text:
On the role of social interaction in social cognition: a mechanistic alternative to enactivism
- 622 Downloads
- Citations
Researchers in the enactivist tradition have recently argued that social interaction can constitute social cognition, rather than simply serve as the context for social cognition. They contend that a focus on social interaction corrects the overemphasis on mechanisms inside the individual in the explanation of social cognition. I critically assess enactivism's claims about the explanatory role of social interaction in social cognition. After sketching the enactivist approach to cognition in general and social cognition in particular, I identify problems with an enactivist taxonomy of roles for social interaction in the explanation of social cognition (contextual, enabling, and constitutive). In particular, I show that this enactivist taxonomy does not clearly distinguish between enabling conditions and constitutive elements, which would make them in danger of committing the coupling-constitution fallacy found in some attempts to extend cognition. I explore resources enactivism has to more clearly demarcate constitutive parts of a cognitive system, but identify problems in applying them to some of the main cases of social cognition enactivists characterize as being constituted by social interaction. I offer the mechanistic approach to explanation as an alternative that captures much of what enactivists want to say about the relations between social and individual levels, but views social interactions from the perspective of embedded cognition rather than as being constitutive of social cognition.
KeywordsSocial cognition Social interaction Enactivism Mechanism Explanation Constitution Extended cognition Embedded cognition
- Adams, A., & Aizawa, K. (2001). The bounds of cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 14, 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Adams, A., & Aizawa, K. (2008). Defending the bounds of cognition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
- Auvray, M., Lenay, C., & Stewart, J. (2009). Perceptual interactions in a minimalist virtual environment. New Ideas in Psychology, 27(1), 32–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 21, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bechtel, W. (2008). Mental mechanisms: philosophical perspectives on cognitive neuroscience. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Bechtel, W. (2009a). Explanation: mechanism, modularity, and situated cognition. In P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 155–170). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Bechtel, W. (2009b). Looking down, around, and up: mechanistic explanation in psychology. Philosophical Psychology, 22(5), 543–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2005). Explanation: a mechanist alternative. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36(2), 421–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2010). Dynamic mechanistic explanation: computational modeling of circadian rhythms as an exemplar for cognitive science. Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 41(3), 321–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2011). Complex biological mechanisms: cyclic, oscillatory, and autonomous. In C. A. Hooker (Ed.), Handbook of the philosophy of science: vol. 10. Philosophy of complex systems. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
- Bechtel, W., & Richardson, R. C. (2010). Discovering complexity: decomposition and localization as strategies in scientific research. Cambridge: MIT Press. (Original 1993 edition published by Princeton University Press)Google Scholar
- Bickle, J. (2003). Philosophy and neuroscience: a ruthlessly reductive account. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Craver, C. F. (2007). Explaining the brain: mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
- De Jaegher, H. (2009a). Social understanding through direct perception? Yes, by interacting. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(2), 535–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Jaegher, H. (2009b). What made me want the cheese? A reply to Shaun Gallagher and Dan Hutto. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(2), 549–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Jaegher, H., & Di Paolo, E. (2007). Participatory sense-making. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 6(4), 485–507.Google Scholar
- De Jaegher, H., & Froese, T. (2009). On the role of social interaction in individual agency. Adaptive Behavior, 17(5), 444–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Jaegher, H., Di Paolo, E., & Gallagher, S. (2010). Can social interaction constitute social cognition? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(10), 441–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Di Paolo, E. A. (2005). Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4(4), 429–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Di Paolo, E. (2009a). Editorial: The social and enactive mind. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 409–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Di Paolo, E. (2009b). Extended Life. Topoi, 28(1), 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Di Paolo, E. A., Rohde, M., & Iizuka, H. (2008). Sensitivity to social contingency or stability of interaction? Modelling the dynamics of perceptual crossing. New Ideas in Psychology, 26(2), 278–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Di Paolo, E. A., Rohde, M., & De Jaegher, H. (2011). Horizons for the enactive mind: values, social interaction, and play. In J. Stewart, O. Gapenne, & D. Paolo (Eds.), Enaction: towards a new paradigm for cognitive science (pp. 33–88). Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Froese, T., & Di Paolo, E. A. (2009). Sociality and the life-mind continuity thesis. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 439–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Froese, T., & Di Paolo, E. (2010). Modeling social interaction as perceptual crossing: an investigation into the dynamics of the interaction process. Connection Science, 22(1), 43–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fuchs, T., & De Jaegher, H. (2009). Enactive intersubjectivity: participatory sense-making and mutual incorporation. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 465–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gergely, G., & Watson, J. S. (1999). Early socio-emotional development: contingency perception and the social-biofeedback model. In P. Rochat (Ed.), Early social cognition: understanding others in the first months of life (pp. 101–136). Mahwah: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Huebner, B. (2008). Do you see what we see? An investigation of an argument against collective representation. Philosophical Psychology, 21(1), 91–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Machamer, P., Darden, L., & Craver, C. F. (2000). Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science, 67, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McGann, M., & De Jaegher, H. (2009). Self-other contingencies: enacting social perception. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 417–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murray, L., & Trevarthen, C. (1985). Emotional regulation of interactions between two-month-olds and their mothers. In T. Field & N. Fox (Eds.), Social perception in infants (pp. 177–197). Norwood: Ablex.Google Scholar
- Rupert. (2004). Challenges to the hypothesis of extended cognition. Journal of Philosophy, 101(8), 389–328.Google Scholar
- Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in life: biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Thompson, E., & Stapleton, M. (2008). Making sense of sense-making: reflections on enactive and extended mind theories. Topoi, 28(1), 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Torrance, S., & Froese, T. (2011). An inter-enactive approach to agency: participatory sense-making, dynamics, and sociality. Humana.Mente, 15, 21–53.Google Scholar
- Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar


text:
Release Date: 2011 |
And crits and suggestions, please
yo rev review something and it'll be our thread
But everything turns into our thread anyways :p
I reviewed this to get better, not for the thread :p
Album Rating: 4.0really good review man, awesome album.
deserves to be on best of 2011 lists
Album Rating: 4.0pos
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offpos. these brutes slay
Album Rating: 4.0the album art is fucking cool
Fantastic review, Rev. Keep it up!
Fantastic review, Rev. Keep it up!
^can't say it much better than this.
Album Rating: 4.0very nice review, but just a few minor critiques:
for one, the excess of boldface just looks a little off, for bands I usually use the [ L ] band name [ / L ] tag (without the spaces, of course). might make this look just a tad less messy.
also, you frequently address the reader as "you" in describing how the album essentially hits the listener... I've always found that it sounds a little better and more professional to instead avoid using the second person and to just refer to the listener as either "the listener" or "the audience" or something along those lines. so for example, your second sentence sounds better to me as:
Harnessing a twisted blend of crust punk, hardcore, and metal, Trap Them pummel the listener with an unrelenting force of sadistic rage.
finally, "In terms of song structure the album is sporadically all over the place." is rather redundant, you're basically calling it "sporadically sporadic" haha, so I would make some change to that.
All small changes but overall a very well-written review, nicely done.
its ok but its just like every other trap them album theyll never change just keep making the same album over and over theyre like the amon amarth of hardcore
Is that a good or bad thing?
Album Rating: 4.0it's a pretty good album
these guys are the cannibal corpse of hardcore
Album Rating: 4.0csb
naw give em a listen, but give that Backstabbers Inc a listen first bruh..
dude believe me when i say it these guys are the white stripes of hardcore
thanks for the advice man, I'll totally fix that up a bit
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Skip to page content
Purchase $100 Gift Cards to Ferraro's Italian Restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada!
Since 1985 Gino Ferraro and family have created a unique Italian dining experience. Then in 2003, upon his graduation from the California Culinary Academy and studing in Italy, Mimmo Ferraro, Gino's son, Has taken over the everyday duties of running Ferraro's with its " "5 STAR DIAMOND AWARD".
Ferraro's is still proud to offer its award winning OSSO BUCO, always the freshest seafood, superb homemade pasta dishes, a fresh array of breads, soups and Italian desserts. And now Ferraro's is offering Extreme Prime Steaks and Chops.
Ferraro's boasts a new Tuscany Flavor Interior. Our newly designed and Expanded wine cellar has won us the prestigious WINE SPECTATOR AWARD OF EXCELLENCE, the WINE ENTHUSIAST AWARD and A rave review in the ZAGAT SURVEY.
Ferraro's Italian Restaurant
4480 Paradise Road
Las Vegas, NV


text:
Yeah.. I was trying all my usual passwords (since I changed it due to the suggestion before the move), when I got locked out of my account. It didn't occur to me to reset my password, and I have done that, but now there's the problem of being able to log on and reset it.Is there a specific number of hours I need to wait before it becomes unlocked or...? I have the email showing my "new" string of numbers and letters password if need be.
Locked Out of Archive?
Started by Nara , Nov 26 2012 09:54 PM
2 replies to this topic
Posted Nov 26 2012 - 09:54 PM
- 0
Posted Nov 26 2012 - 10:20 PM
I don't believe that you can log on to your account while browsing the archive.
Edited by Reckoner, Nov 26 2012 - 10:20 PM.
- 0
Majhost sucks
Posted Nov 26 2012 - 10:26 PM
Your account has been unlocked.Thread closed.
- 0
Bio of a BZP Admin, Newest Entry: "Graphic Design Help"
0 user(s) are browsing this forum
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


text:
Your donations keep RPGWatch running!
WoW - Free Character Moves @ Official Site
by Inauro, 2007-01-04 21:26:17
Blizzard has announced free character moves for a number of World of Warcraft realms.
Beginning at 12 PM, Thursday, January 4 we will be opening Free Character Moves for a number of realms. The destination realms will be newly opened with character creation disabled for the period of free transfers. These transfers will run until 11PM, Tuesday, January 9. Click here for more information.
Also in the headlines at the official site, new Burning Crusade screenshots.
We've updated our screenshot gallery for World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade with eight new shots from the current closed beta test of the upcoming expansion.
Source: Blizzard
Newsbit options: Add / View Comments (0) | Forward this newsbit | Link to this Newsbit
Information aboutWoW
SP/MP: Massive
Setting: Fantasy
Genre: MMORPG
Platform: PC
Release: Released


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Children's Global Alliance, Vail, CO, USA
It has always been a desire of mine to travel the world and help others. When the opportunity to volunteer as a chaperone for Children's Global Alliance appeared, I jumped at the chance. At first I was intimidated by the program's strict layout, but the further into the process I immersed myself, the more I realized there was a reason for everything. Traveling to a foreign country with teenagers is not an easy feat and I feared how both they and I would handle the situation. I have never fallen into a role so easily and felt so comfortable so far out of my comfort zone. CGA really helped me to find a new part of myself, as well as transform the lives of every student volunteer who took part. I was so proud of the growth these kids achieved by the end of 3 short weeks, I felt like a proud parent. Not a single person involved, whether by donating, volunteering or being helped, was left untouched by this process. Every day at work, all I can talk about is my 3 weeks in Cambodia with 9 amazing teenagers from Vail and the extraordinary people we encountered there.
More Feedback
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
I would love to make this organization more well known! Take it state wide, and nation wide, as well as travel to even more countries to make a difference.
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Very Well
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


text:
BAGHDAD, Jan. 18 (UPI) -- Violence has surged in Iraq as insurgents exploit a power struggle between Shiite and Sunni leaders, analysts said.
Wathiq al-Hashimi, head of the Iraqi Group for Strategic Studies, said the insurgents are trying to push rival militias in a civil war, The Washington Post reported Wednesday.
"They are not arbitrary attacks. They are sending messages that security is not under control," he told the newspaper.
An official in Iraq's Interior Ministry said 327 Iraqis have been killed in explosions or assassinations since the departure of U.S. troops last month. About 2,640 Iraqis died in violence last year, Iraqi figures from the Interior and Health ministries indicated.
A senior White House official said a similar increase in violence occurred when U.S. troops left Iraqi cities in 2009.
"It's always a mistake to look at these things in the isolation of one or two weeks," the official said to the Post. He warned, however, that Iraqi leaders need to "reel back in" the political turmoil so that insurgents "don't have anything to use" in promoting sectarian strife, the newspaper said.


text:
Notes: Pettitte feeling much better
Notes: Pettitte feeling much better
One day after Pettitte was forced out of his start against the Red Sox by a five-run fifth inning and recurring back spasms, he was pleased to find his body responding better than expected.
"I'm encouraged the way it feels today," said Pettitte, who will move his scheduled bullpen session back one day to Wednesday, but expects to make his next start Friday against the Pirates in New York.
"It feels like it's a similar area than it was when I hurt it in Spring Training, but in Spring Training, I couldn't bend over for two weeks. I felt real good today."
Pettitte felt the pinch on his third-inning pitch to Wily Mo Pena, which resulted in a deep, twisting fly ball that Melky Cabrera ran down deep in center field.
Pettitte attempted to work through the issues until the Red Sox started to hit him hard in the fifth inning, but one city later, he was still at a loss to explain exactly what he'd done to cause the spasm.
"I was concerned because I've been throwing so good," Pettitte said. "You don't want to have anything causing any kind of scuffling out there. Really, once it happened, the big thing for me was that I wanted to make sure I didn't aggravate it to have me out for a longer period of time."
Yankees manager Joe Torre said he made it clear to Pettitte that it is not necessary he make his start Friday if he's not completely ready. Pettitte will be subjected to heat and ice therapy to make that possible, and the team is encouraged even by small signs such as Pettitte's ability to sit upright on the trainer's table.
"He's a lot more comfortable today than I anticipated he would be," Torre said.
Reach out for Rocket: Pettitte said he spoke on Saturday with Roger Clemens, who returned to Tampa, Fla., for an MRI exam that revealed disrupted scar tissue in his right groin.
Pettitte said that Clemens offered verbal clues that he might need to ask out because of the injury.
"I could tell he was feeling like he might need to miss his start on Monday," Pettitte said. "I was trying to encourage him not to do anything that would set him back for a period of time."
Whenever Clemens does join the Yankees -- signs indicate it may be as soon as Saturday against the Pirates -- the club will offer a top four starting rotation of Pettitte, Clemens, Chien-Ming Wang and Mike Mussina. Pettitte said the promise of that staff was spirited.
"It'll be exciting," Pettitte said. "I'm just looking forward to being able to do that. We'll do it for an extended period of time and see what'll happen."
Alex's upcoming respite: Torre said that he has seen signs that Alex Rodriguez -- who hit a ninth-inning home run off Boston's Jonathan Papelbon to lift the Yankees to victory Sunday -- has been strained lately by attention paid to his actions, both on the field and off the field.
Partially because of this, Torre plans to find a day in the Yankees' upcoming schedule where Rodriguez will be utilized as a designated hitter or may not play at all, giving him a chance to catch his breath and step away from the nine innings on the field.
"Things have been swirling around," Torre said. "[The game] is a place you can go hide out there, but it's not easy to do that for everybody. I think he's got a lot on his plate right now."
One for the bench: The Yankees will make a roster move before Tuesday's game to add a position player -- likely returning reliever Chris Britton to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre -- but Torre wasn't letting on about whom the team was considering.
"We want to probably have that person give us some flexibility," Torre said. "That's what we're talking about right now."
The callup would ostensibly take the roster spot of first baseman Doug Mientkiewicz, who was officially placed on the 15-day disabled list before Monday's game and is expected to be out of action for at least six to eight weeks.
The names of Andy Phillips, who was a contender to make the team in Spring Training, and utility man Chris Basak have been floated as possibilities.
Melky way: When word came that Jason Giambi would receive a walking boot instead of a cortisone shot to treat his ailing left foot, bench coach Don Mattingly took Cabrera aside and delivered an important message.
With Johnny Damon shifting to fill the role of designated hitter, Mattingly relayed the trust the organization has in Cabrera to step up and be a contributing part of the club. The talk, as described by Torre, largely centered around the idea of Cabrera not giving the Yankees any reason to take him out of the lineup.
So far, it has worked. Cabrera has eight hits in his last 13 at-bats entering play Monday and had three consecutive multihit games, while also playing strong defensively.
"He seems to not be looking over his shoulder right now," Torre said.
Weis guys: Notre Dame football coach Charlie Weis stopped by the Yankees' clubhouse at U.S. Cellular Field on Monday, meeting and greeting players along with some young guests.
The former offensive coordinator and a three-time Super Bowl winner with the NFL's New England Patriots, Weis told Torre of his experiences accepting heat for being a loyal Yankees supporter in Red Sox country.
"I didn't realize how down-to-earth and what a crazy Yankees fan he is," Torre said. "He said that during his time in New England, he always stood up and took the hit for everybody who was a closet Yankees fan."
Coming up: The Yankees and White Sox play the second contest of their four-game series Tuesday. Rookie right-hander Tyler Clippard (2-1, 4.20 ERA) goes for the Bombers, while left-hander Mark Buehrle (2-2, 3.66 ERA) counters for Chicago, with first pitch set for 8:11 p.m. ET on the YES Network.
Bryan Hoch is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
Written on: 25/07/2013
I have always loved making hotel reservations via Agoda.com. It offers a wide range of accommodations from 1star hotel to 6stars hotel. Agoda is very easy to access and user friendly. The free cancellation service makes it all easy to make online bookings. Nothing about it that I dislike because it makes life way easier! THank you Agoda for the best service.


text:
Lois and Samuel Block
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Nathan Block of Williamsville celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary with a gathering for family and friends. Mr. Block and Lois Loonsk were married June 23, 1963, in the Statler Hotel. He is a retired principal for Buffalo Public Schools; she is a retired elementary teacher for Tonawanda schools. They have two children and two grandchildren.


text:
Twentieth century has no place for violence against women: UN WomenListen /
Violence against women does not only fracture families but also impedes development.
That's what the Executive Director of UN Women, Michelle Bachelet, told reporters on Monday at the start of this year's session of the Commission on the Status of Women.
The head of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women said that violence against women and girls remains a "horrific reality" affecting every country.
"This is what statistics tell us that up to seven in ten that means of course 70 per cent of women globally will be beaten, raped, abused or mutilated in their lifetime. This pandemic strikes the lives of millions of women, fractures families and communities and impedes development, costing also countries billions of dollars each year in health care cost and lost productivity. And I really cannot say strongly enough: the 21st century has no place for violence against women." (32")
Ms. Bachelet disclosed that 187 countries have so far ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Security Council recognize sexual violence as a tactic of war.
She noted that 125 countries have specific laws that penalize domestic violence, but there are still more than 600 million women living in countries where domestic violence is not considered a crime.
Ms. Bachelet stressed that governments are the main drivers of ending the pandemic of violence that affects women and girls worldwide.
Donn Bobb, United Nations
Duration: 1'27"


text:
Collegiate player earns slot in 2014 Masters with win
Jordan Niebrugge hasn't put a lot of thought into exactly what it will be like to play in the Masters. The Oklahoma State sophomore just knows he'll have a far better view of the course next year.
Niebrugge won the U.S. Amateur Public Links on Saturday at Lorton, Va., beating University of California junior Michael Kim 1 up in the 36-hole final, with the winner traditionally receiving a spot in the Masters – if still an amateur.
LPGA: Spain's Beatriz Recari birdied the two closing par 5s to catch Paula Creamer atop the leaderboard through 54 holes at the Marathon Classic in Sylvania, Ohio.
Recari, a two-time winner on the LPGA Tour, matched Creamer's 4-under 67. Both are at 12-under 201.
Rising American teen Lexi Thompson had a 67 and, along with Jacqui Concolino and Japan's Chie Arimura, was three shots back.
PGA: Nicholas Thompson and Daniel Summerhays are tied for the lead going into the final round of the Sanderson Farms Championship at Madison, Miss.
GERMAN TENNIS CHAMPIONSHIPS: Roger Federer lost to Argentine qualifier Federico Delbonis 7-6 (7), 7-6 (4) in the semifinals at Hamburg, Germany.
In the final, Delbonis will play Fabio Fognini of Italy.
SWEDISH OPEN: Serena Williams defeated Klara Zakopalova 6-0, 6-4 in the semifinals at Bastad, Sweden.
In the other semifinal, Sweden's Johanna Larsson rallied to overpower Italy's Flavia Pennetta, 2-6, 6-3, 6-4.
CLARO OPEN: Hometown favorite Alejandro Falla advanced to the final at Bogota, Colombia, beating Canada's Vasek Pospisil.
Falla, a Bogota resident seeking his first ATP Tour title, will face Croatia's Ivo Karlovic on Sunday.
GOLD CUP: Gabriel Torres scored two goals in the first half to help Panama beat 10-man Cuba 6-1 in the quarterfinals at Atlanta.
• Raul Jimenez scored in the 84th minute to lead Mexico to a 1-0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago in the second quarterfinal game at Atlanta. Mexico will face Panama in the semifinals on Wednesday in Dallas.
MLS: Jose Goncalves scored off a corner kick in the second minute of second-half stoppage time and Diego Fagundez added a goal two minutes later to give the visiting New England Revolution a 2-0 victory against the Columbus Crew.
NHL: The Winnipeg Jets signed defenseman Zach Redmond to a one-year, two-way contract worth $715,000.
Redmond, 24, had a goal and three assists in eight games with the Jets last season before suffering an injury when he was cut on the leg by a skate during practice.
OBITUARY: Former Tennessee women's basketball star Mary Ostrowski has died. She was 51.
Ostrowski, who ranks fifth in rebounds and 10th in points at Tennessee, was inducted into the Lady Vols Hall of Fame in 2006.
NEFL: Phil Warren rushed for 214 yards and two touchdowns to lead the Southern Maine Raging Bulls to a 20-6 win over the New Hampshire Wolfpack in their season opener at Deering High in Portland.
Quarterback Alexis Colon also scored a touchdown on a 1-yard run.
BEECH RIDGE: Mike Rowe of Turner won the NASCAR Nite Pro Series 40-lap feature event at Beech Ridge Motor Speedway in Scarborough, becoming the only driver to have repeat victories in the NASCAR Pro Series 2013 season.
In the other races, Doug Wolfe of Gorham won the Sport Series, Dan Bean of Alfred the Wildcat, and Travis Burrows of Brownfield won the Road Runners.
– From staff and news services


text: Headlines That Got More Attention Than They Deserved News & Features NPR · Dec 31, 2012 Listen Story audio 3min 43sec Copyright 2017 NPR. Stay Informed The news on your schedule from MPR News Update Email Address* Zip Code MPR News Update AM MPR News Update PM See our Privacy Policy. Must be age 13.


text:
|Thread Tools
|This thread is privately moderated by boredom.is.me, who may elect to delete unwanted replies.
Operation X-Craft: A Full Size Electric Hovercraft
The title pretty much sums it up. What I want to do is build a full size hovercraft.
Here is the main thread.
The objective is to build a hovercraft with the following requirements:
- must be able to carry me
- compact size with good looks
- easily controlled
- electric
- water and flotation capable
Must be able to carry me:
The thing about this is that I only weigh 125lbs. I would like to be able to carry 175lbs. Am I being unrealistic? (Don't answer that question, because wether you say yes or no, I will reach the 175lb mark and I will strive for 200lbs.)
Compact size with good looks:
This has to be relatively small for the reasons of cost and portability. Size is money, and everyone knows that that is true. I also don't want to have a special trailer. I would like to just turn it on its side (or just slant it), take the fan shroud off, and throw it in the back of a pickup truck. Of course the rear ened would be hanging off, but ropes and padding can handle that just fine.
I don't like sloppy work. I have done basic school projects till my hand bled from the amount of time I was putting pressure on my hand. I have replaced a partner's efforts with my work if it didn't meet my standards. I have even ticked off (in a good way) my friends when washing cars due to the time I spend just cleaning the rims alone.
Easily controllable:
I figured size would play a key role in maneuverability. To add to the small size, this craft will be extremely lightweight. It will have an all foam construction with a few ply reinforcements. I aslo hope than my fan selection will give me decent thrust.
If it wasn't electric, I wouldn't be posting this at all. This will look really good for college. I am 17 years old in twelfth grade and am getting my college stuff together. I would like to get in done in time for the science fair, which I think is at the end of March.
Water and Flotation capable:
I would like to take advantage of the bag skirt by having the capability to go on water. Things do go wrong though. In the event of a mishap, the foam construction and displacement of the hull should keep the hovercraft, the driver, and the driver's family up out of the water. That family part is just an expression, but you get what I mean.
The Hovercraft itself and List of Bills:
- the hovercraft hull
- the skirt material
- the electronics
- various hardware, such as nuts and bolts
The Hovercraft Hull:
The hull for the hovercraft will be made of foam. The foam of choice is what we all know as wallboard. It is the white isolating foam sheets that you find in hardware stores. The hull will be made of 1", 2", and 4" (if I can find) foam sheets. The base will be made of two sheets of 2" foam. Between them will be 4" spacers. These spacers will be responsible for creating and maintaining the strength of the hull. These spacers will also create the air chamber (lack of proper term). If you do not understand my description, you will see what I mean when I post the pictures. The style will come from the fairings. The fairings are not necessary for making the hovercraft work, so its strength doesn't have to be all that. They will be made of 1" foam. The fan shroud will also be made of 1" foam, but will have a 1" thick ring around the leading edge. The control vanes will be made of reinforced 1" foam.
1"x4'x8' Foam Sheet - Cost Each $12.57, Final Cost $?
2"x4'x8' Foam Sheet - Cost Each $21.97, Final Cost $43.94
If I can not find a 4" sheet, I'll have to get another 2" sheet.
The Skirt Material:
The common skirt material for hovercrafts is nylon. I want to use polyester, which is more resistant to damage. The skirt will be sealed all around. The skirt will rap around the air chamber. There will be no holes in the skirt.
I will need 8.52 yards.
$9.99 per yard, Final Cost $89.91
The Electronics:
I spent a few days looking over a very big list of components. I have settled on the batteries, motors, speed controllers, monitoring equipment, and more. My list is below.
Main Components
ZIPPY Flightmax 5800mah 6S1P 30C - Two of these will be paired in series to result in a 5800mah 12S1P 30C lipo.
Cost Each $68.58, Final Cost $137.16
Turnigy 80-100-A 180kv Brushless Outrunner
Cost $99.95
Turnigy 80-100-A 130kv Brushless Outrunner
Cost $100.33
Turnigy Sentilon100A HV 5-12S BESC (Ver4) - Two of these will be the driving forces behind the motors.
Cost Each $82.07, Final Cost $164.14
Control and Monitoring Components
Turnigy Servo Driver - One of these will control each ESC. I might use another as I am thinking about implementing a complete drive-by-wire setup.
Cost Each $8.95, Final Cost $17.90, Drive-by-Wire Cost $26.85
Turnigy S8166M Servo 154g / 33kg / .21sec - This would be the servo of choice for the drive-by-wire- setup.
Cost each $24.95, If I use two $49.90
Turnigy 6S Mini Lipo Battery Monitor
Cost Each $8.89, Final Cost $17.78
Turnigy Watt Meter and Power Analyzer
Cost Each $23.95, Final Cost $47.90
Turnigy BESC Programming Card
Cost $6.95
Reciever/System Switch
Charge Time and Discharge Currents:
So we know that the mAh of the 6 pack setup is 37,400mAh.
A x H = AH, where A=5
37.4 / 5 = 7.48
7 hrs, 28 min
where A=7
37.4 / 7 = 5.3428
5 hrs, 20 min, 34 sec
where A=10
37.4 / 7 = 3.74
3 hrs, 44 min, 24 sec
Max charge current: 74.8 amps
Continuous discharge current: 561 amps
Max burst discharge: 748 amps
I = 140a, but I will not be drawing that much per motor. ... 5.8ah battery
Please correct me if my math is wrong.
A x H = AH (capacity)
80(2) x H = 5.8
.03625 x 60 (min) = 2.175 minutes
That isn't much, but the batteries are not heavy, so I can always just add more at a cost of $137.16.
S = amount of battery pairs
137.16 x S = 2.175 x S = cost for a given time
Do I have the power?
I have plans for the power if things don't workout as planned. The 180kv motor puts out 7000W. That is equivalent to 9.387hp. But lets consider that as being optimistic and drop the hp down to 7. The remaining 2.387hp will be safety. Going off of that, There should be enough power to easily get the craft 6" off of the ground.
A UH-10F is around the same size, but has an 8" hover height and weighs 140-170lbs. Specs say a 8-15hp engine that weighs less than 65lbs. You also need fuel.
- The little motor I'm looking at only weighs 1570g which is 3.461lbs. Two of those make 7lbs.
-The batteries taken into consideration weigh 838 grams which is 1.847lbs. Six of those make 12lbs.
- The ESCs only weight 125g which is .276lbs. Two of those make .6lbs.
Note that I added to the weights when I made my estimate. This should accomidate for associated wiring.
So the entire motor and energy package only weighs 19.6lbs. Wow, that is an entire 50lbs less already! Total amp draw will be about 150-190 amps, maybe even less.
I am basing the power requirements off of the UH-10F.
UH-10F Specifications
Capacity - 1 Person
Payload - Up to 250 Lbs
Speed - 25 to 35 mph
Hover Height - 8 inches
Length - 10 ft
Width - 5 ft
Empty Weight - 140 to 170 Lbs
Flotation - 600 Lbs
Climb Gradient - 10 to 20%
Engine - 8-15 hp horizontal shaft (under 65 Lbs)
Construction Method - Foam and Plywood Composite
Construction Time - 40 to 100 hours
X-Craft Specifications
Capacity - 1 Person
Payload - striving for 175 Lbs
Speed - striving for 25 mph
Hover Height - 6 inches
Length - 8 ft without skirt, 9 ft 2 in with skirt
Width - 4 ft without skirt, 5 ft 2 in with skirt
Empty Weight - striving to keep it below 100 Lbs
Flotation - striving for 400 Lbs
Climb Gradient - IDK
Engine - Twin 7000W bl motors
Construction Method - Foam with Wood and Fiberglass Accessories
Construction Time - IDK
Last edited by boredom.is.me; Jan 20, 2011 at 08:04 PM.
I was actually still in highschool when I was building this. I ran out of $$$ near the end which sucked. I do plan on starting over in the future though. This is more than a project to me, and what you saw here would be nothing compared to what you will see later. I have learned so much more about everything in the past few years.
For starters, I'm most likely going to start with a solid block and throw it on a 5x12 cnc machine that a buddy uses for work.
|Thread Tools
|Similar Threads
|Thread Starter
|Last Post
|Operation X-Craft: A Full Size Electric Hovercraft (Mar 19th Update)
|RC Hovercraft
|Feb 06, 2013 10:31 PM
|JR X 347 Full house electric glider
|Graham 65
|Electric Sailplanes
|Nov 11, 2010 02:52 PM
|Looking for MG servo Size: 0.9 x 0.4 x 0.9" (22 x 11 x 22mm)
|High Performance
|Oct 09, 2010 11:06 PM
|Full size electric aircraft at EAA Fly-IN..time to start on a full size F-22;)
|Ed Waldrep
|Electric Ducted Fan Jet Talk
|Aug 05, 2008 07:53 PM
|For Sale
|Full size hovercraft for sale - trade
|Non R/C Items (FS/W)
|Jan 21, 2007 04:54 PM


text:
Offutt Article on Presidents Bush's Stop on Base
Expand Messages
- Group,
Here is an article from Omaha World Herald. Little bit on Pres.
Bush's movements around Offutt on September 11.
Mike Makar
Offutt exercise on Sept. 11 took real-life twist
When terrorists struck America on Sept. 11, U.S. bombers were sitting
gassed up on the ground, armed with nuclear weapons, as part of an
annual war exercise.
President Bush, center, conducts a video conference with members of
the National Security Council while at Offutt Air Force Base near
Bellevue on Sept. 11. Next to Bush at the table are White House Chief
of Staff Andrew Card, left, and Adm. Richard Mies.
The goal of the exercise: test the U.S. Strategic Command's ability
to fight a nuclear war.
One aspect of the exercise, called Global Guardian, involved loading
nuclear weapons onto airplanes. The airplanes did not, however, take
off with the weapons onboard, according to briefers at the Strategic
Command's headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base near Bellevue.
Global Guardian is one of many "practice Armageddons," as they
sometimes are called, that the U.S. military stages to test its
readiness. That the exercise was, according to briefers, "in full
swing" at the time the United States came under attack is at least an
odd coincidence.
After keeping details of the day quiet for months, StratCom briefers
last week provided members of the news media with information about
the goings-on in the command headquarters that day.
Another part of the Global Guardian exercise put three military
command aircraft packed with sophisticated communications equipment
in the air.
The three E-4B National Airborne Operations Center planes,
nicknamed "Doomsday" planes during the Cold War, are based at Offutt.
The airplanes give top government officials alternative command posts
from which to direct U.S. forces, execute war orders and coordinate
actions by civil authorities in times of national emergency.
Aboard one of the three planes was the Federal Advisory Committee,
whose chairman is retired Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft. The plane had
been dispatched to bring committee members to Offutt to observe
Global Guardian.
Military authorities canceled the exercise after the attacks on the
World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon, but all three of the E-
4Bs remained in the air.
The attacks on that Tuesday morning occurred as a tour group was
preparing to visit StratCom's underground command center, Offutt
briefers said.
The visitors were in town for the ninth annual Buffett Classic golf
tournament, scheduled to get under way that day. The event raises
money for children's charities and attracts high-powered business and
news media people from around the country.
Some of the visitors already were at StratCom, having breakfast with
then-commander in chief Adm. Richard Mies.
The group was scheduled to tour the center and receive an
unclassified mission briefing.
When the plane hit the second World Trade Center tower, Mies had to
excuse himself from the group.
Staff members had left the command center in anticipation of the tour
group's visit. When the tour was canceled, the battle staff
reconvened in the center.
Base security went to its highest level.
All eight giant video screens in the command center were loaded up
with data, providing Mies the latest information on the unfolding
drama as well as information on the status of America's strategic
forces involved in the exercise.
Although StratCom staff received word earlier in the day that
President Bush might come to Offutt during the crisis, actual
confirmation came only 20 minutes before his arrival, briefers said.
The president first spent about 20 minutes in the command center,
where StratCom staff used the video screens to bring him up to date
on the attacks and their aftermath.
StratCom briefers described Bush as "very collected" and concerned
during the briefing.
Then Bush went to another room in the headquarters, the Joint
Intelligence Center, where he conducted a multichannel video
conference with members of the National Security Council.
StratCom briefers declined to comment further on the president's
The Washington Post produced the following account of Bush's time at
Offutt based on interviews with the president, his top aides and
other government officials:
Shortly after arriving at Offutt at 1:50 p.m., Bush told his highest-
ranking Secret Service agent that he wanted to return to Washington
as soon as possible.
As Bush arrived in the command center, staff there were tracking a
commercial airliner on its way from Spain to the United States. It
was giving out an emergency signal, indicating that it might have
been hijacked.
Bush remembered a voice booming out from a loudspeaker. "Do we have
permission to shoot down this aircraft?"
"Make sure you've got the ID," the president responded. "You follow
this guy closely to make sure."
It was a false alarm.
At 2:30 p.m., Bush convened the National Security Council via secure
video links from various command centers in Washington.
During the meeting, CIA Director George Tenet reported that he was
virtually certain that Osama bin Laden and his network were behind
the attacks.
Tenet said al-Qaida was the only terrorist organization in the world
that had the capability to pull off such well-coordinated attacks.
Intelligence monitoring, he said, had overheard a number of known bin
Laden operatives congratulating each other after the strikes.
The council discussed whether it was safe for Bush to return to
Washington and if banks, airlines and the Pentagon should continue
business as usual the next day.
As the meeting was ending, Bush said: "We will find these people.
They will pay. And I don't want you to have any doubt about it."
He boarded Air Force One, and it took off from Offutt at 3:36 p.m.
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
Subscribe To Topics You're Interested In
I've already subscribed
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey made $85 million over the weekend in North America, and another $138 million overseas, which is an enormous sum of money by any measure. But is it possible it's not actually enough?
That's the idea being posited in a handful of morning-after write-ups today, as industry insiders look at The Hobbit's performance compared to both the Lord of the Rings franchise and other modern blockbusters, and find it coming up a bit short. For example, at The Los Angeles Times, they report that pre-release estimates suggested The Hobbit could make as much as $120 million on opening weekend in North America, given the surcharges for 3D and the excitement around 48 fps. $85 million is a lot, but it's nowhere close to that. And at Vulture it's right there in their headline: "Why Didn't The Hobbit Make More Money?" Looking at the estimated $300 million it cost to make the film, plus untold millions more in marketing, it's going to take a while for The Hobbit to find its way in the black. The easy comparison is Peter Jackson's own King Kong, which made $550 million worldwide and, as one of Vulture's sources argues, still didn't make money.
At the same time, there are several weeks of holidays left to go, and there's nothing else on the scale of The Hobbit opening that should appeal to such a wide range of audiences. There's plenty of time left for the film to become a bona fide hit, and with two more Hobbit movies to come, the franchise ought to only get more successful as it goes. It seems insane to be wondering if $85 million is enough for a film to make in its opening weekend, but that's just an indication of the scale on which most major would-be blockbusters operate-- and just how hard studios have to work to get absolutely everybody to come see it. A ton of people have already seen The Hobbit, but somehow, even that might not be enough.
Subscribe To Topics You're Interested In


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for The Gow School, South Wales, NY, USA
When our local school system didn't know what to do with our two sons, I had to quickly find other schooling for them. I wanted them to develop skills in reading and writing. Our school system wanted to give them spell checkers and speech programs. I found out about The Gow School from a local parent whose son attended the school. She told me of how her son went into his interview with his head hung low and walked out at Graduation with his head held high and college in his future. I wanted that for my sons. Two of my sons attended The Gow School's College Prepatory program...for three and four years respectively. I have nothing but positive things to say about what The Gow School did for my sons. They benefited greatly from being in a community of like-learners. They no longer felt like the odd men out...just unique and different but nonetheless learners. The comraderie between students of many states and countries was evident from their first days. The techniques used were what my sons needed to grow and prosper as students. It changed their lives when our local schools just didn't know what to do. Best money we ever spent.
More Feedback
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
seeing that my sons can read and write.
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
provided serves to even younger children. Long summer sessions for those that cannot attend for the school year.
How would you describe the help you got from this organization?
How likely are you to recommend this organization to a friend?
How do you feel you were treated by this organization?
Very Well


text:
Latest NEWS
The National Salvation Front at a press conference - Ahmed Hamed/Aswat Masriya
Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi declared a 30-day state of emergency in three cities along the Suez Canal, including a curfew from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m., following violent clashes that left over 40 people dead.
He has also called the leaders of the opposition for a national dialogue to discuss the current situation and develop a mechanism for dialogue.
The following are the reactions of the political opposition:-
The National Salvation Front said that the decision is disappointing as it ignored the reality as usual. The Front added that if the president had really wanted to protect the lives of Egyptians, he would have instructed his government to take strict security measures in the city of Port Said before the verdict which instigated such deadly reactions.
The Popular Current said that the dialogue is unacceptable as the decision came as a collective punishment against the people in the cities of the Canal. Adding that "we refuse dialogue with the continuing bloodshed, crimes against protesters and the ongoing disregard for the legitimate demands of the Egyptian people."
The Dostour Party, founded by Mohamed ElBaradei, said that any dialogue would be a a waste of time since the president did not take responsibility for the bloody events or pledge to form a national salvation government and a new committee to amend the constitution.
The Revolutionary Socialists commented that Mursi declared war on all Egyptians and his speech is an incitement to murder, saying, "How can we hold dialogue with a regime that kills people and threatens that the worst is yet to come?"
The Egyptian Mo'tamar Party did not comment on Mursi's speech, but stressed on the need to "stop non-productive dialogues" and renewed its call for the formation of a national coalition government.


text:
Fujifilm has been fleshing out their X Series range of mirrorless cameras with the new addition of the X-T1. It boasts the world's highest viewfinder magnification ratio of 0.77x, allowing you to see the maximum view of the picture you are taking, as well as the world's fastest display with a lag-time of just 0.005 seconds – less than a tenth of conventional cameras. Housed in an SLR-style body, the X-T1 offers a 16.3 megapixel X-Trans CMOS II Sensor, EXR Processor II, built-in Wi-Fi, and full HD video recording. The camera will set you back $1,299 for the body only, and $1,699 in a kit with an 18-55mm F2.8-4.0 lens.
Fujifilm Adds X-T1 Camera to X Series
Highsnobiety Design


text:
The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company , a subsidiary of Manulife Financial Corporation (MFC - Free Report) proposed to issue subordinated debentures worth $504.5 (C$500) million. The debentures will bear a fixed/floating interest of 4.165% maturing on June 1, 2022.
For the first five years, the debenture will carry interest at a fixed rate of 4.165% and then at a rate of 2.45% over the three-month CDOR. The company intends to deploy the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.
At the end of the 2011, the company had $5.395 (C$5.503) billion in debt balance, lower than the year-ago level of $5.840 (C$5.841) billion. During 2011, the company's interest expense, at $291 (C$288) million, was higher than $265 (C$273) million in the prior year.
The debt to capital ratio at 2011 end was 18.5%, lower than 19.5% at 2010 end. With this note offering, the debt level of the company will rise and the debt to capital ratio will increase by 120 basis points. The company will also have to incur a higher interest expense to service the debt.
During the fourth quarter, the company posted a net loss of $69.8 million, in contract with net profit of $1.8 billion in the prior-year quarter due to weaker insurance sales and a big write-down at its U.S. operation.
Manulife has achieved a great deal during the year in reducing potential equity markets and interest rates risk exposures along with minimizing existing risks. The company also made significant progress in diversifying its businesses, achieving growth in targeted areas and cultivating new revenue streams. However, Manulife's capital position has suffered given the decline in the global equity markets and low bond yields.
We thus retain our Neutral recommendation on Manulife Financial. The quantitative Zacks #3 Rank (short-term Hold rating) for the company indicates no clear directional pressure on the stock over the near term.
Headquartered in Toronto, Canada, Manulife Financial through its subsidiaries operates as a life insurance company. It also offers reinsurance services. The company operates as Manulife Financial in Canada and Asia and primarily as John Hancock in the United States.


text:
Choo stays aggressive in leadoff spot
Choo stays aggressive in leadoff spot
Choo grounded out three times on Saturday, and hit a scorching liner to Cardinals third baseman David Freese in his final at-bat. Choo hit the ball hard in each at-bat, but just couldn't find the holes.
"Last two days I haven't been on base much, but that happens in baseball. Today's a new day," Choo said before Sunday's game. "That last at-bat, that's just baseball. I hit it, [Freese] already caught the ball."
Choo was aggressive in four plate appearances against Cardinals starter Kyle Lohse, swinging at the first pitch in two of those at-bats. The 29-year-old Choo is batting .423 (11-for-26) this season when swinging at the first pitch, and just .095 (2-for-21) when he falls behind 0-2 in counts.
"We don't want to miss the fastball," Choo said. "Lots of out pitches, changeups, sliders [later in the count]... you don't want to see, so that's what I do."


text:
ISRN Analytical Chemistry
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 913765, 10 pages
Development and Validation of a Stability Indicating RP-UPLC Method for Analysis of Imipramine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals
Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
Received 27 May 2013; Accepted 15 July 2013
Academic Editors: R. N. Rao and A. Tsantili-Kakoulidou
Copyright © 2013 H. N. Deepakumari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The objective of the current study was the development of a simple, rapid, and accurate isocratic reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-UPLC) method for the routine control analysis of imipramine hydrochloride (IMH) in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations. This work was carried out in order to reduce analysis time and maintaining good efficiency which in turn is focused on high-speed chromatographic separations. The method was developed using Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer of pH-5 (80 : 20, v/v/v). UV detection was performed at 220 nm for eluted compound. An excellent linearity was observed in the concentration range 0.2–3 µg/mL IMH with a regression coefficient () value of 0.9999. The method developed was validated and forced degradation was performed as per ICH guidelines. The limit of detection () was 0.2532 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation () was found to be 0.7672 ng/mL. The drug IMH was subjected to hydrolytic, acidic, basic, thermal, photolytic, and oxidative stress conditions according to ICH regulations. IMH was found to be stable in basic, thermal, and photolytic conditions and degrades in acidic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions.
1. Introduction
Imipramine hydrochloride (IMH) is a tricyclic antidepressant. It is a dibenzazepine derivative and chemically IMH is 3-(10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-5-yl) propyldimethylamine hydrochloride (Figure 1). IMH is commonly used to treat the depressive disorders owing to their efficiency in elevating the mood of patients by interfering to the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin [1]. The drug is official in European Pharmacopoeia [2].
The literature on the methods for the determination of IMH is vast. Several analytical methods have been reported for the determination of IMH in biological fluids and/or pharmaceutical formulations. These include chromatographic techniques like HPLC [3–9], TLC [10], GC [11–14], LC with direct injection and electrochemical detection [15], adsorptive stripping voltammetry [16], chemometric methods [17], flow-injection extraction spectrophotometry [18], derivative spectrophotometry [19, 20], and visible spectrophotometry [20–24].
Many of the reported methods for the determination of imipramine suffer from one or the other disadvantages like time consuming and require expensive experimental setup [11–14], and chemometric methods are less sensitive [17]. Besides, the reported spectrophotometric methods are less sensitive [18–24] and require extraction procedures [23] and costly chromogenic reagent [24] (Table 1). Considering these demerits, there was a need to develop a more advantageous chromatographic method for the determination of IMH in bulk sample and in tablets.
To our present knowledge, no validated stability indicating UPLC assay method for the determination of IMH in pharmaceutical formulation was available in the literature. Though the numbers of liquid [3–9], thin layer [10], gas chromatographic methods [11–14], and LC with direct injection and electrochemical detection [15] have been reported earlier for IMH, no attempt has been made to apply this new type of ultra performance liquid chromatography for its determination in pharmaceuticals.
The present work deals with a stability-indicating RP-UPLC method for the quantitative determination of imipramine HCl in bulk and in tablets. This method was successfully validated according to the International Conference Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [25].
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
Pharmaceutical grade IMH (purity ≥ 98.9%) was supplied by Cipla India Ltd., Mumbai, India, as a gift sample and was used as received. Pharmaceutical formulations of IMH such as imipramine (Sun) and Depranil (La Pharma) samples were purchased from local markets. HPLC grade acetonitrile was purchased from RCl Labscan, Hyderabad, India. Water HPLC grade was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system, Bedford, USA. Analytical grade ammonium acetate and 80% phosphoric acid were obtained from Ranbaxy Fine Chemicals, New Delhi, India.
2.2. Buffer Preparation
Solution of ammonium acetate (0.08 M) was prepared by dissolving 0.6167 g of ammonium acetate in one litre of water. The pH of this solution was adjusted to 5.0 with phosphoric acid. The buffer solution was found stable with respect to pH and visual clarity for 48 h.
2.3. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Conditions
UPLC analysis was carried out on a Waters Acquity UPLC system (Waters, Manchester, UK). The output signal was monitored and processed using Empower-2 software. The chromatographic column used was Acquity BEH column (C-18 100 mm, 2.1 mm, and 1.7 μm; Waters, Manchester, UK) equipped with binary solvent delivery pump, autosampler, and tunable UV (TUV) detector. The solvent contains a mixture of 0.08 M ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 20 : 80 (v/v/v). Total cycle time was 6 min with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and an injection volume of 2 μL using partial loop mode. The isocratic flow rate of mobile phase was maintained at 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was adjusted to 25°C. The sample run was monitored at 220 nm and the run time was 6.0 min. The retention time of the sample was observed at about 2.0 min.
2.4. Preparation of Stock Solution
A stock standard solution equivalent to 100 μg/mL of IMH was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed 10 mg of pure IMH in a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted to mark with the mobile phase and filtered through a 0.22 μm nylon membrane filter. Working solutions were prepared as required by dilution with the same solvent and the solution obtained was analyzed by UPLC.
2.5. Preparation of Sample Solution
For the preparation of IMH solution, IMH tablet samples such as imipramine and Depranil were purchased from local markets. 10 mg of finely pulverized tablets was accurately weighed and transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask. To this 20 mL of mobile phase acetonitrile, ammonium acetate buffer, (80 : 20, v/v) was added and the mixture was sonicated, and the volume was diluted to the mark with mobile phase to yield a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Working solutions were prepared as required by dilution with the same solvent and the samples were filtered through a 0.22 μm nylon membrane filter prior to the injection into UPLC system.
2.6. Stress Studies
Forced degradation studies were carried out for imipramine to provide an indication of the stability indicating property and specificity of the proposed method. Forced degradation of drug substances was carried out under acidic, basic, neutral, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal stress conditions.
2.6.1. Acid Hydrolysis
For acid decomposition studies, IMH bulk sample was dissolved in 0.1 M HCl at a concentration of 1 μg/mL and the solution was heated at 80°C for a period of 6 h. Before carrying out the UPLC analysis, samples were suitably diluted and neutralized with 0.1 N NaOH.
2.6.2. Base Hydrolysis
The studies in alkaline conditions were done in 0.1 M NaOH at a concentration of 1 μg/mL and the solution was heated at 80°C for a period of 6 h. Before carrying out the UPLC analysis, samples were suitably diluted and neutralized with 0.1 N HCl.
2.6.3. Oxidation
Hydrogen peroxide was utilized for the oxidative degradation study. The drug substance was treated with 5% hydrogen peroxide solution at 80°C for a period of 6 h.
2.6.4. Thermal Degradation Studies
To investigate the susceptibility of the drug under thermal stress conditions, the drug was spread in a borosilicate glass petri dish and placed in the hot-air oven maintained at 80°C for 24 h.
2.6.5. Photolytic Degradation Studies
Photodegradation studies were carried out by exposing the drug in solution (1 μg/mL) and solid state (powder) drug in a photostability chamber for 10 days. The samples of both solution and powder were kept in parallel in darkness (wrapped) for the same period. Samples were withdrawn after 24 h and analyzed.
2.7. Method Validation
2.7.1. Linearity and Range
To establish linearity, eight point calibration standards of the following concentrations 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 μg/mL were prepared; three independent determinations were performed at each concentration. Aliquots of 2.0 μL were injected in triplicate (six injections) and eluted with the mobile phase under the reported chromatographic conditions. Calibration curve was constructed by plotting the concentration of IMH versus corresponding mean peak area. The correlation coefficient (), slope (), and intercept () of the calibration curve were calculated.
2.7.2. Accuracy
Accuracy was evaluated as percentage relative error (% RE) between the measured mean concentrations and taken concentrations. Pure IMH solutions at three different concentrations were analyzed in six replicates during the same day (intraday) and on three different days (interday).
Further the accuracy of the proposed method is confirmed by performing recovery experiments by standard addition technique. The accuracy of the method for IMH was evaluated in triplicate () by adding three concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/mL (50%, 100%, and 150%) of the pure drug to the preanalyzed formulations and the recovery was calculated.
2.7.3. Precision
The precision of the method was determined using six independent test solutions. Inter- and intraday variation and analyst variation were studied to determine the intermediate precision of the proposed method. Six injections of three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μg/mL) were given on the same day (intraday) and the values of relative standard deviation (RSD) were calculated to determine intraday precision. The same protocol was followed for three different days to study interday variation ().
2.7.4. Sensitivity
Sensitivity of the method was proved by establishing the limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for IMH in pure and in dosage forms. The LOD and LOQ for IMH were determined at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 : 1 and 10 : 1, respectively, by injecting a series of dilute solutions with known concentrations. Precision study was also carried out at the LOQ level by injecting six () individual preparations and calculating the % RSD for the obtained peak area for IMH.
2.7.5. Robustness and Ruggedness
The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage. The factors chosen for this study which were critical sources of variability in the operating procedures such as mobile phase pH (±0.5), temperature of the column (±5°C), flow rate (±0.05 mL/min), mobile phase composition (70 : 30, 75 : 25, and 85 : 15; buffer : solvent, v/v), and detection wavelength (220 ± 2 nm) were the varied parameters. To determine the ruggedness of the method, three different columns of the same dimensions were used for the analyses. The study was performed in the same day and three different days by three different analysts for three different concentrations of IMH (triplicate injections).
2.7.6. Stability of Solution and Mobile Phase
Stability of IMH working solution was established by storage of sample solution at ambient temperature for 24 h. Sample solution was reanalyzed after 24 h and assay was determined and compared against fresh sample. The mobile phase study was demonstrated by injecting the freshly prepared sample solution at different time intervals (0, 12, and 24 hours) and RSD values of the peak areas were calculated.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Method Development and Optimization
The UPLC procedure was optimized with a view to developing a method for stability-indicating assay. In order to get good chromatographic results and better retention times, the parameters such as mobile phase composition, column, column temperature, wavelength of detection, pH of mobile phase, and diluents were optimized. The chromatographic conditions, especially the composition of mobile phase, could affect the separation. Therefore, the optimization of mobile phase components was critical. Of the several solvents and solvent mixtures investigated acetonitrile, and ammonium acetate buffer of pH-5 (80 : 20, v/v) was found to produce fine sharp, well-defined peaks with very good separation and low retention time (2.0 min). Alternative combinations of gradient and isocratic methods were also performed to obtain a suitable peak. Finally, the isocratic method was found to be suitable for the assay.
The chromatographic separation was achieved on Acquity BEH C18, 100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm column maintained at ambient temperature. The feasibility of various mixture(s) of solvents such as acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer with pH of 5, along with flow rates 0.3 mL/min, was tested for complete chromatographic resolution of the IMH. Using the mentioned chromatographic conditions, well-resolved sharp peak was obtained at retention time of 2 min for IMH.
Attempts were made with gradient elution with solvent (ammonium acetate buffer, acetonitrile, and methanol) using phenyl 50 mm × 2.1 mm, 2 μm, column. However, in the above column and intended experimental conditions, columns ended with inconsistent retention time and peak fronting. The peak eluted before 1.5 minutes with a tailing factor of 2, when Acquity BEH C18, 100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm column was used for the elution. However, verified other buffer solutions like (citric acid/sodium citrate; sodium acetate/acetic acid; disodium hydrogen phthalate/sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate); column oven temperature is also studied at room temperature 25°C; in view of possible interference study, attempts were also made by adjusting the mobile phase flow rate. However, no significant impact is observed on the critical chromatographic parameters. Use of ion pair reagents also did not yield the expected peak. At 80 : 20 ratio of the mobile phase in the linear gradient program, a perfect peak was eluted. Thus, the mobile phase ratio was fixed at 80 : 20 (acetonitrile : buffer) in an isocratic mobile phase flow rate. The typical chromatograms obtained for blank and pure IMHs from final UPLC conditions are depicted in Figure 2.
3.2. Method Validation
The proposed method was validated for system suitability, linearity, LOD, LOQ, inter- and intraday accuracies and precisions, robustness, ruggedness, selectivity, and recovery for the assay of IMH by UPLC according to the ICH guidelines [26].
3.2.1. System Suitability
System-suitability tests are an integral part of method development and are used to ensure adequate performance of the chromatographic system. Choice of retention time (Rt), tailing factor (), theoretical plates (), and capacity factor () was the major task while developing the method and was evaluated for six replicate injections of the drug at a concentration of 1 μg/mL. The results presented in Table 2 are within the acceptable limits.
3.2.2. Linearity and Limit of Detection and Quantitation
For IMH, a linear calibration curve was obtained ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 μg/mL. The slope, intercept, correlation coefficient (), standard deviation of slope, and intercept were calculated from linear regression analysis. The correlation coefficient is greater than 0.999. LOD, LOQ, and characteristic parameters for regression equation observed during the course of validation are given in Table 3. The calibration curve for the proposed method is given in Figure 3.
3.2.3. Accuracy
The accuracy of the assay method was evaluated in triplicate at three concentration levels in bulk drug sample. The peak-area-based and retention-time-based relative error values were <1%. The result obtained for the evaluation of accuracy of the method is shown in Table 4.
3.2.4. Precision
The precision of the assay method was evaluated by carrying out five independent assays. The % RSD of assay of IMH determination was within the acceptable limit of 1%. Intraday precision of the proposed method was evaluated by assaying freshly prepared solutions in triplicates at three different concentrations. Interday precision was evaluated by using freshly prepared solution in triplicates on three different days. These results are summarized in Table 5.
3.2.5. Robustness and Ruggedness
The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations of the analytical conditions. In all the deliberately varied chromatographic conditions (flow rate, column temperature, mobile phase composition, and pH variation), all of the analyte peaks were adequately resolved, and the order elution remained unchanged which indicates that the method is robust. In method ruggedness, different columns (same lot), at different days by different analysts, were performed. The results obtained are shown in Tables 6 and 7.
3.2.6. Solution Stability and Mobile Phase Stability
No significant change in the chromatographic parameters was observed during the solution stability study. At the specified time interval, the RSD (%) values for the IMH assay during solution stability and mobile phase stability experiments were within 1%. Stability of sample solution was established by storage of sample solution at ambient temperature (25°C) for 24 h. Sample solution was reanalyzed after 12 and 24 h time intervals. The results from the solution stability and mobile phase stability experiments confirmed that the standard solutions of drug and solutions in the mobile phase were stable at ambient temperature up to 24 h during the assay. The results in Table 6 show no appreciable change in its system suitability criteria.
3.2.7. Degradation Results
Stress testing provides evidence on how the quality of a drug may be affected under the influence of different stress conditions. All forced degradation samples were analyzed at 100 μg/mL concentration level. The method was capable of separating degradation products in the presence of IMH; well-separated analyte and degradation peaks were obtained after all degradation experiments. Acidic and basic stress led to 19.98 and 10.55% degradation, respectively. About 13.13% degradation was observed under oxidative stress conditions (5% H2O2), while degradation was not observed in IMH samples under stress conditions like neutral and photolytic stress conditions. IMH was also observed to be thermally stable, and no decomposition was seen on exposure of solid drug powder to dry heat at 80°C or on expose to moist heat conditions (Figure 4). The drug was found to be sensitive to acid, base, and oxidative hydrolysis. IMH was found to be more stable under neutral, photolytic (photostability chamber for 10 days), and thermal (80°C for 24 h) solid state conditions. This forced degradation studies show that the method enables selective and specific differentiation of the degradation peaks from the analyte peak (Figure 4). Results from forced degradation studies are presented in Table 8.
3.2.8. Selectivity of the Method
Selectivity is the ability of the method to assess obviously the analyte in the presence of components, which may be expected to be present. Typically, these might include degradants, matrix, and so forth. Method selectivity was evaluated by injecting the mobile phase, placebo blank, pure drug solution, and tablet extract. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) demonstrate the selectivity experiments with the chromatograms of tablet extracts. No peaks were observed for mobile phase and placebo blank, and no extra peaks were observed for tablet extracts.
3.2.9. Application of the Method to Dosage Forms
The present method was applied for the estimation of drugs and common excipients in the commercially available various dosage forms. A 1 μg/mL solution of tablets was prepared as per "preparation of sample solution" and injected in triplicate to the UPLC system. The validity of the proposed method was ascertained by the statistical comparison of the results obtained by the reported HPLC method [4] with the proposed method by applying Student's t-test for accuracy and F-test for precision in some commercial formulations. The results obtained are as shown in Table 9, and the t- and F-values at 95% confidence level did not exceed the tabulated values and this further confirms that there is no significant difference between the reference and proposed methods with respect to accuracy and precision.
3.2.10. Recovery Study
The accuracy of the proposed method was further ascertained by performing recovery studies via standard addition technique. The sample is analysed for the analyte of interest by adding a specified amount of pure IMH to the sample, thus increasing its concentration. The solutions were prepared by spiking preanalyzed tablet with pure drug at three different levels and injected to chromatographic column. The recovery of the known amount of added analyte was computed. The percentage recovery of IMH from pharmaceutical dosage forms ranged from 99.33 to 101.06%. The results presented in Table 10 reveal good accuracy of the proposed method.
4. Conclusions
The rapid isocratic RP-UPLC method developed for quantitative analysis of IMH in pharmaceutical dosage forms is precise, accurate, linear, robust, and specific. This newly developed UPLC method for IMH assay determination was found to be capable of giving faster retention times, maintaining good resolution; the method was completely showing satisfactory data for all the parameters tested. This method gives excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, speed, and especially concerning in the decrease of time and solvent consumption when compared to most of the reported chromatography/spectrophotometric methods (Table 1). Stress testing is an important aspect of the drug development process. The results of stress testing were undertaken according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines reveal that it is a stability indicating method suitable for rapid analysis of imipramine hydrochloride in bulk drug and in dosage forms. Hence, the method developed is recommended for the routine studies in the industries.
The authors are grateful to Cipla Ltd. India, for the generous supply of pure drug sample. One of the authors, H. N. Deepakumari, is thankful to the University of Mysore, Mysore, India, for providing the necessary facilities.
- J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molonoff, R. W. R. Ruddon, and A. G. Gilman, Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 1996.
- European Pharmacopoeia, vol. 5, p. 1792, 2005.
- S. K. Patel and N. J. Patel, "Simultaneous determination of imipramine hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide in pharmaceutical preparations by spectrophotometric, rp-hplc, and hptlc methods," Journal of AOAC International, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 904–910, 2010. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Choudhury, A. Ghosh, J. Deb, and A. Bagchi, "Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method and method validation of imipramine by using single mobile phase," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, vol. 4, p. 54, 2010. View at Google Scholar
- T. B. Zeugin, K. Brosen, and U. A. Meyer, "Determination of imipramine and seven of its metabolites in human liver microsomes by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method," Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 99–102, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Pommier, A. Sioufi, and J. Godbillon, "Simultaneous determination of imipramine and its metabolite desipramine in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography with mass-selective detection," Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 703, no. 1-2, pp. 147–155, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. F. Suckow and T. B. Cooper, "Simultaneous determination of imipramine, desipramine, and their 2-hydroxy metabolites in plasma by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 257–261, 1981. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Koyama, Y. Kikuchi, H. Echizen, K. Chiba, and T. Ishizaki, "Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection determination of imipramine, desipramine, their 2-hydroxylated metabolites, and imipramine N-oxide in human plasma and urine: preliminary application to oxidation pharmacogenetics," Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 224–235, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. A. Heck, N. W. Flynn, and S. E. Buttrill Jr., "Determination of imipramine in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography and field ionization mass spectrometry: increased sensitivity in comparison with gas chromatography mass spectrometry," Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 250–257, 1978. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Sistovaris, E. E. Dagrosa, and A. Keller, "Thin-layer chromatographic determination of imipramine and desipramine in human plasma and urine at single-dose levels," Journal of Chromatography, vol. 277, pp. 273–281, 1983. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. B. Cooper, D. Allen, and G. M. Simpson, "A sensitive GLC method for the determination of imipramine and desmethylimipramine using a nitrogen detector," Psychopharmacology Communications, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 445–454, 1975. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Alkalay, J. Volk, and S. Carlsen, "A sensitive method for the simultaneous determination in biological fluids of imipramine and desipra mine or clomipramine and N-desmethylclomipramine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry," Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 200–204, 1979. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. A. Breutzmann and L. D. Bowers, "Reversed-phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass fragmentography compared for determination of tricyclic antidepressant drugs," Clinical Chemistry, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1907–1911, 1981. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. B. Puranik, V. R. Pawar, N. Lalitha, P. N. Sanjay Pai, and G. K. Rao, "Residual solvent analysis in hydrochloride salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients," Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 410–414, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Bose, A. Martinavarro-Domínguez, M. Gil-Agustí et al., "Therapeutic monitoring of imipramine and desipramine by micellar liquid chromatography with direct injection and electrochemical detection," Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 343–349, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. G. Díaz, M. I. Acedo-Valenzuela, N. M. Diez, and A. S. Rodríguez, "Simultaneous differential pulse adsorptive stripping determination of imipramine and its metabolite desipramine by the PLS-1 multivariate method," Electroanalysis, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 449–455, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. K. Markopoulou, E. T. Malliou, and J. E. Koundourellis, "Application of two chemometric methods for the determination of imipramine, amitriptyline and perphenazine in content uniformity and drug dissolution studies," Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 249–258, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. P. Ruiz, C. M. Lozano, A. Sanz, and C. Alonso, "Flow-injection extraction-spectrophotometric determination of imipramine in pharmaceuticals with methyl orange," Talanta, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1523–1527, 1994. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. M. Garcia Fraga, A. I. Jimenez Abizanda, F. Jimenez Moreno, and J. J. Arias Leon, "Simultaneous determination of imipramine and amitryptiline by derivative spectrophotometry," Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 109–115, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. A. El Zeany, A. A. Moustafa, and N. F. Farid, "Determination of imipramine in presence of iminodibenzyl and in pharmaceutical dosage form," Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 775–782, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. A. El-Yazbi, M. A. Korany, and M. Bedair, "A sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of imipramine hydrochloride and desipramine hydrochloride," Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 373–377, 1985. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Starczewska, "Spectrophotometric studies and application of imipramine-eriochrome cyanine R system for determination of imipramine in pharmaceuticals," Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 23, no. 2-3, pp. 383–386, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. N. Reddy, C. Ramesh, T. V. Narayana, K. V. S. P. Rao, and B. G. Rao, "Development of ion-association methods for spectrophotometric assay of imipramine hydrochloride," International Journal of Chemical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 457–464, 2011. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. D. Revanasiddappa and B. Manju, "Spectrophotometric determination of some antidepressant drugs using 3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-one hydrazone," European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 221–225, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- ICH Q1A (R2), "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products, 2003," ICH Q2, (R1), Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology, 2005.
- T. Q. B. ICH, Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology (CPMP/ICH/281/95). Step 4. Consensus Guideline, The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, London, UK, 1996.


text: Yes they do - depending on the length of cruise and cabin category you pick, the on board credit is very good. We got $300 per person for booking a 14 night trip in a balcony cabin grade. They also offer a low deposit and you can transfer the booking to take advantage of your travel agent's additional offers.


text:
Lost Odyssey
- Boards
- Lost Odyssey
- How much does Gamestop acutally give you for trade ins?
BlOoDyDeAtH360 9 years ago#21
geofshaka posted...
i dont put $5 down a game i always put more like 15 or so, and i always pre-order games i want i rarely ever dont pre-order a game i want to buy. and in terms of game selection they dont have nearly as many games as gamestop. gaecrazy has one lil section for games and its always full of the newest games, gamestop has almost a whole half a wall full of xbox 360 games. and like i said i never buy used, if i did then gamecrazy would have alot more game but i always buy brand new and if there's an old game i want to get, then 9.5 times outta 10 i wont be able to at gamecrazy to get it because it isnt relatively new. and like i said, at gamecrazy they only let you put $5 down and that it, as far as i know you cant pay off a game before it comes out like you can at gamestop. and yeah they do give you less money but gamestop usually has real good promotions going that could additionally get you more then gamecrazy would. but i do agree that they do overall give more at gamecrazy. i remember once i went to trade in Prey, chromehounds and superman and would have gotten like $18 at gamestop but since they diddnt have the game in yet that i was going to get (Tenchu Z) i called gamecrazy and they had it so i went over there and got $32 for the exact 3 same games.
in the terms of BRAND NEW games gamestop does have more because they dont just toss out old games like game crazy does. game crazy generally only has the newer games brand new in stock. and again i never buy used, i think its a waste because 9 times out of 10 the used price is only $3 to $5 cheaper then a new copy, so might as we'll buy it brand new. maybe its just the game crazy's here but they are really small and dont have enough space to have as many games as gamestop does that are brand new.
also, gamecrazy only gets enough copy's in for there pre-order's (i was told this by a gamecrazy employee) but sometimes they will still sell them and someone that had the game pre-ordered dosnt get there copy (they rarely ever get more copies then they have pre-order though it does sometime's happen) like with GRAW i went there and the guy said he only had enough copies for pre-order's so we asked if he could call the other gamecrazy and he said that if i really want a game that that he would sell me one.
also, can anyone confirm that blockbuster will give you cash for games? ive only ever herd of them credtiting your account towards future rentals but i hardly ever go there because they completely blow when it comes to rentals...they tryed to charge me a late fee on a game that i had returned 4 days before it was due...i went back like the day after it was due and they asked if i had returned the game...which is pretty weak, plus they want all rentals but back by 6PM hollywood wants them back by midnight which reminded me why i hated going there and why i havnt been there for 5 years or so, they completely suck. and no the block buster here dosnt have the "no late fees" thing lol
It is possible that some gamecrazy's are big enough to keep older games in stock brand new (i assume all the ones ive been in are really small and dont have nearly as many games BRAND NEW as gamestop does) but the ones here and around my town are too small to which is another reason why i prefer gamestop over them. that and there $5 only on reservations thing, i like to pay off games before they come out. if you do that over at gamestop then you dont even pay tax (least i havnt, if i pay a game off before it comes out i only pay the $59.99 or $69.99 and dont have to pay tax)
BlOoDyDeAtH360 9 years ago#22
KCGII posted...
two worlds isnt worth $10 the game is complete crap. i bought it when it came back and traded it back in the next day.
as for gamefly, i ust to have them and they are cool and i agree there games normally arent all messed up, i still dont buy em though if im not the first person to use that copy, i just have a thing against used lol the only time i bought a game from gamefly was when i was the first person to use that copy because i they send the game out to me as soon as they got it in. other then that i wouldnt buy it from em. idk why i just never buy anything someone else has played lol the only thing ima make an exception for this on is a Playstation 1, i need a PS1 and you cant buy them new anymore. thats the only time ill buy something used. other then that **** that, i want a brand new copy that way i know for a fact it works and the creators get more money outta there game.
thebobevil 9 years ago#23
Actually, if you hunt around online, you can find brand-new, still sealed, PS1s.
There is no darkness, only ignorance.
BlOoDyDeAtH360 9 years ago#24
thebobevil posted...
really? where? if its ebay then there's no chance ill be getting one brand new. i do know there are brand new PS1 games as amazon.com has a couple and i found legend of dragoon brand new (im thinking about buying it so i can have another copy incase the one i have messes up)
can you give me any reccomendations on where to check for a brand new sealed PS1 that isnt ebay? lol
the best thing to do is trade in a game and use your edge card + tell them to put it toward a preorder you will get 20% extra and if they have a deal going on its another 10 so 30% more then usual. So a 30 dollar new game becomes 39 bucks trade in value. I saw if you beat a game and don't plan on playing it for a long time 6 mo + trade it in since it will be cheaper to get a year or more down the road if you really want it back.
BlOoDyDeAtH360 9 years ago#26
HK88 posted...
edge card is real good, i remember one time i traded in 6 games, they had the deal trade in 5 games and get 30% extra or w/e and i bought the edge card with it and after i bought that i still have $124 left to spend, sucks that mine runs out in july but ill probably renew it.
- Boards
- Lost Odyssey
- How much does Gamestop acutally give you for trade ins?
Report Message
Terms of Use Violations:
Etiquette Issues:
Add user to Ignore List after reporting


text:
- Free Skin Analysis
- Brow Lift
- Decollete & Chest Rejuvenation
- Chemical Skin Peels
- Chemical Peel (Level 1)
- Chemical Peel (Level 2)
- Chemical Peel (Level 3)
- Chemical Skin Peel FAQs
- Dermaplaning
- Dermaplaning FAQs
- Facials
- HyrdraFacial Plus
- HydroWand Plus
- MicroDermAbrasion: Advanced Microderm
- Microdermabrasion FAQs
- RevitaLaze Laser Skin Treatments
- RevitaLaze FAQs
- Sun Damage: Dark Spot Laser Treatments for Age & Sun Spots
- Ultherapy Face & Neck Lifting and Tightening
- Ultherapy FAQs
- VeinLaze: Spider Veins on Legs
- VeinLaze: Veins on Face
Skin Rejuvenation Videos
Central NY Television Talent Robin Martino Reviews Her Skinlaze Skincare Treatments
Laserspa and Medspa Frequently Asked Questions
Client Review: Karen talks about her Laserspa treatments at Skin Laze in Syracuse NY
Client Testimonials. Elizabeth (55 Yrs Old) Had Ulthera Ultherapy.
Client Review: Stephanie talks about her Laser Spa experience and why she trusts SkinLaze for her skincare
Select Dermaplaning: exclusively at the SkinLaze Laser Skin Spa Center in Fayetteville NY. Serving Syracuse NY & Central New York (CNY)
Select Dermaplaning is an advanced SkinLaze procedure for exfoliating the outer layer of your skin (called the epidermis) and removing the fine vellus hair (peach fuzz) on your face.
Many people falsely associate the term "dermaplaning" with a medical procedure known as "dermabrasion". Dermabrasion is a medical procedure in which the skin is abraded down to the dermis.
On the other hand, Select Dermaplaning as performed by the Estheticians at SkinLaze is a safe and effective method of exfoliating the epidermis. SkinLaze aestheticians use a surgical blade and a delicate touch to effectively abrade the surface of the skin using light feathering strokes.
The Select Dermaplaning treatment is popular as a stand-alone treatment and in conjunction with other popular skin rejuvenation protocols such as RevitaLaze℠ Laser Skin Rejuvenation, the ProvencePeel Chemical Skin Peels and Advanced Microdermabrasion.
Select Dermaplaning can be performed in less than 30 minutes and because it is a quick and effective procedure, it has rapidly grown in popularity among both men and women in the Syracuse and Central NY region.
The Select Dermaplaning treatment is also favored amongst women who are pregnant or nursing and want a deep exfoliation, but are not allowed to use chemical skin peeling agents and laser treatments.
It is also the number one choice for women who have excess vellus hair on their face. (Vellus hair can often cause a buildup of oil and dirt in facial follicles, so removing this hair via Select Dermaplaning can provide a healthier looking complexion.) For more information about Select Dermaplaning, please see our frequently asked questions page.
Ready for smoother, more radiant looking skin on your face?
Call the skincare experts at SkinLaze in East Syracuse, NY at (315) 670.4303 to schedule your treatment or Click Here to schedule your Complimentary Consultation.


text: The Tea Docents are traveling to Japan, China and Taiwan continually to find unique and excellent teas. As with wine, it changes from year to year, garden to garden. You can depend on us to bring you the very best and to support your business in providing a unique client experience. Contact us to discuss the possibilities.


text:
Businessman Mike Rawlings has been sworn in as the new mayor of Dallas.
Rawlings, who took the oath of office on Monday at the Meyerson Symphony Center downtown, says he's "always found great success in building the right team for each challenge and making sure they are invested in success."
On June 18, he defeated former Dallas Police Chief David Kunkle in a runoff election.
Mayor Pro Tem Dwaine Caraway became interim mayor in February when Tom Leppert (LEP'-ert) stepped down to run for the seat held by U.S. Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, who is not seeking another term in 2012.
Rawlings has been chief executive of three companies, including Pizza Hut, and has pledged to improve economic development in Dallas. He is also the city's former homeless czar.
In Fort Worth, Betsy Price will be sworn in on July 12 and in Irving, Beth Van Duyne will be sworn in on July 7.


text:
Use the tools below to refine your search by only displaying reviews with a certain number of star ratings or to only show reviews from a certain time period. Eg click on '1 star' to just display the reviews we have which received a 1 star rating click or 'Within the last month' to display just reviews posted over the last month.
Written on: 27/08/2008 by tangent77 (2 reviews written)
When it works, it's great. Just that most of the time, it doesn't. My Navman F10 is continually crashing or freezing. Very frustrating and makes the unit useless most of the time. Maps are completely out of date (not the Navman's fault). Telling me to take a road that isn't there anymore or telling me I'm not on a road when it's a main sealed road… Read Full Review
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Poor copy that doesn't work! " Read More
" Great! " Read More
Written by thorsten196610
" Avoid " Read More
Written by thorsten196610
" Nextbase 302G dash camera " Read More
Written by Chris at sandhurst
" Don,t bother asking for help " Read More


text:
Twins' Capps ramps up throwing program
Twins' Capps ramps up throwing program
Capps, on the disabled list since July 17 with right rotator cuff irritation, said the next step is throwing from 150 feet, and then he'll progress to bullpen sessions from there.
"Everything's good," Capps said. "I felt good today, felt good yesterday, felt good last week. We'll see how it goes next week. I'll just take it a day at a time and if I'm back out there this year, I'm back out there this year. If not, I'll start building up again in January."
Capps, though, said he hopes to get back out there just to prove that he's healthy entering the offseason. He's expected to be a free agent, as the Twins hold a $6 million option for next season that's likely to be declined.
"Even if it's just one inning, just for my peace of mind going into the offseason knowing that it's completely behind me, and it's about moving forward with my career," Capps said.


text:
If you've ever been curious about deciphering the cryptic contents of your subconscious mind, here's your chance! Aneta Baranek of the School of Metaphysics is offering free dream interpretations to The Mindful Word readers.
If you would like Aneta to interpret your dreams, simply fill out the form below. She will respond with your dream interpretation either personally by email, or via The Mindful Word weekly column Mindful Dreams, published every Thursday. If you have any questions email Aneta at firstname.lastname@example.com.
While pursuing her Doctorate of Divinity degree Aneta continues her research and study of dreams. She also holds Master's Degree from DePaul University in Computer Science. She has been serving as a spiritual teacher through the School of Metaphysics for the last 6 years. She currently resides in Kansas City where she directs one of the branches of the School of Metaphysics. To learn more about Aneta, visit her website http://www.onwholeness.com. To find out more information about the School Metaphysics visit: http://www.som.org.


text:
AP Photo/David Zentz
AP Photo/David Zentz
So far, Rachel Uchitel has done nothing but deny reports that she had an affair with Tiger Woods.
But the divorced Las Vegas nightclub exec has something else to say.
Uchitel and her freshly hired attorney, L.A. legal eagle Gloria Allred, have called a press conference for Tuesday at 11:30 a.m. at Allred's Wilshire Boulevard office.
According to the information released tonight, Allred will simply be "making a statement about Ms. Uchitel's relationship with Tiger Woods."
Any idea what we're in for? Find out tomorrow as E! Online will have livestreaming video from the event.
Get up to speed on Tiger's alleged other women in our gallery.