text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|20 May 2003
|Fecha de presentación
|26 May 1999
|Fecha de prioridad
|26 May 1998
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Franz Auracher, Hans-Ludwig Althaus
|Cesionario original
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (7), Otras citas (7), Citada por (26), Clasificaciones (27), Eventos legales (5)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to radio-frequency laser module having a semiconductor laser disposed on a substrate and an electrical RF conductive path disposed on the substrate and connected to the laser. The invention also relates to an optoelectronic component which has such a radio-frequency laser module accommodated in a case, as well as to a method for producing a large number of radio-frequency laser modules on a semiconductor wafer.
Laser modules as well as optoelectronic components based on such laser modules are already known and have been described, for example, in Published, European Patent Application EP 0 660 467 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,265. Furthermore, the Published, European Patent Application EP 0 660 467 A1 discloses a method by which a large number of optoelectronic laser modules can be produced on a common silicon wafer.
Such optoelectronic components are widely used in particular in data transmission and information technology. In order to allow as much information as possible to be transmitted per unit time, the components are normally operated in the radio-frequency band. The maximum achievable data rate for the component is in this case not only governed by the semiconductor laser used, but depends on a large number of other electrical, optical and constructional measures for the entire optoelectronic component, including the case used.
2. Summary of the Invention
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a radio-frequency laser module and a method for producing it, which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art devices and methods of this general type.
The invention is partially based on the object of providing a radio-frequency laser module with good RF characteristics. A further part of the object on which the invention is based is to provide an optoelectronic component having a case which accommodates the radio-frequency laser module according to the invention and which is specifically configured for radio-frequency applications. Furthermore, the invention has the aim of specifying a particularly economic and cost-effective method for producing such radio-frequency laser modules on a semiconductor wafer.
With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a radio-frequency laser module, including:
a substrate;
a semiconductor laser having an RF connection and disposed on the substrate; and
an electrical RF conductive path having a first end and a second end and disposed on the substrate, the first end to receive an external RF driver signal and the second end is electrically connected to the RF connection of the semiconductor laser, the electrical RF conductive path also has an RF matching resistor RA connected in series with the semiconductor laser.
Integration of the RF matching resistor RA into the RF conductive path disposed on the substrate (laser submount) results in the RF matching resistor RA being positioned in the immediate vicinity of the semiconductor laser. This ensures particularly effective and interference-free matching of the normally low-impedance semiconductor laser (typically 3 to 5 ohms) to the impedance of a driver circuit (normally 25 or 30 ohms), as a result of which the radio-frequency characteristics of the laser module are considerably improved.
If, furthermore, an electrical secondary conductive path is provided on the substrate and is connected to the RF connection of the semiconductor laser bypassing the RF matching resistor, this results in an interconnect structure which is applied on the substrate and is particularly advantageous for producing a large number of radio-frequency laser modules in a composite wafer.
The light produced by the semiconductor laser can pass through an electrical absorption modulator (EAM) in a manner known per se, and be RF-modulated by the modulator. In this case, the EAM is likewise disposed on the substrate, and in that an RF connecting pad (provided on the substrate) and a ground contact pad (provided on the substrate) on the EAM are connected via an RF conductive path which runs on the substrate and contains an RF matching resistor RA. Since the EAM is operated in the reverse direction, that is to say essentially represents a small capacitance, matching is carried out by using a matching resistor connected in parallel with the EAM. The joint configuration of the semiconductor laser and EAM on the same substrate results in a particularly compact overall configuration that is advantageous for RF applications and which, furthermore, can be manufactured easily. Since the RF matching resistor is formed within an RF conductive path which runs on the substrate, it is located in the immediate vicinity of the EAM, thus having an advantageous influence on the RF characteristics of the EAM.
If the RF laser module according to the invention is installed, attention must be paid to good RF configuring of the assembly. The features specified in the claims result in contact being made with the RF laser module inside the case in a manner that is advantageous for achieving high data rates.
RF laser modules with a bandwidth of more than 5 GHz can be achieved by RF blocking of the bias-current connection of the RF semiconductor laser by a suitable inductor (for example a coil with a ferrite core). Even with uncooled optoelectronic components, this allows data rates of at least 3 Gbit/s to be achieved.
An optical isolator provided in the beam path of the RF laser module can improve the RF characteristics of the laser module by largely suppressing the return of reflected laser light to the laser and, in this way, considerably reducing any interference feedback effects.
According to the invention, a large number of RF laser modules are produced on a joint semiconductor wafer, in particular a silicon wafer. This has, inter alia, the advantage that simple production and assembly sequences are possible owing to the good handling characteristics of the semiconductor wafer. At the same time, the interconnect pattern provided according to the invention on the semiconductor wafer allows a functional and long-term test of the RF laser modules (which is already known as such and is called "burn-in") to be carried out while they are still within the composite wafer. During the "burn-in" process, the laser chip has a relatively high current applied to it for a predetermined time period, which may be 48 hours or more, during which the stability of major functional parameters is tested, and a characterization of the laser chip is determined. In the case of the RF laser modules according to the invention and having matching resistors RA disposed directly on the substrate, this "burn-in" procedure would, however, lead to thermal overloading of the matching resistors RA. The interconnect pattern according to the invention with a secondary conductive path ensures that the current flowing during the "burn-in" procedure does not flow through the RF matching resistors RA, but bypasses them via the secondary conductive paths. This allows the "burn-in" procedure to be carried out in an economic manner in the composite wafer during production of the laser modules, that is to say before the semiconductor wafer is cut up into the individual laser modules.
Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a radio-frequency laser module and a method for producing it, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.
The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1a is a diagrammatic, cross-sectional view of a laser module according to the prior art;
FIG. 1b is a perspective view of the laser module illustrated in FIG. 1a;
FIG. 2a is a sectional view of an RF laser module according to the invention;
FIG. 2b is a plan view of the RF laser module illustrated in FIG. 2a;
FIG. 3a is a sectional view of two adjacent interconnect structures in order to explain an interconnect pattern applied on a silicon wafer;
FIG. 3b is a plan view of the silicon wafer with RF laser modules disposed on it;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a laser chip disposed on a substrate, with a semiconductor laser and an integrated electrical absorption modulator;
FIG. 5a is a sectional view taken along the line I—I in FIG. 4;
FIG. 5b is a sectional view taken along the line II—II in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a first exemplary embodiment of an optoelectronic component having the RF laser module mounted on a case base of a component;
FIG. 7 a fragmentary, partial sectional view of the component from FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a partial, side-elevational view of the optoelectronic component shown in FIGS. 6 and 7;
FIG. 9 is a partial sectional view of a second exemplary embodiment of the optoelectronic component having the RF laser module mounted on a cooling element; and
FIG. 10 is a plan view of the optoelectronic component shown in FIG. 9.
In all the figures of the drawing, sub-features and integral parts that correspond to one another bear the same reference symbol in each case. Referring now to the figures of the drawings in detail and first, particularly, to FIG. 1a thereof, there is shown a known laser module that has, as a light transmitter, a laser chip 1 which is disposed on a substrate 2 that is preferably composed of silicon. The substrate 2, which is also called a silicon submount, is furthermore fitted with two deflection prisms 3, 4 which are disposed on both sides of the laser chip 1 and have mirror surfaces, which are oriented at an angle of 45° with respect to an active surface of the laser chip 1. A coupling lens 5 is fitted on the one deflection prism 3 and is disposed such that laser radiation produced in the laser chip 1 and deflected by the deflection prism 3 passes through the coupling lens 5, essentially in the direction of its optical axis. In this case, a monitor chip 6 may also be mounted, without the deflection prism 4, directly on the substrate (silicon submount, 2).
The monitor chip 6 is disposed and mounted on the second deflection prism 4 in such a manner that it receives a portion of the optical radiation produced by the laser chip 1. The monitor chip 6 can be used for measuring or controlling laser power.
FIG. 1b shows a perspective view of the laser module illustrated in FIG. 1a. For reasons of clarity, the coupling lens 5 is omitted in FIG. 1b. A contact 7 at a top of the laser chip 1 is connected via a bonding wire 8 to a contact pad 9 which is applied at an edge on the substrate 2, while the contact at a bottom of the laser chip 1 (which cannot be seen in FIG. 1b) is positioned, such that it makes electrical contact, on an interconnect strip 10, which is connected to the opposite edge of the substrate 2 and has a contact-making surface there.
FIGS. 2a and 2 b illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the RF laser module according to the invention for high data rates. Once again, a laser chip 11 is disposed above a semiconductor substrate 12, which is preferably composed of silicon. The substrate 12 is positioned on a case base plate 13 which is at ground potential, and is connected via two series-connected bonding lines 14 and 15 to the (generally p−) contact 16 of the laser chip 11 located at the top.
FIG. 2b clearly shows that both the first bonding line 14 and the second bonding line 15 can each be formed from two (or else more) single bonding wires 14 a, 14 b and 15 a, 15 b, respectively, which are jointly bonded to a ground contact pad 17 disposed on the substrate 12.
The RF data signal is passed via a suitable radio-frequency-compatible supply line into the region of the substrate 12. In the illustrated example, a stripline 18 is used as the data supply line and essentially contains a metal strip 19 which carries the data signal, runs above a ground conductor 20, and is routed such that it is insulated from the ground conductor 20. The ground conductor 20 forms a lower side of the stripline 18 and is electrically conductively connected to a ground surface on the case base plate 13, to which the bonding wires 14 a, 14 b are also fitted. The metal strip 19 is connected via two or (in a manner which is not illustrated) more RF bonding wires 21 a, 21 b to the one end of an RF conductive path 22 which is provided on the substrate 12 and is electrically connected at its other end to a contact at the bottom of the laser chip 11. According to the invention, a matching resistor RA is integrated in the RF conductive path 22 and is used to match the low-impedance laser chip 11 as well as possible to the characteristic impedance of the stripline 18 and, in the present example, has a value of 22 W.
Instead of the stripline 18 illustrated in FIGS. 2a and 2 b, a coaxial line or a coplanar line with RF conductor and ground strips disposed alongside one another may also be used as the RF supply line. The matching resistor RA can preferably be selected as a function of the RF supply line type used, and its dimensions.
A bias current is supplied to the laser chip 11 via the supply line 23.
The RF connection at the bottom of the laser chip 11 is furthermore connected to a secondary conductive path 24 which runs on the substrate 12, allows the matching resistor RA to be bypassed, and is particularly important for the production process (which will be explained further below) for the radio-frequency laser module in the composite wafer.
In order to produce the RF laser modules according to the invention, an interconnect pattern is first of all applied by known techniques onto a silicon wafer 25, as is illustrated in FIG. 3b, which interconnect pattern is formed from periodically repeating interconnect structures. Two adjacent structures are illustrated in FIGS. 3a and 3 b. The dashed lines 26 in this case indicate the contours of the subsequent substrate 12 (silicon submount). The essential feature is that, with adjacent structures, an electrical connection exists between the ground contact pad 17 of the one structure and the secondary conductive path 24 of the other structure.
In the following text, the laser chips 11 are mounted by soldering or some other conventional process onto regions L of the individual interconnect structures provided for this purpose. The fitting process can to a large extent be automated, and can thus be carried out in a very economic manner.
Deflection prisms are then grouped around the laser chip 11, in a manner which is not illustrated, and are mounted on the silicon wafer 25, and this can be done, for example, by a further soldering process. The configuration of the deflection prisms may be selected in accordance with the illustrations in FIGS. 1a, 1 b, 2 a and 2 b.
It is also possible to apply the deflection prisms, in the form of continuous prism strips, before the laser chips 11 are fitted to the silicon wafer 25. The prism strips are then broken up into individual deflection prisms, along the separating lines 26, during the subsequent process of separating the substrates 12.
In a further step of the production method, the laser chips 11 mounted on the silicon wafer 25 are subjected to a joint functional test or pre-aging ("burn-in"). The test must be carried out in high-current conditions in order to provide life protection for the individual laser chips 11 in a reasonable time. In this case, the "burn-in" current bypasses the matching resistors RA via the secondary conductive paths 24 owing to the configuration of the interconnect pattern according to the invention, so that no current flows through the matching resistors RA and no heating of the resistors whatsoever can occur, let alone overheating. The situation makes it possible to carry out a functional test of the individual laser chips 11 with the RF matching resistors RA in the composite wafer.
After the functional test, the wafer can be cut up into the individual submounts in the normal manner, along the separating lines 26. The submounts can then be processed further individually and, in this case, can be provided, for example, with lens coupling optics as shown in FIGS. 1a, 1 b, 2 a and 2 b. Furthermore, they can be equipped with other optical components (for example an optical isolator) that are particularly suitable for RF applications. However, it is also possible to carry out the further processing steps even before the separation of the submounts, that is to say on the intact silicon wafer 25.
FIG. 4 shows a laser chip 111 that has been applied to a substrate 112 and contains a semiconductor laser 113 as well as an integrated EAM 114. An RF data signal is passed via a stripline 118 and bonding wires 121 a, 121 b to an RF connecting pad 115 disposed on the substrate 112. The RF connecting pad 115 is electrically connected to an RF input of the EAM 114 via further bondings 123 a, 123 b.
The laser chip 111 is mounted on a ground contact pad 117, which forms a joint ground contact for the semiconductor laser 113 and the EAM 114. Furthermore, a bonding pad 116 is provided on the substrate 112, and is connected via bonding lines 124 a, 124 b to an input connection at the top of the semiconductor laser 113. The semiconductor laser 113 is supplied with a direct current, that is to say is operated in the continuous-wave mode, via a supply line 119 which makes electrical contact with the bonding pad 116.
One essential feature for the invention is that the RF connecting pad 115 is connected to the ground contact pad 117 via an RF matching resistor RA. The latter is formed in an RF conductive path 122, which runs on the substrate 112 between the RF connecting pad 115 and the ground contact pad 117, and typically has a value of about 50 ohms. The RF matching resistor RA is connected in parallel with the EAM 114, which is operated in the reverse direction. Owing to its configuration according to the invention on the substrate 112, it is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the EAM 114, thus having an advantageous influence on the radio-frequency characteristics of the module.
Furthermore, the ground contact pad 117 is connected to one edge of the substrate 112 by a contact spur 125. Before the substrates 112 (submounts) are separated, the contact spur 125 forms an electrical connection to an attachment 116 a on the bonding pad 116 of an adjacent interconnect structure, and thus allows the "burn-in" in the composite wafer.
FIG. 5a shows a section through the substrate 112, with the laser chip 111, along the line I—I. A ground conductor 120, which forms the underneath of the microstrip conductor 118, is continued underneath the substrate 112 and makes contact with the ground pad 117 via ground bonding lines 126. The corresponding view with a section along the line II is illustrated in FIG. 5b.
FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 illustrate a first example of an optoelectronic component which is operated with an RF laser module 29 (according to the invention) as shown in FIGS. 2a to 5 b (that is to say either with or without the integrated EAM 114) and in which, furthermore, other measures are taken in order to achieve the highest possible data rate. FIG. 6 shows a plan view of the internal construction of a coaxial case 28 with the laser module 29. The coaxial case 28, which is also called a TO (transistor outline) case, has a base plate 30 with four electrical bushings. The RF signal (data signal) is passed into the case interior via an insulated pin 31 which is, for example, glazed in, and is electrically connected there via short bonding wires or strips 32 to the RF matching resistor RA or, if a laser chip 11 as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5a, 5 b is used with the integrated EAM 114 that is connected to the RF connecting pad 115. The laser module 29 is supplied with the bias current via a further bushing pin 33. The pins 34 and 35 represent still further bushings, and are used to make electrical contact with a monitor chip 6′. The laser module 29 may be positioned in the coaxial case 28 such that the optical axis of a coupling lens 5′ coincides with a center axis of the case. Alternatively, any desired off-center optical axis may be used. A board 36, whose position in its section covered by the case 28 is indicated by a dashed line, extends on the rear side of the base plate 30 of the case 28.
FIG. 7 shows a side view of the optoelectronic component from FIG. 6. The board 36 and the coaxial case 28 are mounted on a metal lug 44, which at the same time acts as a ground line. The RF is supplied via that end 37 of the pin 31 which projects out of the base plate 30. Since the board 36 continues as far as a rear wall of the base plate 30 of the case 28 and, furthermore, the end 37 of the RF pin 31 rests directly on the board 36 and is soldered or welded to an RF interconnect there (see FIG. 8), there is no need for any bonding wires and an electrical RF link is provided, which is extremely short overall.
The case 28 may also have a ground pin (in a manner that is not illustrated) which is soldered to a ground side of the board 36. In this case, there is no need for the metal lug 44.
An RF block for the bias-current pin 33 can be achieved in an advantageous manner by a small ferrite coil 38. The ferrite coil 38 contains a ferrite bead which has at least two turns wound on it and is pushed over an end 39 of the bias-current pin 33 that projects at the rear of the case. Alternatively, the bias-current pin 33 may also be connected by as short a distance as possible to an RF inductor located on the board. Even better RF characteristics are achieved if the RF inductor is disposed as close as possible to the laser chip inside the TO case 28. This configuration allows modules with a bandwidth of at least 5 GHz to be achieved. If a conventional optical fiber connection (which is not illustrated in FIG. 7), is used, uncooled coaxial components can be provided for data rates of at least 3 Gbit/s. An optical isolator must be provided between the laser diode and the fiber for high data rates (>1 Gbit/s) over relatively long transmission distances.
FIG. 8 shows a plan view of the configuration illustrated in FIG. 7, with the corresponding connecting interconnects 40, 41 for the RF signal and the bias current, as well as the further interconnects 42, 43 for making contact with the monitor chip 6′.
FIG. 9 shows a second exemplary embodiment of the optoelectronic component according to the invention. A cooling element 47, for example a Peltier element, is mounted on a base plate 45 of a metal case 46. An intermediate substrate 58 which is generally highly thermally conductive but is electrically insulating and is composed, for example, of BeN or Si is applied to the surface of the cooling element 47, on which intermediate substrate 58 the required metallizations (ground surface for the stripline), contact or bonding pads for the connections, for example, of the monitor chip, of the RF inductor and of a temperature sensor are located, and which forms the base surface for an RF laser module 48. The RF laser module 48 is configured as shown in FIGS. 2a to 5 b (that is to say with or without the integrated EAM 114), and differs from the laser module 29 illustrated in FIG. 7 essentially only in that it is equipped with a further 90° deflection prism in a beam path downstream of the coupling lens 5′, and thus emits laser light directed parallel to the plane of the substrate (submount).
An optical isolator 49 is disposed in the beam direction behind the RF laser module 48, in order to avoid reactions caused by light being reflected onto the laser. The optical isolator 49 is mounted on the cooling element 47 via a highly thermally conductive joint, as a result of which any influence of the ambient temperature on the optical isolator 49 can be kept negligibly small.
On the outlet side, a fiber coupling is provided on the case, essentially containing a flange piece 52 a on the case side and a flange piece 52 b which fixes a fiber 51 and has an integrated lens 50.
FIG. 10 shows a plan view of the component illustrated in FIG. 9. A row of single electrical bushings 57 for the supply and measurement lines of the elements accommodated in the case (for example the Peltier element, monitor chip etc) are provided in the region of one longitudinal side wall 53. An RF bushing 56 is located on an opposite side wall 54, and is configured in the form of a micro-strip conductor 55 passing through the wall or, in a manner which is not illustrated, a coaxial line in the form of a glazed-pin. The connection between the RF bushing 56 and the RF laser module 48 is produced by a stripline or coplanar line, in which case the respective ground lines are connected by welding, soldering or by conductive adhesive, and the signal interconnects are connected by of bonding wires or strips.
A common feature of both exemplary embodiments is that the described measures (which relate to the RF laser module 29, 48, the case 28, 46 with the electrical bushings, and the optical equipment) provide an optical component which is of simple construction, is cost-effective and is suitable for high data rates.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|25 Ene 1989
|5 Feb 1991
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optoelectronics package
|22 Dic 1994
|15 Oct 1996
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Transmission and reception module for a bidirectional, optical message and signal transmission
|12 Mar 1996
|11 Feb 1997
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Light modulator module and method for fabricating light modulator module
|18 Oct 1996
|14 Jul 1998
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical semiconductor device
|25 Ene 1989
|10 Ago 1989
|Mitsubishi Electric Corp
|Optischer koppler
|7 Ene 1997
|5 Feb 1998
|Mitsubishi Electric Corp
|Optical semiconducting component for broadband fibre communications
|22 Dic 1993
|28 Jun 1995
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Optoelectronical element and method of making the same
|International Patent Application WO 87/02834 (Dietrich et al.), dated May 7, 1987.
|International Patent Application WO 92/13369 (Lawson), dated Aug. 6, 1992.
|Japanese Patent Abstract No. 02271585 (Tatsuo), dated Nov. 6, 1990.
|Japanese Patent Abstract No. 04373155 (Hideho), dated Dec. 25, 1992.
|Japanese Patent Abstract No. 05110201 (Keisaku), dated Apr. 30, 1993.
|Japanese Patent Abstract No. 06125136 (Takeyuki), dated May 6, 1994.
|Japanese Patent Abstract No. 09252164 (Shinichi), dated Sep. 22, 1997.
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|15 Mar 2005
|29 May 2007
|Agere Systems Inc
|Electronic component package
|19 Mar 2003
|7 Ago 2007
|Finisar Corporation
|Submount, pedestal, and bond wire assembly for a transistor outline package with reduced bond wire inductance
|15 Nov 2004
|13 Nov 2007
|Intel Corporation
|Method for measuring VCSEL reverse bias leakage in an optical module
|6 Feb 2002
|11 Mar 2008
|Avago Technologies General Ip Dte Ltd
|Embedded testing capability for integrated serializer/deserializers
|18 Nov 2004
|15 Abr 2008
|Avago Technologies Fiber Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
|Surface emitting laser package having integrated optical element and alignment post
|15 Ago 2003
|22 Abr 2008
|Finisar Corporation
|Optical transmission and/or receiving device
|1 Jul 2005
|19 Ago 2008
|Avago Technologies Fiber Ip Pte Ltd
|Integrated optics and electronics
|2 Mar 2005
|9 Sep 2008
|Avago Technologies Fiber Ip Pte Ltd
|Wafer-level packaging of optoelectronic devices
|19 Sep 2003
|21 Abr 2009
|Avago Technologies Fiber Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
|Optical device package with turning mirror and alignment post
|7 Ago 2003
|7 Jul 2009
|Avago Technologies Fiber Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
|Mounting arrangement for high-frequency electro-optical components
|3 Ene 2014
|28 Jun 2016
|Google Inc.
|Systems and methods for reducing temperature in an optical signal source co-packaged with a driver
|6 Feb 2002
|7 Ago 2003
|Lai Benny W.H.
|Embedded testing capability for integrated serializer/deserializers
|19 Mar 2003
|27 Nov 2003
|Finisar Corporation
|Submount, pedestal, and bond wire assembly for a transistor outline package with reduced bond wire inductance
|6 Dic 2001
|15 Abr 2004
|Linear Technology Corporation
|Circuitry and methods for improving the performance of a light emitting element
|7 Ago 2003
|24 Jun 2004
|Agilent Technologies, Inc.
|Mounting arrangement for high-frequency electro-optical components
|19 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|Gallup Kendra J.
|Integrated optics and electronics
|19 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|Kendra Gallup
|Optical device package with turning mirror and alignment post
|19 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|Wilson Robert Edward
|Alignment post for optical subassemblies made with cylindrical rods, tubes, spheres, or similar features
|18 Nov 2004
|12 May 2005
|Kendra Gallup
|Surface emitting laser package having integrated optical element and alignment post
|2 Mar 2005
|30 Jun 2005
|Gallup Kendra J.
|Wafer-level packaging of optoelectronic devices
|15 Mar 2005
|21 Jul 2005
|Gaurav Agrawal
|Electronic component package
|26 Mar 2004
|29 Sep 2005
|Myunghee Lee
|Low power and low jitter optical receiver for fiber optic communication link
|1 Jul 2005
|1 Dic 2005
|Gallup Kendra J
|Integrated optics and electronics
|15 Nov 2004
|18 May 2006
|Intel Corporation
|Method for measuring VCSEL reverse bias leakage in an optical module
|15 Ago 2003
|27 Jul 2006
|Daniel Reznik
|Optical transmission and/or receiving device
|16 Jul 2014
|5 Feb 2015
|Universal Scientific Industrial ( Shanghai ) Co., Ltd.
|Electronic module and method of making the same
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|372/36, 372/43.01
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|7 Abr 2003
Owner name: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AURACHER, FRANK;ALTHAUS, HANS-LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:013923/0305;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990715 TO 19990722
|15 Mar 2006
Owner name: FINISAR CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:017303/0677
Effective date: 20060301
|20 Nov 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|22 Nov 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|20 Nov 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
FX lacerations TattooItem #: 26774
Add the product directly to your basket by clicking the checkbox
FX lacerations Tattoo
Photorealistic scratches & Bites with effect
Halloween & the Zombie Walk are an ideal opportunity to deface the FX lacerations Tattoo & to shock your fellow man.The bites & scratches are wonderfully realistic - the shock effect of Horror Make-Up Fans is guaranteed.
The inventor of the FX transfer wounds Christien Tinsley is one of the most famous make-up artists in Hollywood.His work can be admired in films like "American Horror Story", "I am Legend" and "The Passion of the Christ" directed by Mel Gibson.The application of 2D and 3D makeup effects earned him even an Oscar.
Now you have the FX lacerations tattoos the opportunity to become early Christien Tinsley and mature with the tattoo an Oscar Halloween to wear & Horror makeup.A little bit more Film Blood / FX Blood 240 ml & Krust Blood / Blood Scabs added & done! horror makeup.
- Delivery: 1x FX lacerations Tattoo
- Content: 17 different Scratch & Bite wounds
- Color: Red / Pink / Blue
- Size: approximately2 cm to 10 cm
- simple application
- Hollywood mature results
- versatile applications
- This product is for single use only
Exceptionally easy to use:
- Cut desired wound and detached from the transfer paper
- contact wound and press again on the transfer paper
- Pull plastic protector on the back of the wound
- presses wound to the back at least 30 seconds firmly onto the skin
- completely moisten transfer paper with a sponge
- Moist transfer paper Carefully pull - done
As with any decorative cosmetics can cause allergic skin reactions in sensitive individuals.Therefore, it is recommended that before using the product, a test is made in the armpit, to exclude any allergic reactions.Please get the product applied on a small area of the armpit and ca.Leave on for 30-60 minutes.If an allergic skin reaction occur, it is not recommended to use the product.,

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Laborde, David; Martin, Will; van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique;
- 2011/05/01
- Policy Research Working Paper
- 1
- 1
- World;
- The World Region;
- 2011/05/01
- Disclosed
- Measuring the impacts of global trade reform with optimal aggregators of distortions
accounting, adverse impacts, Agricultural Trade, Agriculture, apparel, applied studies, applied tariff, average tariff, average tariffs, benefits of trade, bilateral ... See More + ariffs, border protection, budgeting, Capital Goods, Constant Elasticity of Substitution, country of origin, demand elasticities, developing countries, development policy, domestic demand, domestic price, econometric analysis, economic efficiency, Economic Integration, economic models, Economic Welfare, elasticity, elasticity of substitution, expenditure, expenditures, export markets, export volume, exporters, exports, Federal Reserve, Federal Reserve Bank, free trade, free trade agreements, full liberalization, GDP, General Equilibrium Analysis, general equilibrium model, general equilibrium modeling, global computable general equilibrium, Global Trade, Global Trade Analysis, Globalization, high tariffs, import prices, import quantities, import volumes, income taxes, International Bank, International Economics, international prices, international trade, Laffer Curve, low tariffs, market access, middle income countries, natural resources, open economy, preferential access, preferential tariffs, price index, production function, protection rates, protectionist, rates of protection, Real GDP, real income, reduction in tariffs, return, returns, revenue curve, set of tariffs, tariff changes, tariff lines, tariff preference, tariff preferences, tariff protection, tariff rate, tariff rates, tariff reduction, tariff reductions, tariff revenue, tariff revenues, tariff structure, terms of trade, terms of trade effects, terms-of-trade gains, trade barriers, trade costs, trade distortions, trade flows, trade liberalization, trade liberalizations, trade losses, trade policy, Trade Reform, trade reforms, trade volumes, trading, trading partners, Trust Fund, utility function, utility functions, value of imports, vector of tariff, welfare gains, welfare impacts, world prices, WTO See Less -
- English
- Industry, Trade and Services;
- 1W-Market Access Research -- P111070;
- Trade;
- International Economics and Trade; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth; Finance and Financial Sector Development;
- Economic Theory & Research; Debt Markets; Free Trade; Trade Policy; International Trade and Trade Rules;
- Development Research Group (DECRG) ; DECRG: Trade & Intl. Integration (DECTI)
- Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5665
- Final
- Research Services


text:
Eder Balanta performs a magical solo dance at Colombia's World Cup return party, James & some girls join in
Colombia's World Cup team were welcomed home as heroes on Sunday.
Reports of one hundred thousand Colombian fans turned out on the streets of Bogota to welcome home their footballers, and the country was ready to party.
After their bus got through the crowded streets in the capital, the players arrived at a venue where they got to face their countrymen on stage.
Eder Balanta took the opportunity of having the whole country's eyes on him by performing an absolutely brilliant solo dance on stage.
Minutes later Balanta was joined by World Cup hero James Rodriguez and a couple of girls as the dancing changed up gears.
See the wonderful footage below.


text:
Receive a 10% discount when you Sign Up for our mailing list!
You have not viewed any products recently.
Inspired by Chef Andrew Kirschner, Chefwear's FLỖ Jacket is designed with a poly/viscose blend that features mesh inserts both under the arms and on the back. This jacket's full cut allows for maximum flexibility and comfort.
• 6.0 oz. 53/47 poly/rayon blend
• Breast patch and split sleeve pockets
• Mesh underarm and back vents
• Cloth-covered buttons
• Interior button to secure inside placket
• Sizes XS-5X (3X-5X, add $4 ea.)
$50.95 - $54.95
$40.95 - $44.95
$35.95 - $39.95
$17.95 - $27.95
Chefwear accepts returns or exchanges within 30 days of the receipt of the order. Please note that custom orders such as embroidered jackets are non-returnable. For more information about returns please see the FAQ.


text:
Thursday, December 20, 2012
CITV celebrates 30th birthday with 'Old Skool' weekend
From 9:25am to 6pm on the 5th and 6th January 2013, CITV will be broadcasting a selection of its iconic shows including Fun House, Press Gang, Knightmare, The Raggy Dolls, Count Duckula, Art Attack and Children's Ward. Additional episodes will also be available to view and rent online at www.itv.com/itvplayer for an exclusive period giving viewers the chance to re-live their favourite childhood programmes.
Jamila Metran, Head of Programming, CITV said: "We are very proud of CITV's heritage, and look forward to bringing back all the old favourites for this one-off, not to be missed event and show the kids what their parents watched when they were young!"
Children's Ward launched not only the acting careers of many Coronation Street actors (Jane Danson, Alan Hansell, Tina O'Brien, Steven Arnold and Vicky Binns), but was also key to the launch of the writing careers of Kay Mellor, Russell T Davies and Paul Abbott.
Press Gang was a drama that gave us the likes of Julia Sawalaha, Dexter Fletcher, Lucy Benjamin and launched the writing career of Steven Moffat. Over 5 years it had some of the hardest hitting storylines on CITV.
CITV's 'Old Skool' weekend takes place on 5th and 6th January 2013.
Posted by ScreenTerrier at 5:13 PM
Labels: Children's Ward, CITV, Press Gang
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Jeffrey's Voice, Inc., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, USA
I recently spent a few weeks with Nancy and cant compliment her enough on her passion and drive. She is a tireless warrior when it comes to this wonderful cause and I wish her nothing but the best.
More Feedback
Will you volunteer or donate to this organization?
How much of an impact do you think this organization has?
A lot
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?
Review for Jeffrey's Voice, Inc., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, USA
When I decided to go to enroll at Georgia Southern University the fall of 2005, I decided I was going to join a Fraternity. I chose Delta Chi and was the president of our pledge class...all 12 of us. Jeff Horne was one of my pledge brothers and a good friend. Tragically, he passed away too soon and in his and his brothers honor, their mother started this wonderful charity. My wife and I have been as involved as our time permits but Jeffrey's Voice is always on our minds. Mrs. Horne works tirelessly to make sure events are planned and go well. She constantly keeps us updated on what is happening through social media as well. We love the charity and cant wait to keep helping. I'd recommend it to anyone who can help.
More Feedback
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Very Well
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


text:
This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
#1 Chef Oven Mitt
Pay tribute to the #1 chef in your life with this fun over mitt that has the look of a huge foam sports finger, making it the perfect companion to use at your next tailgate. It cleans easily in the washing machine.


text:
What do Scott Disick and Sean "Diddy" Combs have in common? They're both young, rich, famous and …going to Texas together?Yes, you heard that correctly.The dynamic duo are set to host an event in Houston on Sunday, Feb. 17, where they'll emcee the "Young, Rich and Famous Allstar Weekend Celebration" at The Compound at Hess Club Galleria.
NEWS: Scott Disick's $2 Million Day: He Dishes on His Luxe LifestyleKourtney Kardashian's beau and the hip-hop legend will follow in the footsteps of Jeezy, LeBron James and Nelly, who will host an event at the nightclub on Feb. 15, and Rick Ross who will do the honors on Feb 16.While it's only $75 for general admission into the event, partygoers can choose to live like their luxe hosts by opting for VIP access at only $125.But the mother of Scott's children, Kourtney, can't be happy her man is getting back into the club scene.
NEWS: Scott Ditches Kourtney to PartyOn the Jan. 20 season premiere of Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourt explained that she and Scott had serious relationship issues the last time they were in Miami together, mostly due to his out-of-control partying, and flat-out said, "I don't want him here."Of course, Scott showed up to the Sunshine State after Kim Kardashian urged him to take the trip, but the question remains: Can Scott avoid partying and put his family first? Perhaps his hosting gigs are a test of willpower?
If nothing else, we do know one thing: After this gig, the two bad-ass dads are bound to be "Bad Boys for Life."


text:
Qantas Frequent Flyers tee off with golf legend Greg Norman
- Published by Ozgur Tore
Qantas Frequent Flyers can join Qantas Golf Club for free or sign up to a Premium membership at an annual cost of $249. The Premium membership unlocks additional benefits including a range of private golf courses and the ability to obtain an official Golf Australia handicap. Australian golf legend and Qantas ambassador Greg Norman arrived into Sydney today to share his expertise exclusively with Qantas Golf Club members.
Qantas Golf Club, launched in December last year, is an online club providing Frequent Flyers access to tee times at over 90 courses, exclusive golf events, tournaments and golf holiday packages, all while earning Qantas Points.
The Shark hosted an intimate golf clinic with Qantas Frequent Flyers at New South Wales Golf Club in Sydney's eastern suburbs. Members were then given the chance to put their new skills to the test by playing 9-holes, including one hole with Greg.
Qantas Loyalty CEO Lesley Grant said participants received the invitation to attend as members of the Qantas Golf Club, with the event booking out in less than two hours.
Greg Norman said, "Our great game is a lifelong passion for many – and indeed several of today's participants are fans who've shown me support throughout my career - so it's great to spend some time helping Qantas Golf Club members refine their game by offering tips that I hope will help them improve their score.
Today's event also brought together rising golfing star 19 year old Antonio Murdaca with Greg Norman for the very first time.
Ms Grant said: "After Antonio won the Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship recently, Greg reached out to Antonio on social media suggesting they have a round of golf. The pair had never actually met, so we thought today was a great chance to bring them together so they could arrange that much anticipated game."
Greg added: "It was great to finally meet Antonio in-person and it was a fantastic surprise for Qantas Golf Club members to have the benefit of Antonio's golfing tips as well."


text:
Volunteer Application
/inprison/MCCF Volunteer Handbook.pdf
Thank you for your interest in volunteering for Liberty Ministries' Prison programs. Liberty Ministries has been active in prison ministry for approximately 35 years. Our Volunteers have been a driving force behind the ministry's success from the very beginning. We look forward to working with you in achieving what God has placed on your heart by reaching out to those in prison. Click on the links above to apply for volunteer opportunities.
Liberty Ministries Copyright ©2011-2017 - Site designed and maintained by Media Fusion Technologies, Inc.
Home | Contact Us | Locate Us | Liberty Thrift Store


text:
New Music On The Moose – 4/6/11
A bunch of new music has been ripped and we're ready to unleash it upon you. I'm not sure if all of these tunes will be in heavy rotation but here's the new stuff that you may catch!
Eddie Vedder – Longing To Belong
Rumored in fan circles for awhile, it's now official: Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder's new solo album, "Ukulele Songs," will arrive on May 31 in tandem with a live solo DVD titled "Water On The Road." That's right, the new album will feature nothing but ukulele songs and we'll play you the first one, just released, Longing To Belong.
Ben Harper – Rock 'N Roll Is Free
Does Ben Harper every take a break? He's released two albums in the last two years with his band Ben Harper & Relentless 7 and just released an album with his new side project, Fistful Of Mercy. Amidst that and all the touring he does, he somehow found time to create another solo album. Great news for us fans! Get ready for his fourthcoming album "Give Till It's Gone", due out on May 17th, and get ready for the new single, Rock 'N Roll Is Free….it will be in this case, make sure you stay tuned to the Moose.
G. Love – Just Fine
His new solo album is out and we're currently playing the title track, Fixin' To Die. I gotta say I love the subtraction of Special Sauce and the addition of The Avett Brothers, who produced the record and can be heard playing and singing on it throughout. It's a new sound for G. Love that I'm really diggin'. Enjoy the latest single off "Fixin' To Die", Just Fine.
Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi – Black
Danger Mouse (aka Brian Burton) is also very busy and talented. The producer and artist traveled to Rome to create his latest musical masterpiece, an album with frequent collaborator Daniele Luppi. "Rome" features help from Jack White and Norah Jones and is slated for a May 17th release. The first single, Black, features Norah Jones and can now be heard on the Moose.
Warren Haynes – Man In Motion
Rock legend Warren Haynes' new solo album, "Man In Motion", is due out on May 10th. We've got the title track for you Moose-heads, you'll instantly recognize his classic southern rock, blues and soul sound on this one, enjoy!
Other newbies on the Moose to note:
Tedeschi Trucks Band – Bound For Glory
Gomez – Options
Matt Nathanson – Faster


text:
Video: A day in the life of MetsBlog by founder Matthew Cerrone
Matthew Cerrone is an example of a guy who turned his passion for sportswriting from a hobby into a career. He started MetsBlog in 2003, and is now Director of Digital Media for SportsNet New York, where MetsBlog lives these days.
On Opening Day at Citi Field, Cerrone made a video called "A Day in the Life of MetsBlog," which follows him as he directs the blog's coverage at the ballpark and asks various fans and fellow bloggers what they think of the team's chances this year.
I asked Cerrone why he made the video, and he replied by email:
This will be my ninth season writing MetsBlog.com. I've worked hard to make this my career, and I wanted to give my readers a sense of what my day looks like. At the same time, as a fan, I wanted to get a sense of fan expectations entering the 2012 season. So, I morphed the two ideas in to one for this video. I hope to do more throughout the season, on other significant days (like when Jose Reyes returns to Citi Field, or the Subway Series, etc), matching up my day and experience with a fan-related storyline.
It's an interesting glimpse into the workday of a successful blog, one with access at the ballpark.


text:
Edit Article
wikiHow to Spent a Family Holiday in Katmandu
{{stub} You might have dreamed of going to Kathmandu with the kids? Or maybe just a quiet trip with you and your partner. This easy step by step article will show you how to have to the most fun on a vacation at Kathmandu.
1Start planning your getaway. It's so important to plan whereabouts in Kathmandu you want to stay. Why not jump on google maps and grab a few tips and a map.
2Explore their culture, weather and social normalities using Google search engine for some background knowledge.
3Pack your belongings according to the weather condition at the time of your vacation there.
4Stick with the budget. Create and stay on a budget so your money can be distributed equally to all elements that make the holiday one to remember.
5Buy clothes, Nepali accessories if you are from outside,and if you are not from outside you can buy shoes (Things that make memory!)
6Make some memories! Do this by taking photos!!
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
200 characters leftSubmit
Article Info
Categories: Family Vacations
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 2,025 times.
Did this article help you?


text:
Forgot your password? Enter the email address you signed up with and we will send you a link to create a new password.
Your password reset has been submitted to the address provided.
Standard character mark
questionnaires for use by employers in connection with the selection and screening of employees
Business in Provo, UT