text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 29, 2008
|Filing date
|May 17, 2006
|Priority date
|Aug 10, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Bulent Basol
|Original Assignee
|Novellus Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (44), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (25), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/358,925, filed Feb. 4, 2003 now abandoned , which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/740,701, filed Dec. 18, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,116, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/224,739, filed Aug. 10, 2000. The disclosures of all of the foregoing patents and applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The present invention relates generally to a semiconductor plating method and apparatus. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a method and apparatus that creates a differential between additive adsorbed on a top surface of a workpiece and additive adsorbed within a cavity portion of the workpiece using an external influence to enhance plating of a conductive material in the cavity portion of the workpiece.
There are many steps required in manufacturing multi-level integrated circuits (IC). Such steps include depositing conductive and insulator materials on a semiconductor wafer or substrate followed by full or partly removal of these materials using photo-resist patterning, etching, and the like. After photolithography, patterning and etching steps, the resulting surface is generally non-planar as it contains many cavities or features such as vias, lines, trenches, channels, bond-pads, and the like that come in a wide variety of dimensions and shapes. These features are typically filled with a highly conductive metal material before additional processing steps such as etching and/or chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is/are performed. Accordingly, a low resistance interconnection structure is formed between the various levels/sections of the IC.
Copper (Cu) is quickly becoming the preferred material for interconnections in ICs because of its low electrical resistively and high resistance to electro-migration. Electrodeposition is one of the most popular methods for depositing Cu into the features on the substrate surface.
As can be expected, there are many different designs of Cu plating systems that have been used in this industry. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,412 issued on May 14, 1996, to Andricacos et al. discloses a vertical paddle plating cell that is designed to electrodeposit a film on a flat article. Next, U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,123 issued on Nov. 16, 1999, to Koon discloses yet another vertical electroplating apparatus, which purports to overcome the non-uniform deposition problems associated with varying substrate sizes. Further, U.S Pat. No. 5,853,559 issued on Dec. 29, 1998, to Tamaki et al. discloses an electroplating apparatus that minimizes waste of the plating electrolyte and accomplishes high recovery of the electrolyte.
During the Cu electrodeposition process, specially formulated plating solutions or electrolyte are used. These solutions or electrolyte contain ionic species of Cu and additives to control the texture, morphology, and the plating behavior of the deposited material. Additives are needed to make the deposited layers smooth and somewhat shiny.
There are many types of Cu plating solution formulations, some of which are commercially available. One such formulation includes Cu-sulfate (CUSO4) as the copper source (see James Kelly et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 146, pages 2540-2545, (1999)) and includes water, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and a small amount of chloride ions. As is well known, other chemicals can be added to the Cu plating solution to achieve desired properties of the deposited material.
The additives in the Cu plating solution can be classified under several categories such as suppressors, levelers, brighteners, grain refiners, wetting agents, stress-reducing agents, accelerators, etc. In many instances, different classifications are often used to describe similar functions of these additives. Today, solutions used in electronic applications, particularly in manufacturing ICs, contain simpler additives consisting of two-component two-ingredient packages (e.g., see Robert Mikkola and Linlin Chen, "Investigation of the Roles of the Additive Components for Second Generation Copper Electroplating Chemistries used for Advanced Interconnect Metallization", Proceedings of the International Interconnect Technology Conference, pages 117-119, Jun. 5-7, 2000). These formulations are generically known as suppressors and accelerators.
Suppressors are typically polymer formulated from polyethylene glycol-PEG or polypropylene glycol-PPG and is believed to attach themselves to the substrate surface at high current density regions, thereby forming a high resistance film and suppressing the material deposited thereon. Accelerators are typically organic disulfides that enhance Cu deposition on portions of the substrate surface where they are adsorbed. The interplay between these two additives and possibly the chloride ions determines the nature of the Cu deposit.
The following figures are used to more fully describe the conventional electrodeposition method and apparatus.
The Cu material 7 completely fills the via 4 a and is generally uniform in the large trench 4 b, but does not completely fill the trench 4 b because the additives that are used are not operative in large features. For example, it is believed that the bottom up deposition into the via 4 a occurs because the suppressor/inhibitor molecules attach themselves to the top of the via 4 a to suppress the material growth thereabouts. These molecules can not effectively diffuse to the bottom surface of the via 4 a through the narrow opening. Preferential adsorption of the accelerator on the bottom surface of the via 4 a results in faster growth in that region, resulting in bottom-up growth and the Cu deposit profile as shown in
Adsorption characteristics of the suppressor and accelerator additives on the bottom surface of the large trench 4 b is not expected to be any different than the adsorption characteristics on the top surface of the field regions 8 of the substrate. Therefore, the Cu thickness t1 at the bottom surface of the trench 4 b is about the same as the Cu thickness t2 over the field regions 8.
As can be expected, to completely fill the trench 4 b with the Cu material 7, further plating is required.
Thus far, much attention has been focused on the development of Cu plating chemistries and plating techniques that yield bottom-up filling of small features on substrates. This is necessary because, as mentioned above, lack of bottom-up filling can cause defects in the small features. As part of these development efforts, it was discovered that the filling behavior of the small features could be affected not only by the solution chemistry, but also by the type of the power supply used for electrodeposition.
Recent studies suggest that it might be preferable to use pulse or pulse-reverse plating methods to deposit defect free Cu into the small vias (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,192 issued to Dubin et al. on Oct. 26, 1999, and Gandikota et al. "Extension of Copper Plating to 0.13 um Nodes by Pulse-Modulated Plating", Proceedings of the International Interconnect Technology Conference, pages 239-241, Jun. 5-7, 2000). In the pulse-reverse plating process, a cathodic voltage pulse rather than a cathodic DC voltage is applied to the substrate surface. After a short period of plating during the cathodic pulse, the polarity of the voltage is reversed for a brief period causing electrochemical etching from the deposited material. Plating and etching cycles are then repeated until the small features are filled with high quality Cu. A recent study (e.g., C. H. Hsieh et al., "Film Properties and Surface Profile after Gap Fill of Electrochemically Deposited Cu Films by DC and Pulse Reverse Processes", Proceedings of the International Interconnect Technology Conference, pages 182-184, Jun. 5-7, 2000), shows that the filling of the vias is controlled mainly by the additive diffusion when the DC process is used, whereas it is mainly controlled by additive adsorption when a pulse-reverse process is used.
As described above, the attention in the semiconductor industry has mainly been concentrated on filling the various features on semiconductor wafers with Cu. Both DC and pulsed power supplies have been used in the deposition of these Cu films. Filling properties of Cu into small features was found to be a strong function of the type of the power supply used. Although the exact roles of the plating solution additives and their interaction with the applied voltage waveforms are not well understood, it is clear that the kinetics of the additive adsorption and diffusion processes influence the way metals deposit on non-planar substrate surfaces.
As mentioned above, special bath formulations and pulse plating processes have been developed to obtain bottom-up filling of the small features. However, these techniques have not been found effective in filling the large features. In large features, the additives can freely diffuse in and out of them. The use of standard pulse plating techniques in conjunction with the commonly used additive systems containing chloride ions, accelerators and suppressors/inhibitors do not yield accelerated growth from the bottom surface of the features where the width of the feature is considerably larger than its depth. The growth of Cu in such features is conformal and the film thickness deposited on the bottom surface of the large features is approximately the same as that deposited on the field regions.
Methods and apparatus to achieve accelerated bottom-up plating in small as well as large features on a substrate would be invaluable in terms of process efficiency and cost since such a process would yield a Cu deposit that is generally planar as illustrated in
Others have previously recognized attractive features of a plated Cu structure such as the one shown in
In the co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/201,928, entitled "Method and apparatus for electrochemical mechanical deposition", commonly owned by the assignee of the present invention, a technique is disclosed that achieves deposition of the conductive material into the cavities on the substrate surface while minimizing deposition on the field regions by polishing the field regions with a pad as the conductive material is deposited. The plating electrolyte in this application is supplied to the small gap between the pad and the substrate surface through a porous pad or through asparities in the pad.
The anode assembly 19 can also be rotated around a second axis 10 c at controlled speeds in both the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. It is also understood that axes 10 b and 10 c are substantially parallel to each other. The gap between the wafer 16 and the pad 18 is adjustable by moving the carrier head 10 in the z direction. When the wafer 16 surface and the pad 18 are in contact, the pressure that is exerted on the two surfaces can also be adjusted. The co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/511,278, entitled "Pad Designs and Structures for a Versatile Materials Processing Apparatus", filed Feb. 23, 2000, describes various shapes and forms of the holes in the pad 8, through which the electrolyte flows to the wafer surface.
During operation, a potential is applied between the electrical lead 17 to the wafer 16 and the electrical lead 24 to the anode assembly 19, making the wafer 16 surface more negative than the anode assembly 19. The electrolyte 20 can be introduced to the pad 18 from a reservoir (not shown) located in proximity to the anode assembly 19. The anode assembly 19 can have an in-channel and holes that are made therein, which together provide a path for the electrolyte 20 to be fed to the gap between the pad 18 and the wafer 16.
Under applied potential, Cu plates out of the electrolyte 20 onto the wafer 16 surface. The moving pad 18 that is pushed against the wafer 16 surface at a controlled pressure minimizes accumulation of Cu over certain portions of the wafer 16 surface by polishing the same.
The pad 18 is preferably nonconductive, hard, porous, or perforated type material so that an electric field can pass through it, while preventing shorting between the anode assembly 19 and the cathode wafer 16. The spacing or gap between the pad 18 and the cathode wafer 16 may range from less than 1 micron up to 2 millimeter. The diameter or cross sectional length of the pad 18 and the wafer 16 may range from about 5 millimeter to over 300 millimeter. The larger the wafer 16 diameter, the larger the pad 18 diameter.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that plates a conductive material on a substrate surface in a highly desirable manner.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that plates a conductive material in both small and large features of a substrate surface with greater efficiency, cost-savings, and superior quality than prior art methods and apparatus.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that plates a conductive material in small and large features on a substrate surface using a mask having one or more opening therein.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that plates a conductive material in small and large features while electrical power is locally pulsed on the substrate surface due to the movement of the opening(s) in the mask with respect to the substrate surface.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that removes additive that has been previously adsorbed onto the top surface portion of a workpiece in order to enhance the plating of a conductive material on a cavity feature surface portion of the workpiece that did not have previously adsorbed additive removed.
It is yet another object of the present invention to create a differential between additive adsorbed on a top surface of a workpiece and additive adsorbed within a cavity portion of the workpiece to enhance plating of a conductive material in the cavity portion of the workpiece.
The above objects of the invention, among others, taken alone or in combination, are achieved by the present invention, which provides an apparatus for, and a method of, plating a conductive material on the surface of a workpiece.
In one aspect of the method, an electrolyte solution with at least one additive disposed therein is applied over the workpiece, such that the additive becomes adsorbed onto the top portion and the cavity portion of the workpiece. An external influence is applied so that the additive adsorbed onto the top surface is removed, and plating of the conductive material take place before the additive fully re-adsorbs onto the top portion, thereby causing greater plating of the cavity portion relative to the top portion.
In another aspect of the method, an electrolyte solution with at least one additive disposed therein is applied over the workpiece, such that the additive becomes adsorbed onto the top portion and the cavity portion of the workpiece. An external influence is applied so that a differential in the amount of additive that is adsorbed on the top portion relative to the cavity portion is achieved. Plating takes place while the differential still exists, thereby causing greater plating of the cavity portion relative to the top portion.
In one aspect of the apparatus, a mask disposed between an anode and the workpiece and is movable with respect to the workpiece physically sweeps a top portion of the workpiece, thereby reducing additive adsorbed thereon, while additive adsorbed on a cavity portion remains. An anode that assists in creating an electric field between it and the workpiece is used to promote plating of the conductor within the electrolyte that is disposed over the workpiece.
In another aspect of the apparatus, the mask contains an open area that is used to help define where the electric field will exist, thus allowing greater control over where plating will occur on the workpiece.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following detailed description of the presently preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following figures. The inventors of the present invention have found that by mask-pulse plating the conductive material on the substrate surface, a more desirable and high quality conductive material can be deposited in the various features therein.
The present invention can be used with any substrate such as a semiconductor wafer, flat panel, magnetic film head, packaging substrate, and the like. Further, specific processing parameters such as time, pressure, mask designs, and the like are provided herein, which specific parameters are intended to be explanatory rather than limiting.
The plating method described herein is called "mask-pulsed" plating. The present invention describes a method and apparatus for mask-pulse plating the conductive material onto the substrate by intermittently moving the mask to make contact with the substrate surface and applying power between an anode and the substrate, the mask being positioned in between the anode and the substrate. Furthermore, the present invention is directed to novel plating method and apparatus that provide enhanced electrodeposition of conductive materials into the various features on the substrate surface.
Referring back to
As can be seen from the above example, a DC power supply can be used for this plating technique. By moving the solid insulating mask 40 that makes physical contact with the wafer 32, any section on the wafer surface can be suddenly and briefly exposed to the electrolyte and to the applied plating current. This is quite different from the prior art techniques defined above. For instance, in the present invention, certain sections of the wafer surface are substantially free from the electrolyte. The electrolyte is applied to a section of the wafer only when that section is exposed to the electrolyte and a pulse of current is simultaneously applied.
If the current mask-pulsed plating method is used with simple metal deposition electrolytes with no additives (i.e., inhibitors and accelerators), it would not be expected to be much different than conventional plating. This is because the size of the openings 42 in the mask 40 is much larger than the feature size on the wafer 32 surface. Therefore, when a section is exposed through the opening 42 to the electrolyte, regular plating would commence. However, if additives are added that influence polarization, then the mask-pulsed plating method can offer advantages that are not existent in conventional pulsed plating techniques.
For example, consider a Cu plating bath containing conventional solutions/chemicals (Cu sulfate, water, sulfuric acid and chloride ions) and an additive A. The additive A enhances deposition when it is adsorbed on the wafer surface. When this electrolyte is used in a conventional plating cell such as the one depicted in
If, however, the mask-pulsed plating technique is used with the same electrolyte, the mask would clear away the additive A from the field regions since it makes physical contact with these regions. Both the small and large features, however, will still contain the adsorbed additive A since these features are not in direct physical contact with the mask. When a section of the wafer is suddenly exposed to the electrolyte, the bottom and side surfaces of the features with the previously adsorbed additive A would immediately start plating at a higher rate than the field regions. If the time period At is less than the adsorption period required for the additive A to attach itself to the substrate surface, the applied plating current preferentially flows through the features to be filled, thereby yielding an enhanced deposition rate within the features in relation to the deposition rate on the field regions.
The mask-pulsed plating method of the present invention utilizes the differences between response times of various additives to achieve enhanced plating into the various features of the substrate surface. The mechanism involves "sweeping" of the top surface of the substrate (field regions) by the mask, which does not make physical contact with the regions inside the features. The sweeping on the field regions establishes a differential between the concentration of the adsorbed species in those regions that are swept away and the regions that are within the features. When the surface is then suddenly exposed to the electrolyte and the electric field, the features with the adsorbed species attracts most of the plating current from the field regions.
This present method works equally well using multiple additives. For example, if the plating solution contains an inhibitor B and an accelerator C with the adsorption kinetics of the inhibitor being much faster than that of accelerator, the following mechanism can be used by the mask-pulsed plating method. Both the inhibitor B and the accelerator C would be partially or wholly swept off the field regions of the substrate by the mask. However, both species would still be present in the features. When the substrate is exposed to the electrolyte and the electric field, the inhibitor B would readily adsorb onto the field regions introducing a high resistance path for the plating current. The accelerator C, which is already present within the features, compensates for the action of the inhibitor in those regions and the current can easily flow through these features. Therefore, until the accelerator C is properly adsorbed onto the field regions, the film growth rate within the features will be higher.
This same result can also be expected from yet another chemistry where an inhibitor D has the property of strong adsorption and the accelerator E is weakly bonded to the field regions. In this case, the mask can readily remove the weakly bonded accelerator E from the field regions whereas, the accelerator E remains attached to the surfaces within the features. Upon exposure to the electrolyte and electric field, the plating current flows through the features preferentially until the accelerator E begins to get adsorbed again onto the field regions.
It should be noted that the above descriptions are just some examples of the mechanisms involved in the present invention and are not meant to be limiting. The present invention utilizes differences between adsorption/de-sorption kinetic of various electrolyte additives. The present invention accomplishes this by applying a solution and power suddenly and simultaneously to a specific section of the substrate surface that has been previously cleared off, partially or wholly, of one or more of the additive species.
The geometry of the plating system shown in
The power supply used in the present invention may be pulsed or DC power supply, but preferably it is a DC power supply. The power supply can be used in the current controlled or voltage controlled mode, i.e., it either keeps the applied current constant or applied voltage constant. For the case of using a current controlled mode, it is important that the size of the opening(s) in the mask be large enough to cover portions of the field regions as well as portions of the features simultaneously. In other words, when the wafer surface is exposed to the electrolyte through the opening(s), there should not be just the field regions that are exposed to the electrolyte at any given time. For example, if the opening is very small or the number of features on the wafer surface is low (low density features), the field regions are exposed to the electrolyte. In this case, since the power supply pushes through a fixed current, all the current would flow through the field regions and the Cu will be plated on the field region without discrimination. But if both field regions and features are exposed simultaneously, then the current would preferentially flow through the features and more Cu would be plated into the features and less on the field regions. This situation can be assured by increasing the number of openings in the mask so that there are always portions of the both regions (field and feature) exposed through some of the holes simultaneously.
If a constant voltage power supply is used, then the current automatically adjusts itself depending upon the resistance on the wafer surface. Therefore, if the mask hole exposes only the field regions of the wafer, less current is supplied to that surface and the plating amount is smaller. When features are exposed to the solution, more current flows into the feature and thus preferential plating takes place into the features. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use voltage controlled mode of the power supply if wafers with low feature density is coated and/or the number of holes in the mask is limited.
This invention can be used to fill both small and large features. However, a serial process can also be utilized. In that approach, there are two processing steps. During the first step the mask is pulled away from the wafer surface allowing substantial amount of plating solution between the mask and the wafer surface. In this position, the system acts just like a traditional plating cell. With the help of the additives in the plating solution, the small features are filled during this step and the situation as shown in
Along with using copper and its alloys as the conductive material, other conductive materials such as copper alloys, iron, nickel, chromium, indium, lead, tin, lead-tin alloys, nonleaded solderable alloys, silver, zinc, cadmium, ruthenium, their respective alloys may be used in the present invention. The present invention is especially suited for the fabrication of high performance and highly reliable chip interconnect, packaging, magnetic, flat panel and opto-electronic applications.
In the previous descriptions, numerous specific details are set forth, such as specific materials, mask designs, pressures, chemicals, processes, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, as one having ordinary skill in the art would recognize, the present invention can be practiced without resorting to the details specifically set forth.
Although various preferred embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications of the exemplary embodiment are possible without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention.
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Owner name: NOVELLUS SYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|Jun 22, 2010
|Certificate of correction
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|Jan 29, 2016
|Fee payment
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text:
San Diego wines catching on?
Acres planted, gross sales, and varietals produced — all up
Ian Pike 1 p.m., Nov. 23
in the Reader
Thirty Years Ago [Lee] Hubbard hates the fact that [Pete] Wilson is enthroned upstairs and he is down here in this cavern, this dungeon, badly outnumbered by Wilsonites. And he hates that useless open space between the offices. Sometimes he gets out there with his golf clubs and putts around on the carpet. He says that makes the other council members unhappy. He calls it the Green Belt, the council's Open Space Policy. -- "THORN IN THE MAYOR'S SIDE," Richard Louv, February 17, 1977
Twenty-Five Years Ago Not too many days ago I sat at the Pannikin in La Jolla, sipping my fourth mug of Kenya AA coffee, elbow to notebook with a crowd of others like myself. Some plotted novels, some broke their hearts into poems, some reorganized Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche for the benefit of the confused. Me, I was back under the "Architecture" heading, noticing how much comment I had collected on the subject of contemporary church design. -- "A HOUSE OF WORSHIP IS A (BIZARRE) THING TO BEHOLD," Stephen Heffner, February 18, 1982
Twenty Years Ago When the San Diego Symphony disbanded in January, everyone suffered the same consequences: no more Wagner in the winter, no more Gershwin in the summer, and no more men in tuxedos carrying picket signs in between. But for the ladies on the symphony's fundraising council, it could have been worse: no more fashion shows, no more afternoon teas, and no more Christmas musicales at Ramona Sahm's gorgeous Rancho Santa Fe home. -- CITY LIGHTS: "AUXILIARY VERVE," Brae Canlen, February 19, 1987
Fifteen Years Ago The San Diego skyline doesn't measure up in terms of height because of the city-imposed 500-foot limit, yet it does sport some innovative architecture. I look around, flashing on other nights and other jumps. Over by the convention center stand the new twin towers of Harbor One. I had the pleasure of being the first to jump from both towers, a distinction that forever makes me Harbor One Number One.
Farther down the street, toward the harbor, stood the steel skeleton that has since become the new Hyatt hotel. We've done the Hyatt so many times that the guards at Seaport Village call us by our first names. It wasn't always that way; our first confrontation came at gunpoint.
I asked him to put the gun away; nothing really bad is happening here. He approached so close that I could see his bottom lip quivering uncontrollably.
"You just broke the law."
"What law?"
"You did an illegal stunt." -- "THEY JUMP AT NIGHT," Nick DiGiovanni, February 20, 1992
Ten Years Ago The desert can be dangerous in summer if your car should break down, an uplifting spiritual force if your faith or hope should. The relative inaction and remarkably unstrenuous lives natives lead remind me of the game of baseball, dull half the time, with local people either sitting or standing around, when, suddenly, an emergency -- engine breakdown, gully wash, snakebite, even intense cold, and, in summer, a desperate killing heat, sometimes reaching as high as 121 degrees -- can come your way. Sharp thorns protrude everywhere. Tarantulas are sometimes fist-sized. Certain cul-de-sac box canyons can be explored often only with a small jeep or on foot. Wood is odd and shattery, trees Giacomettian and thin. And the Brueghel-empty vastness can haunt the very soul. -- "HELL WITH THE FIRE GONE OUT," Alexander Theroux, February 13, 1997
Five Years Ago "What we find with most people is that they're religious about flossing and brushing, but they haven't been doing it correctly. Instead of doing the buffing motion, they just go up and down, so they're actually not cleaning. They still have particles caught between their teeth. What they end up doing is actually tucking the particles into the soft tissue." -- BEST BUYS, Eve Kelly, February 14, 2002

subset: commoncrawl


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Awards:NSF CAREER, etc. (2009-present)
Edgerton Innovation Award, UNL College of Engineering (2013)
US Army Research Office (ARO, 2009-2012)
NASA Nebraska Space Grant (2009-2012)
SD Board of Regents Competitive Research Grant (2008)
Mechanical characterization of fiber networks
To optimize the microenviroment of cells and design future clincial relevan biomaterials.
Vascular remodeling: role of hemodynamics and solid mechanics
To understand the mechanism of in-stent restenosis from multiple scales (cell, tissue, organ) and multiphysics ( blood-artery interactions).
Traumatic brain injury: shock tube testing and computational modeling of fluid-structure interaction
To characterize the blast or impact induced brain damage.
Image assisted analysis
To transform 2D images data, such as CT , MRI or microsopy, to 3D solid model with the utmost accuracy and flexibility, and perform a variety of design and analysis on the 3D model.


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Artist description:
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Flash Draw Created Mar 05, 2008 470 x 338px Unless noted Copyright 2008 incognito.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
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Racer24 Apr 19, 2008
Adorable! 1000000000000000000000000000000
skulls_264 Mar 15, 2008
CUTENESS!!!~~~~ This is adorable!~~
hachiru Mar 10, 2008
awwww i wanna be the kitteh! XD
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Product description
Maxomorra Daisy LS Wrap Body
This practical and stylish wrap body features a daisy print on jade green with a pink trim. Wrap over style baby bodies are great for dressing and undressing newborns without the fuss of pulling things over their heads. This one is made from soft and eco friendly organic cotton and has poppers all the way down and at the bottom for easy dressing, even on tiny babies. There's room for cloth nappies too!
Made with 95% GOTS organic cotton and 5% elastane.
European sizing
- Premature - 44cm
- Small newborn - 50cm
- Newborn - 56cm
- 0-3 months - 62cm
Maxomorra baby & children's clothes with brilliant bold Swedish designs are all made from lovely super soft organic cotton. Fun, playful and practical high quality clothing that's made fairly and sustainably too. We love the funky repeat print graphics that look stylish and really appeal to children. A choice of fabrics and colours and some unique designs ensure your kids will stand out from the crowd.


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I know this isn't much of a surprise, but here goes nothing. Activision has confirmed another Call of Duty game is in development for a 2012 release. We have no idea what it'll be about or who the developer is, but chances are it'll be released in late 2012 (probably in November). We really can't blame Activision for doing this. After all, Call of Duty keeps setting records year after year.
During the Activision Blizzard earnings call, we learned Call of Duty Elite is the third most popular gaming-related online subscription service behind World of Warcraft and Xbox Live. By the end of January 2012, CoD Elite has over 7 million subscribers. Based on the huge success of CoD Elite, Activision will continue to expand the service for the foreseeable future.
Activision also shared a couple scant details on the free-to-play CoD game that is being developed in China. Activision says everything is going well in Shanghai and it believes the CoD MMO will be a breakthrough title in China.


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From The Best Schools: When Joe Money moved out of Fishtown
|February 27, 2012
|Posted by News under Culture, News
Steady Eddy worked for Joe Money. Joe wasn't a great guy but he paid good and proper on Thursdays. And, for all that Eddy griped, he was on shift at Joe's Fishtown plant the day it closed.
Business gone to China was all the bosses said. True, false, who knew?
Years later, weeds grew round the place Eddy thought his son would end up working. That is, if the boy didn't look out, as Eddy used to say.
The trouble is, young Ed isn't working at all, apart from odd jobs.
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Covington, La., junior linebacker Otha Peters won't lie.
He's loving life right now.
Early last month, he landed scholarship offer No. 1 from Arkansas State. Not long after that, Louisiana-Lafayette also pulled the trigger.
Article Continues Below
"This is very exciting," Peters said.
In addition to Arkansas State and Louisiana-Lafayette, Peters said he also is receiving interest from Baylor, Mississippi, Mississippi State, Pittsburgh and Tennessee.
"I'm probably hearing from Ole Miss the most," Peters said. "I get a lot of letters from Ole Miss and Mississippi State … and Pittsburgh. "
Peters recently visited Louisiana-Lafayette for junior day.
"I liked it," he said. "It was fun. I like U-LL a lot. I like the city. My sister went there, so she's pretty much commenting on how much I'll like it. I know some of their players. I saw the weightroom and it looked good. I liked the coaches. I like [safeties coach Tim Rebowe]. He's the main one recruiting me. I talked to him a lot."
Peters, who plays middle linebacker and safety in high school, recorded 105 tackles and one interception in 2010. He's a two-year starter.
"I'm getting recruited as an outside linebacker, but [teams] are saying they could put 15 more pounds on me and I could be in the middle," Peters said. "Or they could put me at safety. I'm fast enough to play safety."
Peters is hopeful his first two offers are just the start.
"Ole Miss told my trainer they want to come see me," Peters said. "I know Ole Miss, Pitt, Mississippi State and Tennessee are coming [in the spring]. I really want offers from LSU and Ole Miss. I just like Ole Miss. I like the city of Oxford, and I like their program. And every kid from Louisiana loves LSU. I've always wanted to be a Tiger."


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The Forge API is required for some mods to work. You can download the API using the download link below. Please note that this mod is incompatible with ModLoader.
Installation instructions
We recommend starting with a completely clean installation of Minecraft.
- Download the latest release from the link below.
- Extract the archive you downloaded in step 1.
- Browse to your Minecraft folder (%APPDATA%/.minecraft/bin) and open the file "minecraft.jar" in your favourite ZIP utility (we recommend WinRAR or IZArc)
- Deleted the "META-INF" folder from your minecraft.jar
- Drag the files you extracted in step 2, into WinRAR or IZArc to add the files to your minecraft.jar
- Run Minecraft to complete the setup


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In Reply to: Donating loose skin to Burn Victims?? posted by Marshall on October 27, 2000 at 15:06:11:
: I have lost a lot of weight and was told that sometimes burn victims can benefit from skin donors. While I can't afford cosmetic surgery of my own, this would be the perfect answer and I could be helping someone out at the same time. Does anyone know anything about this?
Marshall: Not know where you hail from, you may have a more local burn center. In CA, UC Davis Hospital Burn Center (Sacramento, CA) does a lot with skin grafts for burn vicitims. You might give them a call. If they can't help, perhaps they can give references.
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text: This hotel is lovely, the room was amazing, clean, spacious. Bathroom was very clean and very very modern!! The staff are friendly and helpful. The strip is a 3 minute walk up the road, with lots of restaurants. There is a supermarket across the road, the beach is a 8 minute walk away. Free Wi-Fi worked most of the time.... More


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Udupi: A vehicle arriving from Bengaluru, with DySP Shashikant Shivaram Gasti (59) of the the CID on board, met with a mishap at Padubidri Beedu.
He is said to have sustained injuries. He was on his way in his official car from Bengaluru to Manipal to investigate into a case.
A lorry which was ahead of the car went out of its driver's control and overshot the median. Then it hit the CID vehicle, said police sources.


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8100 Lomas Blvd
Directions Albuquerque, NM 87110
Garcia Subaru wants you to be satisfied with your next vehicle shopping experience. That's why we always complement our outstanding service with low sale prices, lease payment deals, and low finance rates. Our sales experts have years of experience with matching customers from and around Santa Fe and North Valley to the ideal Subaru model. At Garcia Subaru, near Rio Rancho and Bernalillo, our inventory is stocked with the sports-style BRZ and STI, the reliable and stylish Impreza and Legacy sedans, and the powerful Forester, Outback, XV Crosstrek, and much more. When you're ready to schedule a test drive, feel free to use our convenient online form or give us a call at (866) 955-7581. Garcia Subaru is located near Rio Rancho and Bernalillo, New Mexico.


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Easter is just around the corner and the Chamber is joining with iTigers, Project Graduation and Rockdale Resident and Rehabilitation Center to put on a city wide Easter Egg Hunt. Good Friday, April 18 is the date with a 10 a.m. start time.
Rockdale Resident and Rehabilitation Center (formerly known as Manor Oaks) is the place. There will be hot dogs, chips and drinks provided by the Center. Lots of eggs for the kids to hunt. Face tattoos and balloon art will be there for the kids as well. So bring your children and their baskets for a morning of fun.
BOARD MEETING— The Chamber Board of Directors met on April 1 with a full agenda. We started off with a discussion around the joint proposal between the Chamber and Municipal Development District (MDD) for the administration of the HOT funds.
The Chamber board vote was one abstaining and the remainder of the board in favor of the proposal. The MDD was scheduled to vote on the proposal on Monday, April 7. Once it has passed both entities, it will be presented to the City Council for their consideration.
SUMMER FUN—It's not too early to think about the summer. The Chamber voted to put on festivities for July 4. We are working on the details and will have more information as the plans roll out.
AN APP FOR THAT— The phone app is on the way. We are in the process of getting it set up and hope to be rolling it out within the next month. The app will list all of our businesses. It will have a calendar of events as well. There will be the opportunity for businesses to enhance their listing on the app. We will be sending out more details in the near future.
Come join us as we work together to serve our businesses and our community. The Chamber is dedicated to our motto of 'Partnering for a better Tomorrow'. firstname.lastname@example.com


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Gaza Pounding Raises Concern on Medical Care
Israel's intensive strike on Gaza that shows no sign of letting up is increasingly raising concern among aid groups about the flow of medical supplies into an area with severe shortages of medical facilities and thousands of injured people.
"Gaza is very heavily populated, and residents cannot flee because all of the borders are closed," said Jacob Kramer of Christian Reformed World Relief Committee, according to Mission Network News.
Palestinian hospital officials estimate that more than 940 Palestinians, half of them civilians, have been killed, and more than 3,000 are injured, according to The Associated Press.
"The hospitals are in great need of medicine," Kramer said.
CRWRC has started to help stock hospitals and clinics with medical supplies, according to Kramer, but it is still difficult to get aid into the region. Israel has blocked entry into Gaza but recently opened a humanitarian corridor occasionally available for aid to be taken into the region.
Another church-based aid group, Church World Service, reported that it was able to take three CWS-supported delivery trucks filled with food and medical supplies to the Gaza border for transport to Gaza City. The supplies were expected to arrive in Gaza Tuesday evening and be immediately dispatched to Al-Ahli Hospital.
The delivery included nearly $68,000 in medical supplies, 12,000 cartons of high protein biscuits for children, 20,300 liters of fortified milk, and blankets and quilts.
CWS noted that one of the hospitals it supported was destroyed by Israeli forces this past weekend.
Shij'ia Clinic, run by the Middle East Council of Churches and funded by CWS and its partners, was struck by missiles and completely destroyed on Saturday. Hundreds and thousands of pounds of medical equipment was reported to be destroyed along with the building.
Although the hospital was given just 15 minutes to evacuate, everyone was able to get out safely and no was injured.
But church groups around the world who supported the hospitals are deeply questioning why the hospital was targeted. They say that there is no reason to believe the hospital produced or distributed arms or was used as a base to launch rockets.
The Archbishop of Wales, Dr. Barry Morgan, has written to the Israeli Ambassador to London on Tuesday asking why Israel had attacked the health center in Gaza City.
The Middle East Church Council, which was renting offices in the same building as health clinic, said Israelis were targeting the owner of the building, who was living in its upper level.
Shaja-ih Clinic was established in 1968 to provide free medical treatment to the surrounding community, where most of its high-density population live below the poverty line. The clinic had focused on providing care to pregnant women and children.
CWS is also assisting Al Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza, run by the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem.
Further assistance during the Gaza-Israel conflict was provided by members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who recently provided $50,000 to secure food aid, trauma counseling and medical care in Gaza.
The conflict is in its 19th day despite international calls to end the fighting. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon began a visit to the Middle East on Wednesday calling for an immediate end to the violence.
"It is intolerable that civilians bear the brunt of this conflict," he said, adding that the "negotiations need to be intensified to provide arrangements and guarantees in order to sustain an endurable cease-fire and calm."
Ban is scheduled to visit Israel on Thursday.


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CREWE RAF veteran, Sergeant Bernard 'Taffy' Morgan, re-visited Normandy 70 years after landing at Gold Beach on D-Day.
The 90-year-old met the Queen, Prince Philip and chatted with the Prime Minister during a weekend of commemorative events in France.
Bernard, a cipher and code operator who used top-secret Type X machines in the war, was guest of honour at a special friendly football match, in which Royal Engineers AFC beat local team, Corseulles-sur-Mer 3-1.
The life-long Crewe Alexandra fan delivered a Railwaymen shirt to the French club as a gift to remember local lads who lost their lives during the conflict.
"They gave us a great reception. They were so pleased with the shirt and are going to frame it," said Bernard.
"On the way there I actually got stuck in traffic. They delayed the start of the match until I arrived and then asked me to kick the game off, so I went into the centre and kicked it to one of their lads and everyone in the crowd applauded."
While waiting to go ashore on D-Day, Bernard led a rendition of Onward Christian Soldiers for lads in his landing craft.
70 years to the day, he repeated the performance for people on the ferry to France.
"We were seven miles off-shore – in the same place I was stationed before D-Day.
"We did four verses and then everyone shouted 'encore!' and we sang the verses again," said Bernard, who later met and shook hands with the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh and Prime Minister David Cameron.
"I've not washed my hands since," joked Bernard. "It was great. I had a long chat with the Prime Minister."
While in France, he also took part in a military parade at Arromanches and visited Chateau Villers-Bocage, where he lost three friends as his unit – 83 Group Control Centre, 2nd Tactical Air Force – fought its way to Paris.
"They got killed on the drive going up to the Chateau. The Germans had put mines in the ground.
"Two were killed on the same drive. The other was killed while the RAF was firing at low flying German aircraft. He was in the next wagon to me when he was shot.
"I think of those things when I'm back there. You've got to respect those lads. I always visit the graves of the three lads in Ryes cemetery .
"It's sad. I lost my last colleague twelve months ago. People say I'm a hero, but there were thousands on each beach, and every one of them was a hero."


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"I used to dream
I used to glance beyond the stars
Now I don't know where we are
although I know we've drifted far
What about yesterday
What about the seas
The heavens are falling down
I can't even breathe
What about the bleeding Earth
Can't we feel its wounds
What about nature's worth?
It's our planet's womb."
Related quotes
"Only as high as I reach can I grow, only as far as I seek can I go, only as deep as I look can I see, only as much as I dream can I be."
"I glance at the headlines just to kind of get a flavor for what's moving. I rarely read the stories, and get briefed by people who are probably read the news themselves."
"I was watching an HBO special the other night on real-life maximum-security-prison guys. I glanced up, and my poster was in quite a few cells. I was screaming 'Oh, no!'"
"The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; and as imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown, the poet's pen turns them into shape, and gives to airy nothing a local habitation and a na"
"The doctor glanced up at the statue of the Republic, then said he did not know if he was using the language of reason but he knew he was using the language of the facts as everybody could see them - which wasn't necessarily the same thing"


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MIDDLESEX — Motorists traveling on Route 3 in the Hartfield area should expect delays for construction that begins on Wednesday and entails reducing the number of through lanes and creating a new center turn lane.
Route 3 will be reduced from four through lanes to two lanes between Regent Road and Twiggs Ferry Road, said a Virginia Department of Transportation spokeswoman. Work crews will add a center turn lane that can be shared by eastbound and westbound traffic.


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Gov. Rick Perry didn't do so great in the last debate -- just ask the folks at the Weekly Standard. Or the Wall Street Journal.
On Friday, Perry himself just about admitted he flubbed a few answers.
"It's not who is the slickest candidate or the smoothest debater that we need to elect," Perry told a Florida crowd. "We need to elect the candidate with the best record and the best vision for this country."
Katrina Pierson, head of the Garland Tea Party, agreed that Perry slipped up in the debate, especially on immigration and his refusal to support building a wall on the border.
"I don't see these themes going away because, as far as illegal immigration goes, it's a serious issue, and no one wants to talk about it," she said. "You can't have an honest talk about the economy without discussing illegal immigration."
Pierson said she hoped the candidates would talk about the specifics of their plans on immigration, economy and health care. Instead, Pierson said the front-runners, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney and Perry, avoided specifics.
"I think the front-runners are probably trying to hold back and wait on some of the other ones to drop off," she said. "Unfortunately, some of them ranking lower in the polls are the only ones bringing substance to the debate. They should be careful. If they've got a plan, they need to put it out there."
The next televised debate between the GOP contenders is Oct. 11 in New Hampshire.
|Tracking Rick Perry:
For the latest on Rick Perry's run for the White House, click here to see our special Tracking Rick Perry section. View videos, photos, and stories on the Texas governor's presidential run.


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The Court in Distress
The intensity of the pressure to which the Supreme Court is now being subjected is attested to by the phone calls made by several people associated with the court to Israel Bar Association members on the eve of the vote determining the association's representatives to the judicial selection committee.
Many people were astounded by the direct involvement of senior members of the judiciary in the organization's internal elections. To them it demonstrated the seriousness of the tailspin into which the rule of law in Israel has been plunged. It demonstrated just how far the legal system in Israel has gone awry. But above all it demonstrated that the Supreme Court definitely views the affair of Ruth Gavison as a watershed. Friends of the court sincerely believe that if Gavison, a professor of law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, enters the temple of justice, the temple will be desecrated. That it will mean the end of the monumental life enterprise of Supreme Court President Aharon Barak.
The Barak revolution, which has defined and characterized the Supreme Court since the beginning of the 1990s, will terminate in a conservative counterrevolution. The counterrevolution will diminish and shrink the court and make it into a lame judicial organ. Seemingly, the Supreme Court should have greeted the decision against Gavison in the Bar Association with shouts of joy. The moves and maneuvers and lobbying paid off: The danger passed, the counterrevolution was sidetracked, the conceptual purity of the temple of justice was preserved. However, within a few days the court understood that its victory might prove to be pyrrhic. In contrast to its image, it is not cut off from society, not shut away in a high ivory tower. The court listens to what is going on, follows events and reads newspapers.
Thus, when it became apparent that the victory in the Bar Association was becoming a debacle in the media, the court fell into deep distress, which sometimes borders on despair. It is a cumulative distress. It does not begin with Gavison or end with Gavison. Underlying it is the understanding that the Jewish judicial genius is not concentrated in Israel. It is hard to find 10 jurists of stature in the country who are worthy to serve as Supreme Court justices. But what is weighing even more heavily on the court's future is the slackening of the ethos of judgeship in this country. There is a rarity of those who possess the qualifications to be a judge and are ready to assume the way of thought and the way of life of a judge: to look both this way and that, to weigh both that and this, to show restraint. Not to be motivated by a commitment to certain ideas that are espoused by certain sectors.
Raising banners
Every society needs crusaders, the Supreme Court believes. Every society needs revolutionaries to raise the banner for all to see. However, their place is in the executive branch and in the legislative branch, not in the judicial branch. Their place is in the town square, not in the courtroom. The court maintains that by its nature, it cannot sustain judges who raise banners: It wants no part of either revolutionary judges or crusading judges.
Will such a cautious approach not lead to a situation in which we will be left with a bland court after Justice Barak's retirement? Not necessarily. Already today the court has several excellent justices. And, looking around, we can identify at least one academic, whose name has not been mentioned in this connection so far, who is endowed with the proper substance and temperament. And there is at least one private lawyer who is endowed with the right spirit and the required skills. So that if there were no hostility, if there were no disrespect, if there were no political militancy, it would be possible to build a worthy court, brick by brick. But that is not how things have developed.
First came the controversial appointment of four justices on May 4, 2004, which created a crack in the public's confidence in the Supreme Court. Next, the appointment of Prof. Nili Cohen, from the faculty of law of Tel Aviv University, was blocked. Now we have the Gavison furor. With each new episode, tempers flare, the pressures mount, the discourse becomes increasingly blunt. So much so that it is difficult to sit in judgment, difficult to maintain quiet. If the process is not curbed, if the slide down the slippery slope persists, we will find ourselves involved in real politics. We will find ourselves with an American-style court, split between Republican justices and Democratic justices. But in this country a political court will be a genuine disaster, because here there is no constitution, we have no rooted democratic culture. Here everything is on the table. It follows that if the court's present status is not preserved, it will be impossible to stem the erosion. The flood will wash over us all.
It is impossible to mistake the mood that now characterizes the Supreme Court. The joy has faded, the passion has disappeared. There is a clear shift from offense to defense. The struggle is no longer to extend the judicial sector, but to preserve what exists. Even within the court there has been a change. On certain moral issues, Justice Barak has been pushed into a minority opinion. On other issues, of an organizational nature, the next court president, Justice Dorit Beinisch, is already breathing down his neck. People who follow developments closely often have the feeling that the prodigy's strength is spent, that Barak is today like Samson after his locks were sheared.
End of a chapter
In just nine more months, in September 2006, Aharon Barak will step down as the president of the Supreme Court, at the mandatory retirement age of 70. That will mark the end of a chapter not only in the history of the high institution but in the history of Israel, too. As attorney general, as a Supreme Court justice and as the president of that court, it is Barak who has defined enlightened Israel in the past decades. More than any other individual, Barak shaped the values and identity of liberal Israel. Accordingly, the question of what kind of legacy he will leave and what kind of court he will leave is a dramatic one. It touches not only his life reckoning, but also Israel's future in terms of moral values.
Not long ago, Barak held a series of conversations with journalists and public figures. Some of the conversations were very closed, others less so. What he was quoted as saying in the wake of them dealt primarily with his anti-revolutionary stance. According to these quotations, Barak does not disqualify Prof. Gavison because of her particular agenda, but because she is a revolutionary. He does not believe that revolutionaries can be judges and does not think that judges should be revolutionaries. This attitude by Barak is fraught with deep irony. For after all, who has been as revolutionary as Barak? Who like Barak has changed the agenda of an entire society through the court? And who like Gavison has opposed Barak's revolutionariness? Who like Gavison has warned against the dangers inherent in the court's transformation into the supreme tribunal of a revolution of values, however enlightened it may be?
So at the end of the day, and at the end of a riveting chapter in Israeli history, Aharon Barak and Ruth Gavison today hurl the identical argument against each other: Barak disqualifies Gavison for her revolutionariness and Gavison disqualifies Barak for his revolutionariness. After an extraordinarily radical decade in the history of law and society in Israel, both the court president and the jurist who is assailing him are nostalgic for a certain lost conservatism. Both the president and his opponent want to restore to Israel the restrained and cautious court ethos that has been lost. It is easy to argue against Barak that he sowed the wind and reaped the whirlwind; that the tidal waves that are now threatening to wash away his life enterprise are a direct result of the way he built what he built.
The same person who extended the canvass of the law to the point where, like a work by Christo, it enveloped the entire country, unavoidably caused the canvass to be rent. For if the hand of the law is in everything, then the hand of everything is in the law. If the court runs the state, in the end the state will run the court. It is utterly inevitable - just as Justice Moshe Landau foresaw. But this is probably not the time to settle accounts with Barak, not the time to draw up the profit-and-loss balance of his enterprise. This is because 2006, the year of his retirement, is going to a critical year, in which five new Supreme Court justices will be appointed. It will be the year in which the court of the coming generation will be shaped. A year in which a new era will be defined, an era of Israel without Aharon Barak.
What happened in the spring of 2004 cannot recur. It will be out of the question to appoint justices - some of them unimpressive - in a closed process that is played out in smoke-filled rooms. It will be out of the question to force on the public justices who draw their power solely from within their guild. On the other hand, the Supreme Court must not be demeaned. The highest court of the land must not be trampled underfoot and put at risk.
After the open and welcome collision between Justice Minister Tzipi Livni and Justice Barak, the time has come to retrench. The time has come to deal seriously and substantively with the future of the court. The distress of the Supreme Court is not a personal matter. It is not even an institutional matter. It is a general warning sign for all of Israel. Both Israeli politics and academia have a disturbing past. In more than one case the titans there left no successors. And for good or for ill, Aharon Barak is a titan. As such, the same pattern that derailed academia and politics in the past is liable now to derail the court.
However, because in the Barak era the court became a very potent institution with almost unlimited powers, the danger here is especially great. Therefore, the appointment of the five Supreme Court justices next year must be treated as a fateful choice. It is a choice which must extract the best that the Israel society has to offer and a choice to which the entire Israeli society must be a partner.
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Nesquehoning Water Authority audit completed
The Nesquehoning Water Authority was presented with the completed audit Monday night by John M. Nonnemacher, a certified public accountant for Snyder and Clemente in Hazleton.
As per the audit, the authority's financial statements were said to "present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the business-type activities of the authority as of Sept. 30, 2012 and 2011, and the respective changes in financial position and cash flows thereof for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America."
No exceptions were found.
Total Operating Revenues decreased from $750,015 in 2011 to $707,656 in 2012. The majority of the difference stems from a decrease in the sale of water.
Total Operating Expenses for the authority also decreased from $567,181 in 2011 to $553,244 in 2012.
The Operating Income for 2012 is listed at $154,412 versus $182,834 in 2011.
Total Net Assets for 2012 $3,748,398 for 2012, which is an increase from the 2011 figure of $3,605,018.
Nonnemacher stated that when an audit is completed, they don't just look at the numbers but they also test bids and review internal controls. Last year, it was recommended to the authority that they switch to a computerized accounting system and shortly thereafter, they did.
"This is the first audit that Mary Theresa (Hunsicker) had all of the books computerized on Peachtree," Nonnemacher said. "I am proud to say that Mary Teresa as done quite well."
Nonnemacher also noted that rate payers should be aware how "significant" the sale of reservoir water is to Nesquehoning.
In 2012, it accounted for 21 percent of total water sales."It is important for rate payers to know how well managed the authority is," said Nonnemacher.
The audit will be reviewed by authority members and considered for approval for the January 2013 meeting.
In other business, chemical bids were opened and awarded last night to Northeast Chemicals for propylene glycol at $638.90 per drum; Main Pool & Chemical for Dense Soda Ash and Liquid Chlorine at $11.99 per bag; and $189 per cylinder respectively and Univar USA for Aqua-Mag at $357 per drum.
Bids for alternative products other than what was specified were not considered.


text: This looks good, but I'm wondering whether NamedScratchpad should have to prefix everything in the new module with 'named'. IMHO, Scratchpad has long enough identifiers already. Ex: > namedScratchpadFilterOutWorkspace I suggest at least dropping the 'named' from the functions in NamedScratchpad because you can import NamedScratchpad qualified to implement Scratchpad, and because I can't see people using both at once (in which case they can import qualified too). Adam * On Tuesday, April 28 2009, konstantin.sobolev at gmail.com wrote: >Tue Apr 28 15:27:31 EDT 2009 konstantin.sobolev at gmail.com > * NS_Placement > Added ability to specify scratchpad manage hooks, mostly for defining window placement in a more flexible manner > >Tue Apr 28 16:01:36 EDT 2009 konstantin.sobolev at gmail.com > * ScratchpadRewrite > Scratchpad reimplementation in terms of NamedScratchpad. No interface changes. >_______________________________________________ >xmonad mailing list >xmonad at haskell.org >http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/xmonad


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This Post is dedicated to the thought of freedom.
Freedom is a very complex issue and I plan to dedicate many posts to this subject exploring what I feel are the most important and interesting components.
This post is about the protection of our freedom. I live in Australia and all though we enjoy the (mostly) the same freedoms as, say for example, the United States we have no constitutional rights safeguarding ourselves from invasions of privacy, infringements on free speech and unlawful attention. Those following recent events in Australia will know what I'm getting at now.
I want to gauge peoples response to the detention and prosecution of Dr Mohamed Haneef.
For those unfamiliar with the story the following link should help you out a bit:
Obviously the case against Hannef has been dropped not because they believe he is innocent , but due to lack of evidence. Is it right that they can lock you up and question you relentlessly with such little evidence?
I don't want a terrorist attack anymore then the right wing liberals in charge of this country, but does that make it right that ASIO and the federal police only have to do half their job before dragging someone through hell?
As many people may know Dr Haneef is not and Australian citizen, which may have clouded peoples judgment on this issue. Rest assured though with the exception of canceling his visa nothing that happened to him could not happen, just as easily, to an Australian citizen.
So back to my first point – Is it time that Australians got their own Bill of Rights?
Before I get flamed I am well aware that we do have freedoms governed by law that have been set through common law and precedents handed down by the courts – but there is nothing that can't be appealed and in some circumstances plainly ignored.
What then would stop the government from just violating those rights when they see fit – wouldn't the anti terrorism laws override those rights?
It is true that if the government want to "get" you they will, but having a Bill of Rights that are celebrated and taught to children in schools would give the public a clear understanding of what is right and what is wrong. Is it a coincidence that our law system and "political speak" is so hard to understand? No. It is designed this way to keep the average, lazy, "She'll be right, mate" Australian at arms length.
Someone once said to me that we don't need a Bill of Rights because this is a free country and all the rights that come with a free country are implied.
Wow, that's nice I thought. Then a rebuted: If the rights of a free country in the modern world are implied why then is the Howard government supporting a bill of rights for Iraq? Why not us? Do we need to be illegally invaded, torn apart used for finacial and political gain of world leaders before we earned out right to rights?
What I want to know from everyone is – if tomorrow the members of parliament said "Ok Dane, you got it we will construct a list of rights that will be upheld by law and are applicable to every Australian citizen" What would we want on it? What rights must we have in order to feel secure that this disaster of recent events doesn't happen to you or I?
I have a couple:
- Freedom of Speech
- Freedom of Press
- Freedom of Religion
- The right to a speedy and fair trial
- The right not to be prosecuted without sufficient non circumstantial evidence
What else should be added to the list?
What implied liberties should not be there? What about the obligation to vote. I am impartial to our democratic system here but is it right that we are free but are forced to vote or face fines and possible incarceration?
I personally would vote at every opportunity I got because I do care about what happens, but I must say I am filled with anger that I am forced by LAW to be there voting. Voting is a good thing it is good for us so the government made it law that we must. The Australian Government is a paternalistic government. They know what is good for us and most of the time we don't have to decide what is right or wrong – but that is is a whole other blog all together.
Do we need a Bill of Rights? Why? If so what should be on there?


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With the 787 KeyGarage, ABUS offers an intelligent and secure solution for storing keys. Secured by an individually set code, the strong steel plate housing protects keys and code cards against unauthorized use.If you need to make your keys accessible to other people, the KeyGarage presents a simple and secure solution to do so.


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Top 5 Tips To Increase Traffic To Your Website
Home » Internet Marketing » Top 5 Tips To Increase Traffic To Your Website
- Yahia Khan
- March, 2013
- Internet Marketing
- Share It
In this day and age of the internet, we are all looking for tips to increase traffic to our website. And why not? What good is a website without traffic? Regardless of the size, intent and strength of a website – you need consistent and considerable traffic to monetize it. So what is it that you can do that will help you set the registers rolling and open the gates to a flurry of new and unique visitors on a day to day basis? Let us look at 5 amazing tips to increase traffic to your website.
Optimization! Yes, you heart it right. Optimize your website and you will already see a vast different in the numbers. You may have a blog or a website that you have been maintaining since very long but it may not be getting any traffic. One of the biggest reasons for this is poorly optimized content. Are you aware of the search engine ranking system and ways to optimize it? Some knowledge in this field is the order of the day. You will need to understand the concept of keywords, stop words, target keywords and they will have to be placed strategically in your content. Headlines, opening lines or the articles and the conclusions will also need to accommodate the keywords. You can use sub-titles to accommodate secondary keywords and you may also place the primary and secondary keywords in Meta tags. SEO treatment of the text can be very hard in leading search engines to direct visitors to your website by ranking your page and its content right on the top.
2) Link backs! What is a link back? When you publish an article on someone else website and leave a link to your site in the text of the article or along with a guest bio, which is called a link back. You can increase traffic to your website by posting articles with good information on other websites and e-zines while allow for linkbacks. You need to do this very vehemently because it is of utmost importance. Let us suppose you are a music teacher and want to promote your book "How to Learn the Guitar". You can write articles like "An Introduction to Guitar Playing" or "Guitar Playing Basics" and place the articles on other websites while leaving a URL or link to your landing page or website. This will bring in the traffic to your website and increase sales.
3) Market your website using all offline and online means available. Be it your business card or a brochure, you should not miss a single change to include your website address or even a little blurb about it. This could go on books (if you author any), articles in magazines, flyers or any other print collateral that you can imagine. We often undermine the importance of real life marketing while searching for internet marketing methods. Similarly, you should combine this with online marketing of your website/blog. All your social media should point out your homepage by offering a link to it. Twitter, Google+, Facebook… don't mind any opportunity to post a link. Don't stop there – leave a tiny blurb with something intriguing or interesting that will draw the reader to clicking on the link. Your social media spaces are like your virtual real estate and you must make the most out of them.
4) Retaining visitors is key, isn't it? Suppose you follow the first three tips, what good is that if you can get thousands of unique visitors but can't retain half as many? You will need interesting articles or interactive features to make sure users keep returning. Start a poll, ask for comments, start a newsletter that people can subscribe or create a pool of interesting articles and keep adding to them. This is probably one of the most important tip for increasing traffic to your website.
5) Last but not the least; try other methods like Google Analytics or Pay per Click (PPC) advertising. Some of the above mentioned methods require effort; PPC on the other hand needs money but will also yield results faster. You can also use Google Analytics to see what sources is driving traffic to your website to understand the mentality or search patterns that can be predicted.


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U.S. reiterates commitment to 2020 climate goal
The United States reiterated on Friday that it was committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 even though the Senate has failed to pass legislation.
"I am in no sense writing off legislation over time. And I'm quite sure the president isn't," U.S. climate envoy Todd Stern told a news conference during two days of talks in Geneva among about 45 nations reviewing climate finance.
He said Washington would rely on a combination of regulation by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and future legislation to meet President Barack Obama's goal of a 17 percent cut in emissions from 2005 levels by 2020.
"The EPA will be a piece, an important piece, of the total equation," he said. "There will be legislative progress I can't say when."
"It's a combination of EPA and other legislative efforts," he said. Stern told Reuters last month the United States was committed to the 2020 goal, which works out as a cut in emissions of about 3 percent from 1990 levels.
Article continues: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6822G820100903


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DETROIT—Calvin Johnson was the most dominant receiver on the planet the first eight weeks of the season, then somehow disappeared when the Lions lost three of their first five games after the bye.
But Johnson was back putting up video-game-like numbers in last week's win over the Raiders, and Lions offensive coordinator Scott Linehan said recent contributions from Johnson's fellow receivers were a big reason why.
"I said this probably two weeks ago, it comes full circle," Linehan said. "If you start putting the ball in other guys' hands and having an effect on the game that way, they have to defend everybody. So instead of three guys on him, maybe it's two, or they know that the ball isn't necessarily just going to him if they give us the other half of the field with a favorable matchup for us.
"I think if we continue to invest in that, then you're going to see games where Calvin gets maybe a little more of a straight-up look at times."
Johnson opened the season with four straight two-touchdown games, before defenses began to clamp down on his every move. His production waned some after Jahvid Best went down for the season with a concussion in mid-October, when defenses stopped paying as much attention to the running game.
But last week against the Raiders, after quarterback Matthew Stafford proved he could be effective working underneath to receivers like Titus Young and Nate Burleson, Johnson saw more single coverage and the offensive line protected well enough to give him time to get downfield.
Some of Johnson's success was due to Oakland's defensive scheme, and the Lions used him out of the slot plenty to create favorable matchups against linebackers and safeties.
That wasn't the first time the Lions have move Johnson around, and with a playoff berth on the line the next two weeks, it won't be the last, either.
"If we can continue to just work hard at being creative with the way we go about our game-planning with Calvin but not lose sight that everybody's involved in the progression of the play," Linehan said. "If they play him different, certainly you don't want to force the ball to him, the other guys got to win in their matchups. I think guys get that and understand it and bought into it, and I think it pays dividends for us."


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DANIELSVILLE - The Madison-Oglethorpe Animal Shelter is having a bad year.
So far financial woes, a lack of space and volunteers and a parvo outbreak have plagued the facility - and it's only May.
It's just a typical year at an animal shelter, said Denise Allen, a charter member of the shelter's board of directors.
"That's just the nature of it," Allen said. "That's why I don't get discouraged."
Now, the Madison County government and animal rights' advocates have asked the shelter to open its doors to dogs and cats seized by animal control. The move would save hundreds of animals that otherwise would be euthanized at local veterinary clinics.
Animal control picked up 213 animals in 2007, government officials said, and many of them would have made good pets.
Commissioners met with shelter's board of directors a month ago to discuss the issue. But to be able to take in the hundreds of extra cats and dogs on top of the 121 animals already living at the shelter, the facility would need more employees, volunteers and space, Allen said.
Madison County already pays about $85,000 a year to help fund the shelter, but would increase its contribution to allow for more animals at the facility, commissioners said. They also voted Monday to get a cost estimate to have the shelter's books audited to see where money could be saved.
The shelter board is receptive to allowing more animals, Allen said, but the request couldn't have come at a worse time.
Shelter Director Cat Lindsey resigned last month after three years on the job, and until someone fills her spot, the facility is struggling to get by each day, Allen said.
Still, recent woes shouldn't be an excuse, said Colbert Animal Hospital office manager Danny Andrews, a local animal activist.
Commissioners, local animal activists and the shelter board began to talk in February about how to get more money and volunteers, Andrews said, and the shelter's problems should motivate animal lovers and county officials, not deter them.
"Us extending our hand seems to be met with a lot of resistance," he told commissioners at Monday's board meeting.
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Feds: Va Tech violated law during shootings
The University could be fined for waiting too long to notify students about the shooting rampage
By Dena Potter
Associated Press
RICHMOND, Va. — Virginia Tech could be fined as much as $55,000 because it broke the law by waiting too long to notify students during a 2007 shooting rampage, according to a federal report issued Thursday.
The U.S Department of Education had found in January that the school violated federal law with its response during the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history, but gave Tech a chance to respond to the finding in its preliminary report. In Thursday's final report, federal officials rejected Tech's arguments that it met standards in place at the time.
"While Virginia Tech failed to adequately warn students that day, we recognize that the university has put far-reaching changes in place since that time to help improve campus safety and better protect its students and community," U.S. Department of Education Secretary Arne Duncan said.
School officials won't face criminal charges for breaking the law, the department said.
The university disputed the findings, and spokesman Larry Hincker said the school likely will appeal if it is sanctioned.
The school could be fined up to $55,000 and could face the loss of federal student financial aid.
However, an expert on the law that requires notification of danger _ known as the Clery Act _ said loss of federal aid is unlikely.
S. Daniel Carter, director of public policy for Security On Campus, said Clery Act reviews are relatively rare: The Tech review was the 35th in 20 years. No school has ever lost federal funding, and the largest fine was $350,000 against Eastern Michigan University for failing to report the killing of a student in a dormitory in 2006.
The department found that the university violated the Clery Act because it failed to issue a timely warning after a gunman killed two students in a dormitory early on April 16, 2007. The school sent out an e-mail about the shootings about two hours later, but by that time student gunman Seung-Hui Cho was chaining shut the doors to a classroom building where he killed 30 more students and faculty, then himself.
Tech argues that the department didn't define "timely" until 2009, when it added regulations to require immediate notification upon confirmation of a dangerous situation or immediate threat to people on campus.
"Both the law and purposeful reasoned analysis require that the actions of that day be evaluated according to the information that was available to the university and its professionals at that time," Hincker said. "Anything else loses sight of the unthinkable and unprecedented nature of what occurred."
But the report says the department has consistently stated that the determination of whether a warning is timely is based on the nature of the crime and the continuing danger to the campus.
"The fact that an unknown shooter might be loose on campus made the situation an ongoing threat at that time, and it remained a threat until the shooter was apprehended," the report said.
A state commission impaneled to investigate the shootings also found that the university erred by failing to notify the campus sooner. The state reached an $11 million settlement with many of the victims' families. Two families have filed a $10 million civil lawsuit against university officials.
One victim's mother said she was glad the university finally faced punishment for its actions, but she took more satisfaction from the inclusion in the report of actions officials took to protect themselves that morning. Victims' families had long wanted those details included in a separate report by the state panel.
"They couldn't fine enough money for what happened that day and how it altered our lives," said Suzanne Grimes, whose son Kevin Sterne was injured in the shootings. "It's more about the truth of what happened. That's what I sought for all these years."
Grimes and other victims' families fought for the state report to include documentation that some Tech staffers informed family members and others about the shootings long before the notice was sent to the rest of campus.
The university says that one official advised her son to go to class anyway, and that another only called to arrange for a baby sitter.
But the federal report notes that a continuing education center locked down, an official directed that the doors to his office be locked, the university's veterinary college locked down and campus trash pickup was suspended after word traveled of the shootings. All of those actions took place before the e-mail was sent to campus.
"If the university had provided an appropriate timely warning after the first shootings (in the dormitory), the other members of the campus community may have had enough time to take similar actions to protect themselves," the report states.


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Fortunately, Galatea is not just another tiresome reinterpretation of Pygmalion; playwright Frank Tangredi brings a fresh perspective to the old tale that is revelatory and moving.
Sculptor Merle Birmingham (Lorianne Hill), seeking a subject for her latest project, stumbles upon and decides to save Kate Hagen (Adrian Lee), a woman whose husband (Ronald Quigley) is verbally abusive to her. Merle is all sympathy, while the Hagen household is oppressive and cold. This one-dimensionality is reinforced by the continuous use of a split stage: Merle's cozy apartment on the left; the Hagen sterility on the right.
It is the strict creation of this divide that makes its unraveling so striking. The line between worlds becomes muddy as the characters' motivations become more muddled. Although the obvious irony in this reversal is a bit heavy-handed, the humanity that emerges from character tropes once set in stone is a sight to behold.
Presented by the Heather Company as part of the New York International Fringe Festival
at the Barrow Street Theatre, 27 Barrow St., NYC.
Aug. 16-23. Remaining performances: Mon., Aug. 18, 5 p.m.; Tue., Aug. 19, 7 p.m.; Wed., Aug. 20, 2:45 p.m.; Sat., Aug. 23, 7 p.m.
(212) 279-4488 or (866) 468-7619 or www.fringenyc.org.


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Middle blockers Janelle Jones and Yolanda Cumbess led an overpowering performance at the net Friday as unbeaten Texas Tech swamped George Mason 15-7, 15-6, 15-6 on the first day of the Red Raider Classic.
The round-robin event in the United Spirit Arena continues today, beginning at 10 a.m.
Jones had five kills and one error in seven swings, hitting .571. Cumbess had four kills and one error in six attempts and hit .500. Overall, the Red Raiders (6-0 overall) hit .308, compared to .067 for the Patriots (2-2).
Outside hitter Colleen Smith contributed 13 kills and 10 digs for Tech and sparked the Raiders in the first game.
George Mason had built a 4-1 lead before Smith triggered the turnaround with five kills and two digs.
Tech took control of the second game with six consecutive points and eased to victory after intermission.
Outside hitter Ann Romjue added eight kills, 13 digs and five total blocks for Tech.
The Raiders had a 68-45 edge in digs, with setter Skydra Orzen contributing 13, outside hitter Heather Hughes-Justice 12 and outside hitter Melissa McGehee 10.
Aline Pereira paced George Mason with a match-high 14 kills and added 12 digs.
BRISBANE, Australia (AP) About 10 days after the U.S. Olympic track and field trials in July, Monique Henderson had no idea she would be a member of the team. She had finished eighth in the 400-meter final and was competing at the USA Track & Field Junior Olympic Championships at Buffalo, N.Y.
Suddenly, her father's cell phone rang. The call was for his 17-year-old daughter.
Karen Dennis, women's coach of the U.S. Olympic team, was on the line.
''She said, 'Where are you?''' Henderson said. ''I said, 'I'm at the junior Olympics.'
''She said, 'Well, you better get ready for the big Olympics. You're on the team.'
''I laughed. I didn't ask her how that was possible. I just said, 'I'll be there.'''
Dennis informed the teen-age sensation that she was a member of the eight-women 1,600-meter relay pool. Six will make the final cut for the Sydney Games, and that will be decided after Sunday's tuneup meet at the Runaway Bay Super Sports Center.
Henderson will run on a team with Andrea Anderson, Mikele Barber and Joetta Clark.
She has no great illusions about being chosen, because she was the last one selected for the pool. She is hopeful, of course, but even if she isn't picked to compete, she will get to go to Sydney as the youngest member of the team.
The opportunity opened when Maicel Malone, the seventh-place finisher, dropped out.
Henderson now has mixed emotions following her initial excitement.
''I feel like I'm on the team, but it's not as big a thing,'' she said. ''I know it is and I realize how lucky and fortunate I am to be on the team.
''I didn't believe it could happen to someone so young. I was shocked at first, because going into the trials I didn't think I could make it.
''Now, I'm awed. People I was looking up just a couple of months ago are now on the same team. But I don't feel any stress or any pressure. I'm on vacation. I'm having fun.''
One of her teammates is Marion Jones, who passed up the opportunity to be a member of the 400-meter relay team in 1992 after finishing fifth in the 100 meters and fourth in the 200 when she was only 16. Jones said she preferred to wait until she felt she could win an individual gold medal.
This is Jones' year. She will chase an unprecedented five golds in the 100, 200, 400 relay, 1,600 relay and long jump.
Jones spoke to Henderson before the trials and encouraged her to go to the Olympics if she had the chance.
''I was surprised because she made the decision the other way,'' said Henderson, who will begin her senior year at Morse High School in San Diego when she returns from the games. ''She said to go for it if I made the team.
''I think she regrets that she didn't do it, though I've never asked her about it.''
Henderson and Jones have something in common besides being Olympic teammates. In the 82-year history of the California state high school championships, they are the only two athletes to have taken a victory lap.
Gail Devers, the two-time Olympic champion at 100 meters and the favorite in the 100-meter hurdles at Sydney, also influenced Henderson.
''She was very adamant,'' said Henderson, the three-time California state high school champion at 400 meters and the U.S. scholastic and junior record-holder with a time of 50.74 seconds. ''She said, 'You never know what's going to happen in the next four years.' She encouraged me to go, just for the experience.''
Henderson ran the record time at the state championships June 3 at Cerritos, and that race convinced her to enter the trials.
Now, Henderson is looking for the perfect ending to this remarkable season, in which she also won the USATF Junior Olympic 200 title at 23.32 and won four races within two hours at the state sectional championships the 100, 200, 400 and the 1,600 relay.
That ending, of course, would be making the final cut for the Olympic relay team.
''It wouldn't be all bad if I didn't make it,'' Henderson said, ''because I can stay for the whole meet. And I get to keep all the uniforms and other stuff that we got.''
That, and the Olympic experience, will make it all worthwhile.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Legal Question in Family Law in Illinois
what age can a child decide for himself in which parent he wants to live with
my son wants to live with me at what age can he make that decision
1 Answer from Attorneys
Re: what age can a child decide for himself in which parent he wants to live with
Hello. Essentially, it will be up to
the Court to determine what is in the
best interest of your son. This is
a great time for you to seek a change
of custody since your son has expressed himself in these terms. Either way, a Court will probably want to appoint a Child Representative/Guardian Ad
Litem to represent the interest of your son. However, to directly answer your question, I would say that
once a child reaches age 15, the child's wishes are given the most consideration. I will be happy to
discuss this with you further.