaving for Illinois in 1830. So we had him during his formative years, from when he was 7 until he was 21.
What that all means, to me, at least, is that Abraham Lincoln should be � and is � celebrated for being a Hoosier, even if it was only for 14 years.
And someone is doing just that.
Indiana Landmarks is sponsoring the Lincoln Highway Adventure and Traveling Feast on Saturday, July 20, following the 1928 route of the Lincoln Highway, from the Ohio State Lane, stopping for meals along the way, and ending with dessert in Plymouth, Indiana.
The caravan will meet at the Besancon Catholic Church in New Haven, Indiana, you'll get lunch in Fort Wayne, dinner in Winona Lake (Kosciusko County, a twin city to Warsaw), and dessert in Plymouth.
Tickets are $35 for members of the Indiana Landmarks, and $45 for non-members. If you'd rather, you can get a Carload ticket, which includes breakfast and dessert (lunch and dinner are on your own), for $15 for members, $25 for nonmembers.
For more information, and to register, visit the Indiana Landmarks website.
Photo credit: Doug Kerr (Flickr, Creative Commons)


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Dwight Schrute is getting his own show. Why not Ron Swanson?
Networks are constantly struggling to come up with programming that will turn America's collective attention away from reality shows like American Idol, X Factor, and The Voice (which is American Idol, but with swivel chairs, right?). Though primetime sitcoms currently boast some of the best ensemble casts ever, and thus several of the greatest supporting characters around, we as a television-obsessed community know something that the network brass seems to forget: a likeable character does not a good spin-off make. With NBC planning a Dwight Schrute spin-off for The Office, here's a list of five characters who steal the shows they're on but don't necessarily deserve their own.
1. Ron Swanson from Parks and Recreation
Whether you know him as jazz saxophonist Duke Silver or the staunchly Libertarian director of the Pawnee Parks Department, the Parks & Rec character who comes closest to out-shining Amy Poehler's Leslie Knope is Ron, played to perfection by Nick Offerman. With his sizable internet following, and the praise Offerman's received from critics, it would seem like an easy choice for the higher-ups at NBC to want to produce a tidy half-hour companion piece to Parks. But Ron Swanson is the yang to Leslie's yin (or is that the other way around?) — the pair need each other or their respective personalities become too cloying. Ron's cynicism and anger is like like Snake Juice: too much and your throat starts to burn, you get angry, and eventually throw up in a wastebasket. If that's how I wanted my night to end, I would have DVR'd Work It.
2. Victoria Grayson from Revenge
I'll make you a deal: I will concede that Revenge is a little soapy if you will concede that sometimes, you just want a little fun. Why do you think Dallas was on so long? Even if Revenge isn't your thing, it's hard to deny that tormented, millionaire matriarch Victoria Grayson (played with venom by Madeleine Stowe) is a joy to watch. She's such a complex character, you might wonder how she wormed her way to the top of the Hamptons' food chain. But that's the kind of thinking that gets the network honchos excited. A Victoria spin-off would most certainly mean an Upper East Side origin story. But the jumps in chronology would would require another actress to play Victoria, and Stowe is what makes this part work so effortlessly. It would be like taking Carrie Bradshaw from Sex and the City and making a show about her teen years — wait, they're doing that?
3. Dennis Duffy from 30 Rock
Dennis Duffy has been many things: subway hero, Dateline predator, and Liz Lemon's intermittent sex partner. And he's a classic buffoon, the butt of the joke, the clown. He remains a 30 Rock fan-favorite with his numerous guest appearances and callbacks. Wildly animated fan-favorites always make for great spin-offs right? Wrong. I'll tell you why in one word: Joey. Joey Tribbiani was in many the archtypal sitcom buffoon — loveable, silly, and perfectly acted — but he still failed (and failed abjectly) to draw an audience on his own. Thankfully, Joey only lasted two seasons, but Friends fans still cringe when it's brought up. Dennis is great in small doses on 30 Rock; that's where he should stay.
4. Santana Lopez from Glee
Glee is hit or miss for me. The one constant is Naya Rivera's brutally intense cheerleader/human abuse machine, Santana Lopez. Her quick thinking and verbal attacks make her a welcome spice in a sometimes bland Glee-stew. Surely notoriously cultish Glee viewers would watch a show just for her! But even if they did, a show centered on Santana would be the televised equivalent of that one awkward Thanksgiving dinner when your grandparents said something racist and you couldn't finish eating fast enough. A half-hour of Santana's savage take-downs of her fellow characters' weight or clothing would make even the sassiest Gleek want to sprint out of the room and take a nap with a teddy bear.
5. Barney Stinson from How I Met Your Mother
Barney is a modern-day Don Draper. He wears suits, drinks scotch, and beds an impressive number of ladies. Combined with the fact that Neil Patrick Harris can basically do no wrong at this point, and it would seem that all the stars have aligned for a legendary spin-off called — wait for it — The Bro Code! But such a show would remove an essential part of Barney's character: the mystery. Nobody knows what he does for a living. He doesn't even know who his father is. He's not as much a character as he is a force of nature and vehicle for absurdly masculine punch lines. To base a show on Barney would mean explaining Barney, and as everyone knows, what's inside the box isn't nearly as interesting as what we imagine is inside the box, unless it's Gwyneth Paltrow's head.
Do you need to find someone to start your own spin-off with? Try Nerve Dating.


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Abnormal blood flow patterns promoting inflammation, cellular proliferation, and thrombosis may be established by local changes in vessel geometry after stent implantation in bifurcation lesions. Our objective was to quantify altered hemodynamics due to main vessel (MV) stenting and subsequent virtual side branch (SB) angioplasty in a coronary bifurcation by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. CFD models were generated from representative vascular dimensions and intravascular ultrasound images. Time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and fractional flow reserve (FFR) were quantified. None of the luminal surface was exposed to low TAWSS (<4 dyn/cm2) in the nondiseased bifurcation model. MV stenting introduced eccentric areas of low TAWSS along the lateral wall of the MV. Virtual SB angioplasty resulted in a more concentric region of low TAWSS in the MV distal to the carina and along the lateral wall of the SB. The luminal surface exposed to low TAWSS was similar before and after virtual SB angioplasty (rest: 43% vs. 41%; hyperemia: 18% vs. 21%) and primarily due to stent-induced flow alterations. Sites of elevated OSI (>0.1) were minimal but more impacted by general vessel geometry established after MV stenting. FFR measured at a jailed SB was within the normal range despite angiographic stenosis of 54%. These findings indicate that the most commonly used percutaneous interventional strategy for a bifurcation lesion causes abnormal local hemodynamic conditions. These results may partially explain the high clinical event rates in bifurcation lesions.
- computational fluid dynamics
- carina
- shear stress
- oscillatory shear
- finite element analysis
- fractional flow reserve
stents are implanted in 70–90% of the 1.3 million percutaneous coronary interventions performed annually in the U.S. (1), and 18–20% of lesions involve bifurcations (32). Attempts to treat coronary bifurcation lesions with multiple stents have failed to conclusively prove the benefit of a systematic two-stenting strategy (4, 6), and data regarding long-term outcomes for dedicated bifurcation stents, although promising, are still forthcoming (5, 12, 21, 25, 39). Treatment of bifurcation lesions therefore favors main vessel (MV) stenting with provisional side branch (SB) balloon angioplasty or stenting (33).
MV stenting often results in the aggravation of SB ostial lesions. Shifting of plaque from the MV, the presence of stent struts in the ostium, and vasospasm have all been thought to cause this SB narrowing (22). However, recent studies have demonstrated that a stent-induced increase in lumen diameter of the distal MV forces the position of the carina into the SB ostium (37, 38) and this carina shift is the main mechanism of the SB narrowing after MV stent implantation. This finding is particularly interesting considering the influence of this unique change in vascular geometry on local hemodynamic alterations and on the physiological significance of ostial stenosis (30, 38).
Abnormal patterns of blood flow are known to be associated with inflammation, cellular proliferation, and thrombosis (3). Plaque and neointimal hyperplasia tend to form in bifurcations within the coronary arteries where normal patterns of blood flow are disturbed (23, 34). Studies have shown that altered geometry and associated blood flow disturbances established after stenting can also influence restenosis (9, 13, 20, 24, 31, 40). Even when proliferative responses to these altered hemodynamics are completely blocked by drug-eluting stents (DES), abnormal flow patterns can be a possible cause of thrombosis (3, 29). Despite the putative link between altered hemodynamics and clinically significant consequences, few studies to date have examined the influence of commonly used bifurcation stenting techniques on local blood flow distributions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an advanced simulation technique that utilizes measured vascular geometry and hemodynamic data, making it well-suited for this purpose. The objective of the present investigation was to quantify altered hemodynamics due to MV stenting with and without subsequent virtual SB angioplasty that computationally removed struts from the ostium of a representative coronary bifurcation with CFD analysis.
Creation of Idealized Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery-Diagonal Branch Bifurcation Models
A nondiseased idealized bifurcation model was created with a typical bifurcation angle and Finet's law (8, 26). The location of the carina, SB ostial area, and distal MV dimensions after MV stent implantation and SB angioplasty were then altered based on the concept of carina shift (38) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images (Fig. 1). After vascular dimensions were determined, a part document was created with Solid Edge computer-aided design software (Siemens, Plano, TX). Cross sections were sketched along the axis of each vessel. Protrusion and rounding functions were utilized within the software to join the cross sections and blend the intersection of the vessels, respectively. Stented vessels incorporated the Express2 stent design (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). Stents were generated from a hollow tube with the appropriate strut thickness. A sketch with the linkage pattern and strut dimensions was wrapped onto the tube in Solid Edge. The stent pattern was then cut from the tube with the normal cutout command, and the stent pattern was propagated radially and axially before excess material on the ends of the stent was removed. A Boolean intersection command was then implemented to subtract the stent from the lumen, thereby generating the potential region for blood flow within the bifurcation after MV stenting and virtual SB balloon angioplasty. For the poststent model, best- and worst-case stent orientations were constructed and simulated. For the best orientation, the stent was rotated and translated along the axis of the vessel so as little stent material as possible obstructed the SB ostium. Conversely, the worst-case representation oriented the stent to deliberately position struts at the entry of the SB. For the post-virtual angioplasty model, all stent struts were removed from the ostium of the SB (Fig. 1). Additional simulations were also conducted for the post-stent and virtual SB balloon angioplasty cases in the absence of a stent in order to isolate the independent hemodynamic contributions of struts compared with general vessel geometry.
CFD Simulations
Inflow conditions and flow distributions to model branches.
Arteries were assumed to be rigid and subjected to blood flow velocity waveforms obtained from a canine left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) under normal resting and hyperemic conditions shown in Fig. 2 and as previously described (18). Resting and hyperemic inflow waveforms (Reynolds number ∼90 and 240, respectively) were imposed as temporally varying Womersley velocity profiles (α = 2.9 and 2.6, respectively) with the cvSim CFD software package (Cardiovascular Simulation, Mountain View, CA; www.cvsim.com). The distribution of blood flow between the distal LAD and diagonal (Dg) outlets was calculated by assuming that wall shear stress (WSS) is the same in the distal MV and SB. The resulting distribution of blood flow to the LAD and Dg branches was 64% and 36%, respectively, for all models.
Outlet conditions.
Outlet boundary conditions for the coronary vasculature are more difficult to prescribe than in other vascular beds since pronounced resistance introduced by ventricular contraction results in a nonlinear and time-varying system (2). However, previous work has demonstrated that linearity and time invariance can be assumed and the behavior of the downstream vasculature in the absence of ventricular contraction can be estimated with a three-element windkessel (i.e., Rc, C, Rd) approximation (36). Parameters utilized for resting and hyperemia conditions are provided in Table 1, and the details of how these values were obtained are provided in the online data supplement.1
Additional simulation parameters.
Blood was assumed to behave as a Newtonian fluid with a density of 1.06 g/cm3 and dynamic viscosity of 4 cP. Five cardiac cycles were run to ensure that simulation results were periodic. Periodicity was assumed when the maximum errors between equivalent points in successive cardiac cycles for pressure and flow were <1 mmHg and 1 mm3/s, respectively. Stented bifurcation models were discretized with a commercially available adaptive mesh generation program (MeshSim, Simmetrix, Clifton Park, NY). Final mesh edge sizes were adequate to resolve microscopic flow in the neighborhood of struts, and simulations were scrutinized to ensure that results were independent of the number of mesh elements in each model (see online data supplement for additional details).
CFD Analysis
CFD simulations were performed by using a stabilized finite element method to solve the equations for conservation of mass (continuity) and balance of fluid momentum (Navier-Stokes) (7). After verification that simulation results were mesh independent and replicated aimed blood pressure and flow distributions, time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and fractional flow reserve (FFR) were quantified. Previous studies have demonstrated that distributions of TAWSS <4 dyn/cm2 and high temporal oscillations in WSS quantified by OSI are associated with cellular proliferation, intimal thickening, and inflammation (10). TAWSS and OSI were therefore calculated as previously described (35). An automated computer program was written to quantify the area of simulation results containing TAWSS <4 dyn/cm2. Lower OSI values indicate that WSS is oriented predominantly in the primary direction of blood flow, while a value of 0.5 is indicative of bidirectional WSS with a time-averaged value of 0 throughout the cardiac cycle. The area of the lumen surfaces containing OSI >0.1 was also quantified with the procedure described for low TAWSS.
FFR is a physiological parameter representing the fraction of maximal myocardial flow that can be maintained in the presence of an epicardial coronary stenosis (27, 28). In practice, FFR can be obtained by the ratio of distal coronary pressure and proximal aortic pressure. In this study, FFR was calculated with transient pressure and flow values queried from converged simulation results at the inlet and 1 cm distal to the bifurcation in the SB.
Blood Flow Velocity
Images of blood flow velocity for various stages of the cardiac cycle during resting and hyperemia are provided for each model in the online data supplement. Figure 2 shows maximum blood flow velocity during the cardiac cycle and provides a good summary of important features throughout the entire cardiac cycle. Under resting blood flow conditions, velocity patterns follow those typical for bifurcations: velocity profiles are skewed toward the carina, resulting in higher velocity along the medial walls and lower velocity on the outer lateral walls (Fig. 3). MV stenting introduces a pronounced velocity jet in the SB with vortices extending from the jailed struts into the SB and causing eccentric areas of low velocity on the MV lateral wall away from the carina and in the SB distal to the carina. Virtual SB angioplasty introduces a more concentric region of low velocity in the MV distal to the carina and an area of low velocity in the SB lateral wall opposite the carina. These changes are accentuated in the corresponding bottom rows of Figs. 2 and 3, revealing peak blood flow velocity under hyperemic conditions.
Indexes of Wall Shear Stress
Distributions of TAWSS and OSI are provided in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. None of the luminal surface was exposed to TAWSS <4 dyn/cm2 under resting or hyperemic conditions. Stenting introduced areas of low TAWSS along the struts at rest that persisted during hyperemia. Regions of low TAWSS were particularly pronounced eccentrically along the lateral wall of the proximal MV. Virtual SB balloon angioplasty introduced a more concentric region of low TAWSS in the MV distal to the carina and a region of low TAWSS along the lateral wall of the SB. Despite this regional variation in the location of low TAWSS, the total area of the luminal surface exposed to TAWSS <4 dyn/cm2 was similar before and after SB balloon angioplasty (poststenting vs. post-SB angioplasty; rest: 43% vs. 41%; hyperemia: 18% vs. 21%; Fig. 6A). The local TAWSS behavior for each vessel is also depicted at four circumferential and axial locations in the online data supplement, where additional quantification of low TAWSS in the proximal and distal MV and SB is also provided.
Elevated OSI is also absent in the idealized bifurcation before stenting, and only 4% and 8% of the luminal surface was exposed to elevated OSI during resting and hyperemic conditions, respectively, after MV stenting regardless of the amount (i.e., area) of struts within the ostium. Virtual SB balloon angioplasty reduced the total area of the luminal wall exposed to OSI > 0.1 at rest (1%) but had little impact during hyperemia (7%, Fig. 6B).
The presence and intricacies of the stent accounted for the majority of the vessel wall area subjected to low TAWSS under resting and hyperemia conditions (Fig. 6A). In contrast, there were relatively few strut-induced separation regions (areas of OSI >0.1) established after MV stenting (∼5% of the vessel area) and areas were further reduced after virtual SB angioplasty. However, regions of elevated OSI during hyperemia occur primarily in response to overall modifications in vessel geometry, even after restoration of the carina to its original location (Fig. 6B).
Fractional Flow Reserve
FFR in the SB as result of MV stenting-induced stenosis, or by partial occlusion of the ostium by stent struts, ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. The severity of stent struts present in the ostium had a greater impact on FFR than shifting of the carina (poststent best and worst cases: 0.98 and 0.95, respectively; post-SB virtual angioplasty: 0.99), but all values were well above the clinically significant criterion of 0.75.
The bifurcation lesion is still one of the most challenging lesion subsets in the field of percutaneous coronary intervention (5, 12, 21, 25, 32). As alterations in indexes of WSS are reported to be associated with the progression of atherosclerosis (23), it is important to understand local, potentially adverse, changes in these hemodynamic indexes as a result of interventions in order to develop better strategies and devices. However, there are few studies of hemodynamic changes associated with interventional strategies for bifurcation lesions to date. The present investigation offers several unique aspects applicable to this area: 1) The findings demonstrate that CFD can be used to quantify altered hemodynamics due to MV stenting and subsequent SB angioplasty in a coronary bifurcation with a realistic commercially available stent design and representative changes in local vascular geometry. 2) The outlet boundary conditions used allow for quantification of FFR, a clinical parameter routinely evaluated with application to interventional treatment planning. The importance of these methods is exemplified in the poststenting cases, where the severity of the SB ostium by visual inspection would have suggested a reduction in FFR. This is not the case because of the more physiological boundary conditions available in the software utilized for this CFD investigation. 3) Local quantification methods were employed to quantify the amount of flow alterations due to overall vessel geometry versus the intricacies of stent struts, as well as to reveal circumferential and axial alterations in WSS indexes (shown in the online data supplement), 4) The results theoretically demonstrate that there may not be a benefit to SB intervention from a fluid dynamics perspective.
The vascular dimensions used for our nondiseased bifurcation model are based on Finet's law, and the fractal ratio between mother and daughter vessel diameters was 0.678 (8). CFD revealed that none of the luminal surface was exposed to low TAWSS or elevated OSI under both resting and hyperemic conditions. Similar findings were found in a previous flow visualization study (30) encompassed by the resting and hyperemia cases here, suggesting that this ratio should be reestablished after intervention for bifurcation lesions to achieve hemodynamically favorable results.
Previous clinical trials have not shown distinctive benefits of systematic multistenting strategies. MV stenting with provisional SB intervention is therefore the most common approach for bifurcation lesions (5, 21, 33). In our study, idealized models before and after MV and SB angioplasty were created and CFD was performed for each model. Simple MV stenting across the bifurcating segment caused eccentric areas of low TAWSS and elevated OSI in the MV opposite the carina. This region experienced pronounced leukocyte adhesion, neointimal hyperplasia, and fibrin deposition in a previous chronic porcine study establishing a similar flow scenario in vivo by SB occlusion, assumed MV remodeling, and restoration of SB flow after 28 days (30). Importantly, our quantification revealed that the total area of low TAWSS was essentially the same after MV stenting and after virtual SB angioplasty. While virtual SB angioplasty restored carina position, it also caused concentric low TAWSS and high OSI in the distal MV due to slight repositioning of the carina within the MV. Thus, although post-SB angioplasty provides an excellent result in terms of patency, from a fluid dynamics perspective there are only modest differences, indicating that the potential for neointimal hyperplasia or thrombus formation may be unchanged. Although a post-kissing balloon inflation model was not tested in our study, the present investigation and the previous study discussed above indicate that overdilatation of the proximal MV segment associated with this technique will result in additional flow disturbances.
These findings are particularly interesting when coupled with transport of a drug-eluting agent after DES implantation. Kolachalama et al. (14) placed a slotted-tube DES at three MV positions within an idealized coronary bifurcation: proximal to the SB ostium, across the bifurcation entrance, and distal to the carina. Stent-induced flow alterations proximal and distal to the bifurcation region were generally symmetric, producing concentric distribution patterns that varied along the length of the vessel as a result of flow extending the drug distribution downstream, but were modest in scale relative to the total transmural drug concentration beneath stent struts. However, the flow patterns established after MV stenting caused asymmetric drug deposition, with 8–15% greater concentration along the lateral wall opposite the flow divider when the stent was positioned across the SB ostium.
Bifurcation lesions are an independent risk factor for acute and late stent thrombosis (11, 17). Stenting along a major SB and complex two-stenting strategies are also known to be associated with higher risk of stent thrombosis. Although we cannot directly link hemodynamic disturbances and the risk of stent thrombosis based on the present work, it is plausible that the risk of thrombosis would be higher if portions of the MV are continuously exposed to low WSS as DES have nearly eliminated neointimal hyperplasia at the site of flow disturbance (29). The present investigation indicates that once the ratio between bifurcation vessel diameters is altered by overexpansion of the distal MV, SB angioplasty cannot improve the flow disturbance. This may be one possible mechanism for why SB angioplasty does not appear to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis.
Angiographic evaluation can overestimate functional significance in jailed SB lesions (15, 16). One of the mechanisms of this discrepancy may be the eccentric luminal narrowing of SB ostium due to carina relocation after MB stent implantation (37). In contrast to usual coronary stenotic lesions, the relation between angiographic luminal narrowing (percent diameter stenosis) and area stenosis in jailed SB lesions is not quadratic. In our carina shift model, FFR measured by both pressure and flow parameters were all within normal range despite angiographic stenosis of 54%.
The present results should be interpreted within the constraints of several potential limitations. Mesh independence was assumed when TAWSS at predetermined proximal and distal intrastrut regions changed <0.09 dyn/cm2 between successive meshes. Meshes were created with unstructured and adapted tetrahedral elements by this approach and resulted in at least three elements along the thickness and width of stent struts. It is important to note that the adaptive meshing scheme applied in the present investigation places elements where they are most needed within the flow domain while inserting fewer elements where a coarse density is sufficient. This intelligent approach allows for results equivalent to those of isotropic meshes, but at a fraction of the computational time. Locally adapted elements also allowed us to resolve flow features for our intricate stent models at a level that would not be possible at most institutions using an isotropic approach.
Three-element windkessel outlet boundary conditions were applied because they most faithfully represent the aimed values of blood pressure and flow compared with other methods available. The implementation of these boundary conditions closely adheres to published values and known physiological and clinical principles. Their realism was further verified with additional simulations of a bifurcation vessel with a 75% decrease in diameter (90% area reduction) at the SB ostium. The FFR for this simulation was <0.75, consistent with measurements commonly obtained clinically for this level of stenosis. For resting cases presented here, flow distributions to the distal MV and SB remain unchanged after best- or worst-case stenting and virtual balloon angioplasty since any resulting residual stenoses in these cases do not represent critical reductions in area. For the hyperemic case, flow to the SB is reduced by 3–5% after stenting, and this reduction is alleviated after virtual SB balloon angioplasty. To our knowledge, clinical data as to local changes in flow or perfusion in these coronary vessels during hyperemia are not well documented. Importantly, if the flow distributions are different from rest under healthy hyperemic conditions, the results could differ from those presented. The C term in the Rc, C, Rd model accounts for the total arterial compliance (TAC) of the arterial system beyond the outlet of interest. Thus the use of rigid walls may result in a different value for the C parameters than would be used with deformable walls. However, >60% of the TAC is in the thoracic aorta, so the use of rigid walls for coronary vessels in the present work likely resulted in C values similar to those that would be obtained with deformable walls.
The present models were created by using idealized representations of the coronary bifurcation lesion based on the carina shift model (38). In many of these cases, SB angioplasty can restore the carina to its original position as exemplified by the IVUS data shown in Fig. 1. Future work will include various clinical permutations of SB patency (i.e., carina position) since other mechanisms can also cause SB ostial lumen narrowing after MV stenting. Further studies are also needed to define the hemodynamic influence of different mechanisms of SB pinching after MV stenting. A bifurcation angle of 46° was also used here, but coronary branching patterns and vessel dimensions are heterogeneous, so results obtained from patient-specific CFD models could provide more realistic information.
Stent implantation into canine epicardial coronary arteries reduces regional vessel compliance to zero (18), suggesting that the present results may be generally applicable within the stent. However, the results may differ from those observed clinically, particularly immediately proximal and distal to the stent. In these proximal and distal transition regions, as well as intrastrut regions, distributions of TAWSS would likely be lower than reported because of lower elastic moduli than the stent. Struts were not modeled as protruding into the wall, but rather as local strut obstructions. A modest and therefore negligible change in proximal MV stented diameter was assumed, and the proximal unstented transition region was not modeled. Similarly, although changes in diameter for the distal MV after stenting are included, the distal unstented transition region also was not modeled. Previous investigations indicate that these transitions would result in a more physiological stent-to-artery deployment ratio (19, 20) but relatively small changes in the resulting distributions of WSS and OSI at the proximal and distal edges of the stent, which were similar for all stented simulations.
Despite these limitations the present simulations reveal that areas of low TAWSS and, to a lesser extent, elevated OSI known to correlate with the potential clinical events are associated with the current clinical practice of provisional MV stenting and cannot be improved once established. While it is unclear whether low TAWSS or elevated OSI has a greater impact on restenosis, the present findings highlight an important distinction between the overall geometry of a vessel created after stenting and the specific impact of the stent while raising the intriguing question of how different stent designs may impact TAWSS in bifurcation lesions. The results may therefore partially explain why clinical event rates remain high in stented bifurcation lesions, and be amenable to improved future bifurcation stent designs. For example, stent linkages could be orienting within regions susceptible to plaque and hemodynamic alterations in a way that minimizes disturbances in near-wall velocity vectors and WSS. Shape optimization algorithms using a WSS cost function could also be applied to arrive at a favorable geometry. Moreover, it appears that reestablishing the diameter ratio of a natural healthy bifurcation after stenting may optimize local hemodynamics. Importantly, our results show that the overstretching of distal MV, which commonly occurs during a provisional strategy with conventional stents, can worsen local fluid dynamics and this cannot be restored by additional procedures such as SB angioplasty or kissing balloon inflation.
This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant CTS-0521602 (principal investigator: Dr. Scott Goldsborough, Marquette University Department of Mechanical Engineering) and the Marquette University Department of Biomedical Engineering. B.-K. Koo is the recipient of a research grant from the CardioVascular Research Foundation (CVRF), Korea.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
The authors recognize Dr. Nathan Wilson for technical assistance.
↵1 Supplemental Material for this article is available online at the Journal website.
- Copyright © 2010 the American Physiological Society


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Foster carers from our region have been commended for a quarter-of-a-century of service, and helping to transform the lives of more than 30 young people.
Stuart and Cath Gullen were presented with an award for their dedication by Nottinghamshire County Council's chairman Coun John Allin at a recent ceremony for carers across the county at County Hall.
Children have been placed with the couple for short term, support care and prior to them being adopted.
Cath (63) said: "Our own three children have grown up in a fostering household and continue to care about the children we get to stay with us.
"The last 25 years have been exceptionally rewarding for both Stuart and I and we have felt it an honour to have met and cared for so many lovely children and young people."
One particularly upsetting placement for Cath and Stuart was when they cared for a disabled little boy for all his five years of life.
Cath added: "We brought him back from hospital and he stayed with us until he died but we never left his side, he was a massive loss to us and it took a long time to get over his death."
Cath leads the Mansfield Foster Carers Association and often organises fundraising events and she has recently started facilitating training for foster carers.
Coun Allin called the 21 foster carers who received awards 'truly inspiring individuals' adding: "With the increasing number of children in care, demand on our services has also meant we've also had to rely on expensive, external foster and residential providers in recent years.
"To reduce this reliance, as well as responding to the growing demand for foster carers – especially for girls and boys aged 11 and older - we need to recruit an extra 25 foster carers every year."
To find out more about fostering, call the council's recruitment team on 0845 301 8899 or visit www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/adoptionandfostering.


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Sons make their big league fathers proud
Sons make their big league fathers proud
Seven are in the Major League clubhouse this spring, five of them played Monday and four of them hit for the cycle in a five-run sixth inning, highlighted by a two-run homer from outfielder Scott Van Slyke, son of former All-Star outfielder Andy Van Slyke.
The home run brought home Ivan DeJesus Jr., son of the former Dodgers infielder, who tripled home Justin Sellers, the son of former pitcher Jeff Sellers. Sellers had doubled to score Tony Gwynn Jr., son of the Hall of Famer, who had singled and stole second.
"That's crazy," said Van Slyke, the organization's position player of the year last season. "I don't think it's a big deal, but it's really cool."
As for the offensive regulars, Andre Ethier and A.J. Ellis doubled and James Loney singled. Josh Fields was the only Dodger with two hits.
Chad Billingsley was sharp in two scoreless innings and afterward said his mechanical adjustment seems to be working.


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A 23-year-old Augusta woman was robbed Tuesday evening while delivering pizzas off Boy Scout Road.
According to an incident report, the woman, a Pizza Hut employee, was delivering to an apartment on Boy Scout Court around 5 p.m. when the incident occurred.
She told officer she had knocked on the door several times with no response when a black man in a gray hoodie grabbed her by the hair, stuck a gun to her ear and demanded her belongings.
The victim put her keys, phone, money and the food on the ground. The gunman took the money and food but told her to take her phone and keys and run.
She told deputies she grabbed her keys and ran to the front parking lot, where she flagged down someone who called 911.


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Ann-Therese Schmid focuses on procurement and contracting for alternative methods that make major highway and transit projects a reality – including design-build, construction manager at-risk, privatization, public-private partnerships (P3s) and integrated project delivery. She also guides clients through the process of procuring and completing projects in the water/wastewater, energy and military infrastructure fields.
Ms. Schmid offers deep background with federal regulatory compliance including Buy America and is a recognized leader in transportation and transit legislation and public policy.
Before joining Nossaman, she was a partner in the public policy and regulation practice group of an Am Law 100 firm, counseling public and private sector clients across the nation on transportation policy, regulatory matters, infrastructure projects and procurement issues.
J.D., Hamline University School of Law
B.A., Cornell University, cum laude
District of Columbia