text:
Friday, April 23, 1999 Published at 17:03 GMT 18:03 UK
Business: The Economy
World Bank: 'Help the poor'
Poverty has increased dramatically in crisis-torn countries like Indonesia
The World Bank has called for more help for the world's poor who have been particularly hard hit by the global financial crisis.
"We are down to about 1.5% growth in our range of countries, down from 4.7% two years. When you have 3-4% population growth, (that) has an obvious impact on per capita income," Mr Wolfensohn said.
The World Bank predicts that the number in absolute poverty by the end of the year will reach 1.5bn - one quarter of the world's population.
The problems for the world's poorest countries have been exacerbated by the fall in commodity prices, which have slid by between 15% and 30% since the crisis began.
"Until we see a pick-up in commodity prices we have still have a real development issue problem, even if world economic growth revives next year," he said.
Debt initiative under fire
One of the main criticisms has been of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative, which aims to forgive up to 80% of the debts of 40 of the world's poorest countries that implement economic reform programmes.
Charities like Oxfam and Jubilee 2000 say the programme is too little, too late, and UK development aid minister Clare Short has echoed these criticisms.
She says that the HIPC initiative is fundamentally flawed, because it is aimed only at restoring a country's ability to borrow, rather than considering how much of the government's revenues have been diverted from spending on health and education to pay for debt service.
"We are seeking more use of fiscal indicators in determining debt relief, so that HIPC has a more direct impact on freeing up resources to be switched to anti-poverty spending," she said.
But Mr Wolfensohn says that, with total international development aid of only $33bn, and poor countries' debts totalling $200bn, there is not enough money to do more.
He called the HIPC 'a triumph' saying 'I am very proud we started it.'
Broader social context
Meanwhile the World Bank was challenging its sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, to include broader measures of social stability in any recovery plan.
The World Bank says that creating a trusted legal framework, including the routing out of corruption, is essential for sustainable economic growth.
"If you have laws and a justice system which is very crooked, it is very difficult to bring about a restoration of confidence," Mr Wolfensohn said.
Mr Wolfensohn's views were supported by UK Chancellor Gordon Brown, who called for measures to ensure that countries complied with international codes of conduct on social as well as financial policies. Mr Brown proposed the creation of a 'surveillance unit' within the IMF to provide scrutiny of codes and standards.
Private capital flows
The World Bank is also urging investors to take some of the costs of their often risky investments in thirld world countries.
Private capital flows to developing countries outweigh official assistance by a factor of ten to one, with over $300bn of private lending each year.
The volatility of these flows was one the main factors in the severity of the recent crisis, with private flows dropping by half - to $148bn - in 1998.
"My own judgement is that it is simply impossible for the official institutions or government to essentially give an implicit guarantee to private sector investors.
"I don't see that it is very equitable to get the advantage of an enormous profit on risk and then at the first sign of a problem indicate that you are free of it," Mr Wolfensohn said.
But the private financial sector is wary of any compulsion, preferring voluntary agreements with individual countries and better investor relations.
"(Reform) should be based on intensified dialogue and voluntary approaches which take advantage of the dynamics of the marketplace," said John Bond, Chairman of HSBC Holdings and of the Institute for International Finance, which speaks for the global financial community.
The Economy Contents


text:
DEFINITION of 'Bond Crowd'
A slang term used to describe members of the stock exchange that transact bond orders from the floor of the exchange. The label "bond crowd" differentiates them from the members of the exchange who trade stocks.
BREAKING DOWN 'Bond Crowd'
The bond crowd traditionally stood within the bond booth of the New York Stock Exchange to buy and sell bonds. The term "bond crowd" refers to the physical separation of the bond brokers and dealers from the stock traders that first occurred in 1902. Until then, stock and bond traders were on the same floor.
The "active bond crowd" is a subset of the bond crowd and refers to the most active members in terms of volume traded.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In December 1667, maverick physician Jean Denis transfused calf's blood into one of Paris's most notorious madmen. Days later, the madman was dead and Denis was framed for murder. A riveting expos of the fierce debates, deadly politics, and cutthroat rivalries behind the first transfusion experiments, Blood Work takes us from dissection rooms in palaces to the streets of Paris, providing an unforgettable portrait of an era that wrestled with the same questions about morality and experimentation that haunt medical science today.
©2011 Holly Tucker (P)2013 Audible, Inc.
"Excellent.... Tucker's chronicle of the world of 17th-century science in London and Paris is fascinating." (The Economist)
"Sounds like text-to-speech not narration"
Can't even give an honest review of the story because the sound is so bad I can't stand to listen to it.
Sure, if I could hear a real narrator read it.
Sounds like text-to-speech, over-enunciates, choppy, terrible!
"Ok Book, Awful Narrator -- Warning"
Interesting medical history for period about which little is commonly known.
Narrator does not appear to have professional voice -- my wife and I both felt that her inflection and tone were incredibly "grating". Attempts at dramatic inflection just made things worse. Almost painful to listen to.
While enjoyable, it was not such a compelling narrative that I felt the need to get through it in one sitting. Part of the problem was the poor narrator. Listening for too long was just painful.
I will exercise care never to order a book with this narrator. Audible should not use this narrator again -- at least for any kind of non-fiction (which is genrally all I listen do).
"A great book about history and science"
This is one of the best science books I have listened to on audible. Well researched and engagingly written. Tucker builds a compelling narrative around the facts of the trial of Jean Baptist Denis, a fascinating and lesser known participant in the scientific revolution.
The solid research that underpins this book makes the extraordinary tale even more compelling.
Tucker's description of transfusion and vivisection in the seventeenth century are a grisly but fascinating onslaught.
if it bleeds....
Farhat's narration was also very good.
I hope that Audible will publish more science books of this quality and less of the dubious self-help and pseudoscience vanity books.
"Is that even a human narrator?"
After listening to the authors interview on Stuff You Missed in History Class, I was keen to read Blood Work. Unfortunately I could not find it locally and it isn't available on kindle, so I purchased the audio book. I wish I had looked at the reviews first!!!
The narration sounds like a text to speech computer programme. After 2 minutes I couldn't cope any more and turned it off. I'm sure the book is great, but the audiobook should be avoided.
"Couldn't finish it"
I couldn't finish this book as I found it sensationalized the gory and dragged out the story
Quality of her voice
This a must read for anyone interested in history, medicine, or true crime. the story reads like a novel and contains many excerpts from personal letters that provide insight into the central figures of the story. the author goes into great detail about the historical context and setting.
"Interesting story, terrible reader"
The story is a bit meandering although some of the most random-seeming tangents (the story of Medea) wind up having some more important meaning later.
There are many names of different scientists who are hard to keep track of. I wound up getting the book out of the library to help me out. There was a Dramatis Personae at the beginning that was quite helpful. Adding that as a companion to this would have been very helpful.
The French pronunciations that would more than challenge me seems accurately enough rendered but the reader is exceptionally robotic.
The author draws parallels between the hysteria around blood transfusion and our current debates about embryonic stem cell research that some people may not think accurate but i thought were very apt. It's very frustrating that religion still had such a say in scientific research.
"Very entertaining in parts"
I lost interest in the middle of the book, but it starts out great and ends well. It gets a bit muddled in the middle with more facts than storytelling. Still a great nonfiction work.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
click to enlarge
The Wizard is the primary cult favorite putter of internet disc nerds. It can be thrown for drives, approaches, and putts, and has the stable-to-overstable resistance for headwinds and hard throws. On putts it has a nice reliable fade.
The Organic Wizard is made from a special polymer the blends recycled rubber with other renewable resources.


text:
The interrelationship between insulin and leptin resistance in young Fischer 344 (F344) rats was studied. Young F344 and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed regular chow. F344 animals had two- to threefold higher insulin and triglyceride concentrations and increased stores of triglycerides within liver and muscle. F344 animals gained more body fat. Both acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene expression were 20–50% less in F344 animals than in age-matched SD animals. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α gene expression was reduced in 70-day-old F344 animals. Finally, resistin gene expression was similar in 70-day-old SD and F344 animals. Resistin gene expression increased fivefold in F344 animals and twofold in SD animals from 70 to 130 days, without a change in insulin sensitivity. We conclude that young F344 animals have both insulin and leptin resistance, which may lead to diminished fatty oxidation and accumulation of triglycerides in insulin-sensitive target tissues. We did not detect a role for resistin in the etiology of insulin resistance in F344 animals.
- Fischer 344 rats
- acyl-coenzyme A oxidase
- carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α
insulin and leptin, intimately involved with intermediary metabolism and body weight homeostasis, appear to be physiologically linked. Insulin and leptin are secreted in the peripheral circulation by pancreatic islets and adipocytes, respectively, and they cross the blood-brain barrier (19). Both hormones have receptors within appetite centers in the hypothalamus and inhibit feeding (22). Finally, the secretion of both hormones appears to be regulated by glucose and the generation of intracellular energy (14). A close relationship also exists between insulin and leptin resistance. Nearly all individuals with type 2 diabetes are markedly insulin resistant, and the majority of them are obese and leptin resistant (2,17). Most animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus have defects either in leptin secretion (e.g., as in the ob/ob mouse) or in leptin sensitivity (e.g., as in the db/db mouse, Zuckerfa/fa rat, diet-induced obesity; see Ref.10). Morbid obesity and glucose intolerance are noted early in the life span of the animals that display these monogenetic mutations; therefore, they do not adequately represent the majority of human type 2 diabetes subjects in whom these diseases develop later in life.
The Fischer 344 (F344) rat has been used as a model of aging-induced insulin resistance (3). This animal strain was believed to become insulin resistant with aging, but it did not appear to gain appreciable amounts of weight or of body fat. However, recent studies in our laboratory disclosed that F344 animals gained more body fat than did a commonly studied insulin-sensitive animal strain [Sprague-Dawley (SD); see Ref. 15]. Not only did F344 rats ingest more calories per gram body weight but also they stored more calories as weight and they converted ingested calories into fat more efficiently than did the SD rats. The propensity of the F344 rats to gain body fat occurred at young ages (70 days), and it occurred despite higher fasting and meal-induced concentrations of leptin. These studies suggested to us that the F344 animals were resistant to the two main biological responses to leptin, namely the inhibition of appetite and the enhancement of energy expenditure.
Therefore, it appears that the F344 strain may be a good model of human diabetes mellitus. These F344 animals have leptin resistance without developing morbid obesity, and they develop diabetes late in their life span. The purpose of the present study was to define more rigorously the insulin sensitivity of young Fischer rats and to study the interrelationship between insulin resistance and leptin resistance. Several studies have suggested that physiological and cellular mechanisms that lead to the accumulation of lipids in insulin-sensitive target tissues (16, 18, 5) and in the pancreatic islets (12) may produce a clinical syndrome of insulin resistance and declining insulin secretory capacity; this syndrome is typical of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Leptin reduces intracellular accumulation of lipids in liver, muscle, and in the pancreatic islet (1, 8, 13,20). Therefore, leptin resistance may exaggerate the lipid accumulation in adipose and nonadipose tissue and worsen insulin resistance.
We have measured indexes of lipid accumulation within insulin-sensitive target tissues and the gene expression of factors and enzymes involved with mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in the leptin-resistant F344 strain. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that the newly discovered resistin gene links obesity and insulin resistance (21). We have found that the F344 animals are both leptin and insulin resistant. We have also found that this strain accumulates lipid excessively in liver and muscle and that the gene expression of factors and enzymes involved with fatty acid oxidation are reduced. However, we did not find that resistin gene expression played a role in the insulin resistance observed in F344 animals.
Animals and diets.
All animals were humanely treated, and the experimental protocols were reviewed and accepted by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Virginia Commonwealth University. Sixty-day-old SD and F344 rats were purchased from Harlan Sprague-Dawley (Indianapolis, IN) and housed in individual cages under controlled lighting conditions on a natural dark-light cycle (1800–0600). The animals were allowed free access to food and water. All animals were fed a regular chow diet (Purina).
Serum and tissue measurements.
Seventy- and 130-day-old SD (n = 10 at each age) and F344 (n = 10 at each age) animals were fasted overnight. One-half of the animals was killed (fasted), and the other one-half of the animals was fed a regular powdered chow (total 8 g) for 3 h and then killed (refed). Therefore, there were five animals in four experimental groups (70-day-old SD and F344 animals, fasted; 130-day-old SD and F344 animals, refed). Invariably, the animals ingested the entire 8 g of pelleted chow that were supplied. All animals were anaesthetized with isoflurane before they were decapitated. Blood was collected and saved on ice. After being spun in a centrifuge, the serum was isolated and saved in a −80°C freezer. Liver, abdominal muscle, and the epididymal fat pad were quickly dissected and weighed, and then they were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a −80°C freezer.
Serum glucose was measured by an automated colorimetric glucose oxidase system (Vitros 700 system; Johnson and Johnson). Serum leptin and insulin were measured by RIA kits (Linco Research, St. Charles, MO). The limit of sensitivity and linearity for the rat leptin assay was 0.5 and 50 ng/ml, respectively. The intra-assay variation for the leptin assay at 1.6 ng/ml (Quality Control 1) was <2%. Tissue triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids in serum were measured by kits described by the supplier (Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA). In brief, 100 mg of liver or muscle were homogenized by a saw-tooth generator (OMNI TH) in 2 ml of homogenizing buffer [18 mM Tris · HCl (pH 7.5), 300 mMd-mannitol, and 5 mM EGTA]. The solution was centrifuged (3,500 rpm, 20 min) to remove debris. Isopropyl alcohol (5 ml) was added to 0.2 ml of supernatant (experimental sample) or standard solutions (0–2,000 mg/dl). After vigorous shaking for 10 min, the solutions were centrifuged (3,000 rpm, 10 min), and 3.0 ml of color reagent solution of triglyceride E (model no. 432–40201; Wako) were added to 0.3 ml of supernatant. The absorbance at 600 nm was measured by a spectrophotometer.
Intravenous glucose tolerance test.
Seventy- and 130-day old SD and F344 animals were anesthetized with isoflurane, and a catheter was inserted in the external jugular vein, as previously described (11). The infusion cannulas were tunneled subcutaneously to the back of the neck. The catheter was infused with heparin to prevent clot formation at the intravenous tip of the catheter, and the external end of the catheter was plugged. The animals were allowed to recover for 2 days. On the 3rd day, the animals were fasted overnight. The next morning, 0.5 ml of blood (for fasting glucose and insulin levels) was withdrawn through the catheter, and then 0.55 g/kg of glucose was infused through the catheter over a 1-min period, as previously described (4). After 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min, 0.5 ml of whole blood was again withdrawn through the catheter. Serum glucose and insulin were measured at the indicated times.
Gene expression by quantitative RT-PCR.
RNA was extracted from liver, muscle, and adipose tissue by the TRIzol Reagent method, as described by the suppliers (GIBCO-BRL, Grand Island, NY). cDNA synthesis was performed with an oligo(dT) primer and Superscript reverse transcriptase, as described by the supplier (GIBCO-BRL). Duplex PCR was performed in a solution with primer pairs from a gene of interest and a housekeeping gene. The sense and anti-sense primers for each gene are as follows: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), sense 5′-AAGCCATCTTCACGATGCTG-3′ and anti-sense 5′-TCAGAGGTCCCTGAACAGTG-3′ (25); acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), sense 5′-GCCCTCAGCTATGGTATTAC-3′ and anti-sense 5′-AGGAACTGCTCTCACAATGC-3′ (25); carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), sense 5′-TATGTGAGGATGCTGCTTCC-3′ and anti-sense 5′-CTCGGAGAGCTAAGCTTGTC-3′ (25); resistin, sense 5′-GGGAGTTGTGCCCTGCT-3′ and anti-sense 5′-CAGCACTCGGAGGGCAA-3′ (9); enolase, sense 5′-TTCTCAAGATCCATGCCAGG-3′ and anti-sense 5′-GCGTTCGCACCAAACTTAGA-3′; β-actin, sense 5′-GTGACGAGGCCCAGAGCAAGAG-3′ and anti-sense 5′-AGGGGCCGGACTCATCGTACTC-3′.
PCR conditions were carefully chosen to optimize amplification of the experimental and housekeeping cDNA and to limit the amplification of nonspecific cDNA. As shown in Fig. 1, amplification of each duplex cDNA was relatively linear within a range of cycle numbers. The range of linearity depended on the gene of interest and the conditions of PCR. When comparing gene expression between experimental groups, cycle number was chosen so that the amplification of the cDNA pair was well within the linear portion of the cycle number-quantity of DNA curve. The conditions of each duplex PCR are as follows: PPARα-enolase, 33 cycles of melt at 92°C for 45 s, anneal at 57°C for 45 s, extend at 72°C for 60 s; ACO-actin, 22 cycles of melt 92°C 45 s, anneal at 55.5°C for 45 s, and extend at 72°C for 60 s; CPT I-actin, 24 cycles of melt at 92°C for 45 s, anneal at 55.5°C for 45 s, and extend at 72°C for 60 s; resistin-actin, 24 cycles of melt 92°C for 45 s, anneal at 54°C for 45 s, and extend at 72°C for 60 s.
When we compared the gene expression between experimental groups, we carefully prepared the master mixes. All PCR solutions were pipetted at the same time, were amplified in the same run in the thermocycler (MJ Research thermocycler), and were analyzed on the same agarose gel. Solutions for PCR differed only by the addition of various cDNAs.
Forty percent of the PCR reaction (total volume = 50 μl) was analyzed on a 1.5% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. The gel was placed in a Luminescent Image Analyzer (LAS-1000; Fujifilm), and the densities (light arbitrary units/mm2) of the amplified DNA were assessed by the Advanced Image Data Analyzer software (AIDA version 2.0). The abundance of the expressed gene was calculated by dividing the density of the amplified experimental gene by the density of the amplified housekeeping gene in the same sample.
Statistical analysis.
We performed a two-way ANOVA (GraphPad Prism Version 3.0; GraphPad Software) to compare the effects of the fed state (fasting vs. refeeding) or strain (SD vs. F344) on various indexes of weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. We performed an unpairedt-test (GraphPad Prism version 3.0) when an experimental parameter in one strain of animal was compared with the other strain of animal.
Seventy-day-old SD and F344 animals were fed regular rat chow ad libitum for 60 days. Indexes of weight and body composition are shown before (Table 1) and after (Table2) the 60-day feeding period. In one-half of the animals, measurements were obtained in animals fasted overnight (fast). In the other one-half of the animals, measurements were obtained in animals that were fasted overnight and then refed regular chow for 3 h (refed). Age-matched SD rats are larger than F344 rats, and both strains gain ∼1.5-fold their body weight in 60 days when eating regular chow. However, the F344 animals are fatter than the SD animals. At 60 days, the epididymal fat pad is ∼15% larger in F344 animals compared with SD animals (Table 1). In the 60-day feeding period, the fat pad weight in SD animals increased by ∼1.9-fold, whereas the fat pad weight in F344 animals increased between 2.2- and 2.7-fold (Table 2). As previously demonstrated in F344 animals by our laboratory, epididymal fat pad weight correlates well with total body adiposity, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning (15). Fat storage in nonadipocyte tissue was also higher in F344 animals than in SD animals. Liver triglyceride content was higher in 70-day-old F344 animals than in age-matched SD animals (Table 1); after 60 days, the muscle and liver triglyceride content increased fractionally more in F344 animals than in SD animals. Muscle and liver triglyceride content were both higher in 130-day-old F344 animals than in SD animals (Table 2).
Also shown in Tables 1 and 2 are indexes of insulin and leptin sensitivity. Serum glucose concentrations were appropriately higher in refed animals compared with fasted animals. However, fasting glucose concentrations were minimally higher in 70-day-old F344 animals than in SD animals (Table 1) but were no different in 130-day-old animals (Table 2). However, the differences in insulin concentration were marked. Insulin concentrations in both fasted and refed F344 animals were approximately two- to threefold higher than in fasted and refed SD animals in both 70 (Table 1)- and 130 (Table 2)-day-old animals. Fasting serum triglyceride concentrations were higher in 70-day-old (Table 1) and 130-day-old (Table 2) F344 animals than in SD animals. In contrast to SD animals, the triglyceride concentration in F344 animals increased markedly with refeeding (Tables 1 and 2). In addition, fasting triglycerides in F344 animals increased over the 60-day experiment, whereas fasting triglycerides in SD animals did not change (compare Tables 1 and 2). Fasting free fatty acids were minimally elevated in 70-day-old SD animals compared with age-matched F344 animals (Table 1). There was no detectable difference in fasting free fatty acid between 130-day-old SD and F344 animals (Table 2). Serum free fatty acid decreased postprandially in both strains because of insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis. The serum leptin concentrations were not detectable in the young SD animals, which had small fat stores. This finding is consistent with our previous in vivo data (15). Serum leptin concentrations in 70-day-old F344 animals were measurable, and they increased by ∼100% with refeeding (Table 1). After 60 days, the leptin concentration in F344 animals continued to a rise in fasted animals, and the concentration was responsive to refeeding. Note that, despite the high concentrations of this appetite-suppressing hormone, F344 animals still gained more triglyceride stores in both adipose and in nonadipose tissue than in SD animals. This observation is consistent with leptin resistance in the F344 animals.
To better characterize insulin sensitivity, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 70- and 130-day-old animals from both strains. The results are shown in Fig. 2. Fasting and peak glucose concentrations were similar in 70-day-old SD and F344 animals (Fig. 2, top left). Glucose concentrations at 15 and 20 min were greater in 70-day-old SD than in age-matched F344 animals (Fig. 2, top left). The area under the curve (AUC) for glucose was ∼50% higher (P < 0.05) in SD animals than in F344 animals (3,117.2 ± 94 vs. 2,124.5 ± 342 mg/dl, respectively). The insulin response to an intravenous bolus of glucose was markedly different. Fasting insulin was approximately threefold higher in the 70-day-old F344 rats than in age-matched SD rats (Fig. 2, bottom left). Peak insulin concentrations were approximately fivefold higher in the F344 than in the SD animals, and the insulin AUC was ∼2.7-fold higher (P < 0.001) in the F344 animals than in the SD animals (66.8 ± 3.4 vs. 24.5 ± 1.9 ng/ml, respectively). The ratio of the insulin AUC to glucose AUC in 70-day-old F344 animals vs. SD animals was 33 ± 4 vs. 7.7 ± 0.54 × 10−3 (P < 0.001). Therefore, to produce similar serum glucose concentrations after an intravenous glucose infusion, F344 animals require markedly higher insulin concentrations than do SD animals. This finding is consistent with insulin resistance in the F344 animals, a state that has not been recognized previously in these young animals. There were no statistical differences in the glucose (Fig. 2, top right) and insulin (Fig. 2, bottom right) responses to intravenous glucose in 130-day old animals compared with 70-day-old animals in both strains.
A mechanistic link between the leptin and insulin resistance observed in F344 animals may involve dysregulation of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, we compared the relative gene expression of transcription factors and enzymes involved with fatty acid oxidation in the livers from fasted SD and F344 animals. The gene expression of the transcription factor PPARα was ∼1.8-fold greater in 70-day-old SD rats than in age-matched F344 rats (Fig.3). PPARα stimulates the gene expression of several enzymes involved with fatty acid oxidation. These enzymes include the rate-limiting enzyme ACO in peroxisomal lipid oxidation and the protein CPT I, which transports fatty acids for oxidation in mitochondria. The ACO gene expression was somewhat less in 70-day-old F344 animals than in SD animals. The gene expression of CPT I in 70-day-old SD animals was 1.5-fold greater than the CPT I gene expression in age-matched F344 animals. In the 130-day-old animals, PPARα gene expression was greater in the F344 animals than in the SD animals. However, the gene expression of ACO and CPT I in 130-day-old SD animals was more than two times as great as the gene expression of ACO and CPT I in age-matched F344 animals.
The effects of fasting and refeeding on gene expression of proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation were assessed in both 70-day-old (Table 3) and 130-day-old (Table4) animals. The gene expression of PPARα in fasted animals was ∼1.5- to 1.75-fold greater than the gene expression of PPARα in refed animals in both strains and ages of rat. However, the ratio of fasted to refed ACO and CPT I gene expression was significantly greater in SD animals than in age-matched F344 animals.
Finally, recent studies in experimental animals have shown that resistin gene expression increases with adiposity and with insulin resistance (21). We therefore measured the gene expression of resistin in the insulin- and leptin-resistant F344 strain and the more insulin- and leptin-sensitive SD strain. As shown in Fig. 4,left, resistin gene expression was slightly lower in fasted, 70-day-old F344 animals than in fasted, 70-day-old SD animals. We did not detect a statistically significant difference in resistin gene expression between fasted and refed 70-day old animals. After 2 mo, the resistin gene expression increased by ∼1.6-fold (P < 0.001) in SD animals. By contrast, in F344 animals, the resistin gene expression increased by ∼5.0-fold (P < 0.0001) in the 130-day-old animals than in the 70-day-old animals. In 130-day-old animals, resistin gene expression in the F344 strain was significantly greater than the resistin gene expression in the SD strain in the refed state. In the fasted state, there was not a statistically significant difference in resistin gene expression (P = 0.07).
In the present study, we have characterized an inbred rodent strain that we believe represents a good model for typical type 2 diabetes in humans. We have found that young F344 animals with normal glucose tolerance have evidence of insulin resistance (Fig. 2), leptin resistance (Tables 1 and 2), dyslipidemia (fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia; Tables 1 and 2), and excess triglyceride accumulation in insulin-sensitive target tissues such as liver and muscle (Tables 1 and 2). These constellations of findings are consistent with a metabolic syndrome that is observed in young animals with normal glucose tolerance, and they probably represent a genetic risk for diabetes mellitus that occurs later in life.
We also investigated the link between insulin resistance and the propensity for obesity in F344 animals. Because leptin has been shown to stimulate fatty acid oxidation and reduce triglyceride storage in nonadipose tissue (23), we hypothesized that leptin resistance in F344 animals would diminish fatty acid oxidation and enhance triglyceride storage in nonadipose tissue. Although we did not directly measure fatty acid oxidation, we did measure the gene expression of several key regulatory proteins in fatty acid oxidation. We have demonstrated that the hepatic gene expression of ACO and CPT I is consistently less in the leptin- and insulin-resistant F344 animals than in age-matched SD animals (Fig. 3). ACO and CPT I are critical regulatory proteins in the fatty acid oxidation pathway in peroxisomes and mitochondria, respectively. The gene expression of both proteins is regulated, in part, by the transcription factor PPARα. Consistent with this observation, we have found that the gene expression of PPARα is less in 70-day-old F344 rats than in age-matched SD rats. Diminished PPARα gene expression in the leptin-resistant F344 animal supports the findings by Zhou et al. (25) that leptin normally stimulates PPARα gene expression. However, we did not find that PPARα gene expression was less in the 130-day-old F344 rats than in SD rats. The reason for this apparent discrepancy is unknown. However, despite increased PPARα gene expression, 130-day-old F344 animals had diminished downstream expression of regulatory proteins in fatty acid oxidation. Two reasons might account for an increase in PPARα but a decrease in ACO and CPT I gene expression. First, PPARα transcription activity not only depends on the amount of the gene product but also on the binding of its endogenous ligand, purportedly a fatty acid. PPARα transcriptional activity could be reduced in the 130-day-old F344 animals if the intrahepatic fatty acid composition was different and the activated PPARα gene transcribed less well than age-matched SD animals. Second, PPARα is not the only transcriptional activator of ACO and CPT I; other PPARα-independent transcriptional inhibitors may play a role in the gene expression of ACO and CPT I in F344 animals.
We believe that the reduction in gene expression of ACO and CPT I in F344 animals probably reduced hepatic fatty acid oxidation and increased the propensity to store fatty acids as triglycerides. We found that liver contains more triglycerides in F344 animals than in SD animals (Tables 1 and 2). Muscle contains more triglycerides in 130-day old F344 animals than in age-matched SD animals (Table 2). The enhanced triglyceride storage in nonadipose tissue resulted in insulin resistance (Fig. 2) and its associated disturbance of hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia (Tables 1 and 2).
The response of the gene expression of PPARα and its cognate genes to fasting and refeeding was appropriate; the gene expression was higher with fasting and was diminished with refeeding, as previously demonstrated (7). However, the fractional decrease in response to refeeding was not as great in F344 animals as in the SD animals (see Tables 3 and 4). This phenomenon may be an example of what Kelley and Mandarino (6) have referred to as "metabolic inflexibility." In the lean, insulin-sensitive SD animals, energy production during fasting conditions might rely predominantly on lipid oxidation, with a rise in gene expression of proteins mediating lipid oxidation. With refeeding, the gene expression of proteins involved in lipid oxidation decreases as insulin-mediated glucose production likely becomes predominant in the SD animals. In contrast, the obesity-prone, insulin-resistant F344 animals likely manifest less lipid oxidation with a fall in gene expression of proteins involved in lipid oxidation during fasting conditions. However, lipid oxidation most likely plays a greater role during insulin-stimulated refeeding in F344 animals, as the fractional decline in gene expression of proteins mediating lipid oxidation do not decline to the same degree as in SD animals. The failure to augment lipid oxidation during fasting conditions likely is a mechanism leading to lipid accumulation within insulin-sensitive target tissues, whereas the failure to fully suppress lipid oxidation during refeeding may be a manifestation of the relative resistance to insulin.
Finally, we have examined the role of resistin in the etiology of insulin resistance in F344 animals. Resistin gene expression and protein secretion are increased in both genetic and diet-induced models of obesity and diabetes (21). Furthermore, resistin appears to antagonize the effects of insulin both in vivo and in vitro (21). Such an antagonism might provide a link between obesity and insulin resistance. In vivo administration of resistin antiserum to diet-induced obese mice improved blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity (21). Conversely, administration of recombinant resistin impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action in normal mice. Resistin's role in obesity and insulin resistance has not been confirmed by other investigators (24). We have hypothesized that resistin gene expression in the insulin-resistant, obesity-prone F344 rats would be higher than in SD rats. Our results do not support this hypothesis. The resistin gene expression in insulin-resistant, 70-day-old F344 animals was less than in age-matched SD animals (Fig. 4). At 70 days, the difference in the amount of stored fat in the epididymal fat pad (Table1) or in total body adiposity (15) differs only slightly between the two strains. After 60 days of a low-fat diet, F344 rats gain markedly more fat, without much change in insulin resistance, as measured by the intravenous glucose tolerance test. Despite almost equal glucose tolerance between 70- and 130-day-old F344 animals, the expression of the resistin gene increases dramatically. From these observations, we must conclude that resistin gene expression is not involved in the etiology of insulin resistance in F344 animals. Resistin gene expression does increase proportionally to the gain in total body fat, but animals do not become progressively more insulin resistant in this 2-mo period. Resistin gene expression is another marker for total body adiposity in both SD and F344 strains.
This work is supported by the Veterans Administration Merit Review (J. R. Levy).
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. R. Levy, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center 111-P, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd., Richmond, VA 23249 (E-mail:James.Levy{at}med.va.gov).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2002 the American Physiological Society


text:
Dr Murray's defence lawyer Ed Chernoff questioned Dr Anderson about a second drug found in Michael Jackson's system, Lorazepam.
The drug is a powerful sedative sometimes used to treat anxiety or insomnia.
After establishing the level of Lorazepam in Michael Jackson's body at the time of his death Mr Chernoff asked Dr Anderson if he had felt that it was an important drug in the case.
Dr Anderson replied: "I think it has its importance but its not the red flag that caught my eye."
Dr Murray has pleaded not guilty to the involuntary manslaughter of Michael Jackson but if convicted, Murray faces up to four years behind bars and the loss of his medical license.


text:
See more Final Four Championship Round One match-ups, and don't forget to vote daily.
And then there were 16. That is the current count of corporate credit unions, after a year where all the institutions faced an Oct. 20 NCUA deadline to qualify as "adequately capitalized" per the regulator's calculus.
Commitment from hundreds of small credit unions pushed new corporate over the top.
New corporate would be successor to Members United Bridge if NCUA approves.
Motorola Employees CU CEO says he's confident Alloya will reach capital commitment goal by Aug. 31 deadline.
Corporate credit union universe now focused on Alloya, the new corporate attempting to rise out of Members United Bridge.
Chair of corporate's chartering group says $53 million of $70 million committed so far.
Sundie Seefried , the CEO of Partner Colorado Credit Union, is sick of it and made it plain that she for one is not going to take the blame for hurting small credit unions.


text:
WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (UPI) -- Libertyville, Ill., firm KidCo Inc. is recalling 220,000 PeaPod Travel Beds in response to the death of a 5-month-old in New York.
The cause of death has not been determined, but the boy was found with his face pressed against the fabric of the side walls of a tent, the Consumer Product Safety Commission said Friday.
The recall includes PeaPod and PeaPod Plus Travel Beds. They were imported from China and sold nationwide in a variety of colors from January 2005 through the present for $70 to $100.
The consumer product agency said regulators in Canada and the United States have fielded nine additional reports of children entrapped in the tents or have "experienced physical distress in the product."
The PeaPod travel beds are portable tents sold for use by infants and toddlers. They have sides with zippers to create an opening and an inflatable air mattress that fits into a zippered pocket under the floor of the tent.
Consumers were advised to stop using the tents and contact KidCo for a free repair kit.
Consumers can call 855-847-8600 for information.


text:
Aperture Cards are a marriage of old-style IBM punch cards and microfilm. A cutout aperture area on the card contains a 35mm microfilm image of a document, typically a blueprint or other engineering drawing.
Information about the drawing (such as the title, version, page, etc) can be punched into the card (in what is called Hollerith code) and printed along the top. An aperture card scanner reads the punch data and scans the microfilm window. The result is a digital image similar to what is produced from a paper scanner. The punched textual information is often used to automatically index the scanned image, allowing unattended batch input of thousands of cards at a time.
We can take your old aperature cards and read these providing you with a digital file of the contents giving you access to view and print your documents.


text: Hi I have a char array- char buffer[33] and I was wondering if there is an easy function to clear it so that it is empty. I've been searching the net for a while and I can't seem to find one. There is stuff for c++ strings but I need to be able to clear a char array. Thanks


text:
Update: Missing Hannibal woman
Mon, 16 Nov 2009 04:56:59 GMT —
Hannibal,Mo. -- UPDATE: Nov. 17, 2009
The following is a press release from the City of Hannibal Police Department:
The Hannibal Police Department continues the investigation into a report of a missing woman identified as Christina Whittaker, 21, of Hannibal.
According to the latest information known to investigators Christina was last seen at Rookies Sports Bar in the 600 block of Broadway Friday evening around 11:45 p.m.
Officers and detectives have been conducting investigations to determine Christina's whereabouts. The Hannibal Police Department has also enlisted assistance from local and state agencies to broaden the scope of the investigation.
Thus far detectives have been told by witnesses that on Friday evening Christina had met with some friends at the bar and after a period of time she was asked to leave by the bartender due to her level of intoxication and becoming disorderly with other bar patrons.
According to witnesses at the bar Christina left by herself. Other information from witnesses indicates while at the bar Christina was not only consuming a large quantity of alcohol but also taking prescription medication.
Christina was last seen wearing a white t-shirt, pink tank top, jeans and pink and white Nike tennis shoes.
Anyone with information regarding Christina or her whereabouts should contact the Hannibal Police Department Criminal Investigation Division at 573-221-0987 or online at www.hannibalpd.com.
Nov. 15, 2009 -------------------------------------
The Hannibal Police Department needs your help finding a missing woman.
21-year-old Christina Whittaker went missing Friday, November 13th. She was last seen leaving a bar in the 600 block of Broadway around 11:45 pm. She was wearing a white tee shirt, pink tank top, jeans, with pink and white Nike shoes.
Whittaker is five feet, five inches tall, is 180 pounds. She has brown eyes and red hair. Police don't suspect foul play at this time.
If you have any information, call the Hannibal Police Department at 573-221-0987 or by using the crime tips link at www.hannibalpd.com .


text:
During May 2011, LIVE (Locals Into Victoria's Environment) held a daily vigil on the steps of the Victorian Parliament in Melbourne, with guest speakers at 1pm each day, under the banner of 'Deckchair Democracy'. (See, for example, a presentation by Ben Courtice on Friends of the Earth's Wind Energy Campaign: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jTK5yYalvA) The group also collected signatures on a petition "Our children and grandchildren deserve a safe climate" and presented the results to the Federal Member for Melbourne and Multi-Party Climate Change Committee (MPCCC) member, Adam Bandt MP, on the steps of Parliament House on Tuesday 12 July.
LIVE also issued a statement in response to the Clean Energy Future plan announced by the Prime Minister on Sunday 10 July, see below for full text.
The actual handover of the petition was appropriately enough done by a group of children:
Some of the children had also prepared individual messages for the Prime Minister, including this one:
Accepting the petition Adam Bandt congratulated the group for their work in countering misinformation, observing amongst other things that recognition of the need for action on climate change was practically taken for granted amongst younger people:it was their elders who needed the education campaign.
Statement issued by LIVE:
12 July 2011
Clean Energy Future Plan: the historic first of many steps towards a safe climate for our children and grandchildren
Port Phillip climate action group, Locals Into Victoria's Environment (LIVE) welcomes the Clean Energy Future plan announced by Prime Minister Julia Gillard on Sunday 10 July 2011. LIVE congratulates the members of the Multi-Party Climate Change Committee for negotiating an agreement that takes a step in the right direction for Australians, particularly young Australians. LIVE acknowledges the enormous pressure that the MPCCC has been placed under by self-serving fossil fuel interests and thanks the members for their courage.
The Clean Energy Future plan is just a beginning but it is a plan that lays the foundations to enable Australians to play their role, alongside the citizens of other countries, in leading the way to tackling dangerous global warming. As the largest per capita emitters in the developed world, Australians must take responsibility for reducing our carbon footprint and this plan offers us the opportunity to get started.
Unlike the CPRS, which was riddled with loopholes for polluters, this new plan is more flexible and allows for quicker responses to new climate science information. It opens the door to innovation, voluntary pollution reduction actions and a nation building renewable energy industry with great opportunities for investment and jobs in local communities. We acknowledge the MPCCC for recognising the many opportunities that avoiding dangerous global warming presents.
This is only the first of many steps needed for a safe climate future for our children and grandchildren so LIVE will still be working hard, along with other climate action groups, to continue the push for the closure of Hazelwood and to stop HRL's proposed new coal fired electricity generator, with a fair transition for coal industry workers. As we face the enormous challenges of climate change, we cannot afford to waste time, money and energy propping up dirty energy systems which would be at the expense of the real solutions: renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.
LIVE will also work to highlight the real cost to ordinary Australian's of the Coalition's so-called 'direct-action plan', and the fact that not a single legitimate economist has come forward to support it.
LIVE thanks all those people who have supported our community actions including the more than 4000 people who formed the human sign on St Kilda Beach in 2009, and the month long Deckchair Democracy vigil in May 2011 on the steps of Victoria's Parliament House. People power is an important and vibrant part of a healthy democracy and has contributed to the first positive news for some time. We will continue our role in working closely with other community groups and community members to tackle dangerous global warming for the sake of our children and grandchildren.
Deborah Hart LIVE Board member
On behalf of LIVE


text:
By >Daimaou - G.G-B
NEC Develops the World's First Content Addressable Memory that Stores Data without using Power
One of many ways to improve the performances of Networking systems is to get faster and more reliable component and yesterday NEC announced that they made a huge step forward in CAM or Content Addressable Memory with that will solve many Speed issues that we may have. Radically different from System Memory CAM is mainly used in computer networking devices and NEC's announcement will definitively change how data are search in very high speed searching applications.
Co developed with Tohoku University this new CAM promises a five-nanosecond retrieval speeds and can store data even when the power's off. The Secret behind this? NEC usage of Spintronic logic integrated circuit technologies that utilize the negative properties of electrons together with the spin magnetic moment.
NEC's new CAM is a part of spintronics logic integrated circuit technologies that utilize the negative properties of electrons together with the spin magnetic moment (*2). The new CAM utilizes the vertical magnetization of vertical domain wall elements (*3) in reaction to magnetic substances in order to enable data that is processing within the CAM to be stored on a circuit without using power. This contrasts to conventional technologies that required data to be stored within memory. As a result, data can be saved on circuits even when power is cut from the CAM.
In recent years, the use of ICT equipment has steadily increased due to the widespread growth of cloud computing. Most existing equipment requires a short amount of time to get started and internal circuits remain active when the equipment is in standby mode. Therefore, the growing consumption of power by ICT equipment in standby mode has become a serious concern.
Use of the new CAM in combination with existing nonvolatile memory is related to greater non-volatility of CPU for electronics and other storage devices. Furthermore, use of this new CAM enables the development of electronics that start instantly and consume zero electricity while in standby mode.
Key features of these newly developed technologies are as follows:
High-speed data retrieval
In order for CAM to be both nonvolatile and maintain a high speed, two spintronics devices, spinning in opposite directions to one another, were connected within the same cell. In terms of constructing the circuit, writing is done once by connecting two devices in a series using recently developed three pin particles that separate the current path into writing and reading.
This new process enables cells to become more compact since the number of writing switches per element is reduced by one. Moreover, the new CAM achieve the same level of high-speed data retrieval as current CMOS based CAM that feature 5ns and low power consumption of 9.4mW.
Approximately half the circuit area in comparison to existing technologies
In addition to the vertical domain wall element can connect in series by separating the route of current into reading and writing, the newly developed CAM circuit technologies can reduce the number of transistors from eight to three in every two cells by sharing transistors. This results in a 50% CAM area reduction.
NEC developed nonvolatile particles aiming for both greater convenience and energy conservation. Additionally, NEC and Tohoku University developed a simulation technology for a circuit diagram including spintronics particles in parallel with designing technologies for massively large integrated circuits for developments involving the most advanced spintronics logic integrated circuits.
Looking forward, NEC and Tohoku University will continue to drive the latest developments of integrated circuits that capitalize on spintronics technology.
NEC and Tohoku University will announce their latest results on June 17 at VLSI Circuit Symposium 2011 (June 13-17, Kyoto).
This research was supported by JSPS through its FIRST Program. (R&D of Ultra-low Power Spintronics-based VLSIs, PI: Hideo Ohno).(*4)
(*1) Content Addressable Memory (CAM): CAM is a fast data retrieval circuit where memory and comparison circuits are combined. This compares to conventional memory where data retrieval takes place by addresses within the memory.
(*2) A small magnetic disposition which electron has negative charged particle.
(*3) The most optimized element in terms of structure and material for circuits to create magnetization through small magnets positioned vertically to the current. NEC has developed these technologies as a part of the NEDO "Spintroics nonvolatile function technology" project. Devices have been modified for logic integrated circuits.
(*4) This is a national project aiming to improve Japan's competitiveness at the world level by concentrating on leading researchers of the most advanced technologies.
- - NEC intros 4 new DLP Business Projectors in Japan (February 4th,2010 at 3:16 PM)
- - LVP-FD630: un nouveau projecteur Full HD orienté business par Mitsubishi (February 24th,2010 at 8:06 PM)
- - LVP-FD630, Mitsubishi new Full HD Data projector (February 24th,2010 at 4:59 PM)
- - NEC:New system-on-chip (SoC) image processor allowing Full HD video & 13 MP photos output for Camera-Phones (February 8th,2010 at 4:47 PM)
- - NEC MultiSync PA241W LCD monitor brings you life with its true colors (February 3rd,2010 at 3:22 PM)
- - Japan Probe – News from Japan (Subscribe)


text:
Want to get notified whenever we write about Moody's Investors Service ?
Next time we write about Moody's Investors Service, we'll email you a link to the story. You may edit your settings or unsubscribe at any time.Sign-up for Alerts
Organizations in this Story
Moody's Investors Service
250 Greenwich Street
New York, NY - 10007


text:
I have a Jekyll with Deemax wheels in the shed; the silver and green Deemaxs work a load better, but I'd do a swap and live with the yellow rims for the carbon frame.
Not had any problems with the rear shock and the concept works brilliantly. It's surprising how quick the bike climbs considering how well it descends. The Fox 32 150mm forks look a bit daft, but I have some Totem 2-Steps that sort that out.
The general opinion seems to be quite negative, but the two other riders I know that own and ride them both rave about them too.
I'd hypothesise that the reason sales are low and you don't see many about is that lots of people think the shock will blow up, so write them off without riding them, see above posts for details.
That said, all the owners I know bought them cheap when Paul's Cycles were banging them out. I wouldn't have paid the £3.3k that mine retailed at.


text: Whoever makes dua for protection after saying this Ism 75 times, Allah will protect him from the evils of envious person, oppressors and enemies… Insha-Allah. If there is a particular enemy who one fears then after saying the name in the manner mentioned above, one may observe sajdah, "O Allah! Protect me from the evils of xyz."


text:
The latest news about space exploration and technologies,
astrophysics, cosmology, the universe...
Subscribe to our Space Exploration News feed
Scientists find that Mars, not Earth, shakes up some near-Earth asteroids.
Posted: Nov 19th, 2013Read more
Comet ISON recently brightened and is currently visible with telescopes or binoculars in the constellation Virgo. Today the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics is releasing new images of ISON obtained with the MicroObservatory robotic telescope system.
Posted: Nov 18th, 2013Read more
Researchers now have stronger evidence of granite on Mars and a new theory for how the granite - an igneous rock common on Earth - could have formed there, according to a new study. The findings suggest a much more geologically complex Mars than previously believed.
Posted: Nov 18th, 2013Read more
Scientists from the University of New Hampshire and colleagues have published comprehensive findings on space-based radiation as measured by a UNH-led detector aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). The data provide critical information on the radiation hazards that will be faced by astronauts on extended missions to deep space such as those to Mars.
Posted: Nov 18th, 2013Read more
World-leading scientists will push the boundaries of studies on how to deflect asteroids and manipulate space debris, as the University of Strathclyde gets set to transform international space research.
Posted: Nov 18th, 2013Read more
The algorithm uses a variety of image processing steps to segment the image, first into coarser (foreground) and finer (background) grains. The image is then further segmented until most grains are outlined. The code processes a single image within 1 to 5 minutes.
Posted: Nov 15th, 2013Read more
Researchers assessed the details of halogen variability and an unusual process that may influence it. The group investigated the potential for an existing halogen cycle on Mars, which would alter the current paradigm of halogens distributed mostly by water-related processes.
Posted: Nov 15th, 2013Read more
NASA crewmembers reflect on the most complex space repair in history.
Posted: Nov 15th, 2013Read more
The Hubble Space Telescope has captured the best ever image of the globular cluster Messier 15, a gathering of very old stars that orbits the center of the Milky Way. This glittering cluster contains over 100 000 stars, and could also hide a rare type of black hole at its center.
Posted: Nov 14th, 2013Read more
A new, detailed radio image showed that what astronomers thought was one galaxy actually is two, superimposed on the sky. The alignment allows using the farther one as an unexpected tool for studying the foreground galaxy.
Posted: Nov 14th, 2013Read more
The Hubble Space Telescope has provided the first visual evidence showing how our home galaxy, the Milky Way, assembled itself into the majestic pinwheel of stars we see today. Perusing Hubble's deep-sky surveys, astronomers traced 400 galaxies similar to our Milky Way at various stages of construction over a time span of 11 billion years.
Posted: Nov 14th, 2013Read more
Researchers from Bern have developed a method to simplify the search for Earth-like planets: By using new theoretical models they rule out the possibility of Earth-like conditions, and therefore life, on certain planets outside our solar system - and limit their search by doing so.
Posted: Nov 14th, 2013Read more
High-speed 'jets' spat out by black holes pack a lot of power because they contain heavy atoms, astronomers have found.
Posted: Nov 13th, 2013Read more
Astronomers at ESO have captured the best image so far of the clouds around the star cluster NGC 3572. This image shows how these clouds of gas and dust have been sculpted into bubbles, arcs and the odd features known as elephant trunks by the stellar winds flowing from this gathering of hot stars. The brightest of these cluster stars are much heavier than the Sun and will end their short lives as supernova explosions.
Posted: Nov 13th, 2013Read more
The sun emits light, but it also emits particle beams. A scientist at the Swedish Insitute of Space Physics (IRF) in Uppsala has revealed how these beams generate radio waves.
Posted: Nov 13th, 2013Read more
NASA has released a natural color image of Saturn from space, the first in which Saturn, its moons and rings, and Earth, Venus and Mars, all are visible.
Posted: Nov 12th, 2013Read more