text:
Research Topics
Genomes and Genes
Gene Symbol: NGF
Description: nerve growth factor
Alias: Beta-NGF, HSAN5, NGFB, beta-nerve growth factor, nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide), nerve growth factor, beta subunit
Species: human
Top Publications
Research Grants
Scientific Experts
Detail Information
Publications511 found, 100 shown here
- MyD88, an adapter protein involved in interleukin-1 signalingK Burns
Institute of Biochemistry, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
J Biol Chem 273:12203-9. 1998..MyD88 coimmunoprecipitates with the IL-1R signaling complex in an IL-1-dependent manner...
- The nerve growth factor reduces APOBEC3G synthesis and enhances HIV-1 transcription and replication in human primary macrophagesThiago Moreno L Souza
Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Blood 117:2944-52. 2011..Because HIV-1-infected macrophages release the nerve growth factor (NGF), and NGF neutralization reduces viral production, we further analyzed how this molecule affects HIV-1 replication...
- Most of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, cathepsin S, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, nerve growth factor, and interleukin 18 release by explants of human adipose tissue is by the non-fat cells, not by the adipocytesJohn N Fain
Department of Molecular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
Metabolism 55:1113-21. 2006..1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), cathepsin S, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and interleukin 18 (IL-18) by adipocytes as compared with the non-fat cells present in subcutaneous and omental ..
- Signal transduction by the neurotrophin receptorsD R Kaplan
Brain Tumor Research Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3A 2B4
Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:213-21. 1997..These differing responses point to a complex interplay between neurotrophin-stimulated survival, differentiation, and apoptosis pathways...
- Crystal structure of nerve growth factor in complex with the ligand-binding domain of the TrkA receptorC Wiesmann
Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
Nature 401:184-8. 1999Nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in a variety of processes involving signalling, such as cell differentiation and survival, growth cessation and apoptosis of neurons...
- Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophinsR Lee
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
Science 294:1945-8. 2001..proneurotrophins have been considered inactive precursors, we show here that the proforms of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the proforms of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are secreted and cleaved extracellularly by the ..
- NGF, BDNF, leptin, and mast cells in human coronary atherosclerosis and metabolic syndromeG N Chaldakov
Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
Arch Physiol Biochem 109:357-60. 2001..implicated in cardiovascular tissue development and in lipid and glucose metabolism, the role of the neurotrophins NGF and BDNF and also the adipokine leptin in human coronary atherosclerosis and related disorders, such as metabolic ..
- Nerve growth factor and galantamine ameliorate early signs of neurodegeneration in anti-nerve growth factor miceSimona Capsoni
Neuroscience Program, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA, Via Beirut 2 4, 34014 Trieste, Italy
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:12432-7. 2002Phenotypic knockout of nerve growth factor (NGF) activity in transgenic anti-NGF mice (AD11 mice) results in a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype resembling Alzheimer's disease...
- Trk receptors: roles in neuronal signal transductionEric J Huang
Department of Pathology, University of California Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
Annu Rev Biochem 72:609-42. 2003..receptor tyrosine kinases, each of which can be activated by one or more of four neurotrophins-nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophins 3 and 4 (NT3 and NT4)...
- A mutation in the nerve growth factor beta gene (NGFB) causes loss of pain perceptionElisabet Einarsdottir
Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Clinical and Medical Genetics, Umea University, SE 90187 Umea, Sweden
Hum Mol Genet 13:799-805. 2004..genes in the disease critical region revealed a mutation in the coding region of the nerve growth-factor beta (NGFB) gene specific for the disease haplotype...
- Sortilin is essential for proNGF-induced neuronal cell deathAnders Nykjaer
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ole Worms Alle 170, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Nature 427:843-8. 2004..Sortilin is expressed during embryogenesis in areas where nerve growth factor (NGF) and its precursor, proNGF, have well-characterized effects...
- Structure of nerve growth factor complexed with the shared neurotrophin receptor p75Xiao lin He
Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild D319, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 5124, USA
Science 304:870-5. 2004..We have determined the 2.4 A crystal structure of the prototypic neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), complexed with the extracellular domain of p75...
- Pro-NGF isolated from the human brain affected by Alzheimer's disease induces neuronal apoptosis mediated by p75NTRCarlos E Pedraza
Laboratori de Neuropatología Molecular, Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Universitat de Lleida, c Montserrat Roig 2, 25008 Lleida, Spain
Am J Pathol 166:533-43. 2005The pro-form of nerve growth factor (pro-NGF) has been shown to be a high affinity ligand for p75NTR and to induce apoptosis through this receptor...
- p75NTR--live or let dieAnders Nykjaer
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ole Worms Allé Building 170, Aarhus University, DK 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:49-57. 2005..Here, we review recent progress in delineating the molecular networks that enable p75(NTR) to dictate life and death...
- Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathwaysLouis F Reichardt
Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, Rock Hall 284a, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1545-64. 2006....
- Intravesical botulinum toxin A injections plus hydrodistension can reduce nerve growth factor production and control bladder pain in interstitial cystitisHsin Tzu Liu
Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Buddhist Tzu Chi University School of Medicine, Hualien, Taiwan
Urology 70:463-8. 2007To investigate the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA in bladder tissue and the effect of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) treatment in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC).
- Nerve growth factor is a potential therapeutic target in breast cancerEric Adriaenssens
INSERM U908, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, University Lille 1, Lille, France
Cancer Res 68:346-51. 2008We show here that nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypic neurotrophin, can be targeted in breast cancer to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis...
- A novel NGFB point mutation: a phenotype study of heterozygous patientsJ Minde
Department of Orthopaedics, Kallgatan 14, Gällivare Hospital, SE 982 82 Gällivare, Sweden
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:188-95. 2009..to hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V having a point mutation in the nerve growth factor beta (NGFB) gene was recently described. The homozygous genotype gives disabling symptoms...
- Expression and regulation of neurotrophins in the nondegenerate and degenerate human intervertebral discDevina Purmessur
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Arthritis Res Ther 10:R99. 2008The neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been identified in the human intervertebral disc (IVD) and have been implicated in the mechanisms associated with nerve ingrowth and ..
- Gender-dependent association of a functional NGF polymorphism with anxiety-related personality traitsU E Lang
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Medicine Berlin, Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
Pharmacopsychiatry 41:196-9. 2008Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to be involved in anxiety behaviour and the expression of conditioned fear in mice.
- Nerve growth factor and receptor expression in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritisChristian Barthel
Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School MHH, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
Arthritis Res Ther 11:R82. 2009We previously described the presence of nerve growth factor receptors in the inflamed synovial compartment. Here we investigated the presence of the corresponding nerve growth factors, with special focus on nerve growth factor (NGF).
- NGF is an essential survival factor for bronchial epithelial cells during respiratory syncytial virus infectionSreekumar Othumpangat
Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Research Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
PLoS ONE 4:e6444. 2009....
- Genes for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: a genotype-phenotype correlationAnnelies Rotthier
Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
Brain 132:2699-711. 2009..for autosomal dominant (SPTLC1 and RAB7) and five genes for autosomal recessive forms of HSAN (WNK1/HSN2, NTRK1, NGFB, CCT5 and IKBKAP)...
- In vitro receptor binding properties of a "painless" NGF mutein, linked to hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type VSonia Covaceuszach
Lay Line Genomics S p A, Via Prospero Colonna 32, 00149 Rome, Italy
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391:824-9. 2010..Recently, a missense point mutation was found in the NGFB gene (C661T, leading to the aminoacid substitution R100W) of individuals affected by a form of hereditary loss of ..
- Nerve growth factor-beta expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and nerve infiltration in human hilar cholangiocarcinomaLei Bo Xu
Department of General Surgery, Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
World J Surg 34:1039-45. 2010..Previous studies have shown that nerve growth factor-beta (NGF-beta) can promote the initiation and progression of many tumors...
- Nerve growth factor promotes cardiac repair following myocardial infarctionMarco Meloni
Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, United Kingdom
Circ Res 106:1275-84. 2010Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte survival, which are both desirable for postinfarction myocardial healing. Nonetheless, the NGF potential for cardiac repair has never been investigated.
- NGF and NGF-receptor expression of cultured immortalized human corneal endothelial cellsFederica Sornelli
Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, National Research Council CNR, Rome, Italy
Mol Vis 16:1439-47. 2010Several growth factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), play an important role in the homeostasis of the ocular surface...
- Inhibitory effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on nerve growth factorDonghyun Jee
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, St Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Curr Eye Res 37:408-15. 2012To investigate the inhibitory effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in rabbit retina.
- Increased urine and serum nerve growth factor levels in interstitial cystitis suggest chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of diseaseHsin Tzu Liu
Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualin, Taiwan
PLoS ONE 7:e44687. 2012Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is considered a bladder disorder due to localized chronic inflammation. This study investigated the nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in serum and urine in patients with IC/BPS.
- Decrease of urinary nerve growth factor but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome treated with hyaluronic acidYuan Hong Jiang
Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
PLoS ONE 9:e91609. 2014To investigate urinary nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) patients after hyaluronic acid (HA) therapy.
- Balanced levels of nerve growth factor are required for normal pregnancy progressionPierre Frank
Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho Neuro Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
Reproduction 148:179-89. 2014Nerve growth factor (NGF), the first identified member of the family of neurotrophins, is thought to play a critical role in the initiation of the decidual response in stress-challenged pregnant mice...
- Excessive ovarian production of nerve growth factor facilitates development of cystic ovarian morphology in mice and is a feature of polycystic ovarian syndrome in humansGregory A Dissen
Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 3448, USA
Endocrinology 150:2906-14. 2009Although ovarian nerve growth factor (NGF) facilitates follicular development and ovulation, an excess of the neurotrophin in the rodent ovary reduces ovulatory capacity and causes development of precystic follicles...
- Nerve growth factor expression and release in allergic inflammatory disease of the upper airwaysA M Sanico
Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, and Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1631-5. 2000..We thus hypothesized that nerve growth factor (NGF), which is expressed by inflammatory cells and effects changes that lead to increased neural responsiveness, could ..
- Human eosinophils produce neurotrophins and secrete nerve growth factor on immunologic stimuliHitoshi Kobayashi
Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
Blood 99:2214-20. 2002Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), are essential for development, function, and survival of peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons...
- Nerve growth factor in serum of children with systemic lupus erythematosus is correlated with disease activityKristiina Aalto
Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Cytokine 20:136-9. 2002Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor, which is expressed both in the nervous system and in peripheral organs...
- Novel polymorphism in the promoter region of the human nerve growth-factor geneM Alam
Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
Int J Immunogenet 32:379-82. 2005..We describe a novel T to C transition at position -198 from the transcription start of the human nerve growth-factor (NGF) gene. In British Caucasoid healthy control group that we have genotyped, T and C allele frequencies are 0...
- Gene expression profile of prostate cancer cell lines: effect of nerve growth factor treatmentS Sigala
Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia Medical School, V le Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
Mol Cell Endocrinol 284:11-20. 2008A dysregulation of the nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated control of prostate cell growth is associated with the malignant progression of prostate epithelial cells...
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor correlate with T-cell activation in primary Sjogren's syndromeA L Fauchais
EA 3842 IFR 145, University of Limoges, France
Scand J Rheumatol 38:50-7. 2009..Neurotrophins (NTs), recently reported as B cell antiapoptotic, and T-cell activation factors seem to be implicated in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)...
- Nerve growth factor R221W responsible for insensitivity to pain is defectively processed and accumulates as proNGFElin Larsson
Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical and Medical Genetics Unit, Umea University, SE 90187 Umea, Sweden
Neurobiol Dis 33:221-8. 2009We have previously identified a homozygous missense (R221W) mutation in the NGFB gene in patients with loss of deep pain perception...
- Haploinsufficiency of the nerve growth factor beta gene in a 1p13 deleted female child with an insensitivity to painGregory J Fitzgibbon
Regional Genetics Service, Central Manchester and Manchester Children s Hospitals, Manchester, UK
Dev Med Child Neurol 51:833-7. 2009..The human nerve growth factor beta gene (NGFB) located on chromosome 1p13...
- Association of NTRK3 and its interaction with NGF suggest an altered cross-regulation of the neurotrophin signaling pathway in eating disordersJosep Maria Mercader
Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Hum Mol Genet 17:1234-44. 2008..We have performed a family-based association study with 151 TagSNPs covering 10 neurotrophin signaling genes: NGFB, BDNF, NTRK1, NGFR/p75, NTF4/5, NTRK2, NTF3, NTRK3, CNTF and CNTFR in 371 ED trios of Spanish, French and German ..
- Relation between plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in the male patients with alcohol dependenceBoung Chul Lee
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Alcohol 43:265-9. 2009Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are thought to be related to neuroprotection in cell culture and animal studies...
- [Neuronotrophic interactions in the developing inner ear]P P Lefebvre
Service d'O.R.L. et Audiophonologie, , Belgique
Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 43:403-9. 1989..vector(s) of such neuronotrophic influences on the cochleovestibular neurons, particularly the nerve growth factor (NGF) which is a good candidate since receptors for this trophic factor are described in the embryonic inner ear...
- Differential effects of NGF and BDNF on axotomy-induced changes in GABA(A)-receptor-mediated conductance and sodium currents in cutaneous afferent neuronsA A Oyelese
Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
J Neurophysiol 78:31-42. 1997The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on injury-induced changes in the electrophysiological properties of adult rat cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were examined...
- NGF-resistant PC12 cell death induced by arachidonic acid is accompanied by a decrease of active PKC zeta and nuclear factor kappa BN J Macdonald
Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
J Neurosci Res 57:219-26. 1999..that are affected under these conditions require a constant supply of trophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival. NGF acts via binding to a specific tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkA)...
- The hsp150 delta-carrier confers secretion competence to the rat nerve growth factor receptor ectodomain in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeM Simonen
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
Yeast 12:457-66. 1996..Hsp150 delta-NGFRe, harvested from the culture medium, inhibited the cross-linking of [125I]NGF to authentic NGFR on the surface of human melanoma cells...
- Neurotrophins, neurones and peripheral nerve regenerationQ Yin
University Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
J Hand Surg Br 23:433-7. 1998..These include nerve growth factor (NGF) and several recently identified members of the NGF family, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ..
- A role for zeta protein kinase C in nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cellsM W Wooten
Department of Zoology, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
Cell Growth Differ 5:395-403. 1994..protein kinase C (nPKC) family members in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of PC12 cells...
- Scabronine G-methylester enhances secretion of neurotrophic factors mediated by an activation of protein kinase C-zetaY Obara
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Mol Pharmacol 59:1287-97. 2001..Scabronine G-ME increased the secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from 1321N1 cells with the enhancement of their mRNA expressions...
- Glycosylation of rat NGF receptor ectodomain in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeH Holkeri
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
FEBS Lett 383:255-8. 1996..Thus, the serine and threonine residues of the hsp 150 delta-NGFRe fusion protein were highly selectively O-glycosylated...
- Expression of cytokines and proteases in mast cells in the lesion of subcapsular cell hyperplasia in mouse adrenal glandsJ S Kim
National Institute of Industrial Health, Kawasaki, Japan
Toxicol Pathol 28:297-303. 2000..certain cytokines, including stem cell factor (SCF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), nerve growth factor (NGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and mast cell-specific proteases, such as mouse mast cell protease (..
- In vitro culture of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and gutM Lundqvist
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Acta Oncol 28:335-9. 1989..obtained by surgery was performed with the addition of different growth factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) to Hite's medium...
- [Nerve growth factor and neurological diseases]L Lorigados
Departamento de Neuroimmunologia, , CIREN La Habana, Cuba
Rev Neurol 26:744-8. 1998INTRODUCTION: The effects of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) within and outside the nervous system have been amply discussed in recent decades...
- Nerve growth factor inhibition prevents traumatic neuroma formation in the ratG S Kryger
Microsurgical Replantation Transplantation Department, California Pacific Medical Center, Davies Campus, San Francisco, CA, USA
J Hand Surg Am 26:635-44. 2001Nerve growth factor (NGF) is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of neuroma formation as well as in the development of neuropathic pain...
- Nerve growth factor enhances nerve regeneration through fibronectin graftsI H Whitworth
Blond McIndoe Centre, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK
J Hand Surg Br 21:514-22. 1996Soluble fibronectin and nerve growth factor (NGF) promote axonal regeneration when placed in silicone tubes...
- Effects of nerve growth factor and dexamethasone on Na+,K(+)-ATPase of cultured PC12h cellsK Kurihara
Department of Oral Physiology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan
Horm Metab Res 26:14-8. 1994When PC12h cells were cultured for 4 days in the presence of 50 ng/ml of nerve growth factor (NGF), they showed elongated dendrites and specifically increased Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity...
- Nerve growth factor (NGF) influences differentiation and proliferation of myogenic cells in vitro via TrKAM Rende
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Italy
Int J Dev Neurosci 18:869-85. 2000..receptor, which binds all neurotrophins, and the high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor TrKA, nerve growth factor (NGF) transducing receptor...
- Airway hyper-responsiveness in allergic asthma in guinea-pigs is mediated by nerve growth factor via the induction of substance P: a potential role for trkAA de Vries
Immunobiology Group, Centre for Inflammation Research and Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
Clin Exp Allergy 36:1192-200. 2006The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) has been implicated as a mediator in allergic asthma. Direct evidence that inhibition of NGF-induced activation of neurotrophin receptors leads to improvement of airway symptoms is lacking...
- Nerve growth factor, sphingomyelins, and sensitization in sensory neuronsGrant D Nicol
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
Sheng Li Xue Bao 60:603-4. 2008Because nerve growth factor (NGF) is elevated during inflammation, plays a causal role in the initiation of hyperalgesia, and is known to activate the sphingomyelin signalling pathway, we examined whether NGF and its putative second ..
- Monoclonal antibodies to the cell surface and a soluble form of the human nerve growth factor receptorM Clagett Dame
School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Madison
J Neurosci Res 27:642-50. 1990..designated IIIG5, VIID1, VIIIC8, and XIF1) have been produced that bind to the human nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) as well as to a soluble, truncated form of the receptor (NGF-Rt)...
- Expression of a Trk high affinity nerve growth factor receptor in the human prostateB R Pflug
Department of Cell Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D C 20007
Endocrinology 136:262-8. 1995Nerve growth factor-beta (NGF beta) and a NGF beta-immunoreactive protein derived from human prostatic stromal cell secretory protein (hPS) have been shown to stimulate the growth of prostate epithelial cells...
- Injection of nerve growth factor into human masseter muscle evokes long-lasting mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesiaPeter Svensson
Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, Dental School, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Pain 104:241-7. 2003Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic protein with a pivotal role in development and maintenance of the nervous system on one side and inflammatory and neuropathic pain states on the other...
- Differential dependency of cutaneous mechanoreceptors on neurotrophins, trk receptors, and P75 LNGFRB T Fundin
Department of Anatomy, Uppsala University, Sweden
Dev Biol 190:94-116. 1997The impact of null mutations of the genes for the NGF family of neurotrophins and their receptors was examined among the wide variety of medium to large caliber myelinated mechanoreceptors which have a highly specific predictable ..
- Contribution of interleukin-1 beta to the inflammation-induced increase in nerve growth factor levels and inflammatory hyperalgesiaB Safieh Garabedian
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London
Br J Pharmacol 115:1265-75. 1995..This resulted in a significant elevation in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the inflamed tissue and of the peptides, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the ..
- Direct effects of nerve growth factor on thecal cells from antral ovarian folliclesG A Dissen
Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton 97006 3448, USA
Endocrinology 141:4736-50. 2000TrkA, the nerve growth factor (NGF) tyrosine kinase receptor, is expressed not only in the nervous system, but also in nonneural cells, including discrete cellular subsets of the endocrine and immune system...
- TLR4 signaling induces functional nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR on mouse dendritic cells via p38MAPK and NF-kappa B pathwaysYingming Jiang
Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People s Republic of China
Mol Immunol 45:1557-66. 2008..Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors are found to be widely expressed in the immune system and regulate both innate and adaptive ..
- Expression of nerve growth factor receptors and their prognostic value in human pancreatic cancerYong Zhang
Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2 2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565 0871, Japan
Oncol Rep 14:161-71. 2005Nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypic member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on neuronal and certain non-neuronal tumors, depending on the type of tumor...
- Nerve growth factor promotes TLR4 signaling-induced maturation of human dendritic cells in vitro through inducible p75NTR 1Yingming Jiang
Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People s Republic of China
J Immunol 179:6297-304. 2007Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to play important roles in the differentiation, function, and survival of immune cells, contributing to immune responses and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases...
- Commercial mouse and human nerve growth factors contain nerve growth factor prohormone isoformsM Reinshagen
Department of Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany
J Neurosci Methods 76:75-81. 1997..Three polyclonal antisera and two monoclonal antibodies to 13 kDa nerve growth factor (2.5S NGF and beta-NGF) were employed for assessing the purity of each preparation...
- Exogenous nerve growth factor attenuates opioid-induced inhibition of voltage-activated Ba2+ currents in rat sensory neuronsT S McDowell
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, B6 319 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792 3272, USA
Neuroscience 125:1029-37. 2004Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes the survival of embryonic sensory neurons and maintains the phenotypic characteristics of primary nociceptive neurons postnatally...
- [Effect of controlled release nerve growth factor on repairing peripheral nerve defect by acellular nerve graft]Hailong Yu
Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, PR China
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 22:1373-7. 2008To explore the effect of controlled release of nerve growth factor (NGF) on peripheral nerve defect repaire by acellular nerve graft.
- Nerve growth factor and eosinophils in inflamed juvenile conjunctival nevusFrancesca Levi-Schaffer
Department of Pharmacology and the David R Bloom Center for Pharmacy School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:1850-6. 2002To study both systemic and ocular nerve growth factor (NGF) in inflamed juvenile conjunctival nevus (IJCN), a benign, inflammatory juxtalimbal lesion characterized by many intralesional eosinophils, and to investigate the behavior of ..
- Hyperalgesia, nerve infiltration and nerve growth factor expression in deep adenomyotic nodules, peritoneal and ovarian endometriosisVincent Anaf
Department of Gynaecology, Hospital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles ULB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Hum Reprod 17:1895-900. 2002The aim of this study was to investigate a possible role for nerve growth factor (NGF) in the mechanism of pain and hyperalgesia induced by deep adenomyotic nodules and other forms of endometriosis and to clarify the relationship between ..
- [A study of the protective effects of lidocaine and nerve growth factor pretreatment on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in gerbils]Jiu Dong Xie
Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 22:234-7. 2010To study the protective effects of lidocaine and nerve growth factor (NGF) pretreatment on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
- Thyroid hormones precociously increase nerve growth factor gene expression in the submandibular gland of neonatal miceM A Black
Loeb Institute for Medical Research, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Canada
Endocrinology 130:2083-90. 1992The developmental regulation of the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) was studied in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG)...
- Serotonin-activated alpha 2-macroglobulin inhibits neurite outgrowth and survival of embryonic sensory and cerebral cortical neuronsD J Liebl
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, 44272
J Neurosci Res 35:170-82. 1993..MA-alpha 2M) has been recently shown to inhibit the biological activity of beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) in promoting neurite outgrowth by embryonic dorsal root ganglia in culture (Koo PH, Liebl DJ, J Neurosci Res 31:..
- Bladder overactivity and hyperexcitability of bladder afferent neurons after intrathecal delivery of nerve growth factor in ratsNaoki Yoshimura
Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
J Neurosci 26:10847-55. 2006Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been proposed as an important mediator inducing bladder overactivity under pathological conditions such as spinal cord injury, bladder outlet obstruction, or cystitis...
- Nerve growth factor inhibits PC12 cell PDE 2 phosphodiesterase activity and increases PDE 2 binding to phosphoproteinsJ K Bentley
Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
J Neurochem 76:1252-63. 2001Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to increase cyclic AMP in PC12 cells and to potentiate the actions of other agents that raise cyclic AMP...
- Trigeminal nasal-specific neurons respond to nerve growth factor with substance-P biosynthesisE Mingomataj
Department of Pneumology and Immunology, Allergy Centre Charité, Otto Heubner Centre, Clinical Research Unit of Allergy, Berlin, Germany
Clin Exp Allergy 38:1203-11. 2008Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been found to induce substance-P biosynthesis in large-diameter A-fibres vagal airway neurons...
- Improvement of peripheral nerve regeneration in acellular nerve grafts with local release of nerve growth factorHailong Yu
Key Laboratory of People s Liberation Army, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
Microsurgery 29:330-6. 2009..A method was developed for sustained delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) for nerve repair with acellular nerve grafts to augment peripheral nerve regeneration...
- Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivityLaure Delafoy
Pfizer Global Research and Development, Fresnes Laboratories, 3 9 Rue de la Loge, BP 100, 94265 Fresnes Cedex, France
Pain 105:489-97. 2003..There is growing evidence that nerve growth factor (NGF) may function as a mediator of persistent pain states...
- [Effect of nerve growth factor on the promotion of sensory recovery of large skin graft in patients]Zhi hong Wu
Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, 7th People s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200137, PR China
Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 23:440-3. 2007To analyze the influence of topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) on nerve ending regeneration of large skin grafts in patients.
- Urinary nerve growth factor level could be a biomarker in the differential diagnosis of mixed urinary incontinence in womenHsin Tzu Liu
Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
BJU Int 102:1440-4. 2008To measure urinary nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and overactive bladder symptoms (OAB) and to assess whether urinary NGF levels can be a biomarker of detrusor overactivity (DO) in women ..
- [Neuroprotection of nerve growth factor in experiment retinal detachment]Xiao Dong Sun
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People s Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 39:303-7. 2003To study the neuroprotection by nerve growth factor (NGF) in retina in experimental retinal detachment (RD).
- Sustained activation of M-Ras induced by nerve growth factor is essential for neuronal differentiation of PC12 cellsPeng Sun
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263 8522, Japan
Genes Cells 11:1097-113. 2006Neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) requires sustained activation of ERK/MAP kinase pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK cascade)...
- Potentiation of nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth by fluvoxamine: role of sigma-1 receptors, IP3 receptors and cellular signaling pathwaysTomoko Nishimura
Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
PLoS ONE 3:e2558. 2008..The SSRI fluvoxamine, with sigma-1 receptor agonism, is shown to potentiate nerve-growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth in PC 12 cells...
- Levels of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 are affected differentially by the presence of p75 in sympathetic neurons in vivoS M Harrison
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
J Comp Neurol 424:99-110. 2000..survival of sympathetic neurons is critically dependent on the related neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3), the actions of which must be executed appropriately despite spatial and temporal ..
- [Changes in nerve growth factor levels related to age and neurotrophic treatment in non-human primate]L Lorigados
Centro Internacional de Restauracion Neurologica CIREN, La Habana, 11300, Cuba
Rev Neurol 33:417-21. 2001..A major problem is that the normal concentration of trophic substances, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), in central and peripheral nervous system and in fluids is very low (ng pg/ml)...
- Increased serum concentration of nerve growth factor in patients with microprolactinomaSandra Sigala
Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia Medical School, V le Europa 11, Brescia 25123, Italy
Neuropeptides 38:21-4. 2004Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to play a role as a circulating neurokine, integrating signals from the neuro-immuno-endocrine system...
- Siatic nerve regeneration in rats stimulated by fibrin glue containing nerve growth factor: an experimental studyChunzheng Gao
Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shangdong, China
Injury 39:1414-20. 2008..To study the effects of fibrin sealant containing nerve growth factor on the peripheral nerve regeneration...
- In vitro and in vivo gene therapy with CMV vector-mediated presumed dog beta-nerve growth factor in pyridoxine-induced neuropathy dogsJin Young Chung
Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151 742, Korea
J Vet Sci 9:367-73. 2008..The presumed dog beta-nerve growth factor (pdbeta-NGF) was generated and cloned and its expression was confirmed in CHO cells...
- Modulation of cholinergic marker expression by nerve growth factor in dorsal root gangliaS Biagioni
Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Universita La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
J Neurosci Res 62:591-9. 2000..Nerve growth factor (NGF) overexpression induces the survival of nociceptive neurons, the expression of their specific markers, and ..
- Angiogenesis effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on rat corneasK Seo
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200 701, Korea
J Vet Sci 2:125-30. 2001This study was performed to evaluate the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) upon angiogenesis in the rat cornea, to examine its possible application as an alternative angiogenic inducer and to provide basic data for further studies...
- [Expression of nerve growth factor in cavernous tissue and its effects on the treatment of rats with diabetic erectile dysfunction]Yu Tian Dai
Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 11:748-51, 754. 2005To investigate the content of nerve growth factor (NGF) in penis of rats with diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED) and apply rhNGF to treat the DED rat model to study the pathogenesis mechanism of DED and treatment effects by NGF for DED ..
- A novel neuroimmune mechanism in cannabinoid-mediated attenuation of nerve growth factor-induced hyperalgesiaW Paul Farquhar-Smith
Pain Research, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, London, United Kingdom
Anesthesiology 99:1391-401. 2003Nerve growth factor (NGF) is central to processes involved in an inflammatory hyperalgesia. Administration of exogenous NGF induces a hyperalgesia that is dependent on local neutrophil influx...
- [The effect of 2,5-hexanedione on nerve growth factor in sciatic nerve of rats and VSC4.1 cell]Qing Jun Liu
National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 44:18-23. 2010To explore the effect of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) on the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) in sciatic nerve of rats and motor-neurons.
- Comparison between low frequency magnetic field stimulation and nerve growth factor treatment of cultured chromaffin cells, on neurite growth, noradrenaline release, excitable properties, and grafting in nigrostriatal lesioned ratsR Drucker-Colin
Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Univesidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico D F
Mol Cell Neurosci 5:485-98. 1994Adrenal chromaffin cells in vitro respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) by expressing neuronal traits...
- Intraovarian excess of nerve growth factor increases androgen secretion and disrupts estrous cyclicity in the ratG A Dissen
Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton 97006 3448, USA
Endocrinology 141:1073-82. 2000..the development of follicular cysts, there is an increase in intraovarian synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the low affinity NGF receptor (p75 NGFR)...
- Autocrine nerve growth factor is essential for cell survival and viral maturation in HHV-8-infected primary effusion lymphoma cellsF Pica
Departments of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Public Health and Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Blood 95:2905-12. 2000High levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) are found in sera from individuals infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)...
- Nerve growth factor affects Ca2+ currents via the p75 receptor to enhance prolactin mRNA levels in GH3 rat pituitary cellsAdriana M López-Domínguez
Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV IPN, AP 14 740, Mexico, DF 07000, Mexico
J Physiol 574:349-65. 2006..Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to stimulate prolactin synthesis by GH(3) cells, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown...
- Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the expression of nerve growth factor by human intervertebral disc cellsYumiko Abe
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32:635-42. 2007In vitro studies of the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) by human intervertebral disc (IVD) cells.
Research Grants64
- Regulation of neurotransmitter properties by target-derived neurotrophic factorsSusan J Birren; Fiscal Year: 2010..cholinergic and noradrenergic properties of these neurons are regulated by two neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)...
- Guangpu Li; Fiscal Year: 2015..for regulation of specialized cell differentiation processes in higher eukaryotes, such as nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neuronal differentiation and survival, will be investigated...
- Rejji Kuruvilla; Fiscal Year: 2015..We previously reported that two different neurotrophins, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), employ the same TrkA receptor to promote sequential stages of axonal growth during ..
- Mechanism of Neurotrophin Latency Response in a HSV1 Vestibular Neuritis ModelPAMELA CAROL ROEHM; Fiscal Year: 2013..In cultured cervical sympathetic ganglia, nerve growth factor (NGF) is necessary for maintenance of the latent state, and withdrawal of NGF from cell culture media results in loss of ..
- Repair of Airway Epithelium Following Chlorine Lung InjuryGary W Hoyle; Fiscal Year: 2011..NGFR binds multiple neurotrophin ligands, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3...
- Regulation of neurotrophin expression in the peripheryLORI ISAACSON; Fiscal Year: 2009..We recently showed that there is little mature nerve growth factor (NGF) and that high molecular weight (MW) NGF species are predominant in peripheral neurons and target tissues...
- MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR RESPONSES TO NERVE GROWTH FACTORSteven Green; Fiscal Year: 1990The goal of this study is to determine the nerve growth factor (NGF) signal transduction mechanism - the molecular mechanism by which binding of NGF to its receptor is converted into an intracellular signal that initiates the ..
- The role of Trib3 in neuronal apoptosis caused by NGF deprivationNEELA NONE ZAREEN; Fiscal Year: 2011Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for maturation of sympathetic and sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)...
- Imaging NGF signal transduction in live neuronsBianxiao Cui; Fiscal Year: 2010Our broad objective is to understand the mechanisms by which the nerve growth factor (NGF) signal is propagated from the axon terminal to the cell body...
- Remark bundle structure and function in neuropathic painJohn W Griffin; Fiscal Year: 2010..neuropathic pain include TrkA-positive nociceptors that have received excessive amounts of nerve growth factor (NGF);and that this excessive NGF can be derived either from collateral sprouting of uninjured nociceptors into ..
- ANTHONY JOHN KANAI; Fiscal Year: 2016..nitro-fatty acids (FA-NO2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor- and nerve growth factor-antibodies (BDNF-AB and NGF-AB) will be tested...
- Neurotrophic Factors: Genetic Variation and Serum Levels in Brain AgingSudha Seshadri; Fiscal Year: 2010..NTF receptors and measure serum levels of three NTF: brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the large, middle-aged to elderly, community-based, Framingham ..
- Beth A Habecker; Fiscal Year: 2016..The neurotrophins Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) are elevated in heart following infarction...
- Michael Chopp; Fiscal Year: 2015..neurite remodeling via plasmin-dependent proteolytic cleavage of pro-neurotrophins: pro-nerve growth factor (pro-NGF) to NGF, pro-brain derived neurotrophic factor (pro-BDNF) to BDNF These hypotheses dissect the interactions of ..
- Regulation of Sympathetic Neuron Synaptic ActivitySusan J Birren; Fiscal Year: 2013..of co- transmission in these neurons and determine the roles of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and their receptors, in coordinating local neurotransmitter ..
- Intracellular Target of Sphingosine-1-PhosphateGRAHAM M STRUB; Fiscal Year: 2010..in neurons by sphingosine kinases (SphKs) is stimulated by a variety of agonists, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT- 3), and many of its functions are mediated by its cell surface receptors (S1P1-5)...
- Sharona E Gordon; Fiscal Year: 2016..Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) was discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in the late 1950's...
- MOLECULAR BASIS OF NERVE GROWTH FACTORJeffrey Milbrandt; Fiscal Year: 1993Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important modulator of neuronal development and survival...
- NERVE GROWTH FACTOR REGULATED GENE EXPRESSIONGary Landreth; Fiscal Year: 1992Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the normal development of distinct subclasses of peripheral neurons and plays yet undefined roles in the development of the central nervous system...
- NGF SIGNALING IN MODELS OF AGE RELATED NEURODEGENERATIONWilliam Mobley; Fiscal Year: 2002..Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential to the function of normal BFCNs and recent findings suggest that failed NGF signaling contributes to ..
- Longitudinal Population-Based Study of VulvodyniaBarbara D Reed; Fiscal Year: 2012..with chronic pain syndromes in general [Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) and Nerve Growth Factor receptors (NGF-r)], and vulvodynia in particular [Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)]...
- Giovanni Piedimonte; Fiscal Year: 2016..to neurogenic inflammation through mechanisms involving the increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its trkA and p75 receptors, and we have confirmed overexpression of neurotrophic factors [NGF and brain-..
- Marcus Kaul; Fiscal Year: 2016..IFN? also induces the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and has pronounced anti-inflammatory effects...
- CHERRY P WONGTRAKOOL; Fiscal Year: 2014..In this proposal, we hypothesize that chronic nicotine exposure promotes AHR by inducing nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion in lung fibroblasts through 17 nAChR dependent signaling...
- Haydee E P Bazan; Fiscal Year: 2016..kinase (cPLA2/ERK1/2) signaling to release DHA for the synthesis of NPD1, which stimulates nerve growth factor (NGF) expression that, in turn, modulates corneal nerve regeneration...
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Sorting and Transactivation in EndosomesMARK LINDSAY GRIMES; Fiscal Year: 2010..two receptors sorted from one another into specific signaling endosomes? The two receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF), TrkA and p75NTR, are rapidly sorted upon ligand binding to distinct endosomes...
- Survival and growth-promotion mechanisms of the GDNF family ligands (GFLs)BRIAN ANTHONY PIERCHALA; Fiscal Year: 2012..Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, regulates the trophic status of sympathetic neurons via ..
- Perinatal choline therapy in a mouse model of Down Syndrome &Alzheimer's DiseaseBarbara J Strupp; Fiscal Year: 2012..that improved cognitive functioning in Ts65Dn and 2N mice is mediated by alterations in the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of neurotrophins and its cognate receptors in CBF target regions (frontal cortex and hippocampus)...
- Mary G Garry; Fiscal Year: 2014..To support this hypothesis, we have determined that the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), which are essential to the maintenance of a majority of group IV afferent neurons is significantly decreased in ..
- A Phase 2 Trial of AAV-NGF Gene Delivery in Alzheimer's DiseasePaul S Aisen; Fiscal Year: 2012Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) potently prevents the death and augments the functional state of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, a cell population that undergoes extensive degeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD)...
- MECHANISMS OF NERVE GROWTH CONE TURNING AND BRANCHINGPaul C Letourneau; Fiscal Year: 2013The experiments in this proposal investigate how two guidance cues, nerve growth factor (NGF) and Semaphorin3A (Sema3A), regulate the migration of the growing tips (growth cones) of sensory (DRG) axons...
- In vivo feasibility of a peripheral nerve imaging agentStephen B Kahl; Fiscal Year: 2013..Rationale for NGF as targeting moiety...
- Lawrence I Sinoway; Fiscal Year: 2014..Dr. Li will also examine the role nerve growth factor (NGF) plays in this response. In Project 3, Dr...
- Genes That Regulate Neuronal Cell DeathRobert Freeman; Fiscal Year: 2009..occurs when neurons fail to receive adequate survival signals from trophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF)...
- Endogenous Cannabinoids and NGF Signaling in Pain Associated with CystitisDALE EDMOND BJORLING; Fiscal Year: 2013..Previous research indicates that inflammatory mediators, particularly nerve growth factor (NGF), released from inflamed tissues play an important role in sensitization of afferent nerves and development of ..
- Nerve Growth Factor Signaling in Painful Diabetic NeuropathyHsinlin Thomas Cheng; Fiscal Year: 2013..These signs of DNP correspond with nerve growth factor (NGF) up-regulation, tropomysin-related kinase (Trk) A receptor activation, subsequent p38 kinase activation, and ..
- Prolyl Hydroxylation and Neuronal Cell DeathRobert S Freeman; Fiscal Year: 2012..they fail to receive adequate supplies of target-derived, survival promoting factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF)...
- Neurotrophins in Pancreas DevelopmentRejji Kuruvilla; Fiscal Year: 2012..In the pancreas, in vitro studies have shown that the neurotrophin, Nerve Growth Factor, (NGF) regulates survival and function of insulin-producing [unreadable]-cells...
- The role of the von-Hippel Lindau protein in developmental cell death in neuronsKATHLEEN M MCAVOY; Fiscal Year: 2011..2005) showed that suppression of the VHL protein (pVHL) confers a survival advantage to nerve growth factor (NGF)-deprived sympathetic- neuron-like pheochromocytoma cells (PCI 2 cells)...
- Samie R Jaffrey; Fiscal Year: 2016..aims of this proposal are: (1) To profile polyadenylation events that mediate the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A)...
- Neurotrophin Signaling and Regulation of Gene ExpressionDavid D Ginty; Fiscal Year: 2010..Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the prototypical target derived neurotrophic growth factor...
- David D Ginty; Fiscal Year: 2015..mechanisms and functions of the prototypical target-derived neurotrophic growth factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and its receptor TrkA...
- Delta-Opioid Receptor Trafficking and Pain InhibitionZhizhong Z Pan; Fiscal Year: 2012..In our preliminary studies exploring the issue recently, we have discovered that nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin with diverse functions in neuronal growth and differentiation, can trigger and maintain similar ..
- Transcriptional regulation by Egr3 in sympathetic nervous system developmentDAVID HON QUACH; Fiscal Year: 2012..the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is limited to molecules with essential functions such as Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)...
- Disrupted Transport of NGF-TrKA Signaling in Mouse Models of Down SyndromeWilliam C Mobley; Fiscal Year: 2010..We showed that degeneration of BFCNs is linked to failed retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor (NGF)...
- Novel Bioactive Coatings for Chronically Implanted MEMS based Moveable MicroelectArati Sridharan; Fiscal Year: 2013..and (2) to determine whether the combination of electrode movement and incorporation of biochemical's such as NGF within hydrogel coatings will promote better neural connectivity and improved signal quality...
- An intracellular signaling switch for maintaining peripheral sensitizationMichael R Vasko; Fiscal Year: 2013..sensitization, whereby a cooperative interaction occurs between the inflammatory mediator nerve growth factor (NGF) and prostaglandins...
- ANNA RUTH CLIFFE; Fiscal Year: 2014..Viral reactivation is triggered when sympathetic neurons are deprived of nerve growth factor (NGF)...
- CAPSAICIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPES IN PAIN TRANSDUCTIONMark A Schumacher; Fiscal Year: 2012..on: 1) Understanding how inflammatory mediators released at the site of injury, such as Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), increase TRPV1 production under conditions of inflammation...
- MICHAEL ANDREW ESKANDER; Fiscal Year: 2014..Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that is released under inflammatory conditions and modulates the transmission of nociceptive or ..
- Grant D Nicol; Fiscal Year: 2015..that the heightened sensitivity associated with inflammation may, in part, result from nerve growth factor (NGF) activation of nociceptive sensory neurons...
- NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR MEDIATED TRANSPORT TOPICSJohn Schweitzer; Fiscal Year: 1991..the surprising observation that, when injected into the lateral ventricle of the rat, both nerve growth factor (NGF) and a monoclonal antibody directed against the NGF receptor, IgG 192, are transported bilaterally to numerous ..
- NERVE GROWTH FACTORMark Bothwell; Fiscal Year: 1991..of action of the nerve growth factor receptor, and to establish a thorough understanding of the distribution of NGF receptors in various mammalian tissues and of the biological roles of those receptors...
- NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR--A MOLECULAR ANALYSISBarbara Hempstead; Fiscal Year: 1990Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important growth regulatory polypeptide which promotes the survival and differentiation of immature neuroblasts in the developing nervous system...
- Bioengineered scaffolds for peripheral nerve repairRavi V Bellamkonda; Fiscal Year: 2010..based scaffolds with either isotropically or anisotropically distributed ECM (laminin-1) or nerve growth factor (NGF) to bridge gaps longer than 15mm in rats...
- NERVE GROWTH FACTOR MODULATION OF THE EGF RECEPTORAlice Brown; Fiscal Year: 1992..pheochromocytoma and several neuroblastoma cell lines possess specific receptors for both nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)...
- Role of NGF in inflammatory and proliferative cascades of psoriatic diseaseSiba P Raychaudhuri; Fiscal Year: 2012..main objective of this study is to provide the direct and indirect evidences for the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor system (NGF-R) in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)...
- Wade S Kingery; Fiscal Year: 2015..inflammasomes is required for the production of IL-12, downstream mediators such as nerve growth factor (NGF), and ultimately the development of CRPS-like features in our rodent model...
- Naoki Yoshimura; Fiscal Year: 2014..In the current proposal, we propose to use this approach for silencing nerve growth factor (NGF) gene locally in the bladder...
- NGF Receptor Regulates Prostate GrowthDaniel Djakiew; Fiscal Year: 2009..By lead compound optimization, we anticipate the development of novel chemotherapeutics with a novel mechanism of action for the treatment of prostate cancer. ..
- MARGARET ANN VIZZARD; Fiscal Year: 2016..sensation may be mediated, in part, by inflammatory changes in the urinary bladder including nerve growth factor (NGF)...
- Molecular mechanisms of perineural invasion in pancreatic cancerHaiyong Han; Fiscal Year: 2010..Recent reports indicate that expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors correlate with perineural invasion and pain in human pancreatic cancer...
- ETHANOL EFFECT ON THE BASAL FOREBRAIN CORTEX SYSTEMMichael Miller; Fiscal Year: 1999..This projection system is one of the few to express nerve growth factor (NGF). Both NGF and acetylcholine are essential for maintaining neuronal plasticity...


text:
Top 4 NASDAQ Stocks In The Semiconductor-Specialized Industry With The Highest Dividend Yield
Below are the top semiconductor-specialized stocks on the NASDAQ in terms of dividend yield.
Microchip Technology (NASDAQ: MCHP) has a dividend yield of 4.40%. Microchip's shares closed at $33.15 yesterday.
Himax Technologies (NASDAQ: HIMX) has a dividend yield of 3.40%. Himax Technologies' shares closed at $1.98 yesterday.
Linear Technology (NASDAQ: LLTC) has a dividend yield of 3.10%. Linear Technology's shares closed at $33.19 yesterday.
Altera (NASDAQ: ALTR) has a dividend yield of 1.30%. Altera's shares closed at $31.84 yesterday.
Posted-In: Highest Dividend Yield NASDAQ Semiconductor-Specialized IndustryDividends Trading Ideas
© 2017 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Boat owners and townhouses?
Any boat owners care to share their experience with putting their boat in a townhouse garage? What does it take to get it done?
Were you able to still fit another vehicle?
Any other unforeseen circumstances with boats and townhouses?
I've measured up a few, looking for some peoples personal experiences as well...
One concern I would have would be how tight backing it in would be. I know a buddy of mine was looking at town homes before he got his house. He said that most of the places it was almost impossible to back them in due to how tight the streets were and vehicles parking out front of their homes. Make sure you have room to actually back it in and maneuver the truck and trailer.
I think some guys on here have those motorized trailer helpers to help move their boats around as well.
The one friend I had that put an inboard in his townhouse garage (2-car) had a very short list of boats that would fit (obviously depends on the length of the garage) and they were mostly old direct drives. He had to pull the platform, fold the tongue, and put it in diagonally (~20-footer). They couldn't park any other cars in the garage. I think their garage was smaller than some though.
I have other friends that had to leave their's outside covered, but the town-home association may have a problem with that as well depending on the rules.
I lived in a condo for a couple years when I owned a Sanger DXII. Couldn't back it in because of the water heater and washer/dryer, had to jackknife it sideways in front of the garage and then push it in nose first. Even then it was about 18 inches too long, so I had to cut a passage into the wall for the tongue of the trailer. If you opened the cabinet in the kitchen to the left of the stove, you would find a trailer coupler instead of pots and pans.
Pain in the ass every time, but you can't beat having your boat in your own garage for keeping it safe and ease of getting projects done on it.
This is from about 4 years ago, when I had my Moomba.
Not a townhome, but a smaller 2 car garage. 20x20
Pulled boat with a manual winch and a 2x4 stuck in the doorway.
Used car jack to reposition the boat.
I got lucky I can put the tounge in the laundry room
No need to do laundry in winter
I fit my Ski Nautique 176 and avalanche in my 20x20 townhouse garage and still have room to walk around the sides of my truck. I back the boat in, no need for winching. The boat has a New Dimensions Nautique factory clone tower that folds down, the swim platform comes off, and the trailer tongue breaks away.
The 176 is one of the smallest inboards you'll find, and probably one of the only ones you'd be able to fit a vehicle next to. Any typical 20 footer would have to go in diagonal or tongue first and through the wall/door.
Another thing to keep in mind...... Some townhouse communities are super strict on what can and cannot be parked outside. Some don't even allow cars to be parked outside for long so if your boat takes up your entire garage you'd be screwed.
That's good stuff right there.
I know when my wife had her town home it was no boats outside and thats how most around here are. Can't park them out side period. We got home one night late with the boat and left it in the driveway. By 8 am the next morning I already had a letter on my door!
^^^ dang, thats a little extreme, I could see a rule such as "boats can't be parked in driveways for more than 2 consecutive nights" or something like that.
Kronos, I'm impressed. Total commitment to lifestyle! Hand winching would be a serious pain in and out so Kudos to you man.
I have a Tige R20 now, and it fits in the garage easily since it has a cool trailer.
Im building a new house here soon, and this will be my new garage, designed to fit up to a G25.
In that new garage pic, how big is that side-door for the boat?
|All times are GMT -7. The time now is 8:31 AM.


text:
Renowned storyteller Dee Brown, author of the bestselling Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, recreates the struggles of Native Americans, settlers, and ranchers in this stunning volume that illuminates the history of the old West that's filled with maps and vintage photographs.
Beginning with the demise of the Native Americans of the Plains, Brown depicts the onrush of the burgeoning cattle trade and the waves of immigrants who ultimately "settled" the land. In… (more)
Publisher: Scribner (May 11, 2010)
Collection: Scribner
Format: EPUB
Page count: 448 pages
File size: 18.3 MB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


text:
Elections, Features, Politics, Top Stories
Thomas Sowell (surprisingly) gets it wrong on Ted Cruz
1856 all over again
I very rarely disagree with the great Thomas Sowell. After all, he is an intellectual giant to my puny little ant-self. But even the brightest can miss important details, as I think Sowell does in "Cruz Control?" It's a very short post, and as with everything Sowell ever publishes, I highly encourage you to read it, but to synopsize, Sowell here cautions that leaders like Ted Cruz risk fracturing the right-side of the political spectrum so severely we lose all hope of rolling-back the destruction wrought by Obama and the Democrats.
But what the federal government can do is not dependent on what the Constitution authorizes it to do or what Congressional legislation gives them the power to do.
The basic, brutal reality is that the federal government can do whatever it wants to do, if nobody stops them. The Supreme Court's ObamaCare decision shows that we cannot depend on them to protect our freedom. Nor will Congress, as long as the Democrats control the Senate.
Sowell is absolutely correct. A lawless federal government will not stop itself, as we are watching happen before our eyes. Our best recourse is to replace them via the ballot box, and if we sweep the Dems out of office this November, it will severely curtail Obama's ability to act with impunity, as he has been doing. But then there is this:
The most charitable interpretation of Ted Cruz and his supporters is that they are willing to see the Republican Party weakened in the short run, in hopes that they will be able to take it over in the long run, and set it on a different path as a more purified conservative party.
I don't know that I agree this is the most charitable interpretation. Sowell goes on to compare the current circumstances to Germany in 1932, right after the election in which the Nazi Party became a minority-member of the German coalition government. We all know what happened after that. While I agree with Sowell that we should collectively not take our eye off the ball, and remain cognizant of the overall goal, which is to curtail Obama's power, I think what Sowell is forgetting is that there seems to be a significant faction within the Republican ranks who are perfectly fine with Obama doing whatever he wants, so long as it doesn't jeopardize their own personal position and privilege. We have come to call these Establishment Republicans. RINO is really not quite the proper term for them. It's not that they are closet liberals or progressives, it's that they lack any principles at all, apart from wanting to hang on to their own place in the system. To that end, they will support anyone and anything that looks like it will keep them in office, even if it means enabling Obama to trample the Constitution, usurp the roles of the legislative and judicial branches, and micro-manage everything from the Oval Office like a dictator.
I submit there is another, historical example better representative of our current circumstances. In the late 1850s, things had come to a head within the Whig party. They had spent much of the previous 10 – 20 years as the minority party, and they were heavily fractured by the most divisive issue of the day: Slavery. While the Democrats were decidedly supportive of slavery as a party, the Whigs tended to be split between the "radicals" who were strongly abolitionist, and the "establishment" who wanted to just go-along with the Democrats, and let slavery eventually go-away on its own, in its own time. Like today's Establishment Republicans, the north-eastern Whigs wanted to not rock the boat, wanted to hang-on to their own position, prestige and privilege. The "radicals" had different ideas. By 1856, the Whigs were but a shadow of their former party, having lost a great deal of ground, as well as defectors to the new Republican Party, led by men like Abraham Lincoln, who won the election of 1860.
The Republican Party is at a similar crossroads today. On the one hand, we have Establishment Republicans, who can seemingly be counted on to do nothing that might threaten their personal hold on office. Timid and accommodating, they are bereft of principle, and have failed to uphold the issues their constituents sent them to Washington to fight for. On the other hand, there is the Republican faction led by the likes of Cruz, who steadfastly support the underlying principles of fiscal responsibility and constitutionality, even if it means fracturing the party. And I agree with them. If the "loyal opposition" is not actually willing to oppose anything the President and his party want to do, even if it's utterly lawless, then what is the point?
Greg Conterio
Latest posts by Greg Conterio (see all)
- Donald Trump brings us "Birthers 2.0, the Sequel" - August 21, 2015
- Conservatives Need to Know: Ted Cruz IS Eligible to Run for President in 2016 - March 23, 2015
- How Netanyahu's Win May Have Made Impeachment of Obama Possible - March 18, 2015


text:
Episode #2511 -
Book Censorship
A discussion on the reasons why some people attempt to censor books, particularly those for children, and how libraries respond. An ISU English professor and a librarian will explain policies that address the issue. Original Air Date(s): 1/10/2013
- Jan Susina - llinois State Univ. English Professor
- Genna Buhr - Fondulac District Library
- Roberta Koscielski - Peoria Public Library Associate Director


text:
Joseph Rodman Drake
Joseph Rodman Drake (1795-1820 / United States)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
Lines To A Lady, On Hearing Her Sing
Yes! heaven protect thee, thou gem of the ocean;
Dear land of my sires, though distant thy shores;
Ere my heart cease to love thee, its latest emotion,
The last dying throbs of its pulse must be o'er.
read more >>
- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
- Posts: Number of visitors who posted the poem to a friend (via e-mail) on the given date.
- Dates that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list.
- Dates, poems and poets that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list. Statistics are generated daily.


text:
Rock Steady, Babe!: Gwen Stefani Covers January 2013 Issue Of 'Vogue'
It's been eight years since Gwen Stefani covered the coveted Vogue and now, she's back with a fury on the January 2013 issue.
Shot by Annie Leibowitz the "Rock Steady" singer wore Alexander Wang and the Yves Saint Laurent by Hedi Slimane for the stylish cover and spread. No Doubt that has been together for 26 years, reemerged this year with a new album and coverage everywhere. Gwen specifically is no stranger to fashion having her own two labels –L.A.M.B. and the Fred Perry collab— and posing for several fashion pubs like Elle UK and Harper's Bazaar.
In the piece Gwen talks about her singing voice changing through the years, being a working mom and how she's kept the men of the group behaving like gentleman.
For the complete piece, go here.
-Danielle Kwateng


text:
Not mine of course. My MIL turned 50 on Jan 1st. We held a surprise party at a local restaurant and I really wanted to do something special for her.
I wanted to find pictures throughout her life. Yeah, more than once I thought to myself, what the heck did I get myself into? How was I going to get all these pictures without her finding out!? Well my FIL told me where she kept all her pictures and HOLY MOLY she has a bazillion pictures! The hubs and I snuck over and looked through all of them when they were gone one day to visit her parents.
I asked the FIL to talk to her mother about getting some pictures together so that I could pick them up on Christmas. She did a great job gathering them up for me!
My plan was to have a giant 50 made up entirely of pictures. Not just any pictures but black and white ones. I spent many hours at CVS scanning pictures to turn into black and white. It took foooorever.
I put the pictures on Styrofoam that I got from Lowe's. Bad, very bad idea. I should have just used wood or just about anything besides that. I had Styrofoam everywhere. My hair, my face.... the dogs.
I wanted to use things I already had to make table toppers.I have a ton of scrap wood from friends who have built houses. I may or may not have begged them for the scraps. More like may have. So I used my Cricut to cut out a ton of vinyl 50's and made picture holders. I think they turned out pretty darn cute!
I only bought the floral wire for about $3!
The last thing I made was a Happy Birthday Cindy banner. I used my Cricut to cut out the letters and then just backed it with paper and ran yarn through to hang it all up! Super cheap and easy!
(The reindeer and window frame with greenery popping out were decorations by the restaurant)
I couldn't go without showing you her reaction, she loved it and started crying as soon as she walked in! This was not the reaction we were expecting. She was completely surprised!
Have you ever thrown a surprise party?


text:
Records don't mean much when two bitter rivals meet each other on the ice.
The Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins are opposites right now. The Flyers are 1-6. Pittsburgh is 5-1.
If past history repeats, when these two clubs meet Thursday night at Wells Fargo Center, it will seem as though both are comparable to each other.
This rivalry brings out both the best and worst from each club because of the Flyers' dominance over the Pens in Pittsburgh during the regular season and playoffs in recent years, and the Penguins' success here in Philadelphia, as well.
Now the danger for coach Craig Berube is that he is trying to get his club to play a disciplined style within its game plan. Games against Pittsburgh often break down into shinny hockey and undisciplined penalties.
"Yeah, it gets pretty emotional when you play Pittsburgh," Berube said. "Obviously, they get fired up. We get fired up. We're looking for some good emotion, but some controlled emotion.
"I think it's important to have emotion in the game and that we're physical. But that it's controlled. We got to do a good job on [Sidney] Crosby and [Evgeni] Malkin. They are dangerous players and we need to neutralize them as best as we can."
Crosby's 12 points led the NHL in scoring as of Wednesday night. He has a point in each of his six games, matching his career best as a rookie in 2005-06.
His linemates are familiar: Chris Kunitz and Pascal Dupuis.
Young Flyers defenseman Erik Gustafsson has played head-to-head on Crosby in the playoffs and regular season and figures to draw him again tonight with partner Kimmo Timonen.
"You really got to be on your toes all the time," Gustafsson said of Crosby. "He is a tremendous player. He's the whole package. Sees the ice, shoots the puck. It's hard work both ways. You got to be real alert, try to read the play and be a step ahead of him."
Gustafsson said he can't wait to get on the ice.
"That's a huge motivation for me," he said. "I thrive going against other team's best players. It is a lot of fun. It's a measuring stick for yourself to see if you handle it. I am real excited about it."
Nick Grossmann and Braydon Coburn will likely face Malkin's line of Jussi Jokinen and Chuck Kobesaw.
The Penguins have two significant injuries and will be without offensive defenseman Kris Letang (lower body) and forward James Neal (upper body). Neither injury has been disclosed.
Berube wants Flyers to stay disciplined vs. Pens
Berube wants Flyers to stay disciplined vs. Pens
Records don't mean much when two bitter rivals meet each other on the ice.


text:
Larry is a writer just finishing his first book. In a moment of inspiration, he decides to switch the order of two middle chapters. Using his word processor, his tool of choice, Larry grabs one chapter and drags it beyond the next. Suddenly his computer freezes, and Larry can't get it to thaw. He has to reboot it, and then re-open his work. To his horror, he discovers that his precious book has been mangled beyond recognition.
What happened to Larry can be traced back to when his word processor was designed. The designers didn't consider the Larry's of the world-that is, book writers-to be important users of the word processor. They put some functionality in it to support moving text, but not chapters, and the code which handled those transactions was very fragile. Unfortunately for Larry, the designers' concept of who the end users would be leaves his word processor prone to file corruption when manipulating large chunks of text.
We often fail to properly consider all of the users during design. Is this something you might be doing? How can you tell? Why should you care?
You may be designing the wrong product! Our different views about users are a major source of design risk.
Managing Design Risk
Before looking at user modeling, take a look at design risk itself. While risk comes in many forms, two important design risks are:
When managed properly, these two risks are effectively balanced against one another. Too much effort on product definition increases the risk of late product delivery, while too much emphasis on schedules increases the risk of delivering the wrong product.
Two important user constituencies in any design activity are the designerand the client.
Designer transform the design requirements (problem statement or context) into the final product (problem solution or form). The designer's efforts are devoted primarily to resolving the "how" issues.
Client Clients control the design process by allocating resources. The client hires and fires the designers and has final say in time and budget constraints. The client has ultimate responsibility, as exercised by funding control, over the "what" issues.
Figure 1 depicts a new set of design risks as related to client expectations. This is a visualization of what Perry and Rice in Surviving the Challenges of Software Testing refer to as the "expectation gap." The client bases her expectations on what she knows-the top row of the diagram. The designer bases the design on what he knows-the left-hand column. Each of the four quadrants leads to a qualitatively different form of risk.
Nature's Last Laugh This is the area in which neither of the key players in the design process has access to or knowledge of critical information. Nature is hiding her cards from us. State-of-the-art projects are laden with this risk, as much of the relevant information has yet to be developed and may, in fact, not reveal itself until the final product is put into service.
Lost Opportunity The opportunity is lost because the designer did not obtain relevant information from the client. This is a major source of disappointment to the client in the delivered product, as it forms part of the client's expectations.
Surprise The client is surprised by features and functions that are introduced in the product based on information known to the designer but not to the client. Some of these surprises are pleasant, while others are not so pleasant. This area leads to unwanted system complexity. In The Mythical Man-Month, Brooks talks about this in his chapter "The Second-System Effect."
Bias We wouldn't expect to experience risk in this, the safest of all four areas. But, we should be aware that we, as human beings, are notorious for our misuse of information that we do know.
If we were to draw Figure 1 in a way that more accurately reflects the relative risk that we can expect to experience at the beginning of a design project, it is more likely to look like Figure 2. We can see that our predominant source of risk comes from "Nature's Last Laugh." We could expertly manage the design process, incorporating only information obtained from the client and designer, and very likely deliver a "client-successful" product.
History has shown us, however, that while a satisfied client is necessary, it's not a sufficient condition to produce a satisfactory design. The Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St. Louis is an architectural example. It was a high-rise, low-income housing project designed to replace aging row houses. It won design awards, but the buildings were literally dynamited out of existence just seventeen years later. They looked great in theory, but turned out to be unlivable in practice. Where did the designers go wrong? Information known only to the future tenants, firefighters, police officers walking the beat, delivery and service people was not factored into the design.
Had the clients and designers of Pruitt-Igoe modeled users, and then included those users in the design process, that development might well still exist today. Including the proper set of users in the design process is crucial to effectively managing design risk.
Modeling Users
Construct a description of the important users of your product, then use that model to drive how you design and test it. People often think of the user as the direct end user of the product-the actual hands-on user. For example, a defect tracking system typically has users such as Testers, QA Managers, Developers, and Development Managers who use the system to help prioritize their work. But we have found that a broader definition is very useful:
User: any individual who is affected by or who may affect your product.
Our purpose in including such a broad range of potential constituents is to avoid the risk of omitting a critical constituency and thus depriving us of important information. Users are described by roles that people play as they interact with our system. The roles include not only hands-on users, but also those who are indirectly affected by the product. For example, senior executives may indirectly use a defect tracking system to decide when to ship a product, based in part on overall defect status. Customers are affected by the defect tracking system because they speak to support analysts who use it to help identify known problems.
What happens if we overlook lawyers as potential users when we design this system? We don't ordinarily think too much about showing our defect data to people who wouldn't access the system. But if we get into legal troubles, the data will almost certainly be seen by unfriendly lawyers. How would that affect our system security model? How about accessibility? What about the content? If we didn't consider lawyers as a critical user when we built our system, there's a good chance we may have to start over. They will likely use our own system as a weapon against us.
Here is a set of guidelines we recommend to model users. First, identify the client. If we don't clearly understand our relationship with our client, nothing else matters.
GUIDELINE ONE Have a clear and well-documented understanding of just exactly who the client is at the beginning of the design project. Don't start the project without it.
An often-overlooked source of design risk originates from ill-defined designer and client responsibilities. As we have stated, we hold the designer accountable for the creation of the end product. The client, in turn, is responsible for economic matters, which include the ultimate financial success of the product. Table 1 indicates the types of risk and potential results that we have observed in the development of software products.
Although the risks of Table 1 pervade the lifetime of the design project, they are the result of decisions made at the beginning of the project. It must be clearly understood that the client will be accountable for the general direction of the design project. As such, he will be expected to participate in all formal design reviews and follow well-defined sign-off procedures for critical design decisions and changes. This encourages greater diligence on the part of the client, as the client knows that he will be answerable to the user population served. In our experience, many commercial software development projects proceed along, some to their demise, without a clear and well-understood agreement defining the client, or-even more commonly-without an assignment of a specific individual with clear client responsibilities. You need to know who the client is to know the client's expectations.
GUIDELINE TWO Spend a concerted effort before beginning the design process to define, to the best of your ability, the full set of user roles, i.e., people who will be affected in some way by the system about to be designed.
We have found brainstorming to be very effective in reaching for "all" of the possibilities. We form a small group of initial users, including the client, and run a one- to two-hour brainstorming session for the purpose of identifying all of the kinds of individuals who we believe will be affected. This is done in the best spirit of brainstorming, such as Adams describes in Conceptual Blockbusting, in which all judgment is suspended. We don't end our search for user roles until we have identified at least 200 users.
Now, you might be thinking, "That seems like a lot of users. Do we really need to go that far?" We remember a workshop where a participant objected to coming up with all those users during the brainstorming session. She complained that it was boring, and clearly thought it impossible that any more users could make any difference. Before we could even open our mouths to respond, another workshop participant interrupted to say, "Oh, I wish we had done this exercise on my last project! It would have saved us most of the trouble we're having today. We forgot the system administrator as a user, and we've had to buy a whole suite of tools to support the activities we should have designed in easily in the first place. What a headache." We apply guideline three as an additional test for omissions.
GUIDELINE THREE Once at least 200 user roles have been identified, make sure that at least three can be associated with each of the following categories: 1. clients, 2. designers, 3. direct users, 4. secondary users, 5. tertiary users, 6. frivolous users.
We have defined clients and designers. By "direct users," we mean the people who are making direct contact with the system to be designed. "Secondary users" are the people who come into contact with the products or by-products of the system to be designed. They may provide information to the system or receive information from the system. "Tertiary users" are individuals who will never see or use the system but who have relevant information pertaining to its design. "Frivolous users" are, as the term implies, those individuals who have been mentioned as part of the brainstorming process but in a humorous or frivolous vein.
When we get to this point, we are bound to have, almost immediately, discovered many new features and functions suggested by this disparate set of users. We have also identified a number of serious but previously invisible users. This information opens up many opportunities but is not without risk.
The following guidelines are put into practice to mitigate the risks identified in Table 2. Once we have a super set of users, we need to pare them down to a smaller set which we will actively consider when building and testing our product.
GUIDELINE FOUR Designate each of the user roles that remain, after removing the frivolous roles, to one of three statuses: favored, disfavored, and ignored.
Favored Users We will specifically build features to benefit these users.
Disfavored Users We will deliberately build features to cause the disfavored user to experience inconvenience and "difficulty of use." This may seem strange, at first glance, but there are perfectly good reasons to want to make a system difficult to use for almost any constituency. The reasons may be associated with security, legal, competitive, or safety issues. For example, most security precautions explicitly disfavor unauthorized people regarding system access.
Ignored Users We will not overtly build any features to specifically benefit these users.
All resources will be directed at developing functionality for the favored and disfavored users, while the ignored users may or may not find useful functionality. This is not to say that the ignored users will not benefit in some way by the new system; but the benefits will accrue as a result of meeting the needs identified by the favored and disfavored users.
GUIDELINE FIVE Pare Down the List of Critical Users.
The users whom we decide not to ignore are our critical users. We have found that it is useful to design for no more than fifteen to twenty-five critical user roles. As the number grows beyond this point, design thinking becomes too diffuse.
Eliminating the majority of users causes conflict early in the design process, but we contend that this is where we want the conflict. If we don't resolve this conflict at this point, it will either be resolved at a more expensive point, when we have to reverse design decisions, or the conflict will be designed into the product in the form of inconsistencies of form or function.
We choose the critical users by deciding, as a design team, which ones we're going to keep and which ones we're going to eliminate. There are any number of ways to choose the user set, none of which is especially easy. We will essentially be deciding based on what we care about and believe is important to our product. One common method of choosing users is for the design team to vote for the set of critical users. For example, each team member may vote for seven users. After seeing if there's some convergence on an initial set of critical users, a negotiation begins to determine the status of the marginal ones.
Once this assignment has been made and approved by all interested parties, the assignment will, by default, direct design thinking for the remainder of the design process. The assignment can be changed, but not without reason and not without approval of all interested parties.
Applying the User Model
Include Users in the Design Process Now that we have decided which users will receive our top attention, we must put teeth into our decisions. We do this by committing ourselves to an agreed-upon User Inclusion Plan. This plan states the "who, how, and when" for each of the critical users. Here are some possible choices for including users in the design process.
Surrogate The user is represented by an individual or group of individuals who will look out for that particular constituency's best interests. This representative may not have had direct experience as a user, but is expected to know as much as possible about the needs of the user. The surrogate user may be a member of the design team. This person is held personally accountable for the success of the design with respect to the user she represents.
Sample This is a representative sample of actual users.
Population In the case of a relatively small population, we can choose to elicit all of the users.
Judgment We ask for opinion or judgment of the user.
Survey User information is obtained in the form of a survey.
Simulation User information is obtained by noting user response to a simulation (computer or physical) of parts or all of the target system.
Prototype We observe the users as they experience parts or all of the early system prototype.
One Time This constituency is polled one time only.
Critical Times This constituency is polled at designated times. These times, agreed upon in advance as part of the project schedule, would minimally occur whenever formal design reviews take place, whenever critical design decisions are about to take place, or whenever requirements or design responsibility are transferred from one group to another.
Periodic This constituency is elicited at regularly scheduled calendar intervals.
Continuous Some constituencies may be considered to be so critical that they will be represented continuously throughout the design process.
Once we have a User Inclusion Plan, we need to apply it. There's no substitute for including the users in the design process.
Overlooking an important user is a very expensive mistake. It can cause us to spend much of our time later trying to force our design to accommodate that user. If our product's architecture wasn't built with that user in mind, it is unlikely that we will serve that user well. Ever.
We've presented simple, easy-to-use heuristics to lower the probability that you may overlook important users, thereby lowering your design risk. Remember that it doesn't matter when you deliver, if you build the wrong product.