text:
Sam Allardyce ahead of West Ham – Liverpool: 'Suarez is in World's Top 3' [Video]
West Ham host Liverpool on Sunday afternoon, and Hammers boss 'Big' Sam Allardyce has waxed lyrical over their main man, Luis Suarez.
Allardyce had the utmost praise for El Pistolero, placing him 'in the world's top 3', presumably just behind La Liga's pair of extra-terrestrials, Ronaldo and Messi.
Allardyce put Suarez's taking it to the next level this season to his improved discipline, putting last season's trials and tribulations firmly behind him; and his budding partnership with Daniel Sturridge.
Watch Big Sam on Suarez below, as well as his general preview of the Liverpool game.


text:
- A. A. Millar,
- A. R. G. Lang and
- W. R. Gardner2
The construction, calibration, and tests of a miniature four-terminal thermocouple psychrometer are described. Improved thermal stability under nonisothermal conditions is the main feature of this new type of psychrometer. This is achieved using a separate thermocouple to cool and condense water vapor on the sensing thermocouple.
The sensitivity for this thermocouple psychrometer is about 0.4 #v/bar at 25C, and is operable at temperature fluctuations of about 0.5C during the course of a measurement.
In situ measurements of water potential in onion leaves under a cloudy day differed by 0,5 to 1 bar from measurements on detached leaves. With greater temperature fluctuations, water potentials obtained by the two methods differed by as much as 2 to 3 bars.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © . .

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Taking Inspiration From the GA-6 Race
Taking Inspiration From the GA-6 Race by Together We Will USA | Sep 19, 2017 Photo Credit: Register to Vote African American 1960s sign from Kheel Center, Cornell University is licensed by CC BY...read more
Show Jon Ossoff Some Love and Help Turn Georgia Blue
This is Thomas Jonathan "Jon" Ossoff, an American investigative filmmaker, former congressional national security aide, and Democratic candidate who just ran in the 2017 special election...read more
Democratic National Committee Candidate Review
Last week, Together We Will brought you indepth profiles of the candidates for DNC chair. In case you missed the full profiles the first time, here's an easy comparison side by side!
DNC Candidate Profile: Secretary of Labor Tom Perez
Follow this candidate: Facebook Twitter Background Outgoing / Former Labor Secretary Tom Perez has an impressive track record of fighting for progressive ideals. Some might argue it's in his...read more
DNC Candidate Profile: Jamie Harrison
Follow this candidate: Facebook Twitter Background and Experience Born in Orangeburg, South Carolina, Jamie Harrison is South Carolina's current Democratic Party Chairman. Harrison grew up in...read more
DNC Candidate Profile: U.S. Representative Keith Ellison
Follow this candidate: Facebook Twitter Background Keith Ellison is a two-term congressman who represents the city of Minneapolis in the swing state of Minnesota. Ellison has lived in Minnesota for...read more
DNC Candidate Profile: Pete Buttigieg
Follow this candidate: Facebook Twitter Pete Buttigieg brings a fresh perspective of inclusion and equality to the Democratic Party. As a Harvard-educated Rhodes scholar, Buttigieg served his...read more
DNC Chair Candidate Profile: Sally Boynton Brown
Follow this candidate: Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Background The first and only woman to enter the field of DNC chair candidates, Sally Boynton Brown is the current executive director of the Idaho...read more
DNC Candidate Profile: Raymond Buckley
Follow this candidate: Facebook Raymond Buckley is currently serving his fifth term as chairman of the New Hampshire Democratic Party. He is recognized as a national leader in the LGBT community,...read more
Help Shape the California Democratic Party – January 7th and 8th!
Hey California voters, do you want to reform the Democratic Party? Here's your chance, and you don't even have to wait 2 years to vote again! California Democrats will elect their state...read more


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The United Nations Security Council is expected to vote in the next few days on a revised U.S./British resolution endorsing the handover of sovereignty in Iraq on June 30. The original resolution had been heavily criticized by other members of the Security Council, who have called for the weakening of American power in Iraq after the June 30 handover. The revised text explicitly states that the Iraqi interim government will be "fully sovereign" with full control over all Iraqi forces and sets an expiration date for the mandate for coalition forces to remain in Iraq of January 2006. Still, even this revised draft may not pass muster with those on the Council whose interests differ from the United States' and Britain's. No matter their demands, Washington should not sacrifice its control over security matters.
An Uphill Battle
While granting significant concessions to critics of U.S. Iraq policy, it is unlikely that the new draft will meet the demands of China, France, and Russia, who last week circulated their own draft, drawn up by Beijing, calling for a greater degree of UN control over multinational forces in Iraq.
A major confrontation is likely. The Bush Administration hopes to extract an agreement before the June 8th G-8 Summit at Sea Island, Georgia. But while it should seek a Security Council resolution that will facilitate broader international support for the new Iraqi interim government, Washington should not sacrifice its control over security matters:
The United States must retain command of all coalition forces. The Iraqi interim government may be given control of its own security forces, but neither it nor the UN should have veto power over the command of coalition forces.
Coalition commanders must retain the freedom to use force against insurgents. The rules of engagement should clearly give commanders the right to mount a robust defense against attacks.
The mandate for the length of stay of coalition forces in Iraq should be renewable, depending on the security situation in Iraq, through a bilateral agreement between the U.S.-led coalition and the Iraqi government.
Differing Strategic Interests
The French, Russians, and Chinese, who have done little to help with postwar rebuilding or the security situation in Iraq, have strategic interests that are at odds with those of the United States and Britain. Their primary goal is to reduce American and British power in Iraq and in the Middle East in order to increase their own political and economic leverage.
The French and Russians resent the removal from power of Saddam Hussein, who was in many ways a client of Paris and Moscow. The liberation of Iraq has been extremely costly to both nations in terms of lost oil contracts, uncertainties about the repayment of billions of dollars of Iraqi debt, and long-term economic opportunities. While Chinese strategic interests in Iraq are far less pronounced, Beijing has pretensions to superpower status and is seeking to extend its international influence through the UN Security Council. Beijing sees collaboration with France and Russia as the best means of advancing this goal.
The growing scandal over the UN's handling of the Iraq Oil-for-Food program has shed new light on the close working relationship between Moscow, Paris, and Baghdad and the huge financial interests that both France and Russia maintained in pre-liberation Iraq. The Iraqi Oil Ministry released a list of 270 names of individuals, political entities, and businesses from around the world that allegedly received oil vouchers from Saddam Hussein's regime. These vouchers allowed recipients the right to profit from the sale of Iraqi oil under the Oil-for-Food program. The list includes no fewer than 46 Russian and 11 French names. The Russian state alone is alleged to have received an astonishing $1.36 billion in oil vouchers.[1]
Prior to the regime change in Baghdad in April 2003, French and Russian oil companies possessed oil contracts with Saddam Hussein's regime that covered roughly 40 percent of the Iraq's oil wealth. Political and military ties between Moscow and Baghdad were extensive. Documents found in the bombed-out headquarters of the former Iraqi intelligence service (Mukhabarat) in Baghdad reveal the full extent of intelligence cooperation between the Russian and Iraqi governments. According to reports in the London Sunday Telegraph, "Russia provided Saddam Hussein's regime with wide-ranging assistance in the months leading up to the war, including intelligence on private conversations between Tony Blair and other Western leaders."[2]
The Russians are also believed to have illegally sold arms to Iraq right up until the outbreak of war with the United States in March 2003. The Bush Administration accused Russian arms dealers of selling thousands of night-vision goggles, as well as anti-tank guided missiles and electronic jamming equipment, to the Iraqis in open violation of UN sanctions.[3] During the course of Saddam Hussein's dictatorship, Russia reportedly provided him with $14 billion worth of arms shipments.[4]
Evidence has also come to light of the intimate political cooperation between Paris and Baghdad in the period leading up to the U.S.-led war against Saddam Hussein. Documents found in the wreckage of the Iraqi foreign ministry in the aftermath of the liberation of Iraq and reported on by the London Sunday Times revealed that "Paris shared with Baghdad the contents of private transatlantic meetings and diplomatic traffic from Washington." Details of talks between French President Jacques Chirac and President George W. Bush were also reportedly passed on to the Iraqi foreign ministry by the French ambassador in Baghdad.[5]
The UN's failure to support the ending of Saddam Hussein's brutal dictatorship, combined with its shameful record managing the Oil-for-Food program, should rule it out from playing a lead role in Iraq following the June 30 handover of sovereignty. The UN is regarded by many Iraqis with suspicion and lacks both real legitimacy and credibility.
The United States should not sacrifice control over security matters as it negotiates in the Security Council with nations that opposed regime change in Iraq and have been deeply critical of Anglo-American efforts to bring democracy to the Iraqi people. A UN resolution may be politically expedient, but it should not be gained at the cost of weakening the ability of the United States to help create a secure and democratic Iraq.
Nile Gardiner, Ph.D., is Fellow in Anglo-American Security Policy, and James Phillips is Research Fellow in Middle Eastern Affairs, at The Heritage Foundation.
[1] For further details, see Nile Gardiner, Ph.D., and James Phillips, Investigate the United Nations Oil for Food Fraud, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1748, April 21, 2004.
[2] David Harrison, ' Revealed: Russia Spied on Blair for Saddam', The London Sunday Telegraph, April 13, 2003.
[3] Peter Slevin, '3 Russian Firms' Deals Anger U.S.', The Washington Post, March 23, 2003.
[4] Harrison, 'Revealed: Russia Spied on Blair for Saddam.'
[5] Matthew Campbell, 'Dossier Reveals France Briefed Iraq on U.S. Plans', The London Sunday Times, April 27, 2003.


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"In school, I like to hang out with my friends. We like to socialize and talk about what boys like to talk about in high school."
Related quotes
"If ever there is tomorrow when we're not together.. there is something you must always remember. you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think. but the most important thing is, even if we're apart.. i'll always be with you."
"This is a situation where two boys at this school were very popular and had a lot of friends. A lot of these kids knew them."


text:
© 2002-2017
Encyclopaedia Metallum
Best viewed
without Internet Explorer,
in 1280 x 960 resolution
or higher.
Nightwish is equalled by few and excelled by none when it comes to the noble art of writing metal ballads. This EP only contains four songs, and for that reason I feel that a track-by-track review is somewhat justified.
Sleeping Sun is a gorgeous song. Tinkling keys, some strings and standard drumming form the backbone while Tarja enchants the listener with her mesmerizing voice. After the second chorus Emppu Vuorinen enters with a short, melodic solo before Tarja delivers the last chorus with a range that seems to know no bounds. One of the best metal ballads ever.
According to Tuomas Holopainen, the original version of Walking in the Air is the most beautiful song ever. I don't like it very much, mostly because of the vocals, but this cover is amazing. Structurally it's very similar to Sleeping Sun, but it turns into a full-blown metal song after the solo, when the entire band enters the stage and Tarja has to wail her lungs out to keep up.
Swanheart is a bit different. It's a rather dramatic song where the verses consist of nothing but Tarjas vocals and some subtle keys. The second half of the song is almost entirely instrumental.
Angels Fall First is the dark horse of the EP. The flute and the bleak lyrics create a very desolate atmosphere that Nightwish has been unwilling or unable to recreate on their later albums. Some nice acoustic guitar playing in this song, as well.
Overall this is probably the best thing Nightwish released to promote the Oceanborn album. Unlike most EPs, this is actually worth getting. Even if you dislike metal ballads, this album might convert you.


text:
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Links to other sites, or links to this site by any other sites, do not imply
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text: NEW YORK (AP) — Biogen Idec Inc. on Monday made a hostile bid for Facet Biotech Corp., taking its $356 million offer directly to Facet's shareholders. Biogen Idec said it started a tender offer for Facet shares that will expire on Oct. 19. Facet management has turned down Biogen's offer, which values the Redwood City, Calif.-based company at $14.50 per share. Biogen Idec CEO James Mullen said the offer "makes compelling business sense" for both companies and is in the interest of their shareholders. Cambridge, Mass.-based Biogen went public with the bid on Sept. 4. Facet rejected it Sept. 8, saying it undervalued the company. Facet stock closed up 19 cents at $16.74 Monday, indicating its investors may expect a higher bid.


text:
- What Yes, No Votes on the Greek Referendum Mean for Investors
- Will European Stocks Get Second Life in 2015? Searching for Alpha for January 2015
- How to Capitalize on Three Emerging Macro Trends
- In Reversal, Gundlach Bullish on Treasuries
- Roubini: Sequester Could Mean Another Downgrade
- Marc Faber: Keynesians Will Be Punished
- Will Gold Lose Its Luster in 2013? Commodities Outlook
- Goldman President Cohn Will 'Probably Read' Op-Ed Writer's Tell-All Book
- How to Create Your Election Portfolio


text:
The AKG K845 over-ear headphones from Harman International's AKG brand are the best headphones I've tried out in recent memory. They're huge, covering the user's ears and a lot more, but they provide first-rate sound without hurting the ears.
Available in both black and white, the K845 headphones (known as the K845BT in some markets) are remarkably light for headphones of this size. I've tested them out in a variety of settings—from exercise to a workday to an afternoon of raking leaves—and found them comfortable for each activity; no earaches here.
They also sound great. In each setting, the audio was crystal-clear thanks to the follow specification:
- Driver: 50 mm
- Frequency Response: 20-20 kHz
- Maximum Input Power: 50 mW
- Input Impedance: 32 ohms
- Sensitivity: 102 dB SPL/V
The K845s also feature Bluetooth and NFC connectivity for pairing with mobile devices. Available in white and black, the product comes with two different detachable cables: one geared towards iOS devices and the other for Android, BlackBerry and other devices.
The successor to the previous AKG 550 model—and the rare high-end headphone that comes without a famous rapper or athlete's name attached—the K845 has won a CES Design and Innovation award.
Overall, the AKG K845s are highly recommended. Worth the $299.95 price tag? That's another question, one that, to be fair, applies to all headphones.
AppleTell Rating:
Buy the AKG K845 over-ear headphones
Provides: In-ear audio reproduction with Bluetooth connectivity
Developer: AKG
Minimum Requirements: Audio source (iOS device, iPod, any smartphone or sound system with 3.5mm jack)
Price: $299.95
Availability: Now


text:
It would have been easy to write off the Decemberists. Over the years, the band from Portland, Ore., made a name for itself with its unique brand of hyperliterate, anachronistic folk-rock. Albums like 2003's Her Majesty and 2005's Picaresque brimmed with sweeping tales of doomed love; epic, blood feuds; and lonely chimbley sweeps.
But by the release of the group's fifth LP, 2009's The Hazards of Love, it appeared that the five-piece had finally jumped the proverbial shark. A meandering, overwrought concept album, the operatic Hazards alienated fans with its ponderous story lines and proggy self-indulgence. Yet just when it seemed certain that the Decemberists would forever disappear up their own rectum, they released The King Is Dead.
Released on Jan. 18 by Capital Records, King is a welcome bit of course correction that eschews high-conceptual tomfoolery in favor of good old Americana-inspired directness. Thanks to some help from guest stars Gillian Welch and REM's Peter Buck, the Decemberists have created a refreshing return to form that cranks up the energy without dumbing down frontman Colin Meloy's academic indulgences. The decision has paid off -- last week, the album was crowned No. 1 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. That's no small feat for a band usually known for nine-minute epics about getting swallowed by whales.
This is normally the part where we'd advise you to grab tickets for the Decemberists' Feb. 13 show at House of Blues, but, unfortunately, the show is already sold out. So instead, listen to/download the rousing, infectious "Down by the Water" (MP3) and try to be a little quicker on the draw next time.
Chris Maroulakos is a writer and managing editor for the San Diego music blog Owl and Bear.


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Coach correct over O'Driscoll
It has been suggested that someone ask Warren Gatland to properly answer the question of why he dropped Brian O'Driscoll for the final Lions' test.
I suggest there could only one possible answer: "I thought we would have a better chance of winning with someone else in the team".
We will never know what would have happened had O'Driscoll played, but we do know what happened without him.
It is inconceivable that Mr Gatland, a respected and successful coach, would have picked anything other than what he perceived as his best team – if only because his reputation was on the line.
Needless to say, we would have have heard the end of it if the Lions had lost.
However, it seems pointless to pillory Warren Gatland for winning.
Tom Brazil
Belfast Telegraph


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These workouts are designed by All-American swimmer and world record holder Hannah Caldas. She swims 4,000 meters per day, 2 hours per day, 6 days a week. Hannah has designed these workouts to increase your overall strength and conditioning while also improving your swim technique and speed in the water.
Week 11, Day 2
50m Swim
50 Squats
50 Kick
50 Sit Ups
50 Pull (swim)
50 Push Ups
50m Swim


text:
Private Manning's Plea
The source of the WikiLeaks documents says he's an idealist.
Private First Class Bradley Manning, the main source for the confidential U.S. military and diplomatic documents published by WikiLeaks, finally explained himself in court last week. He pleaded guilty to 10 counts of misusing classified information, while justifying himself as having the best of intentions.
Alienated by what he saw in Iraq, Private Manning told a military court that he leaked to "make the world a better place" and to "spark a domestic debate on the role of the military and our foreign...


text:
For a rustic, well-built bag that Indiana Jones would be proud to carry on his next adventure, you can't go wrong with Renaissance Art hand-crafted bags. Renaissance Art will even let you customize a laptop bag to suit your needs. You can go as simple as a leather sleeve for a laptop (starting at $55.00 for an under-14″ to $115 for an 18″ laptop) to a fully tricked out messenger bag with a laptop compartment, extra front and back pockets, and smaller "POVS's" (pockets of various sizes) to hold pens, electronics, Mokeskine journals, and the like to the interior of the bag. The messenger bag starts at $90 for an under-14″ laptop and $150 for an 18″ laptop, and customization is extra. Not bad pricing for bags your grandkids will be fighting over!
Customized Leather Laptop Bags at Renaissance Art
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text:
New Beatles collection out on iTunes
LOS ANGELES — A new compilation of 14 of the Beatles' most musically, socially or politically influential songs was released Tuesday as a digital iTunes exclusive. The collection, "Tomorrow Never Knows," nearly spans the group's entire recording career, from "You Can't Do That" in 1964 to "I've Got a Feeling" from the final album released by the Fab Four, "Let It Be," in 1970.
The album also includes "Revolution," "Paperback Writer," "And Your Bird Can Sing" and "Hey Bulldog," among a dozen John Lennon-Paul McCartney compositions, along with a pair of George Harrison's contributions, "It's All Too Much" and "Savoy Truffle." The choice of "Tomorrow Never Knows" as the title will benefit from the high-profile exposure that song from the "Revolver" album recently received with its placement in the hit TV series "Mad Men."
It's essentially an iTunes play list any Beatles fan could assemble for himself or herself, but instead of paying the going iTunes rate of $1.29 per track individually, the "Tomorrow Never Knows" collection is being offered for $7.99, in effect a 56 percent discount on this batch of Beatles tracks.
There are no plans for a CD or vinyl release, according to a spokeswoman for EMI and Capitol Records.
This may be as close to a 50th anniversary Beatles collection as fans will get. Word from sources close to the Beatles camp indicates that there are no 50th anniversary special projects due before the end of 2012. It was in 1962 that Ringo Starr joined the group, finalizing the lineup that soon would revolutionize the pop music world. The group also released its first recording, "Love Me Do," on Oct. 5, 1962, in England.
EMI and Capitol already reissued the entire catalog of the group's studio recordings in 2009, and that trove of music made its way to iTunes two years ago. Since then, EMI and Capitol have reissued the "Red" (1962-1966) and "Blue" (1967-1970) retrospective compilations, which the Beatles themselves groused about when they first appeared on LP in 1973, three years after the quartet disbanded.
In 2000, the Beatles enjoyed an outpouring of renewed interest when EMI and Capitol released "1," a compilation CD with 27 of the group's No. 1 hits. It has since sold 12 million copies.


text:
Okay, so it's maybe one second or two of Monica Bellucci, but that's one or more seconds than what we've had in previous trailers. Check out the latest new trailer for Jon Turteltaub's "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" via the official site. This thing looks very innocuous, so feel free to take the kids, moms and dads. By the way, what is the deal with Jay Baruchel's voiceover voice? I keep imagining a midget with a Tommy gun, fedora, and cigar in his mouth.
Balthazar Blake is a master sorcerer in modern-day Manhattan trying to defend the city from his arch-nemesis, Maxim Horvath. Balthazar can't do it alone, so he recruits Dave Stutler, a seemingly average guy who demonstrates hidden potential, as his reluctant protege. The sorcerer gives his unwilling accomplice a crash course in the art and science of magic, and together, these unlikely partners work to stop the forces of darkness. It'll take all the courage Dave can muster to survive his training, save the city and get the girl as he becomes The Sorcerer's Apprentice.
Starring Jay Baruchel, Nicolas Cage, Monica Bellucci, Alfred Molina, Robert Capron, Teresa Palmer, Ethan Peck, Toby Kebbell, Alice Krige, and directed by Jon Turteltaub.
It's magical July 16, 2010.
Get more images and videos at our "Sorcerer's Apprentice" preview page.
Also, IGN's got a new poster for "The Sorcerer's Apprentice", featuring villain Alfred Molina, who is helpfully labeled "The Villain" (you know, in case you didn't know):
And Movieweb has your first look at Monica Bellucci's character poster:


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Lindsey Graham: 'Death' to Americans who join Al Qaeda
During an interesting and lengthy exchange on the Senate floor Wednesday about whether Americans who join up with Al Qaeda should be subject to indefinite detention, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) had some pretty strong words for his countrymen who might ally themselves with the terrorist group: Prepare to die.
Graham said:P
To those American citizens thinking about helping Al Qaeda, please know what will come your way: death, detention, prosecution. If you are thinking about plotting with the enemy inside our country to do the rest of us harm, please understand what is coming your way: the full force of the law.
The law I am talking about is the law of armed conflict. You subject yourself to being held as an enemy of the people of the United States, interrogated about what you know and why you did what you did or planned to do, and you subject yourself to imprisonment and death. The reason you subject yourself to that regime is because your decision to turn on the rest of us and help a group of people who would destroy our way of life is not something we idly accept. It is not a common, everyday crime. It is a decision by you to commit an act of aggression against the rest of us.
The full transcript of the Senate debate is really worth a read. At a time when politicians often waste a lot of breath on utter nonsense, this exchange was a pretty high-brow discussion of constitutional law and the rights of Americans, particularly those captured in the United States and accused of ties to Al Qaeda.


text:
I hate the way he just quotes and quotes and quotes people. Even in his interview here on Fort, he's quoting this one and that one. He can care less if he even attributes the quote to the correct person. The man is an absolute quote whore.
Also, he has this need to constantly say something is "not in a gay way". His assistant coach was helping him stretch, he had to comment on the fact that they weren't doing anything sexual. He says in his interview he loves Tyson, then has to say "not in that way". The man is like a 13 year old boy with that crap.
Seriously, you could tell by that interview that he knew that he came off as a madman this season and wants to do some damage control. Well, even if he was playing the fool so well that he couldn't even let on in his private interviews that he had a single ounce of sanity he deserves to live with the nutbag label. You play the fool long enough to people you actually become the fool, and it's a label easier given than it is taken away.


text:
The murder of prominent attorney Rodrigo Rosenberg in May 2009 brought a severe challenge to the Guatemalan government when shortly after his death a video appeared in which the victim declared, "If you are hearing or seeing this message, it is because I was assassinated by President Álvaro Colom." In the video, Rosenberg also claimed knowledge of Colom's involvement in two other killings as well as in money laundering and corruption. Colom denied the accusations, refused to resign, and invited the UN and the U.S. to assist in the investigation of the murder. In September seven arrests were made, including those of several police officers, but few details were released in order to avoid compromising the ongoing investigation. A CID-Gallup Poll in June showed that only 8% of Guatemalans blamed President Colom for the murder.
The global recession brought declines to the Guatemalan economy. The closing of garment factories added to the already-high unemployment, exacerbated by the large number of returning workers and deportations from the U.S. Remittances from Guatemalans in the U.S. were down nearly 10%. Tax revenue declined, and the Guatemalan quetzal lost value against the U.S. dollar. When Guatemala urged the U.S. to slow the flow of deportations, Pres. Barack Obama responded with a proposal for a new "temporary worker" program for Central America that would provide agricultural labourers to the U.S. In May the Guatemalan government launched an austerity plan to cope with the recession; it received a $935 million loan from the IMF to help stabilize the country's finances.
With malnutrition already serious, famine caused by drought and crop diseases created additional suffering, especially in the eastern departments of Jutiapa, Zacapa, and Chiquimula and in the highland departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, and San Marcos. In September the government declared "a state of public calamity" because of the shortage of corn and beans and began a program of food packages for needy families.
Gang violence continued to plague Guatemala. The murder of bus drivers and kidnappings, especially in the capital, prompted President Colom in June to launch a new campaign to reduce criminality and increase security in schools. Violence in the country increased in part because of the Mexican crackdown on drug traffickers. As a result, heavily armed Mexican drug gangs moved south and began to operate in Guatemala, especially in the border area. One group in particular, "Los Zetas," described as a hit squad for the Mexican drug cartels, made several death threats against President Colom.
|Quick Facts
|109,117 sq km (42,130 sq mi)
|(2009 est.): 14,027,000
|Guatemala City
|Head of state and government:
|President Álvaro Colom Caballeros


text:
LaCraig Brown is a player Louisiana Tech recruited pretty heavily out of high school. At one point, it was rumored he had committed to the Bulldogs under former head coach Derek Dooley.
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text:
Savannah (Ga.) Christian School defensive tackle DeAngelo Brown was a bit surprised when his first verbal offer came last week. Not that he got one, but because it was Louisville that extended it.
"That kind of caught me off guard," Brown said. "I sent my film out a few weeks ago, and they said they really liked it. That was my first time talking to them. Before that, Florida and Vanderbilt were showing me the most interest."
In addition to the Cardinals, Commodores and Gators, the 6-foot-1, 285-pound Brown also is hearing from Alabama, Miami and South Florida, he said. He has been to junior days at Florida and Alabama.
Article Continues Below
"If I had to guess, it would probably be Florida or Vanderbilt [that offers next]," Brown said. "I really like Florida. I like Vanderbilt, too, but I really like Florida. When I went there for junior day, I just liked how they presented it. I liked all the coaches and I liked how they come up to you and talk to you. I really liked [defensive line coach Bryant Young]."
Right now, Brown has no leaders.
It's safe to say, though, that Louisville is now on his radar.
"I called [Cardinals assistant Ron Dugans] last Friday, and we talked," Brown said. "And he told me I was one of their top prospects. He said he's going to make a special trip here to watch my spring practice. I really don't know that much about them. I like the coach so far when I've talked to him. He seems like a pretty cool guy. He offered me, so they must like me."
As a junior, Brown recorded 85 total tackles, 16 tackles for loss and 11 sacks. His team was the Class A state runner up.
"We played so long I didn't have time to make a highlight tape," Brown said. "I think that's why it's been so slow. I started sending a tape out three or four weeks ago. I sent it out to everyone in the SEC, and I sent it to a lot of schools in the ACC … and to all the schools sending me letters. I think it will help."


text: YouTube [ Adopt An Angel Tree Child This Christmas By Jeremy Fenech December 3, 2013 What do you want for Christmas? For many kids in Genesee County the answer is "socks." Read More Category: Christmas, Lapeer News Tags: Angel Tree, Genesee County, Lapeer county Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Detail Information
- The mode of action of the plant antimicrobial peptide MiAMP1 differs from that of its structural homologue, the yeast killer toxin WmKTCamilla Stephens
Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
FEMS Microbiol Lett 243:205-10. 2005....
- Altered fungal sensitivity to a plant antimicrobial peptide through over-expression of yeast cDNAsCamilla Stephens
Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Protection, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Curr Genet 47:194-201. 2005..Yeast cDNA expression library screening therefore provides an alternative approach to gene deletion libraries to identify genes that can influence the sensitivity of fungi to plant antimicrobial peptides...


text:
A Nevada jury is due to hear closing arguments Thursday and begin deciding whether to sentence a 25-year-old Chinese immigrant to death for the hit-man stabbing death of a man in a crowded Las Vegas karaoke bar.
Xiao Ye Bai on Wednesday spoke to the jury for the first time, holding his hand over his heart and apologizing for stabbing Wen Jun "James" Li to death and slashing two other people in July 2009.
"I just want to say I am so sorry - very, very sorry," he said. "That's not from my mouth. That is from my heart."
The jury on Monday found Bai guilty of multiple felonies - including first-degree murder, extortion, kidnapping, conspiracy and burglary - in the death of Wen Jun "James" Li and the wounding of two other people at the Forbes KTV bar and restaurant several blocks west of the Las Vegas Strip.
Prosecutor Marc DiGiacomo said Bai, who trained in martial arts in China before moving to the U.S. in 2005, was acting to collect a $10,000 gambling debt on behalf of a gang called United Bamboo.
Bai was convicted of stabbing and slashing Li 32 times, cutting a man on the arm after Li tried to use the man as a shield, and wounding a woman who tried to intervene.
Jurors have been told Bai also faces trial in California in a December 2008 shooting in Los Angeles County that left one person dead and another wounded. DiGiacomo said that attack also came over a $10,000 gambling debt.
The Clark County District Court jury can send Bai to death row or choose from a range of sentences including life in prison without parole, 20 years to life in prison, or 20 to 50 years in prison.
Defense attorneys Robert Langford and Robert Draskovich have vowed to appeal the guilty verdict.
Bai didn't testify during his trial, which began Nov. 5 and featured testimony from his ex-girlfriend, Pei "Nikki" Pei. She had faced the same charges as Bai but pleaded guilty before trial to reduced felony charges of accessory to murder. She could face six to 17 years in prison at sentencing Jan. 10.
Jury deliberations were halted briefly Monday after people identifying themselves as Bai's family members unfurled a large banner outside the courtroom pleading for "fair minded" judgment from the jury.
Several jurors saw the display, and Judge Michael Villani asked each juror separately whether seeing it or hearing about it from other jurors would influence their deliberations. Each said no.
Villani decided the jury hadn't been tainted and allowed deliberations to resume. The jury reached a verdict a little more than an hour later.


text:
SIERRA BULLETS Pro-Hunter Rifle Bullets
Sierra Pro Hunter Rifle Bullets 308 Cal 180 Grain Spitzer 100/Box
The traditional, flat base design of the Pro-Hunter® has been skillfully blended with Sierra's world-famous accuracy.
Our custom-tapered Pro-Hunter® jacket design helps assure maximum expansion, optimum weight retention and deep penetration for game-stopping, one-shot performance.
SPECIFICATIONS:Mfg Item Num: 2150 Category: RELOADING BULLETS & COMPONENTSBullet Type :SpitzerCaliber :30 Cal.Weight :180 grQuantity :100 Per Box


text:
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We just got a free server upgradeby Steve Powell on Jun 16, 2017 at 9:27 AM
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Donate ANY amount, get Gold account upgradeby Steve Powell on Oct 3, 2016 at 11:51 AM
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Sorry guys, we've had to disable the Arcadeby Steve Powell on Sep 27, 2016 at 9:07 AM
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DMC Lives! Capcom plans on releasing a new DMC before the end of 2017's fiscal year.by Sawyer1331 on Oct 13, 2015 at 10:05 PM
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Devil May Cry 4 Special Edition trailer promises new playable characters: Vergil, Trish and Ladyby Steve Powell on Mar 23, 2015 at 4:19 PM
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Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition is a thing, set to hit next-gen consoles in 2015by Steve Powell on Dec 15, 2014 at 8:33 PM
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DmC: Devil May Cry Definitive Edition announced; includes Vergil Bloody Palace, Turbo Mode, and moreby Steve Powell on Dec 15, 2014 at 8:02 PM
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Ready those piggy banks: Steam Weekend Sale boasts massive discounts on Capcom's finestby Steve Powell on Sep 11, 2014 at 9:21 PM
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DmC kicks off Steam Summer Sale with a bang, 75% off during Flash Saleby Steve Powell on Jun 19, 2014 at 9:39 PM
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text:
A 28,000 square-foot facility in Norco that will provide healthcare, dentistry, adult day care and behavioral services will have its grand opening on Friday, June 22.
The new two-story St. Charles Community Health Center is located on the corner of Cathy Road and River Road. The facility will provide adult and pediatric primary healthcare, which includes prostate exams, Pap smears, pre-employment physicals, family planning, diabetic education, school and sports physicals, immunizations, chronic disease management and regular check-ups. There will be two physicians and a full nursing staff available during clinic hours.
The dentistry unit consists of three exam chairs and an X-ray machine, while the adult day care will be open from 8 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. from Monday through Friday and will offer care for seniors who are frail, disabled or in need of socialization.
The cost of the adult day care program is $40 a day and transportation is available.
"This service is for those who dont feel comfortable leaving disabled or frail adults home by themselves while they work or run errands," Julia Bodden, a spokeswoman for the health center, said. "Its a need in our area and a lot of people dont know that we offer this service."
The health center will also have a behavioral health counseling program with counselors on site. Additional services offered at the center include Medicaid registration and medication assistance programs.
In the fall, the center plans to offer specialty services as well as a drive thru WIC service. WIC is a federal assistance program for the healthcare and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and infants and children under the age of five.
The clinic will accept all major insurance along with Medicaid and Medicare. For patients who dont have insurance, their fee will be based on their income level.
Patients from St. Charles, St. John and St. James parishes will all be able to use the center.
The health center would like to use the second floor as a community gathering spot for events such as community meetings, exercise classes or back-to-school bashes, but officials are awaiting grant funding, Bodden said.
The St. Charles Community Health Center has been trying to build a new clinic on the East Bank for years and received grant money for a new facility from a U.S. Health Resources and Services program. The grant will pay $1.3 million in operating money over the next two years and two acres on the corner of Cathy Road and River Road were donated by Shell. Valero also donated $400,000 towards construction of the facility, which broke ground in December of 2010.
"This has been in the making for a long time and we are excited to finally see it come to fruition," Bodden said.
|Jonathan Menard
|The 28,000 square-foot St. Charles Community Health Center will have an adult day care center while also providing primary care for children and adults.


text:
Intel DP55KG P55 Lynnfield Motherboard Review
Introduction and Specifications
Intel's latest Extreme Series motherboard pushes limits of new Lynnfield platform
Courtesy of Intel
Intel's latest Extreme Series offering is the long-awaited DP55KG
motherboard that targets enthusiast-level users as well as
hardcore gamers looking for a solid board that takes advantage of all
the features available with the Lynnfield platform. No other CPU platform this year has created the amount of pandemonium that we've seen from Intel's launch of the LGA 1156 i5 and i7s and their P55 chipset.
After Intel's initial successes with the LGA 1366 aka Bloomfield CPUs, the processor manufacturing giant continued to develop the Nehalem architecture and made a few key changes to the LGA 1156 that are not available with the LGA 1366 socket including a dual-channel memory controller, integrated PCI-E 2.0, and split HyperThreading integration to name a few.
Courtesy of Intel
One major improvement to the LGA 1156 architecture is Intel's new Turbo Mode feature.
This feature helps fine tune each core to allow them to auto-overclock better than their LGA 1366 counterparts. Ryan went into more detail about the new Lynnfield processors in a previous article where he explains Intel's thought process behind each of the changes that makes this socket stand out in the mid-range and high-end quad core processor markets.
Intel DP55KG P55 Lynnfield Motherboard Specifications (from Intel's website)
Form Factor:
ATX (304.80 millimeters [12.00 inches] x 243.84 millimeters [9.60 inches])
Support for an Intel® processor in the LGA1156 package
Main Memory:
• Four 240-pin DDR3 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets arranged in two channels
• Support for DDR3 1600 MHz, DDR3 1333 MHz, and DDR3 1066 MHz
• Support for non-ECC memory
• Support for up to 16 GB of system memory
Intel® P55 Express Chipset consisting of the Intel P55 Platform Controller Hub (PCH)
Support for multiple PCI Express* 2.0 graphics cards
• Independent multi-streaming 8-channel (7.1) audio and 2-channel
audio subsystem, featuring:
- Intel® High Definition (Intel® HD) Audio interface
- Realtek* ALC889 codec
• HD Audio front panel header
• Onboard 4-pin S/PDIF out connector
• Back panel S/PDIF out and in optical connectors
Expansion Capabilities:
• One PCI Express 2.0 x16 port
• One PCI Express 2.0 x8 port
• One PCI Express 2.0 x4 port
• Two PCI Express 2.0 x1 ports
• Two PCI* bus connectors
- Legacy I/O Support Legacy I/O Controller that provides Consumer Infrared (CIR) support
Peripheral Interfaces:
• Up to 13 USB 2.0 ports:
- Eight ports routed to eight back panel USB connectors
- Four ports routed to two onboard USB headers
- One port routed to an onboard vertical USB connector
• Up to two IEEE 1394a ports:
- One port routed to the back panel
- One port routed to an IEEE 1394a header
• Eight Serial ATA (SATA) channels (3.0 Gb/s):
- Six channels via the PCH
- Two channels via a discrete controller
• Two external SATA (eSATA) channels via a discrete controller
With the Intel processors the Hp Z1 workstation has good benchmarks too: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY5DNyEOBeU
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I drank this twice today, first steep in my to go mug, and second cup after I got home from school. I'm starting to like this (partner is still in love with it). And since I've been reading a lot of poetry lately:
Twice or thrice had I drank thee,
Before I liked thy taste or hue;
So in a steep, so in a shapeless cup,
Green teas affect us oft, and savored be
Thanks to John Donne (one of my favorite poets).


text:
October 11, 2012 BY Aaron Hope
Relatively quiet after an early summer explosion gave way to a bunch of new styles for the original silhouette, Nike Sportswear's Hyperfuse and LunarLon Safari update returns with a couple of new colorways for Q4. The Nike Lunar Safari Fuse+ returns with two styles in a slightly different blocking pattern than those earlier drops, bringing your choice of Midnight Navy and Total Orange or that Hasta, Granite and Sunburst trio that's freshened up several NSW classic runners this season. Have a closer look so you can decide between them, then find these new Lunar Safaris today at select retailers like Extra Butter.
Nike Lunar Safari Fuse+
Midnight Navy/Wolf Grey-Total Orange-Dark Obsidian
Filed under: Just Released Nike Lunar Running
Tags: Nike Lunar Safari Fuse+


text:
KARACHI: Aurat Foundation celebrated its 25th anniversary on Friday. On the occasion, resident director of the foundation, Mehnaz Rehman, stressed the need to restore the 1973 constitution in totality.
National Commission on Women Status chairperson Anis Haroon, who is one of the founding members of Aurat Foundation, said that the struggle initiated 25 years ago needs to be spearheaded for establishment of equity and equality in the society. The ceremony was attended by several activists.
Published in The Express Tribune, January 9th, 2011.


text:
The Breeders
Friday, Mar 29, 2013 9:00 PM EDT
(8:00 PM Doors)
The Bell House, Brooklyn, NY
21 years and over
Purchase Tickets
Additional Information
Kim Deal, Kelley Deal, Josephine Wiggs and Jim Macpherson, the iconic Breeders line up that made the classic 1993 album Last Splash, have announced nine additional U.S. dates and four U.K. dates as part of the band's "LSXX Anniversary World Tour." European dates for May and June are already announced. Tickets for the band's preview show at Brooklyn's Bell House scheduled for March 29 sold out within two minutes of going on sale. More dates to follow.
Kim, Kelley, Josephine, Jim, and Breeders' violinist Carrie Bradley will perform the album live at select shows and festivals in the U.S. and Europe through 2013, playing together for the first time since 1994. The tour is in support of the release of LSXX, a deluxe edition of Last Splash, on 4AD.
At the center of the album is the infectiously appealing, instantly recognizable "Cannonball," which, propelled in part by the video directed by Kim Gordon and Spike Jonze, was voted Single of the Year by the NME, and declared "one of the best pop songs of the nineties" by the UK's Drowned in Sound. Pitchfork said of Last Splash, "...anyone open-minded to experimentation and the advancement of the form reveled in its brilliant, boundary-breaking melodies. Even its B-sides are classic."
Go to: http://thebreederslsxx.com/ for ticket information.
Photo Credit: Kevin Westenberg


text:
|Numķro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numķro de demande
|Date de publication
|2 mars 2010
|Date de dķp¶t
|3 nov. 2004
|Date de prioritķ
|3 nov. 2004
|╔tat de paiement des frais
|Autre rķfķrence de publication
|Numķro de publication
|Keith A. Miller, Ilya Lavitsky
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (219), Citations hors brevets (13), Rķfķrencķ par (10), Classifications (20), ╔vķnements juridiques (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
Embodiments of the present invention relate to a support ring assembly to support a substrate in a process chamber.
In the processing of substrates, such as semiconductor wafers and displays, a substrate is placed in a process chamber and exposed to an energized gas to deposit or etch material on the substrate. A typical process chamber comprises process components that include an enclosure wall that encloses a process zone, a gas supply to provide a gas in the chamber, a gas energizer to energize the process gas to process the substrate, a substrate support, and a gas exhaust. The process chamber components can also comprise a process kit, which typically includes one or more parts that can assist in securing and protecting the substrate during processing, such as for example, substrate rings which are rings that are located about the periphery of the substrate, such as deposition rings, cover rings and shadow rings.
In physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes, a substrate ring comprising a deposition ring is provided about the periphery of the substrate. The deposition ring typically surrounds the substrate and has a lip or ledge that rests on the substrate support. The ring shields the sidewall surfaces and peripheral edge of the substrate support that would otherwise be exposed to the energized gas in the chamber, from deposition of process residues. Thus, the deposition ring reduces the accumulation of process residues on the support, which would eventually flake off and contaminate the substrate. The deposition ring can also reduce erosion of the support structure by the energized gas. Providing a deposition ring also lowers the frequency with which the support assembly requires cleaning, because deposition ring itself can be periodically removed from the chamber and cleaned, for example, with HF and HNO3, to remove process residues that accumulate on the ring during substrate process cycles.
However, certain processes, such as for example, tantalum PVD processes with their exposure to the energized gas in the chamber during processing, heats up the deposition ring. Typically, the deposition rings, such as for example aluminum oxide deposition rings do not exchange a sufficient amount of heat with their surroundings in the vacuum environment to lower the temperature of the rings to acceptable levels. Excessive heating of the deposition ring is detrimental, because thermal stresses between the deposition ring and process residues accumulated on the ring, result in the peeling or spalling of the process residues from the deposition ring, and resultant contamination of the substrate. Also, the hot deposition ring can create temperature gradients emanating from the periphery of the substrate, which change the temperature of the substrate or energized gas during processing. Yet another problem with conventional rings, such as aluminum oxide deposition rings, is that they erode during cleaning and refurbishment processes, reducing their lifetime. This is especially true when cleaning process residues that are chemically difficult to remove, such as for example, tantalum deposits formed on aluminum oxide rings.
Accordingly, it is desirable to have a substrate ring, such as a deposition ring, that does not excessively increase in temperature during the processing of substrates. It is furthermore desirable to have a substrate ring that is not excessively eroded during cleaning of the ring. It is furthermore desirable to have a substrate ring that can reduce the formation of excessively high temperature gradients during substrate processing.
In one version, a substrate ring assembly is provided for a substrate support having a peripheral edge. The assembly has an annular band having an inner perimeter that surrounds and at least partially covers the peripheral edge of the substrate support. The assembly also has a clamp to secure the annular band to the peripheral edge of the substrate support.
In another version, the substrate ring assembly has an annular band having an inner perimeter that at least partially surrounds and at least partially covers the peripheral edge of the substrate support. The annular band has at least one protrusion on a top surface of the annular band that is adapted to inhibit a flow of process gas over the top surface. A foot extends downwardly from the annular band, and is adapted to press against a surface of the substrate support.
In another version, the substrate ring assembly has an annular band having an inner perimeter that surrounds and at least partially covers a peripheral edge of the substrate support, and a foot extending downwardly from the annular band. The foot is shaped, sized and positioned to allow the band, when the band is held against the substrate support, to exert substantially a compressive stress on the substrate support.
These features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, which illustrate examples of the invention. However, it is to be understood that each of the features can be used in the invention in general, not merely in the context of the particular drawings, and the invention includes any combination of these features, where:
An exemplary version of a substrate ring assembly 20 that can be used to cover or protect at least a portion of a substrate support 22 in a substrate processing environment, is shown in
In one version, the substrate ring assembly 20 comprises a clamp 34 that clamps a portion of the annular band 26 to the substrate support 22. Clamping of the annular band 26 to the support 22 provides improved processing results at least in part because better heat exchange can occur between the clamped band 26 and the support 22. Portions of the annular band 26 can become excessively heated during substrate processing, such as for example the top surface 36 of the annular band 26 that is exposed to energized plasma of process gas. Excessive heating of the top surface 36 can lead to a thermal expansion mismatch between the annular band 26 and any process residues deposited on the top surface 36 of the band 26, which can cause the process residues to flake away from the top surface 36 and potentially contaminate the substrate 104. Clamping of the annular band 26 to the support 22 also allows better heat exchange between the band 26 and the support 22, to improve the temperature control of the annular band 26. For example, the support 22 may be temperature controlled, for example, by providing a temperature controlled cooling plate 127 comprising cooling conduits 123 in the support 22, as shown for example in
One embodiment of a substrate ring assembly 20 comprising a clamp 34 is shown in
The fastener 40 comprises a structure suitable for passing through the opening 38 in the annular band 26 and connecting to the bracket 44, such as for example at least one of a screw, clip, spring or other connector structure. For example, in one version, the fastener 40 can comprise a threaded screw that fits through the opening 38 in the annular band 26 and at least partially through an opening 39 in the bracket 44, and where the opening 39 of the bracket 44 comprises complimentary threading that allows the bracket 44 to be tightened against the support 22 upon turning the screw. Also, a desired number of openings 38 and fasteners 40 can be provided to secure the annular band 26 to the support 22. For example, the support ring assembly 20 can comprise from about 3 to about 24 openings 38, such as about 8 openings 38, that are placed in a desired configuration about the annular band 26. In the version shown in
In yet another embodiment, the clamp 34 comprises a swiveling fastener 41 that is adapted to rotate the bracket 44 into a desired position to clamp the annular band 26 against the support 22, as shown for example in
In one version, the top surface 36 of the annular band comprises a textured surface that is adapted to reduce the deposition of process deposits on undesired areas of the support 22 and support assembly 20. The top surface 36 desirably comprises features 52 that are shaped, sized and positioned to reduce the deposition of process residues on at least a portion of the surface 36. For example, the top surface 36 may inhibit a flow or migration of process residues towards one or more openings 38 in the annular band at a periphery 50 of the annular band. The top surface 36 may collect process residues in depressions in the surface 36 and inhibit the migration of these residues towards the substrate 104 to reduce contamination of the substrate 104. In one version, the top surface 36 comprises at least one feature 52 comprising a protrusion 51 that is sized and shaped—as well as positioned on the top surface 36—to reduce the flow or migration of process residues towards the substrate. The protrusion 51 may comprise, for example, a raised ring or other feature 52 that may be formed on the surface 36. Textured features 52 on the surface 36 can also comprise, for example, one or more grooves 53 or other depressions in the surface 36. The grooves 53 extend below the top surface 36 and each comprise a rounded bottom apex, and the protrusion 51 and grooves 53 are concentric to the circumference of the annular band, as shown for example, in
In one embodiment, the ring assembly 20 comprises a foot 54 that extends downwardly from the annular band 26 to press against the substrate support 22. The foot 54 is desirably shaped and sized to press against the substrate support 20 substantially without inducing cracks or fractures in the support 20, and thus provides an improved structure for bracing the band 26 against the support. For example, as shown in
The annular band 26 desirably also comprises recessed surface regions 60 about the downwardly extending foot 54 that substantially do not contact the peripheral edge 30 of the support 22, to reduce the stress of the band 26 on the peripheral edge 30 of the support 22. For example, one or more of the recessed regions 60 may be about a top corner 58 a of the peripheral edge 30, to reduce the amount of stress exerted on the top corner 58 a. Other parts of the substrate ring assembly 20 may also be adapted to reduce the amount of pressure and/or stress exerted on the peripheral edge 30 of the support 22. For example, the bracket 44 may comprise a raised lip 62 that presses against the peripheral edge 30 with substantially only a compressive force, and an adjacent recess 64 about a bottom corner 58 b of the peripheral edge to reduce pressure on the bottom corner 58 b. The bracket 44 and annular band foot 54 may also be complementarily positioned such that the clamping force of one against the peripheral edge 30 is at least partially counteracted by the other. For example, the bracket 44 may press against the peripheral edge 30 substantially directly below where the foot 54 presses, so the force on the peripheral edge 30 is substantially equal above and below the peripheral edge 30. Thus, the substrate ring assembly 20 is adapted to reduce cracking or fracturing of the substrate support 22 by exerting substantially only a vertical, compressive stress on the peripheral edge 30 of the support, and substantially without pressing against portions of the support 22 that are readily cracked or chipped, such as corners 58 a,b of the peripheral edge 30.
In one version, the substrate ring assembly 20 comprises a cover ring 70 that at least partially surrounds and at least partially covers a periphery 50 of the annular band 26, as shown for example in
In yet another version, the substrate ring assembly 20 comprises a clamp 34 having a spring 80 a,b to hold the annular band 26 against the substrate support 22, as shown for example in
The clamp 34 can also comprise a ball bearing 88 at one or more ends 89 a,b of the radial spring 80 a,b to exert a compressional force to secure the annular band 26. For example, the ball bearing may be at a first end 89 a of the spring 80 a that contacts the annular band 26, to increase the clamp surface area that contacts the band 26. The ball bearing 88 can also ease removal of the annular band 26, for example to allow cleaning of the band 26, by allowing the band to "roll" off of the support 22 when a steady force is exerted upwardly on the band 26. A second end 89 b of the radial spring 80 a may comprise a compression plate 92 having a surface area that is adapted to press against the peripheral edge 30 of the support 22, to provide a greater surface area for the compression clamping. The annular band 26 may also comprise a raised ridge 90 or bump on the interior surface 82 that is positioned below the radial spring 80 a when the annular band 26 is secured on the support 22. The raised ridge 90 increases the force required to move the band 26 upwardly by increasing the spring contraction distance that is necessary to roll the ball-bearing over the ridge 90. Thus, the raised ridge 90 and radial spring clamp 34 secure the annular band 26 to the support 22 during processing, while also allowing for efficient removal of the band 26 by applying a sufficient lift-off pressure.
In yet another version; the clamp 34 comprises a spring 80 b that is adapted to be extended between the annular band 26 and a portion of the support 22 to hold the band 26 on the support 22, as shown for example in
In one version, the second end 94 b of the spring 80 b is attached by means that substantially fixes the second end 94 b to the support 22, for example by wrapping the second end 94 b about an attachment rod 97 on the support 22, and the first end 94 a is detachably secured to the band 26, as shown in
An example of a suitable process chamber 106 having the substrate ring assembly with the annular band 26 on the support 22 is shown in
The chamber 106 comprises a substrate support 22 to support the substrate 104 in the sputter deposition chamber 106. The substrate support 22 may be electrically floating or may comprise an electrode 170 that is biased by a power supply 172, such as an RF power supply. The substrate support 22 can also comprise a moveable shutter disk 133 that can protect the upper surface 134 of the support 22 when the substrate 104 is not present. In operation, the substrate 104 is introduced into the chamber 106 through a substrate loading inlet (not shown) in a sidewall 164 of the chamber 106 and placed on the support 22. The support 22 can be lifted or lowered by support lift bellows and a lift finger assembly (not shown) can be used to lift and lower the substrate onto the support 22 during transport of the substrate 104 into and out of the chamber 106.
The chamber 106 can further comprise a temperature control system 119 to control one or more temperatures in the chamber 106, such as a temperature of the support 22. In one version, the temperature control system 119 comprises a fluid supply adapted to provide heat exchange fluid to the support 22 from a fluid source 121. One or more conduits 123 deliver the heat exchange fluid from the fluid source 121 to the support 22. The support 22 can comprise one or more channels 125 therein, such as for example channels 125 in a metal cooling plate 127, through which the heat exchange fluid is flowed to exchange heat with the support 22 and control the temperature of the support 22, for example by heating or cooling the support 22. A suitable heat exchange fluid may be, for example, water. Controlling the temperature of the support 22 can also provide good temperature of elements that are in good thermal contact with the support 22, such as for example a substrate 104 on the surface 134 of the support 22, and also a clamped portion of a substrate ring assembly 20.
The support 22 may also comprise the substrate ring assembly 20 comprising one or more rings, such as the cover ring 70 and the annular band 26, which may be called a deposition ring, and which cover at least a portion of the upper surface 134 of the support 22, and such as a portion of the peripheral edge 30 of the support 22, to inhibit erosion of the support 22. The annular band 26 at least partially surrounds the substrate 104 to protect portions of the support 22 not covered by the substrate 104. The cover ring 70 encircles and covers at least a portion of the annular band 26, and reduces the deposition of particles onto both the annular band 26 and the underlying support 22. The substrate ring assembly 20 further comprises a clamp 34 to clamp the annular band 26 onto the substrate support 22.
A process gas, such as a sputtering gas, is introduced into the chamber 106 through a gas delivery system 112 that includes a process gas supply comprising one or more gas sources 174 that each feed a conduit 176 having a gas flow control valve 178, such as a mass flow controller, to pass a set flow rate of the gas therethrough. The conduits 176 can feed the gases to a mixing manifold (not shown) in which the gases are mixed to from a desired process gas composition. The mixing manifold feeds a gas distributor 180 having one or more gas outlets 182 in the chamber 106. The process gas may comprise a non-reactive gas, such as argon or xenon, which is capable of energetically impinging upon and sputtering material from a target. The process gas may also comprise a reactive gas, such as one or more of an oxygen-containing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas, that are capable of reacting with the sputtered material to form a layer on the substrate 104. Spent process gas and byproducts are exhausted from the chamber 106 through an exhaust 122 which includes one or more exhaust ports 184 that receive spent process gas and pass the spent gas to an exhaust conduit 186 in which there is a throttle valve 188 to control the pressure of the gas in the chamber 106. The exhaust conduit 186 feeds one or more exhaust pumps 190. Typically, the pressure of the sputtering gas in the chamber 106 is set to sub-atmospheric levels.
The sputtering chamber 106 further comprises a sputtering target 124 facing a surface 105 of the substrate 104, and comprising material to be sputtered onto the substrate 104, such as for example at least one of tantalum and tantalum nitride. The target 124 is electrically isolated from the chamber 106 by an annular insulator ring 132, and is connected to a power supply 192. The sputtering chamber 106 also has a shield 120 to protect a wall 118 of the chamber 106 from sputtered material. The shield 120 can comprise a wall-like cylindrical shape having upper and lower shield sections 120 a, 120 b that shield the upper and lower regions of the chamber 106. In the version shown in
The chamber 106 can be controlled by a controller 194 that comprises program code having instruction sets to operate components of the chamber 106 to process substrates 104 in the chamber 106. For example, the controller 194 can comprise a substrate positioning instruction set to operate one or more of the substrate support 22 and substrate transport to position a substrate 104 in the chamber 106; a gas flow control instruction set to operate the flow control valves 178 to set a flow of sputtering gas to the chamber 106; a gas pressure control instruction set to operate the exhaust throttle valve 188 to maintain a pressure in the chamber 106; a gas energizer control instruction set to operate the gas energizer 116 to set a gas energizing power level; a temperature control instruction set to control a temperature control system 119 to control temperatures in the chamber 106; and a process monitoring instruction set to monitor the process in the chamber 106.
The present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred versions thereof; however, other versions are possible. For example, the substrate ring assembly 20 comprising the clamp 34 and annular band 26 can be used in other types of applications, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill, for example, etching, CVD and cleaning processed. Other configurations of the substrate ring assembly 20 and clamp 34 can also be used. For example, other methods and configurations for clamping and annular band 26 to a support 22 can be provided. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.
|Brevet citķ
|Date de dķp¶t
|Date de publication
|18 mars 1966
|2 dķc. 1969
|Techicon Corp
|Sample identification apparatus
|8 oct. 1970
|25 juil. 1972
|Union Carbide Corp
|Composite wear resistant material and method of making same
|23 sept. 1981
|24 mai 1983
|Fujitsu Limited
|Method and apparatus for dry etching and electrostatic chucking device used therein
|5 janv. 1982
|25 oct. 1983
|The Perkin-Elmer Corp.
|Electrostatic cassette
|24 ao¹t 1981
|6 dķc. 1983
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for plasma-assisted etching of wafers
|29 sept. 1982
|30 oct. 1984
|Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Electrostatic chuck plate
|4 janv. 1984
|1 janv. 1985
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Enclosure for the treatment, and particularly for the etching of substrates by the reactive plasma method
|18 dķc. 1984
|19 ao¹t 1986
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Planar magnetron sputtering with modified field configuration
|30 juil. 1985
|24 fķvr. 1987
|Kabushiki Kaisha Tokuda Seisakusho
|Electrostatic chuck
|4 sept. 1986
|12 mai 1987
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|Brevet citant
|Date de dķp¶t
|Date de publication
|23 sept. 2009
|4 juin 2013
|Lam Research Corporation
|Adjustable thermal contact between an electrostatic chuck and a hot edge ring by clocking a coupling ring
|27 juin 2011
|30 dķc. 2014
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for thermal based substrate processing with variable temperature capability
|7 mars 2013
|28 juin 2016
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Edge ring for a deposition chamber
|16 dķc. 2011
|1 ao¹t 2017
|Novellus Systems, Inc.
|System and apparatus for flowable deposition in semiconductor fabrication
|23 sept. 2009
|1 avr. 2010
|Lam Research Corporation
|Adjustable thermal contact between an electrostatic chuck and a hot edge ring by clocking a coupling ring
|27 juin 2011
|5 janv. 2012
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for thermal based substrate processing with variable temperature capability
|1 ao¹t 2011
|23 fķvr. 2012
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Extended life deposition ring
|16 dķc. 2011
|28 juin 2012
|Mohn Jonathan D
|System and apparatus for flowable deposition in semiconductor fabrication
|7 mars 2013
|10 oct. 2013
|Ashish Goel
|Edge ring for a deposition chamber
|19 mars 2015
|9 juil. 2015
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Extended life deposition ring
|Classification aux ╔tats-Unis
|118/728, 118/729, 156/345.52, 118/730, 156/915, 156/345.51, 156/345.54, 156/345.53
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopķrative
|Classification europķenne
|3 nov. 2004
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