text:
Notes: A little late for a New Year fic, but honestly one I only thought of after the date had passed. Also, I have been sneaky with some references in here. Kudos to the catcher(s) of said references.
Disclaimer: I do not own Star Trek 2009, and I make no profit from this work.
Jim Kirk had the habit of changing the life of all who came into contact with him, and none knew it more than Alice Cutler. She had moved into her bedsit to find herself opposite a handsome (if rather exceptionally arrogant and often rude) member of the NYPD, who would swagger in and out of any room in the house that he pleased, whether he rented it or not.
And so she had found herself, not three months after meeting Jim, dragged along on his (rather nice, if she did say so herself) arm so as not to break his track record of having a different girl for every party. (She had, however, refused the offer of a mistletoe kiss for her favour. Alaska girls just weren't like that.)
She was very much not enjoying herself.
Oh, the house was very nice – a respectable little townhouse with tasteful decorations and matching furniture, and a lovely big black cat that was keeping her company in the kitchen away from all the noisy drunk strangers – and Jim, dancing about with that mistletoe and offering kisses to the ladies and a fair number of the gentlemen as well – but…
Well, the host left something to be desired.
He was a friend of Jim's – apparently the doctor in charge of the A&E department at the downtown hospital, and therefore the one best known to all the police officers. Dr. McCoy by name, and a sawbones by trade, according to Jim's colourful turn of phrase. And it wasn't so much McCoy – he was a southerner, and he was charming, and he had quite a lovely smile when he'd greeted Alice, and she felt welcome anyway – but…
Then his…partner? Alice didn't know the words New Yorkers used. His partner, then. His partner had turned up. He was definitely his partner, Jim said so – "That's Spock, McCoy's," and he'd done that silly whistle that only drunks and bums came out with – but…
If that was how McCoy treated his partners, then no wonder he was rumoured to be divorced.
They were foul with each other. They had not exchanged a single nice word from the moment Spock had walked in the door – "You're late," had been McCoy's brusque greeting, and then, "There's mixers in the kitchen. God forbid you loosen up enough to have a drink with the rest of us." – and between the jibes and insults, had flocked entirely separately through the guests and ignored one another.
"Spock?" McCoy had grunted, when she dared to ask how his partner was (and hoping she had the terminology right). "Hell if I know – Alice, right? Hell if I know, Alice. The man's never shared an emotion a day in his life. I reckon he doesn't even feel half of them."
"A refreshing change from your insistence upon bursting into childish tantrums at a flat tyre," Spock had returned smoothly – and in passing, rather than even stopping to say it to McCoy's face. It reminded Alice of watching her parents fight – snide, passing slips designed to hit and run – and heels chapped from the courtroom heels of a divorce lawyer.
And so it carried on. They were harsh, they were rude – and only with one another, killing Alice's hopes of their being merely grumpy personalities. McCoy was practically charming with some of the guests, joining a British man – or Scottish, or Irish, she didn't know – in a loud rendition of Galway Bay (Irish, then?) as the clocks neared midnight and the alcohol flow began to resemble a river. And Spock…well, he was not talkative, but he was, from what little she overheard, unfailingly polite to the other guests, and allowed himself to be coaxed into a dance with a beautiful dark-skinned woman from the force's legal team.
When Christmas Day arrived to Spock still dancing in slow circles with the dark-skinned lawyer, and McCoy standing at the centre of a cluster of joyously warbling (or howling) drunks, Alice felt merely sad.
She left early, and thought of her own family the entire cab ride home. At least, she thought, they had no children to be hurt. Just a big black cat, and some matching furniture.
New York was a minefield of a city – dangerous and somehow tempting despite the danger – but the wind went right through you, and Alice was frozen, despite her Alaskan upbringing – by the time she came home on New Year's Eve, not an hour before Jim's planned celebration was due to begin.
"Alice!" he beamed, swooping down on her in the most alarming pink apron she had ever seen. "Alice, Alice, Alice, do me a favour? I need rum!"
"Rum," she said weakly.
"Yes, rum. Kyle needs his rum or he's a grumpy fucker. Worse than an old slut on junk for his fix, I swear to God. Go onnn, Alice, dash out and grab me a bagful?"
And because Jim was – alright, alright, he was kind of sweet when he was nice, and it didn't happen very often, and Alice had met Kyle and he was quite handsome and maybe some rum would loosen him up a little – she turned right around.
And so Alice was at the corner store when she caught sight of the tall, dark and handsome Mr. Spock around the stack of baked beans, and backed herself hastily into the wine aisle again in time to hear the harsh ring of McCoy's angry tones.
"What in the hell possessed you to come to New York if you find the cold that unbearable?"
Alice bristled at the tone, but stayed put when Spock's smooth voice, that she had barely heard at the party, cut back with, "As I have explained this decision multiple times, and as you are rumoured to be a reasonably intelligent man, I do not feel that I need to explain once more. Unless you are experiencing a sudden bout of amnesia?"
"Oh yeah," the sarcasm was practically visible, never mind audible. "Now that there sounded like a genuine inquiry. You shoulda become an actor."
"I do not believe that I have ever harboured illusions that Broadway was waiting for me," Spock returned dryly. "I have as much expectation of becoming an actor as you do for becoming a group leader of Alcoholics Anonymous."
Alice was aghast. It was the second time that they had argued about alcohol, and she had only heard them argue twice. Had Jim invited them to the celebration? What was he thinking, putting two people who were obviously having problems with the booze in a highly-alcoholic environment?
"I wasn't that drunk."
"You vomited twice, and referred to the result as a river of gold. I am simply grateful that you had the presence of mind to do so in the sink rather than on the carpet."
Alice blanched, and hastily reached for the nearest rum bottles to her arm. She simply could not listen to any more of this.
"…Okay, so I was that drunk. Did you expect it any other way? Fourteen hours I was on shift. Fourteen hours. I was nearly drunk from exhaustion anyway."
"Leonard. You apparently lost the ability to pronounce Hannukah and wished 'Merry Jewishmas' to the Cohens."
Alice scurried to the counter, hoping that they would not see her. From her glance into the aisle, they were facing off, glowering stonily at one another, and McCoy's arms were folded in a typically belligerent stance.
McCoy distinctly groaned, and the old man snickered scanning Alice's bottles.
"Merry Jewishmas," he muttered to himself fondly. "Ah. Ah well. Won't see another one."
Alice simply nodded, and hurried away.
Jim had invited them; they arrived not ten minutes after the invitation, and Alice watched from the stairs as McCoy collected the source (she was sure) of their problems in a too-large glass, and Spock was promptly captured by an already enthusiastically tipsy Christine Chapel and painstakingly withstood the overt flirtations.
Alice was not a fool, and her new appreciation of the situation made her look twice at the unhappy couple. Drunks were not rational people; she knew that from experience, and McCoy seemed brusque enough sober. What was he like as a drunk? What did he do as a drunk?
She wished it were summer, so that the heat would force Spock into less clothing, and she could see for herself whether there were bruises or not. Were the shadows at his wrists darkened skin, or merely the shade of his sleeves?
And what did their friends sweep under the carpet? Jim had to know. If he was not at work or in his rooms, he would be out with one or the other or both. He knew them well. He had to know. And if he ignored that, if he overlooked it…
Then Jim Kirk was not the man that she thought he was.
It was saddening, the way that New Year's Eve mirrored Christmas Eve. They were sharp and acerbic, even in company – when Jim asked McCoy about resolutions, Alice hovered to hear the answer, and her heart sank as he took an unhealthy gulp from his glass and snorted.
"Transfer," he said. "Some nice quiet ward away from the likes of you."
"Me?" Jim chuckled. "What did I do?"
"You are yourself, Jim, and that is plenty."
"For once, we agree," McCoy muttered darkly. "Jim. I'll tell you what 2012 is going to be. Another year of patching up you ungrateful, gun-jumping adrenalin junkies over the unholy hell that is the night shift." He snorted again. "Hell, I could have been someone."
"Well," Jim said.
"So could anyone," Spock interrupted smoothly, and Alice cringed back against the banister, waiting for the explosion. McCoy had drunk enough; he was drunk, she was sure of it.
"Not all of us grow up the pampered child of diplomats and novelists, Spock," McCoy replied after a pause, and Alice didn't miss the flicker of his gaze to Jim. Was Jim's mere presence preventing the explosion? What of when he drifted away again?
"Rather obvious and somewhat hypocritical, Leonard," Spock carried on, either oblivious or deliberately goading. "By the same argument, not all of us grow up the only son of wealthy Georgian landowners."
Jim laughed, then, and the tension defused somewhat – but Alice watched the simmering glances between them, and she knew that if Jim wasn't going to keep an eye out, then she would.
Alice's mother used to say that good intentions were not enough to ensure a good result, and Alice, like so many, let life get in the way of such intentions.
At five to midnight, she found herself in the front room of the boarding house, surrounded by the landlady, the tenants, and Jim's friends and acquaintances, and waiting Jim clumsily attempt a toast.
"2012," he intoned heavily. "To a better year. Better prospects. Better lives. Better drinks," he got a whoop. "Better girls and guys. But also our old shit – old friends, old lives, old habits that we should let go but fuck that. To 2012 – the year we don't change, but a better time when all our dreams come true."
"Nah," the drunken Scot-Brit-Irishman raised his glass too. "Fu' tha'. To Scotland!"
"To Russia!" a young man in the corner cheered, and his youth struck Alice with bravery.
"To Alaska!" she offered, and he beamed at her.
"Is Russia, you will see!" he challenged, and she laughed, emboldened by his attention and the warmth of the surroundings. It was New York, not home, but she perhaps was. None of them were New Yorkers, but they were home.
She glanced about, and abandoned her glass in alarm, rushing into the hall when she noticed their absence. Everyone else had crowded into the living room for the countdown that began behind her as she crossed to the kitchen archway, and –
"Five, four, three…"
Her breath caught.
They leaned against the kitchen counters, the granite digging into Spock's back and hips, and they rested intertwined, the movements of their kissing slow and tempered. With closed eyes, they did not notice her arrival, and so she watched languid hands and fluid kisses pass silently between those so-acidic tongues that had been throwing hurt and insult whenever she saw them.
The countdown hit zero, and the fireworks exploded into the night. A flare of purple briefly caught the kitchen as they drew back only far enough to stare at each other – and they were softened. McCoy was smiling, small and barely noticeable but for the curve in the skin, and Spock's flint-eyed stillness was melted into relaxation.
She drew back into the hall, still not breathing, to McCoy's breathed murmur of, "2012."
There was a low rustle and the false silence of further kisses before he spoke again, and when he did, Alice took her leave – and her righteous anger, and her conscience, and destroyed their connection to the sarcastic couple that Jim called friends – and walked away.
"Happy New Year, darlin'."
She knew she'd got it wrong.


text:
Epidemiological studies of diet and disease rely on the accurate determination of dietary intake and subsequent estimates of nutrient exposure. Although methodically developed and tested, the instruments most often used to collect self-reported intake data are subject to error. It had been assumed that this error was only random in nature; however, an increasing body of literature suggests that systematic error in the reporting of true dietary intake exists as well. Here, we review studies in which dietary intake by self report was determined while energy expenditure was simultaneously measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. In seeking to establish the relative accuracy of each instrument to capture true habitual energy intake, we conclude that none of the self-reported intake instruments demonstrates greater accuracy against DLW. Instead, it is evident that the physical and psychological characteristics of study participants play a significant role in the underreporting bias observed in these studies. Further research is needed to identify underreporters and to determine how to account for this bias in studies of diet and health.
- dietary intake
- underreporting
- deuterium
- oxygen-18
in seeking to understand the relationship between diet and health, investigators have often relied on self-reported dietary intake data to measure nutrient intake. Not surprisingly, investigators have created a wide range of intake assessment instruments that are the products of careful development and testing. It is readily acknowledged that all methods used to assess self-reported dietary intake are subject to measurement error, but it is often assumed that this error is random. Random error, such as writing mistakes or processing variations, attenuates true associations between diet and disease, resulting in the generation of false-negative conclusions. Self-reported dietary intake, however, may also be subject to systematic error. A systematic error, such as the underreporting of true intake by certain population groups, could bias nutrient intake estimates and result in misleading conclusions with regard to diet and disease (34).
The accuracy of dietary intake assessment instruments, in the true analytic sense, has rarely been established. This is because there are very few criterion methods against which self-reported intake can be validated. Validation has involved comparison of the new assessment instrument against another, more established self-report method. As such, it is actually the relative validity of the new instrument that is being tested. This type of validation will fail to detect true reporting bias, however, if both the new and established instruments have correlated error. Alternatively, the new instrument can be validated against an external criterion such as a biomarker. The doubly labeled water (DLW) technique is an example of a biomarker that can be used to validate self-reported energy intake. The error of the DLW technique is independent of self-reported intake error, thus allowing true reporting bias to be detected.
Established for use in animals (17) and later validated for use in humans (25), the DLW technique is used to measure energy expenditure in free-living subjects. This method involves the administration of water containing enriched quantities of the stable isotopes deuterium (2H) and oxygen-18 (18O). The term "doubly" comes from the fact that both the hydrogen and the oxygen of water are labeled. The oxygen-18 is eliminated from the body in the form of carbon dioxide (C18O2) and water (H2 18O), and the deuterium is eliminated in water (2H2O). The difference in elimination rate between these two isotopes is a measure of carbon dioxide production. Carbon dioxide production can then be used to calculate energy expenditure by use of standard equations for indirect calorimetry. The DLW technique has been shown to be accurate to 1%, with a coefficient of variation of 2–12% (25), and is currently considered the "gold standard" for the measurement of total energy expenditure in humans. From a subject's viewpoint, it is quite simple to use. A baseline specimen of blood or urine is collected, and a loading dose of labeled water is taken by mouth. Additional specimens are collected on the dose day and up to 2 wk later to determine the initial dilution space and the isotopic elimination rates. The technique is quite robust with regard to accuracy but is subject to error if some of the dose water is lost, if the subject switches to a new source of water that has a different background isotope abundance, or if the specimens are contaminated with ambient water or mislabeled with regard to time and date (25). DLW also requires calculating energy expenditure from CO2 production, and thus an error in the assumed macronutrient composition of the diet can introduce a bias. For example, if it is assumed that 40% of dietary energy is derived from fat, but it really is only 20%, then the energy expenditure will be underestimated by 6%. The precision of the technique, however, is potentially quite variable between analytic centers, because a small random error in measuring the isotope enrichments of the physiological specimens can introduce random errors in the calculated energy expenditure of 3–15% (25). Because of this, it is important to determine the repeatability of the analyses in any given laboratory.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, meaning that it cannot be created or destroyed. The energy put into a system is therefore equal to the energy used and/or stored by the system. In terms of human metabolism, metabolizable energy intake is equal to energy expenditure plus any change in body stores. Thus, in the weight-stable individual who is not in an active stage of growth, such as childhood or pregnancy, energy expenditure will be equal to habitual energy intake.
In large population studies, the most common instruments employed to assess dietary intake at the individual level include food diaries or records, repeated 24-h recalls, diet history, and food frequency questionnaires. These can crudely be separated into two categories, i.e., prospective and retrospective methods. In addition, the techniques can be classified on the basis of the degree of quantitative detail that is provided.
The food record or diary is an example of a prospective, quantitative method. The respondent is required to record all foods and beverages and the amount of each consumed on a daily basis. The recording of dietary intake is usually conducted over a period of 3–14 days. One of the strengths of the food record method is its ability to capture quantitative information, because all foods and beverages are weighed or measured before consumption. Because of this, the weighed food record has been used as the standard to which other dietary intake methodologies have been compared. Examples of retrospective dietary assessment instruments include the 24-h recall, diet history, and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). These methodologies rely on the memory of the participant to recall diets eaten in the past. The 24-h recall method requires that the respondent report to an interviewer all foods and beverages and amounts consumed in the previous 24-h period. Typically, data from several 24-h recalls conducted on both weekdays and weekends are averaged together. The strength of the 24-h recall is its ability to collect detailed, qualitative information about foods consumed. The diet history method inquires about the frequency with which various foods are consumed and also gathers information about the typical content of meals. One of the strengths of the diet history is its detailed assessment of usual meal pattern in addition to the frequency of consumption data collected. Finally, the FFQ requires that respondents report the frequency of consumption of foods from a list of foods over a specific time period. A strength of the FFQ is its ability to capture the intake of infrequently consumed nutrients that are ingested with a high degree of intraindividual variability. A complete description of these dietary assessment methodologies may be found in the review by Thompson and Byers (29).
Prospective methodologies, such as the food diary, are believed to be subject to reporting bias, because the act of recording intake is thought to influence the respondent's usual food choices and alter their intake during the recording period. Indeed, some studies have reported a loss of body weight in subjects during the record-keeping period (12, 20, 21), thus highlighting a potential weakness of this methodology for defining usual or habitual intake. Retrospective methodologies are generally thought to be free of this type of bias but are subject to random error due to poor recollection of past diet as well as systematic error due to the underreporting of true intake.
The aim of this review is to assess whether self-reported dietary intake methods are subject to systematic error by collating the studies in which these methods were validated against the DLW method. As such, this review is limited to assessment of dietary energy intake. The literature review was limited to studies of 10 or more subjects that were nonathletic adults living in industrialized countries, and in which the DLW technique was used to validate reported energy intake. Potential studies were identified using a MEDLINE search with the following key words: doubly labeled water, energy metabolism, oxygen isotopes, deuterium oxide, energy balance, energy expenditure, energy intake, diet records, food-frequency questionnaires, and diet recalls. A survey of the literature found a number of different methods used to quantify the agreement between reported energy intake and measured energy expenditure. For comparison, reporting bias (energy intake − energy expenditure/energy expenditure × 100%) was calculated for each study and is summarized in Tables1 and 2.
The majority of studies comparing reported energy intake to measured energy expenditure have used food records or diaries, in which the quantity of food intake is determined either by weight or common household measures. Research has shown that as the number of days of record keeping increases, the number of incomplete records increases (9). Therefore, we decided to categorize these studies into those with a recording period of 3–5 days, those that use 7-day records, and those with a recording period of ≥14 days.
Food records of 3–5 days (6 studies).
Several studies have explored the relationship between reported energy intake and measured energy expenditure in older adults. Goran and Poehlman (11) recruited six women and seven men (mean age 67 ± 6 yr) to complete a 3-day food record. Reporting accuracy differed significantly by gender (P = 0.031), with women underestimating their intake by 32% and men underestimating their intake by 13%. In all subjects, no significant change in body mass occurred during the study period; thus the difference between reported intake and expenditure was not due to changes in energy balance. Another study of older adults found similar results. Reilly et al. (22) recruited 10 healthy women (mean age 73 yr) to complete a 3-day weighed food record. Although energy balance was maintained throughout the study period (indicated by no change in weight or skinfold thickness measurements), reported energy intake was 27% less than measured energy expenditure. In the largest study of elderly adults, Tomoyasu et al. (30) also quantified the degree of underreporting. Their sample consisted of 82 men and women, ≥55 yr of age, whose energy intake was determined from a 3-day weighed food record. The magnitude of underreporting of total energy intake for all subjects was 20% and, in contrast to the findings of Goran and Poehlman (11), was comparable between the two genders. Body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass were found to be significant correlates of underreporting, with the magnitude of underreporting increasing as these parameters increased (30). In another study by this same group (31), 64 African-American men and women 52–84 yr old completed a 3-day weighed food record. The magnitude of misreporting was not affected by gender and, on average, these men and women underestimated their intake by 11%. The authors speculate that a decreased preoccupation with body size and image in these older African-American men and women may be responsible for the more modest underreporting found in this later study (31). Kaczkowski et al. (14) explored the use of a 4-day multimedia diet record (MMDR). Fifty-three women 50–93 yr old were provided with standard household measures, a ruler, a 35-mm camera, and a microcassette tape recorder and were instructed to measure and record all foods and beverages consumed as well as left over. It was expected that the MMDR would decrease subject burden, thus reducing the omission of foods consumed but not recorded. The subjects in this study, however, were found to have underreported their energy intake by 27%, a bias greater than or similar to that found in other studies. Acknowledging this, the authors attributed their findings to the fact that the underlying principle of the MMDR remains the same as other dietary recording methodologies, namely the competence and the willingness of the subject to complete the record. Taren et al. (28) studied 37 women 30–60 yr old who completed a 3-day food record. Mean reported energy intake was found to be 12% lower than measured energy expenditure. Finally, in a study using a slightly longer recording period (5 days), Clark et al. (7) investigated the energy metabolism of 12 women categorized as either "large" or "small" eaters. Placement into these categories was based on self-reported intake from studies in which these women had participated previously. Interestingly, large eaters overreported their energy intake by 24%, whereas small eaters underreported their intake by 48%. Neither group demonstrated a significant change in body weight during the study.
In only two of these studies did the authors report the correlation between intake and expenditure. Goran and Poehlman (11) found a strong association (r = 0.77, P = 0.02) between self-reported energy intake and measured energy expenditure; however, a consistent negative bias was observed, with the regression line falling below the line of identity. Conversely, Taren et al. (28) found only a weak correlation (r = 0.18, P < 0.05). Thus the underreporting did not appear to be a uniform error, but rather one in which the amount of underreporting varied between subjects. To better understand the determinants of underreporting, Taren et al. also investigated associations between reporting bias and physiological and psychological characteristics of participants. They found that reporting accuracy was inversely related to age and percent total body fat. Moreover, a high degree of social desirability was negatively associated with reporting accuracy (r = −0.36, P ≤ 0.05).
Food records of 7 days (5 studies).
One of the earliest studies to report a discrepancy between reported energy intake and measured energy expenditure was conducted by Prentice et al. (21). In this study, 13 lean and 9 obese women completed a 7-day weighed food record, with the obese group completing an additional 7-day record. Lean subjects were found to have underestimated their dietary intake by 2%, whereas the obese subjects underestimated their intake by 34%. Additionally, the obese group tended to lose weight during the study, suggesting that the low self-reported intake was due to both undereating and underreporting. Consistent with these findings are the results of a recent study by Goris et al. (12), in which 30 obese males completed a 7-day dietary record. Reported energy intake was 37% less than measured energy expenditure, and a mean body mass loss of 1.0 kg occurred during the recording period. Livingstone et al. (18) published one of the first studies that showed a bias in the reporting of habitual energy intake in participants of a large population study. Subjects included 31 males and females (mean age 36 yr) from the Northern Ireland diet and health study. Average reported energy intakes were found to be significantly lower than measured expenditure in the overall group, with men and women underreporting energy intake by 21 and 19%, respectively. Another study of similar sample size recruited 24 normal body weight males and females (27). In this study, reported energy intake from diet records was 18% lower in females and 31% lower in males. Finally, a subset of participants from a long-term dietary intervention trial recorded their dietary intake for 7 consecutive days. The 29 women (mean age 49 yr) underreported their dietary intake by 22% (19). Again, most authors did not report the correlation between intake and expenditure. The one study that did, however, reported a modest correlation (r = 0.46, P< 0.01) between energy intake as reported on the food record and measured total energy expenditure (19).
Diet records of 14 days (5 studies).
Longer diet records have the potential to reduce the effect of day-to-day variation in dietary energy intake and thus should improve the precision of reported energy intake. The longer recording period, however, may result in recording fatigue and a larger underreporting of dietary energy intake. They also provide a time period over which weight changes help to identify whether any discrepancy between reported intake and expenditure is due to underreporting or undereating.
The best correlation between intake and expenditure was reported by Buhl et al. (5) among a group of 10 women (r = 0.86, P < 0.001), but reporting accuracy was dismal (underreporting of 58%). The large reporting bias, however, probably reflects the fact that the women were selected from among obese individuals who had a history of being resistant to weight loss therapy despite consistently reporting low energy intakes (<1,200 kcal/day). Similar findings of very poor accuracy were reported by Lichtman et al. (16). Subjects in that study were divided into two groups.Group 1 [mean body mass index (BMI) = 33.8] consisted of 9 women and 1 man with a history of repeated failure to lose weight despite low caloric self-reported intake (subjects termed "diet resistant" by the authors). Group 2 (mean BMI = 36.4) consisted of 80 men and women without a history of diet resistance. Energy intake was measured using a 14-day weighed food record. Energy expenditure was measured in all group 1 subjects and in a subset of 6 group 2 subjects. The diet-resistant members ofgroup 1 underreported energy intake by 58%, whereasgroup 2 subjects underreported intake by 36%. The characteristics of group 1 subjects may have played a role in these findings. Group 1 subjects were more likely to be using thyroid medication, had a stronger belief that their body weight was due to a genetic predisposition, had a series of failed diet attempts (some >20), and reported less hunger and more cognitive restraint than did group 2 subjects.
In a larger, more general population, Black et al. (3) validated reported energy intakes in 56 subjects. Subjects included 18 middle-aged women, 27 retired men, and 11 postobese persons. All subjects completed a 16-day weighed food intake record, the exception being postobese subjects who completed a 21-day record. The magnitude of energy intake underreporting was 13% in women, 14% in men, but 26% in postobese subjects. The correlations between intake and expenditure were 0.45 and 0.28 in the middle-aged women and retired men, respectively. The large underreporting in the studies by Buhl et al. (5) and Lichtman et al. (16) were therefore not likely to be a result of the longer recording period and recording-related fatigue but rather of the special selection criteria. In this regard, the larger underreporting in the postobese women supports the idea that the underreporting may be related to dieting behaviors. Consistent with this suggestion, the lowest magnitude of underreporting was found in a study conducted by Tuschl et al. (33). In this study, 23 normal-weight women completed a 14-day diet record as well as the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, used to classify subjects as either restrained or unrestrained eaters. The reported energy consumption of unrestrained eaters was found to be 2% lower than measured expenditure, whereas that of the restrained eaters was only 5% lower. Furthermore, restrained eaters had a significantly greater BMI than unrestrained eaters.
Continuing with the obesity and underreporting relationship, Platte et al. (20) recruited 10 normal-weight (BMI = 24) and 10 obese (BMI = 33) women to complete a 14-day diet record. The obese group showed a larger magnitude of energy intake underreporting compared with normal-weight women, 46 vs. 2%, respectively. Additionally, the obese subjects lost 1 kg of body weight during the recording period. The difference between reported energy intake and measured expenditure indicates that the obese group should have lost a total of 3.1 kg during the 2-wk recording period, suggesting that this group not only underate but also underrecorded their true intake.
Whether a longer period of dietary record keeping improves the reported energy intake for an individual appears to be a minor issue compared with the impact that subject characteristics have on such measures. In subjects defined as not diet resistant (16), normal weight (20), unrestrained eaters (33), or subjects from the general population (3), a longer dietary recording period does indeed appear to result in improved reported energy intake. However, in subjects defined as diet resistant (16), obese (20), or both obese and diet resistant (5), any precision gained through the longer dietary recording period was outweighed by the largest magnitudes of underreporting bias of all studies included in this review. Therefore, the physical and psychological characteristics of subjects should be carefully considered.
We found only one study, with ≥10 subjects, in which the diet history method was used to determine energy intake while energy expenditure was simultaneously measured using the DLW method. In this study, Rothenberg et al. (23) recruited 12 elderly subjects from the Gerontologic and Geriatric population studies in Sweden. The 9 females and 3 males were described as healthy and active 73 yr olds. Reported energy intake measured by diet history was 13% lower than measured energy expenditure. Additionally, reported energy intake from the diet history was not significantly correlated with measured total energy expenditure.
Similarly, with regard to the 24-h dietary recall method, only one study met our criteria for this review. In this study, 35 weight-stable women (mean age 30 yr) completed four multiple-pass 24-h recalls (2 in person, 2 by telephone). On average, these subjects underreported their energy intake by 16%. Additionally, there was no significant difference in mean daily energy intake reported via telephone vs. in-person recalls (32).
On the basis of all these studies, there was no evidence that the accuracies of prospective or retrospective dietary techniques differed. Rather, there were strong indications that the physical and psychological characteristics of the subjects were determinants of underreporting. First, there appears to be a tendency for obese subjects to reduce their intake and subsequently their body mass when food records are used to assess habitual dietary intake. Goris et al. (12) demonstrated this phenomenon by defining a method to differentiate between undereating and underrecording. Undereating was defined as a consumption of less than the usual amount of food during the recording period and was calculated from the loss of body weight during the study. Underrecording of food intake assumes that the accuracy of recording water intake is reflective of the accuracy in recording food intake; it was calculated using the water balance technique. In this study of 30 obese males, undereating occurred in 26% of the subjects, whereas underrecording occurred in 12% of the subjects. The tendency for obese subjects to lose weight during the recording period has also been reported by others (21). Although not limited to obese participants, other studies have similarly reported either underrecording (24) or undereating (19) during the period in which food records are kept. Second, the behavioral and psychological profiles of study participants may also provide insight into the reporting accuracy of dietary methodologies. Restrained and unrestrained eaters studied by Bathalon et al. (1) completed a 7-day diet record, three 24-h recalls, and an FFQ. Compared with unrestrained eaters, restrained eaters consistently underreported intake to a larger degree, regardless of the dietary methodology employed. Taren et al. (28) also explored the influence of psychological characteristics on reporting bias and found that social desirability was found to be negatively associated with reporting accuracy. Additionally, body dissatisfaction and the concept of a smaller body size than one's own as being more healthy were also associated with a lower reporting accuracy (28). This inverse association between BMI and the degree of underreporting of energy intake has been demonstrated repeatedly, as exemplified by three studies performed in three different countries (16, 21, 33). Although beyond the scope of this review, it should be noted that the inverse relationship between BMI and reporting accuracy does not hold true for all segments of the population. For example, studies conducted in elite athletes have found large underreporting despite the fact that the subjects had low or average weights for height. Schulz et al. (26) studied energy balance in nine elite female runners of normal body weight (mean BMI = 20.4). Results from the 6-day food intake records compared with energy expenditure determined via DLW indicated that these athletes underreported their energy intake by 22%. Edwards et al. (8) also compared energy intake from a 7-day food record with energy expenditure measured by DLW in nine female distance runners. Energy intake was underreported by 32%, and a negative correlation (r = −0.74) was observed between reported energy intake and body weight. It should be noted, however, that although underreporting increased with increasing body weight, the weights of these subjects were in the range that is associated with accurate reporting among nonathletes. Additionally, Edwards et al. did find that the larger athletes had greater body image dissatisfaction, possibly related to athletic performance anxiety. This leads to the speculation that the observation, that underreporting increases with BMI or body weight, may in fact be related to body image dissatisfaction. This speculation is further supported by documented underreporting of energy intake by underweight women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (6).
Because physical and psychological characteristics of the subjects have been shown to be determinants of underreporting, the lack of homogeneity among the studies considered in this review makes a comparison between dietary assessment techniques performed in different subjects very difficult. The most appropriate relatively accurate comparison of different dietary assessment instruments would be based on a comparison of studies drawn from similar subject pools in terms of age, gender, race, BMI, psychological profiles, and the like.
We found four studies in which the relative accuracy of several dietary methodologies could be evaluated within the same study population. All of these studies included at least one method that was retrospective and one that was prospective. Two of these studies included 24-h recalls and 7-day food records. Sawaya et al. (24) studied 10 young and 10 elderly adult females. In both groups, the 24-h recalls from 2 days of intake were more accurate than the 7-day diaries. The 24-h recalls indicated underreporting of 3 and 15% in the young and elderly women, respectively, whereas the 7-day records indicated underreporting of 19 and 22%, respectively. Conversely, Bathalon et al. (1) recently reported just the opposite results. While also investigating the association of psychological measures of eating behavior with the accuracy of reported energy intake, these authors classified 60 subjects as either restrained eaters (n = 26) or unrestrained eaters (n = 34). For both restrained and unrestrained eaters, the 7-day weighed records showed a lower magnitude of underreporting, 21 and 12%, whereas the 24-h recalls displayed underreporting of 26 and 19%. Unfortunately, the one agreement between the two studies was that the correlations between intake and expenditure were either nonsignificant or very weak.
Black et al. (4) sought to validate retrospective dietary intakes measured using two methodologies, the diet history and a 4-day weighed food record. Sixteen middle-aged (mean age 58 yr) females participated in the study. Reported energy intakes, derived from the diet history method and the 4-day food record, were found to be 5 and 12% lower, respectively, than measured energy expenditure. In contrast to the studies by Sawaya et al. (24) and Bathalon (1), however, the intake by 4-day record was modestly correlated with expenditure (r = 0.48), although no differences between the methods were identified that could explain the different findings.
Three of the studies compared 24-h recalls with an FFQ. Kroke et al. (15) compared reported energy intake over a 1-yr period. Data from twelve 24-h recalls and an FFQ were obtained from a subgroup of 28 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study. The magnitude of underreporting was 19% for the FFQ and 26% for the twelve 24-h recalls. Bathalon et al. (1) compared nutrient intakes derived from three 24-h dietary recalls and a FFQ and found that the FFQ showed the largest magnitude of underreporting. There was no significant association between reported energy intake by any method and total energy expenditure in either restrained or unrestrained eaters, separately or combined. Finally, Sawaya et al. (24) compared two 24-h recalls to the Block FFQ and the Willett FFQ in 10 young and 10 older women and found even more contrasts. In young women, the 24-h recall gave mean energy intakes that were closest to measured energy expenditure, underestimating intake by only 3%. In older women, the Willet FFQ yielded reported energy intakes closest to measured values (overreporting by 6%). The Block FFQ displayed more underreporting than the Willet FFQ in both young and old. The only case, however, in which reported energy intake was significantly correlated (r= 0.66, P < 0.04) to measured total energy expenditure was the use of the Block FFQ in young women.
By using the DLW technique as a biomarker of habitual energy intake, the studies presented in this review demonstrate a variable occurrence of underreporting among different groups and types of individuals within a population. There was not an obvious relationship between reported energy intake and reporting accuracy. Neither prospective nor retrospective methods were consistently more accurate than the other, not even when the comparisons were performed in the same individuals. Perhaps such an expectation is naı̈ve, because for each methodology, the exact questions, format, or nutrient database may be modified from study to study. These modifications allow the investigator to tailor the type of data gathered to the nutrient of interest; however, at least with current understanding, each modified version of the methodology developed may require validation of the data collected with respect to both traditional criteria (such as those described by I. M. Buzzard in 1994) and now underreporting. Such research requires the use of benchmark methods, such as the DLW technique, against which the accuracy of a self report can be assessed.
The expense of the DLW technique has generally restricted its use to relatively small-scale studies of energy intake vs. expenditure. An alternate approach for identifying accurate and nonaccurate reporters of dietary intake is to test for unphysiologically low reported energy intakes. An example of such a test, the "Goldberg cut-off" (10), is based on the fact that energy expenditure can be represented as the basal metabolic rate (BMR) times an activity factor. For light activity, this factor is commonly taken as 1.55. A ratio of reported energy intake to calculated BMR (EI/BMRest) that is less than this activity factor is suggestive of underreporting, or the cut-off under which reported intake is not valid. Recently, the sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut-off for identifying diets of poor validity were tested. Black et al. (2) compiled a database of 429 subjects from 22 studies in which reported energy intake and energy expenditure (EE) determined via the DLW method were measured simultaneously. For comparison against Goldberg cut-off classification, the ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure (EI/EE) was used to define "true" underreporters (UR, EI/EE <0.76), acceptable reporters (AR, EI/EE = 0.76–1.24), and overreporters (OR, EI/EE >1.24). The sensitivity was calculated as the proportion of UR, correctly identified as such with the Goldberg cut-off method. Similarly, the specificity was calculated as the proportion of non-UR correctly identified. When a cut-off factor for physical activity of 1.55 was used for men and women, the sensitivity was 0.50 and 0.52 and the specificity 1.00 and 0.95, respectively. Use of a higher physical activity factor cut-off of 1.95 in men and women increased the sensitivity (0.76 and 0.85, respectively) but resulted in decreased specificity (0.87 and 0.78, respectively). When subjects were classified into low, medium, and high activity levels (according to their individual EE/BMR ratio) and different cut-offs were applied for each activity level, there was a sensitivity of 0.74 and 0.67, with a specificity of 0.97 and 0.98, respectively, in men and women. The authors concluded that this last approach offered a reasonable compromise between sensitivity and specificity. This approach, however, relies on the ability of the investigator to choose suitable physical activity factor values for each activity level.
This review has demonstrated that, regardless of the dietary methodology employed to assess habitual diet, true energy intake is consistently underreported by certain groups within the population. As the ability to identify underreporters of dietary energy intake improves, it may seem that the next logical step would be to address what to do about underreporters of true intake. Proposed ideas to account for the reporting error have focused around two methods:1) removing the underreporters from the data set, or2) statistically correcting "reported" intake to represent true intake. Although the merits of these approaches are being investigated, it is our opinion that which foods are being underreported is of even greater importance than the magnitude of underreporting. For example, if the observed underreporting of energy intake on dietary surveys is due to a random omission of foods or an underestimation of portion size, techniques to account for this error, such as energy adjustment, should improve nutrient intake estimates. If, however, only certain types of foods are consistently underreported by some population groups, suggestive of a systematic bias, misleading conclusions will be drawn with regard to diet and disease relationships. Indeed, a recent study found that underreporters of energy intake reported consuming fewer foods rich in fat and sugar and reported higher vitamin C and fiber intakes than participants with a reported energy intake in the normal range (13). Goris et al. (12) found similar results with respect to fat intake.
In conclusion, further research is needed to identify underreporters of intake and to determine how to account for this bias in studies of diet and health. Additionally, it would be prudent to determine whether a reporting bias exists in the types of foods consumed by underreporters of energy intake. Such research would require the use of benchmark methods such as the DLW technique or other established biomarkers of habitual dietary intake.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: D. A. Schoeller, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1571 (E-mail: dschoell{at}nutrisci.wisc.edu).
- Copyright © 2001 the American Physiological Society

subset: commoncrawl


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ATLANTA (AP/WAOK) – Fulton County Sheriff's officials say they're investigating a bomb threat that was called in to the county courthouse.
Sheriff's spokeswoman Tracy Flanagan says the threat was made Thursday afternoon and the scene surrounding the courthouse in downtown Atlanta had been cleared about an hour and 15 minutes later.
Flanagan says sheriff's deputies, search dogs and MARTA officials searched the area around the building and found nothing. Flanagan says the courthouse was not evacuated and streets around it were blocked off while authorities searched the area.


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Genre: Reality, Documentary
Premise: The doors of the Pasadena Recovery Center once again open to celebrities for a detoxification and treatment program supervised by Dr. Drew Pinsky. Cameras unflinchingly document the treatment process, a painful and deeply emotional journey that offers hope for a better future, if not a guarantee of sobriety. Among the fifth-season celebrities are actress Sean Young, former major league baseball star Dwight Gooden, ``Long Island Lolita'' Amy Fisher and one-time Guns N' Roses drummer Steven Adler, who also took part in the second season of ``Celebrity Rehab.'' Assisting Dr. Drew, as usual, are counselor Bob Forrest and resident technician Shelly Sprague, and joining the cast is Dr. John R. Sharp, whose specialty includes the treatment of depression and bipolar disorder.


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Dr. Chunk
- Artist: Dr. Chunk
- Format: CD
- Release Date: 5/21/2002
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Some call it heavy. Some call it edgy. We call it Dr. Chunk. With influences ranging from melodic rock to alternative thrash, this band is on a mission to pump energy everywhere they go. Vocalist Brian Mackey, previously with Living Relic, demands attention with his intense ranting and theatrical delivery. Wildman guitarist Jeff Simpson, formerly from San Diego's speed metal band Massacre Zer0, lays down a bed of crushing, chunky riffs. Drummer Ben Victa, hailing from the AC/DC-like No Bargain, hits hard and steady. Bassist Scott Milnes brings his funk influence and enthusiasm to add dimension and texture to the band's aural assault. In early 2001 Dr. Chunk recorded their first offerings, when they produced a studio demo that included early versions of 'Face The Fear', 'Traitor's View', and 'Feel My Pain'. The effort received strong reviews from fans and press alike, reinforcing the dedication required from the group when they decided to self-produce their own professionally mastered, full-length debut album. Dr. Chunk went into the studio again in August of 2001 and did not emerge again until early 2002, ensuring that each song recorded received the attention to detail that it deserved. Released in May of that year, the self-titled debut was mixed by P.O.D.'s Steve Russell and mastered by Brian 'Big Bass' Gardner (of Linkin Park and Blink-182 repute) at Bernie Grundman Mastering in Hollywood, CA. With an intense tour schedule, Dr. Chunk has played up and down the coast of California over the past two years. They have torn up The Troubadour and the Cat Club in Hollywood, 14 Below in Santa Monica, and The Pound in San Francisco. They have crushed Kozmos in Huntington Beach, the San Diego County Fair in Del Mar, and Cane's in Mission Beach. They frequent San Diego venues such as Brick By Brick, the Longshot Saloon, and Dream Street. Dr. Chunk has also played all-ages shows at the Epicentre in San Diego, as well as several private parties; they are entertaining to old and young alike. Nominated for best rock/metal album of 2002 by the San Diego Music Awards Academy, Dr. Chunk is currently working on writing material for their second CD. They are also bringing their music to new listeners by playing live, expressing their uncompromising form of metal with surgical precision on the United States west coast.


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Married. Brenda Lee (real name: Brenda Mae Tarpley), 18, tot-sized teen singer whose belting, bluesy voice makes her sound twice her age; and Charles Ronald Shacklett, 18, son of a Nashville city councilman; in Nashville.
Married. Princess Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel, 26, twelfth in the line of succession to the British throne; and Angus James Bruce Ogilvy, 34, commoner second son of the twelfth Earl of Airlie; in Westminster Abbey, London (see THE WORLD).
Married. Johnny Weissmuller, 57, Hollywood's first talkie Tarzan; and Maria Brock, 42, thrice previously wed actress who becomes his fifth Jane; in Las Vegas.
Died. Sir Dennis Holme Robertson,...


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Edit Article
wikiHow to Enable and Disable Startup Programs in Windows 8
If you want to change which programs start-up when your computer does, you can do this using the task manager.
1Right click on an empty part of the taskbar. In the menu that appears, click on "Task Manager."
- A faster way to get to the "Task Manager" is by the key combination "Windows+Shift+Esc"
2Click the "Startup" tab to see what programs run when your startup your computer.
3Choose the program which you want to modify.
4Click either "Disable" or "Enable" in the bottom right corner of the screen. Finished.
Community Q&A
I have a program listed on my computer, but it does not show up in Task master in start up. What can I do?ClixTech AustraliaTask Manager doesn't always do it. CCleaner is another program that may help
Unanswered Questions
I am having the same problem but I have windows 10 what could I do
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200 characters leftSubmit
- You can check the "Startup impact" to determine how each program will affect your startup time.
- You can also access the task manager by using the Ctrl+ Alt+Del key combination and clicking on 'Task Manager' from the menu that appears.
- More startup programs enabled would cause your computer to boot slower, since more programs would start up at once. Choose wisely!
Article Info
Categories: Windows 8
In other languages:
Español: habilitar y deshabilitar los programas que se cargan al inicio de Windows 8, Русский: включать и отключать программы из Автозагрузки в Windows 8, Italiano: Abilitare o Disabilitare l'Esecuzione di Programmi all'Avvio in Windows 8, Português: Ativar e Desativar os Programas de Inicialização no Windows 8
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 41,816 times.
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Here's a look at what FishbowlNY stories made the most buzz this week.
- Time Goes All in with Breastfeeding Cover, May 10
- Viacom Yanks Never Before Seen Chappelle's Show Beastie Boys Performance from YouTube, May 7
- New York Post Columnist Phil Mushnick Draws Criticism for Using N-Word, May 7
- The New York Times Company Makes Corporate Cuts, Including Veteran George Freeman, May 4
- Hot 97's Summer Jam 2012 Lineup Announced, May 4
- The Atlantic Promotes Three Top Editors, May 7
Keep up-to-date with the latest FishbowlNY news. Click here to sign-up for the FishbowlNY daily newsletter, bringing you our articles each afternoon directly to your inbox.


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Shorts, Video
Animation, Multimedia, Projection, Video
Animation, Montage, Video
Animation, Multimedia, Production, Projection, Theatrical, Video
Animation, Projection, Video
Animation, Media, Projection, Video
Animation, Shorts, Video
Dream Sequence combines traditional storytelling and animation with digital techniques to create content for today's media.
Dream Sequence Productions is the web site of producer/media artist Lyn Gaza and illustrator/animator Michael Manning.
Read more about me
Design by Graph Paper Press
All content © 2017 by Dream Sequence


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You want to see real acting at a TV press tour? Watch a commercial broadcast network's programming chief waxing enthusiastic to about 200 reporters and critics about how he's going to exhume and re-make Carl Sagan's old PBS science series and put it on his schedule because it's the passion project of one of his network's hottest show creators.
That would be Fox entertainment president Kevin Reilly talking Friday at Summer TV Press Tour 2011 about the 13-part docu-series "Cosmos; A Space-Time Odyssey," which he's got to stick on his schedule somewhere in 2013. Why? Because Seth MacFarlane, the guy behind "Family Guy" and "American Dad," wants it.
"I wish I could tell Carl what Seth's leadership on this new 'Cosmos' has made possible,' Sagan's widow, writer/producer Ann Druyan, said in the official Fox announcement.
Nobody is more keenly aware of the role MacFarlane's leadership played in this programming nightmare than Reilly.
A master of understatement, Reilly acknowledged, during his performance, that "Cosmos: What is Fox Smoking?" does "not feel like a natural fit on Fox."
But, he continued philosophically, the original "Cosmos" "was the most successful thing PBS ever did" and he's had people come up to him and say, "I love that show," and that it "made me want to study science, made me more curious about those classes I had."
We think we can safely say this is the first time a Fox suit has ever mentioned PBS by way of explaining why something is going on his schedule at a TV Press Tour.
Anyway, Reilly's performance, while nuanced, paled in comparison to the comments he'd made about the project in the network's official announcement.
In that, he'd bragged, "This is a golden opportunity to introduce 'Cosmos' to a new generation."
He'd also said, "While admittedly on the periphery of our brand, we believe this can have the same massive cultural impact that the original series delivered," followed by, "we're going to use all of our resources…to help bring that to fruition."
To disinter the project, MacFarlane has teamed up, not only with Carl Sagan's wife, but with the rest of Sagan's original creative collaborators from the 80's. In science years that's like an eternity ago.
"Never more than at this moment in the modern era have we needed a profound reminder of the colossally important and exciting role that science, space exploration and the human quest for knowledge must continue to play in our development as a species," MacFarlane said in Friday's announcement. And not for laughs!
Talking to the press Friday, Reilly acknowledged, "this is not a Thursday at 9 o'clock" show.
Having ladled out this horseradish with a shovel to a ballroom full of press, it was practically no effort for Reilly to also insist he's not even remotely worried about all the rancor spewing out on Twitter and other social media about his musical series "Glee."
Those stories include:
*Three key cast members about to be "graduated' and booted from the show, and at least one of the actors didn't know until he read it in trade publication The Hollywood Reporter.
*Three key cast members graduating but not necessarily leaving the show.
*Spinoff in the works.
*Spinoff not in the works.
*blah, blah, blah.
"I was extremely upset myself to learn this on twitter," Reilly joked of the graduation plans, convincing no one.
"I'm kidding!" he added.
The whole thing has taken on "more heated momentum than it, in fact, is," Reilly said, because the show had "this explosive cultural impact," including the cast "going to the White House."
It's all becoming clear now, right? It's the White House's fault.
Anyway, Reilly acknowledged a spin-off "still is in the wind" and was first discussed last season, and creator Ryan Murphy "has said he probably regrets talking about it at that point," because they decided instead to "focus on this year."
And this season of "Glee" is so good, Reilly said, that two of his "cohorts" at Fox "were sort of fighting back tears at one point," Reilly said. But, he clarified, they were "tears of joy, in terms of how good the stories are -- and some of the emotional stuff they had."
Besides, Reilly said optimistically, he hasn't gotten any messages from viewers saying "I'm bored" so that's all good.
And, this season, "Glee" will not feature any big guest stars, or tribute shows, like they piled on this past season -- not because anybody complained or they're worried about the ratings or anything like that – but just cause, Reilly said. And so there will be "an incredibly clean arc" for the "first batch" of episodes – he did not clarify how he defined "batch."
And at the end of the season, there will be "the three characters that will be graduating," though "how that's going to play out I'm not going to say," Reilly confided.
And the spinoff? They will "revisit that in the back half of this year, when it should be visited," Reilly enthused.
And, in conclusion, Reilly said vaguely, "It" – whatever "it" is – " got out in the middle of that and then got a little bit crazy. Maybe some people were a little surprised, but this is really not, in the grand scheme of producing television, not a big controversy."
Then one critic asked if maybe the problem with "Glee" isn't that Fox has a problem with the show but "a problem with the perception of what's happening on the show," because of the way co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuck "are handling the media, handling the public."
No way! Reilly explained -- Brad is "mild mannered" and Ryan "is a creative force." You could see his point.
"I feel like I'm almost making it bigger by giving it so much air time," Reilly said, throwing himself under the bus.


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Radio program schedule for Friday.
6-8am "World in Song," vast variety of music.
8-9am "Are you Kidding Me?" hosted by Steve Roberts is a show mostly with some music worked in, that covers current affairs, events, happenings, news, and other things that effect our culture. Not just from a national or global perspective but primarily the intent is to examine how our local culture is molded by what's being talked about in the world around us. Local, regional, national and global in scope. We'll be taking a look at different perspective on what is around us. Join us Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Sponsored by Philbrook & Associates& also Jess' Market both in Rockland.
9-11am "Destination Maine on my Mind." Celebrates the creative economy of our state, featuring interviews with Maine artists, writers, creatos and visionaries who are making a difference with benchmark excellence. Find out who's performing, showing or spinning and get info on weekend events. Tap into the creative vortex! Tune in.
Sponsored by Swan Restorations.
……………. Only on the Last Friday of each month…………….
10-11am "Love your Library," with Jo Lindsay. Last Friday of the month. Join host, Jo Lindsay, Ben Blackmon from the Rockland Public Library, and Ken Gross (Camden Public Library) as they discuss upcoming events at their libraries. Informative and often funny, "Love my Library," provides an in depth look at the programs offered at the Rockland & Camden Libraries. Join Jo, Ben, and Ken for discussions, music, and laughter the last Friday of every month. Sometimes a different Friday.
11am-12pm on the last Friday of each month Marty Schindler will be hosting a show, called, "The Good tern Radio hour." to begin July 26. Marty is on the Board of Directors of the Good tern Co-op and will be inviting guests to come on the show each month. Marty's guest today is Kevin Gadsby, the Manager of the Good Tern Co-op. Sponsored by, "the Community School," an alternative live in high school located in Camden.
All the other Fridays:
11am-4:30pm "World in Song," a vast variety of music.
4:30-6pm "Farmers got the Blues." with Bonnie Farmer.
is a fusion of electric blues, rock blues, funky blues, folk blues, soulful blues and contemporary blues. Each week Bonnie brings to the air, upbeat dance music with great rhythms and tempos. Because the Blues are so alive in Midcoast Maine, Bonnie will be delving into the Blues Culture by airing occasional interviews & asking real questions to real Blues Fans and Musicians about why the Blues has them so hooked! Her training as a Photographer and Blues Dancer has brought her full circle to this show which airs every Friday from 5-6pm "drive time." For additional show information and play lists, please Facebook her at Farmer's Got the Blues at http://www.facebook.com/pages/Farmers-Got-The-Blues/165056873550687
Sponsored by Rockland Marketplace & also Time Out Pub both are found on Main Street in Rockland.
6-7pm "World in Song." vast variety of music.
7-8pm "The humble FARMER" hosted by the one and only Robert Skoglund who was a popular show host on the air (Maine Public Radio MPR) for many, many years. I guess he was a bit too controversial for them and now we are proud that he is on local community radio; WRFR. "Humble" plays great jazz and is a well known Maine humorist, from St. George, Maine. Sponsored by Swan Restorations w/ Kyle Swan.
11pm-12am "Solo Salsa," with DJ el Bori every Saturday night. DJ el Bori plays salsa music from Puerto Rico, Cuba and Venezuela. DJ el Bori was born in Puerto Rico, so he knows what the best music is. Sponsored by the Community School in Camden.
12am - 6am World in Song- a great variety of music from all genres.


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Fahrenheit cologne for Men by Christian Dior
8.3 out of 10 based on 11 ratings
|Design House
|Christian Dior
|Fragrance Gender
|Men's Fragrance
|Year Introduced
|Available Types
|Jean Louis Sieuzac, Maurice Roger
|Bottle Designer
|Scent Classification
|Woody Floral Musk
|Fragrance Notes
Popularity Total Hits: 20262
Voting Results
Scent Sillage: soft
based on 4 users opinions
Scent Longevity: 1-3 hours
based on 4 users opinions
Season: summer
based on 4 users opinions
Audience: any age
based on 4 users opinions
Occasion: day
based on 4 users opinions
Fahrenheit Christian Dior - Description
Fragrance Fahrenheit cologne for Men by Christian Dior was introduced in 1988. Christian Dior Fahrenheit is classified as Woody Floral Musk fragrance. Scent notes of Fahrenheit Christian Dior include top notes of citrus bergamia, lemon, mandarine, chamomile, thornapple, lavender, nutmeg, cedar wood, middle notes of carnation, honeysuckle, jasmine, woodland lily, violet leaves, nutmeg, cedar wood, sandalwood and base notes of amber, leather, musk, tonkin beans, patchouli, vetiver. Christian Dior Fahrenheit fragrance composition is a creation of Jean Louis Sieuzac, Maurice Roger.
Fahrenheit cologne for Men by Christian Dior 8.3 out of 10 based on 11 ratings and 4 user reviews. In stock From $27.71 to $130.25 based on 42+ offers.
Fahrenheit Christian Dior - Full Story
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Fahrenheit Christian Dior - User Opinions and Reviews
Date Added: 13/07/2015Christian Dior Fahrenheit was one of my first colognes. Its strong masculine character that unfolds from its one of a kind addictive sophistication will always hold its place among my five best fragrances of all time.by Harold
Date Added: 17/12/2012I've never in my life come across a better cologne. It lasts forever, has great projection, and smells absolutely wonderful. I know it is extremely popular, and people will recognize it on you, but this is WELL worth your money.by MrFahrenheit
Date Added: 17/12/2012This is fabulous. It's leather all the way, but not modern leather jackets, it's leather seats in an old vintage sports car with a walnut dashboard. It has glamour from another era and is masculine and clean and gorgeous. Think Monte Carlo in the fifties. Gorgeous. If you like warm, classic,leather notes, you'll love this.by Seven Menis
Total User Opinions: 4
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"That's cool that you dig it, but her vocal performance even on 'Video Games' is pretty bad. Just her inflections, and that kind of almost deadpan, sullen chamber pop thing she has going on almost brings me to tears. Almost....."
This. I made the mistake of seeing the lyrics for "Video Games" before ever hearing the song, thought it would be interesting. Wrong. Boring.
Album Rating: 4.0
Haha. No, for more of it to sound like "Video Games". Or something more innovative. Or for it to be some honest, heartfelt singer-songwriter album. Or indie. idk
Album Rating: 3.5yeah, I was hoping for a bunch of songs like the title track
Digging: 21 Savage, Offset and Metro Boomin - Without Warning
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound Off"yeah, I was hoping for a bunch of songs like the title track"
In that case you should be happy with the final product. It's just too bad that the rest of the album takes the exaggerated Americana of the song and ramps it up to nearly insufferable levels...the more I listen to it, the more grating it becomes.
Also, the TMT review for this is hilarious.
Album Rating: 3.5
In that case you should be happy with the final product.
Album Rating: 3.0her boyfriend looks like a tool lol
Great review, very well written. It's hard for me to see how anyone can discuss this artist, and this album, at this point in time without even mentioning the SNL debacle. It is a good record, in parts, but she had a fantastic opportunity that not many "artists" are awarded, and she totally blew it, in magnificent fashion. I just feel like that needs to be given some thought and attention. Thanks.
Album Rating: 4.0 | Sound OffI really think people need to stop with guessing about Lana's authenticity and background and just hear the music. This is a good album from a singer with massive potential, IMO. The range on this girl is kind of amazing for a mainstream singer. She definitely has a gift.
Album Rating: 2.5 | Sound OffShe may have a great range as a vocalist, but as an artist she seems to have a very limited reach
her vocal performance even on 'Video Games' is pretty bad. Just her inflections, and that kind of almost deadpan, sullen chamber pop thing she has going on
Album Rating: 2.5 | Sound OffI'd agree that that's what she's trying to emulate, but I definitely disagree with that statement that she's imitating it perfectly
Album Rating: 3.0Nico did it better, but Lizz--Lana is alright in my book.
Album Rating: 3.5Beautifully produced pop album
Album Rating: 4.0I love this album.
Umm, Nick, I know you aren't the brightest guy around, nor have you had a gf, so I don't blame you
when I have to clear this up for you: Video Games isn't a tragic love song. It's just Lana not caring
about him playing a video game and slightly neglecting her cause she's cool like that.
Here's a new article that nails the conversation on her:
llama del ray
Digging: Julien Baker - Turn Out The Lights
lol..perfect one dude
Album Rating: 2.5 | Sound Offthe tinymixtapes review for this is the best
Album Rating: 2.5 | Sound Offbestest*
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|29 Jan 1985
|Filing date
|23 Jul 1982
|Priority date
|23 Jul 1982
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David F. Allgeyer
|Original Assignee
|Umc Industries, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (49), Classifications (14), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to closures, and more particularly to a closure such as a door comprising glass in a frame subject to cold air on one side and warmer humid air on the other.
The invention is especially concerned with a glass door for a refrigerator or freezer, more particularly a refrigerator or freezer such as is used in retail food stores, being of glass for viewing the contents of the refrigerator or freezer. Such doors as heretofore supplied on refrigerators and freezers manufactured by Universal Nolin Division of the assignee of this invention have comprised double-pane or triple-pane glass in a metal (aluminum) frame, the frame being made of metal for structural integrity of the completed door assembly. These doors are subject to cold air from the refrigerator or freezer on the inside or rear, and warmer air (which is often quite humid) on the outside or front. While the metal (aluminum) may be covered in some fashion in an attempt to minimize condensation of moisture on the exposed surfaces of the frame (the warm side surfaces), it has generally been found necessary for effectively inhibiting condensation to incorporate an electrical resistance heating wire or wires in the frame to keep it warm for this purpose. This not only adds to the cost of the door, but also imposes additional costs for operation of the refrigerator or freezer on account of the electrical power consumption for warming the frame. In a typical situation this power consumption is 65 watts per door, which equals 1.6 KWH a day, and at an average KWH cost of about 7�, this amounts to $80 per year for a 2-door cabinet just to warm the door frames.
Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of a closure, such as a glass door for a refrigerator or freezer, having a frame which while imparting structural integrity to the closure is of such construction as to inhibit condensation of moisture on its exposed surfaces; and the provision of a glass door with such a frame which is itself not only of simple and economical construction and easy to assemble with the glass, but which also eliminates any need for electrical heating means in the frame, thereby not only saving on the initial cost of the door but also eliminating the need for electrical power for warming the frame, and the cost of such power.
In general, a closure of this invention is one that is exposed to relatively warm ambient air, which may be humid, at one face constituting its front and to relatively cold ambient air at its other face constituting its rear, and comprises an open rectangular frame having a top, bottom and sides and a closure panel, which is of low thermal conductivity, in the frame, the top, bottom and both sides of the frame each comprising a front member of metal (e.g., aluminum) and a rear member of plastic, the front member having a part extending in front of the closure panel and the second having a part extending in back of the closure panel, and means for securing said members together with the closure panel between said parts, the plastic rear members being of low thermal conductivity relative to the metal front members for reduced heat transfer from the metal front members through the plastic rear members to maintain the metal front members warmer and avoid condensation of moisture on the exposed surfaces thereof.
Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
FIG. 1 is a view in front elevation of a door of this invention, parts being broken away to reduce the size of the view;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged section on line 2--2 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 showing a modification.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, a closure of this invention constituting a door for a refrigerator or freezer is shown to comprise a rectangular frame 1 having a top 3, bottom 5 and sides 7, and a closure panel 9 of glass in the frame. The top, bottom and sides of the frame each comprise a member 11 of metal, more particularly aluminum, at the front of the frame, and a member 13 of plastic, preferably polyvinyl chloride (PVC), at the rear of the frame. The "front" is that face of the frame which is toward the front or on the outside as the door is applied to the cabinet of a refrigerator or freezer, i.e., the face exposed to warm ambient room air, and the "rear" is that face toward the inside of the cabinet, i.e., the face exposed to cold ambient air in the refrigerator or freezer. The front member 11 of each of the frame members 3, 5 and 7 has a part 15 in the form of a relatively thin flange extending in front of the closure panel or glass 9, and the rear member 13 has a part 17 also in the form of a flange extending in back of the closure panel or glass. Means indicated generally at 19 is provided for securing the front and rear members 11 and 13 together with the glass 9 between the flanges 15 and 17. The rear members 13 of the frame members 3, 5 and 7, being of plastic, are of low thermal conductivity relative to the metal front members 11. As a result, heat transfer from the metal front members 11 through the plastic rear members 13 is reduced to maintain the metal front members warmer and avoid condensation of moisture on the exposed surfaces thereof.
The door 1 has a seal or gasket indicated at 21 at the rear of the frame 1 extending all around the frame for asusual sealing engagement with the cabinet of the refrigerator or freezer. The front and rear members 11 and 13 are of such transverse cross section as to provide a space 23 within the frame for thermal insulation purposes all around the glass 9. This space may be left as is, as in FIG. 2, or filled with a foamed-in-place plastic foam thermal insulation material as indicated at 25 in FIG. 3. The means 19 for securing the front and rear frame members 11 and 13 together generally comprises interengaging fastening elements on these members, the fastening elements on the rear members being adapted for snap engagement with the fastening elements on the front members as will be described later. The glass 9 as illustrated is the usual doublepane glass unit as conventionally used for refrigerator and freezer doors. It may be a triple-pane unit.
The front member 11 of each of the top, bottom and sides 3, 5 and 7 of the frame 1 is preferably a length of an aluminum extrusion of such transverse cross section as to have a relatively narrow web 27 at what may be regarded as the outside of the member generally in a front-to-rear plane with respect to the door. The flange 15 extends inwardly from the web 27 generally at right angles to the web at the front margin of the web. A flange 29 constituting part of the means 19 for securing the front and rear members 11 and 13 together extends inwardly from the web 27 generally at right angles to the web at the rear margin of the web. The front flange 15 may be interiorly recessed as indicated at 31 and may be scalloped on its front face as indicated at 33 for trim purposes. Its inner margin, indicated at 15a, extends in front of the glass 9. The rear flange 29 of the metal front member 11 is narrower than the front flange 15 and has a lip 35 at its inner margin curved toward the front (i.e., curved toward the front flange 15). The edge of this lip is spaced well outward from the edge of the glass 9. A rib or tongue 37 extends rearward from the rear flange 29 of the member 11 generally at right angles to flange 29 spaced inward from the web 27. This tongue 37 has a flat outside face 39 and is beveled or chamfered on the outside at its rear margin as indicated at 41. The rear flange 29 has a narrow rib 43 inward of tongue 37. The web 27, the flange 15 and the lip 35 of the rear flange 29 have arcuate interior formations indicated at 45 for accommodation of hinge pins 47 at the top and bottom of the frame at one side thereof.
The rear member 13 of each of the top, bottom and sides 3, 5 and 7 of the frame 1 is preferably a length of a plastic extrusion, the plastic preferably being polyvinyl chloride (PVC), of such transverse cross section as to provide the flange 17 which extends in back of the glass. This flange has a flat outer portion 51 and a curved inner lip portion 53 joined by a semicircular bridge portion 55 at the front of the flange, with a slot at 57 between the inside edge 59 of the flat outer portion 51 and the outside edge 61 of the curved lip portion 53. The latter is curved forward. Extending forward from the bridge portion 55 of the rear member 13 is a web 63 having a hook formation 65 of its forward edge adapted for snap hooking interengagement with the edge of the lip 35 of the front member 11. Extending forward from the outer margin of the flat outer portion 51 of flange 17 generally at right angles thereto is a web or rim 67 which is spaced outward from the web 63 a distance corresponding to the spacing of the rib 37 from the front-to-rear plane of the edge 35a of the lip 35. Member 13 is also shown as having a forwardly extending reinforcing rib 69 spaced somewhat inwardly from the rim 67 defining in conjunction with 69 a channel for the edge of the tongue 37. The slot 57 and the space within the bridge member 55 are adapted for entry of the double-hooked web portion 71 of the seal or gasket 21, which is of conventional form.
In the manufacture of the door, a subassembly is made of the four front metal members 11 for the top, bottom and sides of the door by cutting appropriate lengths of the metal extrusion for the top, bottom and sides, and welding the cut lengths together at their ends. As shown in FIG. 1, the subassembly of the metal frame parts has mitered corners. Double-side pressure-sensitive adhesive tape 73 as conventionally used in doors of the class under consideration is applied to the inside of the inner margins 15a of the flanges 15 of the subassembly of the four members 11 (top, bottom and sides) and the glass 9 is laid in the subassembly, the margin of the glass at the front of the glass engaging and adhering to the tape 73. The four plastic members 13 for the top, bottom and sides of the door are cut to length (with 45� ends) from the plastic extrusion and assembled with suitable temporary clamps at the corners. This subassembly of plastic members 13 is assembled with the metal member subassembly and the glass 9 to complete the door by fitting the rims 67 of the plastic members subassembly on the outside of the tongues 37 of the front members 11, and sliding the rims 67 on the outside faces 39 of the tongues 37. As the subassembly of plastic members 13 is so moved toward the subassembly of front members 11 guided by the sliding interengagement of the rims 67 with the outside faces 39 of tongues 37, the hook formations 65 at the forward edges of webs 63 engage the curved backs of the curved lips 35 of the front members. With the members 13 formed of plastic such as polyvinyl chloride, the webs 63 of these members are flexible and resilient, and they are cammed to flex inwardly by the engagement of the hook formations 65 with the curved backs of the curved lips 35 until the hook formations 65 clear the edges 35a of the lips, whereupon the webs flex back outwardly (toward the left as viewed in FIG. 2) and the hook formations 65 snap in front of the lips. This secures the plastic rear members 13 to the metal front members 11. The inner lip portions 53 of the rear members 13 are flexible and resilient and resiliently engage the back of the glass as illustrated in FIG. 2. On completion of the assembly, the temporary clamps for the plastic members 13 are removed. The gasket 21 is then installed in the retaining slot 57.
The completed door, comprising the glass 9 and the aluminum/plastic frame 1, is assembled with the refrigerator or freezer cabinet on which it is to be used with the plastic members 13 of the frame toward the cabinet, so that the aluminum members 11 are on the outside and the plastic members 13 are on the inside relative to the cabinet. The aluminum members 11 tend to be heated by heat-exchange relationship with room air, whereas the plastic members 13 tend to be chilled by reason of their heat-exchange relationship with the refrigerator or freezer (e.g., their exposure to cold air in the cabinet of the refrigerator or freezer). The tendency is therefore for a transfer of heat from the aluminum members through the plastic members to the refrigerator or freezer, but the transfer is reduced because the plastic is of low thermal conductivity relative to the aluminum. Accordingly, the aluminum stays warmer and condensation on its front and side exposed surfaces is avoided.
While the space 23 may be left open, it is preferred that it be filled with foamed-in place plastic foam thermal insulation, e.g., foamed-in place polyurethane foam, as indicated at 25 in FIG. 3, since it has been found that this appears to maintain the aluminum somewhat warmer than leaving space 23 open. The foam insulation core also bonds with the inner material surfaces of the surrounding members for improved structural integrity and rigidity of the overall door assembly. The plastic for the foam may be injected into the space 23 through small holes drilled through flanges 15 or webs 27 at the four corners of the frame, these holes being subsequently suitably plugged.
The construction with the plastic members 13 as the rear members of the frame 1 enables the use of metal (aluminum) members 11 for structural integrity of the door, while avoiding the condensation problem, without the use of any electrical heating elements for the frame. A handle is indicated at 75 in FIG. 1.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|10 Aug 1959
|13 Nov 1962
|Milton Kessler
|Panel fastening clip
|15 Mar 1965
|16 Jan 1968
|Fenestra Inc
|Window structure and glazing member
|25 Sep 1964
|15 Jul 1969
|Goodrich Co B F
|Plastic extrusions,methods of using the same,and structures formed therewith
|25 May 1970
|4 Jan 1972
|Beverage Air Co
|Refrigerator door structure
|10 May 1971
|27 Nov 1973
|Creators Ltd
|Glazing window or windscreen openings, particularly in vehicle bodies
|12 Nov 1973
|13 May 1975
|Whirlpool Co
|Refrigerator door construction and method of forming the same
|17 May 1976
|2 May 1978
|Anthony's Manufacturing Company, Inc.
|Guide for fastener
|28 Mar 1977
|16 Jan 1979
|Hobart Corporation
|Insulated door and method of construction
|8 Mar 1978
|21 Aug 1979
|Draftex Development Ag
|Arrangements for retaining and sealing window glass
|10 Jul 1979
|3 Feb 1981
|Barroero Louis F
|Refrigerator door structure
|10 Jul 1979
|8 Dec 1981
|Kato Hatsujo Company Ltd.
|Molding holder for a windshield of a motor vehicle
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|22 Dec 1986
|3 May 1988
|Ardco Inc.
|Refrigerator door with thermal insulated outer frame
|7 Jul 1987
|23 May 1989
|Ardco Inc.
|Refrigerator door assembly with thermal break frame
|30 Sep 1987
|27 Jun 1989
|Gerd Und Bernd Vieler Kg
|Display counter
|21 Sep 1988
|25 Jul 1989
|Therma-Tru Corp.
|Frame assembly for doors, windows and the like
|15 Dec 1988
|20 Feb 1990
|Therma-Tru Corp.
|Door assembly
|2 Dec 1988
|14 Aug 1990
|Ardco, Inc.
|Refrigerator door assembly with decorative front trim panels
|8 Jun 1989
|23 Oct 1990
|Therma-Tru Corp.
|Method of forming a compression molded door assembly
|13 Sep 1990
|15 Dec 1992
|Walter Ribic
|Framed surface component, especially for facade cladding, and process for installing it
|30 Sep 1994
|9 Jul 1996
|Maytag Corporation
|Thermoformed plastic refrigerator door
|14 Jul 1994
|23 Jul 1996
|Therma-Tru Corp.
|Compression molded door assembly
|17 Jul 1995
|31 Dec 1996
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Refrigerator door construction
|24 Apr 1996
|10 Feb 1998
|Maytag Corporation
|Method of thermoforming a plastic refrigerator door
|28 Jun 1996
|2 Jun 1998
|Maytag Corporation
|Apparatus for thermoforming a plastic appliance door
|2 Feb 1998
|13 Feb 2001
|Maytag Corporation
|Method of thermoforming a plastic appliance door
|16 Apr 2002
|16 Sep 2003
|Kuei Yung Wang Chen
|Molded doors with large glass insert
|28 Nov 2001
|20 Apr 2004
|Gemtron Corporation
|Structural unit, specifically a door including an injected molded frame
|7 Feb 2003
|20 Apr 2004
|Sub-Zero Freezer Company, Inc.
|Refrigerated enclosure
|1 Mar 2004
|11 Oct 2005
|Gemtron Corporation
|Structural unit, specifically a door including an injected molded frame
|1 Mar 2004
|15 Nov 2005
|Gemtron Corporation
|Structural unit, specifically a door including an injected molded frame
|12 Mar 2003
|28 Nov 2006
|Maytag Corporation
|Push-in refrigerator door seal and retainer system
|20 Dec 2004
|19 May 2009
|Luke Siegel
|Room dividing system
|25 Jan 2006
|20 Nov 2012
|Liebherr-Hausgerate Ochsenhausen Gmbh
|Refrigerator and/or freezer door unit
|2 Apr 2009
|25 Dec 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Door of refrigerator and method for manufacturing the same
|11 Mar 2013
|28 Oct 2014
|Thermoseal Industries, L.L.C.
|Door for a refrigerated cabinet
|26 Apr 2013
|7 Apr 2015
|Anthony, Inc.
|Thermally efficient refrigerator door and frame
|30 Nov 2012
|12 Apr 2016
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Door of refrigerator and method for manufacturing the same
|19 Jan 2001
|19 Dec 2002
|Harald Brauer
|Refrigerating appliance
|1 Mar 2004
|26 Aug 2004
|Bob Herrmann
|Structural unit, specifically a door including an injected molded frame
|13 Oct 2006
|8 Feb 2007
|Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh
|Built-in refrigerator with a translucent door
|13 Apr 2006
|21 Feb 2008
|Kim Ung S
|Door for Refrigerator
|25 Jan 2006
|14 Aug 2008
|Josef Hecht
|Refrigerator and/or Freezer Unit
|16 Mar 2006
|19 Mar 2009
|Carrier Corporation
|Glass door for refrigerated merchandiser
|2 Apr 2009
|11 Feb 2010
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Door of refrigerator and method for manufacturing the same
|23 Feb 2010
|17 Feb 2011
|Earl Covert
|Food Drawer Sealing and Storage System
|11 Mar 2013
|19 Sep 2013
|Richard Chubb
|Door for a Refrigerated Cabinet
|26 Apr 2013
|31 Oct 2013
|Anthony, Inc.
|Thermally efficient refrigerator door and frame
|15 Sep 2015
|3 Mar 2016
|Andersen Corporation
|Laminated Glass Retention System
|8 Sep 1997
|29 Jun 1999
|Therma-Tru Corporation
|Compression molded door assembly
|23 Oct 2013
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|Refrigerator door body assembly and refrigerator
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|5 Oct 2016
|13 Aug 2003
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|Rehau Ag + Co.
|Dichtungsprofil f�r eine T�rdichtung sowie Dichtungsrahmenanordnung mit einem derartigen Dichtprofil
|27 Oct 1988
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|Olo, Olavi
|A glass door and hinge structure
|27 Oct 1988
|7 Nov 1990
|Olo, Olavi
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|23 Feb 1993
|4 Jan 1995
|Anthony's Manufacturing Company, Inc.
|Foam rail door
|23 Feb 1993
|5 Jul 1995
|Anthony S Mfg Co
|Foam rail door.
|9 Feb 2015
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|Cisaplast S.P.A.
|A cabinet-side door frame for refrigerator cabinets
|16 Mar 2006
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|Carrier Corporation
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|Carrier Corporation
|Cabinet body frame for refrigerating cabinet and refrigerating cabinet
|U.S. Classification
|312/296, 312/321.5, 312/405, 49/501, 52/718.04
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|23 Jul 1982
Owner name: UMC INDUSTRIES, INC., STAMFORD, CT. A CORP. OF DE.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ALLGEYER, DAVID F.;REEL/FRAME:004023/0597
Effective date: 19820719
Owner name: UMC INDUSTRIES, INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ALLGEYER, DAVID F.;REEL/FRAME:004023/0597
Effective date: 19820719
|18 Jun 1985
|Certificate of correction
|13 Jan 1986
Owner name: WHITE CONSLIDATED INDUSTRIES, INC., 11770 BEREA RO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:UNIDYNAMICS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004493/0349
Effective date: 19850731
|24 Jun 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|25 Jun 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|21 Jun 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|7 Aug 2000
Owner name: CARRIER CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WHITE CONSOLIDATED INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011122/0282
Effective date: 20000321


text:
For the next five weeks, beginning tonight, the Inner Loop of the Capital Beltway will be reduced to one lane from 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. Sunday through Friday as crews erect a bridge for the Dulles rail project.
Big slabs of concrete will be pieced together over the Beltway at Route 23 in Virginia.
That bridge eventually will take Metro trains into the heart of Tysons Corner.
Published at 7:09 PM EST on Feb 16, 2011 | Updated at 8:09 PM EST on Feb 16, 2011


text:
The Calgary Hitmen lost a goldmine of graduates before the 2008-09 season.
Most expected a drop-off.
The Hitmen have lost some more nuggets as the 2009-10 season starts. Fewer are expecting a drop-off.
Why? Because the Hitmen cruised through the regular season and the initially underestimated team had to be knocked off in an epic Game 6 of the WHL final by the Kelowna Rockets to prevent them going to the Memorial Cup.
"Everyone expected them to be good last year," said Oil Kings play-by-play man A.J. Jakubec.
But not great.
"Most people had them slotted fourth, fifth.
"They're going to be good again. They lost a lot of key guys, but they return with, in my mind, one of the best goalies in the WHL in Martin Jones. They return with one of the best defenceman in the league, Michael Stone. Up front, they've got a 100-point guy -- Brandon Kozun -- back, a tough two-guy in Ian Schultz and Kris Foucault, who really made his name in the playoffs. And they've made some subtle veteran additions.
"I would expect, along with Brandon and Saskatoon, they look like the threats to be big contenders.
"So it's going to be a stiff test (for the Oil Kings) right off the back."
Though prognosticators are taking the "won't get fooled again" stance, there is the possibilty last year's slotting may have just come a year earlier. The Hitmen will also have a new coach in Mike Williamson after Dave Lowry stepped up to the Flames staff.
"Even though they've lost guys again, I don't think anyone is underestimating them. I think most people have them as the favourite in the division, so it will be interesting to see how they respond to that."


text:
Reserve officer honored by Dakota County Police Chiefs
When Chuck Parrish puts on his Rosemount Police Reserves uniform, he knows anything could happen. It's a fact he doesn't take lightly.
"Once you put on the uniform, it's a lot of responsibility," said Parrish.
Parrish has been a Rosemount Police Reserve officer since the spring of 2010. He joined to help his community. Since joining, he's volunteered more than 2,000 hours and collected a lot of little stories along the way.
"I've met a lot of great people and do some neat things," said Parrish.
Rosemount Police Chief Eric Werner said Parrish's time and effort add a lot to the department. For his effort, Werner nominated Parrish for the Dakota County Chiefs of Police Association's Citizen Award of Excellence. On Sept. 13, Parrish received the award.
"I'm blown away by this honor," Parrish said.
Werner said Parrish and his contributions are worthy of the honor.
"The reserves are an important part of our service to the community," said Werner. "(Chuck) adds so much to our team."
Parrish is retired and volunteers with the program several days a week. Reserve officers assist regular sworn police officers. Their responsibilities include traffic control, event security and park patrol. Parrish said the reserves' most visible role is the help they provide during special events such as Leprechaun Days, the Haunted Woods Trail and Rosemount High School sporting events.
"The reserves are a beneficial thing for the city and the police department," said Parrish.
He first learned of the program while participating in the police department's Citizen Police Academy four years ago. After going through the academy, Parrish decided he wanted to do more.
He went through the application process and was accepted to the reserves in April 2010. A retired businessman, Parrish said joining the program was something new for him.
"It totally took me out of my comfort zone. I think it shows though that even someone at my age can do something new and achieve something," said Parrish.
To make himself more comfortable while out patrolling Parrish went through first responder training. While it wasn't required, Parrish said it has come in handy especially when he's answering calls with the sworn in officers.
"I can do a lot more to help," Parrish said.
As a member of the reserves Parrish has had the opportunity to participate in some activities usually limited to police officers, such as helping with training simulations. Recently he played the "bad guy" when the Rosemount Police Department completed an active shooter exercise at the high school.
Overall, Parrish said while it's nice to be honored, he would do his reserve work anyway.
"There are really a lot of benefits to having a reserve unit and I really do enjoy it."