text:
Decision makers
- Political leaders from Asia and Europe, in Brussels in October - the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM).
Stand in solidarity with Burma's political prisoners
The more we work with human rights activists around the world, the more we become aware of the impact a simple message of solidarity can have. This summer, we are asking you to stand in solidarity with the many political prisoners in Burma today.
By adding your photo to our collection, you won't just be offering support to Burma's political prisoners. You will also be joining the brave individuals who, having been imprisoned for peaceful political action themselves, have already risked their freedom to stand in solidarity with those who remain in prison. These activists used this small act of defiance to show that they cannot be free while 2,200 others continue to be punished for legitimate protest.
1. Read the list of cases below and decide which prisoner(s) you would like to support through this action
2. Write their name on your right hand (or get a friend to!).
3. Hold your right hand out, palm facing the camera.
4.Take a picture. Then either:
5. Login to Flickr upload your picture and add it to the group. or
6. Email your picture to email@example.com/text it to +44(0)7733 134 670 and we will add it to the group for you
7. Tell a friend to do the same.
- Karenni youth activists
Khun Bedu, Khun Kawrio and Khun Dee De are all leading members of the activist group Kayan New Generation Youth (KGNY). They were arrested in May 2008 for organising a group of local dissidents to release balloons, launch paper boats and spray-paint walls with peaceful political messages.
Khun Bedu, 26, joined KGNY in 2004 and was appointed joint secretary three years later. He has been sentenced to 37 years and is detained in Taungoo prison. On arrival, he was put in solitary confinement and kept there for eight days.
Khun Dee De, 27, was involved in human rights education and youth activism as part of Kayah State Youth, an umbrella organisation under which KGNY sits. He was sentenced to 35 years in prison and is detained in Mandalay prison.
Khun Kawrio, 26, Joined KGNY in 2006 and worked as an activist and educator, specialising in human rights and democracy. He was sentenced to 37 years and is detained in Meiktila prison.
- The '88 Generation Students
Htay Kywe, Mie Mie and Zaw Htet Ko Ko are members of the pro-democracy group The 88 Generation Students. Set up in 2005, the group is inspired by the ideals of the pro democracy protests of 1988, and includes many of the leaders of that uprising. The three were arrested in 2007 for participating in mass anti-government protests that swept through Burma.
Htay Kywe, 42, was a student leader in the 1988 uprising. He served a 15 year sentence for his involvement. A co-founder of the 88 generation students group, Htay Kywe was sentenced to 65 years for his involvement in the 2007 protests.
Mie Mie, 40, participated in the 1988 protests while she was still in high school. In 2007, she led a women's movement march the day after prominent activists had been arrested for their role in the protests. Mie Mie was sentenced to 65 years for her involvement in the 2007 protests.
Zaw Htet Ko Ko, 29, is married with one child. During the government crackdown on the 2007 protests the authorities raided his home, threatening and harassing his family. Zaw Htet Htet Ko Ko was sentenced to 11 years for his involvement in those protests and is detained in Kyaukpyu prison.
- Zarganar, one of Burma's biggest comedians, is serving a 35-year prison sentence for leading a movement raising money for survivors of Cyclone Nargis. He was arrested after giving interviews to foreign journalists in which he criticised the Burmese government's handling of the relief situation.
- Labour activist Su Su Nway is serving an eight-and-a-half-year prison sentence for taking part in anti-government protests in 2007. She first came to prominence in 2004 as the first person in Burma to successfully prosecute local officials for imposing forced labour. She is in poor health and held in a prison one thousand kilometres from home.
p.s. All the photos will be collected and taken to the summit meeting of political leaders from Asia and Europe, in Brussels in October - the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM). Amnesty International will call on these leaders to press for freedom for Burma's political prisoners, and real human rights for Burma.
- Political leaders from Asia and Europe, in Brussels in October - the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM).
As John P said; To recognize the social solidarity of the human family brings with it the responsibility to build on what makes us one. This means promoting effectively and without exception the equal dignity of all as human beings endowed with certain fundamental and inalienable human rights. This touches all aspects of our individual life, as well as our life in the family, in the community in which we live, an in the world. Once we truly grasp that we are brothers and sisters in a common humanity, then we can shape our attitudes towards life in the light of the solidarity which makes us one. This is especially true in all that relates to the basic universal project: peace.
I ask you to stand in solidarity with Burma's political prisoners.
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text:
Mark Roalfe
Founder and chairman,
Rainey Kelly Campbell Roalfe/Y&R
Charm. As a weapon in our advertising armoury, it's remarkably disarming. A charming brand can relieve you of your hard-earned cash without you even knowing it; you might even thank them for it.
So, how do this week's contestants fare in the charm stakes?
First up is a spot for Cow & Gate, which it has called "category- defining" - a pretty arrogant and rather uncharming claim, if you ask me. In the spot, we see a cute bunch of kids turning up at a recording studio and playing Dexys Midnight Runners' Come On Eileen. It all finishes with the end thought: "Feed their personalities. Cow & Gate." Now, as a piece of film, this could charm the knickers off a nun. I'm just not sure that it's "category-defining".
NatWest's new campaign promises a new tone of voice for a high-street bank. Up until now, I've thought the line of "Helpful banking" has been stronger than the work it delivered. The new spot is all about its new emergency cash service. In it, we see nicely observed moments of people losing their credit cards and using NatWest's new cash service. This may not be the most original script, but it's so well-directed, and executed in such a charming way, that you can't help but warm to the bank, which is a feat in itself in the current climate.
You'd think doing a campaign for Facebook would be a dream brief. Sadly, it hasn't really worked out that way. I think the scenario might have gone a bit like this: Wieden & Kennedy pitches for Facebook and presents one of those rather self-important mood films (c'mon, we've all done them). The pitch is won, hurrah! Then that nightmare moment we all dread happens - the client calls and says: "We loved that mood film so much, we want to make it." And that's when charm walked out the room.
I have to admit, I'm not really much of a golfer. I tried it once and it really didn't agree with me - a bit like tripe. I did, however, get caught up in watching bits of this year's Ryder Cup. So I watched Saatchi & Saatchi's new spot for the European Tour with a newly found sense of excitement. It is a four-minute online film that pits top golfers against the magician DMC. This film scores quite well on the charm scale. You really warm to the players and DMC's tricks are pretty nifty.
You just can't beat a good old-fashioned jingle. Not my thoughts, but it's obviously what every single online market-comparison site believes in wholeheartedly. MySupermarket.com is no exception. It presents us with a fridge full of eggs singing about the benefits to the tune of Men Of Harlech. Although reasonably charming, I'm not sure it has the madness of some of the others and so is probably not quite as memorable.
Finally, some posters for McCain Home Chips. I'm fond of the personality Beattie McGuinness Bungay has built up for McCain over the years: a kind of cheeky chappy of the chip world. I'm not sure these have the charm or wit that has been at the heart of the previous work, which is a shame.
In the words of Oscar Wilde: "It is absurd to divide people into good and bad. People are either charming or tedious."
Charmed, I'm sure.
James Murphy
Chief executive
Adam & Eve/DDB
It's that time of year again, when the big campaigns start rolling out as advertisers begin softening up the nation's shoppers for the long march to Christmas. Autumn always feels like you've got to work that bit harder to cut through. Everything feels a bit more frantic, everyone's distracted, schools have gone back, work's going full tilt, Yuletide festivities and shopping loom ever earlier. So it's good to see some big, simple ideas in this week's postbag. The kind of ideas that tap into why you might love a product or brand; ideas that demand to be noticed.
First up ... chips. But not just any chips, the nation's chips. You get the impression that Beattie McGuinness Bungay loves chips and, when it comes to McCain, it just gets it. It has carved out what feels like an unassailable position for McCain on British shopping lists. No pandering to health lobbies or 21st-century neurotics, just big, confident, colourful, populist love of chips. The TV work for McCain has always been brash and hearty and, now, so is the outdoor. A series of bold posters extolling the joyful expectation of chips for tea.
I'm definitely more excited by chips than I am by the European Tour. I'm always amazed by how many golf nuts there are in our industry. Golf seems to have all of the trappings you would least associate with a supposedly creative, edgy and largely urban industry. When I think of golf, I just think of Bruce and Tarby, leisurewear and simmering suburban hatred inspired by the Daily Mail. However, the creators of this lovely short film clearly love golf - they think it's magic and that its best practitioners are magicians. If you love golf, you'll love this ... not only do you get neat magic tricks, but you get to meet some golfing heroes in a way that feels up close and personal.
Which brings me to this week's gem from Cow & Gate - a beautifully shot, charmingly performed celebration of babies, toddlers and their creativity. This must be good, because I loathe Come On Eileen and this spot makes it wonderful. Enough said.
Next up is a price-comparison site. This deals with something we all love ... a bargain. This spot for mySupermarket.com has all of the "can't keep it in" joy of a good bargain. It could have been a dull comparison message, or hectoring, crude and annoying like plenty of its competitors. Instead, it's fun and effective. It tells me exactly what it does and why it's better, but in a way that's exuberant and memorable - a chorus of lovable animated eggs singing about great grocery prices to the tune of Men Of Harlech. Well, men and women of Rathbone Place, well done.
NatWest emergency cash is a great service and this ad wastes no time getting in there and telling you about it. There are some slightly bland lifestyle vignettes and an equally unmemorable music track (what happened to the one that was doing very well before?). But you're left in no doubt how useful and thoughtful this big bank is trying to be.
And, finally, a spot that has been dividing opinion. Well, not at all, actually - opinion seems pretty unanimous. Those folk at Wieden & Kennedy would have us believe that Facebook is like chairs. True to a point: stay too long and your bum goes numb. This definitely numbed me. It's a tough brief: how do you get your conceptual and creative arms round a phenomenon such as Facebook - something that millions of people experience and enjoy every day? Well, let's humbly compare it to something very humble - the chair. This false modesty sits uncomfortably alongside footage that looks like all of those other big, bombastic, globally bloated ads you see for handsets and IT companies - and it has the same plinky-plonky music. And then the veil slips totally and modesty evaporates and the full throbbing corporate ego is revealed ... fuck chairs, Facebook is like the universe: vast, awesome and (they don't say this) all-knowing.
Which is why it's surprising it hasn't used its intergalactic omnipotence to stop the wonderful "Toilets are like Facebook" spoof currently running on YouTube.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Woman Rock at History; Men Steal Credit
One of the problems of patriarchy is that it's so pervasive, we don't even realize if or when it affects our thinking. Oftentimes, we believe our thinking is free from cultural baggage. (One of my favorite examples is how many people truly believe that advertising doesn't affect them at all, despite the fact that almost all research into advertising would discredit that idea. Why do you think companies would spend so much money on advertising if it didn't work?)
Academia often considers itself above personal biases, but lo and behold, new information is showing that academics are just as susceptible to cultural biases as everyone else. New analyses of art found in caves in Spain and France suggest that the people who created the art were probably women, not men. Dean Snow, the archaeologist who researched this, said, "There has been a male bias in the literature for a long time. People have made a lot of unwarranted assumptions about who made these things, and why."
Snow's quote reminds me of something I read a few years ago:
Years ago, when I was studying anthropology at university, one of my female professors held up a photograph of an antler bone with 28 markings on it. "This," she said, "is alleged to be man's first attempt at a calendar." We all looked at the bone in admiration. "Tell me," she continued, "what man needs to know when 28 days have passed? I suspect that this is woman's first attempt at a calendar."
Many people like to argue that women stayed behind and men did all the hunting, but in that case, wouldn't it mean that women came up with most of the things that helped humans advance (like fire, cooking, etc.)? Yet even in articles about when humans started using spices in cooking, or the origin of clothing, women's contributions are not mentioned.
Of course, plenty of very popular things have been invented by women, but we don't learn about them the same way we learn about men's inventions. This perpetuates the idea that men have always been innovators and inventors while women meekly sat by, which then creates stereotype threat and makes women believe they can't achieve as much as men.
The only way to change this is to constantly question our cultural assumptions and not being afraid to disrupt the current methods of thinking. So keep being skeptical, and don't assume men were the only ones who helped humanity to advance.
Related Posts
22 Comments
November 5, 2013 at 1:10 pm — Log in to Reply
"What man needs to know when 28 days have passed?"
Perhaps a man who plans on doing something outside during the night?
November 5, 2013 at 1:56 pm — Log in to Reply
Um… the man could just look up to judge if the moon was bright enough for his plans. No need to mark the days.
November 6, 2013 at 12:48 am — Log in to Reply
And a woman could just look down and determine if she is having her period. The whole point of a calendar is to be able to tell when these things will happen again.
Also another valid answer might be "any man who lives with women."
But yeah, like Max Hospadaruk says below, the point isn't that we can come up with reasons to think that it might have been made by a man. The point is we need to consider the possibility it was made by a woman at least as likely. (Really more likely, since a man might want to know when the next full moon is or when a partner will next have her period, but a woman might want to know either of those things and also know when her next period might be. There isn't a single reason that men might want to know when 28 days have passed that doesn't also apply to women, plus there is always one more that never applies to men.)
November 5, 2013 at 2:04 pm — Log in to Reply
I don't think the intent was to supply proof positive that the person who made that one particular artifact was definitively a woman, but rather to point out the bias of assuming a man made an object that would be much more useful to a woman.
tldr; occam's razor'd
November 5, 2013 at 2:21 pm — Log in to Reply
Dean is an old friend, and was an adviser in college to the extent that I went to college.
There is of course a Great Irony here. The research suggesting that this work was done by women is based on a postulated relationship between hormones and in utero development that produces male and female hands that are different (on average, as populations). That same research relates to other work, uses the same assumptions,methods, and overlapping data sets, that is central to a subset of Evolutionary Psychology. So you will be accused of using Evolutionary Psychology on one hand to advance your radical feminist views but at the same time rejecting Evolutionary Psychology as evinced by the very fact that you are blogging on Rebecca Watson's network, and we all know that Rebecca eats Evolutionary Psychologists for breakfast.
… in 3 … 2 .. 1 …
I have been lecturing on human evolution and archaeology this semester. I always emphasize the role of females in technology and its development and evolution. Even though all the evidence we have should lead us to be very suspicious of the assumption that early technology was developed by males, it is often the assumption. I make sure my students know that technology (what Dawkins referred to as the "Extended Phenotype" of "early man," was almost certainly started up and practice for a million years (or more) by only females.
I have a former student who is currently embarking on an interesting research project apopos this discussion: In certain pre- and proto-historic societies in South America it is almost certainly true that women made most of the textiles. Sarah, you know all about making textiles! Anyway, textiles rarely preserve so this critically important central thing women were doing which may have formed the corner stone of regional economies is lost to archaeology. Except in the Andes where the textiles preserve well. She is currently about to apply Quantum Physics (a technique based on it, actually) to analyze the dyes used some of the textiles to determine their source, and thus address questions about the movement of cloth vs. ideas vs. women who make cloth across the landscape over centuries of time and help fill in a huge blank.
November 5, 2013 at 2:22 pm — Log in to Reply
Oh, also, I've added to my syllabus in each course a module on "The Patriarchy" That will be fun.
November 5, 2013 at 4:35 pm — Log in to Reply
When I talked about the archaeology of subsistence patterns and discussed foragers, I had my students read an article called New Women of the Ice Age by Heather Pringle as a way of exposing the gender bias behind assumptions about hunting and gathering. They seemed to enjoy it and it led to a good discussion.
November 5, 2013 at 7:20 pm — Log in to Reply
So point well taken and all, but hasn't the whole finger-ratio thing been debunked? I could have sworn I'd seen that rigorous examination showed greater diversity within populations than between them.
Which is not to say we should be assuming the artists are men. I was not aware that archaeologists believed that. I guess I always figured they used male pronouns as placeholders, not because they actually thought that they knew the sex of the artist. So even if the current research "proving" that women were the artists turns out to be bunk, the assumption that the artists are men is still an unwarranted bias.
November 5, 2013 at 9:52 pm — Log in to Reply
Even if there's more variation within the groups than across the groups, the between-group variation can still be significant. So men vary more in height among themselves than compared with women, and yet it remains quite true that men are on average taller than women.
November 6, 2013 at 12:38 am — Log in to Reply
It's true that men are "on average" taller than women, but there is no such thing as an "average" man. Given, say 40 individuals you could not reliably tell which are men or which are women. If you have a good idea of the group's ethnicity and nutrition, you might be willing to put money on whether or not the group is composed of mostly men or mostly women, but even then you could easily be wrong if it turns out that, say, the entire group was selected from one family that tends towards the short or tall. For example, my uncle is an unusually short man who married an unusually tall woman, and his son is a little shorter than me and his daughter a little taller. If you found their heights marked in a cave several thousand years from now, but with no names or any other information about them, and you tried to guess who were the men and who were the women, you would probably be wrong. (Unless some kind of genetic drift or selective pressure caused future women to be taller and future men to be shorter than today's, in which case you would be right for the wrong reason.)
In this case we have a guy who looked at 32 (THIRTY-TWO) hand prints, from humans thousands of years ago from three different sites (sites that were themselves in consistent use over a period of hundreds of generations) and, knowing very, very little, almost nothing really, about the people who made them, decided that he could tell that there was exactly a 75% chance that a given hand was female.
That looks like junk science to me.
Here's what PZ had to say about the finger thing:
Now, the researcher does say that "Twenty thousand years ago, men were men and women were women," and claims that the people who made the prints were more sexually dimorphic than modern humans, so his data is more reliable. That's begging the question! You can't know if the people were more sexually dimorphic if you can't tell their sex from their digits, and you can't reliably tell their sex from their digits unless you assume that they are more sexually dimorphic!
And I will just repeat: 32 individuals! Out of the hundreds and hundreds of existing handprints (meaning most likely thousands of artists whose contributions were simply lost to time), whose prints had already been preselected based on location and preservation (Maybe men and women painted separately? Maybe only women made hand stencils? Maybe the men made their hand stencils elsewhere in the cave where they have been lost to degradation or elements?), it's not that unlikely that a completely random group of 32 individuals would be comprised of 75% women. (Or 75% men with slightly less than average finger ratios for that matter.) Once you introducing the complexities of 20,000 years of evolution and human culture, there's just no way this data can be considered useful.
Again, it's still wrong to assume that the painters are men. But this study is meaningless.
November 6, 2013 at 2:54 am — Log in to Reply
Yeah I was actually wondering about that. A sample of 32 is pretty small, so I'm not sure why everyone is so eager to buy this theory over, say, the horny adolescent boys theory. Both seem pretty speculative. It's certainly an interesting idea to entertain that it was women who painted them, but without knowing more about the culture we couldn't really say why it would be women rather than men, or men rather than women, or boys rather than adults etc.
November 5, 2013 at 7:26 pm — Log in to Reply
I thought that men were believed to have been the painters since the images were of apparently male-centered activities, like hunting. It's not like they just thought "Women are dumb and can't paint, obviously it was men". It sounds like they considered both hypotheses and rejected one on the basis of evidence. It sounds like they were wrong, but they weren't being unreasonable. Or is there more to this than that?
November 5, 2013 at 11:22 pm — Log in to Reply
There's more to it than that; namely, there was not really evidence. Androcentrism was a common problem in earlier anthropological and archaeological studies–it was a male-dominated discipline where they hardly considered the roles and lives of women. And until feminist critiques started to take hold in the discipline beginning in the 1970s, men within the discipline just made unchallenged assumptions about various cultural activities. This was true in early ethnography as well, where men ethnographers would rarely talk to women about anything having to do with their lives, much less devote much space in a text to them.
So, even the idea that hunting is a "male-centered activity" is biased. See the article "New Women of the Ice Age" that I linked to in a previous comment for an in-depth explanation. But basically, hunting can be done in lots of ways that don't require uber strength and all- or multi-day excursions around the forest. One of those ways is setting up nets, which were likely woven by women (though perhaps men helped), and the whole group (including children) fanning out into the forest to startle animals towards the nets. Then you just club them over the noggin and, tada! Dinner time. Foraging groups are typically egalitarian when it comes to gendered division of labor and tend to have less strict divisions about which gender can or should do what activity. So it's interesting that we narrate their lives in such strictly gendered ways despite evidence that their activities are not so strictly gendered, generally speaking.
November 5, 2013 at 11:50 pm — Log in to Reply
Yeah I looked at that article and it was very interesting indeed. Thanks for posting it! But I did note that the division of labor was not exactly even, i.e. the kind of hunting women have been observed to practice in those societies was generally netting, or chasing small game, while chasing the dangerous big game was reserved for men. Aren't the hunting activities depicted on these caves the sort of big game hunting that WOULD be more commonly male-only?
November 6, 2013 at 12:59 am — Log in to Reply
You know, it's funny you mention that about the nets. I was thinking of composing a reply involving a ?19th century drawing I saw recently of an Australian Aboriginal group hunting birds using nets and a returning boomerang. The boomerang works by mimicking the shadow of a bird of prey, thus forcing the hunted birds to fly low. The point was, all the members of the tribe were participating and doing their part. The returining boomerang itself is an amazing piece of technology involving some pretty advanced aerodynamics, and this post had me wondering if a woman may have ibeen responsibel for the invention!
November 6, 2013 at 1:03 am — Log in to Reply
Damn, sorry about all the typos, the text in the box is SO tny and I just can't see! But yeah, even the strategy of using a piece of wood in this way blows my mind. I think a great deal of R&D and a concerted cooperative effort over considerable time would have been involved.
November 6, 2013 at 3:03 am — Log in to Reply
One of the interesting points in Pringle's article was that there's evidence Paleolithic hunters didn't carry out much big-game hunting to begin with. Rather, most of their big prey was caught at water-holes during droughts, when the animals were considerably weakened. That seems pretty plausible to me.
Also, I found that there aren't hunting scenes in the cave paintings, at least not in the European ones. The very scarce human representations have been attributed to some cultural taboo against representing human forms, though I wonder, if there was such a taboo, why depict humans at all? Obviously there was some kind of fascination with big animals and with hands, and women with large bosoms, but that's about all we know it seems. Actually, when you put it like that, the teenage boy theory sounds more and more likely, but then I'm a guy.
I do think it can be irritating when people attribute incorrect earlier theories to prejudice without really thinking through what evidence was available to earlier researchers, or the kinds of prejudices we may be laboring under today. Our evidence that these were painted by women rests on a mathematically dubious study of finger length ratios; our evidence that these were painted by men rests on a similarly dubious speculation about European culture tens of thousands of years ago. So either way the evidence is weak. But isn't our eagerness to give women the credit as much to do with our contemporary feminist obsessions as, perhaps, the older view was to do with unreflective androcentrism?
November 5, 2013 at 8:38 pm — Log in to Reply
Many years ago I read a book called "The Women's History of the World' by Rosalind Miles. You might enjoy it.
November 6, 2013 at 8:27 am — Log in to Reply
People studying "rock art" have not assumed it was all about hunting. Most of it does not look like hunting, some does, but the latter has often been re-analyzed as something else. There are strong links between animals, shamanism, male-shamans, and some of the art, so assuming a male artist is reasonable. The only known rock artist of recent times in S. Africa, which links in style and other ways to much older art, was a male.
But those who study early art (which is nothing like a monolithic thing) have often used the "he" pronoun, but I don't believe that has been a convenience. That can be said for everything in the paleolithic. Bad excuse, at best.
There have been several studies to examine gender in the art, including those that have suggested substantial parts of the ancient art corpus is female in production. It has been suggested that the early (late Paleolithic) female figurines were produced by females because the physical form of the objects can be explained as a woman viewing her own body based on proportions. There are art objects in the Levant that resemble the usual female body parts when held in one direction but become apparent phalluses when held in another direction. When that was discovered questions of who was making it (rather than the assumption that it is male) were raised.
So it is correct to say that the assumption has usually been that males made the art, and that assumption comes from two sources: 1) A reasonable argument for SOME of the art that links a certain kind of shamanism to males and to art, and 2) The usual assumption that if something happened it was done by a male. However, palaeoanthopologists esp. those with bio-anthro connections have been questioning this for some time since the discovery that tool use is almost always invented by, passed on via, learned by, and practiced by females in primates in general including our nearest living relatives, chimps. This means that it is inappropriate to assume males made Oldowan technology. In fact, it is reasonable to postulate that females made it. If so, we have a 2.6 million year history of flakes stone production by humans and ancestors, of which one million is female, the rest unknown. Much of the early stone tool use is thought to be to modify wood. This could be for making either male or female wooden tools. It is likely that people made their own tools, and males and females used wooded tools almost certainly. There is no reason to believe that females after the Oldowan didn't use stone tool technology.
Once we re-insert females into technology they suddenly become available (in the minds of archaeologists) for re-insertion in other things. The male-shaman-art connection is real, but there are female shamans. In some societies (i.e. the Efe that I lived with) shamanistic things are done by both males and females, but you find it more among females (I think). Among the Efe, who are foragers, artistic things are practiced by both males and females but out and art symbolic productivity (designs put on things where the design is art for art's sake and the object is meant to display the art, mainly, like bark cloths) is done almost entirely by women, same with body painting. To know only of the Efe and then find "cave art" for the first time one would have to make the guess that the art was probably made by females.
But archaeology in the old days was strictly male and highly patriarchal, though it is much much less so in recent decades. This is in part because more and more female students have entered the study. There is the usual pyramid; the female to male ratio at the undergraduate level is high, gets a bit lower but is still high in grad school, and continues to drop through post doc, junior and senior faculty, etc. But concerted and widespread efforts to hire and promote qualified women over the last 20 years have helped change that ratio.
Alison Brooks, as a grad student, was required to sit in the hallway outside the room in which seminars were carried out and listen through a door set ajar. She is now one of the leading archaeologists in the world, at Georgetown and the Smithsonian and could be considered the top active archaeologists in the MSA of Africa, and the top American based archaeologist working in Central and southern Africa. Meanwhile there are regions/time periods still very much dominated by men, and not just demographically, but also, philosophically (i.e. the patriarchy is alive and well in many areas).
The finger length thing has not been debunked at all. There are population level differences for sure. What has been brought more into question is the interpretations and some of the correlations. For example, it has been proposed that a more "male" ratio in males is associated with athletics, and an even more male ratio is associated (in men) with super-athletes (pro and olympic level). Interestingly, it has been proposed that males who self ID as gay do not have female ratios, but rather, super-duper male ratios that go beyond the super athletes. Thus proving that all super athletes are gay. And so on. These secondary findings were flying out of the Evol. Psych literature at a high rate for years (that is when Dean started his study, which he told me about something like 15 years ago IIRC). I've not even tried to keep track of these studies because there are so many potential biasing effects (file drawer effect confirmation bias, etc.). Somewhere in that mess of studies there is probably something interesting but good luck sorting it all out!
Dean may be right here because the population differences are statistically good. However, the original studies were mostly based on (and this became accepted methodology) careful measurements of x-rays. The problem with the hand painting research is that it is not nearly as accurate. That is what people will critique in this study, and we'll see how it holds up.
November 6, 2013 at 10:31 am — Log in to Reply
I would like to add the possibility of our temporal bias influencing how we see all prehistoric art. We see hunting because it is what we believe prehistoric people are like. We have some proof of what prehistory peoples were like but how could we document certain cultural artifacts? It's not like a dance or a cant or a ritual leaves behind proof.
So yeah, we think it's hunting but that's our temporal bias. Keep in mind that I am the very definition of a layperson on this subject so I might be just spouting gibberish.
November 6, 2013 at 8:33 am — Log in to Reply
Since we are sharing references: http://www.mav.org.es/documentos/ensayos%20nov/power_women%20in%20prehistoric%20art.pdf
November 6, 2013 at 1:06 pm — Log in to Reply
Great discussion everyone. I recall reading a couple articles that discussed Paleolithic hunting and many of the theories and speculations centered on chase down methods where humans would chase their prey to exhaustion leaving a more or less helpless prey as well as herding prey animals into pits or closed areas that could be fenced in. These activities don't require strength; they involve some planning and persistence. Also I can only wonder about the speculation over the 28 day calendar and I recalled the times I've hiked in remote areas of Glacier and Yellowstone National Park and seeing signs discouraging women from backpacking in these areas if they were having their period because of Grizzly Bears. So I'd think you'd want to know if you were going to menstruate before heading out on a hunt that could take a few days or more because you didn't want to attract carnivores.
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A Historian's Take On Food and Food Politics
Why read a historian on food and food politics? I'd say to get some perspective on the romantic, nostalgic, nationalistic myths that pervade so much contemporary food writing.
"Don't eat anything your grandmother wouldn't recognize," is an oft-repeated slogan.
Well, our grannies were born sometime from 1880 to 1970. That may seem a pretty long period and so it is. Historically speaking though, it's massively unrepresentative of most of culinary (kitchen) history.
These grannies all came into a world in which they could count on at least some industrial foods, in which they could shop for food on city streets, and in which their nationality shaped what they ate.
Behind the last three to six generations stand some seven hundred earlier generations. They toiled as hard to prepare food by hand as they did to grow the raw materials, they depended on the limited and precarious foods grown within a few miles from their dwellings, and their class did more to shape what they ate than their nationality.
In Cuisine and Empire: Cooking in World History (2013) analyzes how entire populations in the richer parts of the world today eat as well as, actually better than the greatest emperors of the past.
I was delighted that the New York Review of Books described it as "a triumph," and the (London) Times Literary Supplement as "magnificent."
My work has also appeared in publications such as the Wall Street Journal, the Times Literary Supplement, Scientific American, the LA Times, Saveur, and Utne Reader as well as numerous academic journals.
I have had an academic career as a historian and philosopher of science and technology (CV Rachel Laudan 2016); a childhood on a farm; and the chance to live for extended periods of time on five continents.
My research on food history has made me an unabashed, though not uncritical enthusiast about modern food. Most of what I talk about on my blog revolves around that.
I love comments, discussion, and criticism (constructive, of course).
Wonderful to have found this site! As a chef, I work primarily with my hands and have been slow to fully enter the blog world. I am opening a Mexican restaurant just north of sydney Australia. I grew up and trained in San Francisco, have lived in Europe and japan, finally returning home 7 years ago. In considering my menu, I am trying to incorporate authentic recipes to present Australians with the variety of flavors that few here know. I have been lately researching tacos and tortas. I am fascinated by the bread vs tortilla change, with many of the same fillings. Is size a big factor as in a western influence. A dietary fulsomeness? I don't think I can make my own bread at the restaurant but would like to get close to a 'type' of bread that would be acceptable, I think, to telera a bollito, is baguette out of the question? Can someone living there give me a more historical and thoughtful description as I have never had a tort a( have been to Mexico only twice)
Peggy Perry
Hello Rachel,
I just found your blog. I was looking for articles responding to Michael Pollan's letter to the Farmer in Chief back in October 2008. I could only find your preliminary comments. Would you happen to have your other articles archived so that I could find them?
I am having the students in my Plants and Civilization course (at Cal Poly Pomona University) read the Pollan article and I want to find some material that counters his arguments.
Thanks for any assistance you can provide.
Peggy Perry, Ph.D. Professor of Plant Science
Dear Dr.Laudan,
My webmaster just found your blog and passed it on to me–excellent! I read with interest your post on Argentine-Italian food, and the same process seems to be at work there as was in the States, i.e. adding meat to everything. Have you read Hasia Diner's "Hungering For America"? An excellent source. My colleague, Simon Young, and I run a blog for our students here in Perugia (Italy). Have a look if you have time, and thanks for the great resource!
Sincerely, Zachary Nowak
Hi Rachel,
Not exactly on your blog topics but I did wish to say a brief hello (after several lifetimes since Pitt, apparently on your side as well as mine)! You're doing culinary studies; I at the moment, doing military history, go figure. (Having lost a career I did gain a life; which does include opportunities to travel & to eat. I have a day job which allows me to teach philosophy a bit — almost never sociology — and a stepson who is a chef with Wolfgang Puck here in LA.) Did enjoy a piece of yours on "authentic" food & Luddism which appeared in the LA Times some time back.
Sarah Portnoy
September 25, 2011 at 11:21 pm
I am so happy to have found this site. I found it while looking for your 2001 article on "authenticity", the most common buzz word in my class. I teach a class at USC entitled "The Culture of Food in Hispanic Los Angeles." Needless to say, the issues of national cuisine and authenticity are debated constantly. I wish I had known about the Guadalajara conference before now…
John Bentham
Rachel, thanks for the article on 'salt bones'.
Just last week I was holidaying in Santa Susanna on the Costa Brava with my daughter, son-in-law, and my grandson of 11 months. The location was my sisters idea, who also joined us with her husband. The holiday was a 'take your mind off things' interlude, as I had spent the previous 4 years looking after my wife, who unfortunately lost her painful battle with cancer five weeks before.
After a few days of hotel food and holiday bar drink, I yearned to feel Spain beneath my feet and so set off exploring the hills leading away from the coast. A couple of summits later, overconfident by my discovery of an ancient tower fortification, I made the mistake of attempting a more direct descent back to civilisation. As is often the case, 'Nature' chastised me by leading me to a dead end overlooking an overgrown ravine, but only after a 45 minute hazardous descent. Retracing my steps and making a more conservative descent by road I found myself in Santa Susanna Pueblo, a one horse two bar town. Suitably ensconced outside one of the bars I remembered I had not eaten for some time. A lack of English speakers in the vicinity provided me with an opportunity to demonstrate how enthusiastic, and hopeless, I was in Spanish. An initial order of " cervaca grande por favour", which arrived with a tapas of tortilla, provided me an opportunity to think. A sign in the window provided an easy way out and I embraced it. Menu del Dia it would be. The offering which came with 'bebido' of water or half carafe of vino rosso, was 'cocido de garbanzos'. Presumably then, 'menu del dia' must translate as 'this is what I have on the stove, have or don't have it, please yourself'. I had it. No idea what it was going to be, but the law of averages was on my side. One adventure that day had already humiliated me, surely a smaller one, into colloquial cuisine, would not follow suit. Happily when the plate arrived accompanied by a basket of bread and the wine (that had been the easiest decision all day!) I found it to be eminently palatable. I was even more content when 'la quinta' arrived and requested a mere 6.20 Euros.
Now for the point of the story. Although a teacher of mathematics by trade, I have a love of cooking, and so determined to reproduce the dish when I arrived home. A google search for the recipe directed me to YouTube and some demonstrations of the stew being prepared. An ingredient common to them was 'hueso blanco salado'. Google helpfully translated this as 'white bone salt', and after a subsequent search escorted me to a myriad of articles on 'white bone china'. Refusing to accept defeat, I tried googling the Spanish expression, and there you were, on the first page of results with an enlightening experience from your own Costa Brava sojourn. I now know what ingredient I need, but sadly not where to obtain it. But thanks again for the article it was an interesting read and a big help. I suppose the last word has to be…….back to google!
John Bentham
Humza Bokhari
Howdy! I'm a Harvard junior in the History of Science department. I was curious about why people like white over wheat (because I certainly don't) and so I stumbled upon your blog post on the topic. It was super interesting, and I always love learning about what historians of science are up to around the world. Just last semester, I took a course on the history and politics of the American obesity epidemic, so this is something that's still pretty fresh for me.
Carolyn Nilges
Thank-you so much for your informative blogs and articles. I am a student at the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago as a Biblical Counseling Major. Eventually I would like to incorporate movement, talk, and diet as an holistic approach to the Christian counseling arena. I have a background in dance and have studied and worked at the Kushi Institute in Beckett, Ma. which introduced me to the science of acid-alkaline food prep. I have always been interested in all manor of food history-all history really-and feel that food history is indeed one of the most important. I am very enthused to read as much as I can get my hands on in terms of food history, science and anthropology, and am taking the summer to earn for next fall and study as much as possible. I stumbled upon your blog looking for blue-Hopi corn(all sold-out as far as I could tell), and how to make corn tortillas. My ancestry is part Navajo, and I have a particular interest in their food history as well. Corn has always been a central to my diet, as a personal preference, but recently I have learned how deficient modern versions are. Many thanks for your years of passionate study and research. What a blessing.
Mary Madsen Hallock
Dear Rachel,
I am so excited to find you!
About an hour ago a friend turned me on to your wonderful blog and informative books and articles about Mexico. I suggest — no, I URGE you to visit the high mountain city of Oaxaca de Juarez in the southern state of Oaxaca, where corn was originally discovered. If you do this, be sure to contact me first and I will send you to villages and connect you with women who still grind mais by hand every day of their lives, as a matter of course. I am able to help you because my parents, my husband and I owned and operated Casa Colonial, a small hotel in the center of Oaxaca city for more than fifty years, and I still have Zapotec and Mixtec friends there who consider me their American sister, and vice versa. Really — you must not miss this area of opportunity. I cannot match you in university degrees, as I have a mere bachelor's in Journalism from U.C. Berkeley, but I may surpass you in my enthusiasm, and love of Mexico.
Meanwhile, you need to read my latest book, "Speak to my Bosom, Señor." It has been available on Amazon.com for about three weeks now, along with four other books I have written about Oaxaca. (All together, three whodunits, one cook book, and this latest non-fiction about our adventures as innkeepers.)
If Amazon produces a problem for you in any way, send me your snail-mail address and I will mail you a freebie. You especially need to read "Speak to my Bosom, Señor." It contains chapters on connections between California and Teotitlan del Valle, (via my father's Reedley farm), history, recipes, handcrafts, immigration, and lots of Oaxacan info that is disappearing all too quickly.
But hurry — I'm in great shape, but am coming up on ninety very soon, now….


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Dec 21, 2011 Phil Blackwell Uncategorized
While it was nice that the Fayetteville-Manlius girls basketball team earned the championship of the Traci Zimmer Memorial Tournament at Central Square on Dec. 16-17, it still left something unfinished.
This was due to the fact that, while it beat Liverpool in the tournament final, it had to play them again three nights later. Though unusual, it was something F-M could handle, as it emerged from a back-and-forth battle to beat the Warriors a second time in a 37-33 decision.
After its fourth win in a row overall, F-M had to confront a Liverpool side it beat 39-31 in their first encounter. Like the original, the rematch would be in doubt until the final seconds.
Late in the first quarter, the Hornets trailed 9-6, but Rachael Miller's 3-pointer launched a 7-0 run to close the period. Just as quickly, though, F-M went cold, going more than seven minutes without a point in the second period.
Only a persistent defense kept the Hornets within range during that drought, and late baskets from Madison Beck and Charlotte Beers helped F-M go to the break only down by a field goal, 19-17.
They traded scoring spurts again in the third period, and F-M was again behind, 26-23, when Erica Assimon drained a 3-pointer to tie it. Thanks to a pair of free throws from Alexis Rios, F-M went to the final quarter nursing a 30-28 lead.
In a six-minute span, F-M applied enough pressure, holding the Warriors to a single field goal. Still, Liverpool had a chance to tie it in the final minute before Lyteshia Price's 3-pointer fell short.
Beers' free throw with 9.9 seconds left finally sealed it. No Hornets player reached double figures, but the production was spread around as Beck led with eight points. Beers, Miller and Kiley Shoemaker had seven points apiece. Liverpool's Rachael Windhausen led both sides with 11 points.
F-M plays just once in the next two weeks, a non-league game at Bishop Ludden next Tuesday afternoon that serves as the last tune-up before the Hornets meet Breanna Stewart and defending state Class AA champion Cicero-North Syracuse on Jan. 3.
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text:
Trivia: Dr. Chase's mother has been dead for ten years.
Dr. House is listening to a patient's heart with a stethoscope. However as the shot cuts to his face you can see the stethoscope is not in his ears.
Dr. Foreman refers to a patient's "eophinosil" count. The word he's after is "eosinophil" (a type of white blood cell).
House: We are condemned to useless labor...
Dr. Wilson: Fourth circle of Hell. Charting goes a lot faster when you eliminate all classic poetry.
House: Writing down what we already know to be read by nobody. Pretty sure Dante would agree that qualifies as useless.
Dr. Wilson: You're over two weeks behind in your charting.
(Dr. Cuddy approaches them, and House throws a piece of paper towards her)
House: Oops... I missed.
(House pages Dr. Chase with "call mom")
Dr. Chase: My mother's been dead for 10 years.
House: But she's always with you in spirit.
Dr. Cuddy: You have a patient in exam one!
House: Yeah, but see... (looks towards the watch) I'm... I'm off at twelve and it's already five off...
Dr. Cuddy: She's been waiting for you since eleven!
House: (to Dr. Wilson) Melancholy without hope. Which circle is that?
House: She has God inside her. It would be easier to deal with a tumor.
Dr. Wilson: Maybe she's allergic to God.
House: (to Sister Augustine) You must be all the talk around the holy water cooler.
House: You hate nuns. You can't hate someone if you don't know them.
Dr. Chase: Know any Nazis? Maybe I hate them on principle.
Sister Eucharist: (The hypochondriac nun) tends to believe in things that aren't real.
House: I thought that was a job description for you people.
Dr. Wilson: You want to come over for Christmas dinner?
House: You're Jewish.
Dr. Wilson: Yeah, Hanukkah dinner. What do you care -- it's food, it's people.
Dr. Wilson: Sixth circle of Hell?
House: Confined in a sweat box with a bloody nose and all the tissues are soggy.
Dr. Wilson: I think that's the Seventh?
House: Nope. The Seventh . . .
Dr. Wilson: God, you must be fun at parties.
House: I think we both know the flaw in that theory.
House: You know how it is with nuns - take out their IUDs, they bounce right back.
(House tosses her a tea bag)
Dr. Cuddy: What is this? Hemlock?
House: I had to open her blouse to do CPR, I learned two things. Nuns can have nice breasts, and she has a tattoo on her shoulder. Of a skunk. Now, maybe it's the sacred skunk of Joseph . . .
House: I've found that when you want to know the truth about someone, that someone is probably the last person you should ask.
Mother Superior: Ah. And have you been speaking to Sister Eucharist?
House: She ratted out her fellow sister pretty quickly. If I were you, I'd have her repeat a year of nun school.
House: And the old nun thinks the sick nun is a big fat nun liar.
House: What do you know about the nun?
Dr. Chase: Which one?
House: The cute one. I think she likes me. The sick one, obviously.
House: I am both amused and annoyed that you think I should be less stubborn then you are.
House: ("admitting" to giving the nun the wrong dosage of epinephrine) So there I was, in the clinic, drunk, I opened the drawer, closed my eyes, grabbed the first syringe I could find...
House: I also recognize that I am human and capable of error.
Dr. Wilson: So you might have screwed this up?
House: No.
Dr. Wilson: So it's merely a theoretical capacity for error?
House: Good point. Maybe there isn't one. Maybe that's my error.
Dr. Chase: I hate nuns.
House: Who doesn't?
Dr. Foreman: Everyone screws up. Your rule. I think you fit within the subset of 'everyone'.
House: I didn't screw up.
House: What the hell are those?
Dr. Cameron: Candy canes.
House: Candy canes? Are you mocking me.
Dr. Cameron: No. It's, it's Christmas, and I thought...
House: Relax – it's a joke.
Sister Eucharist: The sisters tend to interpret their illnesses as divine intervention.
House: And you don't? Then you're wearing an awfully funny hat.
Sister Eucharist: Thank you for your patience.
Dr. Wilson: Is she talking to you?
House: I don't know. She's certainly looking at me...
House: I've been a doctor for years – why do I have to keep assuring people that I know what I'm doing?
Dr. Cuddy: What are you, eight?
House: Could an eight year old do this? (makes a face)
Dr. Cuddy: Better stop it or it'll stick that way.
Injoke: The chocolate bar House is eating in the hospital chapel is Cadburys Dairy Milk, an English chocolate company that Hugh Laurie did voiceovers for.
This episode was nominated for a Humanitas Prize for 60 Minute Category.
House plays "Silent Night" on his piano during the closing scenes.
House: Writing down what we already know to be read by nobody. Pretty sure Dante would agree that qualifies as useless.
Wilson and House are alluding to Dante Alighieri's poem The Divine Comedy, in which the main character travels through nine circles of hell.
House recommending cigarettes
The clinic patient, Marvin, dressed as Santa Claus, who is prescribed cigarettes by House for his inflammatory bowel. The whole thing is very reminiscent of an old Fry & Laurie first series sketch called "Doctor Tobacco." Laurie goes to see the "doctor" (Stephen Fry) for an examination. He complains of having trouble breathing at night and tightness in his chest. Fry tells him to smoke a cigarette twenty times a day, "ideally moving on to thirty or forty." Laurie complains that they cause lung cancer and emphysema. Fry dismisses the idea. They argue back and forth until Laurie insists that he'd like a second opinion. Fry offers that they're also cheap, nutritious and stylish. And if he's interested in a third opinion, they're also soothing, harmless and sexy. Turns out, Fry wasn't a doctor after all but a tobacconist.
Alluding to the quote made by Eleanor Roosevelt, The full quotation is, "Do what you feel in your heart to be right—for you'll be criticized anyway. You'll be damned if you do, and damned if you don't."
House: How do you solve a problem like dermatitis?
House plays off of the main chorus of "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?" from The Sound of Music.


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Testing the Weak-form Market Efficiency and the Day of the Week Effects of some African Countries
The aims of this work are twofold. On the one hand, it aims to find evidence supporting the presence of the weak form efficiency of several emerging African stock markets by using both parametric as well as non parametric tests. The results indicate that none of the markets are characterised by random walks with the exception of the South African stock market. On the other hand, this study aims to detect the presence of the day of the week effects of these African stock markets. Results show the existence of day of the week effects, that is, the typical negative Monday and Friday positive effects in several stock markets.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): 12 (2010)
Issue (Month): Conference Issue ()
Pages: 1-26
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Fax: +27219144438
Web page: http://www.africagrowth.com/
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- Keim, Donald B & Stambaugh, Robert F, 1984. " A Further Investigation of the Weekend Effect in Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 39(3), pages 819-835, July.
- Beveridge, Stephen & Nelson, Charles R., 1981. "A new approach to decomposition of economic time series into permanent and transitory components with particular attention to measurement of the `business cycle'," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 151-174.
- Osamah M. Al-Khazali & David K. Ding & Chong Soo Pyun, 2007. "A New Variance Ratio Test of Random Walk in Emerging Markets: A Revisit," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 42(2), pages 303-317, May.
- Chow, K. Victor & Denning, Karen C., 1993.
"A simple multiple variance ratio test,"
Journal of Econometrics,
Elsevier, vol. 58(3), pages 385-401, August.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "CHOWDENNING: RATS procedure to perform Chow-Denning multiple variance ratio test," Statistical Software Components RTS00035, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Nabeel Al-Loughani & David Chappell, 2001. "Modelling the day-of-the-week effect in the Kuwait Stock Exchange: a nonlinear GARCH representation," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(4), pages 353-359.
- Foster, F Douglas & Viswanathan, S, 1990. "A Theory of the Interday Variations in Volume, Variance, and Trading Costs in Securities Markets," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 3(4), pages 593-624.
- Maria Rosa Borges, 2011. "Random walk tests for the Lisbon stock market," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(5), pages 631-639.
- Maria Rosa Borges, 2007. "Random Walk Tests for the Lisbon Stock Market," Working Papers Department of Economics 2007/14, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, Department of Economics, Universidade de Lisboa.
- Abraham Abraham, 2002. "Testing the Random Walk Behavior and Efficiency of the Gulf Stock Markets," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 37(3), pages 469-480, August.
- Paul Alagidede, 2008. "Day of the week seasonality in African stock markets," Applied Financial Economics Letters, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 4(2), pages 115-120.
- Andrew Coutts & Christos Kaplanidis & Jennifer Roberts, 2000. "Security price anomalies in an emerging market: the case of the Athens Stock Exchange," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(5), pages 561-571.
- Ainul Islam & Mohammed Khaled, 2005. "Tests of Weak-Form Efficiency of the Dhaka Stock Exchange," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(7-8), pages 1613-1624.
- Lagoarde-Segot, Thomas & Lucey, Brian M., 2008. "Efficiency in emerging markets--Evidence from the MENA region," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 94-105, February.
- Ercan Balaban, 1995. "Day of the week effects: new evidence from an emerging stock market," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(5), pages 139-143.
- Diebold, Francis X. & Rudebusch, Glenn D., 1991. "On the power of Dickey-Fuller tests against fractional alternatives," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 155-160, February.
- Francis X. Diebold & Glenn D. Rudebusch, 1990. "On the power of Dickey-Fuller tests against fractional alternatives," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 119, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Kwiatkowski, Denis & Phillips, Peter C. B. & Schmidt, Peter & Shin, Yongcheol, 1992. "Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root : How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1-3), pages 159-178.
- Kwiatkowski, D. & Phillips, P.C.B. & Schmidt, P., 1990. "Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of Unit Root : How Sure are we that Economic Time Series have a Unit Root?," Papers 8905, Michigan State - Econometrics and Economic Theory.
- Denis Kwiatkowski & Peter C.B. Phillips & Peter Schmidt, 1991. "Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root?," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 979, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
- Taufiq Choudhry, 2000. "Day of the week effect in emerging Asian stock markets: evidence from the GARCH model," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(3), pages 235-242.
- Karolyi, G Andrew, 1995. "A Multivariate GARCH Model of International Transmissions of Stock Returns and Volatility: The Case of the United States and Canada," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 13(1), pages 11-25, January.
- Tang, G. Y. N. & Kwok, K-h., 1997. "Day of the week effect in international portfolio diversification: January vs non-January," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 9(3), pages 335-352, August.
- Keith Jefferis & Graham Smith, 2005. "The Changing Efficiency Of African Stock Markets," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 73(1), pages 54-67, March.
- Wright, Jonathan H, 2000. "Alternative Variance-Ratio Tests Using Ranks and Signs," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 18(1), pages 1-9, January.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "RATS programs to replicate Wright's Alternative Variance Ratio test results," Statistical Software Components RTZ00168, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Sowell, Fallaw, 1990. "The Fractional Unit Root Distribution," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 58(2), pages 495-505, March.
- Kiymaz, Halil & Berument, Hakan, 2003. "The day of the week effect on stock market volatility and volume: International evidence," Review of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 363-380.
- Ojah, Kalu & Karemera, David, 1999. "Random Walks and Market Efficiency Tests of Latin American Emerging Equity Markets: A Revisit," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 34(2), pages 57-72, May.
- Andrew C. Worthington & Helen Higgs, 2003. "Weak-form market efficiency in European emerging and developed stock markets," School of Economics and Finance Discussion Papers and Working Papers Series 159, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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ISLAMABAD, July 31: Making a lot of high-sounding promises about the future energy scenario, the government's power policy officially announced on Wednesday envisages an immediate increase of more than 50 per cent in the electricity tariff for consumers in industrial and commercial sectors and for domestic and agricultural from Oct 1.
The five-year National Power Policy was approved at a meeting of the Council of Common Interests (CCI) presided over by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and attended by the four chief ministers.
Because of strong resistance put up by Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a proposal for at-source deduction of electricity arrears from the provinces' share in the divisible pool was deferred.
Power Minister Khawaja Asif said the proposal would be taken up again about a month later.
He claimed that the country had achieved a record electricity generation of 16,170 megawatts on Tuesday and was maintaining an average generation of 15,000-16,000MW.
He said the centre had requested the provinces to jointly work out a timetable for closing markets during peak usage hours to save 1,200MW so that maximum business was done by using sunlight. About six million energy savers will start reaching consumers this year to help save about 800MW.
"Look at the gravity of the energy shortage and the extravagance that we exhibit in our power uses as if there is no problem at all," he said and appealed to people to adopt energy conservation habits.
He said the CCI had approved laws to increase punishment and fine for electricity and gas theft and to make them non-bailable and non-compoundable offences.
The judiciary will be requested to set up special utility courts to dispose of such cases quickly.
The secretary for water and power said 23,713 cases of energy theft had been registered last year and about a third of them had reached the conviction stage with the maximum punishment of three-month imprisonment and Rs1,000 fine. Now such cases will attract a maximum imprisonment of three years and Rs10 million fine.
However, representative of one province said the laws had not been approved by the CCI.
At the request of provincial governments, the attorney general and some independent legal experts would give opinion about making the steps conform to principles of jurisprudence.
The power policy promises energy surplus by the end of the current government's five-year term by using coal and hydropower resources and the overall tariffs declining to less than Rs10 per unit.
But the immediate step to be taken under the policy is to increase tariff by up to 66pc for industrial and commercial consumers with effect from Aug 1 and for domestic and agricultural consumers from Oct 1.
Addressing a news conference after the CCI meeting, Khawaja Asif said the exact revised rates would be announced in a day or two after approval of a summary by the prime minister.
"There will be no change in the rates for consumers using less than 200 units per month," he said.
He said the slab benefit of lower rates for higher consumption groups in the domestic sector had been done away with.
Consumption will be charged at the rate of highest slab. For example, someone consuming 701 units will be charged at the highest rate without getting the lower rate benefits of 100, 300, 500 units slabs.
An official accompanying the minister said the average tariff for industrial consumers would go up to about Rs15 per unit from Rs9 and the average commercial tariff would rise to Rs13.22.
The rate for bulk sales to residential colonies will be about Rs12 and average domestic rates will touch Rs15.50.
"The basic principle is to implement the minimum determined tariff of Nepra for each category to reduce a current gap of Rs5.81 per unit between the applicable and determined rates," he said.
The minister said the increase had been necessitated by a 13-14 month freeze on tariff imposed by the previous government. "Had the previous government gradually adjusted the tariff, the situation would have been much better and we would have paid Rs480 billion to retire circular debt."
He conceded that electricity theft and system losses cost up to Rs200bn a year and that honest consumers were being made to pay for that. He said the tariff increase was 'inevitable' to ensure that circular debt did not accumulate again and to contain the subsidy and protect poor consumers.
He said a ruthless campaign against electricity and gas theft was under way in Punjab, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had earmarked three police stations to help electricity officials curb theft and ensure recovery. Similar steps will be taken in Sindh.
The minister said the burden of subsidy also ultimately fell on the people and an attempt had been made to burden those who could afford it to avoid accumulation of Rs600bn debt next year.
He said the main thrust of the policy was to rationalise the energy mix with hydropower and coal as the main anchors of growth to gradually scale down the overall power cost in 3-5 years to an affordable level. For this, the government would provide infrastructure at specific locations after consultations with the provinces to create "coal corridors" and "energy cities", like Gadani, where local and foreign investors would invest without running for permits and licences because it was not possible for the government to invest $7-8bn to install 5,000MW of additional capacity or a total of $10-12bn for transmission and distribution network, he said.
Replying to a question, he said two feeders in Bannu had been closed down due to widespread electricity theft and non-recovery of dues. "We have requested the chief minister to hold a jirga and persuade the people to pay their bills and arrears if the electricity supply has to be restored. We will not allow premium on theft."
The CCI approved a request of the Pakhtunkhwa government to focus on run-of-river hydropower projects. It also agreed to a proposal of the Sindh chief minister to make it mandatory for coal-based power projects to use Thar coal specifications instead of imports, but with a modification on the request of the Punjab chief minister to use the specifications of all domestic coal resources.
The Sindh government also demanded revival of an incentives package for Thar coal and also the powers of the Sindh Energy Board.
The CCI also increased the gas prices for producers under the 2007 and 2009 petroleum policies from $2.6 per million BTU to $3.26 and $3.49 instead of $6.3 earlier determined by former adviser Dr Asim Hussain. However, the rate will be raised up to $6.3 in case the producers increase production by at least 10pc beyond their committed investment and work programme within two years.


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The Sound of Music Live! was the highlight of our week (can we do it again next Thursday?!), featuring American Idol winner Carrie Underwood, True Blood fave Stephen Moyer and the Tony-winning trifecta of Audra McDonald, Laura Benanti and Christian Borle. It was a wonderful evening of musical theater for all—and no one even fell over! After the flurry of Sound of Music Tweets subsided last night, we asked you to pick your favorite song from the NBC live event. The results were close…Oh, who are we kidding, they weren't at all. Audra won, like she always does. Read below to revisit the top three musical numbers of the night!
1. "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" – 48%
After getting a sneak preview of Audra's performance at the Rockefeller Center tree lighting on December 4, we knew her "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" was going to be something special. The five-time Tony winner has some pretty high standards to live up to, and McDonald completely owned this showstopper. Even Carrie Underwood was reduced to tears!
2. "How Can Love Survive" – 7%
Nary a care in the world have we when Laura Benanti is around. She has just the voice, the acting chops and the snark to play Baroness Elsa—and she joined the Sound of Music live Tweet-fest seconds after her final exit ("Elsa OUT!"). Add in the always hilarious Christian Borle as Max and Stephen Moyer as the surprisingly excellent Captain, and you've got a hit. And is that Mary Poppins pouring a spot of tea?
3. "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" – 6%
The third-place trophy goes to a sweet rendition of "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" by two stellar newcomers, Ariane Rinehart and Michael Campayno. In the live telecast we witnessed the exact moment the careers of these two budding stars shot into the stratosphere. Rinehart, currently a student at Barnard College and Campayno, a senior at Carnegie Mellon, just got 18.5 million new fans. Can't wait to see you both on Broadway!


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Listings for BBC 2 on Thursday, November 23 2017
|An Island Parish 4/6. The Wheel Has Come Full Circle: The community is busy preparing for Easter - the beginning of Sark's tourist season. Also in HD. [AD,S]
|Claimed and Shamed 3/10. Series which sees insurance fraudsters caught on camera. A claim for a water-damaged mobile phone sinks when the claimant admits it is a fraudulent claim. Also in HD. [S]
|Royal Recipes 8/15. Pomp and Circumstance: Michael Buerk chef Anna Haugh sample a luxurious dish originally created for Charles II. Also in HD. [AD,S]
|DIY SOS: Veteran Street 6/8. The programme is back on veteran street in Manchester to build the final home on the road for a decorated former soldier and his young family. Also in HD. [AD,S,SL]
|Victoria Derbyshire The BBC's daily news and current affairs programme with original stories, exclusive interviews, audience debate and breaking news. Also in HD. [S]
|BBC Newsroom Live Stay up to date on the day's top stories with the latest breaking news as it happens. Also in HD. [S]
|Daily Politics Jo Coburn is joined by economist Linda Yueh, plus there is reaction to the Budget from politicians and the thoughts of Robert Chote, Tom Newton Dunn and Polly Toynbee. Also in HD. [S]
|The Link 3/25. Mark Williams hosts the quiz in which three teams battle it out to spot the link between a growing number of clues, with one team possibly walking away with thousands of pounds. Also in HD. [S]
|Terry and Mason's Great Food Trip 3/20. York: Sir Terry Wogan and Mason McQueen have arrived in York, the ancient capital of the north where they sample the famous York ham and the confusingly named savoury duck. Also in HD. [S]
|Channel Patrol 3/10. Documentary following life on the English Channel. A mammoth cargo freighter makes its way through the channel's hazards to Southampton in thick fog. Also in HD. [S]
|WPC 56 4/5. Nature of the Beast: Drama set in 1956 following the first WPC in a West Midlands town. The mystery deepens as Jack gets closer to finding the other missing boy. Also in HD. [AD,S]
|Oxford Street Revealed 3/10. Police hunt for a shoplifter responsible for thousands of pounds' worth of theft. Also in HD. [S]
|Wartime Farm 4/8. Recreating British farming as it was during World War 2. The team faces a government inspection for productivity. Over 2,000 wartime farmers lost their land for failing these. Also in HD. [AD,S]
|Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 4/20. Antiques experts Mark Franks and Phil Serrell visit the market in the Belgian town of Sint Truiden, where they trawl the stalls for the best bargains to sell back in Britain. Also in HD. [S]
|Eggheads Jeremy Vine hosts the show where every day a new team of challengers take on what is probably the greatest quiz team in Britain, made up of some of the country's top quizzers. Also in HD. [S]
|Strictly - It Takes Two Zoe Ball dishes up more backstage gossip and behind-the-scenes action from the world of Strictly. Costume designer Vicky Gill reveals what the couples will be wearing this weekend. Also in HD. [S]
|Celebrity Antiques Road Trip Celebrities hunt for antiques across the UK. Broadcasting veterans John Sergeant and Peter White are in Surrey to test their antiquing skills with Philip Serrell and James Braxton. Also in HD. [S]
|MasterChef: The Professionals 9/21. The search for the country's 2017 culinary superstar continues. In this quarter-final, the week's best chefs return to continue their quest for the title. Also in HD. [AD,S]
|Blitz: The Bombs That Changed... ...Britain. 1/4. This episode follows a bomb that fell on Martindale Road in East London on the first night. Also in HD. [AD,S]
|MOTD: The Premier League Show Gabby Logan hosts the weekly magazine programme, featuring in-depth interviews with the biggest Premier League stars. Also in HD. [S]
|Newsnight In-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day's headlines with Evan Davis. Also in HD. [S] Followed by weather.
|David Gilmour: Live at Pompeii Former Pink Floyd member David Gilmour performs at the Pompeii Amphitheatre - the first public performance at the venue since 79AD. Also in HD. [S]
|Exodus: Our Journey Continues 1/3. Nazifa, Latif and their children are living in a container in a refugee camp near Athens. Also in HD. [AD,S,SL]
|This Farming Life An insight into modern farming. In Appin, David is beset by pests and, out on the hill, his lambs are under threat from predators. Also in HD. [S,SL]
|This Is BBC Two Highlights of programmes on BBC Two. Also in HD. [S]
|An Island Parish 5/6. If You Want Something Doing...: The volunteer culture is strong on Sark and extends to the emergency services. Also in HD. [AD,S]


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"I want to be thoroughly used up when I die, for the harder I work the more I live. I rejoice in life for its own sake. Life is no "brief candle" for me. It is a sort of splendid torch which I have got hold of for the moment, and I want to make it burn as brightly as possible before handing it on to future generations." --George Bernard ShawMy relationship with time has been evolving. Pockets of it feel rare and precious as gems, ephemeral and fleeting. For that reason, I am choosing to use those pockets on priorities other than blogging. Being outdoors. Running and hiking. Spending time with my husband taking my dog for long walks. Reading, writing in my personal journal, and, when I can, practicing a little bit of yoga before bed.
It would be very easy to say I feel overwhelmingly "busy." But I've come to believe that the feeling of busy-ness is, at heart, a misalignment between how we spend our time and our passions and purpose in life. It's an inability to prioritize, or perhaps an unwillingness to admit the truth of those priorities to others or ourselves.
And the truth is that, yes, I'm being asked to grow and stretch in ways I couldn't have imagined even a couple years ago. But instead of feeling "busy," I feel engaged. Rapt even. Enthralled by the way life seems to expand in direct proportion to how present I'm committed to being in each moment. The torch burns brightly indeed.
All that being said, I look forward to the season when I am once again able to spend time recording my thoughts in this space.


text: Photo Recap: Hot Water Music, La Dispute and The Menzingers at The Electric Factory January 28th, 2013 | 1:30PM | By John Vettese Hot Water Music – the O.G. Gainesville, Florida punk band – brought their reunion tour to The Electric Factory on Saturday night. Opening the show was Michigan five-piece La Dispute and Philly's own The Menzingers. Check out a recap of the night in the photo gallery above. Comments comments Categorized Under: SLIDESHOW Tags: Electric Factory, Hot Water Music, La Dispute, The Menzingers Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a comment.


text: > type MyState a = StateT FilePath IO a > Is there any way in which I can do without IORef in tabHandler and > commandLoop (written in red and bold, if you can see)? How about keeping the IORef but storing it inside the state? type MySate a = StateT (IORef FilePath) IO a


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New York (PRWEB) June 20, 2016
Give WILL, a program established by Will Leather Goods designed to support underfunded schools across America through in-kind backpack donations announced their donation and support of The New York Times HigherEd Leaders Forum on June 20 and 21. Will Leather Goods will present the 400 backpacks to the who's who of senior leaders of accredited U.S. colleges and universities at the forum in an effort to encourage these authorities to better help support students' college pursuits and dreams.
"With our Give Will initiative supporting The New York Times HigherEd Leaders Forum, it provides us a venue to connect with education professionals and leaders who are working every day to change the odds for kids so they make it to college," said Will Leather Goods Founder Will Adler. "We are proud to be engaging with the attendees of the Forum to help us understand how Will Leather Goods, who is passionate and dedicated to this initiative, work with schools and teachers to lower the barriers to higher education for kids at risk."
Established by CEO & Founder Will Adler, the Give Will initiative is a get-and-give program that donates one backpack to a child in need for every purchase of a Give Will Collection item. The company's goal is to donate 500,000 bags by 2025 to underfunded schools across America. Each bag will be filled the everyday school essentials that they need as well as space for something more: their dreams. Children are encouraged to write their goals directly onto the bag and then carry that inspiration with them every day. Give WILL has already inspired more than 8,500 children across the country.
Launched in 2013, Give WILL is a corporate and community collaboration with a variety of ways to help and support the company reach their goal of donation 500,000 backpacks, including:
- Make a Purchase - Purchase from the Give WILL Collection and we will give a bag through Give WILL.
- Nominate a School - Call or email us to tell us about a deserving school or student you know.
- Volunteer - you can be there to witness what happens when you deliver a bag of inspiration to a deserving child.
- Donate - help us fill the bags with the important school supplies and essentials that kids need.
- Attend an Assembly - help us plan and pull off these life-changing events.
For more information and how to support the Give Will program, please visit http://www.WillLeatherGoods.com.
Based out of Eugene, Oregon, the family owned and operated business offers bags, home goods, and other accessories guaranteed to last a lifetime. From its humble beginnings as a small belt stand started on the boardwalk of Venice Beach, California in 1981, Will Leather Goods has evolved into a brand that is recognized for uniting natural leathers with artisan textiles discovered during William's travels around the world. Will takes inspiration from a continuing journey in the world of leather craftsmanship. Discover Your Will. For more information, visit http://www.willleathergoods.com.
Media Contact: Jason Brown, jbrown(at)publiccitypr(dot)net, 248-252-1687
Facebook: http://www.WillLeatherGoods.com/WillLeatherGoods
Twitter: http://www.WillLeatherGoods.com/WillLeather
Instagram: http://www.WillLeatherGoods.com/WillLeatherGoods