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If you're looking for a place to walk your goat, scratch Denali National Park off the list. The park is planning to prohibit goats from its land in order to protect Dall Sheep. KTNA's Phillip Manning has more.
A recent story in the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner discussed plans by Denali National Park and Preserve officials to ban goats inside the park. This came after an Anderson man was cited for walking his goat in an area where no domestic animals are allowed. While goat-walking is not exactly a popular activity within the park, biologists are concerned about possible impacts on the local Dall Sheep population.
"These animals can carry diseases that are easily transmissible to wild sheep and goats, as well as other wildlife."
That's Steve Arthur, chief Wildlife Biologist for Denali National Park and Preserve. He says that, while bringing goats into the park is not particularly common right now, that other parks have seen an increase in their use as pack animals. Arthur says that, if more goats were to start roaming Denali National Park, it could lead to major impacts among Dall Sheep. He says it's similar to how humans can carry disease, even if they show no symptoms.
"It's kind of a situation like when European settlers first came to North America, and they transmitted things like the flu and the common cold to Native Americans. Apparently healthy goats can transmit diseases to wild sheep, and it can be devastating."
Steve Arthur says that the Lower 48 has seen large die-offs of Bighorn Sheep due to disease, including outbreaks in the Northwest about five years ago.
"There was probably a dozen different isolated outbreaks that lost up to fifty percent of the population. Other places, over the last twenty years or so, have seen perhaps eighty to ninety percent of their sheep lost in a single outbreak."
According to Steve Arthur, the biggest disease concern is bacteria that causes pneumonia in the sheep. He says most parks west of the Rockies have already banned many forms of livestock, including goats, from their lands to prevent further outbreaks. Alaska parks, however, have not done so, and Steve Arthur says the native Dall Sheep are currently fewer in number than they have been in the past.
"They currently seem to be at kind of a low point in their population cycle. We're not quite sure why that's the case, but there do seem to be fewer of them now than there were, perhaps ten years ago."
Steve Arthur believes that, even if the Dall Sheep population was not in decline, that domestic livestock in the park would be a major concern. He says that most animals do not pose a disease risk to the sheep, since they are not from related species. The biggest risk, according to Arthur, comes more from goats, cattle, and llamas than from horses, for instance.
The ban currently being discussed is temporary. Making the ban permanent would require additional federal processing. Park Superintendent Don Striker told the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner that he plans to start that process next spring.


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Scottish Government must dual 'lethal' A9
Scotland's "most dangerous road" must be dualled now to stop more accidents, a Scottish church leader has said.
Professor Donald Macleod, former Principal of the Free Church College in Edinburgh, contrasted the "lavish" multi-million pound upgrade of the M9 Edinburgh to Stirling route, with the lack of investment in the A9, the main north-south route through the Scottish Highlands.
Under current Scottish Government plans, the A9 will not be dualled from Perth to Inverness until 2025.
This is despite the 67 deaths and over 1,200 collisions that occurred on the road in the four years between 2006 and 2010.
Professor Macleod is urging the Scottish Government to dual the A9 "as a matter of urgency", saying the number of people who have died as a result of accidents on the road was "a shame to the nation".
He was writing in the West Highland Free Press following the latest fatal car crash on the A9 earlier this month. The wife and seven-year-old daughter of top Scottish lawyer Andrew Houston were killed in the crash, which happened at a notorious stretch of single-carriageway just south of Ralia, near Newtonmore. The driver of the other car was also killed and Houston and another daughter were seriously injured.
Professor Macleod noted that there were frequent closures of sections of the road because of accidents.
"I'm long past the point where such a warning irritates me. You know at once that you have been merely inconvenienced, while someone else has been struck by tragedy," he said.
Professor Macleod continued: "The Scottish Government refuses to treat the upgrading of this lethal trunk road as a national priority, and Highlanders could just about thole this were it not for what they see as the very different treatment lavished on the central belt: the fortune spent on the grossly under-used M9 between Edinburgh and Stirling, and the billions spent on Edinburgh's trams and the new Forth bridge.
"How many lives will these projects save?"
He added: "The road is notorious, the rate of accidents intolerably high and the cost in human lives a shame to the nation."


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Islanders Tavares, Weight read to young students
John Tavares could not remember being at an assembly like this when he was in elementary school, and he didn't have to think back that far. Truth is, he is not all that much older than some of the students at Guggenheim Elementary in Port Washington, who screamed for him as if he were Miley Cyrus.
"It's really good that he could learn all that stuff while he is so young," said Victoria Langro, a fourth-grader wearing an Islanders T-shirt.
Tavares, 19, and team captain Doug Weight read to the entire student body at Guggenheim as part of the Islanders Literacy Day program, and both were received as if they had just won the Stanley Cup.
"Usually we don't get to do that kind of stuff in school," said Katie Rafferty, a fourth-grader wearing a homemade Islanders shirt, "and it was interesting because they're really cool people."
Both players lauded the value of learning, answered questions, posed for photos and signed autographs. While Tavares' introduction brought down the house, Weight had the audience in the palm of his hand. A father of three children between the ages of 5 and 10, he asked the deliberately rhetorical question, "When do you go to bed, 7 or 7:30 at night?" A storm of fierce denial engulfed the room.
He did tell the students what he tells his own kids: That computer applications and video games are great, but there is nothing like books.
It was not reading too much into the event to say it is the sort of thing that helps make the Islanders part of Long Island's fabric. The team didn't dispatch just a couple of players. They sent the entire roster, in pairs or threes, to 12 schools.
"This was my first time interacting with the young kids and to have this kind of support is a real hometown feeling," said Tavares, who grew up outside Toronto but never had an NHL player come to his school.
"You remember how impressionable you were. I really remember from fourth and fifth grade up, meeting some people and having events like this," said Weight, 38, who recalled having met 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey player Mark Wells as a 10-year-old in Michigan. "If you can change one of their lives, it's a very special thing."
If sparking intellectual curiosity was an aim, Weight hit the mark right away. The first young student to take the microphone asked, "How [many] games have you won?"
Weight, mindful the Islanders are winless in six, did a Johnny Carson-like double take and said, "Okaaay . . . " pretending he was ready for the next question. Then he said the players held a productive meeting among themselves on their day off Sunday, on their way to a morale-building trip to the Jets game (another player later said they sat way upstairs among hard-core fans).
Monday registered a win for the Islanders, at least in Port Washington.
Guidance counselor Gina Kelly, wearing an orange Islanders alternate jersey, said, "After having two really fantastic hockey players come in and say to the kids, 'This is really important,' I really think everybody is going to go home tonight and read a book because they were told to, by their heroes."
Notes & quotes: Charles Wang was in good spirits at practice, enthusiastically watching drills. He pointedly waved off a question about the Lighthouse Development . . . Rick DiPietro skated with the full squad for 15 minutes, the first time he has done so this season.


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Whirlpools on the Nanoscale Could Multiply Magnetic Memory
At the Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Lab scientists join an international team to control spin orientation in magnetic nanodisks.
"We spent 15 percent of home energy on gadgets in 2009, and we're buying more gadgets all the time," says Peter Fischer of the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). Fischer lets you know right away that while it's scientific curiosity that inspires his research at the Lab's Advanced Light Source (ALS), he intends it to help solve pressing problems.
"What we're working on now could make these gadgets perform hundreds of times better and also be a hundred times more energy efficient," says Fischer, a staff scientist in the Materials Sciences Division. As a principal investigator at the Center for X-Ray Optics, he leads ALS beamline 6.1.2, where he specializes in studies of magnetism.
Fischer recently provided critical support to a team led by Vojtĕch Uhlíř of the Brno University of Technology in the Czech Republic and the Center for Magnetic Recording Research at the University of California, San Diego. Researchers from both institutions and from Berkeley Lab used the unique capabilities of beamline 6.1.2 to advance a new concept in magnetic memory.


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Picture: Getty Images
Rihanna has been named creative director and global brand ambassador for Puma.
The singer has reportedly signed a seven-figure deal to design for the sportswear label's womenswear categories. She will also star in the brand's autumn/winter 15 advertising campaign.
"Signing Rihanna is a fantastic step for Puma," Puma's CEO, Bjørn Gulden, told WWD. "Her global profile, her charisma and individuality, her ambition – all these things make her a perfect ambassador for our brand. With a strong portfolio in football, running and motorsport, finding an inspiring partner for women's training was very important. Rihanna was a natural choice for us. We're delighted to have her as a partner, and we're looking forward to what's to come."
It's not the first design foray for the 26-year-old: she previously collaborated with high street retailer River Island on a capsule collection, which made its debut as part of London Fashion Week, and enjoyed an ongoing creative partnership with MAC Cosmetics.
But she's not the only high-profile figure to work with Puma, either: Solange Knowles has also collaborated with the brand on a range of trainers, while their roster of celebrity ambassadors also includes the world's fastest man, Usain Bolt. It's believed that Rihanna's new role will involve the creation of footwear, accessory and apparel lines. She had her first meeting at Puma's Germany HQ on Monday, to begin discussing colours, styles and a general direction for the brand.
Rihanna launches first fragrance for men
Is Rihanna the next Bond girl?
Rihanna for MAC Viva Glam


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MUTOH VALUEJET 1628X 64inch WIDE FORMAT PRINTER
- Product Code: MUTOH VALUEJET 1628X
- Availability: In Stock
To receive the best possible Lease Price Quote or Purchase Price Quote for the
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The MUTOH VALUEJET 1628X is a 64" Eco Solvent Wide Format Printer, featuring White and Silver Ink
The Mutoh ValueJet 1628X printer (1625 mm – 64") incorporates the very latest Piezo drop-on-demand eight channel head technology and up to 8-colour ink configuration options that includes White and Silver.
The VJ-1628X is ideal for established sign makers and startups with customers who demand quality. Order the VJ-1628X with an ink configuration to suit your ongoing needs. White and Silver inks make great white -backed clear film for superb backlits; or spot ink effects using silver metallic ink for boutique needs like point of sale prints. Choosing an ink set that contains light colour inks gives you smooth photographic images, gradients and neutral grays.
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64" Print Technology Drop-on-demand Micro Piezo Inkjet Technology Print Head 180 nozzles x 8 lines / 1 head Drop Mass Range (pl) 3.5 to 35 Head Heights (mm) Low : 1.5 / Middle: 2.5 / High : 4.0
Media Width Min: 900mm (36.8"), Max: 1625 mm (64") Max. Print Width 1615 mm (63.58") Max. Media Thickness 0.3 / 1.3 / 2.8 mm
Media Measurements * 150 mm / 2" & 3" / 30 kg
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Media Drying System Individually controlled pre-heater, platen & dryer (30 - 50 °C)
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The watermark is not showing in product images. I guess Propulsion's CSS is omitting this Woocommerce extension.
Please hide url: http://www.design-oostende-shop.be/producten/ (Purchase code hidden if logged out) -en-francisco-gomez-paz/
Hi megalex,
Did you already regenerate your images with http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/regenerate-thumbnails/
I can't say for sure if the extension will work with the theme or not but my guess would be no. First try regenerating the thumbnails and see if it takes effect at that point.
Thanks Devin
Regenerating thumbnails fixed the issue.
The topic 'Woocommerce watermark extension' is closed to new replies.


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Remarkably see-sawing Castle outing--at times hallucinatingly good then laughably inept--with Crawford operating on a whole different plane. Sony Picture's Choice Collection line of hard-to-find library and cult titles has re-released Strait-Jacket, the 1964 shocker from producer/director William Castle, written (at least initially, before Crawford got ahold of it) by Psycho's Robert Bloch, and starring Joan Crawford, Diane Baker, Leif Erickson, Howard St. John, John Anthony Hayes, Rochelle Hudson, George Kennedy, Edith Atwater, and Vice President of PepsiCo, Mitchell Cox (who does just fine, despite the carps). Now watched primarily by people who go in expecting to laugh at its admitted excesses and missteps, Strait-Jacket does have those often startling moments of nightmarish, cartoonish weirdness, too, that underrated (and unashamed) Castle delivered with unerring frequency. Lots of fun bonus features from Sony's 2002 release of Strait-Jacket have been ported over here, for this sharp, anamorphically-enhanced widescreen black and white transfer.
1943. A sultry Ohio farmland night. Young married stud Frank Harbin (Lee Majors), after some spirited juke-joint seduction, brings buxom little tramp Stella Fulton (Patricia Crest) back to his wife's farmhouse for a little barnyard fun...right in front of his "sleeping" three-year-old daughter, Carol (Vicki Cos). Unluckily for them both, Frank's 29-year-old red-hot-mamma-of-a-wife, Lucy Harbin (58-year-old Joan Crawford), comes home early from her out-of-town trip, and sees the couple in post-coital slumber. Grabbing an axe, Lucy de-nogginizes them both in front of wide-eyed Carol, and is promptly hauled off to an insane asylum for 20 years. Fast-forward to the West Coast, 1963. 23-year-old Carol (Diane Baker), having been taken in by Lucy's brother, farmer Bill Cutler (Leif Erickson) and his wife, Emily (Rochelle Hudson), is now a beautiful, confident young woman, an accomplished sculptress, and the steady date of handsome Michael Fields (John Anthony Hayes), the young scion of very wealthy dairy owner Raymond Fields (Howard St. John) and his prim and proper wife, Alison (Edith Atwater). When news of Lucy's release from the asylum reaches Carol, she's unsure how to act with the mother she barely remembers, when Uncle Bill brings her home. However, she soon takes a shine to the now-haggard, timid, emotionally-spent Lucy, giving her a make-over that looks remarkably like the one she had twenty years ago. Lucy, however, may not be ready for life outside the nut house, as she begins to hear voices...and as bodies begin to pile up, sans melons.
The dreaded "camp" label. I'm not sure you can read a review of Strait-Jacket (including this one, now...), or indeed reviews of many of William Castle's works, without seeing that word. It's a vague term that I try not to use because it has different meanings for different moviegoers, but mostly I dislike it because the way it's employed now by too many critics. The way they wield it, "camp" almost always smacks of condescension: "I'm smarter than this, I'm more mature than this crude silliness. Can you believe someone made this movie this way? So...I'm going to laugh at it to show how superior I am to it. " To be fair, I certainly don't mind laughing at movies I think go wrong; it's just my proclivities for mocking seem to naturally find outlet with more mainstream, "respected" movies which to my nose have that unmistakable and powerful odor of mendacity (thank you, Big Daddy). Something like Strait-Jacket, however--delirious and crude, but unpretentious--has an underlying validity to it that I like to take at face value (to me, a fatuous, pretentious, phony movie like To Kill a Mockingbird is far more unintentionally amusing than something like Strait-Jacket, particularly because so many people feel so impossibly reverent towards the former). The "camp" label is often used as a passive-aggressive sop to a "film snob's" own insecurities. They can't really admit they fully and completely enjoy watching something like Strait-Jacket, because everyone else says its so bad. And because they either won't or can't analyze it "straight, " they join in the derision...while reserving the right, secretly, to be entertained by it. What a waste of energy.
Admittedly, I'm dangerously schizophrenic when it comes to the auteur theory (one day it's beautifully elegant and so...right-sounding, and the next, I'm completely convinced it's utter bullsh*t), so I can't tell you as a fact that William Castle "knew" on some other level that he was capable time and time again of creating scenes and sequences that look like they come only from his movies. All I know is that I perceive this...screaming, lurid comic book sensibility to most of his suspense and horror movies, that resonates with me. Strait-Jacket is a good example...unless, of course, a Robert Bloch expert wants to make the argument these vibes are coming from him (see? You can't win). Here, in Strait-Jacket, on Castle's cheap, sparsely-appointed 1/4 inch plywood sets, with his dull gray color palette and his alternately boring, flat lighting and extreme chiaroscuro effects, he manages to shove in your face this decidedly creepy, nightmarish world that's visually restricted yet emotionally broadly painted, an interior world of psychosis and violence that plays like panels from a comic book or one of those sick '50s true-crime magazines.
The opening reel is a masterpiece of brazen, shameless pulp sensibility, married to equally crude imagery. After the shock audio intro of Crawford's frenzied screaming (you could spell it out, like in the comics: "Aaaarrrrggggghhhhh!") and Castle himself channeling a circus freak show baker rasping, "Extra! Extra! Read all about it! Love slayer insane!" Baker then begins the ball rolling by telling her fiance all about her mother, with her description of Crawford sounding like something out of a combination police blotter and Mickey Spillane ("Lucy Harbin. Born and raised on a farm. Parents: poor. Education: meager. Very much a woman, and very much aware of the fact, "). After Castle gives us the garish details of Majors' seduction (he's really slobbering all over that poor girl), Castle comes up with one of his unique frames: Crawford peeking into her bedroom window and seeing Majors and his chippie in bed, looking for all the world like they're already dead--just like those crudely mocked-up, air-brushed real-life crime scene photos found inside True Detective and the like. It's such a bizarre-looking shot your first thought is ineptitude, but it's so consciously, deliberately posed in such an intentionally odd way, you realize Castle is tapping into something obsessing him--some morbid stillness following sex, perhaps?--that is then violently, shockingly contrasted by the frenzy Crawford brings to her chopping (why does Castle keep letting her whack away beyond all measures of good taste, almost inviting you to laugh? Because he's making a coarse, ugly shocker, not The Donna Reed Show). It's an intensity of contrast between stillness and vivid, sensational violence that comes over like a Tom and Jerry cartoon played for frightening keeps: you can laugh at it if you concentrate on the patently phony dummy heads or Crawford's outlandish costume...or you can feel unsettled at Castle's strange, deeply neurotic bursts of concentrated violence.
And yet there's nothing "camp" about the intensity of Crawford's performance, in either her "action" scenes or her relatively subdued dramatic ones. Crawford's performance in Strait-Jacket is feral; no two ways around it. She's acting like her life depended on this would-be cardboard thriller, and that dead-serious approach only deepens and transcends the already-disturbing material. We want to laugh when she's rattling those bracelets and expertly wielding that axe...but watch her eyes: in those split-seconds, she's living that moment, right then and there. It's frightening to watch. No less emotionally intense are her quiet scenes with Baker. When Crawford first sees Baker after 20 years, the subtlety and layering of her emoting is remarkable (when I read a critic dismissing this kind of acting as outdated and melodramatic, I'm reading a critic who thinks the only valid kind of performance is one that falls in line with today's faux-naturalistic, self-reflexive, ironic posturing and posing). Once you remember that Crawford started out in silents, you understand how adept she was in wordless moments like this.
It's only when Castle fails to properly bridge or transition her shifts in tone does Crawford's approach produce bizarre, grotesque contrasts. Certainly Strait-Jacket's most notorious instance of this is the scene where Crawford meets Baker's fiance for the first time. I've never understood how so many critics can't seem to understand that Crawford is supposed to look ludicrous in this scene; they seem to want to blame the actress herself, who had approval over her costumes among other things, for this look (her character is dressed this way at Baker's insistence; she's supposed to look ridiculous trying to recapture her youth). However, I'm with everyone else when I write that despite seeing Strait-Jacket many times over the years...I'm just as much in the dark as they are as to why Crawford's character switches gears instantaneously and sexually attacks Baker's boyfriend. Later, her visit with her doctor tries to explain her behavior: she's trying too hard to relive her past, and making up for lost time. But still, it's far too abrupt a transition to be believed, with not enough background on the character's motivation to explain this crazy behavior (in one second, Crawford goes from being pathetically grateful in having her long-lost child's approval, to practically screwing her boyfriend in front of her). Of course, the scene itself, though, is a marvel of bizarro melodramatics, with Crawford jaw-droppingly wrong playing an aged tramp who thinks she's a young hot pistol, letting loose with hysterically funny come-ons (when he asks for Scotch on the rocks, she leers, "Oh...one of those,") while rattling her bracelets and rocking her hips to the music (when she tough-cookie lights a match off a phonograph record, with an accompanying, "ZZZrrrrriipppffff!" the effect is humorously galvanic). It's a wonderfully, inexplicably hilarious scene, thanks to fearless Crawford. Then again...she is supposed to look preposterous according to Baker's plan, so....
Castle's commitment to producing an exaggerated scare comic is no less complete than Crawford's in Strait-Jacket. Time and again I'm struck by Castle's unerring, even peculiar accuracy and timing in generating off-putting shock sequences--even if sometimes those individual scene aren't stitched together with the same matching care. The presence of obviously phony dummy heads in the bedroom scene with Crawford is often laughed at (...if you forget they're not supposed to be real, anyway), but Castle's timing is perfect when he pans over to get Crawford's unhinged screaming (again: total commitment from a seemingly equally unhinged Crawford). The heads may be fake, but Crawford's scream isn't. It's too bad Castle blows George Kennedy's beheading; he should have just had a frame or two establishing that dummy head before Crawford whacked it off (we get a full second or two of it, ruining the intended effect), but the prior sequence of Crawford watching Kennedy (enjoyably seedy and sleazy) slaughter a chicken is beautifully mounted, with the overpowering sound of the overhead windmill driving into Crawford's brain before Castle cuts to her comic strip scream as the blade comes down. A shot worthy of Castle's rival, Hitchcock--the bizarre powder room scene shot from way, way above as Crawford freaks out in a cell-like, stripped room--is powerful on its own...but it comes out of nowhere (we needed to see some of that initial dinner party where Crawford meets Baker's fiance's folks). And of course, no Bloch-written Castle exercise would be complete without a Psycho homage, when Howard St. John gets whacked in his clothes' closet (crudely done, but effective). SPOILER ALERT! The finale is pure Castle, with the patently phony mask work on axe-wielding Baker fitting right in with Castle's cartoony vision, before the melodrama kicks into overdrive as Baker screams, "I love you! I hate you! " over and over again, as Crawford (in an added scene she demanded, to focus the finale on her and not Baker) hugs a column weeping and exclaiming for her poor, psychotic daughter. Strait-Jacket's over-the-top ending--axe murders, cheap, unconvincing rubber masks, histrionic emoting--is unabashed pulp, but Castle's total, tasteless, crude commitment to it is one only a true artist would employ with such single-minded zeal.
The Video:
The Audio:
The Extras:
Final Thoughts:
Paul Mavis is an internationally published movie and television historian, a member of the Online Film Critics Society, and the author of The Espionage Filmography.


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Interlibrary loan
Can't find a book? We can get it for you from another library through Interlibrary Loan if your library card is in good standing. Any item published more than 6 months ago and not owned by our libraries may be requested through interlibrary loan. (Items that have been released for less than 6 months can not be requested through interlibrary loan because they are deemed "too new" to loan.) The item will be sent to your home library for you to borrow. Requests for items should be made several weeks before they are needed. If you have any questions, please contact us at 814-355-1516.


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Cistera to demonstrate latest in campus emergency communication solutions at EDUCAUSE 2007
Unique campus safety solution facilitates multimodal and inter-agency communication utilizing IP
SEATTLE & DALLAS — Cistera Networks, Inc.® (OTCBB: CNWT), a leading provider of enterprise application platforms and engines for IP Communications, today announced that it will demonstrate its comprehensive Campus Safety Solution at the EDUCAUSE 2007 annual conference in Seattle, Oct. 23-26. The solution includes Cistera's Emergency and Alerting Notification (EAN), and Quality Assurance and Compliance (QAC) solutions, which help improve public safety communications in a campus environment. Cistera will be located in the Cisco Systems booth (number 1203).
"Campus safety is among the highest priorities for institutions of learning," said Greg Royal, Cistera's founder and chief technology officer. "To ensure that a campus is as safe as possible, administrators must have a strategic safety plan in place with a strong emphasis on communication capabilities. Cistera's unique EAN and QAC application services with multimodal capacity provide reliable communication capabilities that can help mitigate the impact of a campus emergency by quickly disseminating information to the campus population."
Cistera's EAN solution is "multimodal" and can deliver information to virtually any device, including cell and analog phones, personal digital assistants, e-mail, faxes and two-way radios. It also can simultaneously broadcast messages over campus-wide public address speakers. Regardless of location or activity, students, faculty, staff and guests can be reached with information regarding something as complex as a life-threatening emergency, or as simple as a weather-related school closing.
The system also can link campus public safety operations with civilian authorities to create a seamless framework for inter-agency communications – including two-way radio interoperability – during a crisis. This helps organize and execute a more thorough response to events in an expedited manner.
In addition, the QAC solution provides documentation and archiving capabilities that can record communications received at public safety dispatch centers so they can be referenced for verification, training and liability purposes.
Specifically, Cistera's EAN and QAC solutions feature a variety of sophisticated capabilities that are designed to improve communication at schools, including:
- Cistera RapidBroadcast™, an enterprise-level application engine that utilizes desktop phones for mass communication over an IP network.
- Cistera LandMobileRadioConnect establishes interoperability between push-to-talk two-way radios and an IP telephony network.
- Cistera QuickConnect extends the reach beyond IP phones and delivers EAN to a variety of communication devices including analog and cellular phones, personal digital assistants, e-mail, text and fax.
- CallCenterRecord™ provides call recording and playback with high-quality, continuous capabilities for public safety purposes and peace of mind from a liability standpoint by archiving all inbound calls for easy reference.
- Cistera QuickRecord™ offers call recording and playback on an ad hoc basis. Calls can be recorded anytime during a conversation and span from the beginning to the end.
Cistera's application services are fully scalable enterprise solutions that can conform to organizations with hundreds to tens of thousands of IP units. They can be integrated in a matter of days with complete user training in less than a half hour. To further adapt to needs of specific organizations, the services can be delivered on either a hosted basis, which can be obtained as a monthly service to reduce major capital expenditures, or via a traditional CPE (customer premise equipment) model which includes installation of the award-winning Cistera ConvergenceServer™.
The company has successfully installed its technology in a variety of education environments, including independent school districts in Ann Arbor, Mich.; Brownsville, Corpus Christi and Denton, Texas; and New Orleans. Higher education customers include Devry, Trinity and Prairie View A&M universities.
About Cistera Networks
Cistera Networks, Inc.® (OTCBB: CNWT) makes Application Driven Telephony a reality by setting the new standard in advanced IP phone application platforms and engines for the Enterprise IP Communications environment. The award-winning Cistera ConvergenceServer™ (CCS) uses the industry-leading Cistera Enterprise Platform for IPT to provide Unified Application Administration, as well as Fault and Performance Management for enterprise IPT Application deployments. Cistera provides next-generation solutions for numerous vertical markets including education, finance, healthcare and government. Cistera Networks maximizes IP phone capabilities, taking the communications platform to an entirely new level. For more information, please visit www.cistera.com and www.cisteraexperience.com.
This release may be deemed to contain forward-looking statements that are subject to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding future events and the future financial performance of Cistera Networks that involve risks and uncertainties. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are only predictions and may differ materially from actual future events or results. Readers are referred to the documents filed by Cistera Networks with the SEC, specifically the most recent reports on Form 10-K and 10-Q, each as it may be amended from time to time, which identify important risk factors that could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements.
Thomas Moore
Jetstream PR for Cistera Networks
972.788.9456, ext. 307
Investor Contact:
Kathy Lane


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EDMONTON - It took four weeks, but Khalif Mitchell will finally begin serving his suspension.
The B.C. Lions defensive tackle was suspended for two games by CFL commissioner Mark Cohon following what was determined to be an unnecessary, reckless act against Edmonton Eskimos offensive lineman Simeon Rottier in a game on July 20.
Official mumbo-jumbo jargon aside, his arm-bar style move caught on camera after the play against an off-balance opponent belonged in an MMA octagon instead of a football gridiron.
But that didn't stop Mitchell from launching an appeal, which allowed him to continue playing while the matter went in front of an arbitrator.
Until now, that is, after the decision was made to uphold the original two-game suspension.
"Oh, good," said Rottier, who learned of the decision while staying late after Wednesday's practice to put some extra work in with a team trainer. "That's great. OK."
But the news comes as small consolation for Rottier, who has been on the mend ever since and may not even return to active duty before Mitchell is allowed back.
"It was pretty frustrating, I guess," Rottier said. "I was trying to not let it get to me. My position from the beginning was to try to move on.
"But you want to see (the league) do the right thing."
So Rottier took the opportunity to get involved in Mitchell's appeal.
"I was part of the hearing, so I phoned in for that to give my side of the story," Rottier said. "It's just a hassle to be going through all that."
On top of the hassle of rehabbing his elbow, that is, which is no doubt worth more than two weeks to the Eskimos left guard.
"The league, that's what they decided to do. I don't want to comment on that," said Rottier, who has already spent twice that time on the game-to-game injured list. "I don't know how long it would be, either."
While he has slowly been getting back into the swing of things, he still isn't participating on the field with his teammates.
"It's good to be out there running some drills," said Rottier, who keeps himself busy on the sidelines and running stairs. "I was hoping to play this weekend -- probably hoping to play last weekend. So hopefully (next week) in Toronto. We're going week to week."
Mitchell was kept from the media on Wednesday, with all requests going to Lions general manager Wally Buono, aside from a press release issued from the club following the decision: "I accept the decision of the arbitrator and I am grateful for having had the opportunity to go through the process of an appeal."
As is Eskimos head coach Kavis Reed, despite the time lost to Rottier.
"Due process, right?" Reed said. "He had his rights based on the situation and we went through the process. You want everyone to have the ability to exercise his rights and he did that.
"I don't fault (Mitchell) or begrudge him for using what is available in the system."
IN AND OUT: CB Joe Burnett had the day off of practice but will play on Friday. Also sitting out were DT Almondo Sewell, FB Peter Thiel and DT Ted Laurent (ankle), who -- contrary to popular belief -- is not suffering from stomach abrasions from too many hungry-man sack celebrations.


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Cylburn Arboretum Association
- 4915 Greenspring Ave. Baltimore, MD 21209
- Phone: (410) 367-2217
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Weddings and RentalsAnna Perry email@example.com (email preferred)410-396-4860Contact Anna Perry to tour the site or to reserve a date.
Cylburn Arboretum Association Office
Our offices are located on the 2nd floor of the mansion, though we encourage you to call us. Please leave a message and the appropriate staff will return your call: 410-367-2217.
Cylburn Arboretum Association: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (unless otherwise noted). Contact email@example.com for more information
PhotographyWe are proud to say that, unless otherwise noted, all photography on this website was taken at Cylburn-- every leaf and flower. Most of the photography was taken by visitors and volunteers. The rest was taken by staff and board members. We are deeply grateful for everyone who allowed us to use their images. If have great photos of Cylburn you would like to share with us, please email email@example.com
Photo Credits:
Historical Photos
- University of North Carolina, Wilson Library, Lyman Atkinson Cotten Collection
- Enoch Pratt Free Library, Maryland's State Library Resource Center. All Rights reserved. Used with permission
- University of Maryland, Hornbake Library, Baltimore News American Collection
- Vernon C. Smith
- Jacques Kelly
Research and Support
We would like to acknowledge the following people for their contributions to the information on this website:
History Timeline
- Barbara Mallone and Patricia Draisey
Gardens, Trees, & Trails
- Susan Patz, Nell Stachan, Peggy Fussell
Baltimore Bird Club
- Joan Cwi; photos by Bill Hubbick
Food Systems Lab
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future
- Bobbi Hahn, Bev Davis
Maps & Guides
- Maps: Baltimore City Recreation & Parks
- Birding at Cylburn: Baltimore Bird Club; design by Lili D. Levy
- Wildflowers Guide: Joyce Holmes, Dwight Johnson, Kirsten Emigholz
- Design & development: Timothy Quinlan
- Wordpress theme: Themeblvd


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- Tree Puncher
- Location: New York
- Join Date: 5/28/2012
- Posts: 31
- Minecraft: pullmanator117
- Xbox: pullmanator117
- Member Details
Okay, i have a macbook pro(version 10.6.8) and i'm trying to port forward on a Linksys WRT160Nv3 router and followed the instructions on how to do this whole process. When i try setting it up, it works when i do "localhost " or my internal ip address, and yes i did look up external ip. Now my friend tried it on his laptop (using Windows) and it works perfectly fine so now i know that its not the port forwarding but something on my mac that doesn't accept the port. does anyone know what i need to do? Thanks
Last edited by pullmanator117: Aug 23, 2012
Stay Nurdy


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November 7, 2006 3:30 – 4:30 p.m.
Members Attending:
Dale Moore (Chair), Sara Clark, Jana Estergard, Dr. Michelle Visio, Dr. Wes Scroggins, Ladonna Hansen, Sue Alvers (Secretary)
Dr. Michael Neitzel, President
Dale distributed a copy of "Recommendations by the 2005 Employee Contributions Task Force" to the committee.
After a short discussion with Dr. Nietzel on mission clarification, the committee voted to revise the first goal of its charge to the following:
- "To identify key issues that affect employees' ability to balance their work life and personal life."
What kind of outcomes?
- Effective recruiting
- Retention
- Reduce stress in the workplace
- Reduce absenteeism
- Lack of funding for salaries, provide more benefits
Minutes for October 3, 2006 were approved with the following addition.
- "Sara is to research the last six benchmark universities."
- Demographic Report/Analysis – Jana Estergard
- Having another meeting with Mary Routh tomorrow. Jana will be gone for about three months and will have Mary Routh's information available prior to leaving.
- Faculty Morale Survey report – Dr Michelle Visio
- Due to lack of participation; the faculty survey deadline was extended. Currently, Michelle thinks they are reviewing the data and should be getting the summary ready.
Discussion on focus groups
- Not enough resources for outside consultants
- Public Forums for faculty & staff
- Needs assessment questionnaire to faculty and staff prior to forum
- Hope to receive 30% questionnaire response
- Incentives to participate in questionnaire
- Free day off for staff
- Free conference for faculty
- Student-worker-a-day
- Most likely top issues
- Flextime
- Affordable child care
- Elder care
- Stop tenure clock
- Shared tenure
- Timeline
- January 2007 (second week of classes) – end of month
- Do questionnaire
- February 2007
- Assessment analysis & discussion
- Prepare for focus group in March
- March 2007
- Focus Groups
- April 2007
- Analysis of Focus Group Information
- May 2007
- Tackle huge issues if arises
- Recommendation
- January 2007 (second week of classes) – end of month
Next meeting
- December 5th at 3:30 in CARR 104 conference room


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|N�mero de publicaci�n
|Tipo de publicaci�n
|N�mero de solicitud
|Fecha de publicaci�n
|19 Feb 2008
|Fecha de presentaci�n
|5 Ene 2006
|Fecha de prioridad
|14 Nov 2001
|Tambi�n publicado como
|N�mero de publicaci�n
|Clifford L. Winings, Joseph B. Shuey, Timothy A. Lemke, Gregory A. Hull, Stephen B. Smith, Stefaan Hendrik Jozef Sercu, Timothy W. Houtz, Steven E. Minich
|Cesionario original
|Fci Americas Technology, Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (99), Otras citas (31), Citada por (34), Clasificaciones (23), Eventos legales (10)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesi�n de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/634,547, filed Aug. 5, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,994,569, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/294,966, filed Nov. 14, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,886, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/990,794, filed Nov. 14, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,272, and of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/155,786, filed May 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,318. The contents of each of the above-referenced U.S. patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Generally, the invention relates to the field of electrical connectors. More particularly, the invention relates to an electrical connector having linear arrays of electrical contact leads arranged in signal-signal-ground-ground arrangement, wherein the connector is devoid of electrical shields between adjacent linear arrays.
Electrical connectors provide signal connections between electronic devices using signal contacts. Often, the signal contacts are so closely spaced that undesirable interference, or "cross talk," occurs between adjacent signal contacts. As used herein, the term "adjacent" refers to contacts (or rows or columns) that are next to one another. Cross talk occurs when one signal contact induces electrical interference in an adjacent signal contact due to intermingling electrical fields, thereby compromising signal integrity. With electronic device miniaturization and high speed, high signal integrity electronic communications becoming more prevalent, the reduction of cross talk becomes a significant factor in connector design.
One commonly used technique for reducing cross talk is to position separate electrical shields, in the form of metallic plates, for example, between adjacent signal contacts. The shields act to block cross talk between the signal contacts by blocking the intermingling of the contacts' electric fields.
Because of the demand for smaller, lower weight communications equipment, it is desirable that connectors be made smaller and lower in weight, while providing the same performance characteristics. Shields take up valuable space within the connector that could otherwise be used to provide additional signal contacts, and thus limit contact density (and, therefore, connector size). Additionally, manufacturing and inserting such shields substantially increase the overall costs associated with manufacturing such connectors. In some applications, shields are known to make up 40% or more of the cost of the connector. Another known disadvantage of shields is that they lower impedance. Thus, to make the impedance high enough in a high contact density connector, the contacts would need to be so small that they would not be robust enough for many applications.
The dielectrics that are typically used to insulate the contacts and retain them in position within the connector also add undesirable cost and weight.
Therefore, a need exists for a lightweight, high-speed electrical connector (i.e., one that operates above 1 Gb/s and typically in the range of about 10 Gb/s) that reduces the occurrence of cross talk without the need for separate shields, and provides for a variety of other benefits not found in prior art connectors.
An electrical connector according to the invention may include first and second linear arrays of electrical contacts. The first linear array may include a first differential signal pair, a first ground contact lead adjacent to the first differential signal pair, and a second ground contact lead adjacent to the first ground contact lead. The second linear array may be positioned adjacent to the first linear array, and may include a second differential signal pair, a third ground contact lead adjacent to the second differential signal pair, and a fourth ground contact lead adjacent to the third ground contact lead. The electrical connector may be devoid of electrical shields between the first linear array and the second linear array. The first linear array may be positioned along a first leadframe assembly and the second linear array may be positioned along a second leadframe assembly.
The first differential signal pair may be defined by first and second signal contact leads, each of which has a cross-section defining a respective edge and a respective broadside. The broadside of the first signal contact lead may define a length that is at least twice the length defined by the edge thereof. The first and second signal contact leads may be positioned edge-to-edge, and may be edge-coupled to one another.
The second differential signal pair may be positioned opposite the first and second ground contact leads. The third and fourth ground contact leads may be positioned opposite the first differential signal pair. The second differential signal pair may be defined by third and fourth signal contact leads. The first signal contact lead may be more tightly coupled to the second signal contact lead that it is to either of the third or fourth signal contact leads. The second differential signal pair may be offset with respect to the first differential signal pair in a direction along which the second linear array of electrical contacts extends.
The first and second signal contact leads may define a gap between the edges thereof. A differential signal in the first differential signal pair may produce an electric field having a first electric field strength in the gap and a second electric field strength near the second differential signal pair. The second electric field strength may be lower than the first electric field strength. A dielectric material may be disposed between the edges of the first and second signal contact leads. The gap may have a gap width that is a function of dielectric material. For example, the dielectric material may be air, and the gap width may be approximately 0.3 to 0.4 mm.
Certain terminology may be used in the following description for convenience only and should not be considered as limiting the invention in any way. For example, the terms "top," "bottom," "left," "right," "upper," and "lower" designate directions in the figures to which reference is made. Likewise, the terms "inwardly" and "outwardly" designate directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the referenced object. The terminology includes the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import.
I-Shaped Geometry for Electrical Connectors—Theoretical Model
As shown in
The lines 30, 32, 34, 36 and 38 in
Given the mechanical constraints on a practical connector design, it was found in actuality that the proportioning of the signal conductor (blade/beam contact) width and dielectric thicknesses could deviate somewhat from the preferred ratios and some minimal interference might exist between adjacent signal conductors. However, designs using the above-described I-shaped geometry tend to have lower cross talk than other conventional designs.
Exemplary Factors Affecting Cross Talk Between Adjacent Contacts
In accordance with the invention, the basic principles described above were further analyzed and expanded upon and can be employed to determine how to even further limit cross talk between adjacent signal contacts, even in the absence of shields between the contacts, by determining an appropriate arrangement and geometry of the signal and ground contacts.
Thus, as shown in
Through further analysis of the above-described I-shaped model, it has been found that the unity ratio of height to width is not as critical as it first seemed. It has also been found that a number of factors can affect the level of cross talk between adjacent signal contacts. A number of such factors are described in detail below, though it is anticipated that there may be others. Additionally, though it is preferred that all of these factors be considered, it should be understood that each factor may, alone, sufficiently limit cross talk for a particular application. Any or all of the following factors may be considered in determining a suitable contact arrangement for a particular connector design:
a) Less cross talk has been found to occur where adjacent contacts are edge-coupled (i.e., where the edge of one contact is adjacent to the edge of an adjacent contact) than where adjacent contacts are broad side coupled (i.e., where the broad side of one contact is adjacent to the broad side of an adjacent contact) or where the edge of one contact is adjacent to the broad side of an adjacent contact. The tighter the edge coupling, the less the coupled signal pair's electrical field will extend towards an adjacent pair and the less towards the unity height-to-width ratio of the original I-shaped theoretical model a connector application will have to approach. Edge coupling also allows for smaller gap widths between adjacent connectors, and thus facilitates the achievement of desirable impedance levels in high contact density connectors without the need for contacts that are too small to perform adequately. For example, it has been found that a gap of about 0.3-0.4 mm is adequate to provide an impedance of about 100 ohms where the contacts are edge coupled, while a gap of about 1 mm is necessary where the same contacts are broad side coupled to achieve the same impedance. Edge coupling also facilitates changing contact width, and therefore gap width, as the contact extends through dielectric regions, contact regions, etc.;
b) It has also been found that cross talk can be effectively reduced by varying the "aspect ratio," i.e., the ratio of column pitch (i.e., the distance between adjacent columns) to the gap between adjacent contacts in a given column;
c) The "staggering" of adjacent columns relative to one another can also reduce the level of cross talk. That is, cross talk can be effectively limited where the signal contacts in a first column are offset relative to adjacent signal contacts in an adjacent column. The amount of offset may be, for example, a full row pitch (i.e., distance between adjacent rows), half a row pitch, or any other distance that results in acceptably low levels of cross talk for a particular connector design. It has been found that the optimal offset depends on a number of factors, such as column pitch, row pitch, the shape of the terminals, and the dielectric constant(s) of the insulating material(s) around the terminals, for example. It has also been found that the optimal offset is not necessarily "on pitch," as was often thought. That is, the optimal offset may be anywhere along a continuum, and is not limited to whole fractions of a row pitch (e.g., full or half row pitches).
As shown in the graph of
d) Through the addition of outer grounds, i.e., the placement of ground contacts at alternating ends of adjacent contact columns, both near-end cross talk ("NEXT") and far-end cross talk ("FEXT") can be further reduced;
e) It has also been found that scaling the contacts (i.e., reducing the absolute dimensions of the contacts while preserving their proportional and geometric relationship) provides for increased contact density (i.e., the number of contacts per linear inch) without adversely affecting the electrical characteristics of the connector.
By considering any or all of these factors, a connector can be designed that delivers high-performance (i.e., low incidence of cross talk), high-speed (e.g., greater than 1 Gb/s and typically about 10 Gb/s) communications even in the absence of shields between adjacent contacts. It should also be understood that such connectors and techniques, which are capable of providing such high speed communications, are also useful at lower speeds. Connectors according to the invention have been shown, in worst case testing scenarios, to have near-end cross talk of less than about 3% and far-end cross talk of less than about 4%, at 40 picosecond rise time, with 63.5 mated signal pairs per linear inch. Such connectors can have insertion losses of less than about 0.7 dB at 5 GHz, and impedance match of about 100�8 ohms measured at a 40 picosecond rise time.
Exemplary Contact Arrangements According to the Invention
Alternatively, as shown in
By comparison of the arrangement shown in
Regardless of whether the signal pairs are arranged into rows or columns, each differential signal pair has a differential impedance Z0 between the positive conductor Sx+ and negative conductor Sx− of the differential signal pair. Differential impedance is defined as the impedance existing between two signal conductors of the same differential signal pair, at a particular point along the length of the differential signal pair. As is well known, it is desirable to control the differential impedance Z0 to match the impedance of the electrical device(s) to which the connector is connected. Matching the differential impedance Z0 to the impedance of electrical device minimizes signal reflection and/or system resonance that can limit overall system bandwidth. Furthermore, it is desirable to control the differential impedance Z0 such that it is substantially constant along the length of the differential signal pair, i.e., such that each differential signal pair has a substantially consistent differential impedance profile.
The differential impedance profile can be controlled by the positioning of the signal and ground conductors. Specifically, differential impedance is determined by the proximity of an edge of signal conductor to an adjacent ground and by the gap between edges of signal conductors within a differential signal pair.
Referring again to
For single ended signaling, single ended impedance can also be controlled by positioning of the signal and ground conductors. Specifically, single ended impedance is determined by the gap between a signal conductor and an adjacent ground. Single ended impedance is defined as the impedance existing between a signal conductor and ground, at a particular point along the length of a single ended signal conductor.
To maintain acceptable differential impedance control for high bandwidth systems, it is desirable to control the gap between contacts to within a few thousandths of an inch. Gap variations beyond a few thousandths of an inch may cause an unacceptable variation in the impedance profile; however, the acceptable variation is dependent on the speed desired, the error rate acceptable, and other design factors.
As described above, by offsetting the columns, the level of multi-active cross talk occurring in any particular terminal can be limited to a level that is acceptable for the particular connector application. As shown in
Exemplary Connector Systems According to the Invention
As can be seen, first section 801 comprises a plurality of modules 805. Each module 805 comprises a column of conductors 830. As shown, first section 801 comprises six modules 805 and each module 805 comprises six conductors 830; however, any number of modules 805 and conductors 830 may be used. Second section 802 comprises a plurality of modules 806. Each module 806 comprises a column of conductors 840. As shown, second section 802 comprises six modules 806 and each module 806 comprises six conductors 840; however, any number of modules 806 and conductors 840 may be used.
Each module 806 comprises a plurality of conductors 840 secured in frame 852. Each conductor 840 comprises a contact interface 841 and a connection pin 842. Each contact interface 841 extends from frame 852 for connection to a blade 836 of first section 801. Each contact interface 840 is also electrically connected to a connection pin 842 that extends from frame 852 for electrical connection to second electrical device 812.
Each module 805 comprises a first hole 856 and a second hole 857 for alignment with an adjacent module 805. Thus, multiple columns of conductors 830 may be aligned. Each module 806 comprises a first hole 847 and a second hole 848 for alignment with an adjacent module 806. Thus, multiple columns of conductors 840 may be aligned.
Module 805 of connector 800 is shown as a right angle module. That is, a set of first connection pins 832 is positioned on a first plane (e.g., coplanar with first electrical device 810) and a set of second connection pins 842 is positioned on a second plane (e.g., coplanar with second electrical device 812) perpendicular to the first plane. To connect the first plane to the second plane, each conductor 830 turns a total of about ninety degrees (a right angle) to connect between electrical devices 810 and 812.
To simplify conductor placement, conductors 830 can have a rectangular cross section; however, conductors 830 may be any shape. In this embodiment, conductors 830 have a high ratio of width to thickness to facilitate manufacturing. The particular ratio of width to thickness may be selected based on various design parameters including the desired communication speed, connection pin layout, and the like.
Returning now to illustrative connector 800 of
In addition to conductor placement, differential impedance and insertion losses are also affected by the dielectric properties of material proximate to the conductors. Generally, it is desirable to have materials having very low dielectric constants adjacent and in contact with as much as the conductors as possible. Air is the most desirable dielectric because it allows for a lightweight connector and has the best dielectric properties. While frame 850 and frame 852 may comprise a polymer, a plastic, or the like to secure conductors 830 and 840 so that desired gap tolerances may be maintained, the amount of plastic used is minimized. Therefore, the rest of connector comprises an air dielectric and conductors 830 and 840 are positioned both in air and only minimally in a second material (e.g., a polymer) having a second dielectric property. Therefore, to provide a substantially constant differential impedance profile, in the second material, the spacing between conductors of a differential signal pair may vary.
As shown, the conductors can be exposed primarily to air rather than being encased in plastic. The use of air rather than plastic as a dielectric provides a number of benefits. For example, the use of air enables the connector to be formed from much less plastic than conventional connectors. Thus, a connector according to the invention can be made lower in weight than convention connectors that use plastic as the dielectric. Air also allows for smaller gaps between contacts and thereby provides for better impedance and cross talk control with relatively larger contacts, reduces cross-talk, provides less dielectric loss, increases signal speed (i.e., less propagation delay).
Through the use of air as the primary dielectric, a lightweight, low-impedance, low cross talk connector can be provided that is suitable for use as a ball grid assembly ("BGA") right-angle connector. Typically, a right angle connector is "off-balance, i.e., disproportionately heavy in the mating area. Consequently, the connector tends to "tilt" in the direction of the mating area. Because the solder balls of the BGA, while molten, can only support a certain mass, prior art connectors typically are unable to include additional mass to balance the connector. Through the use of air, rather than plastic, as the dielectric, the mass of the connector can be reduced. Consequently, additional mass can be added to balance the connector without causing the molten solder balls to collapse.
As shown in
As can be seen, within frame 852, conductor 840 jogs, either inward or outward to maintain a substantially constant differential impedance profile and to mate with connectors on second electrical device 812. For arrangement into columns, conductors 830 and 840 are positioned along a centerline of frames 850, 852, respectively.
As shown in
Plug 902 comprises housing 905 and a plurality of lead assemblies 908. The housing 905 is configured to contain and align the plurality of lead assemblies 908 such that an electrical connection suitable for signal communication is made between a first electrical device 910 and a second electrical device 912 via receptacle 1100. In one embodiment of the invention, electrical device 910 is a backplane and electrical device 912 is a daughtercard. Electrical devices 910 and 912 may, however, be any electrical device without departing from the scope of the invention.
As shown, the connector 902 comprises a plurality of lead assemblies 908. Each lead assembly 908 comprises a column of terminals or conductors 930 therein as will be described below. Each lead assembly 908 comprises any number of terminals 930.
In one embodiment, the housing 905 is made of plastic, however, any suitable material may be used. The connections to electrical devices 910 and 912 may be surface or through mount connections.
As is also shown in
As shown, the ground contacts 937A and 937B extend a greater distance from the insert molded lead assembly 933. As shown in
Lead assembly 908 of connector 900 is shown as a right angle module. To explain, a set of first connection pins 932 is positioned on a first plane (e.g., coplanar with first electrical device 910) and a set of second connection pins 942 is positioned on a second plane (e.g., coplanar with second electrical device 912) perpendicular to the first plane. To connect the first plane to the second plane, each conductor 930 is formed to extend a total of about ninety degrees (a right angle) to electrically connect electrical devices 910 and 912.
To simplify conductor placement, conductors 930 have a rectangular cross section as shown in
Receptacle 1100 includes a plurality of receptacle contact assemblies 1160 each containing a plurality of terminals (only the tails of which are shown). The terminals provide the electrical pathway between the connector 900 and any mated electrical device (not shown).
In another embodiment of the invention, it is contemplated that the offset distance, d, may vary throughout the length of the terminals in the connector. In this manner, the offset distance may vary along the length of the terminal as well as at either end of the conductor. To illustrate this embodiment and referring now to
In accordance with the invention, the offset of adjacent columns may vary along the length of the terminals within the lead assembly. More specifically, the offset between adjacent columns varies according to adjacent sections of the terminals. In this manner, the offset distance between columns is different in section A of the terminals than in section B of the terminals.
As shown in
In another embodiment of the invention, to further reduce cross talk, the offset between adjacent terminal columns is different than the offset between vias on a mated printed circuit board. A via is conducting pathway between two or more layers on a printed circuit board. Typically, a via is created by drilling through the printed circuit board at the appropriate place where two or more conductors will interconnect.
To illustrate such an embodiment,
In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, the offset between adjacent terminal columns is different than the offset between vias on a mated printed circuit board. Specifically, as shown in
To attain desirable gap tolerances over the length of conductors 903, connector 900 may be manufactured by the method as illustrated in
Preferably, to provide the best performance, the current carrying path through the connector should be made as highly conductive as possible. Because the current carrying path is known to be on the outer portion of the contact, it is desirable that the contacts be plated with a thin outer layer of a high conductivity material. Examples of such high conductivity materials include gold, copper, silver, and tin alloy.
Connectors having Contacts that may be Selectively Designated
Each IMLA 202 includes plurality of electrically conductive contacts 204. Preferably, the contacts 204 in each IMLA 202 form respective linear contact arrays 206. As shown, the linear contact arrays 206 are arranged as contact columns, though it should be understood that the linear contact arrays could be arranged as contact rows. Also, though the header assembly 200 is depicted with 150 contacts (i.e., 10 IMLAs with 15 contacts per IMLA), it should be understood that an IMLA may include any desired number of contacts and a connector may include any number of IMLAs. For example, IMLAs having 12 or 9 electrical contacts are also contemplated. A connector according to the invention, therefore, may include any number of contacts.
The header assembly 200 includes an electrically insulating lead frame 208 through which the contacts extend. Preferably, the lead frame 208 is made of a dielectric material such as a plastic. According to an aspect of the invention, the lead frame 208 is constructed from as little material as possible. Otherwise, the connector is air-filled. That is, the contacts may be insulated from one another using air as a second dielectric. The use of air provides for a decrease in crosstalk and for a low-weight connector (as compared to a connector that uses a heavier dielectric material throughout).
The contacts 202 include terminal ends 210 for engagement with a circuit board. Preferably, the terminal ends are compliant terminal ends, though it should be understood that the terminals ends could be press-fit or any surface-mount or through-mount terminal ends. The contacts also include mating ends 212 for engagement with complementary receptacle contacts (described below in connection with
As shown in
According to an aspect of the invention, the header assembly may be devoid of any internal shielding. That is, the header assembly may be devoid of any shield plates, for example, between adjacent contact arrays. A connector according to the invention may be devoid of such internal shielding even for high-speed, high-frequency, fast rise-time signaling.
Though the header assembly 200 depicted in
Each receptacle contact 224 has a mating end 230, for receiving a mating end 212 of a complementary header contact 204, and a terminal end 232 for engagement with a circuit board. Preferably, the terminal ends 232 are compliant terminal ends, though it should be understood that the terminals ends could be press-fit, balls, or any surface-mount or through-mount terminal ends. A housing 234 is also preferably provided to position and retain the IMLAs relative to one another.
According to an aspect of the invention, the receptacle assembly may also be devoid of any internal shielding. That is, the receptacle assembly may be devoid of any shield plates, for example, between adjacent contact arrays.
Typically, a system manufacturer defines the signaling paths for a given application. According to an aspect of the invention, the same connector may be used, without structural modification, to connect either differential or single-ended signaling paths. According to an aspect of the invention, a system manufacturer may be provided with an electrical connector as described above (that is, an electrical connector comprising a linear array of contacts that may be selectively designated as either ground or signal contacts).
The system manufacturer may then designate the contacts as either ground or signal contacts, and electrically connect the connector to a circuit board. The connector may be electrically connected to the circuit board, for example, by electrically connecting a contact designated as a signal contact to a signaling path on the circuit board. The signaling path may be a single-ended signaling path or a differential signaling path. The contacts may be designated to form any combination of differential signal pairs and/or single-ended signal conductors.
In each of the designations depicted in
As shown in
The contact array may configured such that a desired impedance between contacts is achieved, and such that insertion loss and cross-talk are limited to acceptable levels—even in the absence of shield plates between adjacent IMLAs. Further, because desired levels of impedance, insertion loss, and cross-talk may be achieved within a single IMLA even in the absence of shields, a single IMLA may function as a connector system independently of the presence or absence of adjacent IMLAs, and independently of the designation of any adjacent IMLAs. In other words, an IMLA according to the invention does not require adjacent IMLAs to function properly.
Though the present invention provides for lightweight, high contact density connectors, contact density may be sacrificed in instances where manufacturing costs or specific product requirements negate the need for high density. Because an IMLA according to the invention does not require adjacent IMLAs to function properly, IMLAs may be spaced relatively closely together or relatively far apart from one another without a significant reduction in performance. Greater IMLA spacing facilitates the use of larger diameter contact wires, which are easier to make and manipulate using known automated production processes.
A number of parameters may be considered in determining a suitable contact array configuration for an IMLA according to the invention. For example, contact thickness and width, gap width between adjacent contacts, and adjacent contact coupling may be considered in determining a suitable contact array configuration that provides acceptable or optimal levels of impedance, insertion loss, and cross-talk, without the need for shields between adjacent contact arrays, in an IMLA that may be designated as differential, single-ended, or a combination of both. Issues relating to the consideration of these and other such parameters are described in detail above. Though it should be understood that such parameters may be tailored to fit the needs of a particular connector application, an example connector according to the invention will now be described to provide example parameter values and performance data obtained for such a connector.
In an embodiment of the invention, each contact may have a contact width W of about one millimeter, and contacts may be set on 1.4 millimeter centers C. Thus, adjacent contacts may have a gap width GW between them of about 0.4 millimeters. The IMLA may include a lead frame into or through which the contacts extend. The lead frame may have a thickness T of about 0.35 millimeters. An IMLA spacing IS between adjacent contact arrays may be about two millimeters. Additionally, the contacts may be edge-coupled along the length of the contact arrays, and adjacent contact arrays may be staggered relative to one another.
Generally, the ratio W/GW of contact width W to gap width GW between adjacent contacts will be greater in a connector according to the invention than in prior art connectors that require shields between adjacent contact arrays. Such a connector is described in published U.S. patent application 2001/0005654A1. Typical connectors, such as those described in application 2001/0005654, require the presence of more than one lead assembly because they rely on shield plates between adjacent lead assemblies. Such lead assemblies typically include a shield plate disposed along one side of the lead frame so that when lead frames are placed adjacent to one another, the contacts are disposed between shield plates along each side. In the absence of an adjacent lead frame, the contacts would be shielded on only one side, which would result in unacceptable performance.
Because shield plates between adjacent contact arrays are not required in a connector according to the invention (because, as will be explained in detail below, desired levels of cross-talk, impedance, and insertion loss may be achieved in a connector according to the invention because of the configuration of the contacts), an adjacent lead assembly having a complementary shield is not required, and a single lead assembly may function acceptably in the absence of any adjacent lead assembly.
In summation, the present invention can be a scalable, inverse two-piece backplane connector system that is based upon an IMLA design that can be used for either differential pair or single ended signals within the same IMLA. The column differential pairs demonstrate low insertion loss and low cross-talk from speeds less than approximately 2.5 Gb/sec to greater than approximately 12.5 Gb/sec. Exemplary configurations include 150 position for 1.0 inch slot centers and 120 position for 0.8 slot centers, all without interleaving shields. The IMLAs are stand-alone, which means that the IMLAs may be stacked into any centerline spacing required for customer density or routing considerations. Examples include, but are certainly not limited to, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, or 4.0 mm. By using air as a dielectric, there is improved low-loss performance. By taking further advantage of electromagnetic coupling within each IMLA, the present invention helps to provide a shieldless connector with good signal integrity and EMI performance. The stand alone IMLA permits an end user to specify whether to assign pins as differential pair signals, single ended signals, or power. At least eighty Amps of capacity can be obtained in a low weight, high speed connector.
It is to be understood that the foregoing illustrative embodiments have been provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting of the invention. Words which have been used herein are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. Further, although the invention has been described herein with reference to particular structure, materials and/or embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein. Rather, the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this specification, may affect numerous modifications thereto and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention in its aspects.
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|Clasificaci�n de EE.UU.
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|31 Mar 2006
Owner name: BANC OF AMERICA SECURITIES LIMITED, AS SECURITY AG
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Opera Software has released beta 1 of Opera version 7.50, for all desktop platforms.
Opera v7.50b1 provides an improved user interface and added functionality, the company claims. The software now features Opera Mail, which combines e-mail, Usenet news and RSS newsfeed support, an Internet Relay Chat (IRC)-compatible instant messaging client, faster rendering interface, support for bidirectional text, and Unicode keyboard layout support.
Opera is available to download free. You can use it either free of charge using a sponsored advertising banner or advertising banner-free if users play the $29 (around £16) registration fee.