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Business groups and social welfare in emerging markets: Existing evidence and unanswered questions
No abstract is available for this item.
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Volume (Year): 44 (2000)
Issue (Month): 4-6 (May)
Pages: 748-761
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Encaoua, David & Jacquemin, Alexis, 1982. "Organizational efficiency and monopoly power : The case of French industrial groups," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 25-51.
- Weinstein, David E & Yafeh, Yishay, 1995.
"Japan's Corporate Groups: Collusion or Competitive? An Empirical Investigation of Keiretsu Behavior,"
Journal of Industrial Economics,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(4), pages 359-376, December.
- Weinstein, D.E. & Yafeh, Y., 1993. "Japan's Corporate Groups: Collusive or Competitive? An Empirical Investigation of Keiretsu Behavior," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1623, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Gary R. Saxonhouse, 1993. "What Does Japanese Trade Structure Tell Us about Japanese Trade Policy?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 7(3), pages 21-43, Summer.
- Saxonhouse, G.R., 1993. "What Does Japanese Trade Structure Tell Us about Japanese Trade Policy?," Working Papers 337, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan.
- Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1998. "Law and Finance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(6), pages 1113-1155, December.
- Rafael LaPorta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, "undated". "Law and Finance," Working Paper 19451, Harvard University OpenScholar.
- Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silane & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1996. "Law and Finance," NBER Working Papers 5661, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Rafael LaPorta & Florencio Lopez de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1996. "Law and Finance," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1768, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- La Porta, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W., 1998. "Law and Finance," Scholarly Articles 3451310, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Kali, Raja, 1999. "Endogenous Business Networks," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 615-636, October.
- Van Hulle, Cynthia, 1998. "On the nature of European holding groups," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 255-277, September.
- Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-De-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer, 1999. "Corporate Ownership Around the World," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 54(2), pages 471-517, 04.
- Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silane & Andrei Shleifer, 1998. "Corporate Ownership Around the World," NBER Working Papers 6625, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer, 1998. "Corporate Ownership Around the World," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1840, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Leff, Nathaniel H, 1978. "Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship in the Developing Countries: The Economic Groups," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 26(4), pages 661-675, July.
- repec:fth:michin:337 is not listed on IDEAS
- David Flath, 1994. "Keiretsu Shareholding Ties: Antitrust Issues," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 12(1), pages 24-36, 01.
- Lang, Larry H P & Stulz, Rene M, 1994. "Tobin's q, Corporate Diversification, and Firm Performance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 102(6), pages 1248-1280, December.
- Larry H.P. Lang & Rene M. Stulz, 1993. "Tobin's Q, Corporate Diversification and Firm Performance," NBER Working Papers 4376, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Chang, Sea Jin & Choi, Unghwan, 1988. "Strategy, Structure and Performance of Korean Business Groups: A Transactions Cost Approach," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(2), pages 141-158, December.
- Gelfer, Stanislav & Perotti, Enrico C, 1999. "Red Barons or Robber Barons? Governance and Financing in Russian FIG," CEPR Discussion Papers 2204, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- repec:hrv:faseco:30747162 is not listed on IDEAS
- Nicodano, Giovanna, 1998. "Corporate groups, dual-class shares and the value of voting rights," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(9), pages 1117-1137, September.
- B. Douglas Bernheim & Michael D. Whinston, 1990. "Multimarket Contact and Collusive Behavior," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 21(1), pages 1-26, Spring.
- Cable, John & Yasuki, Hirohiko, 1985. "Internal organisation, business groups and corporate performance : An empirical test of the multidivisional hypothesis in Japan," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 401-420, December.
- Ghemawat, Pankaj & Khanna, Tarun, 1998. "The Nature of Diversified Business Groups: A Research Design and Two Case Studies," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(1), pages 35-61, March.
- Caves, Richard E., 1989. "International differences in industrial organization," Handbook of Industrial Organization,in: R. Schmalensee & R. Willig (ed.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 21, pages 1225-1250 Elsevier.
- Robert Z. Lawrence, 1991. "Efficient or Exclusionist: The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 22(1), pages 311-341.
- Flath, David, 1992. "Indirect shareholding within Japan's business groups," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 223-227, February.
- Berger, Philip G. & Ofek, Eli, 1995. "Diversification's effect on firm value," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 39-65, January. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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subset: commoncrawl


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I love it! Nuf said! If Twilight tastes like grape now, when she gets older, does that mean she'll taste just like raisins? :3
Now, now - I'm sure that Twilight will age into a fine wine, not a shriveled up raisin.
Of course, that means that by the time she's Granny Smith's age, she'll have turned into sour old vinegar, but.... ;)
Glad you liked it!
First we need to jump out this window. <3
Hilariously well written, I look forward to more by you, author.
Friends with benefits is a completely valid field in the study of friendship.
it was awesome
This is quite possibly the most insane and utterly confusing fic I have ever read in my lifetime.
It is half-mad and half genius.
My brain is exploding into a rainbow now.
Well done, good sir/madam.
... What the hay did I just read?!
And why do I want more?!
Ah, exactly the result I was looking for!
Try finding the song and listening to it; it explains where some of the more bizarre things come from (though the giant Gummy head was mine. )
I'm glad everybody's enjoying it so far!
That was... Surreal.
I pride myself on being able to imagine almost anything people write, from steamy clop-scenes to complex battle-scenes, but... daym, this strained my brain to the breaking point.
How the hell did you even come UP with this stuff?! xD
Also, friends with benefits is a totaly valid section of the friendship study. xD
(Second story I've read on FiMfic. Oooh, you have ponimoticons! Sweet. )
How do I come up with this stuff?
It helps when you have music like this.
And I really hope I got that code down correctly....
F-ing magnets, how do they work?
Easily one of the craziest stories I've read in a while XD
i...... i tink....
i tink mi mind is broke o_O
awesomeeeeeeeeeeee!!!!! it is soo crazy....
I'm finding this unbelievable enough that I'll keep a log of what I'm thinking to post afterwards.
"Gomen," Pinkie pouted.
Wait...Pinkie wants what? Umm...That's..disturbing already. No doubt she could summon Cthulu at a moment's notice anyway, so she can't be too serious. She knows Japanese, I wonder if she could help with the subbing...
And Twilight is doomed. DOOMED. Spike is underexaggerating, especially since this fanfic has turned up her weird meter a bit.
Wait, Twilight thought she'd have to convince Pinkie? Wow. I thought they knew each other better than that. 'For Science' isn't actually all that far from Pinkie's level of insanity.
Music to trance out to. Vinyl Scratch has never served a finer purpose. Just awesome.
"Okay, maybe just a little obsessed," Twilight muttered sullenly. "But I don't have a crush on you!"
Right, little Twi-Twi. Not at all...
Going into multiple musical interludes. And of course, Pinkie is in perfect control, unlike Spike.
How did Pinkie...What? Umm...Pinkie is in way too much control.
To continue my studies. Uh...huh. Umm...
That was...slightly awesome. And made much too much sense for comfort. Thankfully, both Pinkie and Twilight there were slightly removed from canon, or else I would think it's only a matter of time. Twilight isn't that obsessive over the unknown, and would move on before going insane enough to try to go into Pinkie's mind. She's not that far into 'For Science', as proven by 'Feeling Pinkie Keen.' And Pinkie...wasn't quite sane enough. There were little things that she would normally have less control over. Pinkie doesn't control stories, she goes with the flow. And that was not going with the flow. Anyway, good job! I look forward to seeing more, even if it was inspired by Vinyl Scratch's trances.
The innocence of this show is melting away, bit by bit. I think reading shipping fanfic is bad for my mind O_o
The open-heart scene gave it a bizarre twist while still being very -ish. I had to roll my eyes at the magnets reference though.
Nice work.
That was.... weird.
Mission accomplished.
And regarding #718, I can see what you mean about Pinkie being too in-control. My justification, if I need one, is that if anypony's conscious mind is pretty much the personified subconscious Id, it's Pinkie's.
And Spike... well, the machine wasn't built to work perfectly with dragon brains, after all.
... Were... Were those Sub-Level 03 lyrics?
Indeed they were!
If you want to hear the song itself, I posted a link up in Comment #12. Most of their music I've heard isn't quite this... trippy, in the imagery, but I like this song in particular.
I really enjoyed this. :) Saw it on EqD but wanted to leave a comment here also.
Nothin' wrong with a bit of Twinkie
Loved this story.
Was a very nice little venture into an extraordinarily frightening place! Pinkie is probably my favorite of the mane cast (and also comes the most natural to get into character when writing, frighteningly), and everything you wrote about seemed spot on! I hope to see more.
I cant figure out how to read this :( anybody help?
... I find my mind to be in a bit of a haze. I find myself intensely interested in psychological stories like this. the part with the candied heart really piqued my interest and I find myself scrabbling to find some meaning to what this means to twilight's psyche and all I can come up with is that it was a case where twilight's feelings and pinkies randomness formed a mental image that there conscious minds were able to interpret, as horrifying as it is. I know the writer probably wasn't thinking this, this is how I interpreted it. sorry dear author if your offended by observations, but I hope you write more because this had my eyes glued to the screen with anticipation.
Saw "Sub-Level 03" and read it immediately. Was not disappointed. I never thought I'd see these two things combined. I approve of your choice of song, too. It's one of my favorites of theirs.
Do they know about this story, yet? I'm definitely mentioning this to them at Oklacon this year.
Awww, don't worry! I overthink fanfiction all the time too. :-P
This is one of those cases where the cigar was just a cigar, but some of the other stories I'm working on are going to be a smidge deeper. Now I just need to actually focus on one long enough to actually finish a chapter....
Heh. Well, I haven't told them about it myself, but I suppose that if you're going to, then there's nothing to be done about it.
Glad you liked the story though, as well as the song! It's just got the perfect imagery for this sort of thing.
This was so awesome, I was like What The Hay? the entire story... the "gomen" part, and the "magnets, how do they work" reference, made my day, preety darn epic!
I totally agree with you
Read this about 5-6 times now. It never gets old. goodgod above this thing is a masterpiece! Twi, forever my favorite pony, was done perfectly. Her dialogue and reactions to pinkie and the whole mix of nonsensical pinkie logic and twilight logic just...
Why bother explaining? It would take pages to describe my love of this fic. Usually, I get waaaay creeped out by these more... amorous ship fics, but hell, if they can be as funny as yours and maintain the relative tameness yours did (enough to be cute, pinkie lickin twi's nose = adorable image) then more power to 'em!
Seriously, I lost it at the magnets part.
You better keep writing author! don't you dare deprive me of more of this awesomeness!
(only one complaint: SUblevel 3? really? go listen to some glitch mob or Mt.eden. passion pit and the like)
Thanks for the kind words. But as for your comment about the musical selection....
Don't make me pull out the Gordon Lightfoot.
Excellent story!
And +1 to you for the "non-Eucoltean" remark.
I see what you did thar.
what did i just read and why do i whant more and what was with sheriff spike part and lmao with friends with benifets [ if the world was like that sigh]
It's stories like this that remind me why I love cartoons. This was one of the most imaginative things I've read in a while. In fact, it's so "visually driven" I almost wish it was an animation. This is the kind of thing that's very difficult to convey in words.
I could have done without the shipping, but I think that's just personal choice. Obviously the point of going into Pinkie's mind is to escape any need for logic, and simply plaster us with colorful imagery that simply wouldn't be possible within the confines of Equestria. Of course, it's silly that Twilight would consider searching for Pinkie's mysterious "physical" abilities by looking in her "mind", so the premise itself could possibly use some work. However, I'm willing to look past this until you think up a better excuse.
The one other thing I would suggest is cutting out a lot of the exposition. Her initial scene where she wakes up is fine. However, I would cut out a lot of the Spike stuff, and reduce all of that to a short summary. Perhaps start the flashback with Twilight standing with Pinkie Pie just as she's about to hit the button, and then give a brief summary of what happened just prior. Nothing more than a small paragraph should do.
I loved the way you incorporated the lyrics into the story. Again, this would make a great animation, and I really wished I could "hear" the lyrics rather than simply read them. Unfortunately, music is the one thing that cannot be conveyed in prose. The closest you can do is place a footnote with a link to a YouTube video or something, although obviously that would be a bit distracting to the reader.
Anyway, I hope to read more from you at some point. I realize that these kind of ideas are few and far between, but you have an active imagination and I wouldn't be surprised if you found yourself "inspired" with another insane idea. When that happens, rest assured I'll be right there to enjoy every last bit of it.
""A gateway to places beyond time and space that'll unleash overly amorous tentacle-y beasties on all of Ponyville? Oh, that'd be the best!"
"Pin- What?!?" Twilight asked, turning to look at her bouncing friend, who had somehow found the time to dress up in a white blouse, blue skirt, and matching scarf while she wasn't looking." Naughty Naughty Naughty
Also, Magnets. HOW DO THEY WORK?!?!
Interesting story though, I enjoyed it.
There are things in life that one is better off not knowing.
Pinkie is one of them. She exists in defiance of reality. She is an anomaly, a paradox, the very essence of unreason.
Pity the foal that chooses to dive into her mind in an attempt to make sense of it.
Start reading, think: Oh hey, this is pretty good!
"overly amorous tentacle-y beasties"
Scroll up, rate 5 stars, leave comment.
Resume reading.
scamper among the lillies
fly among the trees
roll across the grass
run through the fields
awww what did we miss? your hiding something! yea / no?
good read all the same
I think me last brain cell had a accident with a truck and two chickens
TwiPie... Why have I not searched for this before????
That was beyond trippy... and loved every second of it.
Also, Twinkie
I loved how pinkie's mind was explored, that was fun! Twinkie isn't my favorite shipping, but DEFINITELY not a bad one! Very fun and intriguing! Nice flow too, easy to read. Glad I read!
That was freaking amazing! And Twilight's letter...oh man, that just left the door open for the naughtiness of what Pinkie did to Twilight...so perfect! I really do love Twilight x Pinkie. Not sure where it ranks out of my favorite Twilight x Mane Six shipping, but...hmm...it's one of my favorites!
Oh my...
I'd have thought Twilight would've been a bit more shocked at the first kiss, but with her *secret desires* and such, I guess it could be explained she wanted it to happen so badly that when it did it wasn't surprising. I'd be pretty surprised if I went into my best friend's head and then they sudden;y started doing things to me... ugh. But otherwise, great short!
And Tails- are you following me, or something? Every time I find a new story, your comment is right above mine. Seriously.


text:
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Read at http://www.ocregister.com/jobsearch/nurse-519692-nurses-practice.html


text:
Tommy Roberts
Clothes shop impresario whose daring designs in the Sixties and Seventies were worn by Mick Jagger, Jimi Hendrix and David Bowie
Tommy Roberts dressed Swinging London in the 1960s and 1970s, selling clothes to Elton John, Mick Jagger, Jimi Hendrix, Marc Bolan and David Bowie from boutiques at trendy London addresses around Carnaby Street, Kensington and the Kings Road.
Known as "Mr Freedom" — the name he gave to his most famous clothing line — Roberts created a unique and influential Pop Art fashion and almost anything could be integrated into its freewheeling but stylish aesthetic. He clothed Jean Shrimpton in clingy vest dresses and Jimi Hendrix in frilly-fronted shirts and military jackets. Jagger wore his appliquéd T-shirts, he provided Elton John with some of his most outrageous platform boots and jump suits and Bowie wore one of his box jackets on an album cover.
Hemlines —…


text:
|Reserve by mail
Historic city sightseeing theme walk focussing on medieval Lucerne and the Swiss Confederation from the 12th to the 18th century.
Next Public Nightwatchman Walks
- The attractions of the historic city centre
- Lucerne in the middle ages
- Medieval law and order
- The Dance of Death by Jakob von Wyl
- Pictures presented on Paper, iPad and Projector
Prices Public Tours
CHF 25.- Adults
CHF 15.- Teenagers (13 - 19 years old)
Prices Private Tours
Request by mail (firstname.lastname@example.com) or book with Tripadvisor or GetYourGuide with instant confirmation.
CHF 200.- Private Tour (up to 10 Persons)
CHF 10.- Each additional Person
Duration and Length
Approx. 90 Minutes / approx. 1,6 km / 1 mile
Meeting Point
Rathausquai/Rosengartplatz next to the Chapel Bridge, right-hand riverside
Walking Tour with english speaking, medievally dressed Local Guide and media presentation
Not Included
Transfers to/from Meeting point
The tour starts with the fire horn followed by the Nightwatchman call. Here you go. Nightwatchman Ralf introduces himself and tells you about his live in the middle ages.
You see the Martiniplan, a 400 years old city map and you hear from Martin Martini the genius copper engraver, counterfeiter and loudmouth.
|The Martini Plan of 1597
|The Kapellbrücke, 1897
You get to know about the inside of the Water Tower, the torture chamber, the dungeon and the secret room.
|The Toggeli (The Nightmare)
Walking through the Furrengasse you learn about its Ghost and the Toggelis around him.
On Kornmarkt you see the Lucerne Foot and Elle on the wall of the Town Hall. You hear the story of the "Giant of Reiden".
|The Riot of Lucerne
You continue to the Zöpfli, where the Nightwatchman introduces you to medieval law and order. Learn about medieval prosecution, interrogation methods, corporal punishment and death penalties.
Then you cross the Reussbrücke, pass the house of the "Swiss King", walk by the former pawn shop and the mint house to the Alte Suidtersche Apotheke. There you see the window of the medieval pharmacy.
A few steps further you see the legendary house of Lux Ritter and you may ask yourself why the first two floors look different than the third floor. The Nightwatchman knows. Listen to the story of the unlucky mason of Hans von Trient, also known as Giovanni Lynzo.
One of tonight's highlight is the Dance of Death, an art piece of seven paintings created by Jakob von Wyl. See the pictures and listen to what the Nightwatchman has to tell you about it.
|The Dance of the Dead by Jacob von Wyl, Panel 2.
You cross the Chapel Bridge to the starting point, where you hear from the warfare and some of the wars of the Swiss Confederation and where the tour ends.
More information
The tour is presented audio-visually in words and pictures.
In addition you have the possibility to follow the tour pictures on your own mobile device.
Most of the route is cobblestoned.
The tour is wheelchair accessible.


text:
The D-Link DCS-6517 5 Megapixel Varifocal Outdoor Dome Network Camera is a high definition professional surveillance and security solution suitable for businesses and enterprises. The camera uses a 5 megapixel progressive scan CMOS sensor to deliver truly superior quality video in all conditions.
Combined with its power over Ethernet (PoE) capability this truly is a versatile solution that can be used in a wide range of applications.
D-ViewCamT System Requirements
Camera Hardware Profile
Camera Housing
External Device Interfaces
System Management
Event Management
Remote Management


text:
- Conference 2014: Discovering Women's Voices, 22, June 2014
- Seminar: 'Freedom to be Present at the Seder', 24-25 March 2014
- JOFA UK at the WOW Festival, 9th March 2014
- JOFA conversation at Manchester Yeshurun, 1 February 2014
- Seminar: 'The JOFA Megillah-thon', 19 January 2014
- Shiur: 'Unmasking the women of the Talmud' with Gila Fine, 1 January 2014
- JOFA at Limmud Conference 2013
- Seminar: 'Admitted or Invited' with Rabbi Dr Elie Holzer
- UK delegation to JOFA international conference in NY, 8 December 2013
- Interfaith meeting with Amal
- Open meeting, 12 march 2013
Seminar: 'Freedom to be Present at the Seder', 24-25 March 2014
JOFA participants enjoyed hearing from a range of different educators, exploring what it meant for women to be truly present at the Seder. At a busy time of the year, when all of us are caught up with the logistical preparations involved with Pesach, it is important that we have time to reflect to ensure our Pesach will truly be a meaningful one. For women especially, the necessary activities of cleaning and cooking involved in the preparation of Pesach, can often prevent active participation in the ritual and spiritual nature of the festival. Together, through a diverse range of sessions, we explored the processes of what it meant to be free, reflecting on Chassidic interpretations of the Exodus as being about personal freedom, examining the need for physical rejuvenation through Yoga and Mindfulness and through sharing tangible ideas on how we all can be fully present at our Seders.
JOFA UK at the WOW Festival, 9th March 2014
Dina Brawer represented JOFA UK at the WOW (Women of the World) Festival this year on International Women's Day 2014. She was invited by Dame Jude Kelley to participate in the WOW 'ThinkIn' to help plan the 5 day festival which took place at London's Southbank Centre. On Sunday 9th March Dina took part in an inter-faith panel on the theme of 'Women and Faith'. The Panel was chaired by Catriona Roberts and included representatives from the Muslim, Christian, Sikh and Jewish faiths. In a lively interactive session that included questions and comments from the audience the panel considered issues such as gender in theology, the effects of exclusive male mediation of sacred texts, women's spirituality and the challenge of change in traditional communities.
Reflecting on the event Dina said "It is very encouraging to meet thoughtful and deeply spiritual women of other faiths and to discover that we are wrestling with similar issues in our respective communities. Feminism has certainly entered the mainstream of religion and it's here to stay. It should be positively embraced by faith leaders rather than resisted because it has the potential of renewing and reinvigorating religion."
JOFA in Manchester, 1-3 February 2014
UK JOFA Ambassador Dina Brawer visited South Manchester as scholar-in-residence at the Yeshurun Synagogue together with her husband Rabbi Naftali Brawer and then at Manchester Day Limmud. The invitation was initiated by the Yeshurun Synagogues' Women in Judaism Group, a pioneering women's tefillah group where women pray, leyn and celebrate Jewish Festivals.
The group in conjunction with the Ladies' Guild organised a community Shabbat Lunch which was oversubscribed. Dina addressed the community over lunch and spoke about the need for attitudinal change in respect to women's participation in community and synagogue ritual. This led to a wider conversation over seudah shlishit. The topic clearly struck a nerve as Dina fielded Q&A for almost an hour. The response was very positive and the community was left with much to think about and consider as they move forward.
At Manchester Limmud, Dina participated in a panel chaired by Sally Halon where she shared her personal story entitled, 'The Journey of an Unlikely Feminist', and then presented a session entitled 'Who is afraid of the F word?' on how Orthodox Judaism has nothing to fear from Feminism and that on the contrary Feminism can help to re-energise Orthodoxy by bringing women's fresh perspectives and enthusiasm. The session was packed and as on Shabbat there was extensive Q&A interest.
Seminar: 'The JOFA Megillah-thon', 19 January 2014
In preparation for Purim, JOFA UK held a Megillah-thon. The half-day seminar offered a variety of bite-sized sessions aimed at dispelling myths about women's readings and supporting those wishing to start a new reading in their own community.
The morning began with an overview of the Halacha (laws) of women's obligation in Megillah reading, and offered the opportunity to learn the trope (notes) with experienced and musical teacher Lindsey Taylor Guthartz. Megillah Practical saw gabbaiot Ayala Hirst and Miriam Lorie sharing their practical tips and positive experiences. In the Megillah Insights session the audience explored the theme of 'Partnership in the Megillah Narrative' led by Lindsay Simmonds. Megillah Plus, invited women to consider learning the notes for the Megillot Ruth, Shir HaShirim (Song of Songs), and Kohelet (Ecclesiastes). These are more accessible as they are generally read from a printed book with vowels and notes and the notes learned can be used at Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot.
As a finale, everyone had the opportunity to get close up with the Megillah. Experienced Sofer (scribe) Bernard Bennarock explained the process of writing a Megillah and reminded the audience that a Megillah written by a woman is kosher.
Shiur: 'Unmasking the women of the Talmud' with Gila Fine, 1 January 2014
At the beginning of January Gila Fine, editor-in-chief at Maggid books, spoke to a packed mixed JOFA UK audience on 'Unmasking the Women of the Talmud: The case of Heruta'.
Over a plate of sushi and a glass of wine, Gila facilitated a fascinating intellectual discussion, vital to the JOFA UK conversation. The central theme centered on the Madonna – Whore Paradigm and how a close contextual reading of the Aggadah text Kiddushin 81b, broke down this common feminine dichotomy. It was enthralling to grapple with such a text and to establish how the Talmud blurs such a common distinction propagated by popular and contemporary narratives.
Acknowledging that a deeper learning of our Jewish scripture may actually reconcile so many of our Jewish – Feminist concerns was deeply gratifying and provided additional motivation for many of JOFA UK's members to think about the further learning they wish to do over the next year.
A special thanks to Suzanne Weiniger and family for hosting such a wonderful evening.
JOFA at Limmud Conference, December 2013
As part of a special JOFA track at 2013's Limmud conference, JOFA's Executive Director, Elana Sztokman presented four sessions. Click herefor more information about these.
Seminar: 'Admitted or Invited' with Rabbi Dr Elie Holzer
In December, Rabbi Dr Elie Holzer addressed JOFA UK speaking on the blessings and challenges of feminism for traditional Judaism. His talk was extremely valuable in reframing our discussions surrounding feminist ideology, ensuring that ideological values are at the heart of our call to widen participation within our communities.
Critically, our ideological stance should stretch us further than solely advocating for women's participation within our communities, it crucially obligates us to ensure that all members of our synagogues are being seen and included. This extends beyond ritual and prayer; members must be actively welcomed into communal life. Additionally, we discussed how synagogues striving to include women, must ensure that all members feel as if the synagogue is their natural home.
These ideas provided a useful starting point for a lively discussion, especially relevant considering the new Minyanim that are starting up in the UK.
UK delegation to JOFA international conference in NY, 8 December 2013
A group of British women headed out to New York in December for the 'Voices of Change' JOFA's 8thglobal conference. JOFA UK ambassador, Dina Brawer, lead the group, and participated in a panel about orthodox feminism and Anglo-Jewry. She appeared alongside educator Lindsay Simmonds and journalist Miriam Shaviv. The conference attracted around 800 people from around the world and the UK delegation spent time networking, learning, sharing ideas and bringing new programming back with them from across the pond. Funding for some of the British delegates to attend the 8th JOFA Conference was made possible thanks to JHub microgrants.
Two of the participants, Lindsay Simmons and Miriam Shaviv, were given a grant by JHub to attend the conference, and wrote about their experiences on the site. Click on their names to read their entries.
JOFA UK Conference, 9 June 2013
JOFA's first UK Conference, 'Inspired Women, Inspiring Communities', took place in London on Sunday 9th June 2013, with more than 200 people attending and contributing to the fascinating and eye-opening discussions. Our distinguished keynote speakers brought a sense of clarity to the subjects of Orthodoxy and feminism, yet at the same time raised many questions which we must together, as a community, address.


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Issues of concern to people who live in the west: property rights, water rights, endangered species, livestock grazing, energy production, wilderness and western agriculture. Plus a few items on western history, western literature and the sport of rodeo... Frank DuBois served as the NM Secretary of Agriculture from 1988 to 2003. DuBois is a former legislative assistant to a U.S. Senator, a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Interior, and is the founder of the DuBois Rodeo Scholarship.
Monday, December 17, 2012
EDITORIAL: Drones over America
Big Sis is watching. Aerial surveillance drones designed to protect the nation's borders and fight terrorists overseas are turning their electronic eyes on Americans here at home. While gathering intelligence on the activities of suspected lawbreakers, Uncle Sam risks invading the privacy of the law-abiding. A bright line must be drawn between surveillance for legitimate law enforcement purposes and illicit spying that violates Americans' constitutional right to be left alone.
The threat comes from Janet Napolitano's Department of Homeland Security, which is deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, to assist local authorities with airborne surveillance. It's also doling out millions in grant cash to encourage small-town cops to buy drones, whether they serve a purpose or not.
In February, lawmakers on Capitol Hill passed the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, which instructs the Federal Aviation Administration to compile rules allowing more drones to take to the skies, including for commercial purposes. The agency has forecast there could be as many as 30,000 airborne spies by 2020. The devices frequently carry high-resolution cameras capable of reading license plates, which, in combination with facial-recognition software, could recognize and track individuals, according to a recent Congressional Research Service report.
Such tracking made sense when use was confined to keeping tabs on our enemies in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Use of this battlefield technology on American soil is a recent phenomenon, and there are few restrictions in place. That's something that needs to change. Drone manufacturers are only concerned with one thing: They're rushing to grab a piece of the UAV market lucre, projected to double to $11.4 billion within a decade. They're not particularly worried about pausing to consider whether this is a good idea. In November, an industry coalition sent a letter to the FAA urging the agency to "remain focused on safety rather than privacy issues, where the FAA has no statutory standing or technical expertise."
Fortunately, Americans on both sides of the political spectrum aren't waiting for Washington to halt threats to their privacy. In Alameda County, Calif., Sheriff Gregory J. Ahern announced plans earlier this year to purchase a drone for use in "emergencies." In response, the American Civil Liberties Union teamed up with the Electronic Frontier Foundation to pressure the county board of supervisors on Dec. 4 to table approval of $31,646 for the UAV purchase. In Florida, Republican State Sen. Joe Negron has filed a drone-surveillance bill that would prohibit the use of UAVs above the state except when the secretary of homeland security determines there is "high risk" of a terrorist attack.
Congress also should step in and assist Americans in defending against this latest form of government intrusion. In June, Sen. Rand Paul, Kentucky Republican, introduced the Preserving Freedom From Unwarranted Surveillance Act, which would require authorities to procure a warrant before spying on someone from above. Exceptions would include patrols of national borders, "imminent dangers to life" and terror threats. Rep. Ted Poe, Texas Republican, has filed a similar bill in the House.
If national security were the true goal, there should be no opposition to the idea of ensuring third-party judicial oversight of these powerful devices. That's why lawmakers should act sooner rather than later to ensure the bad ideas don't get off the ground.
The Washington Times
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With its black sand beaches, lush rainforest and natural hot springs, it's no wonder we're crushing on the Caribbean island of St Lucia. We took a trip to the "sleepy south" and found laid back resorts, natural beauty, and plenty of local flavour.
At Anse Chastanet no two rooms are alike but all include local art and a breezy Caribbean vibe. Ask for 14B, which has a tree growing through the rainfall shower (pictured). The hotel has four restaurants -- including one that's exclusively vegetarian -- and two beaches with oceanside service. Make the trek over to Anse Mamin, the hotel's more remote beach, for a Caribbean spice burger tucked between a Jonny Cake, a local bread grilled fresh to order. www.ansechastanet.com
Hotel Chocolat grows 10 percent of the island's cocoa. Tour the hotel's Rabot Estate cocoa groves, pluck a pod, and craft your own dark bar with the Tree to Bar experience. Afterwards, reward yourself with a fresh cacao martini in the hotel bar. http://www.hotelchocolat.com/uk/home
Locals swear by the healing power of the sulphur springs, part of your entrance fee the Caribbean's only "drive-in" volcano. Bring a dark swimsuit, cover yourself in volcanic mud, then dip into the natural (45 degree!) hot springs. http://soufrierefoundation.org
Guests at Jade Mountain benefit from more than just in-suite infinity pools and unobstructed views of the Pitons. At the Kai en Cielis spa, the chocolate body wrap is good enough to eat but it's the hotel's own handmade chocolates, given at the end of the treatment, that really sweeten the experience. www.jademountain.com
Every Friday, the town of Anse La Raye plays host to a fish fry dance
party. Choose from snapper, mahi mahi, shrimp, box fish or spiny lobster
then watch as your plate is piled high with homemade rice and peas, mac
and cheese and coleslaw.
--VitaminDaily.com special contributor Shannon Heth Vergette


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Up third in the line of singles from the freshly released Mello Music Group compilation, Helpless Dreamer, is "This Is It." With the track, emcee yU, also known for his work with Diamond District, and producer SlimKat78 (click HERE to peep our interview) manage to again show off the strength and diversity of the MMG roster, while allowing yU to give fans a taste of his own upcoming full-length, The Earn, which will be released on Mello Music Group this coming April.
The song, featuring chopped up vocal and piano samples over a pulsating beat, comes as the result of the strong relationship that yU and Slimkat have built over time. "Slimkat and I have been putting music together for about 10 years now, and we've been striving to get to the point where we could put stuff out at will," yU explains. The lyrics clearly convey this dream, especially in lines like "I'm working as hard as a job/ Using my art as a guide/ Progress in mind," a statement that could just as well act as the pair's credo.
The Mello Music Group compilation, Helpless Dreamer, is available now. Hit the jump to peep "This Is It".
"This Is It"


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I am not sure since when it happened. Then I download the system monitor, and only the Z accelerometer that gives wrong value (I guess it shouldbe close to 9.8??). Also from *#0*# looks like the Z value is wrong.
What is the number in your devices?
Is there anyway to reset/calibrate this number, specially without rooting?


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Wild Zebra Print Tablescape for Proms & Sweet 16s
I've designed plenty of tablescapes for weddings and the home, but I have yet to design a tablescape for other banquet events like proms and sweet 16s. Well, that all changes now! Zebra print tablecloths and table runners are very popular choices for proms, sweet 16s, and wedding showers, so I went for a stylish and bold look using our zebra print table runners. Zebra print forms the predominant pattern of the tablescape and introduces two colors by nature: black and white. To make the black and white pop–and also to add a bold, feminine color for a girl's Sweet 16 or prom–I used two bright fuchsia table runners under the zebra print runner so the fuchsia barely peeked through, and fuchsia napkins to boot. What do you think of this combo?
In terms of tabletop decor, there's such a wide range of things I could have used to make this prom and/or sweet 16 say "wild and fierce" as intended. All I knew is that it had to be high-drama decor because the decor had to match the vibrant fuchsia and zebra print combo. Here's our tablescape decor grid:
This tablescape is especially exciting because we got a chance to feature our new silver charger plates! Chargers will be hitting our online storefront in the next few days, and I thought silver happened to look great. Aside from the layered fuchsia and zebra print table runners, we also used a black satin tablecloth. Instead of simply placing a floral arrangement in a vase, I decided to take the extra step and make a DIY submerged flower centerpiece and stuck the cylinders, some tea candles, and some leftover fuchsia petals on a round mirror from Jo-Ann's. Here's a close up of one of the cylinders:
I was so happy to use our new charger plates, and I can't wait until customers can start placing orders! They will be available in gold and silver to start, but I'm really hoping there's a large enough demand so we can widen our selection because chargers are perfect for event tablescapes. For the purpose of our wild zebra print tablescape, I used a simple french fold and placed them directly on top of the silver chargers.
Now that I've detailed all the decor elements, it's time to unveil the tablescape in its entirety. Below are the final presentation photos of our wild zebra print tablescape:
What did you think of our wild zebra print tablescape for proms & sweet 16s? Love it? Hate it? Tell us in the comment section below!


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Senator Golden Announces New York State's Commitment Of $500,000 For Nyc Harbor Rail Repairs
Brooklyn- State Senator Martin J. Golden (R-C, Brooklyn) announced today that Governor George E. Pataki has committed $500,000 in new multi-modal transportation funding to make improvements to the last remaining "train-ferry" operation in New York City. New York Cross Harbor Railroad (NYCHR), operator of the ferry facilities located at Bush Terminal Yard in Brooklyn, carries more than 8,000 rail cars and cargo across the harbor between Brooklyn and New Jersey each year.
Senator Marty Golden stated, "I applaud Governor George Pataki for this allocation to improve NYC's harbor rails which is vital to the economic growth here in Brooklyn and all of New York. The improved rail system will expedite the transportation of freight.
Golden continued, "New York City is a hub of shipping activity and strengthening the means of transporting goods to other regions of the State and country can only fortify a sound economic climate. Enhancing the ability of companies like the New York Cross Harbor Railroad to deliver goods will keep business operations competitive, which will be a great benefit to consumers, to motorists and to the quality of life of all."
The New York Cross Harbor Railroad will use the $500,000 in new multi-modal funding to modernize its "float bridge" - a floating bridge supported by barge-like pontoons - where barges dock to load and unload rail freight cars. Future improvements could include replacing the bridge pontoon, reconstructing the deck and replacing barge moorings.
The company mainly transports garbage containers, freight cars containing recyclable from New York City, and carloads of bulk materials utilized by businesses. The New York City Transit Authority utilizes the train-ferry facility to get old, new, and refurbished subway cars in and out of the system.
New York Cross Harbor Railroad serves businesses on both sides of the harbor with daily crossings between Jersey City, New Jersey and Brooklyn, New York. Crossing the harbor takes 45 minutes, and is a convenient and cost-effective option for customers than the alternative method of transporting goods by rail which can take up to 5 days round trip shipping overland via CSX's Selkirk Terminal.


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Europa League: Robin van Persie off to a flyer
Greece: Robin van Persie was Fenerbahce's matchwinner with his first touch in their Europa League play-off round tie away to Atromitos on Thursday night.
The 32-year-old Dutchman, who joined the Istanbul club from Manchester United earlier this summer, came on as an 80th-minute substitute with the tie in Greece goalless and headed in the winner in the final
The result leaves Fenerbahce well placed to qualify for the group stage of the competition with the second leg to be played at home on August 27.
Describing his goal, Van Persie said: "I used my body and my shoulder. Sometimes you need to use your body in a smart way. I think the referee made the right decision. There was no foul, I just used my body."


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|26 Jun 1990
|Filing date
|24 Jun 1986
|Priority date
|24 Jun 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Sakarin Suwannukul
|Original Assignee
|Hercules Computer Technology
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (11), Classifications (6), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is directed to character generation apparatus, and more specifically to an apparatus for generating video signals corresponding to visual graphics image using a character generator type architecture.
Currently, character generation architectures assume an 8 bit standard. That is, characters are designated by an 8 bit "ASCII" code. This inherently limits the number of different characters and fonts which can be designated to display textual information, or cells to display graphics information, on a visual display screen. Current solutions include the use of a static screen font register and multiple pages of memory, each page of memory storing a different font or group of characters. The contents of the font register determine which page of font memory is to provide the data corresponding to the character codes being supplied in common thereto. While such an architecture provides additional or different fonts, the requirement of a font register and additional memory add complexity and cost to the design and places significant restriction on the manner in which the fonts are used. This renders such architecture a satisfactory solution in only some of the possible applications of character generation schemes.
Examples of current character generation schemes based on an 8 bit character code are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,911,420, 4,203,102, 4,283,724, 4,330,834, 4,384,285, 4,415,890, 4,437,167, 4,446,457, and 4,520,356.
As a matter of background, textual character generation architectures typically are used to display 256 characters and symbols that are pre-defined in a ROM chip called the character generator. These 256 characters consist, for example, of the standard 128 ASCII characters, plus another 128 graphics symbols and foreign language characters.
Each character can be displayed, for example, with the following attributes: underline, reverse video, blank, blink, and high intensity.
A visual display screen is divided into 2000 cells (80 columns by 25 rows). Each cell can contain one of the 256 characters, which is specified by an 8-bit character code and an 8-bit attribute code stored in a text buffer.
Textual character generation has historically been the most popular mode for processing text because of its speed and simplicity. However, there has been a recent trend toward bit-map graphics techniques for processing text, for greater flexibility in defining character fonts, despite the penalty of complexity and slowness.
In bit-map graphics mode, software can manipulate each individual pixel. This capability is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, it permits virtually any graphics image--from an electronic schematic to a Cessna 182 instrument panel--to be displayed on the screen.
But on the other hand this versatility has its price in that the graphics programmer must draw each dot, unaided by a character generator. Because of this added complexity, text processing in graphics mode is generally much slower than in text mode.
Consider, for example, how the letter "T" is generated under both modes. In text character generation architectures, it requires, for example, only that 0054H (the ASCII code for "T" and the attribute code for "normal") be stored in the video, or text, buffer. With this code, a capital "T" is drawn on a 9�14 matrix of pixels, for example, in the appropriate cell location.
In bit-map graphics mode, each pixel of a 9�14 matrix must be individually specified: to display a "T," 126 bits of information are needed, versus the number of bits required to address the character in text character generation mode. The advantage of bit-map graphics mode is that it is not confined to a single text font style, but can display virtually any graphics image.
Programmers working in the graphics mode must also typically initialize a CRT controller, which is addressed through an index and a data register. These parameters govern such factors as the total number of characters per row, the number of visible rows, and how the screen is scanned.
The foregoing problems and disadvantages of prior character generation architectures are overcome by the present invention of a character generation system including a font buffer which stores at least as many different characters as there are character positions on a visual display. The present invention provides a character generation system in which an image is displayed on a screen having a display area defined by a designated number of character positions, wherein the image is comprised of characters and the characters are each defined by a corresponding cell of font data, each cell of font data being designated by a corresponding textual or character code. The system includes a text buffer for storing the textual or character codes corresponding to the characters which form the image, and a font buffer which is addressable by the textual or character codes for storing a plurality of different cells of font data, wherein the number of different cells of font data stored in the font buffer is at least as great as the designated number of character positions of the screen display area.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention over three thousand different characters are stored in the font memory, and the textual data stored in memory is 2 bytes wide, 12 bits of which are used to address a font memory and 4 bits of which are used to directly control the character attribute.
The present invention permits "cells" of data to be addressed as if they were characters and to be used to assemble graphics and pictorial images of such resolution which is comparable to bit-map graphics systems. In turn, this creates a new dimension in graphic and image generation and manipulation.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, both textual as well as font data are stored in a common memory. Retrieved textual data is used to address the memory to retrieve font data. Preferably, the amount of font memory available for storage of fonts or cells is chosen so that, for a given range of font or cell dimensions, a different font or cell can be addressed for display on the visual display for each of the character positions of the visual display. Thus, for a given image the preferred embodiment of the present invention will permit the image to be formed of all different cells.
In accordance with the present invention, a bit-map graphics type image can be obtained and can be manipulated with a substantial increase in speed, but all with character generation type architecture.
Further enhancing the flexibility provided by the present invention in the generation of text and images is a character-code-designated hardware-generated bold face attribute which has the effect of doubling the number of available fonts. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, bold facing of a character is requested by including a bold face bit in the attribute portion of the character code. Hardware which is responsive to the attribute data responds to the bold face bit and causes the font data emerging from the font buffer to be "bolded". In other words, the bold face attribute of the present invention operates on existing font data.
In accordance with the present invention the double width or boldface character attribute is provided by way of an echo path which supplements the video signal path. An anti-smear circuit is included to maintain a distinct separation between characters.
Circuitry is provided to supply control and addressing to the memory so that textual codes and font data can be retrieved from the memory during one part of a character cycle and refreshing of the memory can be performed in another part of a character cycle.
Further in accordance with the present invention the attribute information contained in the character code directly controls the generation of the character attributes, and such attributes are summed with the video signal being supplied to the visual display. For example, underscore and overstrike generators are provided, in addition to the bold face function, each of which is responsive to the scan line count. The output of the underscore generator and overstrike generator are coupled, via gates which are controlled by the attribute data, to be summed with the video output signal. Thus, when the character code contains an attribute bit which calls for an underscore attribute, the switch connecting the underscore generator to the summing circuit is closed. In the absence of such a bit, the switch is open. The same holds true for the overstrike attribute. This real time, hardware generation of character attributes permits various attributes to be provided for the same character without modifying the base character code defining the character.
Another feature of the invention is the use of a dynamic random access memory as the textual and font storage means. While a static RAM can be used with satisfactory results, use of a dynamic RAM results in a lower cost and requires less space. Refreshing means are provided to refresh the font storage area of the memory during otherwise idle periods of the memory. As such, a less expensive, smaller sized, character generation system with fast bit-map graphics characteristics can be achieved. Further, the fonts or cells themselves can be changed without affecting the "textual" storage area, so that the character of the display image can be changed.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide character generation apparatus which provides a greatly expanded number of available fonts by way of a font addressing scheme which uses addresses greater than 8 bits wide.
It is an object of the present invention to provide bit-map graphics type images using character generation architecture.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a character generation architecture in which attributes are generated in hardware and in real time so that the base text can remain constant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a character generation architecture in which a bold face attribute is provided by way of a supplemental echo signal path in the video signal path.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a character generation architecture which employs a dynamic random access memory for storing both textual as well as font data.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a character generation architecture which employs a dynamic random access memory for storing font and textual data and which provides refresh means for refreshing the font storage area of the dynamic random access memory during a character cycle.
These and other objectives, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood upon considering the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is an illustration of the relationship between character cells on the visual display, the text buffer, and the font buffer.
FIG. 2A is a simplified block diagram illustrating the position of the character generation architecture of the present invention with respect to the visual display and a central processing unit.
FIG. 2B is a simplified block diagram of the character generation architecture of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a simplified functional block diagram of the dynamic memory employed in the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a memory map of the dynamic memory of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram illustrating textual data retrieval and font addressing.
FIG. 6 is a more detailed schematic of the circuitry for generating a bold face attribute.
FIG. 7 is a state diagram illustrating the refresh operation of the dynamic memory of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a more detailed schematic diagram of the circuitry for controlling access to the dynamic memory of the present invention by the CPU or by a refresh operation.
A significant advantage of the architecture of the present invention is that it permits what has heretofore been considered architecture for generating textual materials, or, at best, crude graphics images, to be transformed into a system which can provide high quality, highly flexible graphics and pictorial image generation and manipulation. What has heretofore been considered a font memory, now has the expanded capacity to be a graphics cell memory or graphics cell library which can provide a different character for each and every character position on the display screen. In turn, this permits highly complex images to be manipulated at speeds greater than that available from normal bit-mapped graphics systems. Thus, unlike present graphic systems which utilize a refresh buffer that is manipulated pixel by pixel to provide a one-for-one storage of pixel data to be displayed on the screen, the present invention utilizes a textual buffer and a cell library to provide many of the same capabilities that present graphic systems provide. For example, because the cell library is stored in a random access memory, individual cells can be easily modified without changing the content of the text buffer or the rest of the cell library. Thus if certain cells are associated with certain portions of the visual image to be displayed, those cells can be addressed directly and modified during a nonvideo portion of the visual display cycle. Where the entire image is made up of different cells the font buffer will be able to supply all required cells. Operations such as panning the image can be achieved by appropriate addressing of the textual memory. Scrolling of the image is achieved by simply scrolling the text buffer as one would do so if textual information was stored in the buffer.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention combines the speed and ease-of-use of text mode with much of the versatility of graphics mode. It does this by allowing the user to define up to 3072 characters, and display them as easily as if they were being produced by a character generator.
In effect, the present invention provides a bit map for creating images; but instead of forcing the software to address each pixel individually, as is done in bit map graphics, the bit map is divided into cells of, for example, 16 bytes, each of which is accessible with a 12-bit character code and a four bit attribute code.
A 12-bit character code allows the addressing of 3K characters, rather than the 256 characters addressable with prior text generation architecture 8-bit character codes. Three thousand seventy two characters is the equivalent of twelve full 256 character fonts, allowing for several fonts to be displayed at once.
The number of characters displayable at one time can vary with the size of the character matrix. A 9�16 matrix, will display 8�2 characters. An 8�8 matrix will display 90�43 characters on the screen. Characters can be strung together to create large ones; for example, two 8�16 cells will create 16�16 cells, four 8�12 cells will create 16�24 cells.
Thus, in accordance with the present invention, by providing a cell library which can store in continuous address space at least a different character for each character position display on the visual display, one can greatly expand the usefulness of text generation based of video display terminals.
As a matter of background, textual information is typically displayed on a cathode ray tube in a format of 24 rows, each having 80 characters. Each character row is formed of a number of parallel scan lines, for example 16 scan lines, and each scan line is formed of a plurality of pixels. Characters are displayed on the cathode ray tube in predefined regions, for example regions 8 pixels wide and 16 scan lines high. In the formation of a row of characters, the pixels forming the first scan line of each of the characters in the row to be displayed is provided consecutively to the CRT. Next, the 8 pixels forming the second scan line of each of the characters in the row are provided sequentially to the CRT, and so on, for each of the 8 pixels in each of the scan lines for the characters in the row until all 16 scan lines have been provided to the CRT. This is explained in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,330,834, referred to above and incorporated to that extent herein by reference. Thus, in the display of a row of textual information, the character code for each of the characters in the row is read out of the textual portion of memory and applied seriatim to address the font portion of memory. The reading out of the character codes for the row is repeated for a period corresponding to 16 consecutive scan lines. The portion of each character code which is used to address the font portion of memory is supplemented with the scan line count to indicate which scan line of the character font is currently being addressed.
Referring to FIG. 1, the relationship is illustrated between character cells displayed on the visual display screen, the cell addresses stored in the text portion of the memory, and the cell data stored in the font portion of the memory. It can be seen that, for a cell dimension of p rows and q pixels, N cells will be required to fill the visual display screen. For purposes of simplicity, the first four and the Nth cells which make up the visual image are shown. From FIG. 1 it can be seen that the addresses for each of the cells which make up the visual display are stored in sequence in the text buffer portion of the memory. Thus the text buffer portion can be scanned by a periodic sequential addressing scheme to read out all of the addresses of the cells to be displayed on the screen.
From FIG. 1, however, it can also be seen that the cells need not be stored in the font buffer portion of memory in any particular order. Thus, so long as the address of the desired cell is known, it can be retrieved from the font buffer portion. It is to be noted that each row of a cell is stored in sequence in the font buffer portion. This also means that modification to the text buffer can be made independently of the font buffer and vice versa. From a practical sense font changes can easily be made for whatever applications program is being executed by the user. The retrieval of any character from the font buffer is thus the same as that for the conventional character generation scheme.
When the present invention is employed to provide graphics images, it can be seen that the image can be modified at significantly higher speeds than conventional graphics systems. Where a cell is 8 pixels wide and 16 rows high this means that by changing a single address in the text buffer 8�16 pixels are automatically defined by the font buffer. In contrast, in conventional bit-map graphics systems each pixel is defined on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Thus, in the example above, a sixteen fold increase in speed can be achieved.
Referring to FIG. 2A, a central processing unit 1 provides textual data, addresses and control information to the character generator 2 of the present invention. In turn, the character generator 2 supplies video output signals, representative of the textual information, to visual display 4 for display. Addressing/timing circuitry 3 provides horizontal and vertical synchronizing signals to visual display 4, as well as provides addressing and control signals to character generator 2.
Referring to FIG. 2B, the present invention employs a memory 10, preferably a dynamic memory, which stores both textual codes and font data. It is to be understood that the terms "font data" and "textual codes", as used herein are not intended to be limited to their literal meaning, and that the term "font data" can also refer to cells of image data, and that the term "textual codes" can also refer to a code, address, or designation of a cell of image data. Memory 10 is accessed during one part of a character cycle to provide the textual code for that part of the textual data to be displayed in the next character cycle, and, at the same time, is addressed by the textual code retrieved during the previous character cycle to provide font data. The font data provides pixel information for driving a cathode ray tube ("CRT") or the like.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the arrangement of the memory and the allocation of the memory addressing are illustrated. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention four 16K�8 bit dynamic random access memory devices ("RAMs") are employed. These can be device number MB81416, available from Fujitsu of America, of Santa Clara, Calif. FIG. 3 illustrates general architecture by which these devices are arranged.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, textual codes are 2 bytes wide, font data is addressed by way of a 12 bit wide word, which is a part of each textual code, and the font data provided for each character is 8 pixels wide and 16 scan lines high. One of the four 16K�8 bit dynamic random access memories ("DRAMs") is enclosed in dotted lines 12 of FIG. 3.
For access by the CPU, each of these 16K�8 bit devices is addressed in parallel with the others with a sixteen bit address, and provides an eight bit output or receives eight bits of data for storage. Two of the sixteen bits are decoded by decode circuit 25 to enable one of the four 16K�8 DRAMs to be written or read by the CPU.
When the DRAMs are accessed by the address/timing circuitry 3 to generate the video signal for display, DRAM 10A (the text buffer) receives the scanning address and, in turn, addresses DRAMs 10B, C and D, the font buffer.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, text buffer 10A is actually two identical 16K�8 bit DRAMs 10A' and 10A", each storing the same data at the same addresses. When text buffer 10A is addressed by the address/timing circuitry 3, DRAM 10A' is supplied with the actual address and DRAM 10A" is supplied with an address which is the actual address with its least significant bit complimented. In this manner, a 16 bit word can be read out of the text buffer 10A at one time.
From FIG. 4 it can be seen that, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, storage for 16K bytes of text is provided. The remainder of the memory provides 48K bytes of font or cell storage.
As discussed above, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention the font storage portion of memory 10 is accessed randomly.
Returning to FIG. 2B, the addressing of memory 10 will now be described in greater detail. The addresses to memory 10, provided on address bus 24, take a number of forms: (1) font addresses, which are the combination of the scan line count and a portion of the character codes stored in the textual portion of memory; (2) scanning addresses for scanning the textual storage area of memory 10; and (3) CPU access addresses. Address selector 26 selects from among these different addresses under control of an address selection signal on line 28 and provides the selected addresses to the font address port and the text address port of memory 10.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reading out of a textual code from the textual portion of memory and the addressing of the font portion of memory with a portion of a previously read-out textual code is accomplished in a character cycle. Twelve bits from character code register 30 are combined with the 4 bit scan line count to provide a 16 bit font address. Two of the 12 bits from the character code register 30 are supplied to decoder 25 to enable one of DRAMs 10B, C or D. The scan line count and the other 10 bits from character code register 30 are applied to address selector 26 to provide a 14 bit font address. During a given character cycle a scanning address is supplied by address selector 26 on the address bus 24 to the text address port of memory 10 and a font address, part of which was read out of the textual portion of memory in the previous character cycle, is supplied by address selector 26 on the address bus 24 to the font address port of memory 10. This also causes the font data corresponding to the current font address to be made available at the font buffer output port 22 for storage in parallel to serial register 34. On the rising edge of the next character cycle, the character code and the font data are loaded into registers 30 and 34 respectively. The 8 bit word in register 34 provides 8 pixels for the particular portion of the scan line being then scanned on the CRT in that character cycle, but correspond to the font which was addressed in the previous character cycle.
With respect to the 12 bits stored in character code register 34, these bits are obtained from the 2 bytes retrieved from the text buffer in response to the scanning address. One of these bytes can be viewed as a character code and the other can be viewed as an attribute code. In accordance with the present invention 4 bits from the attribute code are concatenated with the character code so that they provide the most significant bits of a twelve bit word for use in forming the font address.
As can be seen from FIG. 5, waveform 38, address select line 28 is raised just prior to the rising edge of the next character cycle when a CPU access request is made in the current character cycle. Address select line 28 controls address select circuit 26 to provide, during the low state on address select line 28, the font address from character code register 30 to the font address port of memory 10, and the scanning address from address/timing circuitry 3 to the text address port of memory 10. When address select line 28 is high, the address on the CPU Access Address line is supplied to both address ports.
Row and column address strobes are asserted during the high state on address select line 28 to enter the font and text addresses into the memory 10 address buffers.
Referring to FIG. 5, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention a character cycle is generally defined as having a length of 8 dot clock cycles. Each dot clock cycle corresponds to the occurrence of a pixel in a scan line on the CRT. The dot clock cycles are illustrated in waveform 34 at the top of FIG. 5. Waveform 36 illustrates the character cycle. The address of the font data for the next character cycle and the actual font data for the current character cycle are loaded into registers 30 and 34 at the rising edge 36R of each character cycle.
Waveform 38 illustrates the state of address select enable line 28. The addresses supplied to the address ports of memory 10 corresponding to the states of waveform 38 are illustrated in waveform 40.
As discussed earlier herein, the textual codes stored in the textual portion of memory 10 include attribute control data. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, 4 bits out of the 16 bit textual code are employed as the attribute control data. From FIG. 2B it can be seen that 1 bit of the attribute data is used to control the coupling of the output of overstrike generator 48 to summing circuit 50. Another bit of the attribute data is used to control the coupling of the output of underscore generator 52 to summing circuit 50. Finally, a third bit of the attribute data is used to control the coupling of the output of 1 bit delay circuit 54 to summing circuit 50.
Summing circuit 50 can be an OR gate.
One bit delay circuit 54 is utilized to provide an echo path to generate a bold face attribute in the horizontal dimension of the visual display 4. When switch 56 is closed, summing circuit 50 receives from 1 bit delay circuit 54 the bits of parallel/serial register 34 delayed in time by 1 bit. This results in a character having a double width.
Likewise, when switch 58 is closed, an underscore signal is applied to summing circuit 50 in conjunction with the appropriate scan line, in the preferred embodiment scan line 16, for the character for which the underscore attribute has been designated. Similarly, when switch 60 is closed, an overstrike signal is applied to summing circuit 50 at the appropriate scan line position of the character for which the overstrike feature has been designated.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 6, the circuitry for generating the bold face attribute will be described in greater detail. Parallel/serial register 34 receives 8 bits of font data on font bus 62 and shifts out these 8 bits of data in serial form on line 64. The dot clock is applied to the clock input of parallel/serial register 34 to provide the shift timing. The 1 bit delay circuit 54 can be a D flip flop which is clocked by the dot clock. The output of parallel/serial register 34 is supplied to both the summing circuit 50 and to the D input of 1 bit delay circuit 54. The noninverted output of 1 bit delay circuit 54 is applied to AND gate 66. The bold face attribute data from textual code register 30 is applied as a second input to AND gate 66 on line 68. Finally, a third input is applied to AND gate 66 from counter 70. Counter 70 is incremented at the dot clock rate and reset by the character clock at the beginning of each character cycle. The signal provided by counter 70 to AND gate 66 corresponds to a count of one in the counter 70. This is to disable the echo path to summing circuit 50 for the last bit of the pixel stream passing through 1 bit delay circuit 54 for each character cycle. This prevents the smearing of the character into the next character space as it is displayed on the CRT. In other words, when an echo technique is used to provide a bold face character, the last delayed bit of the pixel stream for the particular scan line of the character tends to smear over into the next character cycle. By suppressing this last delayed bit in the pixel stream, the smearing is eliminated.
In the preferred embodiment a continuous address space dynamic memory is used to store both the text and font information. While a continuous address space is present, refreshing of the memory is still needed apart from that which occurs during normal access of the memory. While the textual portion of the memory is scanned continuously, thus requiring no refreshing, the font portion of the memory is accessed randomly and thus requires refreshing. As alluded to above, refreshing of a part of this portion of dynamic memory can be performed during each character cycle. Referring to FIGS. 5, 7 and 8, this refreshing will now be described in greater detail.
As can be seen from FIG. 5, waveform 84, memory 10 will be busy with the generation of the video signal during the last five dot clock cycles of each character cycle. This leaves 3 dot clock cycles of the character cycle for refreshing purposes. However, this period is also shared with the central processing unit 1 to permit the central processing unit 1 to access memory 10. FIG. 7 is a state diagram illustrating the relationship between CPU accesses to memory, refreshing of the memory, and video generation by accessing the memory. State 72 corresponds to the last one and first 3 dot clock cycles of each character cycle. When the video generation has been completed, state 74 is entered. At this point, a check is made to determine whether the CPU wishes to access the memory. If such is the case, state 76 is entered to permit the CPU memory access. When the CPU is done, an idle state 78 is entered. Thereafter, state 72 is entered followed by state 74.
If in state 74 a CPU access request is not detected, state 80 is entered wherein the refresh operation occurs.
In light of the limited amount of time available in any particular character cycle for refreshing, refreshing of the entire font memory portion of memory 10 takes a number of character cycles to complete. The refreshing of the preferred dynamic memory of the present invention is simplified because the particular device keeps an internal record of the next row of memory to be refreshed. When the column address strobe rises, with the row address strobe already high, and remains high as the row address strobe goes low, the device cancels the refresh of the next row of memory. Conversely, when the column address strobe is low when the row address strobe goes low, the memory automatically refreshes the next row.
Waveform 82 illustrates the sampling of the character cycle for a CPU access request. It can be seen that this sampling period occurs during the fifth and sixth dot clock cycles of the character cycle. Waveform 84 illustrates the refreshing of memory 10 during dot clock cycle 2 of the second character cycle of FIG. 5. In the first character cycle of FIG. 5 it can be seen that no refresh address is supplied, this indicating that the CPU has requested access during this period, the request having occurred in the previous character cycle. See waveform 83.
Waveforms 86 and 87 correspond to the row address strobe and column address strobe, respectively. Portion 90 of both waveforms corresponds to the memory refresh condition. As can be seen with portion 92 of both waveforms, a column address strobe is first applied followed by a row address strobe in conjunction with the CPU access of memory.
Referring to FIG. 8, the allocation of memory access between a CPU access request and the refresh function is illustrated in greater detail. In practice, this circuitry is incorporated in the timing/addressing circuitry 3, as is the attribute hardware and textual code and font data registers, which in turn is implemented by way of a logic gate array or standard cells of logic blocks. A request for memory access from the CPU 1 is received by D flip flop 96. See waveform 83, FIG. 5. Counter 98 is reset by the character cycle clock at the beginning of each character cycle and counts dot clock cycles. Comparator 100 is connected to the output of counter 98 and determines when the count is within a certain range, in the preferred embodiment, between 3 and 6. AND gate 102 is coupled to the outputs of counter 98 to provide a clock pulse to D flip flop 96 when the count in counter 98 reaches a predetermined number, in the preferred embodiment, 4. See waveform 82, FIG. 5. Thus, D flip flop 96 is enabled to clock in the logic state present on the CPU request line 104 during dot clock cycle 4 of a character cycle.
Comparator 100 provides an indication of when the memory is in an idle state, i.e., not busy with the accessing of textual or font data. AND gate 106 receives the output of comparator 100 and the inverted output of D flip flop 96. Thus, when the system is in dot clock cycle 5 and 6 of a character cycle and when no CPU request has been received by D flip flop 96, AND gate 106 will provide a logic 1 to indicate that a refresh can occur. Conversely, when D flip flop 96 receives a CPU request, its inverted output will be a logic zero, thus causing AND gate 106 to provide a logic zero at its output, thus disabling any refresh activity.
AND gate 108 receives as one of its inputs the output from comparator 100, and as another input the noninverted output of D flip flop 96. Thus, when comparator 100 indicates that the system is in dot clock cycles 5 and 6 of the character cycle, and when D flip flop 96 indicates that a CPU request has been received, AND gate 108 will provide a logic 1 to indicate that a CPU access is to occur. D flip flop 110 is clocked by the output of AND gate 102 and receives as its input the Q output of D flip flop 96. The inverted output of D flip flop 110 is applied to AND gate 108 to define the end of the CPU access period.
As indicated herein above, the addressing/timing circuitry 3 is implemented in the preferred embodiment by way of a gate array to provide timing and control signals in accordance with the waveforms of FIG. 5 and the state diagram of FIG. 7, to provide the CPU access detection and refresh addressing of FIG. 8, and to provide the address selection signal to address selection circuit 26. It is also to be understood that, as indicated by dotted line 3' in FIG. 2B, the attribute generation circuitry, the textual code register, and the parallel to serial register can all be implemented by way of a logic gate array or standard cells of logic blocks.
The terms and expressions which have been employed here are used as terms of description and not of limitations, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described, or portions thereof, it being recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|27 May 1980
|16 Feb 1982
|Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
|Multiple font display control
|15 Jan 1981
|5 Jul 1983
|Asea Aktiebolag
|Method and device for presentation of graphical information
|19 Feb 1981
|9 Aug 1983
|Honeywell Information Systems Inc.
|Character generator display system
|19 May 1981
|27 Mar 1984
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Terminal generation of dynamically redefinable character sets
|9 Dec 1982
|29 May 1984
|International Business Machine Corporation
|Digital data display system
|14 May 1982
|14 May 1985
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Printing system
|11 May 1983
|3 Dec 1985
|International Business Machines Corp.
|Display of graphics using a non-all points addressable display
|19 Oct 1982
|7 Jan 1986
|Victor Technologies, Inc.
|Digital character display
|4 Apr 1983
|23 Sep 1986
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Character and video mode control circuit
|31 Jan 1985
|9 Jun 1987
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Data display arrangements
|30 May 1985
|7 Jul 1987
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Video display control unit
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|1 Dec 1989
|9 Feb 1993
|Megatek Corporation
|Image priority video switch
|9 Dec 1991
|30 Nov 1993
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Memory data synthesizer
|10 Aug 1989
|30 Aug 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Workstation controller with full screen write mode and partial screen write mode
|30 Dec 1993
|23 Jul 1996
|Cirrus Logic, Inc.
|Video font cache
|7 Feb 1996
|16 Sep 1997
|Unisys Corporation
|Interface to sophisticated printers
|2 Jun 1995
|9 Dec 1997
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Output apparatus and method for varying size of cache memory area
|14 Aug 1995
|21 Apr 1998
|Cirrus Logic, Inc.
|64 bit wide video front cache
|19 Oct 1995
|2 Feb 1999
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Digital image coding
|6 Aug 1997
|7 Mar 2000
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Information display device and process for video display equipment using codes corresponding to font data
|16 Apr 1998
|5 Sep 2000
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|Character image generating apparatus and method therefor
|19 Feb 2007
|13 Sep 2007
|Dspace Digital Signal Processing And Control Engineering Gmbh
|Signal display device for displaying the signals on signal paths
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|24 Jun 1986
Owner name: HERCULES TECHNOLOGY, A CA. CORP.
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text:
Ortiz returns to Red Sox lineup
Ortiz returns to Red Sox lineup
It was Ortiz's first game since Aug. 27 in Seattle. Just prior to game time the next night in Oakland, Ortiz was sent back to Boston when he experienced heart palpitations for the second time in 10 days.
Ortiz went 0-for-3 and drew a walk, receiving a long and loud ovation from the Fenway faithful in what ended up a 1-0 win for the Red Sox.
"I was thrilled," said Red Sox manager Terry Francona. "You kind of knew coming in that's how the fans would react, because of what David has meant to everybody here. Sometimes, I thought fastballs got by him that don't normally get by him, but that will change."
Ortiz spent two nights last week in Massachusetts General Hospital, where he underwent several tests to determine if there were any abnormalities in his heart. When none could be found, he was released, and monitored on an outpatient basis over the last few days.
Red Sox medical director Dr. Thomas Gill released the following statement on Tuesday afternoon:
"The ongoing monitoring of David Ortiz has not identified any further problem. As a result, the team of consultants caring for David has met and decided to allow him to return to play today. The Red Sox medical staff will continue to monitor David on a daily basis."
That was just the news Ortiz had been looking for.
"I'm happy to be back, go back to playing," Ortiz said. "You go a little crazy when you watch the game on TV. But I'm happy to be back."
It was a pleasure for Francona to post a lineup card with Ortiz's name on it.
"You know what, it's obviously, baseball-wise, it's great for us," Francona said. "I'm glad he was cleared, because I was worried about him. It's pretty obvious how much we care about him. He can go out there now and be himself, 0-for-4, 4-for-4, home runs, outs, frustrations, he can let it out and not worry.
"His family doesn't have to worry. I think [not playing] was a hard thing for him to do. I think it was really a very easy decision to do the right thing. But it wasn't a fun one. But I think we did the right thing."
The Red Sox now have their full complement of everyday players together for the first time since late July. In recent days, Ramirez, Trot Nixon, Jason Varitek, Alex Gonzalez and Wily Mo Pena have all returned from extended absences. Ortiz now joins the mix, giving the offense a fighting chance to keep the team in games while the pitching staff -- currently without the services of Curt Schilling, Jonathan Papelbon, Tim Wakefield, Matt Clement and Jon Lester -- is depleted.
Ortiz is going to do his best to resist the urge of trying to lift the team on his shoulders.
"Sometimes, when you come back like this in a situation like this, you try to overdo things," said Ortiz. "And it doesn't work that way. But hopefully everybody does what they're supposed to do and we keep on winning."
Ortiz, who has clubbed 47 homers and driven in 121 runs this season, was missed for reasons that extend beyond his big bat.
"It's his demeanor," said Francona. "It's his playfulness, until he sets foot in that batter's box and he's a serious, grown man. Yeah, I miss that. He has a presence about him, sure."
Though the Red Sox trail the Twins by six games in the Wild Card standings and the Yankees by eight games in the American League East with 23 games left, Ortiz is looking forward to the quest of helping his team try to get back in contention.
"We'll try to go back and try to turn the page, see if we can win games and see what happens," said Ortiz. "We have time left still."
The medical staff never stated publicly why Ortiz might have been having some of the symptoms -- stress, dehydration, rapid heartbeat -- that placed him in the hospital.
Last Friday, a day after Ortiz was released from the hospital, the Red Sox, on behalf of Gill, released the following information about his medical treatment: "David's physical examination was normal. The following imaging and functional tests were performed: basic laboratories, electrocardiogram, heart monitoring, echocardiogram, signal averaged electrocardiogram, stress testing, and magnetic resonance imaging. The heart consultants extensively reviewed these tests. In brief, David's testing was unremarkable or normal except for changes commonly found in well-trained athletes."
Ortiz was asked if he had any lingering concerns about his health.
"No, because I feel good," said Ortiz. "Things happen. But like I said before, the most important thing is that it's not related to anything going on with my heart. Anybody can pull a muscle any time. You can be a little concerned about that. But everything's fine right now. That's the most important thing."
Could it have been something as simple as a pulled muscle courtesy of one of Ortiz's vicious swings that led to the heart palpitations? Ortiz didn't rule it out.
"I guess. I don't know. I'm not sure," said Ortiz. "But the first time it happened, I never got rid of it. Now, I don't feel it and I haven't been feeling it in a long time. So I think everything will be fine."
Ian Browne is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
The Equipe Team Replica jersey is cut using an aero-fit pattern developed by our pro riders. This results in a very close-fitting, low drag jersey. Please check your sizing as you may need to size-up from your usual Endura Jersey size
There are currently no questions and answers for this product.


text:
" Personal Computers for Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows XP / Release Date: 2012-05-08 / Published by Madcatz "
* Prices may differ from that shown
I purchased this mouse after first getting into PC gaming.
I paid around £35 for it from PC world
They had a few mice on display, and this one felt great in my hand, the sculpted lines fit my hand really well and I bought one. It was a massive step up in quality from a cheap usb mouse I was using, I was a lot better at aiming and was doing better in online shooting games.
After a few days I noticed my hand craving something a little larger, my hands are medium sized but I realised it was just too small for my hands- if you use the claw grip the mouse size doesn't matter but I started to lean towards the palm grip and the mouse just didn't feel all that great anymore, I thought about upgrading to a rat 7 (with the infinite customisation), but I ended up going for a razer death adder instead as they're built for palm grip.
Accuracy of this mouse was good, but not on par with the death adder, to be honest the death adder is a better mouse, and not that much more expensive, but if you're on a really strict budget, you like the look, or you have small hands then the cyborg rat 3 is still a good buy and feels like a quality product.


text:
Adele Gets Advice From '80s Icon
Former Culture Club lead singer Boy George thinks he can save Adele from any future voice problems. The singer has had to cancel several shows this year due to recurring vocal issues, and recently underwent surgery to mend a bleeding throat polyp. But in an interview with the British newspaper The Daily Mirror, Boy George suggests she kick the nicotine habit just as he did six months ago.
George called quitting smoking "the best thing I ever did," and when you take into consideration the fact that he's struggled with even deadlier addictions such as heroin, that's really saying a lot.
He continued, "If you're a singer and you smoke it really isn't a great idea. I used to try to convince myself it made me sound jazzier. It was very difficult to give up, but I'm so glad I did."


text:
Agreed, I think this year will be an all-guys final, so it doesn't really matter who Maks got.
Agreed, I think this year will be an all-guys final, so it doesn't really matter who Maks got.
"Whatever you are, be a good one." Abraham Lincoln
What is an "MFWalkoff?"
Yeah I just read that about Maks too. Well, he'll still be on for another three shows, then hopefully he'll make a successful transition in to acting. If not, I bet he'll be back! The show won't be quite the same without him though.
Boob Wrinkles - it is not a myth
Please don't bother me today. I will be lying across my bed, sobbing uncontrollably.
I, too, will miss him when he leaves. On the other hand, I applaud his decision. He has not been treated fairly by the show. I wish him success and will at least take a look at whatever he does next.
Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.
-- Benjamin Franklin, Historical Review of Pennsylvania, 1759


text:
Operation Round Up apps accepted
WORTHINGTON -- By volunteering to round-up their utility bills, Nobles Cooperative Electric members are helping their neighbors and their communities through Operation Round Up.
Operation Round Up helps people and organizations by providing financial assistance to non-profit organizations in Murray and Nobles counties. Organizations that serve these communities can request funds for projects involving: community service, economic development, environment, disaster relief, education and youth.
Operation Round Up applications are being accepted for fall funding until Sept. 4. Non-profit organizations are welcome to apply to Nobles Cooperative Electric's Operation Round Up Trust for donation assistance. Application forms are available online at www.noblesce.coop or by calling the cooperative at 372-7331 or (507) 836-6107.
More than $165,000 has been awarded locally thus far.


text:
Orioles contemplating next step for Moyer
Orioles contemplating next step for Moyer
Moyer went 1-1 with a 1.69 ERA in three starts for the Tides, an audition that ended following four innings on Wednesday. He can opt out if he isn't promoted to Baltimore, and it seems Moyer would have to choose to make another start in Triple-A if the Orioles decide they aren't ready to call him up.
"It's something that's been discussed," manager Buck Showalter said of the possibility of Moyer joining the rotation next week. "I do know that there's some timelines there and deadlines. So, we will try to do what's best for the Orioles first, and second of all people's careers."
The team does not have a rotation scheduled beyond Monday's off-day, and Showalter said there are some "moving parts" in that regard, Moyer included. Jake Arrieta will follow Saturday starter Wei-Yin Chen and pitch Sunday.


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Burberry reworks the perennially cool biker jacket for the new season in utility-inspired olive jersey and mesh. Accentuate the cropped cut with high-waisted jeans and add statement sandals to complete an on-trend urban look. Shown here with a Splendid top, Burberry cuff and a Burberry Prorsum clutch, shoes and pants.
- Burberry cropped biker jacket: Olive jersey, mesh overlays, buckle-fastening tab at designer-stamped press-stud fastening collar, button-detailed epaulets, long sleeves, zip-fastening cuffs, zip-fastening pockets at front, seam detailing and press-stud fastenings at double-breasted front. Fabric1: 83% viscose, 15% cotton, 2% elastane; Fabric2: 82% acetate, 14% polyamide, 4% elastane; Fabric3: 60% acetate, 40% cupro. Dry clean. Designer color: Bayleaf.
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