text:
Jamaica, is the 4th largest island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres in length, up to 80 kilometres in width, and 10,990 square kilometres in area.
Content imported from Wikipedia, The CIA World Factbook and Freebase under their respective licenses.
|Kingston, Jamaica
|Head of Government
|Portia Simpson-Miller
|Head of State
|Elizabeth II
|2,889,187 (July 2012 est.)
Jamaica (i/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), is the 4th largest island nation of the Greater Antilles,[5] 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island containing the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Jamaica is the 5th largest island country in the .[6] The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca,[7] meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".[8]
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English, and later British, colony in 1655 under the name Jamaica. It achieved full independence from the United Kingdom on August 6, 1962.[9] With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. Kingston is the country's largest city, with a population of 937,700, and its capital.[10][11] Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world consisting of Jamaican citizens migrating from the country.[12]
Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm with Elizabeth II as Queen of Jamaica and head of state. Her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, currently Sir Patrick Allen. The head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica is currently Portia Simpson-Miller. Jamaica is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with legislative power vested in the bicameral Parliament of Jamaica, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives.[13][14][15][16]
The Arawak and Taino indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC.[17] When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were over 200 villages ruled by caciques (chiefs of villages). The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour.[17] The Tainos were still inhabiting Jamaica when the took control of the island.[17] The Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawaks.[18]
Spanish rule
Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay.[19] There is some debate as to whether he landed in St. Ann's Bay or in Discovery Bay. St. Ann's Bay was the "Saint Gloria" of Columbus who first sighted Jamaica at this point. One mile west of St. Ann's Bay is the site of the first Spanish settlement on the island, Sevilla, which was established in 1509 and abandoned around 1524 because it was deemed unhealthy.[20] The capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called "St. Jago de la Vega", around 1534 and is located in present day St. Catherine.[21]
British rule
Out of all the British colonies in the , Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral.[21] The Spanish were forcibly evicted by the at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655 the , led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica.[22] The name of Montego Bay, the capital of the parish of St. James, was derived from the Spanish name manteca bahía (or Bay of Lard) for the large quantity of boar used for the lard-making industry.[23]
Henry Morgan was a famous pirate and privateer who had arrived in the West Indies as an indentured servant, like many of the early settlers.[24]
In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 whites and 1,500 blacks,[25] but by as early as the 1670s, blacks formed a majority of the population.[26]
France outlawed the residence of Jews in their country in 1394. By 1660, Jamaica had become a refuge for Jews in the New World. A settlement of Jews had arrived in 1510, soon after the son of Christopher Columbus settled on the island. Primarily merchants and traders, the Jewish community was forced to live a clandestine life, calling themselves "Portugals". After the British took over rule of Jamaica, the Jews felt that the best defense against Spanish threat would be to make the colony a base for pirates. With the pirates installed in its main port, Port Royal, the Spanish would be deterred form carrying out an attack. The British leaders were convinced of the viability of this strategy to forestall outside aggression.[27]
When the captured Jamaica in 1655 the Spanish colonists fled after freeing their slaves.[22] The slaves fled into the mountains, joining those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live with the Taínos.[28] These runaway slaves, who became known as the Jamaican Maroons, fought the British during the 18th century.[28] The name is still used today for their modern descendants. During the long years of slavery Maroons established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, maintaining their freedom and independence for generations.
During its first 200 years of British rule, Jamaica became one of the world's leading sugar-exporting, slave-dependent nations, producing more than 77,000 tons of sugar annually between 1820 and 1824. After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807,[29] the British imported Indian and Chinese workers as indentured servants to supplement the labour pool. Descendants of indentured servants of Indian and Chinese origin continue to reside in Jamaica today.
By the beginning of the 19th century, Jamaica's heavy reliance on slavery resulted in blacks outnumbering whites by a ratio of almost 20 to 1. Even though England had outlawed the importation of slaves, some were still smuggled into the colonies. The British government drew up laws regimenting the abolition of slavery, but they also included instructions for the improvement of the slaves' way of life. These instructions included a ban of the use of whips in the field, a ban on the flogging of women, notification that slaves were to be allowed religious instruction, a requirement that slaves be given an extra free day during the week when they could sell their produce as well as a ban on Sunday markets.
In Jamaica these measures were resisted by the House of Assembly. The Assembly claimed that the slaves were content and objected to Parliament's interference in island affairs, although many slave owners feared possible revolts. Following a series of rebellions and changing attitudes in Great Britain, the nation formally abolished slavery in 1834, with full emancipation from chattel slavery declared in 1838. The population in 1834 was 371,070 of whom 15,000 were white, 5,000 free black, 40,000 'coloured' or mixed race, and 311,070 slaves.[25]
Botanical Gardens
In the 19th century, the British established a number of botanical gardens. These included the Castleton Botanical Garden, set up in 1862 to replace the Bath Garden (created in 1779) which was subject to flooding. Bath Garden was the site for planting breadfruit brought to Jamaica from the Pacific by Captain William Bligh. Other gardens were the Cinchona Plantation founded in 1868 and the Hope Garden founded in 1874. In 1872, Kingston became the island's capital.
Supreme Court
In 1945, Sir Horace Hector Hearne became Chief Justice and Keeper of the Records in Jamaica. He headed the Supreme Court, Kingston between 1945 and 1950/1951. He then moved to Kenya where he was appointed Chief Justice.
Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom and in 1958, it became a province in the Federation of the West Indies, a federation among the British West Indies. Jamaica attained full independence by leaving the federation in 1962.
Strong economic growth, averaging approximately 6% per annum, marked the first ten years of independence under conservative governments which were led successively by Prime Ministers Alexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer. The growth was fuelled by strong investments in bauxite/alumina, tourism, manufacturing industry and, to a lesser extent, the agricultural sector.
The optimism of the first decade was accompanied by a growing sense of inequality, and a sense that the benefits of growth were not being experienced by the urban poor. This, combined with the effects of a slowdown in the global economy in 1970, prompted the electorate to change government, electing the PNP (People's National Party) in 1972. Despite efforts to create more socially equitable policies in education and health, Jamaica continued to lag economically, with its gross national product having fallen in 1980 to some 25% below the 1972 level. Rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fiscal deficits, resulted in the invitation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) financing from the United States and others, and the imposition of IMF austerity measures (with a greater than 25% interest rate per year).
Economic deterioration continued into the mid-1980s, exacerbated by a number of factors; the first and third largest alumina producers, Alpart and Alcoa closed, and there was a significant reduction in production by the second largest producer, Alcan. In addition, tourism decreased and Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. left the Jamaican industry.
Government and politics
Jamaica is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II serving as the Jamaican monarch.[30] However, as Elizabeth II is shared as head of state of fifteen other countries and resides mostly in the United Kingdom, she is thus often represented as Queen of Jamaica in Jamaica and abroad by the Governor-General of Jamaica.[31] The governor-general is nominated by the Prime Minister of Jamaica and the entire Cabinet and appointed by the monarch. All the members of the Cabinet are appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. The monarch and the governor-general serve largely ceremonial roles, apart from their reserve powers for use in certain constitutional crisis situations.
Jamaica's current constitution was drafted in 1962 by a bipartisan joint committee of the Jamaican legislature. It came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 of the United Kingdom parliament, which gave Jamaica independence.
The Parliament of Jamaica is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House). Members of the House (known as Members of Parliament or MPs) are directly elected, and the member of the House of Representatives who, in the governor-general's best judgement, is best able to command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House, is appointed by the governor-general to be the prime minister. Senators are nominated jointly by the prime minister and the parliamentary Leader of the Opposition and are then appointed by the governor-general.
The current Prime Minister of Jamaica is Portia Simpson-Miller[13] having been inaugurated on January 5, 2012. Prime Minister Simpson-Miller acts as the head of government of Jamaica.
Jamaica has traditionally had a two-party system, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). The party with current administrative and legislative power is the People's National Party with a two thirds Parliamentary majority as of 2012.
Jamaica is divided into 14 parishes, which are grouped into three historic counties that have no administrative relevance.
|Cornwall County
|Middlesex County
|Surrey County
|May Pen
|Saint Elizabeth
|Black River
|Port Antonio
|Saint James
|Montego Bay
|Saint Ann
|St. Ann's Bay
|Saint Andrew
|Half Way Tree
|Saint Catherine
|Spanish Town
|Saint Thomas
|Morant Bay
|Saint Mary
|Port Maria
The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the small but professional military force of Jamaica. The JDF is based on the British military model with organisation, training, weapons and traditions closely aligned with Commonwealth realms. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending on which arm of service they are selected for. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot, Newcastle or Up Park Camp, both in St. Andrew. As with the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. Additional military schools are available for speciality training in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.
The JDF is directly descended from the British West India Regiment formed during the colonial era.[32] The West India Regiment was used extensively by the British Empire in policing the empire from 1795 to 1926. Other units in the JDF heritage include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in World War II. The West Indies Regiment was reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation, after dissolution of the Federation the JDF was established.
The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit.[33] The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). The Coast Guard is divided between seagoing crews and support crews who conduct maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations.[34] The role of the support battalion is to provide support to boost numbers in combat and issue competency training in order to allow for the readiness of the force.[35] The 1st Engineer Regiment was formed due to an increased demand for military engineers and their role is to provide engineering services whenever and wherever they are needed.[36] The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF Commander, Command Staff as well as Intelligence, Judge Advocate office, Administrative and Procurement sections.[37]
In recent years the JDF has been called on to assist the nation's police, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In early 2005, an Opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. This has not garnered support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens.
Geography and environment
Jamaica is the third largest island in the .[38] It lies between latitudes 17° and 19°N, and longitudes 76° and 79°W. Mountains, including the Blue Mountains, dominate the inland. They are surrounded by a narrow coastal plain.[39] Chief towns and cities include the capital Kingston, Portmore, Spanish Town, Mandeville, Ocho Ríos, Port Antonio, Negril, and Montego Bay.[40] Jamaica has the seventh largest natural harbour in the world, Kingston Harbour.[41] Tourist attractions include Dunn's River Falls in St. Ann, YS Falls in St. Elizabeth, the Blue Lagoon in Portland, and Port Royal, which was the site of an earthquake that helped form the island's Palisadoes.[42][43][44][45]
The climate in Jamaica is tropical, with hot and humid weather, although higher inland regions are more temperate.[46] Some regions on the south coast, such as the Liguanea Plain and the Pedro Plains, are relatively dry rain-shadow areas.[47] Jamaica lies in the hurricane belt of the Atlantic Ocean and because of this, the island sometimes experiences significant storm damage.[48] Hurricanes Charlie and Gilbert hit Jamaica directly in 1951 and 1988, respectively, causing major damage and many deaths. In the 2000s (decade), hurricanes Ivan, Dean, and Gustav also brought severe weather to the island.
Flora and fauna
Jamaica's climate is tropical, supporting diverse ecosystems with a wealth of plants and animals.
Jamaica's plant life has changed considerably over the centuries. When the Spanish arrived in 1494, except for small agricultural clearings, the country was deeply forested. The European settlers cut down the great timber trees for building purposes and cleared the plains, savannas, and mountain slopes for cultivation. Many new plants were introduced including sugarcane, bananas, and citrus trees.
Areas of heavy rainfall contain stands of bamboo, ferns, ebony, mahogany, and rosewood. Cactus and similar dry-area plants are found along the south and southwest coastal area. Parts of the west and southwest consist of large grasslands, with scattered stands of trees.
The Jamaican animal life, typical of the , includes highly diversified wildlife with many endemic species found nowhere else on earth. As with other oceanic islands, land mammals are made up almost entirely of Bats. The only non-bat native mammal extant in Jamaica is the Jamaican Hutia, locally known as the coney. Introduced mammals such as Wild Boar and the Small Asian Mongoose are also common. Jamaica is also home to many reptiles, the largest of which is the American Crocodile; however, it is only present within the Black River and a few other areas. Lizards such as Anoles, Iguanas and snakes such as racers and the Jamaican Boa (the largest snake on the island) are common in areas such as the Cockpit Country. None of Jamaica's native snakes are dangerously venomous to humans.[49] One species of freshwater turtle is native to Jamaica, the Jamaican Slider. It is found only on Jamaica, Cat Island, and a few other islands in The Bahamas. In addition, many types of frogs are common on the island, especially Treefrogs. Birds are abundant, and make up the bulk of the endemic and native vertebrate species. Beautiful and exotic birds such as the Jamaican Tody and the Doctor Bird (the national bird) can be found among a large number of others. Insects and other invertebrates are abundant, including the world's largest centipede, the Amazonian Giant Centipede, and the Homerus Swallowtail, the Western Hemisphere's largest butterfly.
Jamaican waters contain considerable resources of fresh-and saltwater fish.[50] The chief varieties of saltwater fish are Kingfish, Jack, Mackerel, Whiting, Bonito, and Tuna. Fish that occasionally enter freshwater and estuarine environments include Snook, Jewfish, Mangrove snapper, and Mullets. Fish that spend the majority of their lives in Jamaica's fresh waters include many species of Livebearers, Killifish, freshwater Gobies, the Mountain Mullet, and the American Eel. Tilapia have been introduced from Africa for aquaculture, and are very common.
Among the variety of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems are dry and wet limestone forests, rainforest, riparian woodland, wetlands, caves, rivers, seagrass beds and coral reefs.
The authorities had recognized the tremendous significance and potential of this aspect of their heritage and designated some of the more 'fertile' areas 'protected'. Among the island's protected areas are the Cockpit Country, Hellshire Hills, and Litchfield forest reserves. In 1992, Jamaica's first marine park, covering nearly 6 square miles (about 15 km2), was established in Montego Bay. Portland Bight Protected Area was designated in 1999.[51]
The following year Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park was created on roughly 300 square miles (780 km2) of wilderness that supports thousands of tree and fern species and rare animals.
Ethnic origins
According to the 2001 census, the majority of Jamaica's population is of African descent (referring to those who have origins mainly in Africa). The most common ethnic groups among all Africans taken to Jamaica were the Akan (known as the "Coromantee") from present-day Ghana and the Igbo from present-day Nigeria.[52] Multiracial Jamaicans form the second largest racial group many of whom also have some Irish ancestry although most mixed-race people on the island self-report simply as "Jamaican".[53][54][55][56] Jamaicans of Indian and Chinese ancestry, form the next largest racial groups after multiracial Jamaicans. Lebanese, Syrian, , Scottish, Irish, and German Jamaicans make up a smaller racial minority but are still very influential both socially and economically.[1] In recent years, immigration has increased, coming mainly from China, Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, and Latin American countries; 20,000 Latin Americans currently reside in Jamaica. About 7,000 Americans also reside in Jamaica, as well as many first-generation American, British and Canadian of Jamaican descendant.[57]
The official language of Jamaica is . Jamaicans primarily speak an -African Creole language known as Jamaican Patois, which has become known widely through the spread of Reggae music. Jamaican Patois was formed from a base of mainly words with elements of re-formed grammar, together with a little vocabulary from African languages and Native American words. Some archaic features are reminiscent of Irish .
Many Jamaicans have emigrated to other countries, especially to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence.[58] The great number of Jamaicans living abroad has become known as the Jamaican diaspora. There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to Cuba.[59] The scale of emigration has been widespread and similar to other entities such as Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. It is estimated that up to 2.5 million Jamaicans and Jamaican descendants live abroad.[60] An estimated 60% of the highly educated people of Jamaica now live abroad.[61]
Concentrations of expatriate Jamaicans are quite considerable in numerous cities in the United States, including New York City, Buffalo, the Miami metro area, Atlanta, Chicago, Orlando, Tampa, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Hartford, Providence and Los Angeles. Jamaicans in the United Kingdom number an estimated 800,000 making them by far the country's largest African- group. Large-scale migration from Jamaica to the UK occurred primarily in the 1950s and 1960s (when the country was still under British rule). Jamaican communities exist in most large UK cities.[62] In Canada, the Jamaican population is centred in Toronto, and there are smaller communities in cities such as Hamilton, Montreal, Vancouver and Ottawa.
- See also: Prisons in Jamaica and LGBT rights in Jamaica
Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years, according to UN estimates.[63][64] Some areas of Jamaica, particularly cities such as Kingston, experience high levels of crime and violence.[65] Many Jamaicans are hostile toward LGBT and intersex people.[65] Various mob attacks against gay people have been reported,[66][67][68] prompting human-rights groups to call Jamaica "the most homophobic place on earth."[69]
Christianity is the largest religion practised in Jamaica and according to the 2001 census, the country's largest denominations are the Church of God of Prophecy (24% of the population), Seventh-day Adventist Church (11%), Pentecostal (10%), Baptist (7%), Anglican (4%), Roman Catholic (2%), United Church (2%), Methodist (2%), Moravian (1%) and Plymouth Brethren (1%)[70] The Christian faith gained acceptance as British Christian abolitionists and Baptist missionaries joined educated former slaves in the struggle against slavery.[71]
The Rastafari movement had 24,000 adherents, according to the 2001 census.[70] Other religions in Jamaica include Jehovah's Witnesses (2% population), the Bahá'í faith, which counts perhaps 8,000 adherents[72] and 21 Local Spiritual Assemblies,[73] Buddhism, and Hinduism.[74] There is a small population of Jews, about 200, who describe themselves as Liberal-Conservative.[75] The first Jews in Jamaica trace their roots back to early 15th century Spain and Portugal.[76] Other small groups include Muslims, who claim 5,000 adherents,[70] as do the Mormons.[77] These numbers reflect the fact that general Jamaican culture does not lend itself much to fundamentalist approaches to religion and life.
Though a small nation, Jamaican culture has a strong global presence. The musical genres reggae, ska, mento, rocksteady, dub, and, more recently, dancehall and ragga all originated in the island's vibrant, popular urban recording industry. Jamaica also played an important role in the development of punk rock, through reggae and ska. Reggae has also influenced American rap music, as they both share their roots as rhythmic, African styles of music. Some rappers, such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Heavy D, are of Jamaican descent. Internationally known reggae musician Bob Marley was also Jamaican.
Many other internationally known artists were born in Jamaica including Millie Small, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Big Youth, Jimmy Cliff, Dennis Brown, Desmond Dekker, Beres Hammond, Beenie Man, Shaggy, Grace Jones, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, Sean Paul, I Wayne, Bounty Killer and many others. Band artist groups that came from Jamaica include Black Uhuru, Third World Band, Inner Circle, Chalice Reggae Band, Culture, Fab Five and Morgan Heritage. The genre jungle emerged from London's Jamaican diaspora. The birth of hip-hop in New York City, New York also owed much to the city's Jamaican community.
Ian Fleming, who lived in Jamaica, repeatedly used the island as a setting in the James Bond novels, including Live and Let Die, Doctor No, For Your Eyes Only, The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights. In addition, James Bond uses a Jamaica-based cover in Casino Royale. So far, the only James Bond film adaptation to have been set in Jamaica is Doctor No. Filming for the fictional island of San Monique in Live and Let Die took place in Jamaica.
Journalist and author H. G. de Lisser (1878–1944) used his native country as the setting for his many novels. Born at Falmouth, de Lisser worked as a reporter for the Jamaica Times at a young age and in 1920 began publishing the magazine Planters' Punch. The White Witch of Rosehall is one of his better known novels. He was named Honourary President of the Jamaican Press Association, and worked throughout his professional career to promote the Jamaican sugar industry.
The American film Cocktail, starring Tom Cruise, is one of the more popular films to depict Jamaica. A look at delinquent youth in Jamaica is presented in the 1970s musical crime film The Harder They Come, starring Jimmy Cliff as a frustrated (and psychopathic) reggae musician who descends into a murderous crime spree. Another popular Jamaican-based film is the 1993 comedy Cool Runnings which is loosely based on the true story of Jamaica's first bobsled team trying to make it in the Winter Olympics.
Errol Flynn lived with his third wife Patrice Wymore in Port Antonio in the 1950s. He was responsible for developing tourism to this area, popularising raft trips down rivers on bamboo rafts.[78]
The island is famous for its Jamaican jerk spice which forms a popular part of Jamaican cuisine. Jamaica is also home to Red Stripe beer and Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee.
National symbols
(From the Jamaica Information Service)[79]
- National Bird — Red-billed Streamertail (aka Doctor Bird) (a Hummingbird, Trochilus polytmus)
- National Flower – Lignum vitae (Guiacum officinale)
- National Tree — Blue Mahoe (Hibiscus talipariti elatum)
- National Fruit — Ackee (Blighia sapida)
- National Motto — "Out of Many, One People."
Sport is an integral part of national life in Jamaica and the island's athletes tend to perform to a standard well above what might ordinarily be expected of such a small country.[80] While the most popular local sport is cricket, on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at Track and Field.[80][81]
The country was one the venues of 2007 Cricket World Cup and West Indies cricket team is one of the only 10 ICC full member teams who participate in international Test Cricket.[82] The Jamaica national cricket team competes regionally, and also provides players for the West Indies. Sabina Park is the only test venue in the island, but the Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny) is also used for cricket.[83][84] Chris Gayle is the most renowned batsman from Jamaica currently representing the West Indies cricket team. He is considered one of the most fearful and aggressive batsmen in world cricket now-a-days.
Since independence Jamaica has consistently produced world class athletes in track and field.[80] In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age and most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions (most notably the VMBS Girls and Boys Athletics Championships) and international meets (most notably the Penn Relays). In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage.
Over the past six decades Jamaica has produced dozens of world class sprinters including Olympic and World Champion Usain Bolt, world record holder in the 100m for men at 9.58s, and 200m for men at 19.19s. Other noteworthy Jamaican sprinters include Arthur Wint – the first Jamaican Olympic Gold Medalist, Donald Quarrie – Olympic Champion and former 200m world record holder, Roy Anthony Bridge, part of the International Olympic Committee, Merlene Ottey, Delloreen Ennis-London, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce – the current World and Olympic 100m Champion, Kerron Stewart, Aleen Bailey, Juliet Cuthbert, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Sherone Simpson, Brigitte Foster-Hylton, Yohan Blake, Herb McKenley, George Rhoden—Olympic Gold Medalist, Deon Hemmings – Olympic Gold Medalist as well as former 100m world record holder and 2x 100m Olympic finalist and Gold medal winner in the men's 2008 Olympic 4x100m Asafa Powell.
Jamaica has also produced several world class amateur and professional boxers including Trevor Berbick and Mike McCallum. First-generation Jamaican athletes have continued to make a significant impact on the sport internationally, especially in the United Kingdom where the list of top British boxers born in Jamaica or of Jamaican parents includes Lloyd Honeyghan, Chris Eubank, Audley Harrison, David Haye, Lennox Lewis and Frank Bruno.
Association football and horse-racing are other popular sports in Jamaica. The national football team qualified for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
The Jamaica national bobsled team was once a serious contender in the Winter Olympics, beating many well-established teams. Chess and basketball are widely played in Jamaica and are supported by the Jamaica Chess Federation (JCF) and the Jamaica Basketball Federation (JBF), respectively. Netball is also very popular on the island, with the Jamaica national netball team called The Sunshine Girls consistently ranking in the top five in the world.[citation needed]
The Jamaica national rugby league team is made up of players who play in Jamaica, and UK-players from professional and semi professional teams in the UK.[85] Their first international was a 37–22 loss to the United States national rugby league team in November 2009.[86] Rugby league in Jamaica is growing with universities and high schools taking up the sport.[87][88] The JRLA Championship is the main rugby league competition in the country.[89] The Hurricanes Rugby League are a professional rugby league team who are hoping to compete in either the USA Rugby League or the AMNRL by 2013 during that time they will be training young players aged 14–19 who will be part of the Hurricanes RL Academy in the hope of developing into full-time professional players.
According to ESPN, the highest paid Jamaican professional athlete in 2011 was Justin Masterson, starting pitcher for the Cleveland Indians.[90]
The emancipation of the slaves heralded in the establishment of the Jamaican education system for the masses. Prior to emancipation there were few schools for educating locals. Many sent their children off to England to access quality education.
After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools. Most of these schools were established by the churches.[91] This was the genesis of the modern Jamaican school system.
Presently the following categories of schools exist:
- Early childhood – Basic, Infant and privately operated pre- school. Age cohort – 2 – 5 years.
- Primary – Publicly and privately owned (Privately owned being called Preparatory Schools). Ages 3 – 12 years.
- Secondary – Publicly and privately owned. Ages 10 – 19 years. The high schools in Jamaica may be either single-sex or co-educational institutions, and many schools follow the traditional English grammar school model used throughout the British West Indies.
- Tertiary – Community Colleges, Teachers' Colleges with The Mico Teachers' College (now The MICO University College) being the oldest founded in 1836,The Shortwood Teachers' College (which was once an all female teacher training institution), Vocational Training Centres, Colleges and Universities – Publicly and privately owned. There are five local universities namely: The University of the West Indies (Mona Campus); the University of Technology, Jamaica formerly The College of Art Science and Technology (CAST); the Northern Caribbean University formerly West Indies College; the University College of The Caribbean and the International University of the Caribbean.
Additionally, there are many community and teacher training colleges.
Education is free from the early childhood to secondary levels. There are also opportunities for those who cannot afford further education in the vocational arena through the Human Employment and Resource Training-National Training Agency (HEART Trust-NTA) programme[92] and through an extensive scholarship network for the various universities.
Students are taught Spanish in school from the primary level upwards; about 40–45% of educated people in Jamaica knows some form of Spanish.
Jamaica is a mixed economy with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, and financial and insurance services. Tourism and mining are the leading earners of foreign exchange. Half the Jamaican economy relies on services, with half of its income coming from services such as tourism. An estimated 1.3 million foreign tourists visit Jamaica every year.[93]
Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980s, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation. Since 1991, the government has followed a programme of economic liberalization and stabilization by removing exchange controls, floating the exchange rate, cutting tariffs, stabilising the Jamaican currency, reducing inflation and removing restrictions on foreign investment. Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalisation and reduction in the size of government. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through divestment and privatisation programmes.
The macroeconomic stabilisation programme introduced in 1991, which focused on tight fiscal and monetary policies, has contributed to a controlled reduction in the rate of inflation. The annual inflation rate decreased from a high of 80.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 1998. Inflation for FY1998/99 was 6.2% compared to 7.2% in the corresponding period in CUU1997/98. The Government of Jamaica remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners.
After a period of steady growth from 1985 to 1995, real GDP decreased by 1.8% and 2.4% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decrease in GDP in 1996 and 1997 was largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) that drastically reduced agricultural production. In 1997, nominal GDP was approximately J$220,556.2 million (US$6,198.9 million based on the average annual exchange rate of the period).
The economy in 1997 was marked by low levels of import growth, high levels of private capital inflows and relative stability in the foreign exchange market.
Recent economic performance shows the Jamaican economy is recovering. Agricultural production, an important engine of growth increased 15.3% in third quarter of 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997, signaling the first positive growth rate in the sector since January 1997. Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December, 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997. January's bauxite production recorded a 7.1% increase relative to January 1998 and continued expansion of alumina production through 2009 is planned by Alcoa.[94] Tourism, which is the largest foreign exchange earner, showed improvement as well. In the third quarter of 1998, growth in tourist arrivals accelerated with an overall increase of 8.5% in tourism earnings in 1998 when compared to the corresponding period in 1997. Jamaica's agricultural exports are sugar, bananas, coffee, rum,and yams.
Jamaica is the fifth largest exporter of bauxite in the world, after Australia, China, Brazil and Guinea.
Jamaica has a wide variety of industrial and commercial activities. The aviation industry is able to perform most routine aircraft maintenance, except for heavy structural repairs. There is a considerable amount of technical support for transport and agricultural aviation. Jamaica has a considerable amount of industrial engineering, light manufacturing, including metal fabrication, metal roofing, and furniture manufacturing. Food and beverage processing, glassware manufacturing, software and data processing, printing and publishing, insurance underwriting, music and recording, and advanced education activities can be found in the larger urban areas. The Jamaican construction industry is entirely self-sufficient, with professional technical standards and guidance.[95]
Since the first quarter of 2006, the economy of Jamaica has undergone a period of staunch growth. With inflation for the 2006 calendar year down to 6.0% and unemployment down to 8.9%, the nominal GDP grew by an unprecedented 2.9%.[96] An investment programme in island transportation and utility infrastructure and gains in the tourism, mining, and service sectors all contributed this figure. All projections for 2007 show an even higher potential for economic growth with all estimates over 3.0% and hampered only by urban crime and public policies.
In 2006, Jamaica became part of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) as one of the pioneering members.
The global economic downturn had a significant impact on the Jamaican economy for the years 2007 to 2009, resulting in negative economic growth. The government implemented a new Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on January 14, 2010. The initiative would see holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) bonds returning the high interest earning instruments for bonds with lower yields and longer maturities.The offer was taken up by over 95% of local financial institutions and was deemed a success by the government. Owing to the success of the JDX program, the Bruce Golding-led government was successful in entering into a borrowing arrangement with the IMF on Ferbruary 4,2010 for the amount of US$1.27b. The loan agreement is for a period of three years. [97]
The transport infrastructure in Jamaica consists of roadways, railways and air transport, with roadways forming the backbone of the island's internal transport system.
The Jamaican road network consists of almost 13 049 miles (21,000 kilometres) of roads, of which over 9 321 miles (15,000 kilometres) is paved.[1] The Jamaican Government has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of freeways, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of 21 miles (33 kilometres) of freeway.
Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the 169 miles (272 kilometres) of railway found in Jamaica, only 35 miles (57 kilometres) remain in operation, currently used to transport bauxite.[1]
On April 13, 2011, limited passenger service was resumed between May Pen, Spanish Town and Linstead.
Air transport
There are three international airports in Jamaica with modern terminals, long runways, and the navigational equipment required to accommodate the large jet aircraft used in modern and air travel: Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston, Ian Fleming International Airport in Boscobel, Saint Mary Parish, and the island's largest and busiest airport, Sir Donald Sangster International Airport in the resort city of Montego Bay. Norman Manley and Sangster International airports are home to the country's national airline, Air Jamaica. In addition there are local commuter airports at Tinson Pen (Kingston), Port Antonio, and Negril which cater to internal flights only. Many other small, rural centres are served by private fields on sugar estates or bauxite mines.
Ports, shipping and lighthouses
Owing to its location in the Sea in the shipping lane to the Panama Canal and relative proximity to large markets in North America and emerging markets in Latin America, Jamaica receives high container traffic. The container terminal at the Port of Kingston has undergone large expansion in capacity in recent years to handle growth both already realised as well as that which is projected in coming years.[98] Montego Freeport in Montego Bay also handles a variety of cargo like (though more limited than) the Port of Kingston, mainly agricultural products.
There are several other ports positioned around the island, including Port Esquivel in St. Catherine (WINDALCO), Rocky Point in Clarendon, Port Kaiser in St. Elizabeth, Port Rhoades in Discovery Bay, Reynolds Pier in Ocho Rios, and Boundbrook Port in Port Antonio.
To aid the navigation of shipping, Jamaica operates nine lighthouses.
Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs.[1] Many test sites have been explored for oil, but no commercially viable quantities have been found.[99] The most convenient sources of imported oil and motor fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) are from Mexico and Venezuela.
Jamaica's electrical power is produced by diesel (bunker oil) generators located in Old Harbour. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company – the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station, the Rockfort Power Station and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River.[100] A wind farm, owned by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, was established at Wigton, Manchester.[101]
Jamaica has successfully operated a SLOWPOKE-2 nuclear reactor of 20 kW capacity since the early 1980s, but there are no plans to expand nuclear power at present.[102]
Jamaica imports approximately 80,000 barrels (13,000 m3) of oil energy products per day,[99] including asphalt and lubrication products. Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation.
Jamaica produces enormous quantities of hydrous ethanol (5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none of it used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into anhydrous ethanol (0% water content), but the process appears to be uneconomic at this time and the facility remains idle.[103]
Jamaica has a fully digital telephone communication system with a mobile penetration of over 95%.[104]
The country's three mobile operators – Cable and Wireless (marketed as LIME – Landline, Internet, Mobile and Entertainment), Digicel, and Oceanic Digital (operating as MiPhone and now known as Claro since late 2008) – have spent millions in network upgrade and expansion. Both Digicel and Oceanic Digital were granted licences in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent Cable and Wireless monopoly. Digicel opted for the more widely used GSM wireless system, while Oceanic opted for the CDMA standard. Cable and Wireless, which had begun with TDMA standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM, and currently utilises both standards on its network.
With wireless usage increasing, landlines supplied by Cable and Wireless have declined from just over half a million to roughly about three hundred thousand as of 2006.[104] In a bid to grab more market share, Cable and Wireless recently[when?] launched a new land line service called HomeFone Prepaid that would allow customers to pay for minutes they use rather than pay a set monthly fee for service, much like prepaid wireless service.
A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, Flow Jamaica, laid a new submarine cable connecting Jamaica to the United States. This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four.
Two more licences were auctioned by the Jamaican government to provide mobile services on the island, including one that was previously owned by AT&T Wireless but never utilised, and one new licence.
Further reading
- Ahmed, Faiz (2008). The Development Path Taken by Jamaica: A brief account of the islands natural-history, economic policies, and social conditions. http://www.islandvulnerability.org/m/ahmedm.pdf. (pp. 45–83)
- Arbell, Mordehay (2000). The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica. Canoe Press. ISBN 978-976-8125-69-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=-35vXOgop6QC. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Ammar, N. From Whence they came. The Jamaica Journal.
- Chapman, Valentine Jackson (1961). The marine algae of Jamaica: Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae. http://books.google.com/books?id=uSyxbwAACAAJ. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Chapman, Valentine Jackson (1963). The marine Algae of Jamaica: Part II: Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. http://books.google.com/books?id=UyHEQQAACAAJ. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Hall, D. Bounties European Immigration with Special Reference of the German Settlement at Seaford Town, Parts 1 and 2. Jamaica Journal, 8, (4), 48–54 and 9 (1), 2–9.
- Issa, Suzanne (1994). Mr Jamaica, Abe Issa: a pictorial biography. S. Issa. ISBN 978-976-8091-69-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=L1cQAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Jacobs, H. P. (2003). Germany in Jamaica. Indian heritage in Jamaica. The Jamaica Journal, 10, (2,3,4), 10–19,
- Mullally, R. (2003). "One Love' The Black Irish of Jamaica. The Jamaica Journal, 42, pp. 104–116.
- Parboosingh, I. S. An Indo-Jamaica beginning in The Jamaica Journal, 18, (3), 2–10, 12.
- Senior, Olive (2003). Encyclopedia of Jamaican heritage. Twin Guinep Publishers. ISBN 978-976-8007-14-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=URx7AAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Sherlock, Philip Manderson; Bennett, Hazel (1998). The story of the Jamaican people. Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55876-145-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Weh6AAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Thomson, Ian (15 June 2009). The dead yard: tales of modern Jamaica. Nation Books. ISBN 978-0-571-22761-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=hJliXDXchE8C. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- Williams, Joseph John (1932). Whence the "black Irish" of Jamaica?. L. MacVeagh, Dial Press, Inc.. http://books.google.com/books?id=gyJ7AAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- The Gleaner. Seaford Town Advertising Feature. August 14, 2003, D7-8,
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- Queen of Jamaica http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Jamaica/Jamaica.aspx
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- "1st Engineering Regiment History". Jamaica Defense Force. http://www.jdfmil.org/Units/engineers/er_history.php. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
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- http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=388&vhabitat=all2&csub_code=
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External links
- Governmental Details
- Government of Jamaica
- Official webpage of Queen Elizabeth as Queen of Jamaica
- Official website of the Jamaica Information Service
- The Cabinet Office of the Government of Jamaica
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- General information
- Jamaica entry at The World Factbook
- Jamaica from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Jamaica at the Open Directory Project
- Jamaica from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Jamaica
- ‹The template Wikitravel is being considered for merging.› Jamaica travel guide from Wikitravel
- Jamaica, an external wiki
- National Library of Jamaica materials in the Digital Library of the Caribbean
- JAMAICA VIRTUAL TOUR IN HD – many locations around the island
- Key Development Forecasts for Jamaica from International Futures


text:
- Per the instructions in this XDA message posting I have installed CM10.1 + GAPPS
- The message says I need to flash this kernel here. How do I do that? The webpage linked shows the source code, but I'm lost with what to do!
- I have -no- LTE/CDMA radio and have a message which shows "unknown baseband" - again, supposedly the
- I originally flashed from the FB01 firmware which is supposedly what I am supposed to use - thus, the Verizon baseband SHOULD allow me to connect.
- Any thoughts?
I need to:
- Get help to flash that kernel
- get help getting the radio working
(My original baseband information was as follows: CDMA i905.03 V.FB04 //////// LTE: SCH-i905.FB01

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|January 22, 2007, 10:46 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: January 7, 2007
Location: south dakota
Posts: 11
burning up .243 barrel?
have a savage model 10 in .243; it has a 1:9.25 rifle twist to the barrel and i was wondering what kind of muzzle velocity will hurt the barrel? i have been shooting 100 grain soft points out of it but am looking to switch to anything between 58 and 70 grain bullets; these smaller bullets have a muzzle velocity of about 3400-3900 fps. does this kind of velocity hurt this particular barrel? i dont plan on shooting multiple shots over an extended period of time but am still wondering if this velocity will harm the barrel as opposed to shotting 95 or 100 grains with a muzzle velocity of around 3000; thanks
|January 22, 2007, 10:56 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: January 7, 2007
Location: Minnesota
Posts: 422
I think throat erosion is something that gets too much consideration. Give er heck for a thousand rounds or so, then have a smith look at it. I bet he/she will tell you it's still fine. By the time you burn out a barrel you'll be enough of an expert to know that it has happened. JMO. YMMV.
"If it bleeds, we can kill it."
|January 22, 2007, 11:41 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: June 10, 2004
Location: Tioga co. PA
Posts: 2,536
Throat erosion is not caused by the velocity of the bullet. it is caused by the heat of the burning powder. Heat can generally, but not always, be inferred as a factor of pressure. Unless your pushing the pressure to the max the .243 should be good to go for around 2000 rounds. That is not to say you can't use the barrel anymore but your accuracy might start to fall off some. I'm talking you might see an increase of 1/4 MOA in your groups at that point.
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text:
How to pretty print a JsonNode to a String in Java
Filed under note to self as I keep forgetting this. Here's a very simple way to pretty print a
Filed under note to self as I keep forgetting this. Here's a very simple way to pretty print a
Looping through arrays is easy:
The simplest way to create custom error pages is to edit the files at
/application/views/errors/html/error_*.php such as
error_404.php (for 404s),
error_db.php (for database errors) and
error_general.php (for most other errors).
A reminder for when you really want to destroy a whole bunch of stuff...
Find out what tags you have locally:
Delete them all:
Push all those deletes to the remote system:
That's it. Destruction complete.
Sometimes I need to concatenate several mp4 files together. ffmpeg is a good tool for this job.
On OSX, it's easy to install using Homebrew:
If you have MP4 files, these could be losslessly concatenated by first transcoding them to mpeg transport streams.
Source – https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Concatenate
Say we have 2 mp4 files to concatenate or join together, first we transcode each of these into an intermediate format:
After that we can concatenate these together using the following:
For more files, just pipe separate the additional files here:
Last week, whilst at IBM Connect 2016 in Orlando, Florida, I gave a presentation with Patrick Li from AppFusions. The slides from the presentation are below:
The full code examples from the presentation are hosted on GitHub here:
I recently read Use Raspberry Pi to Measure Broadband Speeds to Hold Your ISP Accountable on Make and realised that this was an excellent candidate for monitoring my somewhat unstable Virgin Media connection.
I use an OpenWRT router (running a VPN to add a little bit of privacy), so I could adapt the article to run on the router rather than an attached Raspberry Pi.
Here are the steps adapted for OpenWRT...
I've tried to add styles to the Confluence editor. It wouldn't take them. Perhaps one of Atlassian's values is "Don't f@@k the editor".
<web-resource name="editor-scripts" key="editor-scripts">
<resource name="editor-templates.js" type="download"
location="assets/js/editor-templates.js" />
<!-- // TODO: Check whether I need a context here -->
<web-resource name="editor-styles" key="editor-styles">
<resource name="css/confluence-editor.css" type="download"
<!-- // TODO: Check whether I need all the dependencies here -->
confluence-editor.css styles just wouldn't be accepted. Javascript injection worked just fine though. Perhaps I could use JS to inject my styles?
Yup. Adding this to my
editor-templates.js file worked a treat:
var editorCss = AJS.params.staticResourceUrlPrefix
+ '/download/resources/me.davidsimpson.confluence.addon.awesome-addon'
+ ':editor-styles/css/confluence-editor.css';
if (AJS.params.isDevMode) {
editorCss = editorCss + '?_=' + Date.now();
'<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="' + editorCss + '" media="all">'
Note the cache busting timestamp for local development.
I've been looking at the network traffic and noticed a lot of calls from one machine to an address I'd never heard of:
Information on this seemed somewhat sketchy until I spotted this page on Multicast Addresses
184.108.40.206 All systems on the local subnet.
What? All the machines on my local network? Really?
Pinging it confirmed this:
$ ping all-systems.mcast.net
PING all-systems.mcast.net (184.108.40.206): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.1.136: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.103 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.153: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=14.788 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.120: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=239.376 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.162: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=256.191 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.119: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=50.762 ms
The machine accessing
all-systems.mcast.net is running a DLNA server, so it appears to be broadcasting its presence to all the machines on the local network. Panic over.
Linksys recently released their WRT1900ACS router. Linksys said it collaborated with Marvell andOpenWrt.org to ensure full open source support in the latest version of OpenWrt's Chaos Calmer release (15.05) at launch. I've not seen many OpenWRT compatible routers on the market in the UK, so my interest was piqued. It seems like a decent (though expensive) router, so I thought I'd give it a go and install OpenWRT.
The WRT1900ACS page on the OpenWRT wiki was a little vague about which version of the firmware to install, but stated that the router had Marvell Armada 385 & Shelby hardware, so I used the openwrt-mvebu-armada-385-linksys-shelby-squashfs-factory.img image to flash the firmware. This worked, so I've document it here for others.
This merely documents what worked for me. If you brick your router following these instructions, I'm sorry, but you do so at your own risk.
Download the OpenWRT firmware: openwrt-mvebu-armada-385-linksys-shelby-squashfs-factory.img
Connect to the router with the supplied network cable.
Login to http://192.168.1.1/. The password is
admin. Don't use the setup wizard. Specify manual setup.
Browse to Connectivity and in Router Firmware Update click on Manual > Select File
Select the previously downloaded openwrt-mvebu-armada-385-linksys-shelby-squashfs-factor.img, then click on Start.
Click on Yes in the Unrecognized file name modal:
Click on Yes in the Update firmware modal:
Click on OK in the Reboot Router modal:
Almost immediately, you'll be able to browse to http://192.168.1.1 and see that OpenWrt has been installed:
It should ask you to set a password at this point. (I forgot to get a screenshot of that).
By default, the wifi is disabled, but it's really straightforward to enable and secure in the admin UI.
You'll also be able to
ssh into your router. This is where the fun begins...
The next sensible step is to setup your VPN connection. I use Private Internet Access as my VPN provider, so my VPN setup is tailored to PIA. This is incredibly easy to configure, thanks to previous work by Logan Marchione and Andrew Brereton.
Follow the script and you'll be done in a couple of minutes.
Sometimes it's best to just restart regularly. Here's how:
Start & enable cron as it's not enabled by default.
/etc/init.d/cron start
/etc/init.d/cron enable
Add this line to the crontab to reboot every day at 3am:
0 3 * * * * reboot
One last thing, go into System | System | Language and Styles and enable the Bootstrap theme. It means that your admin UI is no longer an eyesore.
It turns this:
Into this:


text: Hi all, I have recently tried to replicate some examples from in the articles about type families but found some possible bugs. In [2], the example class C a where type S a (k :: * -> *) :: * instance C [a] where type S [a] k = (a,k a) does not compile under the claim that the type variable k is not in scope. However, if we extract the type family from the class type family S a (k :: * -> *) :: * type instance S [a] k = (a, k a) class C a it compiles correctly. According to [3], the difference is purely syntactic sugar, does that mean that both examples should compile and behave the same or is there some subtlety that justifies the class example not to compile? Another issue is that data kinds (used in both [2] and [3]) do not seem to be supported at all by the compiler, are they already implemented in GHC? Simple examples such as datakind Nat = Zero or datakind Nat = Zero | Succ Nat fail to compile. Perhaps some of these should be submitted to the GHC Bug Tracker. I have tested both GHC 6.8.2 and 6.9.20080218. References: 1. Associated Types with Class.<http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~chak/papers/CKPM05.html> Manuel M. T. Chakravarty, Gabriele Keller, Simon Peyton Jones, and Simon Marlow. In *Proceedings of The 32nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL'05)*, pages 1-13, ACM Press, 2005. 2. Associated Type Synonyms.<http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~chak/papers/CKP05.html> Manuel M. T. Chakravarty, Gabriele Keller, and Simon Peyton Jones. In *Proceedings of The Tenth ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming *, ACM Press, pages 241-253, 2005. 3. Towards Open Type Functions for Haskell.<http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~chak/papers/SSPC07.html> Tom Schrijvers, Martin Sulzmann, Simon Peyton-Jones, and Manuel M. T. Chakravarty. Unpublished manuscript, 2007. -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell-cafe/attachments/20080303/30db966f/attachment.htm


text:
Chestnut, J., Aryal, B., Gellatly, A., and Kleiss, J., "A User-Based Qualitative Usability Assessment and Design Support Assessment Tool," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0428, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0428.
There is evidence that consumers' emotions can affect their behavior and performance when performing tasks using a system [1]. In the automotive industry, it is particularly important to focus on consumers' emotional experience and its influence on vehicle interactions, in addition to traditional usability and performance measures.This paper focuses on a qualitative, user-based usability assessment and design support tool that measures subjective dimensions of consumers' experience when interacting with systems. In addition, this paper describes the development of a predictive model relating subjective experience from interacting with a vehicle system and overall satisfaction with that system. Results from this study revealed that consumers' overall satisfaction can be related to dimensions of ease-of-use, shape, and reach/manipulation.


text:
Update: Fake-CNN spam mutates as attacks continue<P id=first_paragraph>August 8, 2008 (Computerworld) The massive attack that has infected PCs by tricking users into clicking links in fake messages from CNN.com shows little sign of ending soon, security researchers said Friday.
According to MX Logic Inc., spam posing as CNN.com Top 10 lists peaked at close to 11 million messages per hour early Thursday, but remained at high volumes throughout the day Friday. The Colorado security vendor said it had been tracking an average of 8 million messages per hour since midnight.
MX Logic's vice president of information security, Sam Masiello, called the trend "a very slow, but steady decline" from the 11 a.m. Mountain Time peak the day before.
Masiello also said that the spam has changed since attacks were first launched on Tuesday. "We've also seen several morphs of this spam over the past couple of days," he said in an entry posted on the MX Logic blog Friday. Where the messages once trumpeted "CNN.com Daily Top 10" in the subject heading and linked to a single filename on malware-hosting sites, now the spam sports a subject reading "CNN Alerts: My Custom Alert" and uses a variety of filenames in the malicious URL.
"This is likely in response to all of the media attention and awareness that has been brought up over the past couple of days," Masiello speculated.
Also on Friday, Websense Inc. reported that its researchers had seen the attack mutating, with the spam subject heading not only touting "CNN Alerts: My Custom Alert," but also using legitimate news stories culled from CNN to make the messages more convincing.


text:
The U.S. State Department opposes nonpayment on legal grounds, arguing that Cuba's phone utility is a separate entity from its government. But the controversy is political rather than legal. Conservative Cuban exiles opposed to Washington's policy of promoting "people-to-people" contact with Cuba see the compensation claim as an opportunity to subvert that policy. Die-hard Cold Warriors certainly don't want Americans reaching out and touching someone (in Cuba).
Castro Sends a Busy Signal
The long-distance phone wars just met the Cold War. Starting Thursday, you'll have to use Sprint if you want to dial Havana direct from the continental U.S. Cuba cut AT&T, MCI WorldCom, LDDS, IDB and WilTel services to the island after those companies failed to pay their bills. Their delinquency is based on a Miami court's $187 million compensation award to the families of anti-Castro exiles shot down by Cuban planes in 1996. Knowing they'll never get a bean out of Castro, the plaintiffs have asked the court to seize the phone companies' payments, which have been withheld pending the judge's ruling.


text:
Rootkits were once billed as one of the biggest threats to antivirus vendors, but have they lived up to their name? We talk to some experts and find out.
When it comes to malicious software, rootkits have been one of the most hyped threats, in particular because they can do a lot of damage and can be hard to detect.
Take for instance the rootkit 'Rustock.C'. This is one of the most dangerous says security researcher Frank Boldewin. It installs itself on the Windows operating system and then uses a variety of sophisticated techniques that make it nearly impossible to detect or even analyse.
When he first started looking at the code earlier this year, Boldewin found it would simply cause his computer to crash. There was driver level encryption, which had to be decrypted, and it was written in assembly language, using 'spaghetti code structure' that made it extremely hard for Boldewin to figure out what the software was actually doing.
Analysing a rootkit is typically an evening's work for someone with Boldewin's technical skills. With Rustock.C, however, it took him days to figure out how the software worked. Because it is so hard to spot, Boldewin, a security researcher with German IT service provider GAD, believes that Rustock.C had been around for nearly a year before antivirus products began detecting it.
This is the story with rootkits. They're sneaky. But are they a major threat?
In late 2005, Mark Russinovich discovered the most famous rootkit. A windows security expert, Russinovich was baffled one day when he discovered a rootkit on his PC. After some sleuthing, he eventually discovered that copy protection software used by Sony BMG Music Entertainment actually used rootkit techniques to hide itself on computers.
Sony's software wasn't designed to do anything malicious, but it was virtually undetectable and extremely difficult to remove. Sony's rootkit became a major PR disaster for the company, which spent millions in legal settlements with users who were affected by the software.
Internet security news and reviews
Three years later, Russinovich, a technical fellow with Microsoft, still considers it the rootkit that caused the most trouble for computer users. But the Sony rootkit presaged problems for the antivirus vendors too. The fact that none of them had even noticed this software for about a year was a serious black eye for the security industry.
Though they got their start on Unix machines years earlier, at the time of the Sony fiasco, rootkits were considered the next big threat for antivirus vendors. Security researchers explored the use of virtualisation technology to hide rootkits and debated whether a completely undetectable rootkit could someday be created.
NEXT PAGE: Why rootkits don't live up to the hype


text:
July 2, 2010 BY John Kim
Yesterday Sneaker News gave you a heads up on a limited Nike Dunk High that is set to release this Saturday. In partnership with Nike and Livestrong, Undefeated in Los Angeles will release a special colorway of the Dunk High in a black-and-yellow Livestrong color-up with a rainbow of colors on the rear upper heel. The colors are said to commemorate the start of the Tour de France – Lance Armstrong's final participation in the century-old race. Again, the UNDFTD x Livestrong x Nike Dunk High Premium will release exclusively at UNDFTD LA this Saturday, July 3rd, so head there to cop this limited pair.
Filed under: Collaboration Dunk Upcoming Sneakers


text:
I got this in a swap with brandy3392 – thanks!! I just got my package yesterday and decided to break into it this morning. I like the idea of a black tea with jasmine. I think I might decrease the steep time next time i make this tea because it was a little bitter but definitely not undrinkable. Also the bitterness went well with my maple quaker squares. I think this is a really solid breakfast tea with an interesting twist of jasmine. I definitely enjoyed this cup.
Boiling 5 min, 0 sec


text:
Past Issues
Contact Us
Address Change
College Homepage
When it comes to faculty-student research, they wrote the book.
Lisa Brownell
When psychology major Justin Kaufman ´04 decided to register for a senior government seminar on "The Transformation of the World System," Professor Alex Roberto Hybel gave him a stern warning: "You will find it extremely challenging." Kaufman´s stubborn streak gained him a seat in that advanced seminar three years ago, but it also led to something he never could have foreseen: co-authoring a book on foreign policy with his professor.
The Bush Administrations and Saddam Hussein: Deciding on Conflict, was published by Palgrave Macmillan in October as part of a series on foreign policy analysis. The work, which analyzes the decision-making processes of the two Bush presidencies prior to the wars in Iraq, is the result of an intense, 18-month collaboration between the professor, author of four other works, and his former student. Although there have been numerous instances in the past when Connecticut College students have co-authored an article or presentation with their professor based on shared research, this is the first time that a student and professor have shared full co-authorship of a book.
Now living in New York City, Kaufman reflects on how he went from a student who was keeping up with the assigned reading to someone who helped research and write one of the same kinds of analytical works the class was studying.
"It all started with the midterm. Professor Hybel is famous for this particular exam. Students go into Fanning at 6 p.m., armed with food for a long night, and sometimes don´t come out until 6 a.m.," says Kaufman. "He asks abstract questions that require you to think in a creative way."
Three years later Hybel recalls the text of Kaufman´s post-midnight midterm as simply "extraordinary." A week after the exam, he called Kaufman to his office and asked him what his plans were for the future. At that meeting, the government professor outlined the prospect of researching and writing a book together, and Kaufman began the project as an independent study the next semester. The student´s role was to start collecting data while Hybel was finishing another book.
In the fall of 2004, following his graduation, Kaufman and Tyler McGill ´05 relocated to Wisconsin where they ate in soup kitchens and visited homeless shelters with one mission in mind — to encourage homeless and low-income people to register to vote in the upcoming presidential election. Kaufman managed to keep up his research project with Hybel that fall, and the research, writing and editing continued for another year.
One of the advance readers for the manuscript was Judge Patricia Wald ´48, a member of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. She wrote: "Alex Roberto Hybel and Justin Matthew Kaufman combine analytical vigor and readable prose in this fascinating comparison of White House decision-making in the two Bush presidencies that resulted in two wars against Iraq, with very different results for America. Their dissection of the styles of Bush I and II, as well as the variations in the role of the intelligence community and the impact of prior war precedents in each episode, add immeasurably to the historical debate that will continue for years on what went wrong and why."
Hybel is the Susan Eckert Lynch ´62 Professor of Government and has taught at Connecticut College for 15 years. He is working on his sixth book, Ideological Encounters.
An interdisciplinary thinker, Kaufman recently worked developing applications of artificial intelligence to game theory. He is now pursuing a music career with an alternative rock band named the Rideaways, who have just released a CD called "Traffic."
Is his former professor disappointed that his co-author is writing songs rather than political analysis?
"Not at all," says Hybel. "He writes great lyrics, too."


text:
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. -- Barry Zito moved his spring locker from his customary corner because he felt too claustrophobic in the old spot.
Hes trying to free up his delivery, too.
Zito was noticeably different as he threw from the stretch position in his first bullpen session of the spring on Sunday. He stood in a partial crouch and bent at the knee with his front leg.
The changes were the result of an offseason with noted pitching coach and former big leaguer Tom House. The goal is to incorporate more drive and momentum down the mound.
You get down the mound faster, said Zito, who is expected to open as the No. 5 starter. And when you have more momentum that you're transferring, it might equivocate to more arm speed. I'm just trying to get late movement. If velocity comes, great.
Catcher Eli Whiteside caught Zitos session and said he had more oomph. He looked good.
Zitos game has never been about velocity as much as location and deception. He said the delivery tweaks should help with that.
They talk about the tunnel, when all of your pitches look like they're coming out of the same tunnel, he said. That's ideal. I want all the pitches to look the same coming out of the hand. That's where you make your money.
Sure sounds like Zito was tipping his pitches in the past, doesnt it?
The left-hander wouldnt acknowledge that possibility when asked about it, only saying, I think there's always room for improvement.
His bullpen session Sunday wasnt nearly as eye-popping as his first as a Giant in 2007, a few months after he signed his seven-year, 126 million contract.
Zito needed a utility belt for that unforgettable session. As Giants coaches watched in bewilderment, he pulled out a tape measure, marked a landing spot, came set, extended his hands behind his head, took a giant, exaggerated step off the back of the mound and then strode toward the plate. Afterward, pitching coach Dave Righetti offered some brutally honest and skeptical public comments. Zito was back to his familiar delivery two days later.
Zito said changes, then and now, are designed with the same momentum-driven concepts in mind.
Obviously when you have an offseason to fumble with things, you have more leeway, Zito said. But it's nothing new under the sun. It's something I was working on when I was on the DL last year, just getting down the mound faster.
Timmy does it, Zito said of Tim Lincecum, who almost appears to flow forward as he drives to the mound. Timmys got it all figured out.
As a No. 5 starter, the Giants dont need Zito to pitch up to his 19 million salary. (He still has 20 million guaranteed next year, too, and a 7 million buyout on an option for 2014.)
They simply need him to throw more strikes, work something near to six innings and hand the game over to the bullpen. Zito, 33, left the impression he wants to do more than that.
I think I've made progress, said Zito, who was 3-4 with a 5.87 ERA in 13 games (nine starts). Just keep working and move forward, don't look back. Yeah, I feel like I've made some progress on it. As the body gets aged, you've got to be a little more conscious of things that came a lot of times without effort when you were young.
Should this be made into a drastic change?
Whatever you want to make it into, Zito said. It's pretty subtle actually, just from a feel standpoint from the starting point. As far as when it manifests in momentum, that's when it's a little more noticeable.
Zitos mentality has been written to death over the life of his Giants career. At least theres a fresh angle on it now that hes enjoying married life.
It feels good. It feels the same, he said. It's baseball as long as we go out and have fun things end up pretty good. It's just about keeping it fun and light."
How does he keep it fun when its often been the opposite?
It's an individual approach that I have, he said, smiling a bit. It's more of something I just keep it balled up, keep the energy there. It's a magic formula.


text:
Urgent donations of blood are needed across the country and readers can help by donating a pint at sessions being held in Alnwick next week.
You can donate on Tuesday, April 8, at the Northumberland Hall.
Two sessions are being held between 10.15am and 11.30am and 1pm and 4pm.
Book your slot on 0300 123 23 23.


text:
The Abhasa Spa at The Royal Hawaiian, a Luxury Collection Resort is Waikiki's Premier Garden Spa.
Ranked 2nd in the exclusive "Spas of America Top 100 Spas of 2015", you will find your sanctuary in our spa garden oasis where you may choose to be pampered under tropical trees and plants ~ it's a "shade better" than the rest.
Abhasa, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit, is noted for being the only spa on O'ahu that offers luxurious spa treatments in a serene tropical garden setting, while located in the heart of Waikiki inside the world famous Royal Hawaiian Resort.
Indulge in a variety of treatments from classic to local massage styles, traditional to tropical facials, body wraps and cocoons, nail and hair salon services, and more.
For more information and to view the spa menus, please visit Abhasa Spa Honolulu.


text:
The other path: the invisible revolution in the Third World
Harper & Row, 1990 - Business & Economics - 271 pages
The Fight Against Terrorism is not military. In the long term it is also - perhaps even primarily - economic. How do we create economic and social conditions in third-world countries that will prevent terrorist organizations and ideas from taking root? How do we give ordinary people in these countries better alternatives than supporting drug lords or terrorists? In The Other Path, Hernando de Soto describes how he and his organization, the Institute for Liberty and Democracy, faced this problem in Peru in the 1980s - and how they solved it.
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two Informal Housing
three Informal Trade
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APRA areas authorities began benefits build bureaucratic capital City Council committees Cono Norte contracts cooperatives costs countries created economic activity efficient established extralegal system fares forced formal business gradually groups Hernando de Soto housing ILD's incentives increase industry informal activities informal businesses informal economy informal markets informal settlements informal trade informal transport operators interests invaders invasion investment Juan Velasco Alvarado labor land legal institutions legal system Legislative Lima Lima's market economy mercantilism mercantilist system migration minibus operators municipal government needed negotiate neighborhoods obtain owners parties percent Peru Peru's Peruvian Photo policies political population privileges problem procedures production property rights protect public taxi public thoroughfare recognition redistributive combines reduce regulations result rights of ownership route sector settlement dwellers settlers society special rights state's street vendors Third World traditional transactions urban vehicles vending Villa El Salvador violence