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PHOENIX — The expansion of Medicaid is a financial shot in the arm to Arizona medical centers that were struggling to survive.
At Maricopa Medical Center in Phoenix, 25 percent of the patients in the emergency room had no insurance. Up to 50 percent of visitors to its 11 clinics were in the same situation. The medical center footed the bill.
"We're talking about $120 million a year up," said
Betsey Bayless, who heads up Maricopa Integrated Health Systems.
Bayless said providing Medicaid to an additional 300,000 Arizonans will hopefully push people back toward primary care doctors and clinics instead of using the emergency room. But that comes with a challenge.
"If you have that many more people covered by Medicaid we're going to need the primary care providers, family medicine doctors, nurses, and so forth," she said.
Bayless is a former Arizona Secretary of State and said Gov. Jan Brewer did the right thing by pushing for Medicaid expansion. "She carried the day."


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Risk of the Chinese trade integration for the Italian trade specialisation
The move towards export-oriented development strategies by China has increased concerns about the ability of Italian manifactures to effectively face price competition from emerging economies. This paper explores the hypothesis that the superior quality of Italian goods could support Italian competitiveness, using Spain as a benchmark. The data confirm that, although Italian and Chinese specialisation patterns are very similar, there is no widespread overlapping at the product level, and when there is, Italian goods show a higher quality level. Nonetheless, during the last decade, trade overlap increased and quality gap narrowed, suggesting that China is putting increasing competitive pressures on Italian manufacturing. In order to maintain its qualitative advantage, there is urgent need in Italy for an increase in investment in product upgrading and innovation.
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|23 pages
|Date of creation:
|Jun 2004
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Corso Matteotti 22 - Castellanza (VA) 21053
Phone: +39 (0)331-572 1
Fax: +39 (0)331-572 320
Web page: http://www.liuc.it/default.asp
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Chiarlone Stefano, 2001. "Evidence of Product Differentiation and Relative Quality in Italian Trade," Rivista italiana degli economisti, Società editrice il Mulino, issue 2, pages 147-168.
- David Greenaway & Robert Hine & Chris Milner, 1994. "Country-specific factors and the pattern of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade in the UK," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 130(1), pages 77-100, March.
- Stefano Chiarlone & Alessia Amighini, 2000. "Any Sequel to the "Miracle"? Growth Potential in East Asia: Evidence from International Trade Flows," KITeS Working Papers 123, KITeS, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, revised Dec 2000.
- Flam, Harry & Helpman, Elhanan, 1987. "Vertical Product Differentiation and North-South Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 77(5), pages 810-822, December.
- Greenaway, David & Torstensson, Johan, 2000.
"Economic Geography, Comparative Advantage and Trade within Industries: Evidence from the OECD,"
Journal of Economic Integration,
Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 15, pages 260-280.
- David Greenaway & Johan Torstensson,, "undated". "Economic Geography, Comparative Advantage and Trade Within Industries: Evidence from the OECD," Discussion Papers 97/16, University of Nottingham, CREDIT.
- Greenaway, David, 1998. "Economic Geography, Comparative Advantage and Trade Within Industries: Evidence from the OECD," CEPR Discussion Papers 1857, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Greenaway, David & Torstensson, Johan, 1997. "Economic Geography, Comparative Advantage and Trade within Industries: Evidence from the OECD," Working Paper Series 144, Trade Union Institute for Economic Research.
- Alessandro Turrini, 2000. "High-quality bias in vertically differentiated oligopolies—a note on skills, trade, and welfare," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 71(2), pages 133-147, June.
- Stefano Chiarlone, 2000. "Evidence of Product Differentiation and Relative Quality in Italian Trade," KITeS Working Papers 114, KITeS, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, revised Jul 2000. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:liu:liucec:150. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Wyoming Game and Fish is holding a series of information gathering meetings regarding proposals for the 2011 fall hunting season. Game and Fish Information Specialist Warren Mischke tells us about several local meetings next week.
As far as if the tough winter around our region will play a role in some of the proposals.
Mischke said that the Game and Fish will review the public comments gathered from next week's meetings and will prepare recommendations for a final meeting for the Sheridan Region to be held at Sheridan College at the end of the month.
Information Gathering Meetings:
Johnson County Library, Tuesday March 22, 7pm
Sheridan Regional Office, Wednesday March 23, 4-7pm. (Open House)
Campbell County Library, Thursday March 24, 4-7pm.
(Open House)
Final Sheridan Region Meeting:
Sheridan College CTEL, Tuesday March 29, 7pm


text:
Try A Mountain Dew And Dorito Cupcake [PHOTO]
Talk about a sweet genius! Two of my most favorite 'grub' foods are Mountain Dew and Doritos. They're what I sustain myself on during late nights with Skyrim or having a Walking Dead marathon.
Would you at least try this? I might have a bite, but I don't know about eating the whole thing.


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Written for the screen by Paul Haggis, Million Dollar Baby is the story of the unlikely relationship between an aging fight trainer and a woman determined to become a boxer. Frankie Dunn (Eastwood) has been involved in boxing all his life. He's almost a magician at dealing with bloody noses and cuts over eye sockets and cheekbones. Semi-retired, it seems, he owns a crusty old gym which is mostly run by his friend Eddie "Scrap" Dupris (Morgan Freeman), a one-eyed former boxer Frankie trained four decades ago. Frankie's only fighter at the moment is Willie Little (Mike Colter), a contender growing frustrated with Frankie's cautious strategy about arranging matches. Frankie's caution arises from his fundamental decency; he would like to win championships, but he wants to protect his fighters from injury even more.
A critical test of Frankie's paradoxical life in boxing arises when Maggie Fitzgerald (Hilary Swank) asks him to train her. A waitress from an impoverished home, Maggie sees boxing (as boxers typically have) as her only chance to rise above her circumstances. But at nearly 32, she's presumably too old to learn the skills she would need to succeed. Frankie doesn't want to train her because he doesn't want to encourage her to pursue a path that will lead her nowhere. But her determination and her toughness win him over. And Million Dollar Baby swings into a long middle section that seems like most sports films ever made.
But in the end, Million Dollar Baby isn't really a sports film at all; it's a relationship picture. It's the story of Frankie's gruff but caring relationship with Scrap. And it's the story of the fierce bond that develops between Frankie and Maggie as he trains her. Simply put and without ever employing the terms, Frankie and Maggie come to love each other like father and daughter. Frankie is estranged from his own daughter, and Maggie's father, whom she loved, is dead. The narrative in the film includes the expected scenes of punishing workouts inter-cut with Maggie's increasing prowess inside the ropes, a staccato montage of knockout punches and gloves raised in triumph on the march toward that championship bout. But the climactic fight isn't the film's destination; it's only a station along the way.
It is regrettable that Haggis' script is so routinely clumsy and heavy-handed, even lazy. We never understand Frankie's financial situation. From the looks of his gym and his car, he would seem almost as destitute as Maggie. Yet, as Maggie's career begins its inevitable flourish, he seems a man of almost unlimited means. The picture doesn't handle Frankie's private life satisfactorily, either. His estrangement from his daughter weighs on him so heavily he goes to Mass every day, even though he seems a religious skeptic. We haven't a clue what he might have done, and almost anything that would cause him the guilt he exhibits would seem inconsistent with his character. Comparable gaps are left in Maggie's biography. She says she's been on her own since her early teens. Aside from waiting tables, what's she been doing? Has she ever had a romance or even a friend? What has led her now to boxing?
Two other developments also prove annoying. Maggie's family members are almost laughably villainous. There isn't even a remote instance of complication in their trashiness and ultimate greed. And then there's the critical business of dirty fighting. Anyone familiar with boxing knows about eye-thumbing, head-butting, low blows and even Mike Tyson's notorious ear-biting. But the dirty fighting in this movie lacks all credibility, and that's a flaw that could ruin a picture lacking this one's strengths. Those strengths include the film's magnificent performances. Eastwood calls upon all his legendary toughness and then turns it inside out to show us the cost in terms of yearning for connection. Swank is utterly convincing as at once ferocious enough to knock someone out and girlish enough to leap giggling into her mentor's arms. Conclusively, we believe that Frankie and Maggie are each saved by their love for each other. In the end, when he tells her the meaning of a Gaelic nickname he's given her, I defy you not to weep.


text:
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text:
Complaint Review: Rentalcars.com
- Rentalcars.com
United Kingdom
- Phone: +44 161 836 6720
- Web: www.rentalcars.com
- Category: Travel Services
Rentalcars.com AKA Travel Jigsaw Priceline Group No Car, No Refund - Computer Glitch at Their End Manchester United Kingdom Internet
I travelled back to the UK to visit family and went to collect a car from Hertz in Northampton.
When trying to complete the forms to release the car (booked through Travel Jigsaw in affiliation with RentalCars.com) the lady at the Hertz counter kept receiving an error on her screen saying 'Reservation Rate Guarantee Not Found'. We showed her the receipt that we had paid in full for the car hire but the system would not let her progress with releasing the car.
She was trying to get through to Travel Jigsaw (it was a Saturday) for about 30 minutes in order for them to help resolve the block, but they didn't answer (just rang out) so in the end, we had to leave with no vehicle as we were late for an appointment. When asking Hertz about claiming a refund, they advised me to speak to Travel Jigsaw and Rentalcars.com.
Firstly, I called rentalcars.com and was told to email via the website. I was told I would have a response within 28 days. So I did this on the 3rd June 2013. I had heard nothing by the 28th June so I called them again to remind them I was waiting for a response by the 1st July.
I spoke with a call centre manager who informed me that they would have this resolved within one day as they had made contact with Hertz and just needed to confirm the response from them. I have still heard nothing and it's been over a month now. So I am out of pocket 150 pounds and had no car for the last part of my trip. AWFUL EXPERIENCE AND WILL NEVER USE AGAIN. Had this issue been resolved when they said it would be, I would have thought better of them but I feel totally ripped off and angry that I have to keep taking time out of my evenings to call them from Australia.
Does your business have a bad reputation?Corporate Advocacy Program™Fix it the right way.
Set the record straight:Arbitration Program
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 07/02/2013 07:29 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/rentalcarscom/internet/rentalcarscom-aka-travel-jigsaw-priceline-group-no-car-no-refund-computer-glitch-at-t-1064014. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year. Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report. READ: Foreign websites steal our content
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11 reviews
Weavers Cottage in Minchington is a rustic setting to enjoy your stay in Dorset, 15 minutes' drive from Blandford Forum and around 30 minutes from the city of Salisbury.
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text:
Over a decade ago, Dr. R. Paul St. Amand, an experienced endocrinologist and UCLA assistant clinical professor, published his protocol for reversing fibromyalgia based on nearly half a century of research. This book offers Dr. St. Amand's latest research on guaifenesin, an inexpensive, safe, an incresingly available medication that can help reverse the disease. The authors have seen symtpoms eliminated and normal quality of life restored in an astonishing 90 percent… (more)
Publisher: Grand Central Life & Style (September 24, 2012)
Format: EPUB
File size: 1.8 MB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


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Quantity Discounts Metro Retro in the News Metro Retro Instagram
HOME : Tables : Dining Tables : Miscellaneous : 48" Hollen Saarinen Style Dining Round Table (4) Chairs
48" Hollen Saarinen Style Dining Round Table (4) Chairs (MR9040) Price: CON Price on Request: 10% off! You save $1595 SOLD Questions about this item?
Houston TX
Wood white top over eggshell white fiberglass
Matching blue chairs
The removable seat is upholstered in blue vinyl and the rest of the chair is an eggshell white fiberglass; includes a convenient hand grip.
Also Hollen Red Chairs and Hollen Stools available
Metro Retro Instagram


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Kimberly-Clark results underline strength of personal care in developing markets
Sales for all business units, which includes health care, tissues and personal care, fell by 1% to $5.3bn, but increased by 4% on an organic basis, which does not take into consideration the 3% impact from foreign currency translations.
This figure also included a 12% increase in revenues from the company's international business division, a figure that was counterbalanced by a much weaker performance in Europe, together with losses incurred in the Venezuela market, following the country's currency devaluation.
Cost savings and sales growth pay dividends
"We delivered a solid first quarter with good organic sales growth and cost savings. We also launched a number of product innovations and made further progress with targeted growth initiatives," said chairman and chief executive officer Thomas J. Falk.
"And although we face continued headwinds from currency exchange rates and cost inflation, we're maintaining our full-year guidance for adjusted earnings per share."
First quarter sales for the personal care business fell by 1% to $2.4bn, a figure that was largely impacted by a 5% negative currency translation, as well as a poor result from the company's operations in Europe, where sales fell by 36%.
Europe hit by poor sales and restructuring
The poor results in the European market were down to a 39 point decrease in personal care sales in the region, combined with the continued implementation of its European restructuring program.
Group sales were even in the US, but in the international division, which includes China, Russia and the Latin American markets, sales increased by 3%, despite a 9% negative impact from currency translations.
Sales in the US were fuelled by growth in baby wipes, while in K-C International, the company said it saw significant personal care sales volume increases in China, Russia, Vietnam and throughout most of Latin America.


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how to find the right used car for me?
After that: When you decide you're seriously interested in a particular car, arrange to take it to a mechanic you trust and pay him to check it out BEFORE you buy it. ("Would you let your own kid buy it, and do you think the price is in the right ballpark?") A trustworthy seller should have no problems with your wanting to do this, or with your using a mechanic you select rather than necessarily trusting theirs. This inspection may cost you $100, but given that it can save you from spending many times that for a lemon it's a good investment.
Appropriate prices: I think CU has some indication of general price ranges. The Blue Book is available on line, and can give a somewhat more specific estimate of what specific models, with specific options, are currently going for; it indicates what dealers are typically paying for this car as trade-in, what they're selling it for as used-from-dealer, and what private sellers are asking for it (which, please note, is often a bit higher than what private sellers are _getting_ for it).
It may be a good idea to also pay for a check to see whether this car has previously been in a serious accident -- preferably before you take it to the mechanic, so you can tell them and they'll have a bit more information on what to look out for. A car that is *properly* repaired after a major accident may be fine... but one that is not properly repaired may be anything from annoying to slowly dying (flood-damaged cars are notorious for that) to actively unsafe. If the car was previous totalled, it may be completely repaired but insurance companies may still be unwilling to offer you anything but liability insurance; that's enough to let you drive it legally, but if anything happens to it you'd have to pay all the costs to fix it up again.
You may want to find a trusted friend or relative who is unloading a vehicle. It may or may not be the one you'd ideally want, but you're likely to be able to get a lot more information about how it has actually been treated. DO get the car inspected even so; the best way to do business with friends is to keep it on a business basis, so there isn't a chance for misunderstandings to mess up the friendship.
My first car was a $300 junker purchased from a friend -- in bad condition, but I knew that before the money changed hands and it lasted about five years before I donated it away. My second car was bought new, but suffered some flood damage and I would have had to completely replace the engine to really fix it properly... and even then, flood-damaged cars are prone to rusting problems in the long term. My third was purchased used from a co-worker; no complaints. I've spent the past several years living mostly without a car, and am about to purchase a used minivan from friends whose youngest kid has just gone off to college and are downsizing. I don't claim to be an expert by any means, but I do have to say that my experience suggests that people tend to overstate the amount of risk in this transaction ... at least, if you're buying from someone you know or from a dealer who has a good reputation.
What will the main use be
what occasional, but important uses will you have,
What insurance can you afford.
What image do you want
What budget do you have
How well could you keep an older, but cheaper car, going
How much will economic running costs affect your choice
I had a friend who bought a car EVERY year, never more then £200 or about $300 but his reasoning was at that price, a years motoring was worth it, if it broke then he could afford to get rid and get another.
Sometimes he got 2 years out of a car.
Cheapest is generally older cars that use a lot of petrol or cost a lot to repair.


text: Is anyone else experianceing this issue? I just came over from an S4 that was running an AOSP ROM. I am now running our stock ROM, rooted with Xposed. Titanium Backup and Helium say that my external SD card can not be accessed/written to. I have fixed permissions via ROM Manager since I have Philz which doesn't have a fix permissions option. Still cant write to external SD. Any suggestions?


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Human Resource Administration
Learn what Query Library resources are available for UW-Madison staff in the area of human resource administration.Who Would Use Human Resource Administration Queries?
UW-Madison employees selecting this group carry out the following functions at the department, division or campus level:
- Determine current employees by appointment type, title, salary, continuity, pay basis, etc
- Determine current employees by appointment type whose probation must be monitored
- Determine academic staff who must be reviewed for possible promotion
To perform their job functions employees selecting this group access data that helps them:
- Evaluate salaries
- Advise supervisors, chairs, PIs about salaries at the time of offer or rate adjustment
- Determine years of service
- Prepare HR reports for chairs, deans, directors
- Manage appointments including zero-dollar and visiting
- Maintain appointments in the data system
Examples of working titles for this group include:
- Human resources supervisors, managers and directors
- Department administrators
- Assistants to department chairs, directors, deans
- Budget and planning analysts
- Payroll and benefit coordinators
- IT support staff
You must be authorized to access the queries below. Once authorized, go to the Query Library at https://authhub.wisconsin.edu/?app=HyperionSample Human Resource Administration queries
- Current Classified, Unclassified, and Student Appointments
Lists of appts by various selection criteria. Lists include person name, appt ID's,person ID's,title, appt eff date,yrs in appt,yrs in service,appt type,UDDS,fund resp code,FTE,sal basis,base rate,annualized rate, and counts.
- Academic Staff Time in Title
Management reports that assists departments and divisions in making equitable salary offers to new staff and changes to existing staff salaries.


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Network embeddedness, specialization choices and performance in investment banking industry
The idea that network structure and embeddedness affect firms' competitive behavior and performance is not new both in network literature and in strategic management literature. This study recognizes that the possibility to fully exploit network opportunities is depending on firm specialization choices. By analyzing network embeddedness within the European investment banking industry, I find that banks enhance performance by having a central position in their network and that specialization reduces bank's benefits of having a central position in the network.
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|Date of creation:
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Ludwigstraße 33, D-80539 Munich, Germany
Phone: +49-(0)89-2180-2459
Fax: +49-(0)89-2180-992459
Web page: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002.
"A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations,"
Journal of Finance,
American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1795-1828, 08.
- Jay Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations," NBER Working Papers 8805, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Jay Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing and Allocations," Yale School of Management Working Papers ysm258, Yale School of Management, revised 01 Apr 2002.
- Chemmanur, Thomas J & Fulghieri, Paolo, 1994. " Investment Bank Reputation, Information Production, and Financial Intermediation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 57-79, March.
- Almeida, Paul & Dokko, Gina & Rosenkopf, Lori, 2003. "Startup size and the mechanisms of external learning: increasing opportunity and decreasing ability?," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 301-315, February. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
This item is not listed on Wikipedia, on a reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:11701. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Joachim Winter)
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.
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Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.


text:
Good Quality Ready Concrete Mixer Js1000 Concrete Machine Price
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text:
- Arts & Crafts Materials
- Art Resources
- Prints
- Famous Artists/Paintings
- Café at Night by Vincent van Gogh from Eurographics
Café at Night by Vincent van Gogh from Eurographics
Large View | View Related Items
Product Description
This high quality, fine art print masterwork by Vincent van Gogh will enhance any collection. In the painting, van Gogh expressed his impressions from southern France. The style of the painting is unique for van Gogh with the warmth of colors and the depth of the perspective. This print features only a section of the work in order to see the detail and technique. Use to teach art history, specific art movements, and more. 36" x 12".


text:
Dr. Michael Moody
Professor of Education
340 Bethel rOAD
Regional Services Coordinator
Conyers, GA 30012
Degrees and Areas of Specialization
Ed.D. University of georgia (Educational Administration)
Middle and High School Principal (25 years)
Ed.S. Georgia State University (Curriculum & Instruction)
High School Teacher - department Chair
M.Ed. Georgia State University (Secndary Education/History)
Executive Director of New Principal development
Performance Consultant - Georgia Leadership Institute
EDS 800 - EDS Program Orientation
Personal Interests
EDS 877 - Communication for Professional Practice
Wife - Lisa
EDD 831 - Curriculum Evaluation
3 Daughters: (2 Son-inlaws)
EDD 907 - Dissertation Writing
- Sarah - Adaptive PE Teacher (Adam)
-Katy - Stay at Home Mom (Brandon)
-Rebekah - Artist
Proefssional Association
4 Grandchildren
Georgia Middle School Association - Lifetime Member
-Alannah - Wesley - Finn -Tucker
PSC Taskforce - Teacher Certification and Performance
Hobbies include sailing,writing,Poetry,tractors
Professors of Middle Level Educators (POMLE)
Various School District Advisory Committees
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Can I use this for my I Pad?
I have a 4th generation I Pad, I have the smart case, but would like something to carry it in, when traveling.
- Asked by Joanne D from Jersey City
- Asked about: Incase Neoprene Pro Sleeve for MacB…
1 Answer from the Community
I LOVE the Incase Neoprene case. If you are using the smart case that just covers the screen, I personally prefer this type of case, it should fit considering the material is quite elastic. Considering it's elasticity, I imagine that it would be a tight fit.
The laptop version you pointed out would be way too big. Why not try testing at the Apple Store if you can. I imagine best buy would have Incase Neoprene cases. My experience with Incase Neoprene case involves my 15" laptop and am very satisfied.
I believe it will fit any smart case, though I have no proof or experience with iPad cases beyond the magnetic screen cover. I can only make an inference involving my experience with my MacBook.
- Answered by Michael U from Los Angeles


text:
This Slow Cooker Cinnamon Roll Pull Apart Bread from The Slow Roasted Italian is not only delicious, but it is SO simple to make too! The recipe combines everything you love about monkey bread and homemade cinnamon rolls into one delicious sweet treat!
This recipe is cooked in the crock-pot so clean up is minimal. The best part — this cinnamon pull apart bread is ooey gooey, totally soft and completely yummy! Every bite is pure bliss!!!


text:
Rimi Sen spotted in public after an eternity
We spotted Rimi Sen at an Andheri nightspot with a bunch of pals. The actress was celebrating a friend's birthday.
Remember her sexy act with Abhishek Bachchan in the track Koi Nahi Hai Kamre Mein, Dil Bola Shikdum in Dhoom (2004)? After featuring in films like Garam Masala (2005) and Golmaal (2006), she disappeared from B-Town when her other films did not do well. Wonder if she is looking at a second innings?


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 4, 2000
|Filing date
|Mar 28, 1997
|Priority date
|Mar 28, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Donald F. Ault, Jeffrey D. Aman, Ernest S. Bender, Donna N. T. E. Dillenberger, David B. Emmes, Michael G. Spiegel
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (43), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to the following commonly owned, concurrently filed application(s), incorporated herein by reference:
J. D. Aman et al., "Method and Apparatus for Controlling the Number of Servers in a Client/Server System", Ser. No. 08/828,940.
D. F. Ault et al., "Method and Apparatus for Transferring File Descriptors in a Multiprocess, Multithreaded Client/Server System", Ser. No. 08/825,302.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates a method and apparatus for controlling the assignment of units of work to a workload enclave in a client/server system and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for associating multiple threads and processes created via a standard interface on behalf of a single user work request as a single "business unit of work" entity.
2. Description of the Related Art
Client/server systems are well known in the field of data processing. In a client/server system, a client process issues a request to a server process to perform a service for it. In response, the server transmits a reply to the client, notifying it of the results of the service.
There are many existing server applications which developers want to be able to execute on server systems of different capacities. These server applications need to scale with the size of the computer they are running on. The present invention addresses the problem of how to manage the workload resulting from thousands of concurrent requests to a server.
On UNIX-based systems, especially ones that are X/Open compliant, user work requests originates from many heterogeneous sources. Some of these include commands entered at an interactive terminal, client requests incoming to a server over a socket connection, or batch job submissions. In all of these cases, the resulting transaction or "business unit of work" may eventually be broken up into multiple dispatchable work units to complete the work request. For the purposes of this disclosure, a "business unit of work" is a single transaction that may consist of one or more dispatchable units of work. A dispatchable unit of work is a single thread of control within a given process. To create the dispatchable units of work that make up a "business unit of work", the following mechanisms are used on UNIX-based systems:
1. Create one or more new processes using fork(), vfork(), fork() and exec(), spawn(), popen(), system() or the equivalent to run one or more programs and/or scripts.
2. Create one or more new threads in the running process using pthread-- create to run subroutines of the main thread routine.
3. Create any combination of new threads and processes using both the thread creation and process creation mechanisms.
In the field of this invention, where multiple dispatchable units of work (threads and/or processes) are created to complete a single user work request, there needs to be a new mechanism for these related dispatchable units of work to be tied together into one "business unit of work" for system performance and accounting purposes.
This problem has not been previously solved on a UNIX-based system using the UNIX-based work unit creation mechanisms that are available on these systems.
In accordance with the present invention, an incoming user work request consisting of multiple dispatchable units of work created using the system interfaces described herein is managed by the workload manager as a single workload manager enclave. Each dispatchable unit of work that is created on behalf of the work request is attributed to the workload manager enclave and is given its share of system resources based on the enclave's workload manager classification. The present invention provides the ability for the operating system to account for and manage all resources required of an incoming user work request. For a system that runs complex user transactions, the present invention provides a superior method for the system to manage and account for the requested work.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a client/server system incorporating the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the processing done in the listening daemon.
FIG. 3 describes the information which is passed by the listening daemon on the putwork() kernel call.
FIG. 4A shows the file descriptor tables and work queues that are used by the present invention.
FIG. 4B shows the steps performed by the putwork() service of the present invention.
FIG. 5A shows the processing steps performed by each server process.
FIG. 5B shows the processing steps performed by each worker thread created by a server process.
FIG. 6 shows the steps performed by the getwork() service of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows the steps performed by the spawn() service of the present invention.
Some of the terminology used in this specification, while fairly standard in the art, is explained below for ready reference.
A file descriptor is a small integer used by a process to identify a file or similar object that has been opened by it for input/output (I/O). Certain file descriptors are generally reserved, such as 0 for standard input, 1 for standard output, and 2 for standard error. Thus, the first file opened by a process may be assigned a descriptor of 3, the second file is assigned a descriptor of 4, and so on. The file descriptor is an index into a file descriptor table that is maintained for a particular process and which contains pointers to other data structures (e.g., vnodes) containing file access information. (In the present application, as will be apparent, the term "file descriptor" is also used as a shorthand reference to the table entry itself, to which the index points.) When a process closes a file, the descriptor formerly assigned to that file becomes available for assignment to a subsequently opened file. File descriptors are unique to a process, so that a file that has been opened by several processes may be assigned a different descriptor for each process. File descriptors are well known in the art and are described further at page 28 of W. R. Stevens, UNIX Network Programming, 1990, incorporated herein by reference.
A socket is a programming construct at each end of a communications connection that allows a first process to communicate with a second process at the other end of the communications connection, usually on a remote machine. Each process communicates with the other process by interacting directly with the socket at its end of the communication connection. Processes open sockets in a manner analogous to opening files, receiving back a file descriptor (specifically, a socket descriptor) by which they identify a socket. Sockets are likewise well known in the art and are described at length at pages 258-341 of the above-identified work of W. R. Stevens, as well as at pages 292-293 of A. S. Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems, 1992, incorporated herein by reference.
Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary client/server system 100 incorporating the present invention includes one or more clients 102, each of which is connected to a server system 106 via a communications connection 104. Communications connection 104 may be managed by any suitable communications protocol such as TCP/IP. Server system 106 comprises one or more listening daemons 108, each of which is serviced by one or more server processes (or simply "servers") 116.
Communications connection 104 couples a particular client 102 to a particular server process in server system 106 (either a listening daemon 108 or a server process 116, as will be described) via respective sockets 104a and 104b at the client and server ends that the processes identify with socket descriptors. (In view of this one-to-one correspondence between a communications connection 104 and its sockets 104a-104b, the terms "communications connection" and "socket" are sometimes used interchangeably herein).
Listening daemon 108 distributes work to servers 116 through respective putwork() and getwork() services 122 and 124 provided by an operating system (OS) kernel 112. OS kernel 112 may comprise the kernel portion of the IBM� OS/390™ operating system, running on a server system 106 comprising an IBM System/390� (S/390�) server, although the invention is not limited to any particular hardware or software platform. OS kernel 112 creates additional servers 116 based on demand and installation policy. Each client request is eventually serviced by a thread 118 running in a server 116, via a communication connection 104 and server-end socket 104b that has been transferred from the listening daemon 108 to the thread 118 in a manner to be described. Any suitable means may be used to control the creation of multiple threads 118 in multiple server address spaces 116; the particular means used form no part of the present invention.
System 106 also contains a workload manager (WLM) 126, programming that is associated with OS kernel 112. Workload manager 126 works in conjunction with a system resource manager (not separately shown) to control the allocation of system resources to various service classes into which units of work are classified in accordance with how the service classes are meeting predefined goals. The operation of workload manager 126, while forming no part of the present invention, is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,473,773 to J. D. Aman et al., entitled "Apparatus and Method for Managing a Data Processing System Workload According to Two or More Distinct Processing Goals"; the copending application of C. K. Eilert et al., Ser. No. 08/383,168, filed Feb. 3, 1995, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Managing a Distributed Data Processing System Workload According to a Plurality of Distinct Processing Goal Types"; and the concurrently filed application of J. D. Aman et al., Ser. No. 08/222,752, identified in the above cross-reference to related applications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to the procedure used to manage and account for a client work request from its beginning in the listening daemon 108 to its final completion on the thread 118 running in a server 116. It does not relate to the procedure for obtaining work from an external source or the distribution of the work within a given system.
FIG. 2 shows the procedure 200 followed by listening daemon 108. Listening daemon 108 first registers as a server with the OS kernel 112 (step 202). When a similar step is taken by the servers 116, it allows the OS kernel 112 to accept work from the listening daemon 108 and dispatch the work on the appropriate server 116.
The listening daemon 108 then enters an endless loop where it waits for input on a communications port 104 (step 204). When the listening daemon 108 accepts a conversation (step 206), it receives a socket descriptor identifying the socket 104b which is used for all future communications with the client 102. In a UNIX�-compliant system such as OS/390, steps 204 and 206 are accomplished via listen() and accept() system calls to the OS kernel 112 in a manner well known in the art.
Listening daemon 108 then builds a set of putwork() parameters 300 (FIG. 3) representing the client request (step 208). The work request consists of any data that the listening daemon 108 needs to pass to the server 116 as well as any file descriptors (including socket descriptors) that need to be transferred to the server. Frequently, the only file descriptor that needs to be transferred to the server 116 is the one that represents the socket 104b.
Listening daemon 108 then calls the putwork() service 122 of the OS kernel 112, passing to it the putwork() parameters 300 (FIG. 3) representing the work request (step 212). The processing steps performed by the putwork() service 122 are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B and are described below.
The parameter processing performed in steps 208 and 212 is similar in some respects to that done in a standard UNIX function called spawn(), a version of which modified in accordance with the present invention is described below. The spawn() function allows a first process (such as a listening daemon) to create a new process to which is passed data and replicate file descriptors for the new process. However, the spawn() function builds a new process, which entails significant overhead for the OS kernel 112.
After passing the work request to the putwork() service 122 of the OS kernel 112, the listening daemon 108 loops back (step 214) to wait for another request from a client 102.
FIG. 3 shows the set of putwork() parameters 300 that a listening daemon 108 assembles to represent a client's work request. Options 310 allow the listening daemon 108 to request that the putwork() service 122 close the file descriptor after it has been transferred to the server 116. This avoids the overhead of requiring the listening daemon 108 to make a separate call to close the socket 104b. The next parameter consists of classification data 312, used by the OS kernel 112 to identify the correct server 116 to handle the work. Application data 314 allows the listening daemon 108 to pass any parameters it wants to the thread 118 that executes the client request in a server 116.
File descriptor list 316 contains one or more file descriptors 318 (i.e., indices into a file descriptor table) that the listening daemon 108 wants to transfer to the server 116. As noted above, frequently only a single file descriptor 318, representing the socket 104b that provides the communications connection 104 to the client 102, is passed.
Referring to FIG. 4A, in a manner that is well known in the art, each process on server system 106, including listening daemon 108 and server processes 116, has a file descriptor (FD) table associated with it that is used to keep track of all open files or other objects such as sockets 104b representing communications connections 104. Thus, listening daemon 108 has a file descriptor (FD) table 402.
When a socket 104b is created, the OS kernel 112 builds a virtual node (vnode) 404 to represent the socket. The OS kernel 112 then scans the file descriptor table of the process for which it is creating the socket 104b, in this case file descriptor table 402, for an available slot. Assuming slot N is the first available slot in file descriptor table 402, OS kernel 112 stores a pointer 403 in slot N that points to vnode 404. (This pointer 403, and not the index N into the table 402, is the thing that is transferred to a server process 116.) From the point of view of the listening daemon 108, the pointer 403 indexed by N (where N is the file descriptor 318 returned to the process) represents socket 104b and thus its connection 104 to the client 102. The real information needed to perform communication with the client 102 is stored in the vnode 404.
In a similar manner, each server process 116 in the operating system has its own file descriptor table 420. Threads 118 within a server process 116 share a common file descriptor table 420, since a file or other object that is open to one thread in a process is open to all.
FIG. 4B shows the procedure 450 performed by the putwork() service 122 when processing a putwork() request (step 212) from a listening daemon 108.
The putwork() service 122 first classifies the work request based on the classification data 312 supplied by the listening daemon 108 (step 452). After classifying the work request, the putwork service 122 creates a workload manager (WLM) enclave 128 to represent the work request (step 454). As described in MVS Programming: Workload Management Services, IBM publication GC28-1773-00, 1996, incorporated herein by reference, at pages 39-44, an enclave 128 defines a set of resource users (such as threads or processes) that are managed as a single entity for the purpose of resource allocation. This establishes the business unit of work relationship between the work request and the WLM enclave 128.
Enclaves are also discussed in the commonly assigned copending application of S. J. Greenspan et al. entitled "Separating Work Unit Priority and Accountability from Address Spaces", Ser. No. 08/768,038, filed Dec. 17, 1996, incorporated herein by reference.
The particular data structures used to associate the units of work described herein with a particular enclave and manner in which workload manager 126 and related system elements allocate resources to units of work that are associated with a particular enclave 128 as a single "business unit of work" form no part of the present invention. Any of various data structures or allocation schemes could be used, such as the ones described in the references cited above.
Next, the putwork() service 122 makes a copy of the user-supplied parameters and file descriptors so they can be made available to a worker thread 118 when it obtains the work request. Thus, referring also to FIG. 4A, the putwork() service 122 constructs a temporary file descriptor table 406 (step 456). Each file descriptor 318 in the caller's file descriptor list 316 (FIG. 3) has its corresponding entry 403 in file descriptor table 402 replicated in this temporary file descriptor table 406 so that it has a corresponding entry 408 in the temporary file descriptor table.
After the file descriptors 408 have been captured in the temporary file descriptor table 406, the descriptors 403 in the listening daemon table 402 are closed (i.e., deleted from table 402) if the caller has specified this in its options 310 (step 458).
After all file descriptors 403 have been processed and replicated in the temporary file descriptor table 406, the putwork() service 122 creates a work request 410 which contains application data 412 (=application data 314 from the parameter list 300) and a pointer 413 to the temporary file descriptor table 406 for that work request (step 460). This work request 410 is then placed on the appropriate work queue 414 as indicated by the classification data 312 (step 462).
When a getwork() request later occurs from a thread 118 running in a server 116, the getwork() service 124 performs another set of file descriptor transfers. First, the getwork() service 124 scans the file descriptor table 420 of the server 116. For each entry 408 in the temporary file descriptor table 406, a new entry 422 is replicated in the server 116's file descriptor table 420. When this step is complete, the server 116, and hence its threads 118, has access to the same files or communication links (i.e., sockets) that the listening daemon 108 had.
FIGS. 5A-5B show the processing that is done by a server 116 and its worker threads 118. Referring to FIG. 5A, when a server 116 is started, it calls a server registration service in a manner similar to that of the listening daemon 108 (step 502). This provides the OS kernel 112 with the information needed to bind the work queue 414 to the listening daemon 108 that adds elements and the server 116 that removes them. The server 116 then issues a pthread-- create() system call to the OS kernel 112 to create multiple worker threads 118 (step 504).
FIG. 5B shows the procedure 550 followed by each worker thread 118 created by a server process 116. Referring to FIG. 5B, each worker thread 118 upon being created calls the getwork() service 124 to request the next piece of work 410 from a client 102 (step 552). The operation of the getwork() service 124 is shown in FIG. 6 and explained further below. The thread 118 receives one or more file descriptors (i.e., pointers to a vnode) 422 from the getwork() service 124, which the thread uses to process the work request 410 and communicate back to the client 102.
In this particular example, after retrieving a work request 410 the worker thread 118 determines that the work request requires the invocation of a separate application program 120 (FIG. 1). To invoke the application program 120, thread 118 calls a spawn() service 130 of the OS kernel 112, the operation of which is described below (step 554).
When a work request 410 is completed, the thread 118 cleans up any required resources related to the processed work request; this includes closing any file descriptors 422 related to the work request 410 by deleting them from the descriptor table 420 (step 556). The thread 118 then loops back (step 558) to step 552 to perform the next getwork() call.
FIG. 6 shows the procedure 600 performed by the getwork() service 124 of OS kernel 112 (FIG. 1) upon being called by a worker thread 118 (step 552 of FIG. 5B).
When called again by a worker thread 118 at the completion of a previously obtained work request 410, the getwork() service 124 first attempts to clean up the association between the old WLM enclave 123 and the calling worker thread 118 (step 602). Since the previous work request 410 has been completely processed by the worker thread 118, the WLM enclave 128 is no longer relevant. Therefore, as part of the cleanup processing, old the WLM enclave 128 is deleted, which indicates to the system 106 the end of the previous work request 410.
The getwork() service 124 then attempts to retrieve the next work request 410 from the work queue 414 (step 604). If no work is available, the worker thread 118 is suspended in a manner well known in the art until more work arrives.
Next, the getwork() service 124 associates the dispatchable work unit comprising the calling worker thread 118 with the new WLM enclave 128 created for the work request 410 to establish the business unit of work relationship between the calling worker thread and that new WLM enclave 128 (step 606).
Upon retrieving the next work request 410, and as described above with respect to FIGS. 4A-4B, the getwork() service 124 transfers file descriptors 408 from the temporary file descriptor table 406 to the file descriptor table 420 of the server 116 (step 608).
After the file descriptor transfer is complete, the file descriptors 408 in the temporary file descriptor table 406 are closed and the temporary file descriptor table 406 is freed (step 610).
Finally, the getwork() service 124 informs the calling thread 118 (by setting appropriate return parameters) which file descriptors 422 are available for it to use (step 612).
FIG. 7 shows the procedure 700 followed by the spawn() service 130. The spawn() service 130 first creates a new child process 704 constituting an instance of the application program 120 (step 702). The child process 704 inherits many of the parent's process attributes as part of the child creation processing.
After creating the child process 704, the spawn() service 130 associates the child process with the WLM enclave 128 of the worker thread 118 that called the spawn() service (step 706). This establishes the business unit of work relationship between the new child process 704 and the work request 410.
Finally, the spawn() service 130 transfers control to the target application program (step 708). When the target application program terminates, its association with the WLM enclave 128 is broken.
In FIG. 7, a kernel spawn() service was used to create a new child process. However, the same associating with the enclave of the caller may be performed for other system services such as the UNIX services fork(), vfork(), exec(), popen() , system() and pthread-- create(). Whenever a thread creates a new dispatchable unit of work to complete the processing of work request, the newly created dispatchable unit of work is associated with the workload enclave of the incoming work request to allow the operating system to manage and account for the entire work request. The present invention thus provides a mechanism for a server operating system to manage and account for all resources consumed by a user work request.
The invention is preferably implemented as software (i.e., a machine-readable program of instructions tangibly embodied on a program storage devices) executing on one or more hardware machines. While a particular embodiment has been shown and described, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, while the description has been with reference to a UNIX-compliant system, the present invention is not limited to such systems and may be used in any system in which similar constructs are used.
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|Lopez-Estrada Alex A.
|Adaptive configuration of platform
|Feb 13, 2004
|Aug 18, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Autonomic workload classification using predictive assertion for wait queue and thread pool selection
|Aug 30, 2005
|Jan 5, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Method and system for displaying categorized information on a user interface
|Aug 18, 2005
|Feb 22, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Adaptive scheduling and management of work processing in a target context in resource contention
|Jan 30, 2006
|Aug 23, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method, apparatus and program storage device for preserving locked pages in memory when in user mode
|Oct 31, 2007
|Mar 13, 2008
|Pope Steven L
|Data processing system with data transmit capability
|Sep 10, 2007
|Mar 20, 2008
|Pope Steven L
|Data processing system
|Apr 30, 2007
|Oct 30, 2008
|Dan Herington
|Kernel-Based Workload Management
|Jan 9, 2014
|May 8, 2014
|Solarflare Communications, Inc.
|User-level re-initialization instruction interception
|U.S. Classification
|718/105, 718/100
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 18, 1997
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AULT, DONALD F.;AMAN, JEFFREY D.;BENDER, ERNEST S.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008701/0163;SIGNING DATES FROM 19970514 TO 19970915
|Apr 10, 2001
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 25, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 19, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 26, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Are you watching instant movies on Netflix? What's your favorite comic book adaptation on the streaming movie list?
Thousands of Netflix users enjoy the "Watch Instantly" section of the popular DVD rental website–streaming movies straight to their computers or televisions. Still, it can be difficult to find the perfect movie amid the overwhelming selection.
Add your favorite in the comments section. We've been building helpful Instant Movies for Readers lists all summer long, from the best streaming movies based on contemporary lit to the best Netflix instant movies adapted from plays. Keep adding your suggestions as we update the lists. Our handpicked favorites follow below…
Batman Returns: "Trouble returns to Gotham in director Tim Burton's sequel as Batman (Michael Keaton) battles three new villains plotting to take over the city, including corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Christopher Walken), the hideous Penguin (Danny DeVito) and the mysterious Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer)."
Swamp Thing: "The botanical experiments of Dr. Alec Holland (Ray Wise) go awry and a lab explosion renders him more plant than man … Horror-meister Wes Craven takes a sabbatical from decapitations and gore with this campy adaptation of the DC Comics favorite."
Art School Confidential: "When his pure genius goes ignored and a brainless jock tempts his dream girl (Sophia Myles), ambitious art school student Jerome Platz (Max Minghella) sets in motion a brazen plan to become an art world hero and win his beloved's heart."
Popeye: "Robert Altman's deft hand at the helm made this 1980 film a classic. Based on E.C. Segar's comic strip, Popeye stars Robin Williams as the super-strong, spinach-scarfing sailor man who's searching for his father."
X-Men: "Amid increasing fear and bigotry, Professor Charles Xavier (Patrick Stewart) provides a safe haven for powerful outcasts like Wolverine (Hugh Jackman), Rogue (Anna Paquin) and Storm (Halle Berry), who are genetically gifted mutants — and the world's newest, most persecuted minority group."
Tank Girl: "In the year 2033, a comet has turned Earth into a rainless wasteland, and a mega-corporation controls all of the remaining water. In an attempt to end the evil reign of the company's CEO (Malcolm McDowell), Rebecca (Lori Petty) and her shy friend (Naomi Watts) hijack a stolen tank and jet — at once becoming Tank Girl and Jet Girl."
Batman: The Movie: "In director Leslie H. Martinson's campy action comedy based on the tongue-in-cheek 1960s TV series, Batman (Adam West) and Robin (Burt Ward) battle sharks, Catwoman (Lee Meriwether), The Joker (Cesar Romero), The Penguin (Burgess Meredith) and The Riddler (Frank Gorshin) on the big screen."
The Mask: "A meek, milquetoast bank teller (Jim Carrey) discovers a magical ancient mask that unleashes his deepest desires — and gives him the superhuman ability to act on them. Accompanied by his canine sidekick, the mischievous action hero goes gaga for a singer (Cameron Diaz)."


text:
THE top five postcode hotspots with the highest number of house fires are in Glasgow and surrounding areas.
They have been mapped according to the number of fires recorded in the past year to illustrate that fire can happen to anyone at any time.
The five worst-hit postcode areas, with more than 70 house fires each, were G20 Maryhill, G21 Springburn, G51 Govan, G81 Clydebank and ML1 Motherwell.
The stats were revealed as the Evening Times and Strathclyde Fire and Rescue's FireSafety Campaign continues to urge communities to take action and prevent fire.
Assistant Chief Officer Lewis Ramsay, from Strathclyde Fire and Rescue, below, said: "Fire can happen to anyone at anytime, and we're urging people across Strathclyde to make fire safety a priority this winter by installing and regularly checking their smoke alarms.
"Working smoke alarms are the most effective way of providing early warning of the onset of fire, and too often, we attend fires where smoke alarms are absent or not working.
"They can make all the difference should the worst happen, and we would encourage anyone concerned to request a Home Fire Safety Visit today."
Roseanna Cunningham, minister for Community Safety and Legal Affairs, said: "While the number of house fires in Scotland is at its lowest in a decade, this map shows no region of Scotland is untouched by the dangers of fire, and underlines the importance of keeping your family safe from the risks.
"As we approach December, we want everybody to enjoy the festivities this and every year in a way which is safe from the dangers of fire."
She continued: "The Scottish Government, the Fire and Rescue Services and our partners continue to work hard educating people about the dangers of fire, and the most important message we can give is never be complacent and always be on your guard, particularly when smoking or drinking alcohol.
"We know smoking and drinking are causes for a considerable number of fires in Scotland.
"Smoking materials and matches were the primary cause for more than one in 12 accidental house fires in 2011/12, while we also know alcohol and/or drugs was suspected to be a factor in at least one in six accidental house fires."
STRATHCLYDE Fire & Rescue is urging members of the public to "Join The Fight Against Fire."
The campaign aims to highlight how the organisation can support older people – helping them to live in their own homes safely – by delivering tailored fire-safe solutions.
They also want to encourage people to keep themselves, their neighbours and their communities safe.
Call 0800 0731 999 or text CHECK to 61611 for more information.


text:
Get your tickets to our exclusive reader event at the Oka store in Wiltshire before they sell out...
Get ready for Christmas by joining House & Garden at the Oka store in Froxfield, Wiltshire, on Wednesday, November 9, 11am-3pm for a day of inspiration - from festive table ideas to flower arranging and present wrapping.
Co-founder Sue Jones will give a short talk about the company's history, including tales of travels overseas to source its collections, followed by a series of informal workshops including flower arranging using Oka's faux flowers. There is also the opportunity to shop with a 15 per cent discount.
Tickets cost £25 each and include coffee, lunch with wine and a gift bag.
To book, visit eventbrite.co.uk and search for 'Oka Froxfield House & Garden Reader Event' or click here.
Like this? Then you'll love


text:
All quotes by Barry O'Connor
(3 quotes found)
"It's very lucky for us because when St. Patrick's Day falls on Wednesday we do big business, but we lose our Friday. There's no such thing as green beer here."
"This acquisition provides the Group with an entry into the significant social homes segment of the UK housing market. It also provides a foothold for McInerney in a new geographic region, the South Midlands area, which will assist our regional expansion in the private housing sector."


text:
East Saint Louis, IL - The Hunt for The Truth Behind a $1 Million Dollar Bill
East Saint Louis, IL - The shades were drawn against the morning sun, as though Rodney Dukes were trying to block out his doubt about the $1 million bill. The room was dark. It was hard to see the dishes in the sink, the unpaid bills on the table, the gray in his black hair. The TV was muted. The only sound was the occasional beep of a smoke alarm battery dying.
Rodney often thought about the bill while sitting in the darkness of his daughter's place in the Villa Griffin public housing project. A million dollar note. A life-changing sum in a scrap of paper. A bill he had discovered five months earlier on the street — his ticket out, away from all this.
At first, he was certain the bill was fake. Or stolen. Just another false promise in "this dead-..., beat-down town." He hadn't held a steady job since working as a parking lot attendant six years ago. He and his wife recently lost their house. Now they were staying with his daughter. Rodney, a father of three, was a man close to bottom, a place where even dreaming of escape can feel like too much weight to bear. Better to let it go.
But now he believed. He believed in the possibility of the $1 million bill. He allowed himself to think that luck might be smiling on him at long last, finally, after 51 years, tapping him on his worry-worn shoulders.
He had set out to discover the truth of his find. Months trickled by. He kept searching. The answer seemed just out of reach. But he felt he was closing in. You could laugh it off as a quixotic quest — except for the way he went about it. No short cuts. No scams. He moved with deliberation, like a man aware of the stakes.
And along the way, as he pressed and pressed, nearing despair, he found something else rare and unexpected.
But first he needed to learn about the $1 million bill.
"I want to see if it's real. I really do," Rodney said in the dark room. "I've just got to hope that (it's) real."
* * *
He found it. Just ... found it. Like someone uncovering a Picasso in the basement. It was late May. He needed to call his wife. He didn't own a cell phone. He stopped at a pay phone and spotted what looked like money lying on the phone's metal table. A $20 bill? He looked around as he stood outside a Shell gas station in University City. Traffic did not stop. People pumping gas did not glance his way.
He returned to the bill. He turned it over and over in his callused hands. He pulled a $10 bill from his wallet and compared.
The $1 million note looked real. Crisp, like it never had been outside a bank. The greens and blacks and grays were just right. Rodney didn't recognize the stern, bearded man in the center portrait as 19th president, Rutherford B. Hayes. He figured there were enough obscure old men to go around. "1,000,000" was printed in the top corners. He noted what appeared to be the stamps of the U.S. Federal Reserve and Department of Treasury. Some words on the back were too small to make out.
The bill was too perfect, its location too obvious. But for Rodney, that made perfect sense.
"Somebody wanted to give it to somebody. Who is going to sit a $1 million bill in a phone booth? Somebody put it there," Rodney recalled. "Unless it's not real. But you might find a twenty. A fifty. But a million dollars?"
He put the bill in his pocket and headed home, forgetting all about the phone call.
He didn't tell his wife. First, he needed to know more.
The idea of a search suited Rodney, a high school dropout who retains a restless curiosity about the world. He is the type of person who tries piecing together how a new neighborhood gas station makes its money; who wants to know how the Internet is changing people's lives, yet rarely has sat at a computer; who slips several coins into a charity donation box at a fast-food place, then wonders aloud if his money really goes to a good cause.
He wanted to know more about the bill.
Still, his mind couldn't help but wander, to conjure up what it would feel like to be secure. More than secure. Rich. He would buy a place in Hazelwood. Nothing fancy. A fixer-upper in a nice subdivision. Someplace safe. He wanted to get his family out of the projects. No more struggle. No more worrying about ever being flat broke again.
But Rodney's old man knew better. He knew that money could be a curse, too. Maybe that's why Rodney went to him first with the $1 million bill. Rodney looked up to Willie Dukes, father of eight. Now 73 and retired from airport maintenance work, Willie Dukes spent his days helping his children and hanging out with other retired men in his North St. Louis neighborhood.
Willie Dukes had money once, but it disappeared like the old North Side houses replaced by empty lots. When he was a teen, he had been good enough at poker to amass a small fortune. He remembers he had a dufflebag so stuffed with $20 bills he could sit on it like a chair. He drove a pink Cadillac. The money flowed until he joined the Army at the urging of his mother. She wanted better for her son.
Willie Dukes never saw that kind of money again. But he learned a lesson: Manage what you have. Handle your money with care. "If you don't have a budget, it will go away."
The old man worried over Rodney and the potential windfall. Rodney had struggled for so long. And the old man had other plans for his son. Willie Dukes recently had been eyeing an old pickup he wanted to buy for Rodney so they could go junking — collecting and reselling scrap metal.
Yet Willie Dukes thought the bill looked real. He recalled a TV show about $1 million bills and how they were no longer in circulation. Maybe this was one that slipped out. It had happened before: A few 1933 double-eagle gold coins ended up with collectors despite never being released by the government. One sold for $7.6 million.
He showed the bill to some of the other retirees, men whom Rodney trusted because they had been around. They agreed. It looked real. Willie Dukes told his son to see someone who knows money.
"Like with diamonds," Willie Dukes said, "you've got to go to the folks who know them."
* * *
So Rodney went to a bank — a U.S. Bank branch in downtown St. Louis. He wasn't trying to deposit the bill. He didn't even have an account there. He remembers the teller was stunned. She had never seen a $1 million bill before. "They were telling me there was nothing they could do with it," Rodney said.
The teller suggested he try the Federal Reserve Bank, a few blocks away.
Rodney walked into the stone fortress that is one of 12 banks controlling the nation's money supply. He passed through the automatic revolving door and into a wide lobby of soaring marble walls. The Reserve Bank's massive brass emblem sat on a wall above him. It looked like the one printed on U.S. currency. And on Rodney's $1 million bill.
He was met by blue-uniformed security guards. He explained his mission. The guards told him the Federal Reserve dealt only with other banks. Then one guard pulled out a tattered manila folder and handed Rodney two pieces of paper.
It was a printout from the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, detailing how it verifies and refunds damaged money. It was an opening he could try.
Rodney decided first to put the bill through one more test. He stopped at a corner store the next day and asked the clerk if he could borrow a counterfeit money pen. The felt-tip marker, filled with an iodine solution, leaves behind a brown mark on the wood-based paper of most fakes. Real U.S. currency is printed on fiber.
The clerk handed Rodney the pen. He swiped it down one end of the bill. A dark line trailed behind. Then he watched as it faded, along with his doubt.
Rodney decided it was safe to tell his wife.
She laughed. No way that bill was real. No way.
But Rodney, he was starting to believe.
And so a week later, in early June, he was at a post office in St. Louis. He was nervous. He was about to mail the $1 million bill to the bureau of engraving. He had studied the instructions for sending currency to its examiners in Washington. The bureau "will issue a written confirmation of receipt," his handout explained, for cases expected to take longer than four weeks to process.
He took a deep breath. He mailed it off.
Rodney left the post office with a registered mail receipt and tracking number, which would show the letter arrived in Washington at 1:55 p.m. on June 7.
That was the last tangible proof of his dream.
* * *
Four weeks passed. Five. And six. No word from Washington. Seven weeks. Rodney thought about calling the bureau, but his long-distance bill was already out of sight. Eight weeks. Nine. Then Rodney got an idea. He would ask a judge to demand a response from the bureau of engraving.
In late August he walked into the federal courthouse in St. Louis and with the help of a clerk, Rodney filed a lawsuit by hand, writing that he wanted to "... request bill return or replace the currency, 1 million dollar bill…"
"Please!" he wrote.
Three weeks passed. A district court judge dismissed Rodney's plea. The judge didn't see how the court could help. "The complaint is incoherent."
Rodney figured the judge misunderstood. He filed again six days later. "Maybe with help from Honorable Judge may I ask for help. Unemploy(ed) and cannot afford long distance call."
The judge waved him off. Rodney filed a third time. And was rejected.
Now Rodney sat in the dark living room, the shades drawn tight.
He stewed about the delay. He imagined the judge was afraid to demand that federal officials answer for his missing money. He suspected the bureau didn't believe a guy from East St. Louis could have found something so valuable. And he thought of one more possibility.
"Maybe there's something to it — it being a million dollars and all," he said. "They're making me think something good because it's taking so long."
Now he planned to call the bureau. He dialed the number on a borrowed cell phone. He got a recording. The message warned it could take 12-14 weeks for a response. Rodney already had waited 17. A beep. Rodney spoke slowly.
"My name is Rodney. I'd like to receive a call back from you people." He recited the bill's serial number and his phone number. "Please return my call as soon as possible. Please. Thank you."
* * *
By the middle of October, Rodney worried that he would never see his bill again. But maybe he could find out if even the possibility of such a bill existed.
He headed to the library. It was a dreary, cold Wednesday. He slipped on a black leather jacket and matching hat. After the library he was going to work for a guy. Wouldn't say doing what. "I need to earn some money, man," was all Rodney said.
He walked out, past fresh plywood sheets covering windows and doors of neighboring apartments. Loose dogs roamed a grass lot across the street.
"I've got to get a house, get out of the projects, change things," Rodney said, walking to his car, a blue Volvo that a friend swung him a deal on. "Nothing good happens around here."
He drove to the main library building in downtown St. Louis. He bounded up the library's wide stone steps in a hurried stride, the $1 million bill on his mind.
"Do you think it exists?" he asked suddenly, walking in the door.
Inside, Rodney was pointed to the online library catalog. He stood above the keyboard. He fumbled with the mouse. He pecked at the keys with one hand. "I don't know how to use this," he said.
Frustrated, Rodney walked over to a library worker.
"I'm trying to find something out about a million-dollar bill," he said.
"You're looking for what now?"
"A million-dollar bill. To see if it's ever been made."
He was passed off to another researcher, who walked to another computer. Rodney stood over his shoulder. The librarian typed "million dollar bills" into Google. He clicked on a story link, "Georgia Man Tries to Deposit One Million Dollar Bill." The librarian silently scanned the article. Rodney noticed a photo of the suspect note, President Grover Cleveland on the front.
"Mine didn't look like that," Rodney said, relieved.
The librarian surfed through several other pages before announcing he couldn't find any evidence that a $1 million bill had ever been produced. A $10,000 bill, briefly. Even a rare $100,000 bill. Then the librarian searched for "million dollar bill" on the bureau of engraving's website.
"Hmmm," the librarian said. "It's not matching anything."
"But you can't say for sure, can you?" Rodney countered.
No, the librarian allowed. He pulled out a World Book reference volume. He walked back to the computer and called up Google. "Has a million dollar bill ever been issued," he typed.
The search results were the same: No mention of a $1 million bill.
"So it never really answered your question either, though," Rodney said.
"Yes, no," the librarian said, flustered. "It never directly said no."
Rodney started to persist, but he sensed the librarian was done. He thanked him, slipped back on his leather hat and walked into the hallway.
"I don't know, man. I don't know. I'm not going to doubt the man," Rodney said outside. "But he's not going to undoubt me, either."
It was cold. He needed to head to work.
"I'm not no fool," he said now, raising his voice. "I'm not no fool."
* * *
One morning a week later at Villa Griffin, Rodney pulled a small chicken pot pie from the oven. He wrapped it in tin foil and prepared to head out. On the kitchen table was a phone bill with a red slip of paper and the stark words "Disconnection notice" peeking through the cellophane window.
Next to it was a letter from the bureau of engraving.
The letter had arrived two days earlier. Registered mail. A manager in the Mutilated Currency Division announced case No. 9-11579 was closed: "Your note(s) were thoroughly examined and determined to be play money, not genuine United States currency. Therefore, it has no monetary value and cannot be redeemed."
The letter ended with a condolence: "I apologize that my reply is not favorable."
No explanation for why it had taken so long. And the letter was addressed to "Rooney Dukes." At that, Rodney shook his head. Suffocating, that's what he had been doing. Suffocating while this played out. And they didn't even care to know his name.
But Rodney had his answer. He had that much.
His wife laughed. She knew, just knew all along. "I told you that wasn't real," she said, no longer laughing.
He figured she didn't understand. He had to try. At least, he wasn't so far down that he couldn't imagine his way out. The bill was fake, yes. But his faith in that bill was real. He wasn't ready to surrender his dream. The search had awakened something inside him. It was like believing in something false allowed him to feel something real.
"I'll make something happen," he said now.
He felt his luck was out there. He just had to find it. His life's path was not set. Recently, he had been thinking about going back to driving trucks. He knew a guy who was getting 75 cents, even a $1 a mile. He had driven short-haul routes before. He had his commercial drivers license. Maybe he could do that. And his old man's offer of a pickup and a chance to go junking — that was out there, too.
First, though, he had some unfinished business. Because tucked inside that letter from D.C. was his $1 million bill.
* * *
The bureau of engraving shed no light on the bill's origins for Rodney. Turns out that for years a California-based evangelical ministry — Way of the Master, perhaps best known for its late-night TV ads with "Growing Pains" sitcom actor Kirk Cameron — has been distributing fake $1 million bills with religious tracts on the reverse. A tract was on Rodney's bill asking, "Will you go to heaven when you die?" Except the type was so small, it was nearly unreadable.
Some people see the fake bills as a good bait-and-switch for spreading religion. Online, people brag about leaving the bills in public places. You can buy 100 of them for $5.
But the bills are a sore spot for the Treasury. Several years ago the Secret Service seized thousands of the bills claiming they too closely resembled real money. A judge overruled the agency because a true $1 million bill had never been produced. It wasn't counterfeit. Still, people across the country sometimes try to deposit the bills at banks or use them in liquor stores, trying to make a quick score, pull one over.
But Rodney knew none of this.
Now, he was going to try one last place. He wanted to see if even a fake bill had a price.
With his car in the shop needing $400 in repairs, he got a ride into St. Louis. Along the way, he talked about a guy who gave him five can't-miss numbers for the lottery. "He's been working with the numbers for two, three months. He's an old hand," Rodney said. "Said they were his best five. I could use some money right
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Read Comments (17) — Post Yours »
Dec 15, 2009 at 06:33 PM
real drama, but all u need is alittle "emina"
Dec 15, 2009 at 07:06 PM
I tought after such a long story it will indeed be a happy ending.
Dec 15, 2009 at 07:10 PM
He is a little kookoo to believe that if such a bill ever existed that it would be laying around for someone to find. But, I guess a man can dream...
Dec 15, 2009 at 07:21 PM
Just a low life who kept his self busy with a little play money
Dec 15, 2009 at 07:23 PM
That is very cool because all I find is just old chairs
Dec 15, 2009 at 08:21 PM
Long and boring....
Vin just delayed my menorah lighting by 15 minutes.....
Dec 15, 2009 at 09:11 PM
A man's life! Kachalom Youf
Dec 15, 2009 at 10:21 PM
My grandmother had a few $5 and $10 gold coins that she had saved from the meltdown. They were beautiful.
Dec 15, 2009 at 10:27 PM
You really want a happy ending?! for a happy ending buy my book
Dec 15, 2009 at 10:28 PM
Long and boring....
Vin just delayed my menorah lighting by 15 minutes..... "
Very inspiring story.
Dec 15, 2009 at 11:36 PM
Poor man! first of all he just could look up the internet for info... Also note: "Reserved Note" instead of "Federal Reserve Note" on the bill...
I couldn't get the point why the paper even gave that guy so much attention?
Dec 15, 2009 at 11:45 PM
Long and boring....
Vin just delayed my menorah lighting by 15 minutes..... "
VIN did not delay you, YOU delayed yourself because you are too busy hooked on the computer when Mitzvos come first!
Dec 16, 2009 at 11:14 AM
for that dream you can buy a mega million lottery and dream onnnnnnnnn for just 1 $
Dec 17, 2009 at 12:13 PM
A rachmonos. This story went on a lot longer than it should have. The reporter purposefully ignored the bill, leaving the reader to follow what this man did. There was no story here, accept to see what an uneducated man does when he is down on his luck. It would have been more to the point if they followed him around looking for a job.
Jun 19, 2010 at 08:26 PM
I just found a bill today that has the same numbers on it and looks exactly like it. HAHA. I didnt think it was real.
Jul 09, 2010 at 04:03 PM
I Have a million dollar bill. It look just like that one. But is that real, a rich man gave it to me.