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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|8 Mar 2005
|Fecha de presentación
|9 Oct 2002
|Fecha de prioridad
|20 Ene 2000
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Eugene A. Fitzgerald
|Cesionario original
|Amberwave Systems Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (107), Otras citas (99), Citada por (7), Clasificaciones (38), Eventos legales (8)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This application claims is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 09/761,497, filed on Jan. 16, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,773 which claims priority to Ser. No. 60/177,085, filed on Jan. 20, 2000, now expired, the entire disclosure of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The invention relates to the field of low threading dislocation density relaxed mismatched epilayers, and in particular to such epilayers grown without high temperature.
The goal of combining different materials on a common substrate is desirable for a variety of integrated systems. Specifically, it has been a long-standing desire to combine different semiconductor and oxide materials on a common useful substrate such as a silicon substrate. However, just as the different materials properties are beneficial from the system application perspective, other properties may make such materials combinations problematic in processing. For example, semiconductor materials with different properties often have different lattice constants. Therefore, upon deposition of one semiconductor material on top of another substrate material can result in many defects in the semiconductor layer, rendering it useless for practical application.
Seminal work into the quantitative interpretation of dislocation densities and the connection to growth parameters was accomplished in the early 1990's (see, for example, E. A. Fitzgerald et al. J. Vac. Sci Tech. B 10,1807 (1992)). Using relaxed SiGe alloys on Si as the model system, it was realized that higher temperature growth of compositionally graded layers was a key to producing a relaxed SiGe layer on Si with high perfection.
However, practical constraints from current equipment used to manufacture Si-based epitaxial layers create difficulty in depositing high germanium concentration alloys without deleterious particle formation from either gas phase nucleation or equipment coating. For example, a large amount of current Si-based epitaxial wafers are created using single-wafer, rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) systems. Although these systems offer great control of Si epilayer thickness uniformity across a wafer, the process encounters problems when germane is added to the gas stream to deposit SiGe alloy layers. Due to the lower decomposition temperature of germane than silane, dichlorosilane, or trichlorosilane, it is possible to nucleate germanium particles in the gas stream, or to coat parts of the reactor with thick deposits that can lead to particle generation.
The overall effect is that the epitaxial growth on the Si wafer can incorporate many particles, which not only degrade material quality locally, but also act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for additional threading dislocations, decreasing overall material quality. Particle generation occurs more rapidly with higher growth temperature; thus, the growth conditions that lead to lower threading dislocation densities (i.e. higher growth temperatures), unfortunately lead to more particles and a higher threading dislocation density than expected. Lower growth temperatures that avoid higher particle generation will create a higher threading dislocation density.
The problems of the prior art can be overcome by developing a method to create high dislocation velocities even though deposition occurs at lower growth temperatures. Accordingly, the invention provides a structure and a method to produce a low threading dislocation density, mismatched epilayer without the need for depositing the film at high temperature, thus avoiding the germane particle generation.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a semiconductor structure and method of processing same including a substrate, a lattice-mismatched first layer deposited on the substrate and annealed at a temperature greater than 100° C. above the deposition temperature, and a second layer deposited on the first layer with a greater lattice mismatch to the substrate than the first semiconductor layer.
In another embodiment there is provided a semiconductor graded composition layer structure on a semiconductor substrate and a method of processing same including a semiconductor substrate, a first semiconductor layer having a series of lattice-mismatched semiconductor layers deposited on the substrate and annealed at a temperature greater than 100° C. above the deposition temperature, a second semiconductor layer deposited on the first semiconductor layer with a greater lattice mismatch to the substrate than the first semiconductor layer, and annealed at a temperature greater than 100° C. above the deposition temperature of the second semiconductor layer.
After deposition of the film 102, the film is annealed at high temperature without any deposition source gas flowing across the surface, i.e., hydrogen or nitrogen, since they do not deposit any atoms on the surface. This annealing step increases dislocation flow and nearly completely relaxes the deposited film. Because the mismatch is low, the threading dislocation density remains low. Also, the rapid thermal feature of many CVD reactors is a benefit, since wafer temperature can be changed rapidly with time. If the CVD equipment has a large thermal mass, i.e., in the non-rapid thermal arrangement, this procedure is impractical since the annealing step would require too much time, and therefore increase the cost of manufacturing.
The first two aforementioned steps can be repeated, increasing the lattice mismatch in subsequent layers 104. After this sequence, a relaxed graded composition structure is formed, yet the high temperatures during the growth cycle have been avoided, and therefore the particle problem is minimized.
In the particular case of SiGe alloys deposited on Si substrates, typical growth temperatures in rapid thermal systems are between 600 and 750° C. It is known that near complete relaxation of SiGe layers can be accomplished in this temperature range, with threading dislocation densities on the order of mid-105 cm−2 to 106 cm−2. Although this density is much lower than the ˜108 cm−2 density achieved with direct growth of the final SiGe layer directly on the Si substrate (without the graded layer), it is generally desired to achieve the lowest threading dislocation density possible. By annealing the layers in-between deposition as described (anneal temperatures greater than 900° C. for germanium concentrations less than 50% or so), dislocation densities <mid-105 cm−2 can be achieved.
The annealing step can be performed after more than one growth step if the lattice mismatch increase is small enough at each interface. However, if fairly large steps (near 1% mismatch) are deposited, an annealing step is required after every growth step.
The process conditions required for the invention are shown in
The use of the invention can be elucidated through the example of the relaxed SiGe/Si system. In this materials system, relaxed SiGe alloys on Si have many useful applications such as high-speed electronics. As can be shown from dislocation kinetics theory in mismatched layers, the rate of lattice mismatch strain relief in a lattice-mismatched film is given by:
where δ is the strain relieved by threading dislocation flow (and thereby misfit dislocation creation), ρt is the threading dislocation density at the top surface, b is the Burgers vector of the dislocation, B is a constant extracted from dislocation velocity measurements, Y is the biaxial modulus, εeff is the effective strain in the layer, U is the activation energy for dislocation glide, and T is the temperature of growth.
Realizing that the time derivative of plastic deformation is the 'grading rate' in a graded epitaxial layer, equation (1) can be written in a more practical form for those engineering dislocations in graded structures:
where Rg is the film growth rate and Rgr is the film grading rate.
For the particular case of the SiGe graded layer system on Si, the parameters for equation (2) have been extracted experimentally.
It is well known that activation energy for dislocation glide in the SiGe system is approximately 2.25 eV and not the extracted value of 1.38 eV. This discrepancy occurs since the extracted value assumes that the effective strain is constant with temperature, when in reality it is not. Thus, if one desires to use the formulations described herein, one must account for the change in effective strain with temperature.
It is also clear from
Using the invention, one can grow at reasonable growth rates at 750° C., avoid gas phase nucleation, but achieve lower threading dislocation densities by annealing at a higher temperature without gas flow.
The samples are 20% SiGe layers on SiGe graded buffers graded from 0-20% at a rate of 10% Ge/μm. The threading dislocation densities in the SiGe were measured as grown (growth temperature of 700-750° C.), and with a 5 minute anneal at 1050° C. performed after growth. As a result of the anneal, the total threading dislocation density decreased from 1.36×106 cm−2 to 7.25×105 cm−2, and the field threading dislocation density decreased from 1.31×106 cm−2 to 5.48×105 cm−2. Incorporating anneals throughout the grading process as described in this disclosure enables the production of films with total dislocation densities well below 105 cm−2.
One can estimate the time that one needs to pause at the annealing temperature (Δt in FIG. 2). This time is determined by ensuring that the dislocations have propagated as far as possible. A conservative estimate of this travel length can be extracted from
where ρl is the interface dislocation density (inverse of the interface dislocation spacing, S). For the 30% Ge alloy example, ρ=1.22×10−2 for complete relaxation. This results in a total misfit length per thread of approximately 5 cm using equation 3. Since the experiments were performed on 4-inch (10 cm) substrates, it is possible that a significant number are escaping at the edges of the wafer.
It must be remembered that the total length of 5 cm is distributed over a number of interfaces in a graded layer. In the case of graded SiGe, typically a graded layer is composed of, for example, 15 layers, each layer with an increment of 2% Ge. If one also imagines a typical grading rate of 10% Ge/μm, each of the 15 layers is 2000 Å thick. Thus, each thread is creating about 5 cm/15=0.33 cm of misfit length in each interface.
Since the expression
estimates the dislocation velocity, the minimum time (Δt) to ensure close to maximum relaxation is:
where it is assumed that annealing occurs at 1100C. Thus, the annealing time required at the elevated temperature need not be longer than a matter of seconds to ensure that the layer or layers grown at the reduced temperature have traveled their maximum length and created the lowest possible threading dislocation density. This calculation verifies that the invention is well suited to a CVD reactor with a low thermal mass in the substrate area, such as a rapid thermal CVD system.
A structure and method for creating relaxed mismatched films with low threading dislocation density, by avoiding growth during high temperature cycles and thus avoiding particle nucleation in rapid thermal CVD systems has been described. The particular case of SiGe/Si has been used to exemplify the growth sequence and parameters. However, the invention can also be utilized to lower defect densities in the compositional grading of other materials such as InGaAs and InGaP.
Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to several preferred embodiments thereof, various changes, omissions and additions to the form and detail thereof, may be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Kuznetsov et al., "Technology for high-performance n-channel SiGe modulation-doped field-effect transistors," Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, B 13(6) (Nov./Dec. 1995), pp. 2892-2896.
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|Lee et al., "Strained Ge channel p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors grown on Si1-xGex/Si virtual substrates," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, No. 20 (Nov. 12, 2001), pp. 3344-3346.
|Lee et al., "Strained Ge channel p-type MOSFETs fabricated on Si 1-xGex/Si virtual substrates," Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 686 (2002), pp. A1.9.1-A1.9.5.
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|Leitz et al., "Channel Engineering of SiGe-Based Heterostructures for High Mobility MOSFETs," Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 686 (2002), pp. A3.10.1-A3.10.6.
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|Li et al., "Design of high speed Si/SiGe heterojunction complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors with reduced short-channel effects," Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, vol. 20, No. 3 (May/Jun. 2002), pp. 1030-1033.
|Liu et al., "Growth Study of Surfactant-Mediated Relaxed SiGe Graded Layers for 1.55-muM Photodetector Applications," Thin Solid Films, vol. 380, Issue 1-2 (2000), pp. 54-56.
|Liu et al., "High-Quality Ge Films on Si Substrates Using SB Surfactant-Mediated Graded SiGe Buffers," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, Issue 21 (Nov. 19, 2001), pp. 3431-3433.
|Lu et al., "High Performance 0.1 mum Gate-Length P-Type SiGe MODFET's and MOS-MODFET's," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 47, No. 8 (Aug. 2000), pp. 1645-1652.
|Luo et al., "High-Quality Strain-Relaxed SiGe Films Grown with Low Temperature Si Buffer," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 89, Issue 13 (Sep. 23, 1991), pp. 1611-1613.
|Maiti et al., "Strained-Si heterostructure field effect transistors," Semiconductor Science and Technology, vol. 13 (1998), pp. 1225-1246.
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|Momose et al., "Dislocation-Free and Lattice-Matched Si/GAP1-xNx/Si Structure for Photo-Electronic Integrated Systems," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, Issue 25 (Dec. 17, 2001), pp. 4151-4153.
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|O'Neill et al., "SiGe virtual substrate N-channel heterojunction MOSFETs," Semiconductor Science and Technology, vol. 14 (1999), pp. 784-789.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|2 Oct 2003
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text:
MAGISTRATES have adjourned the case of two men accused of assault at a service station.
Gary Hogg, 40, of Co-operative Terrace, New Brancepeth, Durham, faces a common assault charge. He also faces a charge of using threatening words and behaviour.
Graham Hogg, 44, of Braunspath Estate (CRCT), New Brancepeth, is accused of three common assault offences and one of using threatening words and behaviour.
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All of the offences relate to an incident at Bradbury Service Station, Sedgefield, County Durham, dating from July 8 last year.
Magistrates at Newton Aycliffe adjourned the case today (Tuesday, January 9) and the pair return to court on Tuesday, January 23.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Catching Pigeons: Main event
Our Catching Pigeons feature is back with all the whispers and gossip ahead of the main weekend action.
By Catching Pigeons
Last Updated: 10/05/13 2:58pm
Last year's Investec Derby runner-up Main Sequence makes his seasonal reappearance in Saturday's Buckhounds Stakes at Ascot and there will be many a long face in the David Lanigan yard if he's beaten.
He's been gelded over the winter and his recent work suggests he's ready to making a winning start to his four-year-old campaign, especially with the yard beginning to click into gear. It isn't a straightforward task though with Thomas Chippendale's recent work with First Mohican suggesting he's made significant progress from his reappearance.
It's a decent card at the Berkshire track and Langavat is the subject of a big message going into the opening Betfred Mobile Maiden Stakes. He's been working with the better Richard Hannon two-year-olds and has already been pencilled in for a return to the track for the Royal Meeting.
Jazz shaped well on his Newbury debut and rates a threat but the feeling is he could benefit from an extra furlong even at this early stage.
Richard Hughes is an interesting booking for William Haggas' Westwiththenight who is expected to bring a halt to Sharp And Smart's winning run in the Bovis Homes Fiillies' Handicap.
The strongest word at Lingfield is for Ralph Beckett's Secret Gesture in the Betfred The Bonus King Oaks Trial. This is the race the trainer likes to target his leading Epsom hopes with and this filly is rated superior to Pretty Polly heroine Talent at home and carries maximum stable confidence.
Luca Cumani's team seem more forward than usual and Greatwood's recent work has been very encouraging ahead of the Betfred Derby Trial. He should win although there are plenty of people prepared to give Another Cocktail a second chance after he failed to handle Epsom last time. The step up in trip will suit him.
Tom Eaves heads to Nottingham for one ride on Saturday afternoon, newcomer Duke Cosimo for the in-form Sir Michael Stoute team. He's a nice type who's been found a good opening in the Odds On Favourite DG Taxis 01159 500500 Maiden Stakes.
William Buck and John Gosden look to have good prospects of a double at Haydock with the promising Hanseatic in the Pertemps Network Handicap and Gregorian in the Spring Trophy.
It may seem strange to devote a chunk of the column to Nicky Henderson but he's confident of landing the feature Pertemps Network Handicap Hurdle (formerly the Swinton Hurdle) with Forgotten Voice. This has looked an ideal target for the former Royal Hunt Cup winner all season but connections are casting an anxious eye to the sky as any further rain is very much not in his favour.
Stablemate Tour D'Argent endured no luck at all last season but would have a solid chance in the Pertemps Network Intermediate Handicap Chase although it is a very competitive heat.
There are fewer concerns about the ground at Kempton on Sunday and that has persuaded Henderson to run one of his more promising bumper types, In Fairness, in the finale. He shows smart form at home, Barry Geraghty hangs around to ride, and is expected to win.
The same combination should be on the scoresheet earlier on the card with Black Spirit in the Download The Coral App Novices' Hurdle. He was a good sort on the Flat, shaped encouragingly on his hurdling debut, and seems on particularly good terms with himself right now.
It's the big Dante Meeting at York next week and Liber Nauticus continued her preparations for the Musidora with a spin on the Round Gallop under Ryan Moore. She's a very athletic type who seems to be progressing well.
Roger Varian's team are a little out of-sorts on the track at the moment but continue to look fantastic in themselves in Newmarket and work well. Aljamaheer was one of his team to catch the eye this week.
There's a positive bulletin too for Joyeuse, the two-year-old Oasis Dream half-sister to Frankel, who is showing all the right signs in her early work for Sir Henry Cecil in Newmarket.
At the other end of the spectrum Purple Moon warmed up for a date performing in front of the Queen at the Royal Windsor Horse Show, with a trip to the seaside with several other former Luca Cumani stalwarts including Swop.


text: Onondaga Escarpment A smaller Onondaga Escarpment runs east – west is located along the northern shoreline of Lake Erie. Consisting of Onondaga limestone cap rock, this escarpment runs through Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario. This escarpment is most noticeable east of Buffalo, however rarely rises more than 10 meters. Substantial breaks in the Onondaga Escarpment have allowed Lake Erie waters to flow into the low lands of the … Read more


text:
Jerusalem - Organisers of a pro-Palestinian flotilla that will try to break Israel's sea blockade of the Gaza Strip accused Israel on Thursday of sabotaging a second ship.There was no immediate word on how this would affect activists' plans to set off from the Greek port of Piraeus, the flotilla's base of operations. Activist Huwaida Arraf told Israel's Army Radio that the engine of an Irish ship was damaged while in port. "When the engine was started, it completely bent," Arraf said. "While out at sea, if this would have happened, if it would have bent in this way, the boat would have started taking on water and it could have led to fatalities."Earlier this week, activists said Israel damaged the propeller of a Swedish ship in Pireaus.Israel has not commented on the allegations.Between 300 and 400 activists had been due to set sail this week to try to breach the naval blockade Israel imposed after anti-Israel Hamas militants overran the Palestinian territory in 2007. It is not clear when they will set sail on their journey, which is expected to take several days.Last year, an Israeli raid on a similar flotilla killed nine activists on a Turkish vessel, the Mavi Marmara. Each side blamed the other for the violence.
That it, blame Israel for poorly maintained ships. I hope they all sink.
free gaza from hamas- stop the lies
Flotilla organizers claim to be "nonviolent peace activists" and "human rights activists." They are not. They are members of extremist organizations that support terrorist groups and are dedicated to the destruction of Israel. The Free Gaza Movement is an affiliate of the International Solidarity Movement, which opposes the existence of the Jewish state. The IHH (Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation) is a Turkish Islamist organization with links to jihadist organizations in Bosnia, Syria, Iraq, Libya, and elsewhere.
@ZA101 - oh you know this for a fact, do you? We are not ashamed of Israel's actions, whatever they are, if it is to defend her rights as a soveriegn state and to protect her civilians. Why are Israeli rights less important than other peoples? I would remind you that the blockade against Hamas, which is a terrorist organization governing Gaza, is sanctioned by the EU.
No lies in what is written!
BTW, now this person that has fought to bring down Apartheid is fighting another Holocaust that your terrorist activists aim to achieve... if their support for Hamas is anything to go by, "Kill all the Jews, bla bla bla and destroy the state of Israel... bla bla... throw all women, children and men into the sea" go read Hama's charter – then you will realise why, there are only 300 people on the flotillas.
its not about israel rights being less than anybody else. The Israel government is as bad as governments of Syria, Libya, Iran etc. The world condemns these countries too. There are sanctions on these other countries. In Libya, there is even bombings of the brutal government.
Israel has stolen land from Palestinians. Israel has expelled Palestinians. In Gaza, they are strangling the population there.
Israel is looking just how South Africa looked like in the 1980s. Remember those scenes of PW Botha hanging on to Apartheid saying the emergency laws were right, and that South Africa did not care what the rest of the world thinks, and that the Christianity supported Apartheids actions. Looking back at all that PW Botha looks Pathethic.
Israel is just like that.
What a joke, blame Israel for bad mechanics! They can't even get the boat in the water, but somehow still want to blame Israel for not allowing them to break a legal blockade.
Do they even realize how bizarre they sound?
One day Israelophobia (or PseudoPalestinia Syndrome) will be a medically recognized mental disease, with the symptoms including denial of reality, history and truth, as well as unmitigated hatred and paranoia.
To many Zionist reading this
Hey Meelo, sorry us Zionists "you really mean Jews", dont just curl up and die like you want us to. We wont do that anymore.
Meelo, I am surprised you can even string a basic sentence together
Fact is, there is absolutely no humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
have a look at the link below:
Recently, a Sudanese minister who visited Gaza, said he wished his own country would be so prosperous. And whatever goods the so-called-activists wish to give the Gazans, they can be effectively sent via the Erez crossing from Israel (as are thousands of tons of good transferred every month), or the Rafah corssing from Egypt.
Furthermore, since Hamas stopped firing rockets at Israel, Israel didn't have any military operations in Gaza.
So given all of this, is this flotilla really necessary? How about, making a flotilla to Syria, where people really are oppressed and slaughtered by a tyrant? But that wouldn't be as sexy as blaming Israel, right? Not to mention - extremely dangerous, since unlike Israel - provoking Syria would actually get you killed, as you well know.
meelo, all you and your fellow activists are doing in this Gaza flotilla, is showcasing your extreme hypocrisy and making world-class asses out of yourselves.
za101 sound just like Joseph Goebbels (Hitler's' minister of propaganda)and
za101. You are like a donkey with blinkers. Zanu tells it like it is. You can't change history and facts. Your education level seems like those Palestinians who "bend" an engine when it starts up. Huh? The so-called "poor and starving" Gaza have just build a playground rivaling the 6 flags ones they have in Florida and disneyworld. --- And they are starving???
Does News 24 actually proof read their articles before publishing them?
I quote: "Between 300 and 400 activists had been due to set sail this week from Gaza to try to breach the "
Sail from or to Gaza ? Which is it?
Look, if you were in Israel and had mortars and missiles lobbed at you from your neighbours every day, you would wonder how they keep getting supplied and want to stop that, right?
While the Arab agression is an act of war, Israel has chosen a more passive route of action. Yet the world seems to think they are being too tough on the Hamas / Iranian sponsored agression!
Get real folks.
What is on those ships heading to Gaza? They say 'aid' - well if I am low on missiles, then fresh missiles would 'aid' me a lot! BTW the Egyptian supply corridor is open, so dock in Egypt and send the 'aid' to Gaza that way.
Once the attacks on Israel stop, the ports can open again - simple deal.
It could also be that they are looking for a simple way to keep interest in the flotilla and score propaganda points without having to sail.
Israel probably did nothing... but easy and cool to blame them anyways...
Hey Saul why don't you change you name to Paul.Maybe then youl see light or are you scared of falling off.
Meelo are you really as stupid as you pretend? Do you really think that all that Hamas has is stones? They have rockets, missiles, anti-tank missiles, explosive devices and of course automatic and semi-automatic weapons. They are waging a war against the civilians of Israel, and then you get upset when Israel fights back? Grow up.
People in Gaza come from the areas south of Tel Aviv and Southern israel.
They were kicked out of their homes just like the people of Distrcit 6 and Sophiatown
whats JT4, is that the name of you Nuclear defense mechanism.
The only things that are stringed together are stones thrown at your brothers.
Thanks for affirming that you are in fact un-able to string a logical sentence together. I suggest you take a little more time for that little kernel of a thought you have in your mind to develop into the fully grown turd that it no doubt will become
Like i said way to many white extremist reading this.
So meelo, am I a white extremist?
Too many Hamas terrorist supporters seeking more bloodshed here.
Even the US Gov't has declared that the intention of the flotilla is provocation only.
Gaza residents have everything they need in terms of material goods.
The only thing they dont have is democracy, and the right to be treated as human beings, by their own leaders (Hamas).
Meelo – I hope you know, that what your doing and all the effort you put into your hate filled mind… well its counter productive to the Palestinians themselves.
The more support and false hope they get that Israel will be destroyed, the more they will continue to suffer at Israeli self defence… yes meelo, and you are to blame for the Palestinian suffering.
Israel haters should do some research, it will open your eyes and help them to realize that they also have been duped by the fifth column and its twisted propaganda.
Here are a few links to read about how Israel is helping countries in Africa,including SA and other countries like India to use Israeli technology to increase their farming output.
zanu....u just like one of those people whi called blacks terrorists and that apartheid was right.
Israel is doing 100s of things that are illegal like building settlements on Arab land in the West Bank
That is theft.
And the fact that u say that Gaza people have all ehst they need, Apartheid South Africa did the same thing in the 1970s and 1980s. Bringing thousands of people on holiday to South Africa and put on a big show, telling them that blacks were fine, and well taken cared off, and there is nothing to worry, and that the Anti-Apartheid movement was over reacting and these people went back to where they came from and said Apartheid was actually fine.
Israel is now more like Apartheid South Africa under PW Botha than ever before
@zanu......why dont you do research on israel stealing Palestinian land in the west bank?
IN ISRAEL, all civilians Muslims, Jews & Christians alike,
A. Have equal rights.
B. If you are gay you are a protected minority.
C. freedom of speech
D. Freedom of protests.
E. Free press.
F. Freedom of religion.
G. Woman have equal rights and can vote, work and study.
H. DEMOCRACY - All citizens vote! FACT
I. No racist distinction between Shiite Sunni or Druze
J. A justice system that is above even the prime minister
K. Both Arab and Jewish representatives in their Knesset parliament....
L. any Muslim, Jew or Christian can live anywhere they want in Israel
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Name 1 country in the Middle East that treats its inhabitants that way. Visit Israel and see for yourself why the Israeli Arabs are so grateful to be Israeli citizens.
So, sorry no Apartheid in Israel, just a democracy under daily threat.
Your propaganda is pathetic ZA101
Zanu.........again u a propoganda machine
Israel confiscated land under Absantee laws from Arabs.
Israel has passed laws that prevent Israeli Arabs from living in sparcely populated areas on Israel.
Arabs CANNOT buy land anywhere in Israel, even if those who have Israeli Citezinship.
Israel is an oppressive country. Do you know that there are seperate roads for Arabs and Jews in the West Bank?
Arab movement is restricted also. If an Arab needs to move from one area of the West Bank to another, they have to get apporval first.
Israeli settlers go and live in Hebron, and then force Arabs to shut down their businesses.
On Russia Today, they showed a scene where settler were throwing dirty water from their flats onto Arab shops below.
u ask why i support israel? cause this below can happen anywhere in the middle east except for israel. the real apartheid in this world


text:
Data Protection Act
The Data Protection Act (DPA) is a law passed by the British government in 1984 and updated in 1998.
It sets out rules for people who use or store data about living people and gives rights to those people whose data has been collected. The law applies to data held on computers or any sort of storage system, even paper records.
The law covers personal data which are facts like your address, telephone number, e-mail address, job history etc.
People who use the information are called data controllers. People who the data is about are called data subjects.
Main points of the Data Protection Act[change | change source]
This is a brief simplified summary of the main principles of the UK Data Protection Act
This applies to information kept on staff, customers and account holders, for example:
- If you collect data about people for one reason, you must not use it for a different reason;
- You must not give people's data to other people or organisations unless they agree;
- People have the right to look at data that any organisations store about them;
- You must not keep the data for longer than you need to and it must be kept up to date;
- You must not send the data to places outside of the European Economic Area unless adequate levels of protection exist;
- Organisations that store data about people must register with the Information Commissioner's Office;
- If you store data about people you must make sure that it is secure and well protected;
- If an organisation has data about you that is wrong, then you have a right to ask them to change it.
- Computer legislation
- Computer Misuse Act


text:
Wikipedia, Wordpress, Reddit, others go dark - Also: Questions after the SOPA/PIPA blackout - Meanwhile, stakeholders huddle on PIPA - And: W.H. launching 'green button' - Ball is back in Comcast's co
With help from Jonathan Allen, Eliza Krigman, Michelle Quinn, David Saleh Rauf and Brooks Boliek
WIKIPEDIA, OTHERS GO DARK IN PROTEST – The unprecedented Web protest of SOPA and PIPA began at midnight, with Wikipedia, Wordpress and countless other websites going dark, and others including Google and Craigslist using their highly trafficked sites to raise awareness about the two bills. We've got rolling updates on the blackout all day — more here: http://politi.co/wY4f9D — but here are the essentials this morning:
Story Continued Below
--Standing in place of the normal information hub on Wikipedia's English site is a simple note on a black screen: "Imagine a world without free knowledge. For over a decade, we have spent millions of hours building the largest encyclopedia in human history. Right now, the U.S. Congress is considering legislation that could fatally damage the free and open Internet. For 24 hours, to raise awareness, we are blacking out Wikipedia." Check it out: http://bit.ly/A139eN
--Google didn't participate in the blackout, of course, but it is assisting in the protest by other means. A quick visit to the main Google search portal reflects the company has replaced its logo with a black censor box, and added a link beneath the search bar, both of which redirect users to a fact sheet that criticizes the proposed laws and urges users to contact their lawmakers: http://bit.ly/zPWvkh
--HuffPo ditches its jumbo headline on the home page. In its place: A giant black box, linking to a SOPA/PIPA story: http://huff.to/yYewF3
--CEA, EFF, CDT, Wordpress all erected their own SOPA and PIPA protest flags, and Reddit will begin its blackout at 8 a.m. As of midnight, Craigslist also carried a full-screen notice, warning visitors to "Imagine a world without craigslist, Wikipedia, Google, [your favorite sites here]." Referencing SOPA and PIPA, it continued: "News Corp, RIAA, MPAA, Nike, Sony, Comcast, VISA & others want to make that world your reality." (After a few seconds, the visitor is able to resume browsing the site, however.) Meanwhile, the website for the popular game Minecraft ditched the black background for red, with the line: "PIPA and SOPA? How about NOPA?"
--But will it backfire? Before the protest began, key lawmakers criticized the protest as a distraction. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Lamar Smith specifically called out Wikipedia in his statement Tuesday. "It is ironic that a website dedicated to providing information is spreading misinformation about the Stop Online Piracy Act," he said. "The bill will not harm Wikipedia, domestic blogs or social networking sites. This publicity stunt does a disservice to its users by promoting fear instead of facts." His counterpart, Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, echoed a similar concern in his own statement. MORE ON THIS below the jump, and find more on the protest throughout the day on POLITICO and POLITICO Pro.
MEANWHILE, STAKEHOLDERS HUDDLED TO TALK PIPA — Industry leaders met up with staffers for Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Sens. Patrick Leahy, Chuck Grassley and Orrin Hatch late Tuesday to discuss ways to bring Silicon Valley and Hollywood closer together on the Senate's controversial IP bill. But a source familiar with the meeting told us the huddle concluded without any real deal in sight. Disagreements still remain over provisions involving the private right of action, the application of the DMCA safe harbor and more. We're tracking.
SOPA PITS NORTH VS. SOUTH IN CALIFORNIA — Lawmakers aligned with Hollywood are split with members close to Silicon Valley over the IP bill, Michelle Quinn and Robin Bravender report: http://politi.co/wCnArS
Good Tuesday morning, time for your Morning Tech — where your MT-er is seriously considering this iPhone app that actually charges you a fee every time you skip the gym out of laziness. CNet has the story: http://cnet.co/wLOO42
Pay us in the form of comments and tips, and send 'em to email@example.com, or @ tonyromm. And find contact info for the crew below today's Speed Read.
TODAY: W.H. LAUNCHING 'GREEN BUTTON' — Speaking alongside executives from several prominent energy companies in Silicon Valley today, Aneesh Chopra will announce new online tools to help consumers track their energy use and, ultimately, save money. The administration is calling it the "Green Button."
Here's how it works: The White House has secured from private companies a voluntary commitment that they will develop and adopt the needed technologies, processes and standards to allow consumers to download energy usage data from utility company websites. Those tools will also be available to other, outside developers. "Green Button marks the beginning of a new era of consumer control over energy use, and local empowerment to cut waste and save money," Chopra said in a release. With open standards, Chopra noted, "American app developers and other innovators can apply their creativity to bring the smart grid to life for families — not only in California but in communities all across the Nation." We're tracking.
** A message from Neustar: One company enables over two billion voice calls, seven billion text messages and over 14 billion web searches each and every day. Neustar — the technology behind the technology. Follow us on Twitter @ neustar. **
GOLDEN STATE COFFERS HOPING FOR A FACEBOOK LIFT — California lawmakers are squaring off over whether to adjust planned cuts in services based on expected tax revenue generated when companies like Facebook and Yelp go public this year. Last week, the state's Legislative Analyst's Office sparked the conversation when it issued a report saying state forecasts should be adjusted because of Facebook's IPO. About 40 California companies announced they plan to go public this year, Mark Heesen, president of the National Venture Capital Association, told the Los Angeles Times. More on that, ICYMI: http://lat.ms/yf79uM
SOPA/PIPA: QUESTIONS AMID TODAY'S NET BLACKOUT — The blackout is well under way, but several questions remain. Up first: How effective is the digital boycott going to be? Darrell West, founding director of the Center for Technology Innovation at the Brookings Institution, chimed in to MT to say the tactic has already sent a crystal clear message to folks on the Hill: The bill threatens Internet firms and they're willing to walk if lawmakers don't pump the brakes. "It has dramatized how important the issue is for the technology community, and politicians are starting to reassess and think about ways to alter the bill."
Maybe the more pressing question: Do today's blackouts set a precedent for the tech community to shut down portions of the Web whenever it doesn't like something Congress is proposing? On that point, West says that although today's blackout is an effective tactic, it can't be duplicated too often — or it'll simply lose its intended effect. "You can't cry wolf all the time otherwise people get desensitized," he said. "Since this is the first time this tactic has been used, it has great potential to be effective. But a tactic like this works only if used infrequently."
GOODLATTE EYEING ORPHAN WORKS — In a rare bit of non-SOPA news, Rep. Bob Goodlatte told reporters at the State of the Net conference Tuesday that he's interested in orphan works. "We've been discussing that. There's no definitive plan to do that, but it's something certainly that has been on my larger list," he said. Goodlatte said one of the challenges he and others are facing is trying to devise ways to determine the status of photographs, as he said it isn't so easy to determine whether an image is actually an orphan work.
THE BALL IS BACK IN COMCAST'S COURT — The nation's top cable operator told MT it plans to respond next week to the Tennis Channel's demand that Comcast put the racquet network on the basic tier immediately.
In a petition filed at the FCC, the Tennis Channel asked the commission to compel the nation's largest cable operator to comply with an administrative law judge's order that found Comcast violated the commission's carriage rules by putting the Tennis Channel on a sports tier, when Comcast put its own sports-oriented channels on the more heavily trafficked basic tier. "It would punish Tennis Channel and reward Comcast for its discrimination by allowing Comcast to avoid compliance even after it has been found to have violated" the commission's rules, the Tennis Channel wrote in its petition. Here's the link: http://politico.pro/wYZxog
ALSO TODAY: TNR HOSTS GENACHOWSKI, OTHERS — The New Republic is hosting a tech forum at GWU today featuring FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski, FTC chief technologist Ed Felton and State Dept. innovation chief Alec Ross. Event begins 8:30 a.m.; we're tracking.
SPEED READ, by Michelle Quinn:
FEINSTEIN TRIED TO BROKER COPYRIGHT DEAL: Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) invited the tech industry and Hollywood to meet and talk about the fight over the congressional bills addressing copyright but only the tech industry showed, writes The Huffington Post. Now, the senator is working to amend the bill. http://huff.to/xufbuk
SOPA BATTLE WILL DEFINE COPYRIGHT FOR YEARS: A Wall Street Journal editorial titled "Brake the Internet Pirates" argues that the Stop Online Piracy Act "merely adapts the current avenues of legal recourse for infringement and counterfeiting to new realities" and some of the most ardent opponents of current federal bills are against copyright protections. http://on.wsj.com/wqqv6W
MICROSOFT SAYS IT OPPOSES SOPA AS DRAFTED: Microsoft is not joining the tech company blackout in protest of the online copyright bills, but the firm opposes the Stop Online Piracy Act "as currently drafted," a representative told Geek Wire. http://bit.ly/xUihBt
HOW TO LIVE WITHOUT WIKIPEDIA: Online libraries, Quora and the Encyclopedia Britannica are some of the suggested sites people can go to as they get through the day without Wikipedia, Mashable says. http://on.mash.to/yw11eL
EVEN BIG TECH FIRMS CAN'T STOP CYBERATTACKS: Recent cyberattacks on eBay and two Amazon subsidiaries, Zappos and 6PM, has underscored that even Internet giants cannot protect personal information, The New York Times reports. http://nyti.ms/yvsS1U
APPLE FILES SUIT AGAINST SAMSUNG: Apple has filed a design suit in Germany, claiming that 10 Samsung smartphones should be banned, in addition to a separate suit against five Samsung tablet computers, according to Bloomberg. http://bloom.bg/AiOtOY
CHINA EXPANDS NAME VERIFICATION OF MICROBLOGS: Chinese officials are requiring users of Twitter-like microblogs to register using their real names, an effort aimed at better controlling what is said, Reuters says. http://reut.rs/A2MhAB
SCHMIDT DEPUTY LEAVING: Sameer Bhalotra, leading staffer under W.H. cybersecurity chief Howard Schmidt, is leaving his post at the end of the month, reports GovInfoSecurity: http://bit.ly/Aj7fSE
[Tips, comments, suggestions? Send them along via email to our team: Tony Romm (email@example.com, @tonyromm), Kim Hart (firstname.lastname@example.com, @khart), Jen Martinez (firstname.lastname@example.com, @jenmartinez), Eliza Krigman (email@example.com, @ekspectacular), Elizabeth Wasserman (firstname.lastname@example.com, @elizwasserman), Brooks Boliek (firstname.lastname@example.com, @technocowboy) Mike Zapler (email@example.com, @mikezapler), Michelle Quinn (email@example.com, @MichelleQuinn) and David Saleh Rauf (firstname.lastname@example.com, @davidrauf).]
** A message from Neustar: Did you know that one company is responsible for enabling virtually every phone call and every text message in North America? OMG is right. And the most amazing part is, you've never heard of us. Our nationwide infrastructure makes sure your call, text or Internet search gets routed the right way, every time. Our technological know-how handles a lot more — from managing the .us domain, to seamless upgrades to 4G networks, to ongoing innovations that help telecommunication companies offer great, new products and services. So as the telecommunications world keeps changing, we'll change and innovate along with it. Learn more at www.neustar.biz/thetechnology and follow us on Twitter @ neustar. **


text: Publications 2015-01-14 Below are the most recent research publications by SITE's researchers in chronological order. For older research papers, please visit researchers' personal profiles and websites. 2017 28/08/2017 Whistleblower Rewards, False Reports, and Corporate Fraud by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with Paolo Buccirossi and Giovanni Immordino), SITE Working Paper 01/08/2017 Petro Rents, Political Institutions, and Hidden Wealth: Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts by Elena Paltseva (with Jørgen Juel Andersen, Niels Johannesen, and David Dreyer Lassen), published in the Journal of the European Economic Association 01/08/2017 Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974–2013 by Jesper Roine (with Anne Boschini and Kristin Gunnarsson), IZA Discussion Paper 01/06/2017 The Donor Footprint and Gender Gaps by Maria Perrotta Berlin, Evelina Bonnier and Anders Olofsgård, UNU Wider Working Paper 05/04/2017 Pricing and Capacity Provision in Electricity Markets: An Experimental Study by Chloé Le Coq (with Henrik Orzen and Sebastian Schwenen), published in the Journal of Regulatory Economics 13/03/2017 Motivating Whistleblowers by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with Jeffrey V. Butler and Danila Serra), Working Paper 2016 07/12/2016 Economic Scarcity and Consumers' Credit Choice by Chloé Le Coq (with Marieke Bos and Peter van Santen), Swedish House of Finance Research Paper 04/11/2016 Can the Poor Be Mobilized? Cooperation and Public Goods in Rural India by Anders Olofsgård (with Raj M. Desai and Shareen Joshi), SITE Working Paper 18/08/2016 Days of Rage and Silence: Explaining Political Action by Arab Youth by Anders Olofsgård (with Raj M. Desai and Tarik M. Yousef), published as chapter in "Young Generation Awakening", edited by Edward A. Sayre and Tarik M Yousef, Oxford University Press 05/04/2016 Political Man on Horseback: Military Coups and Development by Erik Meyersson, Working paper 18/02/2016 Confining the Coase Theorem: Contracting, Ownership, and Free-Riding by Elena Paltseva (with Tore Ellingsen), published in The Review of Economic Studies 2015 01/10/2015 Trust, Leniency and Deterrence by Chloé Le Coq and Giancarlo Spagnolo (with Maria Bigoni and Sven-Olof Fridolfsson, published in the Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 01/10/2015 Leniency, Asymmetric Punishment and Corruption. Evidence from China by Maria Perrotta Berlin and Giancarlo Spagnolo, SITE Working paper 05/07/2015 It's Good to be First: Order Bias in Reading and Citing NBER Working Papers by Ina Ganguli (with Daniel R. Feenberg, Patrick Gaule and Jonathan Gruber), NBER Working paper 25/03/2015 On the Effects of Group Identity in Strategic Environments by Chloé Le Coq (with James Tremewan and Alexander K. Wagner), published in the European Economic Review 16/02//2015 Preparing for Genocide: Community Work in Rwanda by Evelina Bonnier (with Jonas Poulsen, Thorsten Rogall and Miri Stryjan), SITE Working paper 13/02/2015 Leniency and Damages by Catarina Marvao and Giancarlo Spagnolo (with Paolo Buccirossi), SITE Working paper 28/01/2015 'For the Love of the Republic' Education, Secularism, and Empowerment by Erik Meyersson (with Selim Gulesci), Working paper 2014 08/09/2014 The EU Leniency Programme and Recidivism by Catarina Marvao, SITE Working Paper 25/04/2014 Long-Run Trends in the Distribution of Income and Wealth by Jesper Roine (with Daniel Waldenström), SITE Working Paper 12/02/2014 The Impact of a Food for Education Program on Schooling in Cambodia by Maria Perrotta Berlin (with Maria Cheung), published in Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 2013 22/10/2013 Islamic Rule and the Empowerment of the Poor and Pious by Erik Meyersson, published in Econometrica 21/10/2013 Social Centipedes: the Impact of Group Identity on Preferences and Reasoning by Chloé Le Coq (with J. Tremewan and A. Wagner), SITE Working Paper 19/10/2013 Aid Effectiveness in Times of Political Change: Lessons from the Post-Communist Transition by Anders Olofsgård and Maria Perrotta Berlin (with Emmanuel Frot), published in World Development 12/09/2013 Protection for Sale: The Case of Oligopolistic Competition and Interdependent Sectors by Elena Paltseva, published in the Canadian Journal of Economics 11/09/2013 EU-Russia Gas Relationship at a Crossroads by Chloé Le Coq and Elena Paltseva, published as a chapter in "Russian Energy and Security up to 2030", edited by Susanne Oxenstierna and Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Roothledge 10/09/2013 Competition Policy and Productivity Growth: an Empirical Assessment by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with P. Buccirossi, T. Duso, C. Vitale and L. Ciari), published in the Review of Economics and Statistics 09/09/2013 The Distortionary Effects of Fines Based on Revenue by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with V. Bageri and Y. Katsoulakos), published in The Economic Journal 01/09/2013 Closing the Gender Gap in Education: What is the State of Gaps in Labor Force Participation for Women, Wives and Mothers? by Ina Ganguli (with Ricardo Hausmann and Martina Viarengo), published in the International Labour Review 01/08/2013 Scientific Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation After the End of the Soviet Union by Ina Ganguli, Centre of Migration Research Working Paper, Nr 62 (120) 01/07/2013 Promises and Conventions – An Approach to Pre-Play Agreements by Topi Miettinen, published in the Journal of Games and Economic Behavior 2012 23/12/2012 Reputation, Competition and Entry in Procurement by Giancarlo Spagnolo, forthcoming in the International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2012, Papers and Proceedings, 30(3), 291-296 22/12/2012 The Private Provision of Excludable Public Goods: An Inefficiency Result by Elena Paltseva (with Tore Ellingsen), published in the Journal of Public Economics 21/12/2012 Russian-American Scientific Collaboration by Ina Ganguli in Y.P. Tretyakov (ed), Russian-Аmerican Links: Leaps Forward and Backward in Academic Cooperation. St. Petersburg, Russia: Nestor-Historia, pp. 120-135 20/12/2012 Collocation and Scientific Collaboration: Evidence from a Field Experiment by Ina Ganguli (with Kevin Boudreau, Tom Brady, Patrick Gaule, Tony Hollenberg, Eva Guinan and Karim Lakhani), Harvard Business School Working Paper 13-023 19/12/2012 The Resource Curse and its Potential Reversal by Jesper Roine (with A. Boschini, and Jan Pettersson), published in World Development 14/12/2012 Reputation and Entry by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with J. Butler, E. Carbone, and P. Conzo), SITE Working Paper 10/12/2012 Efficient Fiscal Spending by Supranational Unions by Jenny Simon (with J. Valasek), SITE Working Paper 15/11/2012 Privatization and Quality: Evidence from Elderly Care in Sweden by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with M.A. Bergman and S. Lundberg), SITE Working Paper 05/11/2012 The EU-Russia Gas Relationship: A Mutual Dependency by Chloé Le Coq and Elena Paltseva, SITE Working Paper 30/08/2012 Club-in-the-club: Reform under Unanimity by Elena Paltseva (with Erik Berglof, Mike Burkart and Guido Friebel), published in the Journal of Comparative Economics 28/08/2012 Dynamics of retail-bank branching in Antwerp (Belgium) 1991-2006: Evidence from micro-geographic data by Marieke Huysentruyt (with E. Lefevere and C. Menon), published in the Journal of Banking & Finance 12/07/2012 Aid Effectiveness in Times of Political Change: Lessons from the Post-Communist Transition by Anders Olofsgård, Maria Perrotta and Emmanuel Frot, SITE Working Paper 01/06/2012 The Politics of Aid Effectiveness: Why Better Tools can Make for Worse Outcomes by Anders Olofsgård, SITE Working Paper 01/03/2012 Assessing gas transit risks: Russia vs. the EU by Chloé Le Coq and Elena Paltseva, published in Energy Policy 01/02/2012 Crisis prevention and management: What worked in the 2008/09 crisis? by Torbjörn Becker, SITE Working Paper 2011 10/11/2011 Fines, Leniency and Rewards in Antitrust by Chloé Le Coq and Giancarlo Spagnolo (with M. Bigoni and S. Fridolfsson), published in the Rand Journal of Economics 01/11/2011 Aid Effectiveness: New Instrument, New Results? by Maria Perrotta and Emmanuel Frot, SITE Working Paper 01/08/2011 Equilibrium Selection in the Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma: Axiomatic Approach and Experimental Evidence by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with M. Blonski and P. Ockenfels), published in the American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 01/07/2011 Networks of relations and Word-of-Mouth Communication by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with Steffen Lippert), published in Games and Economic Behavior 01/05/2011 The Costs of Political Influence: Firm-Level Evidence from Developing Countries by Anders Olofsgård (and R. Desai), published in the Quarterly Journal of Political Science 2010 01/10/2010 On the Role of Capital Gains in Top Incomes by Jesper Roine (witd D. Waldenström), Uppsala Center for Labor Studies Working Paper 30/09/2010 Paying Attention to Payoffs in Analogy-Based Learning by Topi Miettinen, published in Economic Theory 01/09/2010 Commitment in Alternating Offers Bargaining by Topi Miettinen (with A. Perea), Working Paper 01/09/2010 Intergenerational top income mobility in Sweden: Capitalist dynasties in the land of equal opportunity? by Jesper Roine (with A. Björklund and D. Waldenström), the Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper 01/09/2010 Bank Location and Financial Liberalization Reforms: Evidence from Microgeographic Data by Marieke Huysentruyt (with E. Lefevere and C. Menon), published in the SERC discussion paper series 16/08/2010 Trust, Salience and Deterrence by Chloé Le Coq and Giancarlo Spagnolo (with M. Bigoni and S. Fridolfsson), IFN Working Paper No. 859 13/07/2010 Productivity in Contests: Organizational Culture and Personality Effects by Marieke Huysentruyt and Topi Miettinen (with O. Andersson, and U. Stephan), published in the Jena Economic Research Papers 07/01/2010 Access to Credit Information Promotes Market Entries of European Banks by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with N. Jentzsch and C. Giannetti), published in Weekly Report, DIW Berlin 01/06/2010 The Costs of Political Influence Firm-Level Evidence from Developing Countries by Anders Olofsgård (with R. Desai), published in the Quarterly Journal of Political Science 01/06/2010 Union Leaders as Experts: Wage Bargaining and Strikes with Union-Wide Ballot Requirements by Anders Olofsgård, published in the Scandinavian Journal of Economics 31/05/2010 Religion, Politics, and Development - Essays in Development Economics and Political Economics by Erik Meyersson, Doctoral Thesis in Economics at the Stockholm University, Sweden 26/05/2010 Purely Procedural Preferences - Beyond Procedural Equity and Reciprocity by Topi Miettinen (with N. Chlass and W. Guth), published in the Jena economic research papers 14/05/2010 How do people value extended warranties? Evidence from two field surveys by Marieke Huysentruyt (with D. Read), published in the Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 01/05/2010 Child Benefit Support and Method of Payment: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Belgium by Marieke Huysentruyt (with E. Lefevere), published in the American Economic Journal 01/05/2010 Asymmetry and Collusion in Sequential Procurement: A "Large Lot Last" Policy by Giancarlo Spagnolo (with G. L. Albano), published in the B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 06/03/2010 Common Trends and Shocks to Top Incomes: A Structural Breaks Approach by Jesper Roine (with D. Waldenström), published in the Review of Economics and Statistics 01/02/2010 Top Incomes in Sweden over the Twentieth Century by Jesper Roine (with D. Waldenström), published in the Atkinson and Piketty's (eds.) "Top Incomes over the Twentieth Century: Volume II, A Global Perspective" 2009 01/11/2009 The Dynamics of the Gender Gap: How do Countries Rank in Terms of Making Marriage and Motherhood Compatible with Work? by Ina Ganguli (with Ricardo Hausmann and Martina Viarengo), published by Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi (eds), The Global Gender Gap Report 2009, The World Economic Forum (2009) 01/10/2009 Herding in Aid Allocation by Emmanuel Frot (with J. Santiso), published in Klykos 01/08/2009 Fines, Leniency, Rewards and Organized Crime: Evidence from Antitrust Experiment by Chloé Le Coq and Giancarlo Spagnolo (with M. Bigoni and S. Fridolfsson), published in the Centre of Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper Series 09/07/2009 Measuring the Security of External Energy Supply by Chloé Le Coq and Elena Paltseva, published in the Journal of European Union Energy Policy 18/05/2009 The Length of Contracts and Collusion by Chloé Le Coq (with R. Green), published in the International Journal of Industrial Organization 21/04/2009 The Long-Run Determinants of Inequality: What Can We Learn from Top Income Data by Jesper Roine (J. Vlachos and D. Waldenström), published in the Journal of Public Economics 01/04/2009 Political Influence in Transition Economies: Firm Level Evidence by Anders Olofsgård (with R. Desai), Working Paper 01/03/2009 The Logic of Authoritarian Bargains by Anders Olofsgård (with R. Desai and T. Yousef), published in the Journal of Economics & Politics 01/03/2009 Wealth Concentration over the Path of Development: Sweden, 1873-2004 by Jesper Roine (with D. Waldenström), published in the Scandinavian Journal of Economics 01/02/2009 Understanding Declining Mobility and Inter-household Transfers among East African Pastoralists by Marieke Huysentruyt (with C.B. Barrett and J.G. McPeak), published in Economica 01/02/2009 Institutions and Nonconvergence Traps by Erik Meyersson (with P. Aghion and P. Howitt), published as chapter in the book of Aghion and Howitt's "The Economics of Growth", MIT Press 2008 01/04/2008 The Constitutional Channels of the Resource Curse by Jesper Roine (with A. Boschini and J. Pettersson), proceedings from "Meeting Global Challenges in Research Cooperation", Uppsala 01/02/2008 The Evolution of Top Incomes in an Egalitarian Society: Sweden, 1903-2004 by Jesper Roine (with D. Waldenström), published in the Journal of Public Economics 01/02/2008 Long-Run Changes in the Concentration of Wealth: An Overview of Recent Findings by Jesper Roine (with H. Ohlsson and D. Waldenström), published in Davies' (ed.) "Personal Wealth from a Global Perspective" 08/01/2008 Poverty, Exclusion, and Dissent - Support for Regimes in Developing Countries by Anders Olofsgård (with R. Desai and T. Yousef), Working Paper 06/01/2008 Corruption and Political and Economic Reforms: A Structural Breaks Approach by Anders Olofsgård (with Z. Zahran), published in Economics & Politics 05/01/2008 Delegation versus Communication in the Organization of Government by Anders Olofsgård (with R. Luma), published in the Journal of Public Economics 2007 03/01/2007 Resource Curse or Not: A Question of Appropriability by Jesper Roine (with A. Boschini and J. Pettersson), published in the Scandinavian Journal of Economics 02/01/2007 Foreign Aid: An Instrument for Fighting Communism? by Anders Olofsgård (with A. Boschini), published in the Journal of Development Studies


text:
Credit Advice
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If you've never filed Bankruptcy
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Damaged upon receipt...
By: DrBobcf
When they arrived, there was three small holes just below the waist band on the right side of the back seam. There were a few other areas with cut threads but no hole. As this is a closeout item, there is no return on the item. I suggest not buying any Dickies closeout item at the least. I will not be buying any closeout items from any brand. I did get a pair of gloves that came nowhere near the description as well. In Workingperson's defense, this is the first time I have received that was damaged. I hve ordered boots from them and they did live up to everything said about them.
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text:
Brief Interviews With Hideous Men: Stories
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- Synopsis
- David Foster Wallace made an art of taking readers into places no other writer even gets near. In his exuberantly acclaimed collection, BRIEF INTERVIEWS WITH HIDEOUS MEN, he combined hilarity and an escalating disquiet in stories that astonish, entertain, and expand our ideas of the pleasures that fiction can afford.
- Copyright:
- 1999
Book Details
- Book Quality:
- Publisher Quality
- Book Size:
- 43 Pages
- 9780316086899
- Publisher:
- Little, Brown and Company
- Date of Addition:
- 09/27/09
- Copyrighted By:
- David Foster Wallace
- Adult content:
- No
- Language:
- English
- Categories:
- Literature and Fiction
- Submitted By:
- Bookshare Staff
- Usage Restrictions:
- This is a copyrighted book.


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Artist description:
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" is a love song sung mainly by an off-screen character voiced by Kristle Edwards, along with Timon (Nathan Lane), Pumbaa (Ernie Sabella), adult Simba (Joseph Williams) and adult Nala (Sally Dworsky). This musical sequence sh
Java Draw Created Feb 11, 2009 470 x 338px Unless noted Copyright 2009 santacruiser.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
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gotta luv da lion king :p n wat a perfect draw 4 val day ahaha xD da description seems descriptive (lol). like how it looks just like a screen shot n da bg frame;faveee
I LOVE this drawing 5/5
my favorite cartoon great drawing 5h
thats sooo cute! xD
oh my god, stunning :)
Amazing! I love the lighting :D 5/5 and favourite!
wonderful draw :), you must have consertratd very hard!
Wow!~ You drew it soo well!~
awesome draw :) 5h
wow nicee 5


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Emma's Favorite Designers
Amy Breucken is a designer with a fun and comical style to her. Amy also owns and operates an online store visit it here.
Amy Bunger is a needlepoint artist with multiple published books and DVD's. Amy owns and operates both an online store and a store in Tennessee.
Beth Gantz is a designer and a store owner. Beth's store, Stitches Etc, is a full service needlepoint, cross stitch and custom framing retail store. Visit her website here.
NeedleKnowledge is a site dedicated to all things needlework and includes free patterns, charts, diagrams and more.


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8 Weeks After Conception
Right now, he weighs less than half an ounce. By the time your child is born, if he weighs 7-1/2 pou
Right now, he weighs less than half an ounce. By the time your child is born, if he weighs 7-1/2 pounds (an average birth weight), he will multiply his current weight nearly 240 times.Here's a closer look at what your baby may look like right around eight weeks after conception, or at ten weeks menstrual age.
See some ultrasounds from week 10 of pregnancy:
Take a peek at some of our featured pregnancy diaries for week 10 of pregnancy:
|Read a few articles about what you might expect during your first trimester: See them here
|Check out what some real moms had to say about their first trimester: Click to take a peek
Like this picture or this page?
Click here to send this page to a friend!
See other weeks here:
Note: These images and information are not meant to convey precise detail, but rather the general shape and progression of your baby as he or she develops. These drawings are not to scale, and are for educational purposes only. Every baby is different, and this information should not be construed as medical diagnosis or advice.
For more on your baby's development and changes in your body, be sure to check out our day-by-day pregnancy calendar!


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Abbiati facing fortnight on sidelines
AC Milan goalkeeper Christian Abbiati will be out of action for two weeks with a right shoulder injury.
• Berlusconi to return to Milan presidency
Abbiati, 34, sustained the injury in last week's Champions League game against Barcelona and sat out last Sunday's 4-0 win over Chievo.
Tests done on the player ruled out the need for surgery but Abbiati will take around 15 days to recover.
Marco Amelia will again replace Abbiati in goal when the Rossoneri face Genoa in Liguria on Friday.
Abbiati had played in all of Milan's league games prior to last weekend's clash against Chievo.
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I am trying to find a great place for dinner and come up with a few choices from internet searches. What are you opinions of each, and do you have any further recomendations?
1. Terrace Cafe
2. Bonterra
3. Soul Gastrolounge
4. Mimosa Grill
5. Luce
I love everything however my husband isn't quite as adventurous. He appriciates a fine meal, but doesn't like ingredients that are unfamiliar. Is there anywhere I could get the adventurous meal at the same time staying in his comfort zone. Price point does not matter. We will be downtown and are willing to travel.


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Great product. Mobilefun emails relentless. Avoid
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