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Joan of Arc
2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: Military People
|Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc)
|Paris, AE II 2490)
|c. 1412, Domrémy, France
|May 30, 1431, Rouen, France
|Venerated in
|Roman Catholic Church
|April 18, 1909, Notre Dame Cathedral by Pius X
|May 16, 1920, St. Peter's Basilica, Rome by Benedict XV
|May 30
|France; martyrs; captives; militants; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; rape victims (though she was not raped); soldiers; Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service; Women's Army Corps
|Saints Portal
Joan of Arc, or Jehanne d'Arc in French, (c. 1412 – May 30, 1431) also known as "the Maid of Orleans", was a 15th century virgin saint and national heroine of France. A peasant girl born in Eastern France, Joan led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, claiming divine guidance, and was indirectly responsible for the coronation of King Charles VII. She was captured by the English and tried by an ecclesiastical court led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon, an English partisan; the court convicted her of heresy and she was burned at the stake by the English when she was nineteen years old. Twenty-four years later, the Holy See reviewed the decision of the ecclesiastical court, found her innocent, and declared her a martyr. She was beatified in 1909 and later canonized in 1920.
Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege at Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several more swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims and settled the disputed succession to the throne.
The renewed French confidence outlasted her own brief career. She refused to leave the field when she was wounded during an attempt to recapture Paris that autumn. Hampered by court intrigues, she led only minor companies from then onward and fell prisoner at a skirmish near Compiègne the following spring. A politically motivated trial convicted her of heresy. The English regent John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford had her burnt at the stake in Rouen. She had been the heroine of her country at 17 and died when only 19 years old. Some 24 years later, Pope Callixtus III reopened the case, and a new finding overturned the original conviction. Her piety to the end impressed the retrial court. She was beatified in the 20th century, and Pope Benedict XV canonized her on May 16, 1920.
Joan of Arc has remained an important figure throughout Western culture. From Napoleon to the present, French politicians of all leanings have invoked her memory. Major writers and composers who have created works about her include Shakespeare, Voltaire, Schiller, Verdi, Tchaikovsky, Twain, and Shaw. Depictions of her continue in film, television, song, and dance.
The historian Kelly DeVries describes the period preceding her appearance with, "If anything could have discouraged her, the state of France in 1429 should have." The Hundred Years' War had begun in 1337 as a succession dispute to the French throne with intermittent periods of relative peace. Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, and the English use of chevauchée tactics had devastated the economy. The French population had not recovered from the Black Death of the previous century and its merchants were cut off from foreign markets. At the outset of her career, the English had almost achieved their goal of a dual monarchy under English control and the French army had won no major victory for a generation. In DeVries's words, "the kingdom of France was not even a shadow of its thirteenth-century prototype."
The French king at the time of Joan's birth, Charles VI, suffered bouts of insanity and was often unable to rule. The king's brother Duke Louis of Orléans and the king's cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute escalated to accusations of an extramarital affair with Queen Isabeau of Bavaria and the kidnappings of the royal children. The matter climaxed when the Duke of Burgundy ordered the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407.
The factions loyal to these two men became known as the Armagnacs and the Burgundians. The English king, Henry V, took advantage of this turmoil to invade France, winning a dramatic victory at Agincourt in 1415, and capturing northern French towns. The future French king, Charles VII, assumed the title of Dauphin as heir to the throne at the age of 14, after all four of his older brothers died. His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty with Burgundy in 1419. This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans murdered John the Fearless during a meeting under Charles's guarantee of protection. The new Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, blamed Charles and entered into an alliance with the English. Large sections of France were conquered.
In 1420, Queen Isabeau of Bavaria concluded the Treaty of Troyes, which granted the French royal succession to Henry V and his heirs in preference to her son Charles. This agreement revived rumors about her supposed affair with the late duke of Orléans and raised fresh suspicions that the Dauphin was a royal bastard rather than the son of the king. Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, leaving an infant, Henry VI of England, the nominal monarch of both kingdoms. Henry V's brother, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, acted as regent.
By the beginning of 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the southwest were under foreign control. The English ruled Paris, while the Burgundians controlled Reims. The latter city was important as the traditional site of French coronations and consecrations, especially since neither claimant to the throne of France had yet been crowned. The English had laid siege to Orléans, which was the only remaining loyal French city north of the Loire. Its strategic location along the river made it the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of the French heartland. In the words of one modern historian, "On the fate of Orléans hung that of the entire kingdom." No one was optimistic that the city could long withstand the siege.
Joan of Arc's parents' names were Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée in Domrémy, a village which was then in the duchy of Bar (and later annexed to the province of Lorraine and renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle). Her parents owned about 50 acres (0.2 square kilometers) of land and her father supplemented his farming work with a minor position as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch. They lived in an isolated patch of northeastern territory that remained loyal to the French crown despite being surrounded by Burgundian lands. Several local raids occurred during her childhood and on one occasion her village was burned.
Joan said she was about 19 at her trial, so she was born about 1412; she later testified that she experienced her first vision around 1424 at the age of 12 years when she was out alone in a field and heard voices. She had said she cried when they left as they were so beautiful. She would report that Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret told her to drive out the English and bring the Dauphin to Reims for his coronation.
At the age of 16, she asked a kinsman, Durand Lassois, to bring her to nearby Vaucouleurs where she petitioned the garrison commander, Count Robert de Baudricourt, for permission to visit the royal French court at Chinon. Baudricourt's sarcastic response did not deter her. She returned the following January and gained support from two men of standing: Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy. Under their auspices, she gained a second interview where she made a remarkable prediction about a military reversal near Orléans.
Robert de Baudricourt granted her an escort to visit Chinon after news from the front confirmed her prediction. She made the journey through hostile Burgundian territory in male disguise. Upon arriving at the royal court she impressed Charles VII during a private conference. He then ordered background inquiries and a theological examination at Poitiers to verify her morality. During this time Charles's mother-in-law Yolande of Aragon was financing a relief expedition to Orléans. Joan petitioned for permission to travel with the army and wear the equipment of a knight. She depended on donated items for her armour, horse, sword, banner, and entourage. Her armor was said to be white. Historian Stephen W. Richey explains her attraction as the only source of hope for a regime that was near collapse:
|After years of one humiliating defeat after another, both the military and civil leadership of France were demoralized and discredited. When the Dauphin Charles granted Joan's urgent request to be equipped for war and placed at the head of his army, his decision must have been based in large part on the knowledge that every orthodox, every rational, option had been tried and had failed. Only a regime in the final straits of desperation would pay any heed to an illiterate farm girl who claimed that the voice of God was instructing her to take charge of her country's army and lead it to victory.
|"King of England, and you, duke of Bedford, who call yourself regent of the kingdom of France...settle your debt to the king of Heaven; return to the Maiden, who is envoy of the king of Heaven, the keys to all the good towns you took and violated in France."
|Her Letter to the English, March–April 1429; Quicherat I, p. 240, trans. Wikipedia.
She arrived at the siege of Orléans on April 29, 1429, but Jean d'Orléans, the acting head of the Orléans ducal family, initially excluded her from war councils and failed to inform her when the army engaged the enemy. This did not prevent her from being present at most councils and battles. The extent of her actual military leadership is a subject of historical debate. Traditional historians such as Édouard Perroy conclude that she was a standard bearer whose primary effect was on morale. This type of analysis usually relies on the condemnation trial testimony, where she stated that she preferred her standard to her sword. Recent scholarship that focuses on the nullification trial testimony asserts that her fellow officers esteemed her as a skilled tactician and a successful strategist. Stephen W. Richey's opinion is one example: "She proceeded to lead the army in an astounding series of victories that reversed the tide of the war." In either case, historians agree that the army enjoyed remarkable success during her brief career.
She defied the cautious strategy that had characterized French leadership. During the five months of siege before her arrival, the defenders of Orléans had attempted only one aggressive move and that had ended in disaster. On May 4 the French attacked and captured the outlying fortress of Saint Loup, which she followed on May 5 with a march to a second fortress called Saint Jean le Blanc. Finding it deserted, this became a bloodless victory. The next day she opposed Jean d'Orleans at a war council where she demanded another assault on the enemy. D'Orleans ordered the city gates locked to prevent another battle, but she summoned the townsmen and common soldiers and forced the mayor to unlock a gate. With the aid of only one captain she rode out and captured the fortress of Saint Augustins. That evening she learned she had been excluded from a war council where the leaders had decided to wait for reinforcements before acting again. Disregarding this decision, she insisted on assaulting the main English stronghold called "les Tourelles" on May 7. Contemporaries acknowledged her as the heroine of the engagement after she sustained an arrow wound to her neck but returned wounded to lead the final charge.
|"...the Maiden lets you know that here, in eight days, she has chased the English out of all the places they held on the river Loire by attack or other means: they are dead or prisoners or discouraged in battle. Believe what you have heard about the earl of Suffolk, the lord la Pole and his brother, the lord Talbot, the lord Scales, and Sir Fastolf; many more knights and captains than these are defeated."
|Her Letter to the citizens of Tournai, June 25, 1429; Quicherat V, pp. 125–126, trans. Wikipedia.
The sudden victory at Orléans led to many proposals for offensive action. The English expected an attempt to recapture Paris or an attack on Normandy. In the aftermath of the unexpected victory, she persuaded Charles VII to grant her co-command of the army with Duke John II of Alençon and gained royal permission for her plan to recapture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and a coronation. Hers was a bold proposal because Reims was roughly twice as far away as Paris and deep in enemy territory.
The army recovered Jargeau on June 12, Meung-sur-Loire on June 15, then Beaugency on June 17. The Duke of Alençon agreed to all of Joan's decisions. Other commanders including Jean d'Orléans had been impressed with her performance at Orléans and became her supporters. Alençon credited her for saving his life at Jargeau, where she warned him of an imminent artillery attack. During the same battle she withstood a blow from a stone cannonball to her helmet as she climbed a scaling ladder. An expected English relief force arrived in the area on June 18 under the command of Sir John Fastolf. The battle at Patay might be compared to Agincourt in reverse. The French vanguard attacked before the English archers could finish defensive preparations. A rout ensued that devastated the main body of the English army and killed or captured most of its commanders. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers and became the scapegoat for the English humiliation. The French suffered minimal losses.
The French army set out for Reims from Gien-sur-Loire on June 29 and accepted the conditional surrender of the Burgundian-held city of Auxerre on July 3. Every other town in their path returned to French allegiance without resistance. Troyes, the site of the treaty that had tried to disinherit Charles VII, capitulated after a bloodless four-day siege. The army was in short supply of food by the time it reached Troyes. Edward Lucie-Smith cites this as an example of why she was more lucky than skilled: a wandering friar named Brother Richard had been preaching about the end of the world at Troyes and had convinced local residents to plant beans, a crop with an early harvest. The hungry army arrived as the beans ripened.
|"Prince of Burgundy, I pray of you — I beg and humbly supplicate — that you make no more war with the holy kingdom of France. Withdraw your people swiftly from certain places and fortresses of this holy kingdom, and on behalf of the gentle king of France I say he is ready to make peace with you, by his honour."
|"Her Letter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, July 17, 1429; Quicherat V, pp. 126–127, trans. Wikipedia.
Reims opened its gates on July 16. The coronation took place the following morning. Although Joan and the duke of Alençon urged a prompt march on Paris, the royal court pursued a negotiated truce with the duke of Burgundy. Duke Philip the Good broke the agreement, using it as a stalling tactic to reinforce the defense of Paris. The French army marched through towns near Paris during the interim and accepted more peaceful surrenders. The Duke of Bedford headed an English force and confronted the French army in a standoff on August 15. The French assault at Paris ensued on September 8. Despite a crossbow bolt wound to the leg, Joan continued directing the troops until the day's fighting ended. The following morning she received a royal order to withdraw. Most historians blame French grand chamberlain Georges de la Trémoille for the political blunders that followed the coronation.
After minor action at La-Charité-sur-Loire in November and December, Joan went to Compiègne the following April to defend against an English and Burgundian siege. A skirmish on May 23, 1430 led to her capture. When she ordered a retreat, she assumed the place of honour as the last to leave the field. Burgundians surrounded the rear guard.
|"It is true that the king has made a truce with the duke of Burgundy for fifteen days and that the duke is to turn over the city of Paris at the end of fifteen days. Yet you should not marvel if I do not enter that city so quickly. I am not content with these truces and do not know if I will keep them, but if I hold them it will only be to guard the king's honour: no matter how much they abuse the royal blood, I will keep and maintain the royal army in case they make no peace at the end of those fifteen days."
|"Her Letter to the citizens of Reims, August 5, 1429; Quicherat I, p. 246, trans. Wikipedia.
It was customary for a captive's family to ransom a prisoner of war. unfortunately, Joan and her family lacked the financial resources. Many historians condemn King Charles VII for failing to intervene. She attempted several escapes, on one occasion jumping from her 70 foot (21 m) tower in Vermandois to the soft earth of a dry moat, after which she was moved to the Burgundian town of Arras. The English government eventually purchased her from Duke Philip of Burgundy. Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, an English partisan, assumed a prominent role in these negotiations and her later trial.
The trial for heresy was politically motivated. The Duke of Bedford claimed the throne of France for his nephew Henry VI. She had been responsible for the rival coronation so to condemn her was to undermine her king's legitimacy. Legal proceedings commenced on January 9, 1431 at Rouen, the seat of the English occupation government. The procedure was irregular on a number of points. In 1456, Pope Callixtus III declared her innocent of the heresy charges brought against her.
To summarize some major problems, the jurisdiction of judge Bishop Cauchon was a legal fiction. He owed his appointment to his partisan support of the English government that financed the entire trial. Clerical notary Nicolas Bailly, commissioned to collect testimony against Joan, could find no adverse evidence. Without such evidence the court lacked grounds to initiate a trial. Opening a trial anyway, the court also violated ecclesiastical law in denying her right to a legal advisor. Upon the opening of the first public examination Joan complained that those present were all partisans against her and asked for "ecclesiastics of the French side" to be invited.
The trial record demonstrates her remarkable intellect. The transcript's most famous exchange is an exercise in subtlety. "Asked if she knew she was in God's grace, she answered: 'If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me.'" The question is a scholarly trap. Church doctrine held that no one could be certain of being in God's grace. If she had answered yes, then she would have convicted herself of heresy. If she had answered no, then she would have confessed her own guilt. Notary Boisguillaume would later testify that at the moment the court heard this reply, "Those who were interrogating her were stupefied." In the twentieth century George Bernard Shaw would find this dialogue so compelling that sections of his play Saint Joan are literal translations of the trial record.
Several court functionaries later testified that significant portions of the transcript were altered in her disfavor. Many clerics served under compulsion, including the inquisitor, Jean LeMaitre, and a few even received death threats from the English. Under Inquisitorial guidelines, Joan should have been confined to an ecclesiastical prison under the supervision of female guards (i.e., nuns). Instead, the English kept her in a secular prison guarded by their own soldiers. Bishop Cauchon denied Joan's appeals to the Council of Basel and the pope, which should have stopped his proceeding.
The twelve articles of accusation that summarize the court's finding contradict the already doctored court record. The illiterate defendant signed an abjuration document she did not understand under threat of immediate execution. The court substituted a different abjuration in the official record.
Heresy was a capital crime only for a repeat offense. Joan agreed to wear women's clothes when she abjured. A few days later she was sexually assaulted in prison. She resumed male attire either as a defense against molestation or, in the testimony of Jean Massieu, because her dress had been stolen and she was left with nothing else to wear.
Eyewitnesses described the scene of the execution by burning on May 30, 1431. Tied to a tall pillar in the Vieux-Marche in Rouen, she asked two of the clergy, Fr Martin Ladvenu and Fr Isambart de la Pierre, to hold a crucifix before her. A peasant also constructed a small cross which she put in the front of her dress. After she expired, the English raked back the coals to expose her charred body so that no one could claim she had escaped alive, then burned the body twice more to reduce it to ashes and prevent any collection of relics. They cast her remains into the Seine. The executioner, Geoffroy Therage, later stated that he "...greatly feared to be damned."
A posthumous retrial opened after the war ended. Pope Callixtus III authorized this proceeding, also known as the "nullification trial", at the request of Inquisitor-General Jean Brehal and Joan's mother Isabelle Romée. The aim of the trial was to investigate whether the trial of condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to canon law. Investigations started with an inquest by clergyman Guillaume Bouille. Brehal conducted an investigation in 1452. A formal appeal followed in November, 1455. The appellate process included clergy from throughout Europe and observed standard court procedure. A panel of theologians analyzed testimony from 115 witnesses. Brehal drew up his final summary in June, 1456, which describes Joan as a martyr and implicates the late Pierre Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a secular vendetta. The court declared her innocence on July 7, 1456.
Joan of Arc wore men's clothing between her departure from Vaucouleurs and her abjuration at Rouen. This raised theological questions in her own era and raised other questions in the twentieth century. The technical reason for her execution was a biblical clothing law. The nullification trial reversed the conviction in part because the condemnation proceeding had failed to consider the doctrinal exceptions to that stricture.
Doctrinally speaking, she was safe to disguise herself as a page during a journey through enemy territory and she was safe to wear armor during battle. The Chronique de la Pucelle states that it deterred molestation while she was camped in the field. Clergy who testified at her rehabilitation trial affirmed that she continued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape. Preservation of chastity was another justifiable reason for crossdressing: her apparel would have slowed an assailant, and men would be less likely to think of her as a sex object in any case.
She referred the court to the Poitiers inquiry when questioned on the matter during her condemnation trial. The Poitiers record no longer survives but circumstances indicate the Poitiers clerics approved her practice. In other words, she had a mission to do a man's work so it was fitting that she dress the part. She also kept her hair cut short through her military campaigns and while in prison. Her supporters, such as the theologian Jean Gerson, defended her hairstyle, as did Inquisitor Brehal during the Rehabilitation trial.
Joan of Arc's religious visions have interested many people. The consensus among scholars is that her faith was sincere. She identified Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine, and Saint Michael as the source of her revelations although there is some ambiguity as to which of several identically named saints she intended. Some Catholics regard her visions as divine inspiration.
Analysis of her visions is problematic since the main source of information on this topic is the condemnation trial transcript in which she defied customary courtroom procedure about a witness's oath and specifically refused to answer every question about her visions. She complained that a standard witness oath would conflict with an oath she had previously sworn to maintain confidentiality about meetings with her king. It remains unknown to what extent the surviving record may represent the fabrications of corrupt court officials or her own possible fabrications to protect state secrets. Some historians sidestep speculation about the visions by asserting that her belief in her calling is more relevant than questions about the visions' ultimate origin. Documents from her own era and historians prior to the twentieth century generally assume that she was both healthy and sane. A number of more recent scholars attempted to explain her visions in psychiatric or neurological terms. Potential diagnoses have included epilepsy, migraine, tuberculosis, and schizophrenia. None of the putative diagnoses have gained consensus support because, although hallucination and religious enthusiasm can be symptomatic of various syndromes, other characteristic symptoms conflict with other known facts of Joan's life. Two experts who analyze a temporal lobe tuberculoma hypothesis in the medical journal Neuropsychobiology express their misgivings this way:
"It is difficult to draw final conclusions, but it would seem unlikely that widespread tuberculosis, a serious disease, was present in this 'patient' whose life-style and activities would surely have been impossible had such a serious disease been present."
Historian Régine Pernoud was sometimes sarcastic about speculative medical interpretations. In response to another such theory alleging that she suffered from bovine tuberculosis as a result of drinking unpasteurized milk, Pernoud wrote that if drinking unpasteurized milk can produce such potential benefits for the nation, then the French government should stop mandating the pasteurization of milk. Ralph Hoffman, professor of psychology at Yale University, points out that visionary and creative states including "hearing voices" are not necessarily signs of mental illness and names her religious inspiration as a possible exception although he offers no speculation as to alternative causes.
Among the specific challenges that potential diagnoses such as schizophrenia face is the slim likelihood that any person with such a disorder could gain favour in the court of King Charles VII. His own father, Charles VI, was popularly known as "Charles the Mad," and much of the political and military decline that France had suffered during his reign could be attributed to the power vacuum that his episodes of insanity had produced. The previous king had believed he was made of glass, a delusion no courtier had mistaken for a religious awakening. Fears that King Charles VII would manifest the same insanity may have factored into the attempt to disinherit him at Troyes. This stigma was so persistent that contemporaries of the next generation would attribute to inherited madness the breakdown that England's King Henry VI was to suffer in 1453: Henry VI was nephew to Charles VII and grandson to Charles VI. Upon her arrival at Chinon the royal counselor Jacques Gélu cautioned,
|One should not lightly alter any policy because of conversation with a girl, a peasant... so susceptible to illusions; one should not make oneself ridiculous in the sight of foreign nations....
Contrary to modern stereotypes about the Middle Ages, the court of Charles VII was shrewd and skeptical on the subject of mental health.
Besides the physical rigor of her military career, which would seem to exclude many medical hypotheses, Joan of Arc displayed none of the cognitive impairment that can accompany some major mental illnesses when symptoms are present. She remained astute to the end of her life and rehabilitation trial testimony frequently marvels at her astuteness:
|Often they [the judges] turned from one question to another, changing about, but, notwithstanding this, she answered prudently, and evinced a wonderful memory.
Her subtle replies under interrogation even forced the court to stop holding public sessions. If her visions had some medical or psychiatric origin then she would have been an exceptional case.
Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years' War continued for 22 years after her death. Charles VII succeeded in retaining legitimacy as king of France in spite of a rival coronation held for Henry VI in December 1431 on the boy's tenth birthday. Before England could rebuild its military leadership and longbow corps lost during 1429, the country lost its alliance with Burgundy at the Treaty of Arras in 1435. The duke of Bedford died the same year and Henry VI became the youngest king of England to rule without a regent and his weak leadership were probably the most important factors in ending the conflict. Kelly DeVries argues that Joan of Arc's aggressive use of artillery and frontal assaults influenced French tactics for the rest of the war.
Joan of Arc became a semi-legendary figure for the next four centuries. The main sources of information about her were chronicles. Five original manuscripts of her condemnation trial surfaced in old archives during the 19th century. Soon historians also located the complete records of her rehabilitation trial, which contained sworn testimony from 115 witnesses, and the original French notes for the Latin condemnation trial transcript. Various contemporary letters also emerged, three of which carry the signature "Jehanne" in the unsteady hand of a person learning to write. This unusual wealth of primary source material is one reason DeVries declares, "No person of the Middle Ages, male or female, has been the subject of more study".
Joan of Arc came from an obscure village and rose to prominence, when she was barely more than a child, and she did so as an uneducated peasant. The French and English kings had justified the ongoing war through competing interpretations of the thousand-year-old Salic law. The conflict had been an inheritance feud between monarchs. She gave meaning to appeals such as that of squire Jean de Metz when he asked, "Must the king be driven from the kingdom; and are we to be English?" In the words of Stephen Richey, "She turned what had been a dry dynastic squabble that left the common people unmoved except for their own suffering into a passionately popular war of national liberation." Richey also expresses the breadth of her subsequent appeal:
"The people who came after her in the five centuries since her death tried to make everything of her: demonic fanatic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically ill-used tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, adored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voices, her achievements leave anyone who knows her story shaking his head in amazed wonder."
In 1452, during the postwar investigation into her execution, the Church declared that a religious play in her honour at Orléans would qualify as a pilgrimage meriting an indulgence. She became a symbol of the Catholic League during the 16th century. Monsignor Félix Dupanloup, Bishop of Orléans from 1849 to 1878, led the effort for Joan's beatification, but did not live to see it come about.
Joan of Arc's beatification finally came about in the year 1909 - directly following upon the passage of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, at the time considered a major blow to the Catholic Church's position in French society. Her canonization followed on May 16, 1920. Her feast day is May 30. As Saint Joan of Arc, she has become one of the most popular saints of the Roman Catholic Church.
Joan of Arc was not a feminist. She operated within a religious tradition that believed an exceptional person from any level of society might receive a divine calling. She expelled women from the French army and may have struck one stubborn camp follower with the flat of a sword. Nonetheless, some of her most significant aid came from women. King Charles VII's mother-in-law, Yolande of Aragon, confirmed Joan's virginity and financed her departure to Orléans. Joan of Luxembourg, aunt to the count of Luxembourg who held custody of her after Compiègne, alleviated her conditions of captivity and may have delayed her sale to the English. Finally, Anne of Burgundy, the duchess of Bedford and wife to the regent of England, declared Joan a virgin during pretrial inquiries. For technical reasons this prevented the court from charging her with witchcraft. Ultimately this provided part of the basis for her vindication and sainthood. From Christine de Pizan to the present, women have looked to her as a positive example of a brave and active female.
Joan of Arc has been a political symbol in France since the time of Napoleon. Liberals emphasized her humble origins. Early conservatives stressed her support of the monarchy. Later conservatives recalled her nationalism. During World War II, both the Vichy Regime and the French Resistance used her image: Vichy propaganda remembered her campaign against the English with posters that showed British warplanes bombing Rouen and the ominous caption: "They Always Return to the Scene of Their Crimes." The resistance emphasized her fight against foreign occupation and her origins in the province of Lorraine, which had fallen under Nazi control.
Three separate vessels of the French Navy have been named after her, including a helicopter carrier currently in active service. At present the controversial French far-right political party Front National holds rallies at her statues, reproduces her likeness in party publications, and uses a tricolor flame partly symbolic of her martyrdom as its emblem. This party's opponents sometimes satirize its appropriation of her image. The French civic holiday in her honour is the second Sunday of May.
Traditional Roman Catholics, in France and elsewhere, also use her as a symbol of inspiration, often comparing the 1988 excommunication of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (founder of the Society of St. Pius X and a dissident against the Vatican II reforms) to her excommunication.
Alleged relics disproven
In 1867, a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy with the inscription "Remains found under the stake of Joan of Arc, virgin of Orleans". They consisted of a charred human rib, carbonized wood, a piece of linen and a cat femur — explained as the practice of throwing black cats onto the pyre of witches. The Catholic Church recognized them and they are now in a Chinon museum. In 2006, Philippe Charlier, a forensic scientist at Raymond Poincaré Hospital ( Garches) was authorized to study the relics. Carbon-14 tests and spectrometry were performed, and the results show that the remains come from an Egyptian mummy from the sixth to the third century BC. The charred appearance comes from the embalming substances, not from combustion. Apparently the mummy was part of the ingredients of Medieval pharmacopeia and it was relabelled in a time of French nationalism.


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Visit Cardinals.com to learn more or also to find All-Inclusvie Cardinals tickets.

subset: commoncrawl


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© 2013 – Routledge
356 pages
Originally published in 1976 and on the basis of extended case histories, Eysenck showed how experts dealt with problems which arose in the course of behaviour therapy. It showed how they formulated hypotheses about causation and treatment, and used these to structure the methods employed; and how they changed their hypotheses when treatment showed them to have been mistaken. The prime aim was to demonstrate the complexities involved in even apparently simple cases, and the need to base treatment on a proper understanding of the dynamics of the case.
All the articles were specially written for this book, the purpose being to underline the need to state the dynamics of a case in such a form that they could be used as hypotheses leading to specific treatment recommendations. The hypotheses were tested by the success or failure of the treatment, thus making the treatment of individual patients a proper experimental procedure.
Behaviour therapy emphasises the fundamental importance of the outcome problem and only experience can teach the behaviour therapist just how this interplay of theory formulation and design of location, evaluation of effect and changes in theory, works in actual practice. The book will help those engaged in this type of therapy to understand the process better, and to gain a quicker mastery of the technique.
H.J. Eysenck Introduction 1 R. Hodgson and S. Rachman The modification of compulsive behaviour 2 Edna B. Foa Multiple behavior techniques in the treatment of transvestism 3 Teodoro Ayllon and Henry Kandel 'I hear voices but there's no one there' (A functional analysis of auditory hallucinations) 4 John D. Teasdale The loneliness of the long-distance runner 5 R.S. Haslam A complex view of simple phobias 6 T.W. Butt and H. Gwynne Jones Untwining the double-bind 7 Victor Meyer, Robert Sharpe and Edward Chesser Behavioural analysis and treatment of a complex case 8 Anne Broadhurst It's never too late to learn: an application of conditioned inhibition to obsessional ruminations in an elderly patient 9 Joseph Wolpe and L. Michael Ascher Outflanking 'resistance' in a severe obsessional neurosis 10 Robert Paul Liberman and Johnie Roberts Contingency management of neurotic depression and marital disharmony 11 R.W. Ramsay A case study in bereavement therapy 12 W. Charles Lobitz, Joseph LoPiccolo, Gretchen K. Lobitz and Jacqueline Brockway A close look at 'simplistic' behaviour therapy for sexual dysfunction: two case studies 13 Robert S. Davison Can (alcoholic) case studies demonstrate general (behavioral) principles? 14 Jean E. Sambrooks and Malcolm J. MacCulloch Automated aversion therapy and assessment: two contrasting case studies H.J. Eysenck Conclusions Bibliographical index General index
Psychology Revivals is a new initiative aiming to re-issue a wealth of academic works which have long been unavailable. Encompassing a vast range from across the Behavioural Sciences, Psychology Revivals draws upon a distinguished catalogue of imprints and authors associated with Routledge and Psychology Press, restoring to print books by some of the most influential scholars of the last 120 years.
If you are interested in Revivals in the Humanities and Social Sciences, please visit www.routledge.com/books/series/REVIVALS/


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Finding yourself stranded on an empty desert highway probably isn't the most glamorous experience, but the 'Road Movie' photoshoot by Ragnar Hartvig for Mag Magazine sure does make it look good. Lensed for the Norway fashion and decor magazine, model Liza is styled by Marielle Weddegjerde in this shoot that brings hipster and bohemian looks to the dusty roads.
The highly saturated colors and natural lighting in contrast to the edgy fashionista styling make a lot of the shots look like stills from a Quentin Tarantino film, with Liza as the femme fatale. My favorite shot shows the blonde bombshell driving the retro car, looking way too cool for school.
This smoking-hot photoshoot by Ragnar Hartvig for Mag Magazine is a great source of inspiration for all your sweet summer and fun fall looks. Pull over and make a pit stop to check out these awesome pics.
Seductive Hippie Photography
Stylish Tot Photography
100 Terry Richardson Photoshoots
Suggestive Food Photoshoots
Diving Damsel Photography
'Road Movie' by Ragnar Hartvig for Mag Magazine Gets Dirty
- By: Marie C. HudsonSep 8, 2011
References: hammertoff.de & touchpuppet
References: hammertoff.de & touchpuppet


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Route Grade Votings
Total votes cast 10
Adjacent Routes
An reasonable pitch with a distinct crux.
not really worth uncoiling your rope for
Ignore flapper - good moves, especially at the crux. Cruxy and low in the grade, but the guide does warn you!
I tried to onsight this yesterday - no chance. I couldn't figure out the crux. It didn't help there was chalk on every possible hold and non-hold 1.5m left and right of the pre-crux finger ledge. Is the move a hefty leftwards rockover - or am I missing something?
I thought this was quite good! not as good as killtaker to the right, but was reasonably enjoyable so i dont know what 'flapper' is on about. Definitely 'uncoil' your rope for this, good route, similar moves to everything on this wall! pumpy start and a bit of a spicey buldge leads to one or two individually difficult moves. Not that hard to work out but will take you a while. I thin you would need a bit of luck to get an onsight sequence, but like everything once you know how. do it!


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On June 2, Secretary of State Ken Bennett recognized Annika Christensen, a sixth-grader at Summit School of Ahwatukee, as Arizona's second-place winner in grades fourth through sixth in a writing competition.
Christensen was one of 70,000 young writers across the country to participate in this year's contest.
The state contest, which is part of a nationwide program known as Letters About Literature, asked students to write a reflective letter to an author, living or dead, expressing how the author's work affected them as a reader. Students were urged to consider how the work changed their view of the world and what it taught them about themselves that they did not realize prior to reading the book.
Christensen wrote a letter to Theodore Geisel, known to all as Dr. Seuss, reflecting on how his book, "Oh the Places You'll Go," gave her the motivation to try new things and caused her to reflect on choices she had made.


text:
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text: After a thrilling win over No. 21 LSU on Monday the Penn State softball team is ready to get back on the field, this time heading to Florida Atlantic for the three-day FAU Tournament. The Nittany Lions will open and close the weekend against another top-tier opponent in No. 5 Kentucky and will also face FAU and in-state rival Pittsburgh.


text: Apps To Get You Organized By NBC UP NEXT XApps To Get You OrganizedLinkEmbedCopyClose Link to this video //www.nbcdfw.com/news/tech/Apps-To-Get-You-Organized_New-York.htmlCopyClose Embed this video Replay More videos (1 of 9)«» Take a look at apps that help organize your digital life. NBC's Mike Wendland reports. Published at 8:31 AM CST on Jan 4, 2013 Copyright NewsChannel NEWSLETTERS Receive the latest tech updates in your inboxEmailPrivacy policy | More Newsletters


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"I am very sorry that we didn't win," Romney told the donors. "I know that you expected to win. We expected to win.... It was very close, but close doesn't count in this business."
Romney reflected on the trajectory that led to last week's loss, acknowledging that he had "gotten beat up pretty bad" by Obama and his allies after the primaries, but noting his rebound after the first fall debate.
The Republican nominee avoided any recriminations about his team or a second-guessing of their efforts, calling the organization "a very solid team that got along."
Romney added that there was "no drama in the campaign — not that everybody was perfect; everybody has flat sides, but we learned how to accommodate each other's strengths and weaknesses, to build on the strengths."


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Peninsula Golf & Country Club in Millsboro, DE is excited to announce the exceptional career opportunity of Food & Beverage Manager. Qualified candidates will thrive in a hospitality environment and be highly focused on providing superior service for our members and guests.
Key Responsibilities:• Maintains Daily Functions of various Food & Beverage locations• Hiring, Firing Directing, Rewarding, and Disciplining F&B team to include Sous Chef, Cooks, Assistant F&B Manager, Servers, Bartenders, and Beverage Cart• Menus, pricing, inventories, ordering, controls, financials.
Qualifications: • High School Diploma or GED• Two years experience • Applicable sanitation and alcohol training
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text:
Los AngelesShows
Kate Nash Rocks A Private Show At Sonos Studio
Go HERE for more photos by John C. Bajana and tag yourself and your friends!
Last night, British import Kate Nash played to a packed house of L.A. fans at Sonos Studio on La Brea. Presented by Sonos and Pandora, the intimate show in the acoustically-designed gallery was backed by an all-girl band who together performed a full set of Nash's indie rock tunes. Celebrating the recent release of the acclaimed singer/songwriter's third studio album, Girl Talk, the show got the audience's hands in the air and we were there to capture it all in these photos from the night.


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Obama takes new tack with Congress
Barack Obama strode into the nation's capital 100 days ago with no intention of taming the unruly and unpredictable institution from which he hailed: the United States Congress.
What ensued was perhaps the most frenzied yet productive opening of any new Congress: passage of a $787 billion economic stimulus package; enactment of a $410 billion spending bill; the release of $350 billion more in bailout funds for Wall Street; initial approval of his $3.5 trillion budget; the confirmation of much of Obama's Cabinet — not to mention sideshow dramas dealing with Sen. Roland Burris (D-Ill.) and the longest Minnesota Senate race in history.
Story Continued Below
Under his model, Obama laid out a broad vision of his legislative goals — but put up little resistance when Congress rewrote the details. Doing so allowed him to stay above the fray, avoid the mess involved with legislating and get seriously involved only when things flew out of hand or internal conflicts threatened to derail an aspect of his legislative agenda.
"I don't think [Obama] has any intent on 'handling' Congress," said Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-Mo.), a close ally of the president. "I think his intent is to push forward an agenda, listen to other viewpoints and try to see if he can get enough votes to find a compromise."
While his approach has allowed him to build trust with Congress, not taking a firm position on the details has allowed congressional Democrats to bicker among themselves and has given the GOP an opportunity to occasionally create a wedge between congressional Democrats and the new president.
"There's been quite a disconnect between his stated desire to have bipartisanship and what is actually happening," said Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas). "It may be that he can't control the Democratic leadership, or maybe he doesn't want to. Maybe that's the way he wants to operate. I haven't been able to figure that out yet."
With two wars, a historic national debt and an economy in tatters, members of Congress have faced crises on an almost daily basis. And as they debated Obama's sweeping budget blueprint, lawmakers put off some of the hard choices on health care, global warming, tax increases and energy — the big items that, along with Iraq and Afghanistan, will define Obama's presidency and color the upcoming battles in Congress. As fault lines have emerged between conservative House and Senate Democrats and the White House and its liberal Hill allies, Obama has had initial success in tamping down internal dissent by pushing his party to generally back his goals, even if there are sharp disagreements on the details.
He has done that by holding frequent meetings with members of Congress and by choosing top former congressional officials for key positions in the administration — not the least are a former leader of the House (chief of staff Rahm Emanuel) and a former senator of 36 years (Vice President Joe Biden). Obama's White House team is in constant contact with Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi, and Emanuel is easily accessible to most rank-and-file members, many of whom have his mobile phone number.
"You get to him with a concern, and they get back to you," said Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-N.Y.).
Obama's approach to Congress — including the slew of social events held at the White House — has differed markedly from that of his two most recent predecessors, both former governors with experience dominating their respective state legislatures. Instead of the bully pulpit approach, Obama has dealt with Congress as if he were still reading from a first-term senator's playbook: Show respect and deference to party leaders and powerful committee chairmen, build relationships with the people he'll need in the future and foster an open line of communication.
For the most part, members of both parties are receptive to that approach — and say it will go a long way toward restoring the rocky relationships that endured during the George W. Bush and Bill Clinton years.


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Children will love the clean lines and charm of the Preschool 2 Piece Woodland Collection. The two colors truly complement each other as well as any room where you wished to bring a calm and serene feel. Soothing colors are known to help children feel at ease in a new environment and would make a perfect addition to daycare facilities and schools.
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SensoryEdge specializes in waiting room toys, classroom rugs, children's furniture, and sensory based products. In addition to a great selection, we have many great reasons to buy from us. We have been the leader in this industry for more than a decade. A customer-centered shopping experience has always been our goal and we pride ourselves in giving you a great experience from start to finish. Shop with us today and see the SensoryEdge difference.
Here are just a few of the reason why you should buy from us:


text: Many homeowners usually go for expert help for design their walk-in closet, but it's only virtually needed when you're starting from the scratch. When you have to construct a room within a room, there'll be walls that need to be finished, electricity to be wired, and a floor to be installed. That's when professional help is required, but when all …Read More »


text:
Alpha Protocol Receives New Worldwide Deployment Date to Retailers
October 15, 2009
Alpha Protocol Receives New Worldwide Deployment Date to Retailers
SEGA to launch Obsidian Entertainment's Next RPG Opus in Spring 2010
SEGA® of America, Inc. and SEGA Europe Ltd. today announces that Alpha Protocol™, Obsidian Entertainment's much anticipated RPG will be moving to a spring 2010 release date. Upon its launch Alpha Protocol will be available in North America for the Xbox 360® video game and entertainment system, the PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system, and the PC.
"Alpha Protocol is a new take on the RPG genre and from day one the team has been working to make Alpha Protocol a truly unique game for players to experience." says Feargus Urquhart, CEO of Obsidian Entertainment. "We're very happy that SEGA has made the decision to hold back the shipment of the game in order to give it the best chance at becoming the publishing success that we at Obsidian and our partners at SEGA are striving for".
"Since the inception of Alpha Protocol, SEGA has recognized the potential for the game to establish itself as an AAA title." says Masanao Maeda, President and COO, SEGA of America, Inc. "We've worked in conjunction with Obsidian Entertainment in making the decision to move Alpha Protocol's ship date to spring 2010 to ensure that we have the best game possible at launch."
Alpha Protocol is an espionage role-playing-game set in the present day. Players assume the role of Michael Thorton, a rookie spy tasked with uncovering the perpetrators behind a tragic missile attack on a passenger jetliner which leads to the unraveling of an international arms-dealing conspiracy. Alpha Protocol gives players "the power of choice" through its unique Dialog Stance System (DSS) which enables players to choose their emotional stance in confrontations throughout the game by being aggressive, suave, or professional in dealing with in-game characters. Through these conversations and interactions you can make allies or enemies and literally change the course of the game. Customizable character skill-sets, attributes and weapons all play an important role in allowing gamers to tailor Michael Thorton to their liking and expand control of their in-game experience.
For more information on Alpha Protocol visit: http://www.alphaprotocol.com/us/main.php


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In 1994, as cited in the same issue of Science, Robin Holliday voiced a commonly apprehended drift in meaning, and redefined epigenetic as "Nuclear inheritance which is not based on differences in DNA sequence." These two memes are freely circulating and can cause muddle or mischief mainly when they recombine, namely when epigenetic-H is automatically applied to epigenetic-W.
For example, epigenetic-H might be taken to imply that the developmental modulation of cell phenotype is always nuclear but not sequence-related (what I will suggest be called epinucleic). But there are many epigenetic-W (read developmental) processes that do depend on sequence-related changes, such as cellular senescence following upon telomere-shortening, or immunocyte diversification from promiscuous recombination and mutagenesis. Cytoplasmic heredity is still contentious, but it has strong foundations in studies of protozoa. If nuclear in epigenetic-H means chromosomal, then we have innumerable exceptions in the role of mitochondria and other endocellular plasmids and symbionts, which indubitably play roles in phenotypic development, sometimes even to the point of its extinction, not to mention sex determination.
Conversely, genetic transmission through the germline may be subject to imprinting and other epinucleic phenomena. So there are many traps for the unwary, especially the presumption that epigenetic-W is never to be traced back to nucleic sequence changes, the dogma of the invariance of somatic cells. That dogma greatly delayed the formulation and acceptance of the clonal selection theory of immunity; and who knows what else may be impeded by it?
In 1958, epigenetic was already a semantic morass. At a conference on somatic cell variation,2 I attempted to "define a category of genetic information as being nucleic; that is, depending on the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid. By contrast, epinucleic information is expressed in another form; that is, as an aspect of nucleic acid configuration other than nucleotide sequence [e.g.,] polypeptide or polyamine adjuncts to the polynucleotide. We also have extranucleic information in molecules or reaction cycles not directly connected with nucleic acid. In accord with Ephrussi's suggestion, we might propose that nucleic information has the pervasiveness and static precision connoted by genetic, whereas the epinucleic information regulates the manifestation of nucleic potentialities in the dynamic, temporally responsive functioning of actual development." (I knew nothing of methylation in those days; it would be prototypically epinucleic.)
This neology of nucleic, epinucleic, extranucleic, has attracted few followers, I think largely because so few people had really thought through the distinctions. There is much merit in Ben Johnson's caution about unbridled proliferation of terms: "A man coins not a new word without some peril, and less fruit; for if it happen to be received, the praise is but moderate; if refus'd, the scorn is assur'd." But is a polysemy to be preferred, with thought-muddling as a further peril?
1. C.H. Waddington, Endeavor, 1:18, 1942.
2. J. Lederberg, "Genetic approaches to somatic cell variation: summary comment," Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, Suppl. 1, 52:383-402, 1958.


text:
IOWA CITY, Iowa, Nov. 22 (UPI) -- A 19-point performance by Jarrod Uthoff and a strong defensive showing Friday lifted No. 25 Iowa to an 86-55 victory over Pennsylvania.
The Quakers shot just 36 percent from the field, made only 3-of-23 from 3-point range and turned the ball over 25 times. The Hawkeyes made 28 free throws to 10 for Pennsylvania.
Uthoff was good on 6-of-7 from the field while Roy Devyn Marble contributed 13 points for Iowa (5-0).
Nelson-Henry Darlen had 13 points to pace the Quakers (1-3).


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Sheila Rosen is so old school, she calls herself a dinosaur. Her third-graders at Vineland K-8 Center in Kendall still learn cursive writing, defying the national trend to de-emphasize it.
"A teacher said to me, I can't believe you're doing that, it's not a tested skill, why in the world would you bother, why waste your time when you could be working on an FCAT skill," Rosen said, recounting an exchange with a colleague.
Rosen thinks learning cursive stimulates brain development.
"College Board recently came out with a study that showed that children who complete their essay on the College Board exams in cursive score higher," Rosen said.
But nationally and locally, school districts, including Miami-Dade and Broward, see cursive almost as a quaint old skill eclipsed by laptops, iPads, email and texting.
"We just don't see it as essential anymore, that there's really no reason to teach cursive when people are writing in print and moving to typing and other technological tools," explains Dr. Laura Dinehart, education professor at Florida International University.
Dinehart points out the Common Core curriculum doesn't include cursive, and very few people use classic cursive, anyway. Most people write with a mixture of manuscript and cursive letters, and the thought among educators is that kids will naturally learn to connect letters just to write faster, without formal training in cursive.
"There's no real evidence that it matters to teach cursive, but there's also the issue that we're not sure," said Dinehart. "We may find that there are elements that are being lost when we get rid of the cursive."
Dinehart says there is research that suggests cursive can affect the content of writing, not just the way it looks on the page.
Rosen is already sold on that concept, telling her class during cursive practice, "It flows, right? And once you learn it your thoughts will begin to flow just like the letters."
Don't try to tell this veteran teacher that she's wasting her time teaching cursive. Rosen refuses to see the handwriting on the wall, saying her students are gaining a valuable skill that many of today's teenagers do not have.
"My husband's a high school history teacher, he sees students every day who have never learned cursive, they could be in 11th grade taking American history, he's showing them documents, the Constitution and others, and they cannot read one word, they say we never learned it, it's shocking," Rosen said.


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Actress Alyssa Milano was immersed in the world of children long before she had her son, Milo. Apparently, the Mistresses star's likeness inspired the character Ariel in the Disney classic film The Little Mermaid. Who knew?
When asked on The Wendy Williams Show if the rumor about the fish tail sporting princess was true, Milano seemed proud to share that indeed photos of her from her days on Who's The Boss helped to create Ariel's face.
"I didn't know that when it was going on. But they asked me to host 'The Making of "The Little Mermaid,'" and it came out there that the drawing and likeness of the little mermaid was based on pictures of me from when I was younger," the star explained on Williams's show according to Yahoo! Movies.
Of all of Alyssa Milano's claims to fame, this one is definitely my favorite. My two girls are obsessed with Ariel — we must have at least four Little Mermaid dolls. Of course, we own the movie, an Ariel costume, books, and plenty of other mermaid paraphernalia. And all this time I had no idea that Milano was in any way an influence on the highly esteemed (at least in our house) princess.
But now that I know the Hollywood mom inspired Ariel's likeness, I can see a resemblance. Of course, when Wendy Williams inquired if Milano ever considers donning a red wig and walking around in a clam shell bra, the clever star replied that she does this very thing at home. Very cute.
Milano recently made headlines when she revealed that during the taping of her new show, production had to shut down every few hours so she could pump breast milk. Hmmm...wearing a clam shell bra must have gotten pretty uncomfortable right before it was time to pump!
Do you see the resemblance between Milano and Ariel?
Photo credit: Flickr


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An exclusive Summit Voice interview with Fraser Trout, a homeless fish seeking some love (and water) in the Colorado River Basin
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — The Defend the Colorado coalition's new video, "Trout in Trouble," features a lost-looking trout leaving his dried-up streambed in the Fraser Valley to go seek water in the big city of Denver, where he panhandles on the streets with a sign reading, "Anything helps." A passing motorist gives him a bottle of water that he sprinkles over his head, but the expression on his face tells us it's not enough. The video's message: Denver Water needs to do more to protect the Fraser River from future diversions to the Front Range.
The "homeless trout's" performance has been hailed for its authenticity and raw power, with Denver's Westword calling the film reminiscent of Chaplin and Capra. Others have compared the trout to a young Brando.
Defend the Colorado has offered Summit County Citizens Voice an exclusive interview with the trout. The following is a highly edited transcript. Please click the read more button to check it ou.
Q: So, any luck finding water yet?
A. Thanks for asking. No, not really. I'm not having much success opening water bottles or fire hydrants. You know (holding up fins), lack of opposable thumbs and all. It kinda sucks.
Q. The film is attracting praise for your performance, which has been called "powerful" and "courageous."
A. It's gratifying. The director told me to just "play myself." I'm glad people find my fate compelling. I never dreamed it would get Oscar buzz.
Q. What has been the response of Denver Water to the video?
A. I haven't heard from them directly. But I hear their spokesperson said that the Fraser River will be "better" after the Moffat expansion goes through. (Chuckles.) That's what we in the fish community call a "whopper." Frankly, it chaps my tail.
Q. What is the main threat to trout in the Upper Colorado? Is it temperature? Stream flows? A combination?
A. All of the above—they're connected. Low flows lead to higher temperatures. And low flows are caused by the Moffat pipes that drain the streams and send the water to Denver. One of my friends got sucked into one of those pipes. I'm wondering if he ended up in Denver. I haven't run into him yet.
Q. What do you need to maintain a healthy population in the Fraser/Upper Colorado?
A. My friends and I have some basic needs. I like my water neat. Cold. And in the stream. An occasional flushing flow to clean house. Is that asking for too much?
Q. What, specifically, are you asking Denver Water for?
A. Well, it's three things, really, they could do: Provide those flushing flows I just mentioned to get rid of the silt and algae and other gunk. Don't take water when the temperature is high and could kill fish and other critters. And monitor the stream in the future to respond to problems caused by the diversion. It's very doable.
Q. What's been their reply so far?
A. (Makes sound of crickets chirping.) They say they've done enough. Denial is not just a river in Egypt.
Q. Are you angry?
A. Just frustrated. And a little itchy and smelly – dried scales aren't a lot of fun, you know. I could use a spa treatment.
Q. Any other messages for your fans?
A. Thanks for your support. It's humbling, really. So far, hundreds of people have responded to the petition and left comments for Denver Water. It's given me hope that Coloradans care about their rivers and wildlife. Bob—may I call you Bob?– this isn't about me or my charisma – it's about the future of Colorado's outdoors. Please sign the petition at www.defendthecolorado.org. That would make me very happy. By the way, do you have a drink?
Q. There's a water jug right next to you.
A. Thanks. . . .Um, could you pick it up for me?


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Expert Reviewed
wikiHow to Obtain a Copy of Your Birth Certificate in Virginia
Four Methods:Understanding the BasicsObtaining a Copy by Walk-Ins or MailOrdering Through VitalChekGoing to the DMVCommunity Q&A
Whether you lost your birth certificate or would simply prefer to have two copies, it is possible to retrieve an additional copy. With any bureaucratic system, there are certain rules, regulations, and fees that go into the process. The following articles outlines the various ways to get a copy of your birth certificate in Virginia.
Understanding the Basics
1Learn about the office of Vital Records. The Virginia Office of Vital Records is a division of the Virginia Department of Health. For most routes to receive your birth certificate, you will go through the office of vital records.
- The office provides Virginia birth and death certificates from 1912 to the present.
- The office is very busy, so be prepared for waiting times when making phone calls or visiting during office hours. They receive an average of 30,000 calls a month and 9,000 visitors.
- The office is located 2001 Maywill Street, Richmond, Virginia 23230. The phone number is 804-662-6200.[1]
2Know who can obtain a copy of a birth certificate. Only specific people have access to birth certificates, as they contain confidential material.
- When requesting a copy of your own birth certificate you must be over 18, an emancipated minor, a parent under 18 if requesting your child's birth certificate at the same time, or a married juvenile.
- When requesting for an immediate family member, you must be a current spouse, adult child, mother, father, adult brother, adult sister, maternal grandparents (if mother is listed on the birth certificate), or paternal grandparents (if father is listed on the birth certificate).[2]
- When requesting as a legal representative, you must have original Notarized Power of Attorney over the person named on the certificate or be the attorney or agent of the person named on the certificate.[3]
3Know about the DMV option. If you don't live near the Office of Vital Records, there's an alternative route to get a copy of your birth certificate. Certified copies of birth certificates from 1912 to present are available through the Department of Motor Vehicles. Full service DMV locations, which include DMV customer service stations and DMV 2 go mobile offices, issue copies of birth certificates.[4]
Obtaining a Copy by Walk-Ins or Mail
1Complete an application. Whether you're requesting a birth certificate by mail or planning a walk-in, you first need to complete an application. The application PDF can be found on the website for the Office of Vital Records.
- The application will ask for your name, address, phone number, city, state, and zip code.
- It will ask for you relation to the person named on the certificate and your reason for requesting the certificate.
- It will ask for the full name of the person on the certificate, their date of birth, their place of birth, their hospital of birth, and the names of their mother and father.
- It will ask what type of certificate you want, and the number of copies.
- You will be asked for a signature.[5]
2Bring or make a copy of a valid form of ID. In order to obtain a copy of your birth certificate, you either need to show a worker at the Office of Vital Records a valid form of ID or mail in a photo copy with your application. The following are acceptable forms of ID in Virginia:
- Photo driver's license, learner's permit, or photo identification card issued by the DMV
- School or employer issued photo identification card
- Military card, active or retired
- US passport or foreign passport with visa
- US certificate of naturalization or citizenship
- US citizen identification card
- Temporary resident card
- Employment Authorization Card
- Refugee Travel Document
- Foreign Alien Card
- Permanent Resident Card
- Northern Marianas Card
- A copy of the first and last page of an application for Asylum
- Birth Abroad (Consular Report) of a citizen from the USA
- Birth Abroad (Certification Report) of a citizen of the USA
- Virginia Criminal Justice Agency Offender Information
- United State Probation Offender Information[6]
3Walk in. To walk in to receive your birth certificate, go to 2001 Maywill Street, Richmond, Virginia 23230.
- You will be asked to fill out an application, if you haven't already.
- You will be asked to show the processing clerk your form of ID.
- There is a $12 fee, which can be paid by cash, check, or money order. No debit or credit cards are accepted.
- This is a same day service, meaning you will receive your birth certificate before you leave.[7]
4Mail in the application. If getting to the office is inconvenient for you, you can simply mail in your application.
- Mail your application to P.O. Box 1000, Richmond, Virginia 23218-1000.
- You must include a signed application, a photocopy of a valid form of ID, and a signed letter giving your return address.
- Include a check or money order, made out to the State Health Department, for $12.
- If you're requesting a birth certificate with no changes made, expect delivery in 2 to 4 weeks.
- If you've requested any amendments or changes, the wait can be up to 12 weeks.[8]
Ordering Through VitalChek
1Know the benefits and drawbacks of VitalChek. VitalChek is a network contracted by the Virginia Health Department that issues birth and death certificates for people living in the state of Virginia.
- The main advantage of VitalChek is its speed and convenience. It takes 10 minutes to complete an application, which you complete from home, and you should receive your birth certificate within 2 to 5 days.
- Due to the added shipping cost that result from fast delivery times, fees a great deal higher using VitalChek. Payment options are also stricter, as payments must be made by credit cards.[9]
2Gather the needed information. When requesting a birth certificate from VitalChek, you will be asked to provide the following information:
- Type of certificate requested
- Relationship to the person on the certificate
- Full name of the person on the certificate
- Date and place of birth of the person on the certificate
- Mother's full and maiden name
- Father's name
- Area code and daytime phone number
- The street address, city, state, and zip code where the certificate will be sent (PO boxes are not accepted)[10]
3Place your order through VitalChek. VitalChek offers both online and phone orders.
- You can order by phone by calling 1-877-572-6333 and following the instructions from there.
- You can order online by going to vitalchek.com and providing the needed information.[11]
4Pay the fees. VitalChek requires fees be paid by credit card, and they vary based on circumstance.
- There is a $20.80 fee for each certified record, and an additional $11.95 VitalChek service fee.
- If you need foreign authentication on a document, there is an additional $10 fee.
- For mailing, there is an $18.50 fee for UPS Air, a $17 fee for UPS 2 Day Air, and no fee for US Post Office Regular Mail.[12]
Going to the DMV
1Know what kind of DMV can issue birth certificates. In Virginia, the Department of Motor Vehicles can issue birth certificates from 1912 to present. The kinds of DMV's that issue certificates are:
- Full service DMV offices
- DMV customer service centers
- DMV 2 Go mobile offices[13]
2Fill out an application. An application for a birth certificate can be found on the DMV website. The application will ask for the following information:
- You name, address, city, state, zip code, phone number, and e-mail
- Your gender
- Your relationship to the person named on the certificate
- It will ask for the name of the person on the certificate, their date of birth, gender, place of birth, hospital of birth, and parents full names.
- Lastly, it will ask for a signature.[14]
3Go to an office. Go to a DMV office and present your application. You should also include:
- Appropriate photo identification. The acceptable photo ID's are the same as those listed for walk-in and mail applications.
- The $14 fee, which can be paid by cash, check, or money order.[15]
Community Q&A
I need my granddaughter's birth certificate; I only have a copy. Can I get that at the D.M.V.?wikiHow ContributorYou can request a duplicate of your or a family member's birth certificate at a D.M.V. that is in the state that you/they were born in.
Can I get my birth certificate at the DMV for Virginia in Georgia?wikiHow ContributorNo, you can't. You must have the proper documentation for a copy to be made, and must go to a Department of Motor Vehicles in the state in which you currently live.
What should you do if you lost all forms of I.D. but need a birth certificate to get new ones? How do you get a birth certificate without I.D.?wikiHow ContributorGo to the hospital where you were born and request proof of birth. It is not your actual birth certificate, but it will serve as identification when applying for an I.D. or vital record. You also may go to the high school you attended and ask for school records. These, too, are acceptable.
Can I get my birth certificate the same day at Department of Motor Vehicles?wikiHow ContributorNo, you may have to wait.
I live in South Carolina now. Can I get my Virginia birth certificate at the DMV here?wikiHow ContributorNo. Call the hospital you were born in and have a copy sent via mail or fax.
US Passport Office says that the VA Birth Certificate must have a raised seal. The copy I got at DMV does not. How do I get a Passport?
How can I get a birth certificate for my daughter-in-law?
How do I get a birth certificate if I never had one and am now 75 yr old?
How can I get my Virginia birth certificate if I live in Georgia?
If my friend's mother was adopted, how can she get a copy of her original birth certificate?
- If you're confused about any of the information, do not hesitate to call and ask before sending out an application. The last thing you want is to have an application rejected and increase the waiting time.
- Birth certificates over 100 years old are considered public record, and there is less red tape in requesting them.
Things You'll Need
- Check or money order
- Copy of some kind of State ID
- A completed application
Sources and Citations
- ↑ http://www.vdh.state.va.us/vital_records/
- ↑ http://www.dmv.state.va.us/general/vital.html
- ↑ http://www.dmv.state.va.us/general/vital.html
- ↑ http://www.dmv.state.va.us/general/vital.html
- ↑ http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/93/2016/07/appform.doc
- ↑ http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/93/2016/07/appform.doc
- ↑ https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/office.htm
- ↑ https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/mail_it.htm
- ↑ https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/rush.htm
- ↑ https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/rush.htm
- ↑ https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/rush.htm
- ↑ https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/rush.htm
- ↑ http://www.dmv.state.va.us/general/vital.html
- ↑ http://www.dmv.state.va.us/webdoc/pdf/dl81.pdf
- ↑ http://www.dmv.state.va.us/general/vital.html
Article Info
Categories: Birth Certificates
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text: I've recently run up against the following rather annoying inconsistency between haskell implementations: HUGS: Nat> fromInteger 4294967264 :: Int Program error: {primIntegerToInt 4294967264} GHCI: Nat> fromInteger 4294967264 :: Int -32 I don't have nhc installed at the moment, so I can't tell you offhand which side of the debate it falls on. There are interesting arguments for both views, depending on whether you think of Int as being "Signed integers modulo 2^k" or "fast but impoverished integers". The difference only becomes a real problem when we add Int and Word: multiple sizes of signed and unsigned ints. How do we convert between them? In particular, how do we do a simple bitwise conversion between, say, Int32 and Word32? GHC takes the position that "fromIntegral is the only tool you will ever need". Hugs provides a special conversion routine for every pair of types. I'm trying to write code which works in both systems (and hopefully can be used in nhc as well). As a result, I'd love to see a consistent story here. It'd be lovely if the Haskell report took a stand on the issue, but I suspect that may be too much to hope for. Absent a cue in the report, it seems the FFI specification of the Int and Word should specify how to interconvert between the various types. I'm actually rather fond of the "integers modulo 2^k" view of Int and its ken. I think it does a grave disservice to beginning programmers to tell them that Int is simply a fast, impoverished Integer; I expect expert programmers to understand range limits and overflow. It also means that there are a few nice algebraic identites involving "fromInteger": (fromInteger (a + b) :: Int) == (fromInteger a + fromInteger b :: Int) (fromInteger (a - b) :: Int) == (fromInteger a - fromInteger b :: Int) etc... Frankly, though, I see compelling aesthetic arguments for either behavior. I'd rather implementations agreed on the behavior of fromInteger, than see my "favorite" behavior supported. -Jan-Willem Maessen PS - I should note that I don't use the FFI, nor do I have any immediate intention of doing so. I'm using Word types because comparison of Words interacts nicely with bitwise operations.


text:
In another example of the growing number of succession-driven mergers and acquisitions in the financial advisory world, Cleveland-based Sequoia Financial Group LLC has acquired the client assets of a Florida-based firm whose owners desired an exit. And, industry insiders say, more deals driven by the sector's aging leadership are sure to come. Sequoia, a wealth management firm, added one professional and roughly $91 million in client assets through its Oct. 1 acquisition of investment adviser Hammerman & Strickland LLC. Sequoia did not disclose terms of the deal, which brings its total employees to 34 and its assets under advisement to more than $1.2 billion. Sequoia actually has acquired the client assets of three financial advisory firms in a little more than three years, making this the most acquisitive period in its 20-year history. Founded in 1991, the firm closed acquisitions in June 2009 and June 2011. In comparison, between 2000 and 2008, the firm did one acquisition, and in its first decade of business, it did none. "It's much, much more than we've done in the past," said Thomas Haught, the firm's president. "A lot of that is the development of our company, our ability to take on more work. We know we have talented advisers, and they're looking to grow their careers. Acquisitions create opportunities that those folks can grow into. "There's a lot of talk about acquisitions in our industry, and I think the demographics of advisers lead you to believe there will be more, especially succession-oriented acquisitions," Mr. Haught added. "I believe we'll see more (consolidation) over the next decade." If plans pan out as anticipated, Sequoia will close another acquisition next year. "We have a couple of (deals) right now that I would say are in the eighth inning," Mr. Haught said. The firm also is in early talks with a couple other firms, he noted.
Eating their own cooking
Sequoia consolidated Hammerman & Strickland's Lutz, Fla., office into its Tampa location and hired Hammerman's only remaining employee. The founding principals of the firm are retiring but will work with Sequoia for a year on an as-needed basis, helping to complete the transition, Mr. Haught said. A driving motivation for the two founders of Hammerman was a desire to transition out of the business, according to Mr. Haught. The need for succession is high throughout the financial advisory business as advisers, who on average are older than 55, seek to sell their practices, both to next generations and to external buyers, said Brad Bueermann, managing partner of FP Transitions. The Portland, Ore.-based firm assists financial advisory firms nationwide with valuation, buying and selling and succession planning. This year, FP Transitions will do more than 1,000 valuations, up 30% from last year's volume, Mr. Bueermann said. Those numbers indicate that people are eyeing their practices, thinking about what they're worth and considering their future plans. Indeed, the need for succession was cited as a motivating factor for other recent, local deals. They include the March 1 merger of Strongsville-based Buzek Wealth Advisors into Cedar Brook Financial Partners in Pepper Pike and the July 2 merger of Chapman & Chapman Inc., a Twinsburg-based employee benefits and insurance brokerage, into PJ Amos & Associates, a Sheffield Village wealth management firm. Kevin Kroskey said he's in talks with two local firms that his investment advisory firm, True Wealth Design LLC in Fairlawn, may acquire. The leadership of both firms faces succession issues, he said. "They've had some level of success, so it's too valuable to allow the internal successor to afford to buy them out," Mr. Kroskey said. The ultimate irony is that most financial advisers advise clients on succession issues and encourage them to put together plans, but don't eat their own cooking, so to speak, said Azim Nakhooda, managing principal of Cedar Brook Financial. To that end, Cedar Brook has required through a formal initiative that all its advisers have a formal succession and continuity plan in place for their own advisory practices by December, Mr. Nakhooda said.
Bigger not always better
While there has been an uptick in acquisitions among wealth managers, FP Transitions' Mr. Bueermann said it doesn't reflect a trend toward consolidation because there also has been an increase in the formation of new firms. Formation is driven by the "enormous unprecedented wealth transfer going on right now" as baby boomers retire and transfer money to the next generation, he said. Those firms involved in recent M&A deals face opportunities and challenges, industry sources said. For one, larger firms have resources to spend to develop younger professionals with men-toring and training programs that smaller boutiques often do not, Mr. Nakhooda said. And larger firms can set up better succession plans, he said. One risk, though, is that wealth advisers folded into a larger firm are going to be trained in that larger firm's way, "so you start to lose a little bit of diversity of ideas," Mr. Nakhooda said. Many companies that are acquiring firms have been running into trouble integrating the various cultures of the acquired firms, according to Eric N. Wulff, managing director and principal of Aurum Wealth Management Group in Mayfield Village, which is looking to do acquisitions. Another big issue? Paying a huge premium to acquire a book of business that may not prove profitable in the long run as clients who were acquired pass away or leave assets to a next generation that doesn't do business with the existing firm, Mr. Wulff said. "Customer service is also an issue as the bigger you get, the more things fall through the cracks," he wrote in an email.


text:
Please retro the Nike Air Penny 2
Well, since Anfernee \"Penny\" Hardaway first exploded into the league in 93-94, he was one of my favorite players. His style of play was very unique. Was he a point guard Was he a shooting guard It never really mattered to me if he was dishing the rock to big Shaq Daddy or taking it to the hole himself. When I was probably 10 years old, I saw his 1st shoes. It was the first time I actually cared about a pair of shoes. Well after begging for days and weeks, my mom would not give in telling me there was no way she would spend 100+ dollars on some shoes. To this day, I still havent owned a pair of the illustrious \"Pennys\" which is why I decided to start a petition to have Nike retro these. The Air Penny 2 not only represents a shoe, but a sort of sentimental feeling from my childhood that I miss. I can honestly say that next to the Jordan line, these are the greatest shoes EVER. The signatures I am gathering only represent a small number of people who need these shoes in their lives. Not everyone visits Niketalk or has even heard of it but I know their passion for the shoe game is the same. Please just take this into consideration for a moment as you would make the days of thousands of kids and adults everywhere. Thank you for taking the time to read this, it means alot to me.
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text:
South Street better get ready, because there's a new chef on the block. Hailing from NY's Momofuku, Peter Serpico is hitting Philly with some of the best food the city has ever seen. Make sure to call ahead, because it's going to be tough to get a table at this spot. Serpico 604 S St, Philadelphia, PA 19147 /(215) 925-3001
Published at 10:21 AM EST on Oct 7, 2013 | Updated at 11:56 AM EST on Oct 7, 2013


text:
A "HULK" of an AM Minnesota Show for 4/30/14
This HULK is no computer animation. He is the original man in green.
He is Lou Ferrigno and he is our special guest on AM Minnesota today. He began his career as a body builder in the 1970's. His was featured in the famous body building film "Pumping Iron" along side Arnold Schwarzenegger. He actually beat out Arnorld for the role of the Hulk in 1977 for CBS's "The Incredible Hulk". The role that made him famous.
If you are a comic book, sci-fi or fantasy geek or even just a fan of Pop culture, TV and the movies then you have the chance to meet Lou at this weekend Minneapolis Comic Con. The event is a 3-day extravaganza of Pop culture. There are over 30 special guest joining Ferrigno, including William Shatner, Sean Astin, Gilbert Gottfried, Dean Cain, Adam Baldwin and many more. For more information on how you can attend this cool event click the link below.
AM Minnesota 4-30


text:
Denise Truscello/WireImage.com
Denise Truscello/WireImage.com
For beauty pageant winner Rima Fakih, this is anything but pretty.
The former Miss USA, who won the crown in 2010, was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving in Michigan this weekend.
And she was apparently the last one to know.
Or at least willing to admit it.
Upon news getting out about the arrest, a tweet popped up on Fakih's Twitter account that read: "Let's clear things up now...I'm NOT in Michigan and I'm NOT in jail! Wrong Fakih."
That post, however, was later removed.
While no details on Saturday evening's bust have been given yet by police, Fakih's attorney, Doraid Elder, confirmed the news to the Detroit Free Press, telling the paper that his client "is taking full responsibility."
Elder added that on the night she was arrested, 26-year-old Fakih had appointed herself to be the designated driver after a companion was too drunk to get behind the wheel. However, when Fakih realized she was also intoxicated, she proceeded to pull over, only to be spotted by police.
The attorney said Fakih is "very saddened and very apologetic for the situation that she's in right now" and "wants to apologize to everybody she let down."
Meanwhile, E! News received the following statement from the president of The Miss Universe Organization: "We were saddened to hear about the events that occurred with Rima Fakih this past weekend and are thankful that no one was hurt. While we do not have all of the facts regarding this incident, The Miss Universe Organization does not condone drinking and driving."
The Lebanese beauty was the first Arab-American to ever hold the Miss USA title. She went on to compete in the Miss Universe pageant, but lost.


text:
When you edit a paycheck in Unlock Net Pay mode, any changes you make will recalculate the net and gross pay. This can result in additional payroll liabilities and may require you to amend payroll tax forms. Be very careful when editing paychecks that have already been saved in QuickBooks and issued to the employee.
See also


text:
Rod Blagojevich Returns to the Stand
(With additional reporting from The Associated Press)
Former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich is be back on the witness stand today trying to convince jurors that he is innocent. He spent about six hours in total on the stand last week.
He is still being questioned by his own attorney Aaron Goldstein. The questions give Blagojevich a chance to say that he never extorted anyone. Blagojevich says he never explicitly or implicitly threatened to withhold state action if they didn't give him campaign contributions.
He has told jurors that it's important for politicians to raise money because, "this is the system that we have in America."
He said the U.S. Supreme court has protected campaign contributions under the first amendment right to free speech. He has also told jurors that following fundraising laws can be delicate because of the nature of politics and he's explaining how he tried to follow the laws.
Prosecutors could spend days challenging Blagojevich's assertions after defense attorneys finish their questioning.
Blagojevich has so far only addressed about half of the allegations against him. The 54-year-old hasn't yet touched on the most serious accusation that he tried to sell or trade President Barack Obama's old U.S. Senate seat for a top job or campaign cash.
His attorneys have said Blagojevich most likely wouldn't delve into that explosive allegation until later this week.
He faces a total of 20 counts. He has denied any wrongdoing.
(AP Photo/Tom Gianni)


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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Interest Rates
- identify the most significant U.S. GDP results and trends for the most recent three-year period. Indicate the key factors that you believe have had an impact on the GDP increase or decrease. Provide support for your rationale.
- The Federal Reserve Board has kept the federal rate to a nominal rate in recent years. Explain the rationale for this behavior, indicating the effectiveness on financial markets.
Tutor Answer
Brown University
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California Institute of Technology
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Carnegie Mellon University
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Columbia University
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Dartmouth University
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Emory University
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Harvard University
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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New York University
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Notre Dam University
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Oklahoma University
2122 Tutors
Pennsylvania State University
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Princeton University
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Stanford University
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University of California
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Oxford University
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text:
Avatar: Eastern Amberwing dragonfly photo by me.
Damn they put all of the oldtimers together and left the youngins for last Gladys up next
Enjoyed the first dance, but it has kinda gone downhill from there. The singing is absolutely atrocious! ABC could save some money by letting all the singers go (far, far, far away)!
Melissa got all my votes. I don't want to see Jack go, but I don't want to lose Maks. Hopefully someone else bombs.
Probably trying to get the demo to tune in. Or justify giving them higher scores/being more memorable so they'll stick around than those who went first.
Sounds like last week was too good to be true after all Or they think the better dancers are in the younger stars.
"In a world of pollution, profanity, adolescence, broccoli, zits, ozone depletion, racism, sexism, stupid guys and PMS, why the hell do people still tell me to have a nice day?" - Unknown
Spring 2016 FoRT Yearbook Title: "Most Likely to Make a Short Story Long, and a Long Story LONGER!"
As for CA...she hates Maks and he is the type of guy she usually drools all over. Bet she wanted to get in those lovely tight pants and he blew her off ... hence the hate.
You could be the juiciest, most ripe peach, but there is still going to be someone who doesn't like peaches.


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1. Origins: The Giro d'Italia started in 1909 as an idea to increase sales of La Gazzetta dello Sport, a local pink-coloured paper.
2. Irish winner: Stephen Roche became the first - and still the only - Irishman to win the Giro d'Italia in 1987.
3. Most wins: Three riders have won the race five times: Alfredo Binda, Fausto Coppi and Eddy Merckx.
4. Big Starts: Since 1960, the place of departure has changed each year. France, Austria, Belgium and Greece have all began the Giro with Northern Ireland now joining the list.
5. Maglia Rosa: Since 1931, the overall leader of the Giro d'Italia has worn the maglia rosa (pink jersey), which corresponds with La Gazzetta dello Sport's pink-coloured paper.
6. War interrupts: The Giro d'Italia was suspended on only two occasions in its 104-year history, during both world wars.
7. Youngest winner: In 1940 Fausto Coppi won at the age of 20 – the youngest ever winner.
8. And the oldest: The oldest winner Fiorenzo Magni, stormed the Giro aged 35.
9. The highest of highs: The Cima Coppi is the highest altitude reached by cyclists during the Giro d'Italia. It was established in 1965, named after cycling icon and previous Giro winner Fausto Coppi.
This year it will be the Passo dello Stelvio at 2758m above sea level.
10 Giro intrigue: In 1922, Giovanni Brunero took a wheel from his team-mate and although being penalised 25 minutes for the action he still went on to win the Giro that year.