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i am very jealous of all you guys, in ns the water is still at 0 degrees celsius. drylock is a must
Results 11 to 13 of 13
Thread: spring!
Apr 3, 2009, 06:33 PM #13Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2007
- Posts
- 195
Best thing for the NJ area for me is just having a 3/2 and a 5/4. No need for a 4/3 around here. I made a mistake on getting one a few years ago so it does come in handy but if I was broke or could redo things I would deff go with just a really good 3/2 and a decent 5/4.


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BD Spice is a fully licensed restaurant with a panoramic view of Dublin city; located in Eden House near Marlay Park in Rathfarnham. It boasts great food, friendly staff, a buzzing atmosphere and a fully licensed bar.
BD Spice Indian restaurant features Ethnic, Authentic Far Eastern Cuisine combined with style, flair and presentation.
The entire restaurant's produce is from only the best suppliers and the beef is 100% Irish.
Only fresh and natural ingredients are sourced by the chefs; preserving the original tastes.
All food is freshly-prepared daily on the premises and the restaurant has carefully selected an extensive wine list, which represents excellent value and is sourced from renowned experts.
BD Spice offers a wide range of menu items for diners to choose from and if you can't find your favourite Indian dish on the menus, the Chef will be happy to make it for you!

subset: commoncrawl


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All the items you need for battling can be found here.
Need to dress up your avatar? Find all types of clothing here.
Find the items you need to fill up your collections in these shops.
Feed your pet with foods from all over Subeta.
Fill up your pets treasure chest with items from these shops.
Find items to make your pets smarter, happier or change them entirely here!
Shops that can be found in the most remote corners of Subeta.


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ACParadise Network: American Cosplay Paradise American Cosplay Experience American Cosplay Snapshots
Cosplayer Pink Pariah > Costume of Emeraude (Magic Knight Rayearth)
- Most Recent Photo
- 06-19-2014
- Series
- Magic Knight Rayearth
- Character
- Emeraude
- Special Variation:
- Evil Emeraude
- Year Completed:
- 2013
- Construction Difficulty:
- Normal
- Costume worn at:
- Anime Matsuri 2013
- Videos
- Featured in 1 Videos
This Costume has been retired
About this Costume
- Construction Details:
Armor was entirely made out of Worbla and craft foam. Gems were all resin casted except for the hanging jewel on the headpiece.
Altered a dress pattern to fit my wants for the costume.
Sword was lovingly made by husband.
There was a lot of pieces that were rushed due to time constraints and I wished there was more I could've done with the costume. Unfortunately, this costume met it's maker shortly after the competition. I fully plan to remake it in the future!
- Personal Thoughts:
- I wasn't entirely too proud of this costume but, it was a learning experience in the ways of Worbla.
Wig Details
- Wig Review
- I love lace front wigs. Although this was expensive, it was exactly what I was looking for and it was preeeeetty.
Add a Comment


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In a 2010 study, Marketing Sherpa found that the top challenges facing
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In recent years the United States has developed into an increasingly pronounced class society. We see it in the growing inequality of income and wealth; we witness it in the expansion of corporate power and influence at a time when blue-collar job status is on the decline; and we view it in the daily depiction of our lives on our television screens.
Nowhere are class divisions more visible than in the most elite of American institutions, the philanthropic foundations. The last vestige of royalty in America, their boards are composed almost entirely of wealthy and highly paid people who increasingly determine our country's economy, public policies, values, and social practices. With few exceptions, they exclude the diverse faces that make up today's America.
Teachers, ministers, community leaders, social workers, small-business owners, blue-collar workers, union representatives, youth workers, and disabled people are rarely found on foundation boards. That is the case both with foundations started by one person or family and the community funds that raise and distribute money in one region.
When people in the foundation world talk about diversity, they typically mean questions of race and gender, not income level.
The Council on Foundations has started an effort to increase the number of minorities and women who work at foundations and serve on their boards. The project does not seek to do anything about the issue of class diversity.
Read the full article here [2].
Pablo Eisenberg is a senior fellow at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute.
[1] http://www.giarts.org/reader-23-1
[2] http://philanthropy.com/article/article-content/127738/
[3] http://www.giarts.org/category/authors/pablo-eisenberg
[4] http://www.giarts.org/taxonomy/term/54
[5] http://www.giarts.org/taxonomy/term/59
[6] http://www.giarts.org/taxonomy/term/81
[7] http://www.giarts.org/category/table-contents/readings
[8] http://www.giarts.org/category/arts-funding/non-profit-management


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" Genre: Reggae - Ska / Artist: Jesse James / Audio CD released 2005-05-02 at Golf "
* Prices may differ from that shown
The first time I heard a Jesse James song was whilst watching a TV show a few years ago, on a random channel at stupid-o'clock. I think it was one of those skateboarding shows, which features skaters performing awesome tricks with skater music playing in the background.
When the song "Six Minutes" by Jesse James came on I immediately thought this was a great catchy track. Luckily the TV show has the name of the band and the song on the screen, so I quickly wrote the information down so I could look them up online the next day.
I found out that the song "Six Minutes" came from the album called Mission, which was their second full album, and I knew I had to get it straight away. After buying Mission, I have also got their first album called Punk Soul Brothers (2002) and their last album called The Assassination of Jesse James (2006). I was really disappointed to learn that they disbanded in 2007 as I knew this was the kind of band that I would have loved to have seen live. On their MySpace page it lists a number of factors that possibly led to their demise: Members leaving - and then returning. Nervous Breakdowns. Arrests. Hospitalisations. Small Fires. Big Fights. Vicious Rumours.
You can use the following words to sum up Jesse James: pop, punk, rock, ska (they don't seem to like falling into that genre) and fantastic (I'm sure they don't mind that!).
I love a band with a great horn section (get your mind out of the gutter!) like Less Than Jake, although Jesse James have slightly more brass as they have a trumpet, trombone and a sax player, which gives them a great sound.
Jesse James are from good old England and were signed to Deck Cheese Records and Golf Records. The album Mission was recorded in San Francisco in NoFX's studio as it was produced by Ryan Greene and it was released on 22 October 2003.
The album is full of brilliant, catchy tunes with clever lyrics and choruses that just beg to be sung at the top of your voice. There are also more hooks on this album than in a fisherman's tackle box. This album is always one I pick out to be played in the car. It's more serious than their debut album, but not as heavy and rock-based as their last album.
Track Listings
1) Six Minutes - the song that first brought Jesse James to my attention, this is a great opening track. The horns in the intro are the perfect hook throughout the whole song. [4/5]
2) Hills vs Mountains - great guitar riff, with a nice bass line. I think this track is the wallflower of the album as it doesn't really stand out and compared to the rest it just sort of lumbers along and it is the longest track at 3.47 minutes, but it's still not a bad track. [3/5]
3) First Day On A Brand New Planet - one of my favourites, the song has a quick pace at the beginning and then slows right down. The verses are a little tricky to sing along to, but the simple chorus more than makes up for it "Woah! Woah! First day on a brand new planet!"
4) Growin' Up - Shortest track at only 2.06 minutes long, this little ditty is another of my favourites. The fast pace of the verses are broken up with some fantastic horns. Best line of the album "Growing up's just getting old". [4/5]
5) Don't Stop Now - this is where the album's tone changes. The guitars are angry, the words are spat out and the singer obviously needs to get something off his chest. The horns are much more melancholy and the long drawn-out notes towards the end produce a howling sound, which give this song such a sad feeling. [3/5]
6) Fucked Up Little Kid - another song born from anger and frustration, this is a stomping song heavy on the drums and guitar to emphasise the despair and anger of the vocalist.
7) Patience - This is the second longest track on the album at 3.35 minutes and like Hills vs Mountains it's slower and not quite as catchy as the rest. There is however a great guitar solo, which leads into a fabulous horn chorus. [3/5]
8) We Used To Talk - Although this guitar driven track is a song about a relationship breaking down, it has a great chorus to sing along to with quite an uplifting horns section. [4/5]
9) Last Chance Long Past - this is a more optimistic sounding song and another of my favourites, as it never fails to get me bouncing around. It's about sticking up two fingers to those who put you down and pushed you around and it ends on a high note of horns. [4/5]
10) Harder Every Time - this song has the best drums and horns introduction ever! This stomper of a song is about seeing the bright side of life even though things are tough. One of the best songs to sing along to. [5/5]
11) Don't Wanna Get Better - a downbeat song about the end of a relationship and not wanting to try to make it better. This is a much slower song, horns take a backseat and then goes into some sort of 80's TV theme tune that I can't quite put my finger on.... Argh!! I've just remembered its Cagney and Lacey!!! [3/5]
12) Dear Jesus - one of their more controversial songs, the video for the song got banned! I've never seen the video but judging from the content of the song it's easy to see why. The song is in the form of a phone call message left on Jesus' answer-phone, which basically tells Jesus that they don't believe in him anymore. It's my least favourite song, not because it's blasphemous as I'm a non-believer anyway, but simply because it's not their strongest song. The saxophonist takes over lead vocals and the style of the song is quite different from the rest of the album (a bit like Blink 182) and feels like it should be one of those hidden bonus tracks [2/5].
Jesse James produced some great music in their 7 year career and it's such a shame they broke up as they could have been a huge success. But I am comforted by the fact that I can listen to this fantastic album and hope that one day they will reform!
Jesse James are:
Dko - Vocals & Bass
Rich - Vocals &Guitar
Tucker - Trombone
Dan - Trumpet
Guy - Drums
Pete - Saxophone
Ben - Trombone
Paul - Trumpet
Disc #1 Tracklisting
1 Six Minutes
2 Hills Vs Mountains
3 First Day On A Brand New Planet
4 Growin' Up
5 Don't Stop
6 Fucked Up Little Kid
7 Patience
8 We Used To Talk
9 Last Chance
10 Harder Every Time
11 Don't Wanna Get Better
12 Dear Jesus


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|From the Franklin-Christoph Website
I am familiar with the Franklin-Christoph line of pens and accessories, and I have even participated in their poetry contests (just for the fun of it). But I learned some rather amazing things about this company when I started the research for this post.
The first of those things is that Franklin-Christoph is a sister company of Pen City, which is located in Blairsville, Georgia.
I've always been amused by the fact that Pen City is located in Blairsville. We used to rent a cabin and vacation in the Blairsville area with The Akitas, Round 1. Blairsville, is a small (population: 715 in 2009) rural town in Union County, Georgia, in the heart of the Chattahoochee National Forest and the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is located approximately 100 miles north of Atlanta. Back when we used to visit I had no idea that Pen City was here.
But I digress. Franklin-Christoph, which dates back to 1901, is currently located in North Carolina and headed by S.C. Franklin, the son of L.H. Franklin II, who is the head of Pen City. The other piece of noteworthy information is that the Franklins are descendents of John Franklin I, the brother of Benjamin Franklin. You can read the entire history of the company on their website, I had no idea that this company had such a long and colorful lineage.
Recently I have been using a wonderful leather pen wrap made by Libelle. But it only holds 5 pens. I have 5 that I always carry (plus the other 50 or so which reside in my pen cabinet) but I have a new acquisition which will arrive in early December, so I really wanted a case that would hold 6. In addition, the pen wrap has a tendency to sink to the bottom of my bag and lay sideways or get turned upside down.
I had previously seen the Lucky 13 Penvelope, so I trotted on over to the website and BEHOLD...
|Back with Franklin-Christoph logo tastefully displayed
|Lovely red cloth interior


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KOTIPELTO's proposed tour of South America has been cancelled, according to frontman Timo Kotipelto (STRATOVARIUS)."The guys in the band and I were extremely happy to hear that there might be a short tour in South America," the singer wrote on his official web site. "I'm very sad to tell the fans over there that the tour got cancelled. It would have been very nice to play in South America. Well, hopefully one day!"
KOTIPELTO's South American Tour Cancelled
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text:
Laura Kessler
- Quotes Submitted:
- 28
- Times Favorited:
- 4
Laura Kessler's favorite quotes
sorted by Date, Tag, Author A-Z, Submitted Quotes
"We fight for something daily, whether it be for love, happiness, family, truth, faith, or life. Everyday is a battle in someway for everyone. So when the fight becomes too much, remember that yesterday you were a fighter, and today you are a survivor."


text:
Written on: 28/10/2011 by jilly100 (1 review written)
I have 2 rescue Whippets who are very fussy eaters. They came to us having been fed a very poor supermarket own brand dog food. We got them on Heights Farm Premium dried dog food and they have loved it. Their coats are much smoother and they seem very happy on it."


text:
New to PoetrySoup? Introduce yourself here. Tell us something about yourself.
Can't find a poem you've read before? Looking for a poem for a special person or an occasion? Ask other member for help.
Ways to improve your poetry. Post your techniques, tips, and creative ideas how to write better.
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Ask PoetrySoup Members how to do something or find something on PoetrySoup.
These Haiku Food poems are examples of Haiku poems about Food. These are the best examples of Haiku Food poems written by international PoetrySoup poets
If you don't find the poem you want here, try our incredible, super duper, all-knowing, advanced poem search engine.
Cherry Bomb
gross and red
deflowering natures way
cherry blossom pop
Have yourself a Haiku Contest
Copyright © SKAT A | Year Posted 2013
It bounced off the truck
And then rolled down the highway
Apple turnover
How 'bout them apples
When Jonathan McIntosh
Won the spelling bee
Apple of my eye
Jenny had the sweetest smile
For another guy
Right down to the core
When that apple crossed the plate
An infield dribble
Just one little hole
In that shiny red apple
Just one little worm
Copyright © daver austin | Year Posted 2008
'Beauty is in the eye of the beholder'
Cherry Cream Cheese Cake
high quality virgin eyes
please don't take my slice!
Copyright © Poet Destroyer A | Year Posted 2013
Vanilla bean skin,
Cool sweet breath and cherry lips
Make kissing dessert.
Copyright © Leon Stacey | Year Posted 2007
Smart V formation
Families going south for winter
Food for the asking
by eve roper 10/27/2014
Copyright © Eve Roper | Year Posted 2014
Must make haste
Time for "waste"
Copyright © M. Hussain Effendi | Year Posted 2011
healthy turnip greens
fall's bountiful garden reaped...
live lady bug floats
Copyright © Sara Kendrick | Year Posted 2014
water with sparkle
my un cola memories
a Seven Up kid
Copyright © Robert Heemstra | Year Posted 2013
Red rasberries wait
Falling toward ground to splat...
Hand catches mid-air
Copyright © Sara Kendrick | Year Posted 2010
Pepperoni is red, cheese is food
I like pizza
How about you?
Copyright © Justin Worthy | Year Posted 2015
As child Shake 'N Bake
later on Kentucky fried
chicken bird of choice
Contract Delete
Copyright © JSLambert Mister ROBOTO | Year Posted 2011
cocoa powder puffs
for velvet truffle cheeks...
chocolate blush
sunny yolk says hi
butter gives an oozing hug--
bitter choc just melts
mmm, good, just so good
chocolate tickles tongue...
happy throaty slide
messy brown fingers
hot weather melts bittersweet--
oh! just lick them off
no more chocolate
finished in one sitting--
run to store now
burning calories
off for chocolate run...
Snicker bar reward
yummy friendship is...
chocolate hugging almonds:
My name is Almond
oh wait, it's nikko
chocolate-induced amnesia...
at least I'm happy
rice crispies swimming
in gooey, molten brown pool...
brown rice is healthy
chewing chocolate
is good exercise for jaws...
huge mouthfuls that is
I am Hazel Nut
need warm chocolate embrace...
sorry, I'm just nuts
poofy marshmallows
chocolate, graham squeezin'...
hot s'more lovin'
cold rainy day
hot tablea overload...
Where's the churros?
starry choux pastry
crisp and golden brown then dipped
thick, hot chocolate
moist devil, to die-for cake
perfect crumb, ganache coating...
off to heaven now
smothered happiness
when one drowns in chocolate...
cocoa high madness
fudgy nutty brownies
glucose gooey-ness
smack, with cherries
dark divine delight
chilled to creamy perfection...
choco ice cream bliss
cold chocolate mousse
fudgy brown cake bottom--
full whipped cream on top
don't forget the cookies
kisses wrapped in hunky dough...
add in oats for heart
eyes glazed over now
tummy screaming madly--
caramels in love
slowly swirls chocolate--
sticky goo romance
box of chocolates--
closed eyes, pick one from the bunch
eww, got coconut!
try again for fun
got the cherry covered one--
smiles at empty box
perfect marriage is
equal parts of dark and white...
chocolate ganache
add in liquor too
Kahlua's yum, so is rum...
drunk on chocolate
chocolate cake smiles
fluffy marshmallow icing...
mmftt, mmfft can't talk
one hour in writing...
this is not good at ALL
chocolate torture
liquid gold down throat
velvet bliss on fingers...
choclit fountain joy
plunk, kerplunk, kerplunk!
strawberries skinny dipping...
fingers join in fun
craziness right here
need chocolate fix NOW--
chocolate stash all gone??
oh boohoohoo
anyone got m&m's
even just one?
really need to go!
writing this was bad idea...
turn house upside down
~yes, oh yes! found on floor
itty choclit covered sunflow'r seed
pop in mouth germs and all
pd's haiku crazy contest :)
Copyright © kabuteng P.iNk k. | Year Posted 2011
sweet potato pie
my grandmother used to make
i will always miss....
Copyright © Marty King | Year Posted 2014
A gather of hands
A feasting at dinnertime
Hear the sounds of smiles
Copyright © Laura Mckenzie | Year Posted 2010
Tear the thin membrane.
Suck the juices from within.
Pinch the tail and eat.
By Robb A. Kopp
All Rights Reserved © MMX
Copyright © Robb A. Kopp | Year Posted 2010
fishing excitement great,
landing one is fun,
to the water I must go,
on the bank I do stand,
baiting my hook and casting the pole,
watching for line dance,
moments of time tick,
awaiting a fish to bite,
fishing pole jerking,
pulling to set the hook,
the fishing line is pulling my drag,
excitement flows,
seeing the big fish swimming,
pulling it to the waters edge,
grab the fish to unhook,
pushing the stringer through,
wonderful fish finally caught,
to the pan he goes so tasty,
Copyright © Richard McClellan | Year Posted 2012
Ode to the farmer
We depend on your livestock
We're very grateful
Copyright © Jacob WÖLF | Year Posted 2008
peel away green outer husk
sweet yellow plump kernels found
boil first eat with butter
Copyright © Pam Deremer | Year Posted 2015
< amidst .... apple tree
black bear .... pounces limb
cubs wait .... below
Entry For
Andrea Dietrich's
Fall Animal Haiku Contest
G.L. All
Copyright © Katherine Stella | Year Posted 2010
Foggy London morn
Tea and scones by the window
Now I understand
Copyright © Rollo West | Year Posted 2012
afternoon delight
bursting with unleashed pleasure
cold banana split
Copyright © Betty Bateson | Year Posted 2015
"Meat is bad for you,"
said the young vegan, lighting
up a cigarette.
Copyright © Ken Duddle | Year Posted 2012
on Thanksgiving Day
Macy's Turkey and football
the next day is black
Copyright © Robert Heemstra | Year Posted 2015
Memorial Day
official start of Summer
don't burn the hot dogs
aerial viewing
outstretched crows flying frenzy
harvest festival
A Georgia peach
Nourishes the body and soul
Beauty and good food
Copyright © Sara Kendrick | Year Posted 2009
Have some dim sum friend,
Sip sake after midnight,
The gold of Asia.
Copyright © Melissa Ross | Year Posted 2010
Copyright © derrick burton | Year Posted 2010
what new plant is this
flowering bees this morning
and butterflies too?
running to and fro
a group of ants in action
searching for food
bathed in the sunshine
shimmering pools of water
pulsating with life
Copyright © john beharry | Year Posted 2013


text:
The Stampers take the stage
- Details
- Jim Redden
- Portland Tribune - Features
Ken Kesey's classic premieres in a whole new way
For anyone who loves Oregon and theater, the play based on Ken Kesey's novel 'Sometimes a Great Notion' promises to be a perfect rainstorm of art and regional history.
It's also a challenge for Portland Center Stage, which will give the play its world premiere starting next week in the Gerding Theater at the Armory.
'Not only is 'Sometimes a Great Notion' an essentially Oregon novel, it is as complex a psychological story as I know,' said Aaron Posner, 44, the play's director, who also adapted the book for the stage.
Even though the play takes place in an Oregon logging community, Portland Center Stage Artistic Director Chris Coleman believes it will resonate with local, urban audiences.
'For 150 years, Oregon had a resource-based economy, and that resource was timber,' Coleman said. 'We thought it would be a cool connection for the community if we could debut the play here.'
To Posner, the production of the play is the culmination of a 16-year dream. He first asked Kesey for his permission to adapt his novel for the stage in 1992. The conversation took place at Kesey's farm in Pleasant Hill, not far from Eugene, where Posner grew up.
'I called him, and he invited me to visit him at his farm. I thought the meeting would take about half an hour, but it lasted all day,' recalled Posner, the founding artistic director of Philadelphia's Arden Theatre Company and current artistic director of Two River Theater Company in Red Bank, N.J.
At the time of the visit, Kesey was one of America's best-known writers, famous not only for his writing but for his experiments with hallucinogenic drugs and his adventures with the Merry Pranksters in the turbulent 1960s, as chronicled in Tom Wolfe's best-selling book 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test.' Kesey died in 2001.
Posner describes the time he spent with Kesey as critical to his adaptation of the novel, a challenging book whose voice repeatedly switches between narrators, sometimes within a single sentence.
'When I talked with him, I saw the way he thought, the ways his eyes would light up when he was telling stories,' Posner said. 'The book has that same swirling narrative, and I've tried to retain that in the play.'
Posner employs six cast members as a kind of Greek chorus to play a variety of characters and share in the narrative.
'This is my way of allowing the various voices in the book to be heard,' he said.
Set in a small Oregon coastal town in 1961, the novel follows the struggles of the Stampers, a scrappy logging family that has survived for generations by living up to its motto, 'Never give a inch.'
When a union strike threatens to shut down all logging in the area, the family cuts its own deal with the mill, pitting itself against the rest of the community and pushing two brothers into conflict - Hank, the hard-living family leader, and Leland, the intellectual called back from college to help meet production deadlines. The clash between them builds until reaching an emotion-charged climax.
Posner views the brothers as two sides of Kesey's own personality.
'On the one hand, he was this muscular good old boy who used to wrestle and owned a farm,' Posner said. 'On the other hand, he was this well-educated, incredibly sophisticated intellectual.'
Posner also thinks the characters are deeply rooted in the West.
'When I think of the people who first came to Oregon, they're the ones who said, 'No, I don't want to stop here, I want to keep going.' They're the ones who wanted to go further,' said Posner, unintentionally referring to the name of Kesey's famous bus.
Coleman believes the issues in the novel still are relevant today.
'The basic questions are still there,' Coleman said. 'Is it best to be a go-it-alone, do-it-your-own-way individual? Or whether it's best for everyone to work together for the larger good of the community.'
Book showed working world
'Sometimes a Great Notion' was published in 1964, two years after 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,' the widely praised first novel that catapulted Kesey to the upper ranks of American novelists. Within the story of the Stamper family, Kesey set out to capture and portray the appeal of an industry - logging - where families make a living by literally slashing their way through some of nature's most breathtaking and dangerous landscapes.
Showing the physical work is less important to Posner than capturing the narrative flow of the book. Although the wood-hewn sets on the stage are intended to capture the feel of mountain forests, no trees fall during the play. No one carries an ax, either.
By coincidence, TV audiences are just now getting an up-close view of the logging industry through 'Ax Men,' a new reality show on the History Channel that premiered March 9 and follows four logging crews through dangerous days in the forests of the Northwest.
Posner has watched the show but does not think it fully captures the logging experience.
'When you're in the woods at a logging site, the trees are overwhelming and there are these smells and sounds,' Posner said. 'It just doesn't translate well to the small screen.'
Playwright had industry help
To Posner, 'Sometimes a Great Notion' is a deeply personal work. He remembers starting to read the book in high school, although he found it too difficult to finish. After receiving a degree in performance studies from Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., Posner returned to Eugene briefly and took up the book again, this time completing it.
'It's not the kind of book you should start reading at 11 at night,' he said, 'but if you can get 100 pages into it, you'll never look back.'
As he was working on the adaptation, Posner repeatedly turned for help to his older brother, Owen, who owns a forest products company in Eugene. Owen introduced his brother to people in the logging industry, and arranged visits to mills and logging sites.
'Working with my brother on this has been great,' Posner said. 'It's the first time our worlds have overlapped.'
Posner originally obtained a commission from Seattle Repertory Theatre to produce 'Sometimes a Great Notion.' Leadership changes there delayed the debut until Portland Center Stage asked him to develop and present it here.
'Portland Center Stage is the perfect venue,' Posner said, praising the renovated Armory setting. 'Everyone here has been excellent to work with.'
'Sometimes a Great Notion'
What: World premiere of Aaron Posner's stage adaptation of Ken Kesey's 1964 novel
When: 7:30 p.m. Tuesday-Sunday, also 2 p.m. Sunday, additional times later in run, April 1 to 27
Where: Portland Center Stage, Gerding Theater at the Armory, 128 N.W. 11th Ave., 503-445-3700, www.pcs.org
Cost: $16.50-$61.50
Kesey-related events spur fans further
Several organizations are using the premiere of 'Sometimes a Great Notion' to celebrate the life and works of Ken Kesey, perhaps Oregon's most famous writer. Free events include:
• Never Give a Inch: Kesey on Stage, Screen and Beyond
What: A symposium co-sponsored by Portland Center Stage and the Oregon Heritage Commission explores Kesey's works from literary and dramatic perspectives. Panelists include playwright-director Aaron Posner and author Ken Babbs, a longtime Kesey friend and Merry Prankster.
When: 2 p.m. April 5
Where: Gerding Theater at the Armory, 128 N.W. 11th Ave.
• Kesey and the Regional Spirit: Oregon in Life and Letters
What: Portland Center Stage and Ecotrust co-sponsor a noontime dialogue about Oregon history, forestry, and ideas of regionalism and the 'Oregon character.' Participants include historian and author William G. Robbins, novelist Craig Lesley and writer David Oates.
When: Noon April 6
Where: Gerding Theater at the Armory, 128 N.W. 11th Ave.
• Ken Kesey and Other Great Notions: A Book Discussion
What: David Sumner, director of Linfield College's writing program, and Wendy Willis, social sustainability program manager at Oregon Solutions, lead a discussion of 'Sometimes a Great Notion.'
When: 2 p.m. April 13
Where: Multnomah County Central Library, 801 S.W. 10th Ave.
• Sustainability and Regional Literature and Other Great Notions
What: Portland Center Stage artistic staff and members of the literary and sustainability communities discuss the importance of 'Sometimes a Great Notion' through the lens of regional identity, eco-criticism and Oregon environmental history.
When: 6 p.m. April 16
Where: Multnomah County Central Library, 801 S.W. 10th Ave.
- Jim Redden


text:
Want hard copies? Find them here:
12 Responses to Music
- Tobias Vigertsson says:
Hello Oxhorn!
Im a studen from sweden and im soon going to end school, i have newer smoked ever and thougt that i whould try to smoke a siggar. I was yust wondering, it whould be really special to be smoking a siggar that have your signature on it. could u send one to me as a studentpresent for me. im a huge fan and it whould be really special for me
I hope u can grant my request and thank u for all the videos and for that u are such a gent 😀
- My says:
Hi Ox you are just the best and i Love you'r music i hope you will do more and continue with scotsh & smoke rings (LOVE the show) 😉
- Nevaron says:
Hey, Ox! Really love the music, but too bad you didn't add The Great Kodo without Vocals.
- JediCody2 says:
The music player is half the reason I visit this site.
- popface says:
stupid time i love inventing swear words
- angus says:
why not make more inventing swear words
- Evilgoblin2.0 says:
I was also wanting to give the CD as a Christmas gift and I don't want to give a burnt CD.
- FroggerbobT says:
Simply download from amazon, then put on a cd.
- Jennifer says:
I have a small complaint… Amazon will not sell the hard pressed jewel case CD of Oxhorn Brand Music. They will only sell the mp3's…. this is rather disappointing and I/We would like to know: is there a place where we can still get the CD? Preferably before Christmas time?
- Oxhorn says:
Hey Jen, I now have the jewel-case albums up for sale on Amazon.com. They're linked above
- TacticalXIncursion says:
I love you and your videos! 😀
- Oxhorn says:
Thanks mate! You rock!
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text:
Yelito responds to DA action
Dear Editor:
I am taking this opportunity to respond to the lead article on the front page of last Friday's issue of the TIMES NEWS. That article indicates that the present appointed District Attorney of Schuylkill County, Karen Byrnes Noon, intends to have the court remove me from my present position as councilman here in Coaldale.
Unfortunately, when reading this article you could, quite understandly, get the impression that I had been convicted of embezzlement of public monies, bribery or perjury, etc. What was not reported in this article was that I was, in fact, convicted over 30 years ago for possession of a controlled substance. This error on my part is both documented and well known by just about everyone both here in Coaldale as well as in the surrounding area. This mistake that I had made so many years ago is certainly something that I am not proud of, but it is also something that I have never denied. I know that I have since led a quality life including raising what are now 4 successful children as a single parent.
This issue is now only being raised because of the position that our town council took when we terminated our 3 full time police officers. Please know that these 3 officers were immediately rehired as temporary police officers. It must be known that if this action was not taken at that time, Coaldale would have been completely bankrupt last October, which would have resulted in the state taking over the operation of our town. The opposition of this necessary action is coming mainly from relatives of the 3 officers affected.
In the newspaper article, it further reads, "Noon states in the suit she is bringing the action after receiving numerous complaints from the residents of the borough and after investigations conducted by her detectives." I am confident that if Ms. Noon would release the names of the individuals who have contacted her about me, it would become clear that complaints she has received have come from these same relatives as well as from other individuals who are running for council seats in the upcoming November elections.
Please know that I fully intend to fight this action by Ms. Noon. It is my sincere hope that the vast majority of citizens here in Coaldale are aware of my service to my community, and that they will support my continuing efforts to keep our borough safe, clean and financially solvent.
David Yelito
Coaldale, PA


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|"Goddammit, there will be no more smoking!"
|~ - Rob Reiner.
The history of South Park is full of well-known celebrities from the real-world altered into fantastical ways, Rob Reiner is no exception and although in reality he is not a villain, in the fictional world of South Park he was.
Appearing in the episode "Butt Out", Rob Reiner was depicted as a really greedy, obese and gluttonous tyrant who imposed his anti-smoking will on others to the extreme. His style of ruling was so brutal that it brought him praise by Cartman but hatred from almost everyone else. In keeping with the show's parody aspect Rob Reiner and his anti-smoking group were seen as evil while the tobacco company was depicted as a happy peaceful place, one that Reiner sought to destroy by any means necessary.
Reiner even went as far as planning to murder Cartman so that he can claim the boy died of cancer caused by smoking. Cartman fled to seek the aid of his reluctant "friends". When Reiner was next seen he was leading the townspeople in a riot against the tobacco company. However during the Riot, Reiner announces that his plan was to kill Eric Cartman as part of his plan to end the Tobacco company, the townspeople recognize him as a child murderer and turn against him.In the end an angered Cartman stabs Reiner with a fork, causing the tyrant to melt away as goo flows out of his body: uttering his now famous line:
"My goo! My precious goo!"
Despite this, he later reappeared in the episode "200" and "201" along with most of the other celebrities the show had previously mocked.


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text: I'm hoping someone can give me some insight into this. I am currently curing about 9 lbs of bacon. I have it divided into three slabs. I used a cure made of kosher salt, pink salt and sugar. I have used this recipe before (from makingitprimal's website). The first time I finished in the oven (very good). The second I smoked it (excellent!). still curing the third round. My question is this: none of these cures has resulted in much, if any, fluid build up. The recipe says to turn the bacon and make sure that the fluid is well distributed. well, the first two times there was a little fluid. This time, there is virtually no fluid. Is this an issue? Is there anything I can do next time to ensure more fluid? Do I need to? Thanks for any assistance, hints and tips! Best, Ben


text:
Management by Menu, 4th Edition
August 2007, ©2008
Thoroughly updated with the latest changes affecting the industry, this Fourth Edition has also been revised to give readers a more hands-on learning experience. Sample menus, mini-case studies, self-test review questions, and other new features lead to greater interactivity and engagement with the material. Coverage of new, helpful technologies is now integrated throughout the book.
Table of Contents
1. A Look Back at the Foodservice Industry.
2. Profile of the Modern Foodservice Industry.
3. Planning a Menu.
4. Considerations and Limits in Menu Planning.
5. Cost Controls in Menu Planning.
6. Menu Pricing.
7. Menu Mechanics.
8. Menu Analysis.
9. The Beverage Menu.
10. Producing the Menu.
11. Service and the Menu.
12. The Menu and the Financial Plan.
13. Ethical Leadership in Restaurant Management.
Appendix A. Accuracy in Menus.
Appendix B. Number of Portions Available From Standard Containers.
Appendix C. Menu Evaluation.
Appendix D. Menu Factor Analysis.
Appendix E. A Brief History of Foodservice.
Author Information
LENDAL H. KOTSCHEVAR, PhD, (1908-2007) was Professor Emeritus at Florida International University.
DIANE WITHROW is Program Coordinator of the Hotel Restaurant Management Program at Cape Fear Community College in North Carolina.
The Wiley Advantage
* Fully revised to coincide with changes in the foodservice industry.
* Contains updated chapters on uses of technology in menu development; accuracy in menus and using the menu as a marketing tool.
* New pedagogy added to reinforce active learning for students.
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text:
Weekend totals show deer kill off 18 percent; more legal squabbling expected with re-certifications; more state news
MADISON -- Wisconsin hunters shot 18 percent fewer deer than a year ago in the opening weekend of the state's nine-day gun season. The Department of Natural Resources said Monday that 110,797 deer were taken statewide. The buck harvest was down 25 percent to almost 54,000.
The antlerless harvest was down by 9 percent. Wildlife officials said cold weather probably drove many hunters out of the woods early. It was close to 10-below on Sunday morning in the northwest part of the state. Also, the DNR said it issued its fewest antlerless permits in northern Wisconsin since the 1990's, to try and grow the herd in the Northwoods.
The numbers of hunters went up slightly. The DNR sold almost 616,000 deer licenses as of midnight on Friday night. That was about 1,400 more permits than last year. Gov. Scott Walker went hunting Monday morning and said it was probably too cold to see any deer. His office said Walker has no plans to try again before the gun season ends on Sunday.
Pepin-Buffalo judge linked to Walker probe signed recall petition
A western Wisconsin judge with a shirt-tail connection to the latest John Doe Walker investigation signed the recall petition against the governor in 2012.
James Duvall of Alma, the chief judge in the state's Seventh Judicial District, was among the defendants listed when three unnamed plaintiffs tried halting the John Doe probe.
A state appellate court ruled Friday that the investigation will continue. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel said Duvall was the only judge listed by the plaintiffs to sign the recall petitions against Walker -- but the paper said Duvall's involvement may be nothing except for the position he holds.
Duvall is not commenting. He's a circuit judge for Buffalo and Pepin counties.
The John Doe probe is reportedly determining whether conservative groups illegally coordinated their efforts with the candidates in the gubernatorial and Senate recall contests in both 2011 and 2012.
The Journal Sentinel said there are investigations in Milwaukee, Dane, Dodge, Columbia, and Iowa counties.
Twenty-nine circuit judges throughout Wisconsin signed the Walker recall petitions.
More legal action likely with re-certification process MADISON -- There might be more legal action stemming from the new re-certification elections that begin Friday for over 400 public school unions in Wisconsin.
The state's Employment Relations Commission notified school districts and unions Monday about the voting window -- which will run from Friday through Dec. 19th.
Last week, the State Supreme Court threw out a contempt order which held up the annual union re-certification elections, which are part of the Act 10 public union bargaining limits.
The Supreme Court is still reviewing a judge's decision that Act 10 is unconstitutional for public school and local government unions. Union attorney Lester Pines says it means that all school unions continue to be certified bargaining units -- and if there are unions that don't win the new elections, Pines says they'll go to court to try-and-keep their certification status.
Under Act 10, 51 percent of all union members must vote to re-certify, instead of the old requirement of 50 plus percent of those voting. That means members who don't vote are actually voting no.
New venture capital foundation wins non-profit status
The IRS has granted tax-exempt status for a new Wisconsin foundation that will provide venture capital for start-up businesses.
Donors will get federal tax breaks for giving charitable donations to the new Bright-Star Wisconsin Foundation.
The IRS announced the tax-exempt approval Monday. Foundation president Tom Shannon says it will open the door to $7 million that has already been pledged by investors -- and they'll start raising more.
Shannon says 12 new companies have applied for start-up funds, and the foundation's Investment Committee will most likely start acting on those requests in January.
Bright-Star chairman Jeff Harris says its funding will be given to companies that are poised for the most growth and job creation. The new group was first announced this summer.
Former state Financial Institutions Secretary Lorrie Heinemann has been hired to help Bright-Star raise money.
Shannon, who once owned a bio-tech company in Waukesha, says the new effort is a true cause. That's because entrepreneurial activity in Wisconsin is among the lowest in the nation -- and the new group is intended to prop that up.
Harris, Shannon, and six other founding donors have each pledged a half-million.
Wisconsin taxpayers also have a skin-in-the-game. The state's Economic Development Corporation has pledged $300,000 to the new group.
For more information, visit http://www.brightstarwi.org.
Marathon commits to one-third new pipeline's cost
SUPERIOR --Marathon Petroleum has agreed to pay for over a-third of the cost of building the proposed new pipeline from the North Dakota oil fields to northwest Wisconsin.
Marathon said it would cover 37.5 percent of the estimated $2.6 billion cost for building the Sandpiper line. It's due to open in 2016 from the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota to the Enbridge Energy terminal in Superior.
In exchange for Marathon's contribution, the oil company will get a 27 percent interest in Enbridge's total pipeline system in North Dakota. The companies said Marathon could increase that share to 30 percent with investments in future improvements.
Marathon will be an anchor shipper for the new 610-mile pipeline.
The company is the nation's fourth-largest refiner.
State's corn harvest still behind national norm
Wisconsin's corn harvest remains behind the national average going into Thanksgiving Week.
The USDA said 82 percent of the state's corn is in, 8 percent more than a week ago. Some of the crop had high moisture throughout the fall, and farmers were waiting for drier weather to harvest it. Many couldn't wait anymore after the cold and snow moved in.
Wisconsin farmers didn't have a corn moisture problem last year, due to a long drought. All of the state's crop was harvested by this time in 2012.
The average for the previous five years is 87 percent, and Wisconsin farmers are five percent behind that. Nationally, 95 percent of the corn is harvested, four points higher than a week ago. The five-year national average is at 91 percent.
This is the final weekly crop report of the year. The USDA will issue its final corn and soybean production estimates for 2013 in January.
DNR: Pruning can minimize oak wilt spread
Wisconsinites are being urged to prune their trees this winter.
DNR foresters say it reduces the spread of tree diseases, like the common oak wilt. That's because pruning gives insects fewer chances to attack a tree's open wounds.
Also, experts say pruning reduces the stress on trees -- and it makes it easier to spot branches that are hanging, cracked, or broken.
Owner cited after pit bull attacks 7-year-old
RACINE -- The owner of a pit bull was given two citations, after the dog attacked a seven-year-old boy in Racine.
Police said the Kenosha boy was playing at a cousin's house last Friday when the dog was disturbed by noise from the youngsters -- and it ran to the boy and attacked him.
The boy's mother and a man pulled the dog away, and the mother was treated at a hospital for a puncture wound to one of her hands.
The injured boy was taken to a Racine hospital, and then to Milwaukee Children's Hospital. There was no immediate word on his condition.
The pit bull's owner was cited for having an unlicensed and unvaccinated animal.
Snowy roads blamed for two fatal accidents
MADISON -- Monday's light snow was apparently a factor in two traffic deaths in Dane County.
A 26-year-old woman was killed in Fitchburg. Police said she was a passenger in a car that left a road and overturned. The driver was a 23-year-old man who went to a hospital to be checked out.
In the other crash, a 51-year-old Minnesota man died when a Deerfield school van slid into the opposite lane and struck a pick-up truck driven by the man who was killed.
It happened on Highway 12-18 at Cottage Grove. Officials said no students were in the van at the time.
The 50-year-old woman who was driving the van was treated at a hospital and later released.
It was the first significant snow of the season, and authorities say it always seems to throw drivers off. Sussex had the most, at two-and-a-half inches.
The National Weather Service forecast light snow showers in much of Wisconsin Tuesday, as an upper-level disturbance swings to the southeast. The north could get as much as an inch. Lighter amounts are expected in central and southern areas.
A gradual warming trend is predicted for Thanksgiving and into the weekend.
Mystery surrounds Model T submerged in Mississippi River
Investigators still cannot figure out why a classic Model-"T" Ford car was found a month-and-a-half ago in the Mississippi River.
The "Tin Lizzie" was discovered Oct. 9th during a sonar scanning demonstration for Winona County, Minn., northwest of La Crosse.
Chief sheriff's deputy Ron Ganrude said at least half the car remains buried on the sandy bottom of the river, about 20 feet underwater and over 150 feet from the Winona shore.
The scanner is owned by Keith Cormican of Black River Falls. He said he couldn't tell if there was anyone in the car, because the passenger compartment is buried in the sand.
Officers hurt in squad-tree collision
MILWAUKEE -- Monday's light snow caused two Milwaukee police officers to be injured when their squad car slid on a slippery street and hit a tree. The crash occurred just before 6 p.m., Monday while the officers were driving to assist another officer who was chasing a suspect on foot.
A witness told WISN TV that one of the injured officers made it out of the damaged squad car, and helped the other officer who was driving. Both were taken to Froedtert Hospital.
The crash is still being investigated.
SUV strikes hospital; medical condition blamed
WISCONSIN RAPIDS -- No citations will be issued after the driver of a sport utility vehicle suffered a medical condition before crashing through a wall at a Wisconsin Rapids hospital.
The vehicle penetrated a wall at Riverview Hospital, said police chief Kurt Heuer. The driver is believed to have suffered a medical condition just before last Saturday's mishap.
James Pecher, 29, was eastbound on the Riverview Expressway when he blacked out and drove across oncoming traffic lanes and a parking area, then slammed into the south wall at the hospital.
A small waiting room and a hallway were damaged in Riverview's emergency department.
-- Larry Lee, WSAU, Wausau


text:
National League Standings, April 30, 1980
Mike Schmidt had a leadoff single in the second for the Phils, and Garry Maddox had a leadoff single in the seventh. Bomback also walked six batters in the game.
Randy Lerch gave up just one run and four hits in seven innings but was tagged with the loss. Dan Norman had an RBI single in the fourth, and the second Mets run scored on a Larry Bowa error in the eighth.
Example One
The Mets suck! They need to trade Smith and get somebody like
This comment is off-topic and will be removed. It has nothing to do with
any specific game. But here's an acceptable alternative:
Example Two
The Mets suck! Smith made three errors in this game, and hit into a
double play, and the Mets blew a 5-0 lead. They need to get rid of Smith
and get somebody like Jones.
See the difference? Here you're getting the same point across, but it's in
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From The Award-Winning Play By David W. Rintels
In a rarely seen filmed version of his acclaimed one man show, Henry Fonda stars as controversial lawyer Clarence Darrow. The great actor is brilliantly showcased in a drama that follows Darrow's reflections on his life, his passions, his personal disappointments, and his professional triumphs.
As attorney for some notorious defendants, including Darwinist John T. Scopes and thrill killers Leopold and Loeb, Darrow was one of the most courageous defenders of public justice in American history. Clarence Darrow probes deeper than his famous résumé by revealing what drove the man in his work. Fonda's dazzling monologue, adapted from Irving Stone's biography Clarence Darrow For The Defense, begins with the lawyer's childhood, then enters into a moving description of Darrow's support for the troubled labor movement of the early 20th Century. The drama continues by re-enacting some of Darrow's impassioned pleas to the juries of his most renowned court cases. Fonda brings Darrow to life, emotionally and physically, by achieving a fine balance between personal introspection and courtroom theatrics.
- Length
- Rating NR
- Released:
- Added Dec 20 2005
- Production Year 1974
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Event: Art On The Hill, visual art, Church on the Hill, Battlefield, Queens Park. Glasgow
Review by Paul Kerr, Glasgow: five stars
Langside Hill church, situated beside the Battlefield Monument in Glasgow's South Side is a fine example of neo-classical design in the style of Greek Thompson. Derelict since the late 1970s it was renovated and opened as a bar come restaurant in the nineties. I was disappointed on my first visit back then to find that this imposing pile had undergone a sort of reverse TARDIS transformation with the bar low ceilinged and dark with no hint whatsoever of the shell encasing it. I believe there were plans to open the upper floor as a night club but these came to naught.
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News that the Southside Fringe Festival was to include an art show on the previously hidden upper floor of the building was a tremendous invitation to see what had become of the rest of the building and having been there all I can say is that it's a shame it's been empty for so long and to applaud the festival organisers and curator Peter Gillies for finding such a handsome space. The original church was a shell following a fire and was rebuilt inside much in the Grand Designs manner. Access to the upper floor is via two curved stairwells to either side of the main entrance. Once inside the space is immense. While the stripped original stonework walls reek of antiquity, high overhead are the bare roof trusses from the renovation. The result is akin to a hair shirt cathedral, no embellishment, merely a vaulting space to the heavens.
Incredibly, Gillies came across the space by accident after seeing a picture of a craft fair held here some years ago. A meeting with the owners was successful and the result is this fine exhibition of over one hundred local artists set out in a style far removed from one's expectations of an art gallery. Funky and morphing day to day as new works are added, it includes paintings, installations, sculpture, stained glass, photography, ceramics and jewellery. There are places to rest furnished with old church pews and at the centre Gillies has set up a hi-fi and turntable along with some of his vinyl collection. He's happy for folk to bring along an album and play it for the benefit of other visitors.
The end result is a vibrant and eclectic collection with much of the artwork available to buy and at prices that at times seem ridiculously low. The exhibition has been a hit with southsiders even when they had to squirm their way through a huddle of orange suited Dundee fans who descended on the pub on Saturday prior to the team's demise. The show runs until the 31st May and is essential for art lovers and for anyone who wants a peek into the innards of this fine old building.


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1 Comment
i really like this design, the text kills it for me though. try using an older looking font or something. it just doesnt match. other than that, this is very good, i like the colors.
if you could check out my designs, leave a comment and vote if you like.


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Limited Edition of 5000! Featured in a 13x16 Black Wood Frame and triple matted in school colors is an 8x10 collage image of the University�s Football Field! Also matted in the frame is a 24KTGold Flashed University Logo Coin as well as a 24KT Gold Flashed National Champions Coin. A Numbered Certificate of Authenticity is located between both coins. A Limited Edition of 5000 and Officially Licensed by the CLC. Proudly made in the U.S.A. by The Highland Mint!
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Artist description:
Last Halloween draw! (Using my friend's tablet -- much better than a laptop touch pad! (YIKES) Happy Halloween Everyone at RMD!!!!
Java Draw Created Oct 29, 2010 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2010 AuroraSkye.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
5/5 !!!!! great drawing keep up the AWESOME work
you r so cool! this is like, not happening! it's absolutely drop-dead gorgeous!!!!!!!
I love the colors you used in the sky and on the dragon, great drawing! (:
Wow...this is so cool! This is so great, I love it!
this is so colorful!!!! i love the sky colors and the dragon!!!! Great job!!!! 5 hearts!!!
:) Thx
TY all so much for your comments! *Marta or Katriona: can you explain what you mean it being ugly & colours being off-balance so I can learn and improve? I love how RMD people can help eachother to improve our art. Thanks again - all! (((Hugs))
sorry it cut off my heart D: 5/5
ooh li love the sky 3


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In a press conference Nov. 19, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel announced the city of Chicago will file a 'Notice of Intent' to sue U.S. Steel...
CEO Water Mandate, WWF make the case for water collaboration with business
The UN Global Compact's CEO Water Mandate and WWF make the case for private sector engagement in water policy and management in a new discussion paper responding to the question of whether such strategies truly advance the public interest.
The discussion paper, Shared Water Challenges and Interests: The Case for Private Sector Engagement in Water Policy and Management, posits that discouraging or preventing companies from contributing to sustainable water management in cases where they have a clear and demonstrable interest in doing so, and where they have access to vast resources that would not otherwise be available, is actually a significant detriment and threat to effective water governance, sustainable development and economic growth.
Many water-related risks, such as scarcity, pollution, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient management capacity and climate change, affect a wide range of actors and are shared among companies, governments, civil society, communities, and others. Societal expectations for corporate sustainability, including efficient and responsible water-related policies and practices, are on the rise. Water-related development challenges, together with the changing landscape of stakeholder expectations, are creating very real economic incentives for companies to behave in a manner that is deemed responsible.
Although companies could consider strict regulations that limit their activities a business risk, in reality, water-intensive companies are also negatively affected by a lack of regulation on other actors in their watershed—a lack that eventually leads to the depletion or degradation of a shared resource. A tenet of the CEO Water Mandate is that sustainable water management can only be achieved through robust public water governance, which includes effective regulation of corporate practices. Regulation that is coherent and consistently applied is positive for society and ultimately reduces risk to business.
The paper's call to action is for processes that can shed light on unsustainable practices where they exist, highlight examples of beneficial corporate action, and ultimately help determine the most appropriate role for the private sector in addressing our shared 21st Century water challenges.


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Isolated inner ear decompression sickness (DCS) is recognized in deep diving involving breathing of helium-oxygen mixtures, particularly when breathing gas is switched to a nitrogen-rich mixture during decompression. The biophysical basis for this selective vulnerability of the inner ear to DCS has not been established. A compartmental model of inert gas kinetics in the human inner ear was constructed from anatomical and physiological parameters described in the literature and used to simulate inert gas tensions in the inner ear during deep dives and breathing-gas substitutions that have been reported to cause inner ear DCS. The model predicts considerable supersaturation, and therefore possible bubble formation, during the initial phase of a conventional decompression. Counterdiffusion of helium and nitrogen from the perilymph may produce supersaturation in the membranous labyrinth and endolymph after switching to a nitrogen-rich breathing mixture even without decompression. Conventional decompression algorithms may result in inadequate decompression for the inner ear for deep dives. Breathing-gas switches should be scheduled deep or shallow to avoid the period of maximum supersaturation resulting from decompression.
- labyrinth
- nitrogen pharmacokinetics
- helium pharmacokinetics
- diving
injury to the vestibulocochlear apparatus ("inner ear") during compressed gas diving may be caused by barotrauma, by acoustic trauma, or by decompression sickness (DCS). Retrospective reviews of DCS cases in both military (9) and recreational divers (16) suggest that 26% of patients suffering "serious" or "neurological" DCS exhibit evidence of vestibulocochlear involvement. These presentations are significant because residual deficits in balance and in hearing are common despite recompression treatment, and the window of opportunity for optimal treatment appears relatively short (3).
The putative cause of inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) is bubble formation initiated when the tension (concentration/solubility) of dissolved gas exceeds ambient pressure within the inner ear during ascent. However, beyond this presumed involvement of bubbles, there is uncertainty regarding their precise location and effects or the circumstances under which they are likely to form. Early descriptions of IEDCS after shallow dives often treated ear problems as being of secondary importance to the other central nervous system manifestations of DCS that were almost invariably present. However, the development of deeper diving techniques involving breathing of helium-oxygen gas mixtures has been associated with the occurrence of "pure" or "isolated" IEDCS (7), especially when switches to air or other nitrogen-rich breathing gas mixtures are made to accelerate decompression (3). Indeed, isobaric switches of inspired gas, made while the diver is held at a constant ambient pressure, have precipitated symptoms of IEDCS in the absence of any decompression (10).
This selective vulnerability of the inner ear to DCS under these conditions has been attributed to substantial transfer of highly diffusible helium into the inner ear from the middle ear gas space by diffusion across the round window membrane (7, 10). Gas uptake from the middle ear, in addition to that absorbed from the blood, may predispose the inner ear to bubble formation during decompression. Bubble formation might be enhanced or even initiated by elevated inner ear gas tension resulting from "counterdiffusion" of different gas species of different diffusivity from the blood and middle ear.
We are not aware of any attempts to more formally define the biophysical mechanisms of IEDCS, yet this is an issue of increasing contemporary relevance. Whereas many of the occupational diving tasks that necessitated deep mixed-gas diving have now been devolved to remote operated vehicles, there is a new cohort of so-called "technical" recreational divers who are indulging in deep mixed-gas "bounce" (short duration, nonsaturation) dives in growing numbers. Not surprisingly, reports of isolated IEDCS are starting to emerge from this group.
We present here an illustrative case of isolated IEDCS occurring in a recreational technical diver undertaking a mixed-gas dive. We then present a physiological model describing gas kinetics in the inner ear that demonstrates a basis for selective vulnerability of the inner ear to DCS in mixed-gas diving. Finally, on the basis of this model, we outline some precautions that may be taken in deep mixed-gas bounce diving to avoid precipitating IEDCS.
A 33-yr-old male recreational technical diver who had previously made >1,000 uneventful dives undertook a wreck dive to 110 m sea water (msw; 1,201 kPa), 11.9 atmospheres absolute (atm abs), for 25 min using a Buddy Inspiration closed-circuit rebreathing SCUBA (A.P. Valves, Helston, Cornwall, UK). The diluent gas for the descent, bottom time, and the first part of the ascent was trimix comprising 8% oxygen-60% helium-32% nitrogen. The diluent was changed to air at 30 msw during the ascent, and the breathing loop was flushed with 100% oxygen at the 4.5 msw stop. The Po 2 set point was 1.3 atm throughout the dive except at the 4.5 msw stop. The dive plan is shown in Fig. 1, and the diver did not deviate from this plan. The decompression was controlled by using a VR3 diver-carried computer (Delta P Technology, Poole, Dorset, UK) in closed-circuit mixed-gas mode. These devices operate on the Proplanner decompression algorithm software (Delta P Technology, Poole).
The descent, bottom time, and first part of the ascent were uncomplicated. In particular, there were no problems with middle ear equalization. There were no ascent-rate violations, and no decompression stops were omitted. Shortly after arrival at the 9 msw stop, the diver began to experience rotational vertigo. This occurred in short bursts at first but soon progressed to become persistent. The Po 2 in the rebreather loop at the time was 1.3 atm according to all three oxygen sensors. Breathing 50% oxygen-50% nitrogen by use of an open-circuit SCUBA did not alleviate the problem, and the decompression was continued on the rebreather. The diver became profoundly nauseated and could not keep his eyes open because of the vertigo. He had to alternate between open-circuit SCUBA and the rebreather to vomit. Despite these debilitating symptoms, he was able to complete the planned decompression stops.
The diver was retrieved onto the boat, given 100% oxygen by demand-valve regulator, and evacuated to the nearest recompression chamber, where he arrived ∼4 h after the onset of symptoms. At this time, his vertigo had settled substantially but he remained nauseated. It was still possible to elicit nystagmus on positional testing, and he was incapable of performing the Sharpened Romberg Test. An air-conduction audiogram revealed normal and symmetrical hearing. There were no other symptoms or signs of DCS or middle ear barotrauma. This appeared to be a case of isolated inner ear (vestibular) DCS.
The diver was recompressed to 4 atm abs and treated according to the protocol specified by the Royal New Zealand Navy Table 1 A, which is a modification of the US Navy Air Treatment Table1 A (22), whereby the patient breathes 50% oxygen-50% helium until decompressed to 1.9 atm abs and breathes 100% oxygen thereafter. This elicited a substantial improvement, but there was persistent mild disequilibrium for several days after. The diver received three once-daily follow-up treatments consisting of 100% oxygen breathing for 60 min at 2.8 atm abs and throughout a 30-min decompression to 1 atm abs. He has recovered completely (including normalization of his Sharpened Romberg Test) and has made an uneventful return to diving.
Physiological model of inner ear inert gas kinetics.
A physiological compartmental model of inert gas kinetics in the human inner ear (Fig. 2) was constructed from parameters in the literature (Table 1). Three well-stirred compartments represented the membranous labyrinth, the perilymph, and the endolymph. Inner ear uptake and washout of inert gas occurred via perfusion of the membranous labyrinth (vascular compartment), which, unlike the endosteum, is densely vascular (14). Additionally, inert gases diffused between the middle ear gas space and perilymph across the round window membrane, whereas the oval window membrane was considered occluded by the ossicles. Within the inner ear, inert gas diffused between the vascular compartment and each labyrinthine fluid compartment. Diffusion-limiting membranes of zero volume notionally separated the compartments and the middle ear; the flows of inert gases across these membranes (Table2) were formulated to reflect a slab approximation to the diffusion geometry (A/h, Table 1) of the labyrinthine fluid compartments. Diffusivities and solubilities of nitrogen and helium in blood, tissue, and labyrinthine fluids were characteristic of aqueous tissues. This compartmental approximation of diffusion does not consider transient inert gas tension gradients within the tissues represented by the compartments but provides an effective first-order approximation to the volume-averaged inert gas tensions (20). Model input comprised arterial inert gas tensions and middle ear inert gas partial pressures, both being considered to equilibrate instantly with inspired inert gas partial pressures adjusted for water vapor pressure at 37°C.
Not all parameter values for the human inner ear model were available in the literature, and some were estimated or scaled from animal data. Blood flow was scaled up from measurements made on guinea pig inner ear (17), which is one-tenth the volume of the human inner ear (8, 21). Vascular compartment volume was derived from blood flow by using values of tissue perfusion (ml · 100 g−1 · min−1) for rat cochlea and vestibular sensory organs (13). Doubling or halving these two parameters resulted in only small quantitative but not qualitative differences in model simulations. The diffusion geometry (A/h, Table 1) of the labyrinthine fluid compartments was based on modeling the endolymph and perilymph volumes as being contained in concentric tubes of 0.025 (h end) and 0.058 cm (h per + h end) radius, respectively, separated by the membranous labyrinth tissue, which has a surface area of A vas on each face. The diffusion distance from the round window (h rw) was based on the radius of a sphere of inner ear volume (Vend + Vper + Vvas).
The model was written as the following ordinary differential equations for each inert gas where Pvas, Pper, Pend, and Pa are the vascular, perilymph, endolymph, and arterial blood inert gas tensions, Pme is the middle ear inert gas partial pressure, PSA = D × S ×A/h are the relevant flow values given in Table2, and all other abbreviations are defined in Table 1. Simulations were performed by using Scientist for Windows [computer program] (version 2.01. Salt Lake City, UT: Micromath; 1995).
Validation of the model.
There are no measurements of inner ear inert gas kinetics to validate the model against; however, oxygen, which has similar diffusivity to nitrogen, has been measured in the labyrinthine fluids by use of polarographic electrodes. One such report gives the initial slope of the decline of oxygen tension in the guinea pig cochlea perilymph and endolymph during anoxia (19). By assuming zero vascular compartment oxygen tension, these data can be used to calculate approximate time constants = initial tension/(−initial slope) for diffusion of oxygen from the guinea pig endolymph of 30 s and from the perilymph of 44 s; these are of the same order as the derived nitrogen time constants in the present human model.
Simulations using the inner ear model.
Figure 3 shows a simulation of the gas tensions in the inner ear model compartments during an isobaric gas switch reported to result in DCS (10). After a full-day residence at 37.4 atm abs breathing the chamber atmosphere of 0.21 atm oxygen, balance helium, with no change in ambient pressure, the subject began breathing 0.21 atm oxygen, 10 atm nitrogen, balance helium through a mask, during which severe nausea, vomiting, and vertigo developed. The breathing-gas switch results in a transient elevation of vascular compartment and endolymph gas tensions above ambient pressure; such supersaturation is required for bubble formation. The peak vascular compartment gas tension was 37.8 atm (0.4 atm supersaturation) occurring at 2 min after the gas switch.
In Fig. 3 and other simulations of isobaric breathing-gas switches after blood-tissue equilibrium, the peak change in inner ear vascular compartment gas tension from equilibrium was ∼4.8% of the change in arterial nitrogen tension, expressed in terms of inspired gas for a switch from breathing gas 1 to 2 as 0.048 × (Pi N2-2 − Pi N2-1) × (1 − PH2 O/Pam), where Pam is ambient pressure and PH2 O is saturated water vapor pressure at 37°C. At equilibrium, the total tissue gas tension equals dry inspired inert gas partial pressure (Pam − Pi O2) × (1 − PH2 O/Pam) plus the tissue metabolic gas tensions (PtiO2 + PtiCO2 + PH2 O). For an isobaric switch, peak supersaturation (total tissue gas tension − Pam) is [0.048 × (Pi N2-2 − Pi N2-1) − Pi O2] × (1 − PH2 O/Pam) + PtiO2 + PtiCO2. The peak supersaturation depends on the magnitude of the inert gas substitution and the inspired oxygen tension because tissue oxygen tension is relatively independent of inspired oxygen partial pressures used in diving.
The transient increase in gas tension after a substitution of nitrogen for helium in breathing gas results from the difference in gas transfer between compartments (Table 2). The flow of nitrogen into the vascular compartment via the arterial blood exceeds washout of helium in venous effluent. The transfer of helium into the vascular compartment by diffusion from the perilymph and endolymph exceeds the counterdiffusion of nitrogen in the opposite direction and temporarily exceeds the washout of helium in the blood.
Examination of the flows and time constants in Table 2 indicates that transfer of nitrogen and helium across the round window is negligible compared with the other transport processes. The time constant is related to the flow by V × S/flow, and by definition 99% equilibration by this process alone occurs in 4.6 time constants. Whereas the round window is only 70 μm thick (5) and likely freely permeable to inert gases, owing to the large diffusion distances through the inner ear fluid spaces, transfer of gas via this route had little effect on the inner ear compartment gas tensions over the time course of the present simulations. The time constants for transfer of inert gases between the vascular compartment and the labyrinthine fluids are sufficiently large that considerable inert gas tension gradients across endolymph and perilymph may persist over the time course of the present simulations.
Although a multicompartmental model, the gas kinetics of the entire inner ear for longer time periods can be approximated from the overall perfusion time constant, equivalent to a half time of 8.8 min (loge 2 × time constant). Similar kinetics are illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows, in addition to the depth-time profile of the dive reported in the case history, the inner ear gas tensions simulated according to the present model. This simulation indicates considerable supersaturation during the early (deep) phase of decompression. For clarity at this scale, only the vascular compartment is illustrated. This half time is quite slow compared with a well-perfused tissue such as brain, which would have a half time of 1.7 min (assuming brain blood perfusion of 40 ml · 100 g−1 · min−1). The magnitude of counterdiffusion effect during the switch from trimix to air diluent at 4 atm abs (51 min in Fig. 1) is modest because the partial pressure of nitrogen substituted for helium is small and is manifest only as a transient slowing of gas washout, not evident at this scale in Fig. 1. However, the breathing-gas switch from trimix to air diluent occurred while the inner ear vascular compartment was already supersaturated (1.09 atm) owing to decompression and shortly after the time of maximum supersaturation (1.7 atm) at 44 min and 4.6 atm abs.
The case described here typifies the type of technical recreational diving that is becoming increasingly widespread. It also illustrates the potential for isolated IEDCS to occur in a seemingly random fashion during an otherwise uneventful deep technical dive that has gone according to plan. As we will discuss below, this case and others like it suggest that some decompression algorithms for deep technical dives, particularly those incorporating switches to nitrogen-rich breathing gas, may need to be modified to avoid such events. It certainly seems possible that isolated IEDCS will become more common as technical diving grows in popularity.
IEDCS is a poorly defined clinical entity and is difficult to study epidemiologically. One of the principal difficulties is that several distinct pathological processes may produce the same symptoms and there is no gold standard test for distinguishing between them. In particular, there is frequent difficulty distinguishing between isolated IEDCS and inner ear barotrauma (barotraumas are tissue damage caused by compression or expansion of adjacent gas spaces). Clinicians must rely on interpretations of the circumstances of the dive as well as on the features of the illness itself to come to a diagnosis, but ambiguity is common. It is an important distinction because the DCS patient requires recompression whereas recompression is relatively contraindicated in inner ear barotrauma (16). Distinguishing the source of vestibulocochlear symptoms in DCS patients with obvious widespread neurological involvement is also difficult, because it is possible that central rather than end-organ lesions may be involved. Clinically this distinction is less important because all DCS patients require recompression, but such cases complicate epidemiological analyses of IEDCS.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, both the case presented here and those in the series published by Farmer et al. (3) provide reasonable evidence that end-organ IEDCS exists as an isolated pathological entity. None of these patients experienced any difficulty with middle ear equalization or exhibited any evidence of middle ear barotrauma, nor were there any other neurological symptoms suggestive of a central nervous system involvement. Moreover, because those discrete cerebral and cerebellar areas responsible for vestibulocochlear function exhibit no unique characteristics that would influence gas kinetics, it seems unlikely that symptomatic bubble formation would manifest only in those areas. Isolated inner ear damage is a more plausible explanation for these cases. Inner ear damage has been demonstrated by in vivo studies in guinea pigs (15) and squirrel monkeys (11) subjected to decompression.
Although isolated IEDCS has been described after relatively shallow air diving (16), it appears to be more commonly associated with deep helium-oxygen diving (2, 4). IEDCS onset has been described either early during the initial rapid phase of decompression from very deep dives (150–300 msw) while subjects were still breathing helium-oxygen, or after a switch to air breathing at shallower depths (2, 4).
IEDCS may be associated with deep diving because a considerable gas burden must be acquired to cause symptoms. The model proposed here suggests an inner ear half time (8.8 min) that allows considerable gas uptake during a deep dive and considerable supersaturation, and potentially bubble formation, in all inner ear compartments during the initial rapid phases of decompression. Many decompression algorithms, including the ZH-L16 (1) that forms the basis of many technical diving decompression algorithms including the Proplanner used in the present case report, control decompression according to the rule Pti < W × Pam + Z, where Pti is the total inert gas tension in a compartment and W andZ are constants. Although such rules can be empirically derived without biophysical assumptions, they have also been interpreted as describing a critical volume of released gas (bubbles) causing DCS (6). In this case, by mass balance of the amount of inert gas in the compartment immediately before and after just critical bubble formation, W = 1 + Vc/S and Z = W × (Pe + Pst − PtiO2 − PtiCO2 − PH2 O), where Vc is the critical volume of gas, S is the solubility of inert gas in the tissue, and Pe and Pst are pressures opposing bubble formation due to tissue deformation and surface tension, respectively. Isolated IEDCS would selectively occur after deep dives and earlier than expected during decompression if the constant W were small and Z were large compared with the compartments responsible for other symptoms of DCS (6). It seems plausible that Vc (and therefore W) might be small in the inner ear, which, as a sensitive transducer of mechanical energy, may be disrupted by small volumes of bubbles. Furthermore, Pe (and therefore Z) may be large because the inner ear is composed primarily of incompressible liquid within a nondistensible bony capsule with only small canal outlets.
The association of IEDCS with helium-oxygen diving in the absence of breathing-gas switches may be coincidental because helium-oxygen breathing is standard practice for deep diving. However, IEDCS is clearly associated with switching breathing gas from helium-rich to nitrogen-rich mixtures (4, 10), and the present model suggests that such gas substitution may cause bubble formation in the membranous labyrinth and endolymph. The model implicates transient supersaturation resulting from a counterdiffusion mechanism in which helium transfer from the perilymph to the other compartments temporarily exceeds the washout of helium in the venous blood. This transient mechanism is analogous to the steady-state "counterperfusion" mechanism proposed by Hills (7). The anatomical requirements for this phenomenon are a large, diffusion-limited source of helium adjacent to a tissue with a relatively small blood supply and are provided by the perilymph surrounded by the smaller volume of vascular membranous labyrinth. Conversely, theoretical treatment of a more typical tissue arrangement such as muscle capillary unit suggest that a transient undersaturation of tissue could result from switching breathing gas from helium-rich to nitrogen-rich mixtures (23). It is on a similar premise that such breathing-gas switches are used to accelerate decompression.
The present model suggests diffusion of middle ear gas across the round window is negligible, although previously proposed mechanisms implicated steady-state counterdiffusion of atmospheric helium and blood nitrogen across the round window and tympanic membranes (7,10). This previous proposal appears to have been made by analogy with the production of dermal lesions and continuous production of venous gas emboli by steady-state counterdiffusion across the skin in humans or animals exposed to a helium atmosphere while breathing a different inert gas without decompression (10).
The present model of dissolved inert gas kinetics is not a complete model of inner ear decompression; for instance, it does not explain the 50-min delay between predicted maximum supersaturation and onset of symptoms of IEDCS in the present case report. This delay may be related to the dynamics of bubble growth due to gas influx and expansion during decompression or biological processes induced by bubbles that are not considered in the present model. Nevertheless, the present physiological model can be used to deduce some qualitative implications for scheduling of technical deep diving decompression. First, the use of some decompression algorithms to plan very deep bounce dives (arbitrarily in excess of 100 msw) may result in inadequate decompression for the inner ear and may require, for instance, adjustment of W and Z constants for compartments with half times near 8.8 min as described. This would typically result in deeper decompression stops. Second, breathing-gas switches from helium-rich to nitrogen-rich mixtures will produce an oversaturation in the inner ear that increases with depth and decreasing inspired oxygen partial pressure. Such breathing-gas switches should be carefully scheduled either deep (with due consideration to nitrogen narcosis) or shallow to avoid the period of maximum supersaturation resulting from the decompression (Fig. 1). Switches should also be made during breathing of the largest inspired oxygen partial pressure that can be safely tolerated with due consideration to oxygen toxicity.
This work was supported in part by a Jean B. Reid Research Associateship, Health Science Research Committee, the University of Adelaide.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: D. Doolette, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005 (E-mail:david.doolette{at}adelaide.edu.au).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
First published January 31, 2003;10.1152/japplphysiol.01090.2002
- Copyright © 2003 the American Physiological Society