text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|29 juin 1993
|Date de dépôt
|5 avr. 1989
|Date de priorité
|5 avr. 1989
|État de paiement des frais
|Numéro de publication
|Stephen J. Bespalko
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Xerox Corporation
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (6), Citations hors brevets (3), Référencé par (69), Classifications (13), Événements juridiques (6)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
In a typical word processing system each paragraph exists internally as one or more strings of characters, and must be broken into lines before it can be displayed or printed. For example, the typical line-breaking algorithm has a main inner loop which adds the width of the current character to the sum of the widths of previous characters, and compares the new total to the desired line width. The program will execute this loop until the number of characters in the line exceeds the number of characters that can be fit in the line. At this point, the program can either end the line with the last full word, or hyphenate the current word and put the word portion after the hyphen at the beginning of the next line.
Two problems with this process cause it to run too slowly: first, the inner loop must be executed for every character in the line; second, if hyphenation is enabled, the context of the character that overran the margin must be deduced--that is, a determination must be made whether the character is a space, punctuation mark, or part of a word. In general, all operations that require processing of each character such as pagination and scrolling through the document are very slow. In addition, operations that depend on the interpretation of the document as a sequence of words, such as hyphenation, spell-checking and search and replace are also very slow.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,972 (Casey) relates to a means and methods for automatic hyphenation of words and discloses a means responsive to the length of input words, rather than characters. However the Casey patent does not store the word length obtained for future use; at the time that hyphenation is requested, the Casey method scans the entire text character-by-character. The Casey patent also does not compute breakpoints based on the whole word length. Instead, Casey teaches the use of a memory-based table of valid breakpoints between consonant/vowel combinations.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,092,729 (Rosenbaum et al) and 4,028,677 (Rosenbaum) relate to methods of hyphenation also based on a memory table of breakpoints. Rosenbaum '729 accomplishes hyphenation based on word length (see claim 6), but the method disclosed is different than the invention disclosed here. In Rosenbaum '729, words are assembled from characters at the time hyphenation is requested, and then compared to a dictionary containing words with breakpoints. The invention disclosed here assembles the words at the time the document is encoded, and does not use a dictionary look-up technique while linebreaks are computed.
What is required is a better method of representing the text for document processing. A natural approach for reducing the computational intensity of the composition function would be to create data structures that would enable computation a word at a time rather than a character at a time. The internal representation of the text, in this case, is a token which is defined as the pair:
where the type is a unique identifier for each class of token, and data is the data associated with a particular type of token. A token can be represented in a more compact way as
where the pointer is the address of the data associated with that token. This form of the token is more easily manipulated since entries are the same length. An even more compact representation of a token is achieved when the token type is included in the data block; this reduces the fundamental token object to a pointer. Since the type information is still present in the datablock, a pointer of this form is still appropriately referred to as a token. In the past, several approaches used an internal representation of text that was some form of token, and all had drawbacks that prevented them from being applied to rapid text composition.
Numerous prior systems have used tokens for editing computer programs. See, for example: Copilot: A Multiple Process Approach to Interactive Programming Systems, Daniel Carl, July 1974, phD Thesis, Stanford University. Swinehart uses tokens to maintain a relationship between the source code (text) and the corresponding parse tree that the compiler uses to translate the program into machine instructions. After each editing operation the lines of source code that changed are rescanned into tokens, the parse tree is rebuilt and finally, the parse tree is inspected for correctness. These systems are very popular for creating and modifying programs written in languages like Lisp, but tend to be fairly slow and laborious. The benefit to the user is that there is a greater likelihood that the changes made to a program will result in errors being removed rather than introduced.
A second known approach uses tokens as the fundamental text unit to represent English words rather than elements of a computer programming language. In Lexicontext: A Dictionary-Based Text Processing System, John Fransis Haverty, August 1971, masters thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a token points to a lexicon entry containing the text for the word; a hashing function is then used to retrieve the data associated with the entry which can be uniquely defined for each token. This encoding method is very general, but at the expense of performance.
Furthermore, since a principal application of Haverty's method is as a natural language interface to an operating system, the lexicon is global and thus independent of any particular document. This architecture is practical in an environment where the information is processed on a single central processor and when the entire universe of words that would be encountered is known in advance. Even if words could be added to the global lexicon, there would still be problems in a distributed environment where processors may not be connected to a network or other communications device. In this case, the lexicons would quickly diverge, and documents created on one machine could not be correctly interpreted on any other machine. Another major drawback of this approach is that if an error is detected in the main lexicon all of the documents encoded with the flawed lexicon would need to be reprocessed--if it was even possible to rebuild the documents. Because the main lexicon must by design be very large, it would be impractical to maintain the lexicon as resident in main memory. A large lexicon not resident in main memory would impose a tremendous performance penalty.
This invention is a method of using tokens to represent text in a way that is specifically designed for efficiently editing text, specifically when applied to WYSIWYG editors. Rather than the tree-oriented structure that is used in the computer program editors, a simple linked list is used. The tokens point directly to the data associated with the token thus eliminating the hashing function and, although the data blocks are of variable length, the data blocks are uniformly defined for all tokens. The dictionaries are local to each document, leading to a system that is well suited to distributed environments.
The technique could be applied to a document composition system to speed up line-breaking and other macroscopic document operations such as pagination, string search and replace, and spelling correction. This invention can also be used for improving the performance of interactive operations such as displaying typed-in characters, scrolling through the document, and resolving mouse clicks to a position in the document. The method is particularly efficient when hyphenated text is desired. Performance does not degrade when the algorithms are extended to support ligatures, kerned pairs and foreign text. This technique is extremely well suited to German text, which is more likely to contain long words, hyphenations, spelling changes which result from hyphenations, and words that must be hyphenated more than once.
The method consists of parsing the text in a document into a sequence of "atoms" which can be words, punctuation marks or spaces, and assigning a number (a "token") to each one. As an example, if the program assigns the token "301" to the atom "of" the first time that word is encountered, then it will continue to assign the same number "301" to every other "of" in the document.
A table of properties is also constructed for each unique token in the document. The following is a list of the properties maintained for atoms other than spaces:
______________________________________text: the characters in the atomlastFont: a code representing the display characteristics of the font used to compute the token properties cached in this tabledisplayBitMap: the bit map of the atom text in font lastFontnotPunctuation: a Boolean indicating whether the atom is a punctuation markatomMetrics: a record containing the character count of the token and the width of the word in screen and printer units. This information is derived from the font referred to by lastFont.breakPoints: An array with one entry for each break point in the token. If the entry is a hyphenation point, the entry contains metric information for the portion of the word prior to the hyphenation point, including the width of the hyphen. If the hyphen is a hard hyphenation point inserted by the user then the width of the hyphen is not included.______________________________________
The token corresponding to a space is handled differently from other tokens. It does not have a set of properties associated with it since the rules for treating it are much different from those of other tokens.
A text processing function can proceed by using each successive token to access the current token properties. This greatly speeds up the algorithms that classically process the document a character at a time, as well as the text functions that interpret the document as a sequence of atoms.
The line-breaking algorithm can use each successive token to access the metric information in the token properties. If the line width has been exceeded, the current line will usually be terminated at the previous token. If the text is to be right justified, the interword spacing can be stretched. Finally, if the line cannot be stretched far enough, the token corresponding to the overset token will be examined to determine if it can be hyphenated.
The token-by-token method not only leads to more efficient line breaking, but also speeds up other editing functions that depend on the document being interpreted as a series of atoms (e.g. words, spaces and punctuation marks). With spell-checking, for example, no matter how many times a word is used in a document, the spelling of that word need only be checked once, since the same token will be used for each instance of the word. The algorithm proceeds in two phases. First the algorithm checks all entries in the atom table. Then it scans the document for contiguous or fragmented words.
Inserting and deleting characters as well as entire tokens from text encoded with this method is very efficient. In the case of individual characters, a special token is employed that can be quickly modified. Inserting and deleting entire tokens is even faster than individual characters since the operations involve only modifying the string of tokens. Screen painting during type-in is very rapid, since all of the operations typically involved with updating the document data-structures, determining the new line-endings, and painting the text on the screen all benefit from this technique.
The search and replace function also benefits from having to process only the text in the atom table, if it is searching for one word. If it is searching for multiple words it need only scan the document for sequences of atoms, rather than sequences of characters.
This method of encoding text also leads to a very compact external format. It is possible to segregate the token properties into basic properties and derived properties that can be computed from the basic token properties (i.e. the characters in the token and the location of break-points). Only the basic token properties need to be written out on the file. When a new edit session is started with the file, the basic properties are used to add the derived properties.
FIG. 1 is the source file defining the token data structure, written in the Mesa programming language;
FIGS. 2(a-d) is the encoding of the text in FIG. 4 using the data structure defined in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is the source file defining the data structures to represent token properties, written in the Mesa programming language;
FIG. 4 is a sample text passage used in the examples;
FIG. 5 is the memory layout for the token properties defined in FIG. 3 for a token that has no break points;
FIG. 6 is the memory layout of the token properties defined in FIG. 3 for a token that has two break points;
FIG. 7 is a diagram of the parameters defining the display bitmap portion of the data structures in FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the order in which tokens are processed when hyphenation is enabled. The text is from FIG. 4.
FIGS. 9(a-b) is the source file for the definitions of the line-breaking algorithm that processes text encoded as tokens, written in the Mesa programming language;
FIGS. 10(a-d) is the source file for the implementation of the line-breaking algorithm for breaking lines of text encoded as tokens, written in the Mesa programming language;
FIGS. 11(a-h) is the equivalent of the Mesa source code in FIGS. 10(a-d) written in the C programming language.
FIG. 12 is the result of the algorithm defined in FIGS. 10(a-d) on the first three lines of the text in FIG. 4;
FIG. 13 is the text in FIG. 4, with a portion of the text highlighted to represent a selection;
FIG. 14 is the initial fragment of the encoded text in FIG. 2(a-d) that remains after the text selected in FIG. 13 is deleted; and
FIG. 15 is the final fragment of the encoded text in FIG. 2(a-d) that remains after the text selected in FIG. 13 is deleted.
Encoding text using this method consists of parsing the document into atoms and building arrays of tokens that correspond to the atoms. A small number of entries in the arrays are not tokens. These are special entries that are required for encoding infrequent sequences of characters (like consecutive spaces) and for encoding very large documents.
The text in FIG. 1 consists of the type definitions for the data structures needed to encode text into tokens. The computer language used in FIG. 1 is Mesa [The Xerox Development Environment Mesa Language Manual, Xerox Corporation, 1985]. Mesa is similar to Pascal [Pascal User Manual and Report, Katheleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth, Springer-Verlag, 1974] and Modula II [Programming in Modula-II, Niklaus Wirth, Springer-Verlag, 1982]. The directory clause declares that the type Offset from the interface Token is used in LineBreak.mesa. Next, the file is declared as a DEFINITIONS file since the function of the file is to define data-types and procedures.
The data structure defining the encoded array of tokens is EncodedText. Each element in the array is an Entry. Each Entry in the encoded text fits in one word of memory. The entry is a record that has two variants: a token or an escape.
The token variant consists of two fields: the number corresponding to the atom the token refers to, and a Boolean indicating whether or not a space follows the token. To maximize the performance, the token assigned to each atom is chosen in such a way as to allow it to be used to determine the location in memory of the properties for that token.
The escape variant of the Entry record is itself a variant record. This variant is used to encode information that cannot be represented with token entries.
The changeBase escape variant is required to encode large documents. Since the offset in the token variant consists of only 14 bits, the number of tokens that can be directly addressed is limited. The changeBase escape allows the address space for token properties to be changed, and thus allows a very large number of token properties to be addressed.
The space escape variant is used to represent consecutive spaces. This is needed because the token entry can only encode whether a single space is following an atom. The space variant has no parameters.
The zeroWidthSpace escape variant is used to represent a non-hyphenating break point in an atom. This is a seldom-used feature in the XICS markup language [Xerox Integrated Composition System User Guide, Xerox Corporation, 1987]. The zeroWidthSpace variant has no parameters.
FIG. 2 is the list of tokens that would be created from the text of FIG. 4. The table consists of the contents of each entry of the encoded text, one entry per row of the table. For the sake of clarity, the text for each token is included immediately to the right of each token Entry in FIG. 2. The first row of FIG. 2 contains an escape Entry that is a changeBase variant. It sets the address space for the token properties to the first address space. The address of the token properties is computed by combining the base address defined in the changeBase entry and the offsets in the token entries. The second row of the table contains a token variant entry. There are two items for each atom: a number identifying the atom, and a bit indicating whether there is a space after the atom. In this coding scheme, the space between atoms is part of the preceeding atom. For example, the first word "The" is assigned the values
[spaceFollows: TRUE, offset: 1].
Similarly, the second word, "approach" is
[spaceFollows: TRUE, offset: 20].
The ninth entry is the word "the" again, but with a lower case "t". This atom can not be given the same token as the original "The" which had a capital "T" because the widths of the characters will not usually be the same. The seventeenth entry is a left parenthesis. It is coded as
[spaceFollows: FALSE, offset: 323].
The 29th item on the list, the word "or" is the same word as the 18th word on the list. They will have identical properties and will therefore use the same token. Likewise, the commas of entries 26 and 28 will have the same tokens.
Each token has an associated list of properties, as shown in FIG. 3. The set of properties is made up of two records: the TokenProps.Object and an instance of the record TokenProps.Trailer. Both of these records are declared as MACHINE DEPENDENT to force the Mesa compiler to pack the fields into as few words of memory as possible. By ordering the values in terms of decreasing frequency of access, the number of memory references needed to access the token properties could be minimized. Since in the Mesa programming lanugage indeterminate length arrays can only be located at the end of a record, two records were required to achieve the optimal order.
The first field in the Object record is a Boolean which indicates whether the atom is a punctuation mark. This field is used during line-breaking computations to determine where legal breaks can occur.
Next is a number identifying the style, size, stress and weight of the font. This number represents the last font from which the values of the atomMetrics, breakPoint array (if present) and the display bitmap were computed. Thus if the current font in which the atom is being processed is the same as the last font in which the atom was processed, the values in the property records are simply accessed and not recomputed, since the values are still correct. Otherwise, the values in the property records must be recomputed prior to processing the current token.
The third field is called the AtomMetrics and is also defined in the TokenProps interface. This record contains the metric information for the entire atom. The values in the AtomMetrics record are the length of the atom in micas (a machine independent unit defined as 1/2540th of an inch) and pixels (screen units) and the length of the atom text in bytes. English text would typically require one byte for each character, but more bytes per character may be required in another language or for representing special technical symbols. See The Xerox Character Code Standard [The Xerox Character Code Standard, Xerox Corporation, 1986] for a method of encoding international characters and special symbols that would require more than one byte per character.
Following the atomMetrics is the breakPointCount, which corresponds to the number of places an atom can be broken between lines. Break points are usually determined by hyphenating a word. A word may also include manually inserted zero-width spaces. In this encoding technique, the atom "the" has no break points. The last field in the Object is the breakPoint array. This array may be omitted altogether if there are no break points in the atom. FIG. 5 shows the memory layout of the properties for the atom "the". If there are break points in the atom, each element of the breakPoint array will consist of the first parts of the divided words that can be formed by hyphenating the original word. For example, the three-syllable word "document" will have two break points: information to describe "doc-" and "docu-". This is shown in FIG. 6.
The first element in each breakPoint array entry consists of the break point type, which is a parameter representing how desirable the break point is. This is used by the line-breaking algorithm. The byte count is the byte count of each alternative. Length is the length of each alternative in machine independent units and in pixels.
The second record describing the properties is the ObjectTrailer record. The trailer record is always present in the token properties.
The first field in the ObjectTrailer is the referenceCount. This is used by the editor's dynamic memory manager to determine when to free the space for a set of properties. Typically this is done when the reference count reaches zero.
The next field is the raster. The raster is a record called RasterData and is the information that described the cached screen resolution image of the atom. The first item, bpl, is the total pixels in each horizontal scan line. If the bit map, for example, is divided into sixteen-bit words, this number will typically be a multiple of sixteen bits even if the image of the atom occupies a smaller "width" as for the individual letter "i". The actual width of the image in pixels is stored in the atomMetrics. The second item is the total number of words of memory that are required to store the entire bit map for this atom. For example, if the width in pixels of an atom is thirty bits and an image is 14 pixels high, then the bitmap will require 28 words. This number is derived as follows:
where the bpl is defined, by convention, to be the smallest multiple of the bits in a word of memory that is greater than or equal to the width of the width of the image. The height is the height of the image. The baseline is the number of scanlines down from the top of the image to the scanline that the text will appear to sit on. Bits is a two word pointer to the first word of the image. See FIG. 7 for a graphic representation of the fields in the RasterData record.
The final field of the Trailer record is called text. This is an array containing the characters in the token. The array length is stored in the AtomMetrics, defined above. To optimize searching for tokens, the number of bytes allocated for the text field may actually exceed the number of characters in the token. The number of characters allocated will usually be a multiple of two or four, depending on the particular machine the algorithm is implemented on.
FIG. 9 is the Mesa source code which defines the data and procedures for computing line breaks. The directory portion of the file defines the elements of other interface files that are referenced in LineBreak.mesa. LineBreak.mesa is declared as a DEFINITIONS file since the function of the file is to define data-types and procedures.
SuffixChar is a type that defines possible final characters that can appear at the end of a line of text. This is required for the display algorithm. SuffixChar is declared as machine dependent to ensure that the values assigned to each element in the enumerated type are consecutive and begin with 0.
Reason is an enumerated type that lists the possible reasons that the line-breaking algorithm can return. Reason is also machine dependent since the line-breaking algorithm depends on the particular values the compiler assigns to each element in the enumerated type. The following table defines each of the values of Reason:
______________________________________margin the current token has exhausted the line measure and a line-breaking decision has been made. This means that a line break was identified that satisfied all of the con- straints placed on the algorithm.normal the current block of text has been ex- hausted with no line-breaking decision being made.changeBase the current token is a changeBase escapeinvalidProps the properties for the current token are out of date and need to be recomputed with the current fontcontiguousWords the current token is not preceded by a space or punctuation mark. This usually implies that the two tokens are fragments of a single word. This result enables the client code to adjust the metric informa- tion for kerning and letterspacing, as well as to keep track of the beginning of the fragmented token in case a sequence of token fragments needs to be hyphenated.unableToBreak a line-breaking decision could not be made even though the current line meas- ure has been reached. The most common event that causes this result is that the token that overruns the margin is a punc- tuation mark.specialGermanCase this reason is returned when the line- breaking algorithm attempts to break a token that requires respelling at the desired hyphenation point.______________________________________
TwelveBits is a type that defines a twelve-bit unsigned integer. It is used in the StateRec record that is described below.
ArgRec is a machine dependent record which is the argument to the line-breaking algorithm. It is machine dependent because, where possible, several fields in the record are packed into a single word of memory.
The first field in the record is called text, which is a descriptor representing the array of tokens to be processed. The descriptor occupies three words of memory, with the first two words consisting of a pointer to the first token and the final word defining the length of the array.
The field propsBase is the base address used to resolve the relative pointers embedded in the token entries of the encodedText array. See FIG. 2 an example of an encoded text passage. After the propsBase is a boolean called hyphenate. If hyphenate is TRUE then the line-breaking algorithm will attempt to hyphenate the token that crosses the line measure; otherwise the algorithm backs up to the last complete token that fit in the measure. The next field represents the style, size, stress and weight of the font being processed. If the font field in the ArgRec does not match one of the font fields in the tokenProps, then the algorithm returns with a reason of invalidProps. The field after font is the margin, which is the line measure in micas.
The next two fields in the ArgRec are the hyphenPixelLength and the minSpacePixelLength. These, respectively, define the width a hyphen and the minimum width a space can be in screen units (pixels). The next two fields are the width of a hyphen and the minimum width of a space in micas.
The whiteSpace field defines the maximum size of a space in micas. It is not neccessary to also define the maximum size of a space in pixels, because only the mica measure is used in making a line-breaking decision.
The final two fields in the ArgRec are called final and prior. Both of these are instances of the LineBreak.State record. These fields will be referred to in Mesa notaion as arg.final and arg.prior, respectively. These values in these records are used by the line-breaking algorithm for temporary storage and to record the result when a line-breaking decision is made. The values in the arg.prior represent the last break point passed in the current block of text. Similarly, arg.final contains the data for the final token that was processed before the current exit of the line-breaking algorithm. If a line-breaking decision has been made then the values in arg.prior contain the values for the end of the current line, and the values in arg.final are those to begin the next line.
The first field in the LineBreak.State record is the index. This is the index of the current token relative to the beginning of the encodedText. The micaLength and the pixelLength are the cumulative widths in micas and pixels, respectively, of the tokens allocated to the current line. Note that these are specifically not the cumulative widths of the tokens in the current text block. The next field is the count of the blanks encountered on the current line. After the blank count is a boolean called notPunctuation. This field indicates whether the last token was a punctuation mark or not. This field is used to determine the locations of legal break points in a line. The suffixChar is a code representing the last character on a line after a line-breaking decision is made. The possible values of suffixChar were previously defined in the enumerated type SuffixChar. The byteCount field is the total number of bytes in the tokens that have been allocated to the current line. The final field, whiteSpace, is the maximum amount of white space that the line-breaking algorithm can allocate to the line when making a line-breaking decision.
ArgHandle, ArgSpace, and argAlignment are three types that define data structures needed to align the ArgRec in memory in such a way as to avoid crossing a page boundary. This invariant is an optimization used by the micro-code implementation on the Xerox 6085 workstation. Since ArgRec is 23 words long, the record must start on a 32 word boundary to guarantee that it does cross a page boundary. ArgSpace defines a block of memory 55 words long--which guarantees that there is a 32 word boundary in the range, with sufficient space after the boundary to contain the entire record. LineBreak.AlignArgRec is a procedure that takes as an argument a pointer to one of the 55 word blocks of memory, and returns a pointer to the 32 word boundary that is contained in the block.
LineBreak.SoftwareLineBreak and LineBreak.LineBreak define the Mesa and micro-code versions of the line-breaking algorithm that will be defined in the next section. The two procedures return the same results, the difference being that the latter is implemented as a custom machine instruction on the 6085. The argument to both of these procedures is a pointer to the ArgRec, and both return a LineBreak.Reason.
FIG. 10 is the contents of the file LineBreakImpl.mesa. This file supplies the implementation of the interface LineBreak. The list of names in the DIRECTORY section of the file declares the names of interface files that are referenced in LineBreakImpl. In the next source statement, LineBreakImpl is declared as a program (rather than a definitions file as before) which uses (IMPORTS) a subprogram from the interface Frame, and shares (EXPORTS) a program via the interface LineBreak. A constant nullData is declared immediately after the PROGRAM statement.
SoftwareLineBreak computes line endings based on the margin stored in the argument arg. The program is designed to handle cases that require more than one block of text in the same line. The design is also independent of the method that the application using the program uses to store the text. The main procedure is organized to include four nested subprograms.
WholeWordBreak is the logic that is used when a line-ending decision is made at the end of a whole word or at a space. WholeWordBreak initializes data in arg.final to refer to the beginning of the token after the one that ends the current line. This procedure is declared as an INLINE procedure to indicate that it is to be treated as a macro, which implies better performance for short procedures.
SaveThisBreak is a procedure that transfers the contents of arg.final into arg.prior. The logic may need to revert back to the values in arg.prior if the next token can not be added to the current line. This procedure is also declared to be an INLINE for the sake of performance.
ProcessSpace checks to see if the current space will fit on the line. If not, then processing is terminated and the routine returns a TRUE value. If the current space fits, then the data in arg.final is modified to reflect the values at the current point. In this case, the routine returns a value of FALSE. ProcessSpace is also treated as a macro to optimize performance.
HyphenateWord is the subprocedure that is executed when the margin is crossed by a token. The algorithm branches to the unable ToBreak exit clause if the last token that was processed was not a punctuation character. This exit results in the reason being set to unableToBreak. In this context a space is considered as a punctuation character. Similarly, if there are no break points to choose from or if hyphenation is not selected for the current block of text, then the algorithm exits through a branch to the noneFitsExit clause. If this path is executed, then the last token processed is selected as the break point, and the values of final are initialized with the procedure WholeWordBreak.
At this point the algorithm has determined that hyphenation points exist and that it is appropriate to try to select one of the break points. Before entering the main loop two variables are initialized. The first is a pointer to an element of the break-point array. This variable is initialized to point to the first element of the break-point array in the token being broken. The second variable is the minimum width that the text including the portion of the final token must be to satisfy the white space constraint.
The main loop in HyphenateWord selects the best possible break point from the break points in the list. The algorithm requires that the break points be sorted on two keys: first in decending order of priority (in otherwords the most desirable breaks come first) and within each class of priority, decreasing order of position in the token. This ordering allows the algorithm to detect the optimal break point with a single pass over the break points. The optimal break point is the one with the highest priority and that results in the tightest fit for the line.
Three exceptions cause the algorithm not to select the break point based on the highest priority and tightest fit criteria. The first exception is for a special case break point such as a German word that would require respelling if the break point is selected. The second exception is if there is a manually inserted or "hard" hyphen. In that case the manually inserted hyphen is chosen whether or not it gives the best fit. The third exception is if all of the break points are too large--that is none result in at least the minimum whitespace--then the algorithm terminates without selecting a break point and the boundary of the previous token is used for the termination of the line.
If a suitable break point is selected, HyphenateWord exits through the successExit clause. The first four statements of the clause update arg.final and arg.prior fields, respectively, to reflect the break point that has been selected. Next, arg.final is updated to represent the part of the token beginning the next line. The manner in which arg.final is updated depends on the type of the selected hyphenation point. If the break point is a synthetic hyphen generated by the breakpoint logic, the break-point metrics must be adjusted since the hyphen is not actually part of the token. The most common hyphens that are not synthetic are hard hyphens.
When any form of hyphen is chosen to terminate a line, micalength, pixelLength, and byteCount are all assigned negative numbers representing the portion of the token ending the previous line. The value of index remains unchanged so the same token begins the next line. When the negative values in arg.final are added to the values for the entire token, the results are the proper values for the portion of the token beginning the new line.
The main part of SoftwareLineBreak begins with the initialization of pointers to arg.final and arg.prior. The main loop is executed as long as arg.final.index is less than or equal to the length of the current text block, arg.text. The processing that is done on each token entry in arg.text depends on the type of the token entry.
If the type is a token entry, then the first statement in the token branch of the variant select statement dereferences several of the levels of indirection to speed processing. Next, the font that is desired for this text block is compared to the font that was last used to compute the atom metrics. If the font is incorrect then the main loop exits through the invalidProps clause which in turn causes a return from the procedure with a reason of invalidProps. This gives the caller an opportunity to recompute the token properties and restart the procedure. If the properties are still valid then the computation is made to determine whether the entire token fits on the current line. If it does not then the loop exits through the marginExit clause, and hyphenation is attempted. If the token fits, then a check is made as to whether the algorithm has encountered two consecutive tokens without either a space or a punctuation mark. If so then the loop is exited through the contiguousExit clause.
At this point it has been determined that the current token fits on the line and that it can be added to the line. The next four lines of the main loop update arg.final to reflect this. The final statement in the clause checks whether the spaceFollows Boolean is TRUE for this token. If it is then the ProcessSpace subprocedure is executed. If the space does not fit on the line, then the main loop is exited through the simpleMarginExit since it is clear that hyphenation is not needed. If the space fits, then the token branch of the select statement is exited, final.index is incremented, and the next entry in the text block is processed.
The other branch of the variant select statement in the main loop is executed if the text entry is an escape variant of the Token.Entry record. As was described in FIG. 1, the escape variant is itself a variant record (refered to as an anonymous record in Mesa). Therefore, the escape arm of the select statement is also a select statement. As mentioned previously, the three variants of this record are space, zeroWidthSpace, and changeBase.
Processing for the space variant consists of executing the ProcessSpace subroutine. If the space does not fit on the line then the main loop is exited through the simpleMarginExit clause. When a zeroWidthSpace is encountered the final.suffixChar is updated to reflect this. The current position on the line is made a viable break point in case the next token does not fit. A changeBase escape causes an exit from the main loop through the changeBase exit clause. No other processing is needed, since the caller updates all of the necessary data structures including arg.propsBase. If the processing on the escape entry is completed without an exit being executed, then the clause is exited, final.index is incremented and the processing of the next text entry is begun.
If the entire text block is processed without making a line-ending decision, then the procedure exits through the FINISHED exit clause of the main loop.
FIG. 12 shows the values in the argRec prior to beginning processing of the text in FIG. 4, and then after each of the first three lines that were computed. In the first instance the value for text is the descriptor that represents the encoding in FIG. 2. The values have been deleted for the sake of brevity. The values for font, margin, hyphenPixelLenght, minSpacePixelLength, hyphenMicaLength, minSpaceMicalLength and whiteSpace are all set for a 10 point serif font. The values of final and prior are all set to initial null values since no tokens have been processed.
The second value of arg in FIG. 12 corresponds to the values in arg after the first line has been computed. Only the values in final and prior have changed. The final.index and the prior.index are the same, since the last token on the first line was hyphenated. Notice that in FIG. 2 the tenth entry (starting with the first element as number zero) corresponds to the token "document". The values in arg.prior correspond to the accumulation of the first ten tokens plus the portion of the eleventh token through "docu". The negative numbers in arg.final correspond only to the portion of the last token included in the values of arg.prior. When these values are added to the first token of the next line (which will be the values for the entire word "document") the result is that the proper part of the word, "ment", is added to the line values. This is shown graphically in FIG. 8. By processing the same token twice when the line-breaking decision requires splitting a token across two lines, the code that calls SoftwareLineBreak can be written with logic that is largely independent of whether hyphenation has occurred. This invariance results in very efficient pagination code.
After the second line is computed, the values in arg will be those in the third value of arg in FIG. 12. Notice that in this block the value of margin changed to reflect that the second line was not to be indented. Since the second line is not hyphenated, the values for arg.final,index and arg.prior.index are different. This is appropriate since the second line ends on entry 21 which is the token "each", but the third line begins with entry 22 "unique". Since the final token of the second line is not hyphenated, there are no carryover values from line to line as there is with the first line. Therefore, all of the other values of arg.final at this point are null.
The final value of arg in FIG. 12 corresponds to the third line of FIG. 4. This line started with a complete token and ended with a complete token.
FIG. 11 is the equivalent of the program in FIG. 1, FIG. 3, FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, written in the C programming language. This program will run on any computer that provides a C compiler, including any member of the Sun Micro Systems 3 and 4 family of minicomputers, such as the model 3/50. This code has also been run on the DEC Vax 7xx family and microVax computers.
There are two main differences between the line-breaking and display algorithms. First, rather than accumulating the token metrics to determine where a line ending is, this information must have been previously computed and passed into the display algorithm. The information concerning the number of tokens (or parts of tokens) and the cumulative metric information is required at the beginning of the display process. This information is required so that if justification is desired, the appropriate adjustments can be made to the placement of the tokens. Similarly, when certain text formating modes are desired, the display algorithm must have available to it the width of the tokens to be painted before the first token is displayed. Examples are ragged left mode and modes where the text is centered on a column, page or arbitrary measure. The second difference is that the display algorithm accesses the RasterData in the TokenProps.TrailerObject (FIG. 3) to accumulate a display bitmap of a line of text. This is done using the BitBlt machine instruction on the Xerox 6085 Workstation [Pilot Programmer's Manual, Xerox Corporation, 1985] which is similar to raster processing support on most machines. The description of the bitmap that this instruction uses for the source bitmap includes both a width and a bit offset into the bitmap. These parameters allow the painting of only a portion of a token bitmap when a token is broken between two lines, usually by hyphenation. Consider an example where the width of a token bitmap is 30 bits, and the token is hyphenated at a break point 17 bits into the image. To paint the portion of the image prior to the break point, the width would be set to 17 and the offset would be 0. To paint the portion after the break point, the width would be 32 minus 17 or 15 bits, and the offset would be 17 bits. See line 2 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 8 for an example of when this is important.
Painting text a token at a time can now be compared to the same process done a character at a time. In both cases the same number of bits of font (or text image) information is passed to the display, but the performance is significantly faster in the case of a token at a time. The difference in performance is largely a result of the smaller number of times that each word of memory storing the (system) display bitmap needs to be accessed. The number of memory references is much larger when the text is displayed a character at a time. The width of a typical character bitmap is on the order of four to six bits for font sizes normally used for document body text (i.e. text that is not used for special functions such as headings and footnotes). This implies that, for machines with sixteen-bit word lengths, each word of display memory is accessed three to four times while the bitmaps of contiguous characters (as in a word of text) are written into the display bitmap. If a machine has a memory word length of thirty-two bits then each word of memory will be accessed six to eight times while an image is assembled.
The performance difference between painting text a character at a time and a token at a time is even more significant if the text includes characters that require the overstriking of several characters or portions of characters. Examples of where this could occur is accented characters and mathematical symbols that are not normally included in fonts. Once the images of these special characters or symbols are generated and inserted into the token properties, they can be reused as long as the font does not change.
This invention will now be described as applied to a WYSIWYG document editor used for publishing applications. It could also be used for other text processing applications. The documents processed by this system comprise a sequence of elements consisting of formatting commands (or markups) interspersed with fragments of text. The fragments of text are in turn sequences of tokens. Each element in the document is called a piece, and the entire data structure is called a piece table. A piece that represents a Token. Entry vector (and thus has content that is text) is referred to as a text piece. To facilitate the modification of the document, the individual pieces are linked in both directions with pointers.
The user modifies a document by identifying a portion of the text and then invoking one of the editing operations normally implemented in a WYSIWYG editor or text processing system. The portion of the text that is operated on is called the selection. The selection may consist of as little as a single character, a series of contiguous characters or words, or even the entire document. The selection is usually indicated by changing the appearance of the text. On systems with a high resolution screen the preferred method is displaying the selection in reverse video.
In addition to having a beginning and an end, the selection also has an insertion point. It is usually at the end of the selection, but can also be at the beginning of the selection. The insertion point is typically identified with a blinking caret. The piece table entry that contains the insertion point is defined as the input focus. Even though visually the input focus may appear to be attached only to text, it is entirely possible that the insertion point may actually be attached to a piece table entry containing commands.
The operations a user can perform on a selection are to delete it, backspace over one or more characters or words beginning at the insertion point, or add characters after the insertion point. Backing up in units of words is referred to as a backword operation. In each case the algorithm that operates on text represented with this invention is somewhat different than the equivalent algorithm for processing a document encoded as a series of characters.
Once one of the operations mentioned above is performed on a selection, the selection is deactivated. This is indicated to the user by de-emphasizing the text in the selection, if any remains, after the operation.
Portions of the text are selected by converting the coordinate information from a pointing device into a position in the document. This process is called resolving the position in the document. Virtually all interactive WYSIWYG systems have some form of pointing device. Most commonly the pointing device is a mouse. Much less frequently it is a set of cursor keys.
The pointing device provides coordinate information at regular intervals while the device is active. The process of converting the coordinate information into a position in the document is facilitated by this invention.
The resolving algorithm proceeds in three phases. First, the line of text containing the coordinate is located; next the specific token is identified; and finally the character is located. The editor must provide some way for the resolving software to determine which line of text contains the new coordinate. Typically this is done with a table of line boxes. The information describing the line box is the location (or orientation) of the line, dimension of the line, and beginning offset of the first token on the line.
Once the line is located, the resolving algorithm can enumerate the tokens in the line to determine in which token the coordinate is located. At this point the individual characters can be inspected to determine in which character the coordinate falls.
The table of line boxes is essential if the editor design supports multiple line-setting modes. If the text is set with variable-width spaces, or text that is not aligned along the left side of the column, then the information related to the number and width of the spaces must also be included in the table. On fast processors it is possible to replace the line table with a procedural interface to the pagination logic that returns the information in the nth line box by paginating the appropriate page through the nth line.
By proceeding across the line a token at a time rather than a character at a time, as is classically the case, the resolving process proceeds much faster. In particular, with complex text such as international or mathematical text that can not be represented by a single byte per character, the method described here will be significantly faster.
The algorithm for deleting a portion of a document encoded as a sequence of tokens is very similar to the algorithm for deleting text stored as a sequence of characters stored in a piece talbe. In the general case, a deletion is performed on a selection consisting of more than one character where the first and last character in the selection are not in the same piece table entry. The simplest case is when the begining of the selection is just after a space (the beginning of a token) and similarly, when the end of the selection is just before a space. In this case no new tokens are created as a result of the deletion, but as many as two new pieces are created, depending on whether the beginning and end of the selection are in the same piece of text. The encoding of the space immediately after the selection will have to be changed to the space escape variant of the Token. Entry if the space is encoded using the spaceFollows boolean in the last token of the selection. If one end of the selection falls on one of the interior characters of the first or last token, then new tokens will result from the deletion. If this is the case, then a changeBase escape Token. Entry may need to be added to the resultant pieces to reflect the base address of each new token.
The text in FIG. 13 contains the same text that was previously shown in FIG. 4. The highlighted portion of the text represents a selection that will result in several new tokens being created when the selection is deleted. For the sake of illuminating the most general case, it is assumed that the new tokens will be located in a different area of memory than the area used for the existing tokens (base address number 1). The deletion will result in two pieces, one for the portion of the text prior to the selection and a separate piece for the portion after the selection. FIG. 2 contains the piece table entry for the remaining portion of the paragraph prior to the deletion. FIG. 14 shows the beginning and end of the initial fragment of the text. (The missing portion of the piece corresponds to the portion of the piece in FIG. 2). Notice that a changeBase escape Token.Entry is required because the new token is not in the same token props area that the other tokens are in. FIG. 15 shows the tokens in the second piece table entry. Again, the new token is preceded by a changeBase escape Token.Entry. A second base address change is needed in this piece to set the base address back to the first address space used for the remaining tokens.
Piece table entries (and the contents of the entry) are typically fixed length to minimize storage requirements. Insertion, backspace and backword all result in changes to the content of the piece table entry containing the insertion point. It is impractical after each operation to allocate new space for the modified contents, copy the content of the input focus to the new space, update the contents of the new piece to reflect the change, and deallocate the old contents. Performing these operations repeatedly would result in fragmented dynamic memory and inadequate performance. A way to avoid this fragmentation is to identify transient resources that can easily be modified. Specifically, a preallocated Token.Entry array that is arbitrarily long could be substituted for the actual contents of a piece when one of these operations is selected. Now the length of the array simply has to be adjusted at the end of each operation to reflect the changes.
When the first operation requiring the modifiable entry array is invoked, content of the input focus is copied into the modifiable entry array and a reference to the modifiable content is placed in the input focus. The editing algorithm is then invoked. The contents of the input focus remain in the modifiable space area until an event transpires signalling that no further operations on the modifiable piece can occur. Events of this nature include the user ending the edit session on the document, or moving the selection to another portion of the document. After the last edit is performed any content remaining in the input focus is made permanent by allocating a new space, copying the content of the modifiable space into the new space, and placing a reference to the new space in the input focus.
Insert and backspace also require a modifiable token property area to avoid similar performance problems resulting from repeatedly allocating and deallocating token properties during rapid operations. A reference to the modifiable token property space is substituted for the last token variant in the modifiable Token.Entry array when the first insert or backspace is invoked. The contents of the modifiable token properties are then either discarded or transferred to a permanent property space depending on the sequence of operations. This will be described in more detail below.
The modifiable Token.Entry array can be of limited length. In general, a length of one thousand tokens will seldom be exhausted, and this length imposes few constraints on the implementation. The modifiable token property space need be only long enough to hold the maximum number of break points the implementation allows.
By convention the modifiable token property space is defined to be offset one in base address zero. This convention will be used in the editing algorithms described below.
When a backspace operation is invoked, the algorithm checks on which end of the input focus the insertion point is located. If the insertion point is on the right side of the input focus, then the algorithm proceeds with then next step. When the insertion point is on the left side of the input focus, then the input focus is moved to the next prior piece table entry that contains text. The insertion point is moved to the right side of the input focus. If there are no prior text pieces the algorithm terminates.
Next, a check is made as to whether the content of the input focus has been copied into the modifiable entry array. If the content of the input focus have been copied, then the portion of the algorithm that deletes the last character is invoked. Otherwise, the content of the input focus is copied into the modifiable Token.Entry array. The first step in this process is to replace the address of the text in the input focus with the address of the modifiable entry array. Now the algorithm can proceed to delete a character.
Once the content of the input focus has been copied to the modifiable Token.Entry array, the backspace algorithm begins by locating the last content bearing entry in the array. A content bearing entry is a Token.Entry that is not a changeBase variant. The algorithm begins with the last element of the array and proceeds backwards inspecting each successive element. This process terminates, when the first content bearing entry is located. If the entry is a space escape Token.Entry, then the token array is shortened by one to delete the space. The algorithm then terminates since a character has been deleted. Similarly, if the entry located by the scan for a content bearing entry is a token Token.Entry with the spaceFollows boolean set to TRUE, then deleting the character consists of setting the boolean to FALSE. The content of the input focus stays the same, since the final content bearing entry was not eliminated but only changed.
The final case is when the final content bearing entry is a token Token.Entry that does not have the spaceFollows boolean set to TRUE. If the properties for the final token are not already in the modifiable token property area then the contents are copied and the entry array is updated to reflect this. In general, the content bearing entry is replaced with two entries. The first is a changeBase escape Token.Entry to set the base address to zero (the modifiable token property area), and the second is a token Token.Entry with an offset of one. Finally, the length of the content of the input focus is updated (usually by incrementing the length by one).
The final portion of the backspace algorithm is the procedure to delete a character when the final element of the modifiable entry array is a token Token.Entry which has already been copied to the modifiable token property area (from a previous operation) and the spaceFollows boolean is already FALSE. The first step is to determine how many bytes need to be deleted to eliminate the last logical character. International characters such as accented characters may be represented by byte sequences longer than one byte. If the resulting deletion does not exhaust the bytes in the token properties, then the properties are updated and the algorithm terminates. If deletion exhausts the bytes in the distinguished token property area, then the length of the distinguished token array is reduced by one and the procedure to locate the first preceding content bearing entry array element is executed.
The first two steps of the backword algorithm are identical to the backspace algorithm: if the insertion point is on the left side of the input focus, then the content of the next prior piece containing text is set as the input focus and the insertion point is moved to the right side of the new input focus. Next, if the content of the input focus is not in the modifiable entry array, then the content is copied into the modifiable array, and a reference to the modifiable entry array is placed in the input focus.
Once the content of the input focus is copied to the modifiable entry array, the backword algorithm locates the last content bearing entry in the array. This entry must not be a space. Next, a second scan is initiated to locate the next prior space or punctuation mark. The scan logic must include the possibility that a word may be fragmented into two or more contiguous tokens or that the token being deleted is the first token in the document.
Once the right boundary of the backword is identified, all of the subsequent tokens are deleted by adjusting the length of the modifiable token array. Notice that since the backword algorithm always results in the elimination of an integral number of tokens, no new tokens are created.
The insert algorithm also requires the modifiable entry array, so the insert algorithm also begins by determining what content, if any, from the input focus must be moved into the special entry array. If the insertion point is on the left side of the input focus, then a new piece table entry must be created and linked into the table prior to the input focus. The new piece is now made the input focus and the insertion point is moved to the right side of this piece.
If the insertion point is on the right side of the input focus and the content of the input focus is not in the modifiable entry array, then the content of the input focus is copied there and a reference to the modifiable entry array is placed in the input focus.
Now a character can be added to the document. The logic that is executed depends on the class of character. The basic classes are space, letters, and punctuation marks. Punctuation marks are characters that are never included in a token. These are also identified to the line-breaking algorithm to assist it in determining where allowable break points are. In applications where significant amounts of numeric data are expected--such as financial text processing applications--then the implementation may need to treat numeric data in a special way. Since numbers tend to be unique, or nearly unique, the statistical properties that make this invention highly efficient for text will not be realized. The result will, very likely, be very large documents with prohibitive runtime memory requirements. One alternative is to treat tabular data as normal strings of text, or to create a special escape variant that would contain the numeric data.
When the first letter is encountered, the final token in the input focus is inspected. If it is not a reference to the modifiable token properties the reference is added to the end of the piece. This usually involves lengthening the contents of the input focus by two. A changeBase escape variant referring to the space containing the modifiable token properties is added followed by a Token.Entry referring to the modifiable properties. The metrics, break-point data, display bitmap, and character array should all be initialized to null values. If the final entry in the array is a token variant with the spaceFollows boolean set to FALSE, then the entry is replaced with the two entries required for the reference to the modifiable token properties. In this case the contents of the modifiable properties are initialized to be the contents of the token that was replaced.
Now the letter is added to the character array and the font is set to a value that forces a recomputation of the metrics and bitmap. In general, it is recommended that hyphenation of the new token be delayed until a break character (i.e. a space or punctuation mark) is encountered, unless the hardware is very fast.
Processing the second and subsequent (contiguous) letters consists of only the final step of those required for the processing of the first letter: the letter is added to the character array and the font field in the token properties is set to the special value that causes the invalidProps return from the line-breaking algorithm.
When a character that is not a letter is input after one or more letters, or the input operation is terminated, the contents of the modifiable token properties are converted into a permanent token. Since the new token may not have the same base address as the last token before the modifiable token properties, a changeBase escape may be needed.
If the event that terminates the input to the modifiable token properties is a space then the space should be encoded with the spaceFollows boolean in the new token. If a space is input, but no letters are in the modifiable token, then the space escape variant must be used. Similarly, if a punctuation mark is input after one or more letters have been input then the modifiable token properties must be converted into permanent properties prior to processing the punctuation mark.
In general, a user searches for a string of text with the expectation that the algorithm will determine whether two strings are equivalent. Equivalence is defined to mean that the encoding for one string can be transformed into the encoding for the other string with no loss of information. Similarly, when searching for combinations of text and commands the expectation is that the effect of the commands will be recognised independent of the sequence of commands. For example, if the command for initiating bold text is
and the command for italic text is
then clearly, the effect on the text when the command sequence
is the same as
Therefore, the two should be interpreted by the search as equivalent. Conceptually, this is equivalent to accumulating the commands in a buffer and inspecting them before the beginning of each text piece.
The equivalence of tokens is intuitive: a word that is split between multiple contiguous tokens must match the same content represented as a single token. The following algorithm will be presented in terms of equivalent tokens. Similarly, the equivalent encoding of a sequence of commands is also natural. Thus, the algorithm for searching when formatting commands are significant (that is that the looks of the search string are included in the search criteria) will also be presented in terms of a equivalent commands that are independent of the sequence of commands.
The search consists of processing three special cases: the equivalent token prior to the first delimiter, the equivalent token after the last delimiter, and the rest of the tokens. In this context a delimiter is defined to be a space or punctuation mark. The scan proceeds until a token is identified that is exactly equivalent to or ends in text that is exactly equivalent to the first token. The algorithm now processes each successive delimiter and interior token. If the match is exact the scan proceeds. Finally, the last token is compared. A match is identified if the final equivalent token in the search string is a perfect match with the corresponding token in the passage of text being searched. Similarly, the search is successful if the final equivalent token matches the beginning of the corresponding token in the text.
A slight generalization is required to define the search algorithm when formating commands in the target string are significant. Before the scan, the source string is converted into tokens and the effective commands are determined. At the beginning of each text piece, the state of the effective command is compared with the corresponding commands in the source string. If the effective command does not match the comparison fails.
The search and replace function is defined in terms of previously defined edit operations. First, the source and replace strings are converted into a sequence of tokens. Then, the scan of the document is performed. When a match is made, the matched portion of the document is converted into an implied selection. The selection is then deleted using the previously defined operation. The encoded replace string is then inserted at the insertion point. The scan then proceeds to locate the next match.
The algorithm to check the spelling of the text in a document encoded with this method is very efficient. There are two cases to consider depending on whether the entire document is checked, or whether only a selected portion of the document is checked.
Prior to processing the document, two temporary data structures are created. The first is a list with an element for each unique token. Each element contains a reference count, and a Boolean field. The elements are initialized with the respective reference count and the value FALSE. The second is a list to retain each misspelled word that is composed of more than one token. This list is initially empty.
Processing the document begins with checking each entry in the document token dictionary against the spelling lexicon. Processing next proceeds to setting the appropriate Boolean field in the temporary list to TRUE for tokens that are identified as misspelled by the spelling lexicon. The document is now scanned for words that are composed of several contiguous tokens. For each instance of a composite token, the temporary reference count for each token in the composite is decremented, then the word is checked against the spelling lexicon. If the word is incorrectly spelled, the word is added to the misspelled list-if it is not already in the list. At the end of the document, words in the list of misspelled composite words are reorted to the user. Similarly, token dictionary entries that are marked as misspelled and that have a non-zero temporary reference count are also reported to the user.
In the second case of checking a portion of the text, only a list to contain the words that are mis-spelled is required. The processing consists of enumerating each word in the selected text, whether or not it is composed of several fragments, then checking the word against the spelling lexicon. Words that are misspelled are added to the misspelled list. After the last token is identified, the misspelled list is reported to the user.
The text representation described here, coupled with the piece table, can be used as an extremely compact machine readable external form. Minimizing the external storage requirements consists of saving the piece table, the memory containing the Token. Entry arrays that the piece table refers to, and a subset of the token properties. Only the portion of the token properties that cannot be recomputed quickly needs to be written into the file. Thus the characters, an array noting the type and position of each break point, and the base address and offset of the properties should suffice. By not storing the break-point array, metric information and token bitmap image the property space can be reduced by at least three-quarters.
Typically, for large documents the compaction will be a factor that converges on twice the inverse of the average word length in the document. For standard English the ratio is slightly less than one third. For technical documentation that contains large numbers of longer words, the ratio will improve.
While the invention has been described with reference to a specific embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made without departing from the essential teachings of the invention.
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text:
Jersey City (N.J.) St. Peter's athlete Brandon Napoleon had received offers from North Carolina and Rutgers heading into this week and now a third school has joined that list.
Napoleon has been expecting an offer from Indiana for quite some time, and that offer finally came through late this week.
The 6-foot, 175-pound prospect received the good news from the Big Ten school on Friday and is excited about the opportunity.
Article Continues Below
"I've got an offer from Indiana now," Napoleon relayed to Rivals.com late this week.
The Hoosiers are recruiting Napoleon as a quarterback, though they are leaving open the possibility of moving him to another position.
What does he think of IU?
"They're a great school with a beautiful campus," he said. "I love their conference."
Napoleon went on to say that he wants to visit Indiana at some point but doesn't have a date set up yet.
In recent weeks he has visited Maryland and Rutgers.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Prosecutors say a suburban Chicago woman accused of killing her husband by stabbing him and beating him with a baseball bat has suffered from delusions.
DuPage County Assistant State's Attorney Anne Theriau says 48-year-old Anka Miscevic of Lombard had been diagnosed with delusional disorder, major depressive disorder and possible bipolar disorder in 2011.
The Daily Herald reports that Miscevic admitted stabbing her husband on Thursday while he slept. She was ordered held on $3 million bond Saturday.
Theriau says Miscevic told police she felt something bad was going to happen to her and her family on the day of the killing.
According to Theriau, the woman was taking prescribed psychotropic medications and had been hospitalized for mental health issues three times last year.


text:
Stevens gets Silverstone test chance with Caterham
17 June 2014 – Caterham tester and academy member Will Stevens will drive the team's 2014 contender, the CT05, at the upcoming Silverstone test, which takes place directly after the British Grand Prix from July 8-9.
Stevens, who sits fourth in the Formula Renault 3.5 standings with one victory and two further podium finishes to his name, made his Formula 1 test debut with the team during last year's in-season gathering at the venue.
The 22-year-old, penned in for the first test day, has also conducted extensive simulator work this season.
"It'll be great to be back in an F1 car for the first time since the 2013 Silverstone test and with the amount of time I've already spent in the virtual car in the simulator, I can't wait to see how it compares to the real thing," he said.
"I'm sure we'll have a busy run plan set for the day and my focus will be on doing the best job I can for the team."


text:
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Chapter 20 : Chapter Nineteen: The Three Broomsticks
|Rating: 15+
|Chapter Reviews: 20
Background: Font color:
This chapter is dedicated to the memory of my Grandma Betty.
~ ~ ~
Chapter Nineteen: The Three Broomsticks
The girl knew she wasnt supposed to be out at this hour, but the owl she had received from her grandmother seemed more than urgent and the Three Broomsticks wasnt very far away.
A Dementor glided past her. The girl, holding her breath, shrank into the shadows and hid behind an overflowing trashcan. The Dementor stopped suddenly and turned to face her.
II dont have anything, the girl said to the Dementor with a quivering voice. Im not a Muggle Im g-going to my grandmothers. Its right over there. She pointed to the Three Broomsticks in the distance. She was still very young, but had dealt with Dementors before. This was the first time one had come so close.
A bony, scabbed hand immerged from the Dementors cloak and reached towards the girl. The air seemed to thin around her. A suffocating silence took the breath out of her lungs and blinded her to everything except the towering, hooded figure.
Her father writhed and twitched on the ground her mother coughed into her hands, shaking the entire bed her grandmother
STOP! the girl pleaded.
The Dementors long, spindly fingers wrapped around her tiny wrist. Stop! No! Let me go! Her bare feet scraped along the cobblestones as the Dementor drew her towards it. The girl screamed, trying to pull away with all of the strength she could muster. Her tiny frame shook uncontrollably as the Dementors blind, scabbed face emerged from its hood.
Expecto Patronum!
A silver evanescent goat charged towards the Dementor, brandishing its large horns and catching it by the bottom of its cloak. Immediately the Dementor loosened its grasp on the girls wrist, dropped her to the ground and was gone.
The girl pushed herself up off the cobblestones and ran to the Patronus conjurer. She pushed her long, curly brown hair out of her face, wrapped her arms around his waist and hid behind him.
Its okay, Nora, the old man said. In earlier years, his gravelly voice had hurt her ears, but after years of seeking refuge in the old mans inn, his voice had become a source of comfort. It wont come back. Come on, let me take you to your grandmothers. The old man offered Nora his hand. She took it, and followed him to the Three Broomsticks.
Nora? a weak voice called once they entered the deserted bar.
Im coming! Nora yelled up the stairs, letting go of the old mans hand. She took a sharp left and ran up two flights of stairs to the apartment she shared with her grandmother.
The withering frame of her grandmother lay, tucked neatly into her bed. Nora ran to her bedside and placed a hand on her sweating palm. Nana, are you okay?
Yes, Nora, she said softly. Yes, Im fine.
The old man, coming from the staircase, approached the bed as well. Rosmerta?
Rosmerta put a hand up. Im quite fine, Aberforth, she said calmly, struggling to pronounce each word. Time is finally taking its toll on me, I suppose.
No, Rosmerta, he said. It cant be that. You are still young.
Its okay, Nora, Rosmerta said softly with a charming smile. Im going to be fine soon.
Nora, go downstairs, Aberforth demanded.
Nora stood and tearfully turned to her grandmother.
We need to speak in private, Rosmerta said. Dont worry, Nora; it wont be long.
Nora spun around on her heel and ran down the stairs. She sat on the bottom step with her head buried in her hands. At the age of seven, she had lived through very little of the war, but suffered all of the consequences. Her father had been killed by a Death Eater when she was two years old and her mother had died of some unknown disease only two years earlier. Now she lived with her grandmother above her familys old bar in the deserted village of Hogsmeade.
From the frosted windows of the Three Broomsticks, Nora could see the towers of the school looming over Hogsmeade. It used to be warm and welcoming, her grandmother always told her. It used to teach students how to be good witches and wizards, before the Dark Lord took it over.
Nora, now fed up with waiting, tiptoed up the stairs and waited in front of the door to the apartment. She had to strain to make out their hushed voices.
Aberforth, she shouldnt have to take on such responsibility.
I can keep her hidden, but until we know what it is, its too dangerous for me to keep it. The Dark Lord has been searching for me for years. He doesnt even know that she exists.
And Rosmerta paused and I wantwant her to be
Silence followed.
Nana? Nora opened the door and ran in. Rosmerta didnt respond. Nana?
Aberforth put a hand on her shoulder.
No! Nora shouted, running over to her grandmothers bed. Her eyes were wide open, but blank and lifeless. The dullness of the candlelight reflected in them. Noras eyes welled up with tears. Nana! Na
Aberforth stepped over to the bed and closed Rosmertas eyes before kneeling down to the girl. Nora, he said seriously. Nora, look at me. Nora forced herself away from her grandmothers body and stared at Aberforth, unable to control the tears falling down her cheeks. Your grandmother is gone, he said. And now you need to take her place. He held up a large, gold locket with an ornate S engraved on it.
This is your grandmothers locket. You want to help defeat the Dark Lord, right? Nora nodded. Keep this safe and dont let anybody see that you have it. I can keep you safe at the Hogs Head until youre eleven. Im going to get in contact with an old friend to see if she can take you in after that.
Nora bit her lip and nodded again. Aberforth held out the locket. She took it, put it around her neck and tucked it into her shirt. It was extremely cold.
And dont try to open the locket, either, Aberforth continued. Its for your own good.
Nora stared at him, her hands shaking. She wanted to go and stand by her grandmothers bed and cry. She wanted to go back to the days when she had both parents living together, but she knew Aberforth wouldnt let her. She wasnt allowed to go back to the time when life was easy. She clutched her hand around the locket and backed away from Aberforth.
Run to the Hogs Head, he said coarsely. I need to deal with this. He gestured to the body. Nora shuddered. For a moment, she wished he hadnt saved her from the Dementor. If she didnt have a soul, at least she wouldnt have to deal with this pain.
Nora stood for a moment, hoping she wouldnt cry in front of Aberforth. Go, he repeated.
She backed up and started running down the stairs. The locket pounded against her heart, causing cold chills to run through her entire body. Without looking back, she ran down the cold, unfriendly streets of Hogsmeade village.
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text:
A couple who claimed they stabbed a man to death after he broke into their Eastside apartment were arrested today on felony murder charges.
James and Briana Hood were arrested at their home this afternoon, each on a charge of felony murder, in what police said was a drug deal gone bad.
The Hoods initially claimed they killed 26-year-old Christopher Coon in self-defense after he forced his way into their home on Vintage Court to steal drugs early Feb. 1.
But after re-interviewing the couple and analyzing evidence from the crime scene, investigators found out that the Hoods knew Coon was coming to their home to buy drugs and they let the man in when he arrived, police said.
An argument broke out over the price of the pills Coon wanted to buy, and he snatched the pills from James Hood and began to leave, police said.
That's when Briana Hood stabbed Coon in the back, police said. When Coon fought back, James Hood joined the fight and stabbed the man as well, police said.
After Coon collapsed to the floor, the Hoods rifled his pockets and found money, which they stole, and brass knuckles that they placed next to Coon's body thinking the weapon would support a self-defense claim, police said.
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text:
Work on Redcar's vertical pier is due to begin
Work is about to begin on Redcar's unnamed vertical pier.
The 80ft (24m) high structure will be the centrepiece of a £30m regeneration of Redcar seafront.
Preparation work will start next week at the seafront site near the Picture House, and construction work will start in the middle of October.
Councillor Sheelagh Clarke said: "The tower will allow rooftop panoramic views of the dramatic coastline when it is finished next year."
She added: "I am delighted that work is due to start soon so we can provide a unique attraction for Redcar which will bring further visitors and investment into the area."
The tower will also home studio and gallery space providing premises for artists and creative industries to showcase their work, alongside a cafe open to the public.
The structure is part of a wider regeneration programme which includes new sea defences being built by the Environment Agency and improvements to the Redcar promenade.
There is a Contest to name the 'vertical pier', currently being run by the council.


text:
The hardest thing to do in my size, is shop. I am sure most of you moms will agree that shopping for clothes that fit, is nothing short of a cry fest. It's an emotional roller-coaster. I specifically remember before we left for Disneyland, i ran to our PX for some shorts. I had taken my oldest with me and she was so tired of me walking around in circles for something in my size and yet in a price range i could even afford. Finally, making it into the dressing room, one look in that stupid circus mirror and i just broke down crying. I should say sobbing profusely. All i could see was what was obviously not going to fit inside the shorts and t-shirts i had chosen. I looked a mess, and i felt a mess. Now i am not saying i don't take accountability for getting this way. I do. But even so, shopping for clothes should never be this traumatizing for any woman, no matter her shape, size or beauty.
I was happy, and sad, when IGIGI agreed to a review. Sad because i thought, if i have trouble finding clothes in person, how in the world will i choose something off a website ? I took a look around and realized, it was meant just for us curvy ladies. IGIGI carries sizes 12-32 ! All elegant evening wear, wedding, cocktail, and just casual dresses.
I had a really hard time choosing what to select. I had my eye on a few dresses and slowly marked them off for various reasons in my head. The one that the hardest to not select was this beautiful halter style long silk gown with floral prints on it. (No longer available) It was just gorgeous. It took everything in me to not select it. However being 5 foot tall, it would have been a train on me. I am also seeing another uber cute dress they have in the sale section. It's called Helena Maxi. It's so young and modern. It was $162 and its on sale for 98$
So i finally decided on a dress. I chose one called Exceptional Ruffle Dress in Chocolate in size 12. It arrived pretty fast actually. It came in a garment bag with dress, sash and a hanger. The fabric is very well made, with layers of fabric and even a nice smoothing piece under. My husband did not like it when i first put it on. He said it made my stomach stick out weird. So i put on a body slimmer and it looked perfect haa.
Here is my photo (sorry its grainy, i had to edit the sharpness of it and didn't realize i overdid it) Ya know, i had to give you the side shot lol
I get to giveaway a $50 Gift Card to IGIGI!
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