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Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Print version ISSN 0104-6632On-line version ISSN 1678-4383
Braz. J. Chem. Eng. vol.26 no.3 São Paulo July/Sept. 2009
Nutrient balance and metabolic analysis in a Kluyveromyces marxianus fermentation with lactose-added whey
J. Parrondo; L. A. García; M. Díaz*
Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, C/ Julian Claveria s/n. 33071 Oviedo, Spain. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Addition of lactose on whey to produce an alcoholic product by fermentation is optimized in order to maximise final ethanol concentrations and lactose consumption. The effect of the supplementation of the broth with yeast extract, ammonium sulphate, oxygen, protein, peptides and the vitamins nicotinic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid and inositol on aerobic cell growth was also studied. The Crabtree-negative yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus is employed in this study, so oxygen should enhance cell growth and reduce ethanol production. Addition of yeast extract, a source of vitamins, shifts metabolism towards fermentation. The same effect is observed when nicotinic acid and biotin are added to the medium. Individual and mixed effects of the four assayed vitamins are studied, showing that combinations of two or more vitamins diminished cell growth and lactose consumption and increased ethanol production.
Keywords: Whey; Lactose; Kluyveromyces marxianus; Vitamins; Nitrogen sources.
During the nineteen seventies and eighties there was considerable interest among various governments and scientific communities in producing ethanol from renewable resources such as whey (Guimaraes et al., 1992; Vienne and von Stockar, 1985). The main objective of the studies conducted was to produce ethanol for use as a fuel or fuel additive. This interest subsequently declined as oil prices fell, but it is now rekindling, not only because oil prices are again high but also because of the desirability of renewable resources and the general aim of sustainability. Another strategy is to use whey to produce alcoholic products (Parrondo et al., 2000). This choice is interesting because prices are much higher than when it is employed as fuel. This application of whey is studied in the present paper.
The yeast employed in this study belongs to the species K. marxianus. Formerly K. fragilis, which is yeast capable of consuming lactose. Fermentation of whey after lactose hydrolysis with b-galactosidase, with a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has also been reported (Hahn-Hagerdal, 1980). In this case, the hydrolysis step makes the process more complicated and expensive, due to the high amounts of enzymes needed and their high costs. Another possibility is to employ a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Dominges et al., 2001), which gives better yields and higher ethanol concentrations than those obtained with yeast of the genus Kluyveromyces, although its use might be restricted by food and health legislation.
Several studies have been published concerning the influence of the nutritional composition of culture media on the behaviour of K. marxianus in batch and continuous cultures (Antier et al., 1990; Harju et al., 1976; Kallel et al., 1991; Rodney and Greenfield, 1984). In most of those studies, whey is supplemented with several additives to enhance fermentation rates. In several of them (Kallel-Mhiri and Miclo, 1995; Kallel-Mhiri et al., 1994; Vienne and von Stockar, 1985) whey or whey permeate is supplemented with yeast extract in order to increase ethanol productivity and ethanol/ lactose yield.
Several authors describe the use of whey supplemented with more than one nutrient (Belem and Lee, 1999; Castrillo and Ugalde, 1993; Kallel-Mhiri and Miclo, 1995; Kallel-Mhiri et al., 1994) in order to overcome nutritional limitations. Kallel et al. (1991) study nutritional limitations in the continuous growth of K. marxianus on whey permeate. In these studies, Fe3+ and nicotinic acid are found to be the main limiting growth factors of ultra filtered whey. Limitations in nitrogen source, phosphorus, and vitamins are found in other studies (Harju et al., 1976).
Differences between published results are due to the different types of whey utilized, different strains of yeast employed, and also to differing cultivation conditions. While some use batch cultures (Harju et al., 1976), others use continuous cultures (Castrillo and Ugalde, 1993; Kallel et al., 1991; Vienne and von Stockar, 1985) or fed-batch cultures (Belem and Lee, 1999). Because of these differences, nutritional limitations must be tested for the specific conditions and materials employed in our study.
The aim of the present study is to perform metabolic studies to better understand the effect of certain substrates in the growth and ethanol production of Kluyveromyces marxianus These studies are designed to improve both biomass and ethanol yield during the stages of inoculum development, under aerobic conditions and during the process of ethanol production under anaerobic conditions to finally enhance the overall fermentation performance.
Culture Medium
The base medium employed in this study was sweet whey supplemented with food grade lactose. The medium consisted of 78 g of powdered whey, 100 g of lactose, and 1000 g of distilled water. Whey and lactose were provided by the dairy Reny Picot S.A. (Anleo-Navia, Asturias, Spain). Whey was supplemented with lactose in order to increase its initial concentration and subsequently the level of ethanol produced via alcoholic fermentation by yeast. This whey was also supplemented with FeCl3 (24 mg/l) since in previous studies (Kallel et al, 1991) a deficit in Fe3+ was detected.
The medium had a final density of 1055 kg/m3, a lactose concentration of 139 kg/m3, and a protein concentration of 9 kg/m3. It was pasteurised before fermentation by heating it to 65ºC for 30 minutes. The whey had the following composition on a dry basis: 0.8% w/w fat, 11% w/w total nitrogen (Kendahl method), 77 % w/w lactose and 11 %w/w ash.
Yeast and Culture Conditions
The lactose fermenting yeast employed in this study was K. marxianus (Spanish Type Culture Collection, CECT 1123). Cultures of this yeast were kept for less than three months on agar slopes prepared with the following media (TYED + agar); triptone: 2 g, yeast extract: 1 g, D-glucose: 2 g, agar: 2 g, and water: 100 mL [17]. When new slopes needed to be prepared, cells were grown in a liquid medium for 24-48 h from a culture stored in glycerol at -20ºC.
Inoculum was prepared in two steps. Firstly, a single colony obtained from a Petri dish was used to inoculate a small amount of TYED medium (10 mL of TYED in a 50 mL flask) and propagated for around 24 hours in a New Brunswick Incubator, operating at 30ºC and 200 r.p.m. This culture was transferred at the end of exponential growth phase to 100 mL (500 mL flask) of fresh medium with the following composition; triptone: 2g, yeast extract: 1 g, lactose: 15 g, and water: 100 ml, and propagated for a further day under the same conditions. This culture was employed as inoculum in a ratio of 10 volumes per 100 volumes of fermentation medium. The inoculums were transferred at the end of the exponential growth phase.
In the experiments carried out for this study two different bioreactors were employed. Erlenmeyer flasks closed with cotton bungs were employed for cell culturing in batches. Experiments were carried out using 250 mL flasks with 100 mL cultivation medium. Pure oxygen was bubbled through the broth, with 0.3 or 0.6 L oxygen per flask per minute, depending on the case. Experiments were carried out at 30ºC and 200 r.p.m. in the incubator mentioned above.
When more controlled culture conditions were needed, a 5-litre capacity commercial bioreactor (BIOFLO III from New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc) was used, with agitation, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and foam controllers and the corresponding peristaltic pumps, allowing batch, fed-batch or continuous operation. The pH was left to vary freely from the initial value. Foam was removed by automatic addition of antifoam (SIGMA 289).
Analytical Methods
Cell growth was determined by measuring dry weight. 1 mL samples were centrifuged in pre-weighted Eppendorf tubes, washed with distilled water and placed in an oven at 110ºC for 48 hours until constant weight was reached.
Lactose was determined using the dinitrosalicylic acid method (Miller, 1959). Briefly, 1 mL of DNS reactive (8 g NaOH, 150 sodium and potassium tartrate, 5 g dinitrosalicylic acid, and 500 mL distilled water) was added to a 1 mL sample, diluted to bring the lactose concentration down to less than 2 g/l. The tubes with the reaction mixture were heated in a boiling bath for 5 minutes and then cooled in an ice bath and diluted with 10 mL of distilled water. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm (Peña et al., 2000). A blank sample was prepared with the same procedure using distilled water instead of the problem sample. Sample concentration was calculated based on a calibration curve determined by using a known solution of lactose.
Ethanol was analysed by gas chromatography using a Shimadzu GC 14B chromatograph with flame ionisation detector. A SUPELCOWAX 10 (SUPELCO) capillary column 60 m long, with 0.25 mm inside diameter and 0.25 mm film thickness was used (Parrondo et al., 2000). The oven temperature was set initially at 40ºC, held for 10 minutes, ramped to 80ºC at a rate of 4ºC/ min, held there for 10 minutes and then ramped to 200ºC at 35ºC/ min, with a final hold at 200ºC for 15 minutes. Split injections of 1 mL were applied at an injection port temperature of 200ºC. The temperature of the flame ionisation detector was 230ºC. The split and purge flows were fixed at 20 and 4 ml/min. Helium inlet pressure was fixed at 150 kPa (around 1 ml/min). Detector pressures were as follows; hydrogen: 60 kPa, air: 60 kPa, and make-up helium 80 kPa. Detector sensibility was set at 101. Ethanol was quantified by external standards using 1-propanol as the internal standard. Each sample was injected three times to assure reproducibility (variation coefficient less than 6%)
Phosphate was analysed by the phosphomolybdic complex method. Protein, peptides and amino acids
were analysed by the Lowry method. The peptides were analysed after precipitation of protein in the samples with trichloroacetic acid 10 % w/w.
Kinetic Model
An unstructured model was employed to simulate yeast growth, lactose consumption and ethanol production. Cell growth was assumed to be proportional to cell concentration and the final equation contains an inhibition factor proportional to the square of cell concentration. Yeast cell growth is described by a Riccati equation of the type:
where rX is the yeast cell growth, X the yeast cell concentration expressed as cell dry weight, and kx and kxi the two parameters of the model. This equation can be integrated by separation of variables to give the logistic curve equation:
where X0 is the yeast dry weight at the beginning of the fermentation.
The rate of lactose consumption is due to yeast cell growth during the exponential phase of growth and also to cellular maintenance when yeast growth is stopped. The following equation was used to model the rate of lactose consumption:
where S is the lactose concentration in the broth, YX/S the biomass/ lactose yield, and m the cellular maintenance coefficient.
Ethanol is the end product of lactose metabolism and hence its production is directly related to lactose consumption. Ethanol production can be modelled using the following equation:
where P is the ethanol concentration, and YP/S the ethanol/ lactose yield.
Effect of Lactose Addition on Alcoholic Fermentation of Whey
The objective was to increase the concentration of ethanol in the alcoholic end product. To achieve this, initial concentration of lactose in whey needed to be optimized. Accordingly, four initial lactose concentrations in the whey based medium (44, 85, 127 and 166 g/l) were assayed. Fermentation broth was prepared as described in Material and Methods - Culture Medium. Experiments were carried out by incubating 100 ml of the different media in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks in an orbital incubator, as described in Material and Methods - Yeast and Culture Conditions. The effect of lactose concentration on yeast cell growth is shown in Figure 1.
When initial lactose concentration was increased from 44 to 127 g/L, the final concentration of yeast (dry weight) rose by 20%. With a higher initial lactose concentration (166 g/L) final biomass concentration decreases. Yeast cell growth was modelled using the logistic model (equation 1), which describes the exponential growth and the stationary phase. Model parameters (kx and kxi), confidence intervals and determination coefficients resulting from the fit are shown in Table 1. The determination coefficients (percentage of variance explained by regression) were over 0.99, so the fit of the data to the model was very good. Parameter kx decreased when lactose concentration increased, probably due to an osmotic inhibition of cell growth. On the other hand, final biomass concentration (1/kxi) increased when sugar concentration increased, except when it reached 166 g/L, which may be related to an inhibition effect appearing at this high sugar concentration affecting the physiological behaviour of the yeast. In any event, specific growth rates (kx) deviated less than 15% from the ones obtained by other authors (Walker and O'Neill, 1990).
The changes over time in the ethanol concentration in the fermentation broth were also determined. Results are shown in Figure 2. Curves of ethanol production display two zones: the first showing high ethanol productivity during exponential growth of the yeast and the second with slow or even zero ethanol productivity when the initial concentration of lactose was 44 g/L. A final ethanol concentration of 40 g/L was reached with an initial lactose concentration of 85 g/L. When lactose was increased from 85 to 127 g/L, ethanol concentration changed from 40 to 56 g/L. Curves for ethanol production in fermentations carried out with 127 and 166 g lactose/L were very similar. With an initial concentration of lactose higher than 166 g/L, slower yeast cell growth is expected and hence lower ethanol productivity. This is because the specific grow rate decreases when increasing the concentration. If the increase in the concentration until 166 g/L decreases the growth rate of the yeast, it is expected that an additional increase would result in lower growth rates.
Figure 3 shows the changes over time in lactose concentration for the different concentrations assayed. As can be seen, in all cases there is an initial period of rapid consumption up to 12-18 hours, followed by a slower consumption period. Lactose consumption is also modelled using the equations (1)-(4). The parameters obtained are shown in Table 2. The biomass/lactose yield remains almost constant; a mean value of 0.09 g of cell dry weight per g lactose is calculated. The results are in agreement with other published data, the deviation being less than 15% (Dale et al., 1994; Ferrari et al., 1994; Vienne and von Stockar, 1985; Walker and O'Neil, 1990).
Ethanol/lactose yield and the coefficients determined from the fit of the data to the model are also shown in Table 2. A slight decrease in the ethanol/lactose yield is observed when the lactose concentration was increased from 44 g/L to 166 g/L (Table 2). The efficiency of alcoholic process, i.e., the actual yield divided by the maximum attainable yield, decreases from 94% to 83% (Table 2) when lactose increases from 44-85 to 127-166 g/L. These efficiency levels are calculated assuming a theoretical ethanol production, by means of alcoholic fermentation, of 0.54 g of ethanol per g of lactose consumed by yeast.
After approximately 24 hours the yeast (under assayed conditions) enters stationary phase and because of it the cell growth stops. The consumption of lactose observed is due to the maintenance metabolism and is relatively high as a consequence of the high concentration of yeast and the long time that the yeast was kept culturing (see Figures 1, 2 and 3). The maintenance requirements are mainly energetic requirements. This means that the lactose is consumed for the production of the energy that is used by the cells for their survival. The production of energy using lactose leads to the production of a stoichiometric amount of ethanol (ethanol is the final product of the catabolic route employed by the yeast). The carbon source is not wasted because the objective is the production of ethanol
Optimum fermentation in terms of yield, ethanol productivity and ethanol concentrations is thus considered to be achieved with 127 g lactose/L, since maximum ethanol concentration (50 g/L) was obtained after 96 hours of fermentation, when all the sugar was practically consumed. In this fermentation an ethanol/sugar yield of 0.45 was obtained.
The pH of the medium during the fermentations in the Erlenmeyer flasks decreases from the initial value around 6 to approximately 4.0-4.5.
Lastly, the nitrogen source was also monitored. As can be seen in Figure 4, only 20-25% of total protein is consumed in any case by yeast. Previous papers (Harju et al., 1976; Wasserman, 1960) have shown that yeast cannot assimilate all the nitrogen sources contained in whey. The stop in cell growth observed at high lactose concentrations (see Figure 1) may be due to the depletion of nitrogen sources (there are also other possible nutrient limitations such as vitamins, oligoelements, ...) as previously reported by other authors (Wasserman, 1960). Therefore, a number of experiments with ammonium and yeast extract as nitrogen sources were carried out in order to analyze this hypothesis. These experiments are presented in the next section.
Effect of Nitrogen Sources in K. marxianus Cultivation
Experiments were carried out in order to study the effect of different nitrogen sources on yeast growth and ethanol production. Two nitrogen sources were tested: ammonium sulphate and yeast extract. Ammonium sulphate releases ammonium, a nitrogen source easily assimilated by yeast cells. Yeast extract is a complex mixture of substances from yeast that represents a source of nitrogen that is also easily assimilated by most microorganisms. It is a complex source of nutrients, containing nitrogen sources, vitamins, oligoelements, salts, growth promoting substances, and many other nutrients. Because it is obtained from dead yeast, it contains all the constituents of yeast cells.
Experiments were carried out to elucidate the effect of each substrate and also mixed effects. K. marxianus was cultured in whey supplemented with 100 g/L of lactose and FeCl3 as described in Material and Methods - Yeast and Culture Conditions. Ammonium sulphate and yeast extract were added to reach a concentration of 4.7 g/L and 6 g/L, respectively. These concentrations were selected taking into account the work of Kallel et al. (1991). Results obtained are shown in Figure 5.
Supplementing with ammonium, a nitrogen source easily assimilated by all yeast, did not yield the expected result since yeast growth, specific growth rate and final biomass concentration increased in comparison to the control, but not too much, and hence ethanol production was not as fast as expected. It could be concluded that there must be a limiting substrate other than ammonium for the alcoholic fermentation of whey by K. marxianus.
On the other hand, adding either yeast extract or yeast extract plus ammonium sulphate increased biomass yield from 0.07 to 0.10 g dry weight per g lactose (data not shown) and final yeast concentration from nearly 7 to 11 g/L, measured as dry weight, at 24 hours of growth. Furthermore, in both these cases lactose was depleted at the same time and a final ethanol concentration of 50 g/L was obtained. The efficiency of lactose biotransformation into ethanol, calculated as described previously, was 85 % (data not shown). The behaviour in the case of the medium supplied with ammonium was almost the same as the control.
The decrease in the ethanol concentration at the end of the fermentation was probably due to aerobic oxidation of ethanol by yeast. This behaviour is not due to evaporation. A control experiment was done to measure the amount of ethanol lost by evaporation and it was found that the final amount was very similar to the initial concentration. During this stage, the yeast did not grow because it was in the stationary phase. Ethanol (substrate) consumption was used for maintenance of yeast population.
Aeration Promoted Metabolism: Effect of Vitamin Supplementation in Aerobic Growth
As previously indicated, experiments performed with whey supplemented with yeast extract show high growth rates of yeast. Among the constituents of yeast extract there are several vitamins that may affect cell growth (Andreasen and Stier, 1953). Experiments to explain the effect of yeast extract on yeast growth were carried out, but first the effect of oxygen on the metabolism of K. marxianus was tested.
a) Effect of Oxygen on the Metabolism of K. marxianus
Erlenmeyer flasks of 250 mL containing 50 mL of whey supplemented with lactose were used to test the effect of oxygen on the metabolism of K. marxianus. In this case, in order to ensure a sufficient oxygen supply, 0.6 L/min of pure oxygen was provided to each flask, as described in Material and Methods - Yeast and Culture Conditions.
Results show that the yeast metabolism shifts from fermentation to respiration, as expected. After around 40 hours of cultivation, a concentration of 17 g/L of yeast was reached when these aerobic conditions were ensured (Figure 6). Furthermore, no ethanol production was detected. These conditions are suitable for preparation of inocula, for which a high concentration of cells is usually needed.
b) Effect of Vitamins on Yeast Growth, Lactose Consumption and Ethanol Production
Based on previous studies (Harju et al., 1976; Kallel et al., 1991) four vitamins were assayed: nicotinic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid and inositol. Specifically, nicotinic acid has been reported to be a limiting substrate in alcoholic fermentation of whey by K. marxianus (Kallel et al., 1991). Individual and mixed effects were tested, including the effects of four different variables. In order to assure the confidence level of all experiments presented here, an experimental program was designed and performed in triplicate. The differences found in dry weight and ethanol concentration between the triplicates are less than 5%.
In the experiments performed, a medium of whey with food grade lactose supplemented with Fe3+ was used. Each vitamin was added from a stock solution to reach a vitamin concentration in the cultivation medium of 14 mg/L for nicotinic acid, inositol and pantothenic acid, and 2 mg/L for biotin. Vitamins were added at a concentration (mg vitamin per gramme of lactose in the medium) in accordance with the work of Kallel (Kallel et al., 1991; Kallel-Mhiri and Miclo, 1995; Kallel-Mhiri and Miclo, 1994). In this case, 0.3 L/min of pure oxygen was provided to each flask. Dry weight changes over time and ethanol production are presented in Figure 7. Specific growth rates, final dry weight reached during cultivations, and biomass/ lactose yields are shown in Table 3.
Production of ethanol was tested with this lower oxygen flow rate, 0.3 l/min vs. 0.6 l/min, previously assayed. The ethanol level achieved in the control experiment, 4% during the first six hours of incubation, is related to the inability to supply enough oxygen to the Erlenmeyer flask at this fast initial step of lactose consumption, as can be shown from an oxygen mass balance. In the calculations was used a kL value of 10-5 ms-1 estimated using the results of Nikakhtari and Hill (2006). The yeast seemed to display diauxic behaviour since a second step of C-substrate, ethanol, consumption appeared, transforming it effectively into carbon dioxide and water. K. marxianus is considered to be a respiratory yeast and diauxic behaviour (Franzen, 1997) has been described for this type of microorganisms when environmental conditions are not absolutely aerobic but respire-fermentative. It appears that the oxygen supplied to the medium was not enough to convert the sugar in it into carbon dioxide and water and, as a consequence, the sugar was transformed to ethanol. Once sugar has been completely consumed yeast starts to oxidize ethanol. However, when one or more vitamins are present in the medium ethanol, if produced, is not metabolised over these long time periods under the same environmental conditions
Nicotinic acid (14 ppm) shifts yeast from an aerobic metabolism towards fermentation since its presence in the culture medium increased the level of ethanol and the ethanol/lactose yield and decreased biomass concentration and the biomass/lactose yield. Furthermore, the specific cell growth rate was much higher than in the control at 0.31 h-1 vs. 0.09 h-1. These results coincide with those reported by Arnier et al. (1990) and seem to be a consequence of the role that this nicotinic acid plays in the biosynthesis of the cofactors implied in fermentation (Rose and Harrison, 1989). Cells use nicotinic acid, a coenzyme needed in fermentation pathways, in the biosynthesis of NAD. An excess of this vitamin increases fermentation activity as a consequence of the higher activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (Jones et al., 1981).
Adding biotin (2 ppm) decreased final biomass concentrations compared to the levels obtained in the experiment carried out without vitamins, but increased specific growth rates. Biotin also shifted the metabolism towards the production of ethanol but with a slower consumption of lactose (data not shown). Experiments carried out with the addition of inositol to the cultivation broth yielded a final biomass concentration similar to those obtained with the control experiment but with a higher specific growth rate. Pantotenic acid increased biomass production (15% more than the control), with a slightly higher biomass/lactose yield. Specific growth rate was also higher and similar to that obtained with other vitamins. Addition of two or more vitamins tended to decrease final biomass concentration, with higher specific growth rates, lower lactose consumption (data not shown) and higher ethanol production than in the control.
Seeking to demonstrate the potential effect of nicotinic acid on the aerobic growth of K. marxianus, experiments adding only 2 mg/L of this vitamin were carried out. Magnesium, reported as a limiting factor for yeast growth in whey by Antier et al. (1990) was also added to the medium (1.7 g/L of MgSO4 .7 H20) in order to check its effect on yeast metabolism. Individual and mixed effects of nicotinic acid and magnesium were tested. Cultivations, including a control, were carried out at 30ºC and 200 rpm, in 250 mL Erlermeyer flasks filled with 50 mL of broth into which 0.6 L/min of oxygen was introduced. In all cases, metabolism was aerobic and results in terms of cell production and lactose consumption were quite similar to those obtained in the control experiment (data not shown).
Changes in Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources During Aerobic Growth of K. marxianus
To test whether nitrogen in whey was easily assimilated by the strain of K. marxianus employed in this work, several experiments were conducted in a 5 L stirred tank bioreactor with dissolved oxygen control, to ensure growth under aerobic conditions. As the results obtained in the previous section showed that pantothenic acid improved K. marxianus growth in aerobic conditions, further experiments were carried out in a modified cultivation broth containing this compound.
During these experiments, carried out in whey supplemented with food grade lactose, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations were analysed in order to detect any deficit in the nutrient composition of the broth. Dissolved oxygen was maintained at 14% of its saturation value. This value was used on the basis of previous results that showed that under these conditions yeast grow aerobically. The aeration rate was 1 volume of air per volume of medium per minute (v.v.m.). The control system changes the agitation speed in the range 200 and 600 r.p.m. to keep the desired value of dissolved oxygen.
The temperature was kept at 30ºC. The cultivation broth had the following composition: whey powder 78 g/L, lactose 100 g/L, FeCl3 24 mg/l, and pantothenic acid 14 mg/L.
An analysis of phosphate, the main source of phosphorous for cell growth, indicates that its concentration was always over 400 mg/L during the process. As a result, it can be concluded that this is not a limiting substrate for the yeast growth.
The nitrogen source was also monitored during this aerobic cultivation. Total protein nitrogen was analysed by the Lowry method. Peptides were also analysed by the Lowry method, after precipitation of proteins with trichloroacetic acid. Protein concentration was obtained by subtracting peptide concentration from the total nitrogen concentration. Results are shown in Figure 8, where cell dry weight is also represented.
The yeast growth rate slowed after 12-18 hours, although there were still proteins and peptides in the broth. Wasserman (1960) concluded that K. marxianus was only able to assimilate 25 % of the nitrogen of whey. This fraction came from the nitrogen that still remained after precipitation of broth by means of heating in an acid medium. The results obtained here are in accordance with Wasserman's conclusions.
According to Rose and Harrison (1989) proteins of whey cannot be easily assimilated by yeast because K. marxianus does not excrete proteases into the cultivation broth. During whey fermentation, the strain of K. marxianus employed here only excreted proteases at 10 enzymatic units (EU) (one enzymatic unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzed the hydrolysis of enough proteins to give a change in absorbance at 520 nm of 0.1 in 30 min).
Peptides also remained in the medium once yeast growth had stopped. This may be due to the fact that the strain of yeast used only grows in the presence of simple nitrogen sources, at least under the experimental conditions employed. Experiments to prove this hypothesis were carried out in the same stirred tank bioreactor described above. The cultivation broth had the following composition: whey powder 78 g/L, lactose 100 g/L, FeCl3 20 mg/L, pantothenic acid 12 mg/L, and ammonium sulphate 5 g/L. The oxygen level and temperature were maintained at 14% saturation value and 30ºC, respectively. The results are presented in Figure 9.
The pH of the medium decreased from 5.6 to 4.8 over the first 12 hours of cultivation, and remained approximately constant thereafter. Dissolved oxygen concentration was always above 10% of the saturation value (13% as approximate mean medium value). Under these conditions, no ethanol was produced and dry cell weight reached nearly 11 g/L after 48 hours of yeast growth, and 15 g/L after 5 days. These results are in accordance with those previously obtained by Wasserman (1960). The dry cell weight reached here is clearly lower than the one previously achieved under similar conditions, as presented in Fig 6. In any event, it must be taken into account that those previous experiments were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks, and the conditions were probably different from this experiment. If this culture was employed as a starter (proportion of 10 volumes of starter per 100 volumes of broth) an initial dry weight of 1.6 g/L could be achieved. This figure is in the range recommended by various authors (Rogosa et al., 1947; Veractert and De Mot, 1990).
Lactose, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, all of them major components of whey, are essential factors for the growth of K. marxianus. But other minor components, such as some vitamins, have also been revealed as compounds decisive to the metabolic pathways finally selected by the yeast. Changes in their concentration provoked changes in the metabolic pathways and, consequently, in the final metabolites achieved.
With low oxygen concentration (no air was added to the medium) adding lactose to whey resulted in an increase in the ethanol produced during fermentation by K. marxianus. The optimum concentration of lactose turned out to be 127 g/L, giving 50 g ethanol/L and an ethanol/lactose yield of 0.45. Addition of yeast extract increased the specific growth rate of K. marxianus, probably due not only to the presence of a nitrogen source but also to the presence of vitamins in the yeast extract.
Addition of oxygen to the medium previously selected resulted in an increase of final biomass production from 6-7 to 14-15 g/L. However, the aerobic metabolism in this system seems to be modified when vitamins are added to the medium. Thus, addition of both nicotinic acid and biotin decreased final biomass concentration, increasing the specific growth rate. Furthermore, nicotinic acid shifted the yeast metabolism towards fermentation, since an increase in ethanol production levels was also achieved. Adding two or more vitamins had the intriguing effect of decreasing final biomass concentration, although with a higher specific growth rate, lower lactose consumption and higher ethanol production.
Under the conditions assayed, K. marxianus was only able to assimilate simple nitrogen sources such as aminoacids and ammonium Whey protein could not be assimilated and phosphate was shown not to be a limiting substrate.
This work has been funded by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology (FPI) of the Spanish Government.
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Kallel, H., Garridosanchez L, Engasser J. M., and Miclo, A., Optimization of a continuous culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus on whey permeate - effects of minerals and vitamins on the yeast growth and metabolism. Microbiologie -Aliments -Nutrition, 9, 309-317 (1991). [ Links ]
Kallel-Mhiri, H. and Miclo, A., Kinetics of lactose transport in Kluyveromyces fragilis grown in a chemostat on diluted whey permeate, J. Ind. Microbiol., 15, 45-48 (1995). [ Links ]
Kallel-Mhiri, H., Valance, C., Engasser, J. M. and Miclo, A., Yeast continuous mixed cultures on whey permeate and hydrolysed starch, Process Biochem., 29, 381-386 (1994). [ Links ]
Miller, G. L., Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar, Anal Chem., 31, 426-428 (1959). [ Links ]
Nikakhtari, H, Hill G. A., Closure Effects on Oxygen Transfer and Aerobic Growth in Shake Flasks. Biotech & Bioeng., 95, 16-21 (2006). [ Links ]
Parrondo, J., Garcia, L. A. and Diaz, M., Production of an alcoholic beverage by fermentation of whey permeate with Kluyveromyces fragilis I. primary metabolism, J. I. Brewing, 106, 367-375 (2000). [ Links ]
Parrondo, J., Garcia L. A. and Diaz, M., Production of an alcoholic beverage by fermentation of whey permeate with Kluyveromyces fragilis II: aroma composition, J. I. Brewing, 106, 377-382 (2000). [ Links ]
Peña, C., Trujillo-Roldan, M. A. and Galindo, E., Influence of dissolved oxygen tension and agitation speed on alginate production and its molecular weight in cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii, Enzyme Microb. Tech., 27, 390-398 (2000). [ Links ]
Rodney, P. J. and Greenfield, P. F., A review of yeast ionic nutrition. Part I: growth and fermentation requirements. Process Biochem., 4, 48-60 (1984). [ Links ]
Rogosa, M., Browne, H, N. and Whittier, E. O., Ethyl alcohol from whey. J Dairy Sci. 30, 263-269 (1947). [ Links ]
Rose, A. H. and Harrison, J. S., The Yeast, Volume 3, Academic Press Limited, London (1989). [ Links ]
Verachtert, H. and De Mot, R., Yeast, Biotechnology and biocatalysis, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York (1990). [ Links ]
Vienne, P. and von Stockar, U., Metabolic, physiological and kinetic aspects of the alcoholic fermentation of whey permeate by Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL 665 and Kluyveromyces lactis NCYC 571, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 7, 287-294 (1985). [ Links ]
Walker, G. M. and O'Neill, J. D., Morphological and metabolic changes in the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus NRRLy2415 during fermentation of lactose. J. Chem. Technol. Biot., 49, 75-89 (1990). [ Links ]
Wasserman, A. E., Whey utilization. IV. Availability of whey nitrogen for the growth of Saccharomyces marxianus. J. Dairy Sci., 43, 1231-1234 (1960). [ Links ]
(Submitted: February 21, 2007 ; Revised: November 14, 2007 ; Accepted: December 10, 2007)
* To when correspondence should be adressed


text:
How do you get ahead in business when you're sort of mousy and doesn't have much in terms of social skills? Well, killing all of the people ahead of you might just about do it. That seems to be the plot of the dark comedy "Miss Nobody", which was completed in 2007 and was originally scheduled for a 2008 release, but has since been bumped over to 2009. It's one of those independent films that eschews cool guys walking away from explosions in favor of a very cute Leslie Bibb (obviously playing against type) going around bumping people off because, gosh, it turns out she's really, really good at murder.
A mild-mannered secretary discovers that she has a talent for murder as she ascends the corporate ladder.
Starring Leslie Bibb, Missi Pyle, Adam Goldberg, Kathy Baker, Mia Pollini, Gabriel Schwalenstocker, Brandon Routh, Keir O'Donnell, Vivica A. Fox, and Eddie Jemison. Directed by Tim Cox.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sometime in the late 1500s, a crowd witnessed the first enactment of the first play written by an unknown playwright, William Shakespeare. Everyone knows what came next for the world's most famous playwright.
Now, more than 400 years after Shakespeare's debut, three local playwrights are preparing a similar foray into the theater world.
Unknown by the masses, the three students promise to thrill.
And those lucky enough to attend, might end up witnessing the next Shakespeare in action.
Below is a brief overview of this weekend's productions, which will be shown at Montezuma-Cortez High School on Jan. 31 at 7 p.m. and on Feb. 1 at 2 p.m. and 7 p.m.
'Red Riding Hood' by Kaylee Brinkerhoff
Written and directed by Montezuma-Cortez High School student Kaylee Brinkerhoff, Red Riding Hood is a one-act play based on the classic story of a girl, a picnic basket and a trip to Grandmother's house.
Full of unexpected twists and comedic elements, Brinkerhoff's take on the timeless classic promises to keep audience members on the edge of their seats.
Describing her first experience as a playwright, Brinkerhoff, who is well known locally for her acting, was frank.
"I've never been in a director's position before. It has been challenging. It was a really great experience for me to step into someone else's shoes."
'Doctor, Doctor' by Bryce Stanley
Written and directed by M-CHS student Bryce Stanley, Doctor, Doctor is a one-act play based on the popular TV show Dr. Who.
Chronicling the battles of two rival doctors played by Sheldon Harris and Xavier Eddy, the production will stand out from traditional theater productions.
"It's going to be a fun time for everyone," said Stanley. "My play has a lot of sci-fi movie stuff."
'Love's Quest Through Darkness' by Miaya Duran
Written and directed my Miaya Duran, Love's Quest Through Darkness tells the story of a cursed prince whose love results in the death of those whom his heart desires.
Based on Greek mythology, the one-act play is headlined by M-CHS students Xavier Eddy (Zeus) and the always popular Todd Underwood (Medusa).
"At first, I thought this was going to be easy, but it got stressful," said Duran of her first directing experience. "Right now, I feel confident and really good about everything."


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wow this is easy u suck at making screenshots
Actually when I saw this shot, I laughed.... alright I'm gonna go look again..... heh... heheh.... heheh hahah hahah HAHAHHAHAHHAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHAHAH!!!!!!!
Lone Wolf assassin
yah honestly i dont even get this...
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Big Welcome to everyone!
Do You like the Death Busters and always found that Sailor Moon S is the Best season?
Then this is the right Group for You!
#1 Read the Rules
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and have fun!
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Dec '10


text:
ECS' new mobo comes in grape!
Subject: Motherboards | October 26, 2005 - 03:41 PM | Jeremy Hellstrom
Motherboards.org has gotten a hold of the ECS KN1 SLI Extreme Motherboard, an SLI board without the paddle usually found to switch between single and dual video cards. It even comes with a "Top Hat" a backup BIOS that sits on top of the main BIOS chip. It will allow you to boot after a bad flash, so you can try to reflash.
"ECS is not only one of the biggest sellers of motherboards worldwide, sometimes they actually
make products that are worthy of attention and priced right as well. The KN1 Extreme SLI falls
right into that category, having solid features, stability and of course a reasonable price."
Here are some more Motherboard articles from around the web:
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comparison of 11 AMD Athlon 64 Socket 754 & 939 Motherboards @ OC Inside
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Feeler - brand new Bruteforce hybrid bumper for your stock white bumper NY
Discussion in 'Buy / Sell / Trade' started by MMazz365, Dec 3, 2012.


text:
This promotion is for Rewards members only. To take advantage of exclusive offers like these, join Office Depot® OfficeMax® Rewards Everything now!
- Home /
- Product Details
Designed for business-class management, security, speed, and quality of service, Linksys smart PoE+ Gigabit Switches provide a network your business can grow on. Numerous QoS features ensure that traffic is prioritized properly to deliver the best possible user experience for real-time applications like voice and video along with bandwidth-intensive graphic/video file uploads and downloads. IGMP snooping limits IP multicast traffic to the ports that requested it, enabling the rest of the network to operate at peak efficiency.
Product Details
|Item #
|Manufacturer #
|brand name
|Certifications & Standards
|IEEE Standards:802.3; 802.3u; 802.3ab
|7.9 in.
|Expansion Slot Type
|form factor
|1.7 in.
|Layer Supported
|Media Type Supported
|Twisted Pair
|Network Technology
|10/100/1000Base-T; 1000Base-X
|Number of SFP Slots
|Number of Total Expansion Slots
|PoE Budget
|Port/Expansion Slot Details
|18 x Gigabit Ethernet Network; 2 x Gigabit Ethernet Expansion Slot
|2 10/100/1000 Ethernet (RJ-45); 16 Power over Ethernet (PoE, RJ-45)
|Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
|Shared SFP Slot
|Total Number of Network Ports
|warranty length
|1-year limited
|Weight (Approximate)
|6.14 lb
|17.3 in.
From the Manufacturer|
Linksys LGS318P 18-Port Business Smart Gigabit PoE+ SwitchWith Quality of Service, Power over Ethernet Plus, and advanced security features, the Linksys LGS318P 18-Port Business Smart Gigabit PoE+ Switch keeps your network running at peak performance. This switch ensures network traffic is prioritized properly for efficient usage, while features such as IGMP snooping, Storm Control, and Spanning Tree Protocol maintain peak performance as you expand your network. Power over Ethernet Plus provides extra power, reduces electrical wiring costs, and gives you flexibility when installing network devices. The Linksys Smart Gigabit Switch also keeps your network and data protected with advanced security features that prevent unauthorized access and outside attacks.
At a Glance:
- Prioritizes network traffic for efficient usage
- 18 Gigabit Ethernet ports for business-class management
- PoE+ for reduced costs and simple installation
- Advanced security features protect network
- Designed for smooth network expansion
- Gigabit mini-GBIC (SFP) Combo port expansion
What's in the Box:
- Linksys Smart Switch
- Quick Start Guide
- Power Cord or Power Adaptor
- CD with Documentation
- Rack Mount Kit
Additional Features
Smart Switch Prioritizes Traffic for Efficiency
The Linksys LGS318P 18-Port Business Smart Gigabit PoE+ Switch manages the flow of data across your network, prioritizing traffic for efficient usage. Quickly access real-time applications like voice and video, or download large graphic/video files without slowing down the rest of the network. Thanks to IGMP snooping, IP multicast traffic is limited to the ports that requested it, which keeps your network operating at peak efficiency.
Power over Ethernet Plus for Cost Savings
Save time and money with Power over Ethernet Plus (PoE+), which allows the network cable to carry electrical power, simplifying installation and reducing electrical wiring costs. Place IP cameras or wireless access points where you need them most, without having to worry about the nearest power outlet.
For increased system efficiency, this Linksys LGS318P 18-Port Business Smart Gigabit PoE+ Switch supports the latest 802.3at (PoE+) and is backward compatible with 802.3af (PoE). PoE+ provides extra power for each Gigabit Ethernet port, saving your business in operating costs.
Advanced Security Features Keep Your Network Protected
Keep your network secure with the Linksys Smart Gigabit Switch security features. Port authentication and MAC-based port security requires clients to authenticate themselves before any data is passed, preventing unauthorized access to the network. DHCP snooping filters out invalid messages from untrusted sources, and IP-MAC binding functions help you protect your network from outside attacks.
Designed for Easy Network Expansion
As your business expands, you can connect multiple switches to each other to suit your growing needs. The Linksys Smart Gigabit Switch is equipped with features like Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Storm Control to keep you operating smoothly.
STP helps keep performance steady by preventing cable loops when information is being sent between switches on the network. Storm Control also reduces slowed performance or loss of service by monitoring and suppressing traffic levels.
Explore the LGS318P Features
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text:
|Main Features
|Optical Zoom
|Battery Type
Use the tools below to refine your search by only displaying reviews with a certain number of star ratings or to only show reviews from a certain time period. Eg click on '1 star' to just display the reviews we have which received a 1 star rating click or 'Within the last month' to display just reviews posted over the last month.
Written on: 14/04/2012
Yes I have the Optio 50, and yes, it does go through batteries..... If you use rechargeables and bring spares you are fine. It is pretty easy to use, and does take reasonable pictures. My old Rollei 35 is much better (film), smaller, needs no batteries, and is simpler to use. Plus, you have negatives or slide film that will last endlessly instead of digital pixels that vanishe into the air when deleted, and digital hardware which is being upgraded every five minutes, cannot be serviced… Read Full Review
Written on: 24/10/2010 by peter raven (1 review written)
I paid £ 3 for this at a carboot,looks GOOD, small, compact, easy to use,nice build quality, BUT OH DEAR,the battery life, lucky i have 4 sets of 2600 AA batteries and a charger !! i have an Olympus c-3000 and an Olympus c-55 cameras, both take 4 AA batteries, also a Minolta AF 7000 camera all take 4 AA batteries and go on for ever , Pentax get your act togeather ! i also have a Pentax Spotmatic ! which has never let me down,what has happened !… Read Full Review
Written on: 19/07/2008
This is an appalling camera, and has to be the worst digital camera ever. We bought it because of the famous name 'Pentax' and it's reputation for SLR quality cameras. This was a big mistake and I'll never buy another pentax. This was a disastrous choice and this camera truly deserves to be thrown away. In fact it hardly ever switches on anyway, so we don't even try to use it now… Read Full Review
Written on: 02/05/2008
Would never buy a Pentax again
Poor build quality
Serial # = 1169106 if Pentax Corp ever want to know that this review is not a fake… Read Full Review
Written on: 29/01/2008
Standard AA batteries won't last 5mins. You need to get 2500Ni-CD 0r Ni-MH ones and they last much longer - about 40/50 shots I guess… Read Full Review
Written on: 10/09/2007 by thomas a gamber (1 review written)
Pentax claims this is not a common problem but read for yourself… Read Full Review
Written on: 24/07/2007 by Nockolds (1 review written)
Not sure. I have had Pentax cameras for many years and they have been excellent and almost trouble free, but I think build quality has dropped, but then it has with all makes unless you pay a high price! The Pentax Optio 50 well under the cost of a similar Canon or Nikon at the time and I have heard reports of failures with them, so what do you do?… Read Full Review
Written on: 26/08/2006 by Dan from Dinas (4 reviews written)
This would no doubt be an acceptable camera but for the number of shots you get from perfectly decent batteries. One to avoid… Read Full Review
Written on: 10/06/2006 by kevin bolt (1 review written)
Beware of the Aiptek Pentax Optio 50 - battery life is non existent even when the camera is switched off a full set of batteries (mAh2500) will discharge completely over night. You can only get 30 or 40 photo's out of a set of batteries in a day in normal conditions. Pentax tell me that they have 'tested to specification' my camera so this would appear to be standard performance for the camera… Read Full Review
Written on: 30/12/2006
Must endorse the above. The Aiptek Pentax Optio 50 is not a bad camera otherwise, but battery life is unbelievably bad. Even brand new, fully-charged 2700mAh NiMH's only last about 25 - 30 shots. Compact size is no advantage if your camera requires twice its own weight in batteries for a days shooting!
Written on: 01/12/2005 by adamsueshawca (1 review written)
I returned my Pentax Optio 50 digital camera today. I told them at the camera shop that I did not get ONE SINGLE good picture out of this camera. Of course, I didn't take it outside in broad daylight, but THEN it's likely to be OK. They were not surprised by what I said, and they had nothing good to say about the camera. I guess when I bought it they were more interested in commission then getting me a good camera. I have always liked Canon, and the A520 is ultimately what I got. This camera… Read Full Review
Written on: 15/12/2005
I agree with Adam.
I also bought an Optio 50 and af first sight I liked the size of it. It was very compact and I was told that it took very good pictures and since it had 5.0 megapixels I thought why not...

It was the worst choice I made!!! I took pictures indoor with plenty of sun light and the result was a black image. The pictures I took outside were acceptable but only if the sun was right on our faces otherwise the faces will always appear as a black stain.

The colors of the outside pictures also had a yellow coloured look...

I returned the camera 2 days after I bought it and replaced it by the Sony DSC-S60 which was a very good choice!!!!
Written on: 11/07/2006
If your within in your return period, just insist on a refund, or an exchange at least. Bring in some of the pics. The person at the camera store told me these cameras are like this, that it is ONLY good for sunny, outdoor pictures. Makes it a little useless! I since got the canon A610, with the flip out lcd screen, i LOVE that camera. Pentax I don't recommend, although my neighbor bought a Pentax SLR that he seems to love. I bought my pentax at a camera store, not Walmart or Best Buy or the like, an actual camera store, and the girl gave me no warnings. But when I went back, I delt with a guy, and he said yeah, these are only good for outdoor shots, was not the least bit surprised that I said all pics were dark!
Written on: 12/06/2006
Your review seems spot on! My problem is getting PC World to acknowledge that they have sold me something that is not fit for the job. Any ideas?
Written on: 16/12/2005
Actually this is Sue, not Adam, but close enough! I at first replaced this with the Canon A520, but since have also bought the Sony S60! The A520 has great stills, quite happy, but the movie mode is a little lacking and there is a 10 second lag between being able to take pictures. So if I miss a shot then I have to wait 7-10 seconds before I can try again. Very frustrating while my daughter was on Santa's lap! The Sony has some decent stills, movie mode is definitely better, but I got some blurry shots with it yesterday, which happened to be shots of my friend picking up her first brand new car at the dealership and driving it out of the showroom, so shots I can never replace! No idea why they were blurry. But with this Pentax, I wouldnt get ANY useable shots, I didn't get any useable shots from it! Not one! I didn't try it outside at all, I thought maybe that was one place it just might pull off a few useable pics. Guess not! When I returned it the guy at the camera store said, yeah it's mainly for outdoor bright sunlight pictures. (and to stick to Canon). I hope Pentax sees these reviews and just pulls this camera off the market.
Written on: 27/05/2005 by vsrich (1 review written)
This review is for the Pentax Optio50 digicam, which is a very easy to use camera. It has manual controls, but my experience tought me to leave it mostly on the "Simple" mode and the internal computer will adjust it properly for you, in the most situations, especially at the parties, in low light environment. I tested it for close-ups too and it made great photos, with outstanding detail.
For the movie mode, make sure you get enough light, as there is no flash during video recording (that's… Read Full Review
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Great while it worked - then total failure " Read More
Written by GazzerUK
" Good quality product - pointless extras " Read More
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" Customer service " Read More
" Secondhand, "A bargain not to be missed" " Read More
Written by Veteranphotographer
" This is an amazing camera that I thoroughly enjoy using. I highly r... " Read More
Written by ellenh3


text:
Nautilus Pipeline Company, LLC
Original Volume No. 1
Contents / Previous / Next / Main Tariff Index
Effective Date: 04/05/2010, Docket: RP10-475-000, Status: Effective
Third Revised Sheet No. 112 Third Revised Sheet No. 112
Superseding: Second Revised Sheet No. 112
9.1 General Notices
Except as provided otherwise in this Tariff or the Service
Agreement, operational and other communications may be made by a
posting on Transporter's Interactive Internet Website as provided
in Section 21 hereof and by email or other mutually agreeable
means without subsequent written confirmation, unless written
confirmation is requested by either party hereto. Any notice,
request, demand, statement or other formal communication shall
only be deemed given when delivered by first class, certified or
registered U.S. mail, overnight delivery, courier, fax, or email
or postings on Transporter's Internet Web Site. Such delivery
shall: (a) be sent to Transporter at the address specified in the
Service Agreement, or through the Interactive Internet Website, or
at an address otherwise stated in a notice by Transporter to
Shipper; and (b) be sent to Shipper at the address in the Service
Agreement pursuant to the Rate Schedule, through the Interactive
Internet Website or at an address otherwise stated in a notice by
Shipper to Transporter.
All operational flow orders shall be posted on the Internet Web
Site and sent by telecopy to all affected Shippers. System-wide
notices should have a separate category for notices that are not
9.2 Alternative Notice
Transporter and Shipper may agree in writing to an alternative
method of giving notice to those specified in 9.1 above. Any such
agreed upon alternative method of giving notice shall remain
effective until rescinded by either party by giving prior written
notice to the other party.
9.3 Critical Notices
Critical Notices should be defined to pertain to information on
Transportation Service Provider conditions that affect scheduling
or adversely affect scheduled gas flow. All Critical Notices will
be sent via email to the email address(es) provided by Shipper and
posted under "Critical Notices" on the Interactive Internet


text:
STEP back in time at Barry Island Station this weekend where there will be stalls selling vintage ware and shabby-chic items in addition to the running of vintage trains on the railway.
The station will be open from 11.30am to 4pm each day on Saturday, Sunday and Monday, May 3, 4 and 5.
Browse amongst the stalls to find that elusive old-fashioned items, and catch the vintage railcar train for a run to Gladstone Bridge including a tour of the locomotive depot.
After enjoy a nice cuppa in the station's 1940's cafe.
Fun for all the family whatever the weather.
Call 01446 748816 for more details or visit www.barrytouristrailway.co.uk


text:
Ideal to merge with five Egyptian industrial companies
Egyptian home appliance manufacturer Delta Industrial (Ideal) is currently in merger talks with five local industrial companies. Once an agreement is finalized, the six firms will form the largest private appliance enterprise in the country, reported Al-Alam Al-Youm .
The five companies involved in the merger are the International Company for Modern Industries, Cairo Light Industries, Cairo Engineering Industries, Cairo Modern Industries and Cairo Industries.
Ideal began production of steel furniture in 1945. The company now produces refrigerators, automatic washing machines, gas cookers and manual washing machines. In 1998, the company became a privatized shareholding company under the Olympic Group. — (menareport.com)
© 2002 Mena Report (www.menareport.com)


text:
Know this is old news - but I haven't been able to decide where my noise is coming from so I can fix it.
1969 2J 11/2 HP varispeed
I have experimented based on previous posts and have found out this so far.
Mostly quiet in neutral
Noisy in high sounds like knocking or a chipped tooth while running
Slight noise in low same sound as high
Spindle TIR around .0005
Spindle has spline slop in both high and low
I had the head rebuilt supposedly less than 100 hours ago. It was done off the machine - new belts etc. It was noisy when I put the head back on think I got shafted but have since moved me and the 2J across the country so ----------
Looking for help in being able to identify the problem before I buy any parts for a fix. What do I look for and where?
Thanks in advance


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Big Sunday, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Big Sunday makes community involvement and volunteering rewarding and easy. I have been a volunteer project leader with Big Sunday for about 4 years. Through their support, we planted trees and shrubs and continue to beautify a local elementary school campus. They provide a terrific online system to attract and register volunteers for specific projects, support materials, and a bit of funding. Most of all, Big Sunday is focused on fun ways to connect people with meaningful opportunities. One sign of success for our project: Many people don't want to leave after a few hours of digging, planting and sharing lunch together.
More Feedback
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
Encourage more companies to sponsor Big Sunday so it can support more organizations.
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Very Well
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


text:
AmbrosiaAdd to shopping bag
necklace woman jewellery Ambrosia
Code: AAG 195
€ 76.31 € 98.00 You save € 21.69
shipping cost: € 20.90
Delivery within Thursday 21 December, if you order within 15 hours and 24 minutes
Product Info
Product: necklace woman jewellery Ambrosia AAG 195
Jewel Of Ambrosia. This Choker is Made of Silver 925 ‰ With Zircon And Crystal. This Jewel Coming In His Original Package. The reference is Aag 195
this necklace will be shipped with the original box Ambrosia
30 days to return the product
this necklace is shipped worldwide with UPS
See more articlesAmbrosia woman Ambrosia jewellery Ambrosia jewellery necklaces
Features necklace AAG 195 Ambrosia
brand: Ambrosia
package: original box Ambrosia
Product Guarantee: International Warranty Ambrosia
kind: woman
category: jewellery
Subcategory: necklaces
style: classic
producer code: AAG 195
Clasp type: Karabiner
Jewel Material: 925 Silver
Necklace Type: pendants
Stone type: Zircons
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text:
Dame Nita Barrow, (born Nov. 15, 1916, St. Lucy, Barbados—died Dec. 19, 1995, Bridgetown, Barbados), Barbadian public health official and diplomat who capped a long and distinguished career with her appointment in 1990 as the first woman governor-general of Barbados. Barrow, who was the sister of the country's first prime minister, Errol Barrow, studied nursing in Barbados, at the Universities of Toronto and Edinburgh, and at Columbia University, New York City. During the 1940s and '50s, she held a variety of nursing and public health posts in Barbados and Jamaica, and in 1964 she became an adviser to the World Health Organization (WHO). She rapidly gained international stature as nursing adviser (1967-71) to the Pan American Health Organization, medical commissioner (1971-80) and a president (1983) of the World Council of Churches, president (1975-83) of the World YWCA, health consultant (1981-86) to WHO, president (1982-90) of the International Council for Adult Education, and Barbadian ambassador (1986-90) to the UN. Barrow presided at the 1985 international women's conference in Nairobi, Kenya, and was the only woman named to the Eminent Persons Group set up to investigate racism in South Africa. In 1988 she lost a bid for the presidency of the UN General Assembly. Barrow was made Dame of the Order of St. Andrew in 1980.
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Hamburg, 16th January 2013 – The German IT security specialist gateprotect continues its growth process and reports a significant increase in turnover for the past business year. The extraordinarily positive development of the business in 2012 was enabled by a great number of new international partnerships with top distributors, a new management team as well as successful new products and services.
In 2012, gateprotect recorded a significant double-digit growth of turnover; the result of the past business year was thus the best result ever during its ten-year company history.
Under the new management team Dr. Peter Smeets (CEO), Stephan Ziegler (CTO) and Dr. Reinhard Festag (CFO), the German IT security specialist has grown considerably and aimed its course on internationalization and innovation.
Strategic Expansion of the Company
gateprotect strategically expanded its partner and sales structure during the past months and focused it on internationalization. With the foundation of gateprotect Inc., a subsidiary in the USA based in Santa Clara, California, as well as a new office in Cape Town, the IT security specialist from Hamburg, which is already employing people in Italy, Asia and Canada, is now backed by an even broader international base.
Together with the new international distributors Comguard for the Middle East, Comztek as a distributor for Africa and Tech Titan as a partner for the Asian countries, gateprotect is now distributing its security solutions in almost all relevant market economies worldwide.
In Austria and Italy the renowned Value Added Partner Computerlinks is supporting the distribution of the gateprotect solutions, and in Germany the company is counting on the cooperation with Gallo IT, among others.
"We are extremely satisfied with the international development", Dr. Reinhard Festag, CFO of gateprotect AG, says. "Traditionally we are generating a major part of our turnover in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, but we are also growing significantly in the booming Latin American market, where altogether six Value Added Partners in 13 countries are successfully promoting the sale of our security solutions. Likewise, our distribution partners in France, Great Britain, Spain and Hungary are also reporting positive growth figures".
Dr. Peter Smeets, CEO of gateprotect AG, explains the steadily growing success of the company as follows: "Our great strength lies in our strategy of understanding the respective markets and requirements of customers as well as possible and addressing the most urgent questions of our customers from medium-sized companies, the big industry and the public sector by offering custom-made, easy-to-operate IT security solutions – worldwide".
Innovative Products and New Services
By a row of successfully introduced new products and services, gateprotect has been able to consequently underpin its claim to technological leadership also in 2012. "Fresh money from a capital increase was directly invested in software and product development", explains Stephan Ziegler, CTO of gateprotect. "During the past 12 months, we have thus been able to introduce to the market the next generation firewall Version 9.2 with Application Control, present the new hardware of the GPZ model range and establish the gateprotect security audit."
Version 9.2 with Application Control
The gateprotect next generation firewall solution of Version 9.2 embraces an enhanced feature set that, besides state-of-the-art security and network features, also includes an application control. Instead of merely filtering data on the basis of ports and protocols and blocking individual websites, the application control records the data traffic, evaluates it and analyzes each data package as well as the information delivered in it. "Combined with the usual reliable performance, security and stability, the current version of our next generation firewall offers our customers an optimal, sustainable solution for the changing framework conditions and upcoming challenges in IT security and data protection", says Stephan Ziegler, CTO of gateprotect AG.
Launch of the GPZ Model Range
The third hardware generation of the next generation firewalls GPZ 1000, GPZ 2500 and GPZ 5000 provides companies with user-friendly solutions with redundant components for maximum security together with top stability and performance. A special RAID system assures high failure safety, the flexibly designed frontend can be freely configured to fit the customer's needs thanks to exchangeable network cards, and, in addition, all models are equipped with VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) and Application Control.
gateprotect Security Audit
The gateprotect security audit is an inspection procedure developed for the German market, in which an auditor certified by the German TÜV analyzes a multitude of technical and organizational parameters of a company's IT and puts them into a context with respect to their relevance for security. The security audit examines and documents the company's protection requirements and the compliance with statutory regulations and ordinances. With the test certificate, customers are able to document internally and externally that they are complying with a certified standard of data protection and thus prevent potential liability.
Increased Manpower
With numerous new hires, especially in the areas of research and development, gateprotect nearly doubled the number of its employees since 2011. Exciting tasks in an interesting working environment are making gateprotect attractive as an employer that has been able to win many international IT security experts. At the company's headquarters in Hamburg, there is currently an interdisciplinary team of over 80 people. Worldwide, gateprotect has more than 120 employees.
Outlook for 2013
Dr. Peter Smeets, CEO of gateprotect AG: "We are very satisfied with the development of the company and are looking to the future with great confidence. In 2013 we will continue to provide our customers with sophisticated IT security solutions "made in Germany" that are easy to operate, efficient to administer and can be controlled without any great effort. We are dedicated to prove again and again that the management of complexity in IT networks does not need to be complicated".
gateprotect will present the latest new developments at the CeBIT 2013 in Hannover: In Hall 12 at booth C82, the IT security provider from Hamburg will showcase new hardware and a new product for the enterprise market, to name only some examples.
Moreover, gateprotect will present its engagement at the bicycle race "Race Across America" (RAAM) at the CeBIT 2013. The company is supporting the team "4Athletes powered by gateprotect" that will cover a distance of more than 5,000 kilometers across the USA without a break in June 2013. Among the four cyclists, gateprotect's CEO Dr. Peter Smeets will participate in the race. The RAAM is embedded in a long-term sport sponsorship of the triathlon division of Eintracht Frankfurt e.V.
Download this Press Release under: http://www.gateprotect.de
About gateprotect
gateprotect AG Germany has been a leading, globally acting provider of IT security solutions in the area of network security for ten years. These solutions comprise next generation firewalls with all commonly used UTM functionalities, Managed Security as well as VPN client systems. To minimize the risk of operator errors in highly complex security functions, gateprotect has developed the eGUI® interface concept. The patented eGUI® technology (ergonomic Graphic User Interface) and the Command Center based thereon for the configuration and administration of firewall systems for managed security service providers (MSSPs) increase the factual security in companies and companies and allow for an efficient ongoing maintenance of the systems. Reputable companies and institutions in more than 80 countries are among the users of about 23,000 installed licenses worldwide. Since 2010, gateprotect has been listed in the renowned Gartner "Magic Quadrant" for UTM firewall appliances in the SMB market and is currently going through the "Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level 4 (EAL 4+)" – a certification procedure at the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). For the easy handling and comprehensive security of the UTM firewall solutions, gateprotect was the first German company to be awarded the Frost & Sullivan Excellence Award.
Further Information:
Thomas Schultze, Dagmar Schulz
Amsinckstr. 70
D-20097 Hamburg
Phone: +49 (0) 40 231 66754
Fax: +49 (0) 40 23166756
Email: email@example.com
Internet www.schultzeplus.de
gateprotect Aktiengesellschaft Germany
Anika Ohlsen – Marketing Communications Manager
Valentinskamp 24
D-20354 Hamburg
Phone: +49 (0) 40 278 85 0
Fax: +49 (0) 40 278 85 105
Email: email@example.com
Internet: www.gateprotect.de


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Five-star defensive end Owamagbe Odighizuwa (6-3, 234) from Portland (Ore.) David Douglas made quite a stir while living up to his reputation as one of the nation's top players with his participation in the U.S. Army All-American game and its practices.
The internet lit up with reports of how Odighizuwa put the nation's No. 1 prospect Seantrel Henderson on his keister during drills on the very first day of practice for the game. He was also a star performer for the West Squad for the actual game.
"I loved it a lot," Odighizuwa said about playing in the U.S. Army All-American game. "It was great. It gave me a measuring stick to where I'm at. I feel I did real well and the competition was good.
Article Continues Below
"I made a lot of friends," Odighizuwa said. "I got along well with Seantrel Henderson, V.J. Fehoko, Jackson Jeffcoat and Reggie Wilson."
On the recruiting trail there has been some changes made regarding schools.
"I have eliminated USC," Odighizuwa said. "A new coach won't change anything.
The schools in play are Oregon, Oregon State, UCLA and Nebraska. At one time Nebraska was out of the loop and now they are right back in the hunt. What does he like about his final schools?
"Nebraska got back in it with me and a lot," Odighizuwa said. "I like Nebraska's defensive coaches and I feel like they can make me and coach me to be a great football player.
"I like everything about Oregon," Odighizuwa said. "The academics, the coaches and the proximity to home. The things I like about Oregon are the same things, I like about Oregon State.
"With UCLA, I like the area that the school is located in," Odighizuwa said. "I like Coach Howard (defensive line coach Todd Howard) and Coach Neuheisel (Rick Neuheisel). The academics are great.
"I'm going to wait until signing day to make my decision."
Even though Odighizuwa had to fight through double teams and the opposition chose to run away from him, still he racked up 90 tackles and 10 sacks.
Whoever is lucky enough to land this five-star will be getting a player who in Odighizuwa, made the Rivals.com Rivals100 for the class of 2010. Rivals.com ranks him as the nation's No. 20 prospect at any position. He was also selected to the Rivals.com Oregon Midseason Top 10 team landing as the Beaver State's No. 1 prospect at any position.


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Qin Liu, M.D., Ph.D.
Research in the Qin Liu laboratory involves the application of biostatistics—the statistical analysis of complex data generated from modern biological laboratories combined with variety of clinical information—to find correlations between genes, disease and individual patient health. Biostatistics allows scientists to put into context the often-overwhelming amount of information collected through experimentation in the laboratory as well as from clinical and population studies.
Liu's published research demonstrates the power of biostatistics in to breast and ovarian cancer. Among other findings, her work helped identify the effects of pregnancy and the postpartum period on changing a woman's risk for these cancers. She has been the lead biostatistician and co-investigator for several NIH-funded programs on infectious diseases; clinical trials on breast cancer treatment; behavioral and educational intervention research; and research on health care outcomes.
Liu began her research career with a scholarship to study medicine at Shanxi Medical University in Taiyuan, China, where she would earn both a medical degree and a master's degree in health statistics. Liu followed her interests in the emerging informative power of medical statistics with a doctorate in biostatistics at Shanghai Medical University in Shanghai, China in 1998. The next year, she traveled to Worcester, Massachusetts to begin a postdoctoral fellowship in biostatistics and epidemiology at the University of Massachusetts. While there, she earned a second master's degree, this time in public health and epidemiology.
In 2005, Liu was appointed assistant professor in the Department of Cancer Biology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). Two years later, she transferred to the Biostatistical Research Group in the Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine within the Department of Medicine. Liu joined The Wistar Institute in 2011 as an associate professor.


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I would think your first route would be to contact Verizon. If they cooperate in investing and then find you in fact don't own that charge, then great. If not, then dispute it with the Credit Reporting Agencies. They are required by law to investigate and contact the creditor, and must remove anything on your credit score that is fraudulent, lacking evidence or inaccurate. Verizon has to prove that you in fact owe Verizon that debt, which can include your payment history with them (or lackthereof, in this case).
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LBackup is a simple backup system aimed at systems administrators who require reliable backups with minimum fuss. It is configured with configuration files, and the backup is started from the command line. It has been tested for over 10 years. Backups can be to local media, or to remote media via one or more networks. The networks may be private LANs, WANs, or sets of untrusted public networks such as the Internet.
A reasonable way to achieve a long term backup of OpenPGP (GnuPG, PGP, etc) keys is to print them out on paper. Due to metadata and redundancy, OpenPGP secret keys are significantly larger than just the "secret bits". In fact, the secret key contains a complete copy of the public key. Since the public key generally doesn't need to be backed up in this way (most people have many copies of it on various keyservers, Web pages, etc), only extracting the secret parts can be a real advantage. Paperkey extracts just those secret bytes and prints them. To reconstruct, you re-enter those bytes (whether by hand or via OCR), and paperkey can use them to transform your existing public key into a secret key.
Gnasher alleviates developers from having to execute maven builds with the "-o" option (offline) to avoid accessing external repositories' metadata files. The SHA1 hash files and the missing pom metadata files for dependencies are created if they are missing. The next time the build is run, external repositories are not accessed and the build runs faster.
Bunny the Fuzzer is a closed loop, high-performance, general purpose protocol-blind fuzzer for C programs. It uses compiler-level integration to seamlessly inject precise and reliable instrumentation hooks into the traced program. These hooks enable the fuzzer to receive real-time feedback on changes to the function call path, call parameters, and return values in response to variations in input data.
This package contains Virtual Hybridization tools. Virtual Hybridization uses sets of short probes to generate datasets for comparative genomics: given a DNA sequence and a set of probes, the typical output will give a sequence of oriented probe hits along the DNA sequence. Other tools are supplied to allow simple manipulations such as format conversion and extraction of permutations.
METSlib is an object-oriented metaheuristics framework in C++ designed to make implementing or adapting models easy. The model is modular: all the implemented search algorithms can be applied to the same model. METSlib implements the basics of some metaheuristics algorithms, such as Random Restart Local Search, Variable Neighborhood Search, Iterated Local Search, Simulated Annealing, and Tabu Search. For each algorithm, you must implement an objective function, a neighborhood (move manager), and some moves. Tabu Search is one of the fastest ways to generate near-optimal solutions to a wide range of hard combinatorial optimization problems.
UrJTAG aims to create an enhanced, modern tool for communicating over JTAG with flash chips, CPUs, and many more. It takes on the well proven openwince jtag tools code. Future plans include conversion of the code base into a library that can be used with other applications. A flexible remote communication protocol that can be used over almost any type of serial link (including TCP/IP) is currently being defined.
RefDB Publication List is an add-on for RefDB that provides a simple way to dynamically create publication lists from the reference data stored in your database. You can compile the publication list for your CV or for your annual department report with a single command instead of maintaining it manually.
A slider puzzle.
Implementation of XML Signature and XML Encryption standards.


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|800 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 nights
A wonderful and peaceful Chalet at the foot of Gore Mountain with a private brand new inground pool and wireless internet. Just a 25 minute to Lake George and only minutes from other Lakes such as Thirteenth Lake in North River and Minerva Lake. White water rafting is just a few minutes from us and the sweet hamlet of North Creek with its great restaurants, bars, Supermarket, liquor store, antique shops and pharmacy is a mile away.
The Chalet is private, with a big deck and is open all year round. It comes complete with linens and a well equipped kitchen. It is minutes to all of the outdoor Adirondack activities and surrounded by an acre of land. We supply everything but we do ask our guests to bring their own towels for showers as well as pool towels.
There are two bedrooms upstairs and each bedroom has two full beds.
The downstairs has a full bed . The chalet can sleep 10 people.
I purchased this cabin because I would often come to the Southern Adirondacks with my nephew and would stay over his place. There was always a big part of me to want to have a place of my own. It was a just a few years later that I found this lovely Chalet and decided to go for it. The enjoyment that I got from this place cannot be put into words.
George Stertsios purchased this chalet in 2000
This property appealed to me because of its privacy yet just one mile distance to North Creek. So if I felt like dining out it was easy to do. Also, all the outdoor activities are just a few minutes from the Chalet. I could not have asked for a better spot.
The benefits include rest and relaxation, privacy, your own inground pool and an overall quality time to spend with your family at an affordable rate.
Very beautiful house with lot's of attraction place near it. George is a nice guy and very co-operative.
George was extra accommodating and left us a detailed message upon arrival. Everything was written out and we had an a great time skiing at Gore Mountain. The house is literally less then a quarter mile from the entrance to the Mountain. Would stay here again in the future.
Nice clean house ,the pool was perfect. I will go back to the house again for another nice weekend ,plus the owner was very kind .i really recommend this property for a nice vacation at lake Goerge .
Top Thing to do in City:
* boat rentals.
* para sailing.
* swimming.
* arcade stores.
* dining.
Top Thing to do in Budget:
* hiking.
* swimming.
* sight seeing...
Top Thing to do in Family:.....
Skiing, swimming, hiking, Mountain biking, rafting sight seeing.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
|Event Price
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
|cleaning fee
|Property Damage Protection
|Pet Fee
All reservations are final and cancellations will not be refunded! Weekly Rate: $1800 - $2500
Monthly Rate: $4000 - $7000
It is best to contact owner for rates. In the months of July and August the rates will be the premium ones because it is high season.
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.


text: Located in New Hyde Park, New York, Oasis Day Camp utilizes the incredible collection of recreational facilities at Michael J. Tully Park. Oasis provides children with a fantastic opportunity to play and learn in the great outdoors while staying close to home. A traditional day camp in every way, Oasis in Tully Park has everything a camp should; incredible grounds and facilities, loads of activities, and most importantly, the most well trained, caring staff in the industry.


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Environmental groups are hoping New Jersey lawmakers will attempt to override Gov. Chris Christie's veto of a bill to ban the treatment and disposal of waste from hydraulic gas drilling.
Environmentalists dispute the governor's claim that refusing to accept fracking waste from other states would violate the U.S. Constitution's interstate commerce clause. There are no fracking operations in New Jersey.
When Christie rejected a similar bill two years ago, lawmakers did not consider an override.
Tracy Carluccio, the deputy director of the Delaware Riverkeeper Network, said the New Jersey Legislature is the only hope environmentalists have for securing a ban.
"We know that they are committed to clean water. We know they don't want our communities polluted," she said, "So we know that an override of Gov. Christie's veto is not only a possibility but a likelihood as long as everybody votes their conscience."
Republican lawmakers have never broken ranks with Christie to go against his veto of any other legislation.
Environmentalists are launching a grassroots campaign to build public support for the ban on fracking waste in hopes of getting enough GOP lawmakers to back an override.
Senate President Steve Sweeney has his doubts about the likelihood of an override attempt.
"They vote for a lot of things but when it comes to an override they vote differently," he said of the Republican minority members. "We couldn't even do it right now because right now in the summertime we're not in the full complement of all of our members. That does create a problem, because we know we would need all of our members first."
Dave Pringle, the campaign director for Clean Water Action, acknowledged it will be tough to get enough GOP support.
"But we're counting on them to continue prioritizing clean water as they have repeatedly on this issue and win this time and not let New Jersey continue to be dumped upon," he said.


text: Rapture (ship) Pages in category "Ships of the line" This category contains only the following page. R Rapture (ship) Retrieved from "http://piratesfanon.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Ships_of_the_line?oldid=4274" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Ships Add category Cancel Save


text:
Snow's arrived in Northern Ireland ... but prepare to have wind put up us yet again
Forecasters are warning of risks of travel disruption and difficult driving conditions with overnight snowfalls being followed by gale force winds as a "vigorous" low pressure system sweeps across Northern Ireland.
Overnight, showers were forecast to turn to snow, continuing into this morning particularly in northern areas. Accumulations to 2-5cm were predicted on ground above 200m, with more than 10cm possible on higher ground.
There will be a significant wind chill making it feel much colder.
The Met Office has issued a series of severe weather warnings and said this will be followed by a vigorous area of low pressure which is expected to sweep across Northern Ireland later today, bringing a swathe of south-westerly gales.
The warning predicted a risk of disruption to transport and possibly power supplies, with large waves affecting some UK coastlines.
Forecasters MeteoGroup said the centre of the low pressure system is expected to move across Northern Ireland, making it tricky to predict when the gales will be at their height.
The centre of the low is expected to bring a lull in the high winds, with strong winds expected around midday and again late afternoon.
"We could see gusts of 50-60mph and it could potentially be a little bit stronger than that in places," MeteoGroup forecaster Gareth Harvey said.
"We're looking at probably quite a dry start, then rain and possibly some sleet for a time coming in from the south west.
"We could get some very heavy rain for a time, becoming more showery in the afternoon and again some heavy periods of rain are likely to be mixed in with that. There's a chance in the evening of wintry showers developing."
Wintry showers could continue into tomorrow and Thursday, although it is expected to be drier on Thursday and Friday.
"Into the weekend, there's a chance of more strong winds and outbreaks of rain," Mr Harvey added.
Roads Service warned that temperatures are forecast to drop below freezing overnight with a risk of snow and ice on the roads.
"Road users are advised to exercise caution when travelling, particularly on untreated roads," a spokesman said.
Yesterday photographs were coming in of snow blanketing northerly areas such as Coleraine, Derry and Strabane.
The Met Office said more showers bringing hail and sleet are likely throughout the rest of the week.
Temperatures should hover just above freezing, but will feel much colder – more like minus 4/5C.
Send your weather pictures to firstname.lastname@example.com or tweet us @BelTel
Further reading
'Wild Wednesday' to bring new chaos
Belfast Telegraph


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Youth of Color Research Words
Words that may be useful in researching adolescent sexual health and behavior. Click to expand.
Search the web
Search Google Scholar
Search PubMed
PubMed is the National Library of Medicine's database of over 20 million citations for biomedical literature.
OMH Knowledge Center
- Search the Office of Minority Health Knowledge CenterSearch the Office of Minority Health Library catalog to find books, reports, journals, media, articles, and organizations related to the health status of racial and ethnic minority populations.
Bilingual HIV/AIDS Glossary
Find Spanish equivalents for English words and English equivalents for Spanish words about HIV and AIDS
Statistics, Surveillance, and Reports
- CDC - Minority Health Home PageCDC's Minority Health center: reports, publications, and other resources
- CDC-Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceYouth Online lets you analyze national, state, and local Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) data from 1991-2011, including data on sexual activity and condom/contraception use, by ethnicity and other characteristics. Data from high school and middle school surveys are included.
- Index | Topics | CDC HIV/AIDS FactsheetsFactsheets on HIV by age, race, and other factors.
- Minority Health Care, Access to Care, Racial Disparities - Health Policy, Public Opinion & Research - Kaiser Family FoundationMany reports by the Kaiser Family Founsation on health equity for people of color.
- Resources for Researchers | National Latina Institute for Reproductive HealthStatistics and reports on Latina and Latino health.
Pubmed Feed: Recent Research on Youth of Color
Citations for recently published journal articles, provided by the National Library of Medicine. Visit PubMed or use the PubMed search box (left) to learn more.
Resources for Educators
- Advocates for Youth - Science and Success, 2nd Ed.: Programs that Work to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, HIV and STIs in the U.S>
- Advocates' Lesson Plans: Discrimination and Stereotypes
- UUA: Our Whole Lives Lifespan Sexuality Education Curricula
- FLASH Lesson Plans: Comprehensive sexuality education curriculum
Organizations which work on sexual health and equity for young people of color
These journals usually require subscription or are pay-per-article.
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