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Aug. 4, 1998
The Monarchs
Today's Reading: Lines from "Monarchs" by Alison Hawthorne Deming from THE MONARCHS, published by Louisiana State University Press (1997).
It's the birthday of the Norwegian author KNUT HAMSUN, born in the town of Lum, 1859, and winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize in literature. He had almost no education, and started writing poems and books in his late teens. He came to America and worked as a streetcar conductor in Chicago and as a farmhand in North Dakota, then when he was 30 years old published a fragment of a novel called Hunger, a semi-autobiographical story about a starving young writer in Norway. It made Hamsun an overnight sensation. His best-known work, Growth of the Soil, came out in 1920, the year he won the Nobel.
The nature writer W. H. HUDSON was born this day in 1841, near Buenos Aires. He was the son of Americans who'd lost their farm here in the States and gone to Argentina to try to make it as farmers there. William grew up on a ranch and planned to take it over, but he contracted rheumatic fever when he was 15 years old, and it disabled him. He became an expert on birds, and moved to London where he wrote ornithology books and outdoor novels, the most famous of which was Green Mansions, published in 1904.
It's the birthday in London, 1839, of the English art critic WALTER PATER, who became famous in the late 1800s for arguing that art doesn't have to have any moral standard or useful function; "Art for art's sake," was his motto. He wrote novels that argued the idea, but became better known for his essays, in which he said, "Art comes to you proposing frankly to give you nothing but the highest quality to your moments as they pass.
The SATURDAY EVENING POST went into business on this day in 1821 four pages of news, fiction, essays and theater reviews. It came out of Philadelphia and was printed in the shop where Ben Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette had once been housed.
It's the birthday in Sussex, 1792, of the English romantic poet PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY. He spent a year at the University of Oxford, but got kicked out for writing a pamphlet entitled, "The Necessity of Atheism." He married, had two children, but fell in love with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin and ran off with her to the Continent, where he spent most of the rest of his life writing poems like "Prometheus Unbound." Shelley drowned when he was 29 years old, sailing off the coast of Tuscany, Italy.
It's the birthday of NICOLAS-JACQUES CONTE, the French engineer born in 1755, who invented the pencil. During the French Revolution, Conte devised a method for mixing clay with graphite that's still used today.
Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.®


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Cass Lake-Bena golfers do well in Class A tourney
A trio of Cass Lake-Bena golfers began their state tournament experiences Wednesday at Pebble Creek in Becker.
In the Class A girls division, Ann Aitken shot 43-47-90 and enters today's action tied for 12th in the 87-girl field.
Kelsey Ross of Osakis took the individual first-day lead as the junior shot 36-39-75. A distant second at 40-40-80 was Kathryn Kennedy of Providence Academy.
In the boys division, Dakotah Brunelle is tied for 26th with a 40-42-82. Fellow Panther Cody Wind is tied for 43rd at 43-42-85.
Brunelle and Wind are both sophomores.
Beau Hanson of Frazee shot 36-35-71 Wednesday and holds a 2-shot lead over Jesse Roscoe of Ortonville and Dillon Schultz.
The Class A tournament concludes today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Issue No. 02 - April-June (1998 vol. 15)
pp: 34-44
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/54.679206
Designers are increasingly using VHDL for high-level modeling. However, their task is hindered by the lack of object-oriented and genericity features in the language. Experience in programming languages shows that these features significantly aid management of complexity in large designs and promote re-use of modules. SUAVE extends VHDL by adapting several object-oriented and genericity features from Ada-95. The extensions improve support for modeling in VHDL from system level down to gate level. This article describes the extensions and illustrates their use with examples.
VHDL, object-oriented, genericity, hardware modeling.
Dale E. Martin, Philip A. Wilsey, Peter J. Ashenden, "SUAVE: Extending VHDL to Improve Data Modeling Support", IEEE Design & Test of Computers, vol. 15, no. , pp. 34-44, April-June 1998, doi:10.1109/54.679206


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So, I'm going to try this whole blogging thing. I need to start a journal, so what better way to do it than the way I spend too much of my time anyway?
I have three wonderful, beautiful children that sometime drive me absolutely batty. But, I wouldn't trade a moment of it for anything in the world - or not in the world! I am so very blessed to have three perfectly healthy, perfectly happy, perfectly blessed children. I need to stop and take the time to realize all of the happy times, and how they outweigh the bad times, even though the bad times seem to take the forefront of my mind.
Hence, the name of my blog. I liken life as a parent to dumpster diving. If "life is a box of chocolates" then parenting is a dumpster. Let me explain my theory. For a moment, take your mind to the dumpsters sitting around your city or town. What all is in those dumpsters? Trash, yes, certainly. There are some very bad, very stinky, very unworthy items in that dumpster. People toss everything from old, decaying food to smelly, worn-out gym shoes, to torn-up photos of people who have hurt them. But, people also toss other things into those dumpsters; things that qualify nicely for the phrase "one man's trash is another man's treasure". Toys that children have outgrown, that have been carelessly tossed into the dumpster, are joyfully found by those less fortunate and saved from untimely demise in the compacter of the trash truck. Outgrown clothing has been salvaged from people who thought only of clearing space for themselves and not of others in need. Sometimes even brand-new items that have been found wanting for buyers in stores can be found amongst the discarded cardboard tie straps and tied-up trash bags of litter in a dumpster behind a retail store.
My point is that there are a lot of negative and detestable moments in parenting. Disciplining our children makes us feel horrible inside, like that darkened banana that was tossed. But, even that banana could have been used to bake banana bread! Doing laundry and cooking meals, especially on those days that we are completely exasperated, seem to be the toughest chores of all - sorta feels like carrying a load of old, used bricks to the dumpster. But, even those broken bricks can be used to make a beautiful mosiac. Losing our patience is something that every parent experiences. But, those difficult moments make the easier moments so much sweeter! I've yet to find a negative experience in either parenting or life itself that did not have something sweet and useful buried somewhere within the sour and stinky.
We tend to focus our attentions on not only the negative behavior of our children, but the negative moments of parenting. The household chores that never, ever end, the toys we step on in the middle of the night, the disipline that momentarily hurts our child... those are the moments that seem to be completely overwhelming. Let's start looking at the positive, useful, and hard-to-see moments - those spontaneous hugs after tying a shoe, the looks of adoration from helping them learn something new, the smiling faces with closed eyes from the warmth of fresh-from-the-dryer towels, the satisfied looks of a full tummy after a dinner we didn't feel like cooking. Those precious treasures gleaned from a dumpster full of stinky stuff...
If we can only look far enough to see the bigger picture, to put all of the smaller pieces of parenting together, we will see an accomplishment that is grander than even the seven wonders of the world. All of the negative experiences combined with the positive experiences make a beautiful mosiac of a life shaped and formed by each one.
So, let's go dumpster diving! Let's find all of the golden moments in the dumpster of parenting - that one useful thing in the midst of the terrible, stinky moments. If our attitude is our altitude, let's come back up with something worthwhile when we're climbing out!


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Christoph, Both are very good. The first is exceptionally good. You're obviously doing some serious looking.
I guess we are all different. Both are excellent, but I am drawn to the birds more.JMR
Chris, That's what HCB meant when he said, "Photographing is nothing. Looking is everything." It's sometimes amazing to see how few people actually look. Most people "see" when someone points them toward a picture, but very few do the active thing and "look."
And another thing, you were there too, Chris - and if you stand in the same footprints from now until the end of time, you won't see precisely the same scene ever again. Great images - and don't sell yourself short on the technical know-how inolved in shots like that, not the least being exposure. No blue snow for you!


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2011-10-20 / Early Files
25 years ago
October 23, 1986
• After heated discussion on the propriety of the move, the Bath County Board of Supervisors has agreed by a 3-2 vote to take over the Ashwood-Healing Springs Sanitation Commission and place it under the administration of the county's Service Authority.
You must be an online subscriber to view this story.
Full versions of news stories from the current issue and our extensive archives are available to online subscribers only. You can buy single issues from the link below.


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New Zealand activists are fighting to keep filming for the upcoming The Hobbit adaptation in that country, the same place where Peter Jackson filmed the entire Lord of the Rings trilogy. According to these passionate protesters, "New Zealand is Middle Earth."
The Guardian reports that Warner Bros. executives will decide this week if the shoot will be in New Zealand. Prime Minister John Keys will personally oversee the negotiations, hoping that producers will make a decision in his country's favor.
The article adds: "A dispute over pay and conditions led producers to hint that they might move filming to another country. Carrying banners proclaiming 'New Zealand is Middle Earth' and 'We Love Hobbits,' a reported 2-3,000 people gathered in New Zealand's capital, Wellington, and other cities such as Auckland and Christchurch in advance of a visit by executives from the studio Warner Bros."
Right now, Peter Jackson is reported to be busy with the casting process for the movie. For something new from the Tolkien family, grandson Michael Tolkien authored the children's book, Wish. The audiobook was narrated by Charles Dickens' great-grandson Gerald Dickens.


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By Anthony Kruglinski
Railroad Financial Corp. (my firm) recently wrapped up its 24th Annual Rail Equipment Finance Conference in Palm Springs, Calif. This year nearly 250 people attended (two dozen more than last year). They were railroaders, manufacturers and suppliers, shippers, lessors, investment bankers, bankers, and just about every variety of individual interested in rail equipment. Despite the fact that we hold the Conference at a golf resort, every business session was packed with people trying to glean some sense of where the market for railcars and locomotives is headed.
For instance, they learned that while 2009-2010 had seen nearly a third of the railcars in North America parked out of service, those totals were coming down—for some car types, briskly. They learned that some locomotive lessors were prepping elements of their parked fleets for service in the third and fourth quarter of 2010. They learned that declines in rail traffic and rail employment seemed to have bottomed out and reversed themselves. Most important, they packed the evening social functions seeking to network themselves into whatever business activity was threatening to poke its head above the top of the trenches in which we all have been living for two years or so.
Put another way, there are a lot of people seeking to jump on this recovery if, in fact, the leased-car market is in a recovery. Is it? Good question.
If you take a look at railcar rental rates, you will still see amazing deals in the marketplace. While rental rates may be firming, we are still getting reports of lessors agreeing to current depressed market rents for terms of up to five years! This is occurring when logic suggests that if the market is turning they should be keeping their terms short so as to be able to take advantage of any surge in rental rates. What's behind this willingness to commit to cheap rents for so many years? Fear—abject fear that cars currently on lease will be returned and be parked in the weeds. That does not spell recovery.
But other lessors smell recovery and are willing to risk cars coming back rather than be manipulated into locking in today's low rates for years to come.
What's likely to happen? The lessors willing to fall on their swords will do so and that element of the market (which we believe to be limited) will be sucked up into certain deals, leaving the rest of the market to take advantage of the old adage, "a rising tide lifts all boats."
As rail traffic picks up, as it seems to be doing, not only will it require cars that are currently in storage to be put back into service, it will have an effect of some kind on the velocity at which rail traffic has been moving during this business downturn. Clearly, no one wants to return to the bad old days of gridlock in certain rail corridors, but just as velocity increased when traffic went down, there should be a reduction in velocity when traffic rebounds. That will cause more cars and locomotives to be reactivated to service.
Let's talk about locomotives. Scuttlebutt suggests that during the business downturn, the Class I's may have stored locomotives taken out of service for mechanical reasons rather than repair them (which suggests that if you are a locomotive lessor who has a requirements in your leases that your leased locomotives remain in running condition, it's time for some inspections). In any case, it may be more efficient for one or more of these Class I's to tap the pool of thousands of leasable high horsepower locomotives, which may be already parked on their property by lessors, rather than sink cash from tight capital budgets into fixing their own broken units.
While we are on locomotives, I should note that both GE and EMD spent significant amounts of time reporting to the Rail Equipment Finance attendees on their efforts to prepare for the next tier of EPA rules and regulations due in 2015. Make no mistake about it: Class I's are watching this situation to learn what their 2015 locomotive options are likely to be, especially if significant mechanical adaptations will need to be put in place to comply with the 2010 rules.
Whatever the OEMs develop for 2015, it will have an impact on what the Class I's do with their existing fleets. Do they invest money in repowering existing locomotives? Do they rebuild existing units in kind for service beyond 2015 to take advantage of presumed grandfathering for existing units or do they scrap everything they can and buy new, when they understand what "new" is likely be and to cost?
Of course, what the Class I's do with their fleets will impact the future for the thousands of leased locomotives that remain on the books of operating lessors!
What is this writer's advice at this point in time?
• If you are a lessee: Jump into this market now and get the best lease terms possible for as long as possible.
• If you are a lessor: Hang tough. Better days are around the corner and perhaps only months away.
Everyone else should stay tuned to this space!


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APPLETON - Just as severe weather season begins, Outagamie County is without its emergency management director.
County Executive Tom Nelson says Julie Loeffelholz is no longer in the position as of today.
Loeffelholz has been under fire since last August for failing to sound tornado sirens as tornadoes were ripping up the county.
Outagamie County officials won't say if emergency mangement director Julie Loeffelholz was fired, or if she resigned Monday.
"What led up to her no longer being employed?" FOX 11's Kelly Schlicht asked Nelson on Monday.
"I can't get into those specifics, obviously. That's kind of crossing into a personnel question," said Nelson.
Outagamie County Public Safety Committee Chair Jim Duncan says he's pleased with the change.
"Obviously, we concur with their decision, because, and I told them that I would say that, because back in September, we would make a recommendation that some sort of disciplinary action would be taken," said Duncan.
FOX 11 tried to contact Loeffelholz but did not receive a call back.
She spoke to FOX 11 News last week as the county tested its tornado sirens for the statewide drill.
"The software that we have tests them at 10 a.m. We test them through our software at noon every day, inaudibly," she said.
Nelson would not comment on the timing of Loeffelholz's departure. He says there were no problems with the drill on Thursday.
Duncan says there were issues with drill, and how Loeffelholz handled it.
Duncan said Loeffelholz did not let the company that operates the alert system software know about the drill prior to that day, as she was supposed to.
"You can turn on the siren manually. Which is, I understand, what happened the first time after she ended up not having it go on through the software. And that took seven minutes," said Duncan.
Loeffelholz's departure also comes a few days after another report was released. It showed her department failed to sound emergency sirens on August 7 during this severe storm, which caused $30 million in damage.
Nelson says that's not the reason she's no longer working for the county.
Nelson says he hopes to appoint an interim director soon.
For now, the Deputy Emergency Management Director Mike Pamperin will be in charge.
{ }


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The update is free to download from Rackspace's website the most important feature for this update is the OpenCentre. The tool simplifies the processes related to deploying and maintaining private clouds with the help of API. These private clouds can be deployed on Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS host operating systems.
According to Jim Curry, senior vice president, "OpenCenter with its new user interface and orchestration tool built to deploy, operate and scale on-premise private clouds paves the way for Rackspace to bring its continuous integration and deployment expertise from the public cloud arena into private enterprise data centres". He also said, "We are taking our own solid technology practices forward into private open cloud."
Curry unveiled that through Rackspace Open Cloud, it has already seen over 1590 code releases pushed live to Open Cloud.
"This joins 465 million API requests for cloud servers and a total of over 8,400 unit tests have been run before each code release, so it has been a busy and dynamic period," he said. "As a proven open cloud operator, enterprise CIOs are trusting Rackspace more than ever to help them on the journey to become service providers in their own data centres and accelerate their businesses with the efficiencies and value of cloud," he added.


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"It's green!", Brown announced after agonizing over his decision concerning the new National Lavatory Paper Colour (NLPC).
Brown confided to closest colleagues: "I wish I was like Bushlair. Blush are "deciders"! Honestly ,I just haw and hee and hem like some jackass tailor. Red? Blue? Pink? Gray? - I stayed up nights.I know men like Blair and Bush (who are really the same person) send thousands of people to their deaths unnecessarily without a moment's thought. But not me,I'm like Gandhi!
"I worry about everything and so asswipe is not insignificant. I settled on green for obvious reasons.Since the fall of the empire, our inability to deal with immigrants, the Big Brother scandal and the deaths of 50% of the Beatles, most subjects of the Queen are shittin' green!"


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The POLYSMITH™ from NIHON KOHDEN combines a sleep analysis software package with a family of recording devices that offer a PSG solution fully customized to your organization.
Quick and accurate analysis of data is a fundamental requirement for every sleep laboratory. A broad spectrum of hardware and diagnostic software modules for sleep or multi-disciplinary labs is setting new standards for evaluating sleep-related events. POLYSMITH™ is compatible with all portable, mobile and stationary NIHON KOHDEN recording systems (up to 192 channels), which have been in use for decades for EEG and sleep studies with a constant focus on high-quality leads.
The combination of high-performance signal processing and first-class display algorithms gives you a clear picture of your data. The many display options allow you to easily configure the screen just the way you need it. Individual combinations of trend curves and original curves on a different time axis can be created and saved for the specific user. Watermarks in the background indicate e.g. the position of the patient's body, sleep stage and treatment level.
In addition to the sleep stage analyses (choose between R & K or AASM rules), respiratory events, leg movements, ECG, arousal and SpO2, POLYSMITH™ can also analyze blood pressure, pulse transit time, an optional comprehensive Holter ECG, EtCO2 and pH. These analyses are available for both adult and pediatric patients.
In the final analysis, the quality of your sleep lab is judged by the data you deliver. The Surveysmith Report Generator from POLYSMITH™ was developed with special expert knowledge to guarantee this quality. Use this convenient tool to create individual templates for reports, expert opinions and recommendations.


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Scientific Dust Collectors has added the SPJ-BL Series high-ratio baghouse to its line of dust collectors. Features of these online self-cleaning units include:
- A patented nozzle-cleaning system.
- A capacity from 1,000 to 5,000 CFM, depending upon the dust type.
- Internal high-side inlet baffles.
- Easy access to bags from the front via a large door.
- A solid state timer board.
- All-welded construction and a heavy-duty design.
- Standard hopper discharge options that include a 55-gallon drum and a 20-cubic-foot cart on wheels.
- Suitability for various fibrous dust applications.
firstname.lastname@example.com [1]
Content Item Type:
Scientific Dust Collectors has added the SPJ-BL Series high-ratio baghouse, which features a patented nozzle-cleaning system, to its line of dust collectors.
Featured Image:
Regulatory [4]
Legacy NID:
35 090


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moan-annoying squeak-toy
Hot squids in the madison square!
Once I knew a Finnish girl called Miina Koskikara...
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Shimon Schocken
The self-organizing computer course
988,605 views • 16:25
Subtitles in 27 languages
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Details About the talk
Shimon Schocken and Noam Nisan developed a curriculum for their students to build a computer, piece by piece. When they put the course online — giving away the tools, simulators, chip specifications and other building blocks — they were surprised that thousands jumped at the opportunity to learn, working independently as well as organizing their own classes in the first Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). A call to forget about grades and tap into the self-motivation to learn.
About the speaker
Shimon Schocken · Computer Scientist, Educator
Shimon Schocken is a computer science professor and dedicated educator.
Shimon Schocken is a computer science professor and dedicated educator.


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SANTIAGO, July 17 (Reuters) - Consumer sentiment in Chile turned negative for the first time in two years in June, a survey showed on Thursday, a sign that slowing growth in the world's top copper exporter is starting to take its toll on the broader economy.
The GFK Adimark economic perception index fell to 49.2, slightly below a reading of 50 that represents the threshold of an overall positive outlook. The index has dipped every month since December 2013, when it hit 56.6.
"It would appear that the widely recognized slowdown in the Chilean economy has finally arrived at consumers," Adimark said.
Cooling mining investment and industrial output as well as, more recently, a deceleration in previously bubbly retail sales growth, have contributed to the slowdown in Chile, where the export-led economy has been hurt by a weaker property market in key copper buyer China.
Economists in a Reuters poll published on Thursday said they expect Chilean growth of 3.0 percent this year, down from an estimate of 3.5 percent in April and well below 4.1 percent in 2013.
The biggest hit to confidence came in job expectations, the survey showed, although unemployment in the country remains near historic lows.
"The spell of optimism for Chilean consumers, which began in 2010 after the global financial crisis, appears to have come to an end," said Adimark. (Reporting by Rosalba O'Brien, editing by G Crosse)


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Breaking Down the Safety Net
Critics argue that welfare programs -- including unemployment insurance -- discourage the unemployed to look for work, but is that really the case?
By Peter Cappelli
As the high unemployment levels in the United States continue, the topic has become a political football -- I know, that's surprising -- with much of the focus directed at the government safety net for people who are out of work. On the left, the arguments center on people in need -- that those without jobs are suffering and the government support for them is inadequate. On the right, the argument is that government support for the unemployed makes them unwilling to look for work.
Both sides have a point. Government programs to support the jobless do make them less desperate to find and take jobs. Indeed, that was one of the arguments for unemployment insurance, which only applies to those who have lost jobs through no fault of their own, that they should not be forced to take just any job but should be able to look for one that makes sense, given their skills and abilities. There is also little doubt that a great many people without jobs are truly struggling to get by, even with government assistance.
But what is that assistance? Everyone talks about welfare in particular, but no one talks about how much it is. What does the safety net look like in terms of support for the jobless? I've never seen any overall assessment, and it is a pain to calculate, because there are at least 10 major federal programs to support those without jobs that can also be supplemented by states. States can have their own programs as well. Eligibility for each program is different. Given these state differences, there are literally millions of combinations of possible aid programs for which a jobless individual could be eligible, depending on his or her circumstances and where he or she lives.
Given those caveats, here is what it looks like.
Let's start with unemployment insurance, which again only goes to those who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own. The standard has been to replace half of one's previous job, but the payments vary by state and are capped, from a low maximum of $264 per week in Arizona to a high of $600 in Washington State. Payments last for 26 weeks (except for North Carolina at 19 weeks), although they have been extended in this recession to between 40 to 63 weeks based on state-level employment (three states have gone to 73 weeks). Recipients have to demonstrate that they are looking for a job to keep receiving benefits and typically aren't entitled to them if they turn down jobs deemed acceptable. Payments stop when one takes a job.
The extensive research on unemployment insurance is clear that it does make people wait longer before they take a job. If they are sitting on their hands before taking a job, that's probably a bad thing; if they are actively searching to find a job that is a good fit for their skills, that's probably a good thing.
The other benefits comprise the real safety net for those without work and are also the focus of debate. While eligibility formulas are complicated, it is very hard to receive most of these other benefits if one is getting unemployment insurance. The "welfare" program now is Targeted Aid to Needy Families, where the average payment per month in the United States is $395 -- again, it varies by state. It is only available to families with children, and the program requires participation in work-related programs, which includes training and other experiences short of real jobs.
The food-stamp program (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP) pays, on average, about $377 in benefits per month, but it is actually seven times bigger than TANF because so many more people are covered, including those with low-income jobs. Public-housing support is five times bigger than TANF, paying on average $578 per month and covering more people. Medicaid is by far the biggest program -- 37 times bigger than TANF -- because it also covers more people. The average monthly Medicaid payment is $236 per month.
The Department of Health and Human Services annually estimates the percentage of TANF recipients who receive each of these other benefits. From that, we can calculate what a typical TANF recipient receives overall in federal government safety net benefits: roughly $12,000 per year for a family.
Is that a lot or a little? It's certainly a lot more than the focus on welfare alone suggests. But it's also only halfway toward the poverty level for a family of four in the United States: $23,000.
Are these payments discouraging people from looking for jobs? No, because you can still receive most of them if you take a job, at least a low-wage job. So you are not better off by not working.
Peter Cappelli is the George W. Taylor Professor of Management and director of the Center for Human Resources at The Wharton School. His latest book is Why Good People Can't Get Jobs: The Skills Gap and What Companies Can Do About It.


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Flight program bill advances
The state House of Representatives voted in favor of a bill Tuesday that looks to further implement the University of Hawaii and Hawaii Community College's aviation programs.
SB 3092 now heads to a conference committee to decide the final appropriation amount and the effective date before the end of this year's legislative session, scheduled for May 1.
Last year, $100,000 was appropriated to begin the first steps into launching the Hilo International Flight Training Center.
University of Hawaii at Hilo Chancellor Donald Straney used the funds to hire aviation program expert Ray Bédard, of Prescott, Ariz.
Bédard recently retired after a long career in aviation, most recently serving as an assistant professor at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University.
According to a report summary, UH-Hilo could theoretically launch in August 2015 with 25 students, offering a Baccalaureate of Science in Aeronautical Science, with training following three tracks:
• Fixed wing professional pilots.
• Fixed wing flight education pilots.
• And remotely piloted aircraft systems, or drones.
The degree would require eight semesters and students could complete them within 2.5 years.
Flight revenue generated from each student was estimated to be $13,923, with the school operating at a more than $200,000 loss its first year.
SB 3092 does not include a funding amount. An earlier version of the bill asked for $450,000 for fiscal year 2014-15.
Bédard made the following statement about the House vote.
"Mahalo Nui Loa to all of you that submitted testimony and offered your support these last few months," he said. "The dream of a world class aviation program in Hawaii continues."
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David MacNaughton, known for his work in Ontario's public and private sector, has been named Canada's new ambassador to the United States, taking over from former Manitoba premier Gary Doer.
Marc-André Blanchard will become the country's new ambassador to the United Nations in April, Foreign Affairs Minister Stéphane Dion said as he announced several diplomatic appointments on Saturday.
The others include:
- Angela Bogdan, who joined External Affairs Canada in 1984, will become consul general of Canada in Sydney, Australia, effective immediately.
- Marie-Louise Hannan, who has worked in the diplomatic services since 1997, will become ambassador to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in Jakarta, Indonesia, effective immediately.
- Susan Harper, who also has experience as a senior diplomat, joining External Affairs Canada in 1983, will become consul general of Canada in Miami, Fla., effective immediately.
A long-time political strategist, MacNaughton served as Ontario co-chair for the federal Liberal campaign that saw Justin Trudeau elected prime minister last October.
The newly named ambassador also has a long history behind the scenes of Ontario politics.
In 1987, he chaired former Liberal premier David Peterson's election campaign. He served as a senior advisor in the 2003 provincial election that saw Dalton McGuinty elected premier and then as his principal secretary from 2003-2005, which some have commented about on Twitter.
@CBCOttawa Is it wise to send MacNaughton? Canadian LE & justice are slow, but one wonders what might come to light re McGuinty's scandals.—
Congratulations to David MacNaughton on his appointment as Canada's Ambassador to the United States. I know he will serve with distinction.—
He more recently held the job of chairman and CEO of StrategyCorp, a communications and management consulting firm.
MacNaughton replaces Doer, who was NDP premier of Manitoba from 1999 until 2009. Doer confirmed in October 2015 he would be stepping down as U.S. ambassador after six years holding the position, a longer-than-normal tenure.
Canada's embassy in Washington, D.C., welcomed MacNaughton on Twitter Saturday morning.
We look forward to welcoming David MacNaughton to DC! We're sure he'll enjoy the #viewfrom501 as much as we do. https://t.co/9CGLUZkaUC—
Blanchard, who has several degrees, including a master's in international law from the University of Montréal, was named among the 25 most influential lawyers in Canada by Canadian Lawyer Magazine in 2013.
The chair and CEO of law firm McCarthy Tetrault said it was an "immense honour" to be appointed Canada's ambassador to the United Nations
"Being asked to lead Canada's mission to the United Nations is an immense honour, particularly at a time when Canada has re-committed itself to multilateral diplomacy and to engage more widely on the international scene," said Blanchard in a statement posted to the law firm's website.
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text:
Why Choose AllState Demolition?
All State Demolition is the trusted source and authority in meeting and exceeding the requirements and expectations of renowned construction managers, general contractors, architects, property and building owners, when their demolition needs must be addressed with un-compromised results.
We focus on the bottom line – on-time, on-budget and safety. All State Demolition has assisted clients manage their most demanding challenges in demolition. We bring clarity to the intersection of site preparedness and demolition allowing for ultimate regrowth. Our client roster certainly attests to these facts.
All State Demolition boasts a client roster of the "Who's Who" of construction managers in New York. The reason is clear – we employ best practices, an unparalleled team of professionals, every regulatory and safety certification to ensure that project is completed successfully.
We are highly aware of the rigors and challenges that general contractors and construction professionals face every day. All State Demolition is the solution to more than demolition needs; preparing sites for full- fledged and uninterrupted commencement of construction activities is what we pride ourselves on.


text:
London-based illustrator, Neil Stevens' Don't Forget the Cassette series started with an idea to fill his loft studio wall space, and got him thinking about how the crude, simple typography and block colours of cassette inlay designs would look great on a wall. Turns out he was right. He's made the series of prints available through his online shop for those also looking to fill their wall space.
More images below.
pic and info: Flavorwire


text: WELCOME to KUSTOM-KOMPUTERS UK Is your PC running slow ? Cannot play the latest HD Video's and Games ? Do you require more power to use applications and software ? If the answer to any of the above is 'YES' ! Then come inside and see what Kustom Komputers UK can do for you !


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Officially licensed Batman and Robin men's selfie tee shirt. Comes in grey and features Batman and Robin on front taking a selfie together. Made from a blend of cotton and polyester.
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text:
The Spatisserie
Blacknest Rd. Send to Phone
134-4876 600 | Make Restaurant Reservations
OpenBreakfast, Lunch & Early Dinner daily
- Valet parking
- Dress code: Casual
- Heart-healthy dishes
* Click here for rating key
The Spatisserie Restaurant Review: Located in the spa building at Coworth Park, The Spatisserie is a casual spot for all-day dining. The setting is simple and relaxed, with white tables and chairs and floor-to-ceiling windows looking out on the grounds. The focus here is on healthy options, with a variety of smoothies and juices in combinations such as apple and blackberry (to help with the heart and blood pressure), mango and carrot (recommended for post-workouts), and grape and blueberry (for boosting energy and immunity). Also on the menu are salads, sandwiches and light desserts.
Discover the best female chefs, top pizzerias and stellar seafood restaurants with GAYOT's Top 10 lists of the best restaurants in America.


text:
Kind of bland. Same with Guinness. I dunno why I just dont like it much.
Make jazzfanz UGLI Again
Some of my favs are Guinness, Stella's, Boddingtons, and Pacifico to name a few.
Haven't had any for three months and probably won't have much more in the future, goddamn health problems.
Also, Rogue's Mocha Porter. I don't like it as much as Moose Drool but both are quite excellent and can be found at most any Utah liquor store I believe.
My love for Gordy Hayward is unabashed.
And while we are talking good beer, my two favorite beers that I had this past year are Utah Brewer's Coop's Alta Anniversary Ale and Bayern Brewing's Dragon's Breath, which is a dark hefeweizen. Sadly, Bayern brews cannot be found in the state of Utah.
My love for Gordy Hayward is unabashed.
The Unibrou and Chimay are Belgium abbey type ales. Somewhat heavy but very flavorful. They go awesome with a steak or big burger. People that like pilsner type brews typically hate the Belgium abbey style ales. Too much flavor.
Wish I could really help, but I'm more book smart about beer than I am experienced. Tons of beers listed here I've never tried and many I've never heard of.
I like Epic's Galloway Porter and 825 State Stout. Haven't had too many brown ales, but the few I've tried recently I've liked, but they haven't been from the LQ. Wasatch Evolution Ale is pretty good, although tastes a bit watery.
If you want what I consider a good example of an IPA I'd give Lagunitas IPA a try.
I might offer up some homebrew but I've been out. The cold weather has killed my motivation to get outside and make beer.
Make jazzfanz UGLI Again
So, inspired by this thread I purchased Samuel Smith's Nut Brown Ale and Full Sail Limited Edition Brown Pub Series (avail for 90 days only according to the bottle) from the liquor store. Haven't tried them yet. Tune in tomorrow for my full report.
I also have inside info that another frequent poster has produced his own Brown Ale. Maybe that person should chime in with some advice, eh?
The Epic Spiral Jetty is one of my favorites and Chasing Tail.
You need to hop on a plane and head to Munich. We will first go to the a local brewery around the corner from the airport where they give you a white
horse if you can drink their strongest beer. From there we will come to my home town. Home to amazing local breweries, perhaps the best in bavaria.
The one a stonesthrow a way from from apartment was established in 1499. We'll start with a Keller Bier. Prepare to have your mind blown. This is what
beer tasted like ages ago. Less filter, and from the Keller, or basement. It's smooth, strong, and delicious. Necktar from the Gods good. After I pick you up
from the floor of the bar you will next try a Knappentrunk. A little darker, slight carmel flavor, smooth, but strong. At this point you may be doing the chicken dance,and be getting stares from the locals. Next will go with a Superator. Their strongest smoothest beer available. If you have any sense to you at this point we can hit up one of the 5 other breweries in the area.....they are all good.
Or you can just pick up a 6er of Miller Lite, and call it day.
"les grandes défaites forgent les grands hommes" - Rudy Gobert
Where do I sign up?!?
I drank an EPIC beer, Sour Apple Sasoon or something like that tonight.
It was gross.
Make jazzfanz UGLI Again


text:
June 23, 2011
RELATED: Obama Nears Appointment of Eric Schmidt As Commerce Secretary: UPDATE
Google Inc. (GOOG)'s reluctance to provide a top executive for testimony to a Senate panel probing its market power has prompted threats of subpoenas for Chief Executive Officer Larry Page and Chairman Eric Schmidt.
- A d v e r t i s e m e n t
- {openx:49}
In a letter dated June 10, the Democratic chairman and leading Republican on the antitrust subcommittee asked Google to provide one of the company's two senior executives before Congress's August recess. The letter urged a resolution "by agreement" to avoid "more formal procedures," according to a copy of the letter obtained by Bloomberg News.
The threat of subpoenas is one of the ways the committee is pressuring Mountain View, California-based Google to send Page or Schmidt, according to two people familiar with negotiations between the panel and the company. The possibility of subpoenas was discussed with Google in connection with the letter, the people said. The letter asked Google to respond by June 15.
Subpoenas would require approval by the full Senate Judiciary Committee.


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The Snow Lion's Turquoise Mane: Wisdom Tales from Tibet
This remarkable book brings together more than 150 authentic Buddhist teaching tales from the Hidden Kingdom of Tibet most never before translated into English. These captivating stories, legends and yarns passed orally from teacher to student capture the vibrant wisdom of an ancient and still-living oral tradition. Magical, whimsical, witty and ribald, The Snow Lion's Turquoise Mane unfolds a luminous vision of a universe where basic goodness, harmony, and hope prevails.
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text:
About iRentToOwn.com
iRentToOwn.com is a premier Knox County resource to rent homes, allowing buyers and sellers to quickly find and rent houses in Knox County, OH. Ranging from conventional homes for rent and lease to own homes to complex land contracts, this websites also contains a distinctive inventory of articles describing rent to own houses. Finding affordable Knox County, OH rent to own homes is now easier than ever.


text:
One of A Kind Pet Rescue is a non-profit organization founded in November 2005 and is funded by private donations. The organization is dedicated to saving animal lives, rescuing pets in imminent danger of euthanasia, spaying/neutering and adoption of homeless animals into appropriate, loving homes.
We are a no-time-limit shelter and no adoptable animal is euthanized. Many of our animals come from Animal Control Facilities (the pound) just prior to their scheduled euthanasia. Ill and / or injured animals brought to us by Good Samaritans are often given priority. Owner surrenders and strays are accepted when space is available.
- One of A Kind Pet Rescue is committed to saving pets whose lives are in imminent danger of euthanasia. Examples include animals picked up by local government officials, the cats of an elderly person entering a nursing home and the emaciated, stray dog roaming the streets.


text:
One of the things that separate from others is their remarkable warranty. With their partnership with Renewal by Andersen they offer a fully transferable warranty that covers parts, labor, and the original installation. There is a 20 year limited warranty for glass, a two year limited warranty on installation, and a 10 year limited warranty on components other than glass.
There are times when some manufacturers or installers may offer you a life-time warranty, and although these options may sound tempting, it is important to consider a few basic things first. To offer a full life-time warranty is a hefty promise. When they are making this it is a good idea to find out what exactly that means. When the consumer buys a product that has a life-time warranty they have the illusion of comfort in knowing that no matter what happens they will always have replacement as an options. The fact is however, this may not actually be what they are getting.
To begin with there does not seem to be an industry wide standard as to what a life-time warranty actually means. What does that cover, and how long is life time? Although if is nice to think that what a customer wants is the important part of the process, the reality is that the expectations they have are completely irrelevant on what the outcome will actually be.
In addition to this, there is no law or penalty in place by the Federal Trade Commission to cover misuse of this term should a company choose to sell a product this way. Unfortunately in a market full of closures and bankruptcies the FTC has stressed that customers should never assume that a life-time warranty means their own life time, it typically has come to stand for the life time of the company.
and Renewal by Andersen have worked to establish themselves in a responsible and diligent way that will continue to only grow in the future. You can take comfort in knowing that a 20 year warranty will be covered and their certified experts will give you and yourLos Angeleshome the best care possible.
To learn more about the warranties offered by both Clark Adams and Renewal by Andersen click HERE, or call (310) 734-5554 to schedule a free no obligation estimate.


text: I was on three teams this spring: the 3.5 team I captain, a 3.5 team someone else captains, and a 4.0 team. The 3.5 team someone else captains is the only one that was in playoff contention. At the end of the season, I sent out a happy e-mail telling everyone how we did, attempting to highlight the positive accomplishments and play down our struggles. I thanked everyone for their play and responsiveness, etc. On my 4.0 team, each player received a cute miniature trophy, engraved and everything. (I could not attend the awards ceremony, but I received the e-mail about it.) The trophies were not the same, though. The three strongest players were dubbed "Most Extraordinary." The next strongest group was called "Most Exceptional." Then came a group called "Most Excellent." The final group was called "Most Outstanding." Two of the older players were called "Most Dazzling." The crazy-strong 4.0 player was given MVP, and the lowest-rated player was given "Most Improved." Me, I was happy to escape with "Most Excellent." I have to say, being publicly evaluated in this way is unsettling to me. I feel like I have a reasonable take on where I stand relative to others. I am well aware that I am not the strongest 3.5 to take the court in our area, but I gave 100% in all of my matches, practiced hard, and tried to improve. Honestly, having different awards presented based on perceived strength was unnerving, as I know my "award" is only third or fourth best. (I also do not agree with some of the levels assigned to my teammates and think their contributions are being trivialized, but I guess that is their problem). Is this sort of thing common? It never occurred to me to sign off for the season with a message that says "Here's who was strong and here's who was weak." Maybe this is typical?


text:
Mandatory biotechnology labeling, which is being proposed by Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), could disrupt the normal flow of agricultural exports from the U.S. to that country.
That's the assessment of Kenneth Hobbie, U.S. Grains Council president and CEO, who says that the standards, which are to be announced in April 2000 and implemented one year later, are not science-based.
''In fact, this proposal would be inconsistent with other food safety regulatory approval processes already in place in Japan,'' said Hobbie. ''This long-awaited MAFF announcement would require labeling on over 20 products such as Bt corn and others previously approved as safe by Japan's Minister of Health.
''This announcement is very disappointing. There's no question that consumers have a right to know what is in their food if in fact there is some health risk or scientific basis. But to impose blanket labeling, when foods may not even contain biotechnology, is ludicrous.''
In all, more than 30 agricultural products may be subject to the mandatory labeling.
Under the scheme, food items including corn snacks, popcorn or those with corn starch, corn flour, corn grits or corn oil will be subject to labeling that denotes whether they contain ''genetically modified or non-genetically modified ingredients'' and whether or not those ingredients were ''segregated or non-segregated.''
If the proposal is implemented, the MAFF would use a system of ''social verification'' of compliance, meaning that the truthfulness of the labels is only verified by keeping documentation on the production and distribution of ingredients.
''How can Japan propose labeling without the standards in place?'' Hobbie said. ''Biotechnology research and production is under way in so many countries on artichokes in Egypt and date palms in Malaysia, on rice in Japan. This proposal would not only affect products from the United States, but food production around the world.
''I hope that the world agricultural community will continue to follow this proposal and others like it very closely. As we move forward with agricultural bio-technology, we must make sure our discussions, regulations and labeling are done in the most rigorous scientific arena. And we must remain vigilant to keep all world markets open to the free flow of safe food products.''
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
The Detroit Pistons were looking to start the 2014-15 season off ok the right foot and to rid themselves of the memory of a miserable 2013-14 season. A back and forth affair in the thin air in Denver then ensued in which the Nuggets pulled out an 89-79 win.
The teams went back and forth, the Pistons were actually struggling offensively besides Josh Smith. Smith kept the team in the game with his energy and his scoring. Andre Drummond battled foul trouble all night and he eventually fouled out in the 4th quarter with 11 points and nine rebounds. A few observations for me tonight.
1.) D.J. Augustin completely outplayed Brandon Jennings. Jennings looked lethargic and uninterested. Augustin received the majority of the playing time and gave the Pistons a big spark offensively, moving the ball and penetrating to the cup. Augustin finished with 15 points on 5/10 shooting and had six assists while Jennings had only four points on 2/4 shooting, two assists, and four rebounds. It really looked as if Jennings didn't care and if this continues, Stan Van Gundy won't hesitate to play Augustin a lot more.
2.) Drummond's defense is a big weakness for me to see. He's a great rebounder and he helps in weak side defense, but as a 1-on-1 defender, it's just poor. Drummond fouling out played a key role in the loss and most of the fouls was on bad defensive position and bad individual defense. That's the one weakness in this kid's game that's holding him back right now. The Nuggets Kenneth Faried took him to school tonight and had 22 points on 8/12 shooting and 17 rebounds.
3.) Smith had 25 points, but on 9/22 shooting. He had a good first half, taking the ball to the rim and he did his work closer to the basket. However, in the second half Smith took a lot of jumpers and all three of his 3-point attempts in the second half, he miss all three 3's as you could imagine. That can't happen at all.
4.) The Pistons struggles from deep continued as they shot a paltry 6/26 from deep. Caron Butler's Pistons debut produced 0 points on 0/5 shooting and 0/3 from deep. Kentavious Caldwell-Pope shot a disgusting 3/19 overall and was 1/8 from deep. Van Gundy can't be happy with Caldwell-Pope shooting 3/19 from the field, it just can't work like that.
5.) Remember the 4th quarter execution that I keep harping on? Well the Pistons were outscored 24-16 in the 4th and had a stretch where they didn't score for 2:46 that did them in. The execution was bad as the Pistons were taking shots in the final moments of the shot clock and they were mostly off-balanced 3's. Drummond fouling out in the 4th didn't help though.
Detroit got out-rebounded 51-45 and got outscored on the fast break 11-6. I'm going to chalk up tonight to the fact that, it's a new system with Van Gundy so it'll take a little to adjust. Also, it's in Denver. It's hard to go into the Pepsi Center and get a win against these Nuggets. It's off to Minnesota to take on the younger Timberwolves.
-Ky Carlin
Twitter: @gettinbuckets91/@Ky_Carlin


text:
csvutils is a set of four shell scripts to handle CSV files. Three are purpose-built tools to help manage file collections, but the fourth is a general-purpose script containing shell functions to parse CSV files and format arbitrary text into a CSV field.
|Database Desktop Environment File Managers Utilities
|BSD Original
|Operating Systems
|POSIX Unix
|Awk Unix Shell
Release Notes: This release adds broader support for different Unix variants and shells, a new function in csvutils to transform arbitrary text into a CSV field, a new "exclude" option in csvcomp, csvmake, and csvpost, a new option to add a comment in csvmake, a new option to omit posting the CSV in csvpost, a more versatile "subject" option in csvpost, and many tweaks for efficiency, portability, and/or bugfixes.
Release Notes: This release bends toward portability. It will now run under the Bourne and Korn shells and with the mawk and nawk AWK enterpreters. There are some bugfixes and a couple of new features.
Release Notes: The CSV specification was changed as documented in the man page. In csvutils, the PAIRED and RELAXED algorithms were merged, and PAIRED was depreciated. Conformance with the specification change was implemented. Support for regular expression and multi-character delimiters were added.
Release Notes: A STRICT bug was fixed. Unquoting was optimized.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


text:
Album Rating: 3.0so was i. i have fun like that
At least we're on the same page.
Album Rating: 2.0yeah, im glad thats overThis Message Edited On 05.20.06
Album Rating: 2.0i actually made a coment that was supposed to go on another review here so im just gonna erase it and put this instaedThis Message Edited On 05.20.06
Album Rating: 1.0I hate this album. Reasons.....
1. Terrible production
2. Crappy lyrics along with stupid rapping by corey
3. Simplistic and annoying guitar riffs
IMO this album sucks.
It's hard to take your opinion seriously when you think Chris Adler is god.
Anywho, I detest these guys. Also, what's the deal with the masks, are they ugly or something?
Album Rating: 1.0yea thanks..............i wanna change my user name sooooooooo badly!!! I hate it soooo much!!! Does anyone know if i can???This Message Edited On 05.29.06
Go to the site section of musician forums to change it on the forums, and on the
Sputnik forums to change it on here.This Message Edited On 05.29.06
sorry man I didn't mean to give you a hard time about your username. I was just playin.This Message Edited On 05.29.06
Album Rating: 1.0Site section?? Sputnik forums?? Can i have a bit more details (sorry)
Album Rating: 1.0metallicaman:
i dont care, i hate my user name.
www.musicianforums.com then to sputnik community.
Album Rating: 4.5This is an awesome album, one of my favorites its definetly slipknots best
Album Rating: 4.0Slipknot is far from death metal. They're either Nu-Metal or simply Metal. You choose. They are definitely not death metal or anything close to it. Go listen to Arch Enemy, Kataklysm, Death, or Behemoth, and you've got death metal.
However, this doesn't mean this album isn't good. I like nu-metal too. You were right about the deteriorating over time, they just got worse. Vol. 3 Strays into nu-metal and even rock too much. Oh and shadows, this is probably their LEAST nu-metal album. Look at Vol. 3 closer.
Album Rating: 4.0wow...I just read most of the other comments under this album...you guys need to stop arguing like pussies and actually go learn something about music. If you don't like it, state it, and then everyone else just stfu. People are entitled to their own opinions, no matter how stupid some of them sound.
i agree they're not entirely death metal (and yes, i AM familiar with Death and arch enemy and Kataklysm), but they're definitely not nu-metal either.
K4t4lyst, you feel the need to promote your precious death-metal and Kataklysm everywhere you go. Give it a fucking rest. Seriously. You think you're all high-and-mighty with your "Hardcore Death Metal!" Please, please, shut the fuck up.
Album Rating: 4.0to brain dead:
lol, I never said I didn't like Slipknot, or nu-metal in general. I've actually listened to nu-metal for longer than i've listened to death/black metal. I used to be in love with it, and I still like it. Kataklysm is by no means my favorite band. It's just one of the bands I have that are classified as "death metal". I actually don't have that many as of yet, since I've just gotten into it. Just because I say something isn't placed under the correct genre, it is in no way an insult to the band.
to bassbeginner:
True. This album is more metalcore in way...or something in itself. But it's much closer to nu-metal than it is to death metal.
Haha, metalcore this album is definitely Nu-Metal.
Album Rating: 3.5i love this cd there best in myopnion slipknot rules great review dude the guy who siad that shit about death metal i thought that waas hilarious hahaThis Message Edited On 06.18.06
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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text:
Washington (UPI) Nov 01, 2005
Major oil firms together amassed a staggering $32.8 billion in net income during the third quarter, as gas prices top $3 a gallon.
The figure includes earnings from ExxonMobil, BP, Royal Dutch/Shell, Chevron and ConocoPhillips. The announcement of record profits was attacked by critics and even some conventional allies.
ExxonMobil, making corporate history as the first U.S. firm to surpass $100 billion in quarterly sales, dominated the revenue for the group, which totaled $378 billion.
Shareholders may be enjoying profits but consumers are fuming, which is felt from Wall Street to Washington.
"Big-oil behemoths are making out like bandits, while the average American family is getting killed by high gas prices, and soon-to-be record heating oil prices," said Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y. "We need to fix this."
Oil firms tried to play down profits to mute some of the criticism by emphasizing the disruptions caused by hurricanes, the high cost of repairs and their humanitarian efforts in the storms' aftermath.
Since the Republican Party has a long history of close ties to the oil industry, House Speaker Dennis Hastert, R-Ill., sought to distance the party from massive corporate earnings by asking energy firms to invest some of their profits in ways that ease energy's squeeze on consumer pocketbooks.
"It's time to invest some of those profits," Hastert said at a news conference in Washington.
Higher crude prices in the United States quickly stretched to global markets, while overseas operations reap in benefits from the hurricane-ravaged Mexican Gulf.
Crude increases were amplified on the Amex Oil Index, which measures the share performance of oil and gas companies. The index finished the quarter at 1,076.31 points, up 54 percent from a year ago.
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text:
Everyone who commits the slightly demented act of remaining in theater remembers when that thrill of the stage first seized them. For me it was being cast as Lola in my high school production of Damn Yankees. I walked around the streets of Queens brazenly singing such classics as "Whatever Lola Wants," "You Gotta Have Heart," and "Shoeless Joe." My parents took me to see Fiddler on the Roof for my birthday and closed the deal. I was hooked.
You're getting this information for one simple reason: to demonstrate that I do not hate musicals. I was weaned on them. After Yankees it was Guys and Dolls, then Finian's Rainbow, Hello Dolly, Hair, Jesus Christ Superstar, and so on. Not until college did I discover and become devoted to classic and contemporary drama, but I nonetheless retained my soft spot for musical theater. As the years went on, it may not have been my first choice for entertainment, but a solid piece -- with great songs, a strong story, and memorable characters -- could still hold me rapt for several hours, transported into that wonderland of fantastic tale combined with artful tune.
But I also remember a time in the mid-Eighties when I smelled something rank and bogus taking place on stage. The show was Starlight Express by the pretty/petty Andrew Lloyd Webber. Well before intermission the thought dawned on me -- gosh, this isn't a show, it's a set, it's lights, money, costumes, and more money. Why is someone spending the equivalent of a small country's budget on this piece of nothing?
That thought resurfaced the other night, again and again, at The Will Rogers Follies. The audience witnessed impeccable lighting, costumes, bosoms and buttocks exposed (impeccable bosoms and buttocks they were), dog tricks, Mexican tricks, roping tricks, the prerecorded voice of Gregory Peck, and quirky choreography by that master of glitz, Tommy Tune, who regrettably also directed in his Shirley Temple-loving sort of way. From the information I received via this show -- intended to fully portray a great man's life in revue -- I gleaned that Will Rogers starred in many of Ziegfeld's Follies and never met a man he didn't like. What I didn't catch from this winner of six Tony Awards (including Best Musical) and winner of the 1992 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album was any semblance of a book, any memorable -- or even intelligent -- lyrics, and not one number I could go home and sing in the shower.
I left the theater still wondering who Will Rogers was, what made him so endearing and amusing, and why $6.25 million got flushed down another musical toilet.
Maybe my age played a part in this reaction. I wasn't brought up on Ziegfeld's excesses of style, but then again, even in his case, many great tunes, stars, and shows emerged from under his wing. We have Florenz to thank for Show Boat, for Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, W.C. Fields, and Rogers himself. Song hits from his shows include "Shine on Harvest Moon," "By the Light of the Silvery Moon," and "Second Hand Rose." If The Will Rogers Follies possessed just a few bars of one of these songs, the evening might have proved more bearable.
For some, particularly those over a certain age, the glare and gleam suffices. There's plenty of room for oohing and ahhing, particularly during such eyeball-massaging numbers as "Favorite Son" and "Presents for Mrs. Rogers." As for Keith Carradine, I don't get it. His perpetually grinning performance remains throughout as vacuous as the content of the piece. I wonder if he ever found out who Will Rogers was. If he did, I saw no evidence of this connection and depth on the stage, so he must be saving it for the movie version. If you remember his lazy, hazy voice on his one appropriately titled hit -- "I'm Easy" -- you can imagine the lack of power in his song delivery. His co-star, Dee Hoty, another Broadway transplant, phones in her role as his wife, and although she owns a fine set of vocal cords, she actually does a wrenching torch number called "No Man Left For Me" without moving one muscle of her body. Even the ankles stay rigid.
This folly follows in the recent sickening tradition of Grand Hotel and other Spielberg-like muzakals: special effects with droning elevator melodies and a disjointed, superficial treatment of some pointless nonplot. Worse still, the musical style itself now appears to be stuck in an endlessly repeating time warp. When Lloyd Webber, Rice, Rado, Ragni, and Galt MacDermot came along, at least in the beginning they reunited musical numbers with popular tunes. Songs from Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar actually made the Billboard charts. Contemporary pop-rock crept in, as it should. The musical, to endure, needed to reflect the sounds and rhythms of contemporary society. Right?
Unfortunately, the forward movement stopped dead in the Seventies. As younger people listened to Springstreen, Hendrix, the Stones, and Elton John, musicals turned back to Cole Porter and Irving Berlin. While more mature audiences thrilled to the songs of their youth, the youth stayed away in droves. To many young people today, just the mention of the word "musical" elicits eyeballs rolling upward and a loud sigh. Boring. Not our scene.
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Glancing around the audience at TOPA opening night for The Will Rogers Follies, I caught something that maybe too many others have missed. Judging by the average age of the appreciative crowd, their faces will completely disappear from this planet within a decade or two. Perhaps before some other extravaganza-mad producer sinks a small fortune into mediocre muzakal, this fact should be considered. Excuse me, sir, but your audience is dying, along with American musical theater.
Or as a 25-year-old theater student recently said, "I have this nightmare that when I'm 70, Will Rogers Follies, Grand Hotel, and Cats will still be playing. And I certainly won't go."
Nor will I.
THE WILL ROGERS FOLLIES book by Peter Stone, music by Cy Coleman with lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green; directed and choreographed by Tommy Tune; with Keith Carradine, Dee Hoty, George Riddle, Leigh Zimmerman, Tomas Garcilazo, the Will Rogers Wranglers, the Amazing Mongrels, Dan Sharkey, and featuring the New Ziegfeld Girls. At the Broward Center for the Performing Arts, 201 SW 5 Ave., Fort Lauderdale, January 12-24. Performances Tuesday-Saturday, 8:00 p.m.; Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday, 2:00 p.m. Tickets cost $25.50-$38. Call 462-0222.


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Clinical studies on cardioprotection by preinfarct angina are ambiguous, which may involve development of tolerance to repeated episodes of ischemia. Not all preconditioning stimuli use identical signaling pathways, and because patients likely experience varying numbers of episodes of preinfarct angina of different degrees and durations, it is important to know whether myocardium tolerant to a particular preconditioning stimulus can still be protected by stimuli employing alternative signaling pathways. We tested the hypothesis that development of tolerance to a particular stimulus does not affect cardioprotection by stimuli that employ different signaling pathways. Anesthetized rats underwent classical, remote or pharmacological preconditioning. Infarct size (IS), produced by a 60-min coronary artery occlusion (CAO), was determined after 120 min of reperfusion. Preconditioning by two 15-min periods of CAO (2CAO15, an adenosine-dependent stimulus) limited IS from 69 ± 2% to 37 ± 6%, but when 2CAO15 was preceded by 4CAO15, protection by 2CAO15 was absent (IS = 68 ± 1%). This development of tolerance coincided with a loss of cardiac interstitial adenosine release, whereas two 15-min infusions of adenosine (200 μg/min iv) still elicited cardioprotection (IS = 40 ± 4%). Furthermore, cardioprotection was produced when 4CAO15 was followed by the adenosine-independent stimulus 3CAO3 (IS = 50 ± 8%) or the remote preconditioning stimulus of two 15-min periods of mesenteric artery occlusion (IS = 49 ± 6%). In conclusion, development of tolerance to cardioprotection by an adenosine-dependent preconditioning stimulus still allows protection by pharmacological or ischemic stimuli intervention employing different signaling pathways.
- infarct size
- remote preconditioning
ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is the most powerful means of endogenous cardioprotection against irreversible cell injury in the experimental animal (26, 31). However, clinical studies on infarct size (IS) limitation by brief anginal episodes preceding acute myocardial infarction are ambiguous (3, 4, 16, 27, 28, 44); such ambiguity has been attributed to a loss of cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning in the aging (1, 2, 3, 19) or pathological (9, 12, 15, 18) heart. Another confounding factor could be development of tolerance to IPC, i.e., the loss of cardioprotection when the same preconditioning stimulus is repetitively applied (6, 14, 32). For example, Cohen et al. (6) demonstrated that in rabbits the cardioprotection produced by a single 5-min coronary artery occlusion (CAO) followed by 10 min of reperfusion (1CAO5) was lost when the 5-min CAO stimulus was applied at 30-min intervals for 8 h during 3 days.
In recent years, it has become apparent that not all preconditioning stimuli employ the same signaling pathway to exert their cardioprotective action (7, 10, 23, 24, 34). For instance, in the rat, cardioprotection by a single 15-min CAO followed by 10 min of reperfusion (1CAO15) is adenosine dependent but does not involve reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas cardioprotection by three cycles of 3 min of CAO interspersed by 5 min of reperfusion (3CAO3) depends on ROS (24) but does not involve adenosine (22, 23). The major aim of the present study was therefore to investigate whether tolerance that develops when the same IPC stimulus is applied repetitively also implies tolerance to a stimulus that employs a different signal transduction pathway. Hence, in the first part of the study, we investigated whether tolerance to a particular (adenosine-dependent) preconditioning stimulus also affects cardioprotection by a stimulus that employs an alternative (adenosine-independent) pathway. Myocardium can be preconditioned by local myocardial ischemia, as well as by brief ischemia in noncardiac tissue such as the small intestine, kidneys, and skeletal muscle (5, 11, 25, 30), which, at least for the small intestine, involves a neurogenic pathway (11, 25). Hence, in the second part of the study, we investigated whether cardioprotection by remote preconditioning via a 15-min mesenteric artery occlusion (MAO15) is affected by the development of tolerance to a classical IPC stimulus.
Because tolerance to IPC has not been investigated in the rat, we first established a model for the development of tolerance on the basis of our experience with the adenosine-dependent stimulus 1CAO15 in this species. Capitalizing on the observations by Vogt et al. (41), who showed in pigs that progressive loss of adenosine production rendered myocardium tolerant to protection by 10-min CAO but still responsive to exogenous adenosine, we also investigated whether loss of adenosine release also contributes to development of tolerance in the rat heart and whether exogenous adenosine still induces protection once tolerance has developed.
Experiments were performed in ad libitum-fed male Wistar rats (300–380 g) in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publication No. 86-23, revised 1996) and with approval of the Erasmus University Rotterdam Animal Care Committee.
Surgical and Experimental Procedures
Pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized (60 mg/kg ip) rats were intubated for positive-pressure ventilation with oxygen-enriched room air. Through the carotid artery, a PE-50 catheter was positioned in the thoracic aorta for measurement of arterial blood pressure and heart rate (11, 40). In the inferior caval vein, a PE-50 catheter was placed for infusion of Haemaccel (Hoechst) to compensate for blood loss during surgery and to maintain central venous pressure during the experimental protocol and for drug infusion during the experiments. After thoracotomy, via the left third intercostal space, the pericardium was opened, and a silk 6-0 suture was looped under the left coronary artery for later CAO. A catheter was positioned in the abdominal cavity to allow intraperitoneal administration of pentobarbital sodium for maintenance of anesthesia. Rectal temperature was continuously measured and maintained at 36.5–37.5°C (11, 40). After completion of surgery, a 30-min stabilization period was allowed before experimental protocols were carried out. Rats that fibrillated were allowed to complete the protocol, provided that conversion to normal sinus rhythm occurred spontaneously within 1 min or that defibrillation via gentle thumping on the thorax was successful within 2 min after onset of fibrillation. Occlusion and reperfusion were visually verified. In 13 additional rats, a microdialysis probe (model CMA/20, Carnegie Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden; 4 × 0.5 mm membrane, 20-kDa cutoff) was implanted into the myocardial area at risk (AR) to determine myocardial interstitial adenosine levels (17). Samples were collected during each 15-min CAO at a rate of 2 μl/min. At the conclusion of each experiment, probe recovery was determined ex vivo with a stock solution containing 100 μM adenosine and found to be 14 ± 1% (percentage of adenosine concentration in the stock solution recovered in the probe samples). All samples were stored at −50°C for later analysis. The adenosine concentrations in dialysate samples were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (36).
IS Analysis
IS was determined as previously described (11, 40). Briefly, after 120 min of reperfusion, the left coronary artery was reoccluded, and 10 ml of trypan blue (0.4%; Sigma Chemical) were immediately infused intravenously into the femoral vein to stain the normally perfused myocardium dark blue and delineate the nonstained AR. Subsequently, hearts were excised, rinsed in cold saline, and cut into 2-mm-thick slices from apex to base. From each slice, the right ventricle was removed and the left ventricular AR (nonstained) was dissected from the remaining left ventricular tissue. The AR was then incubated for 10 min in 37°C nitro blue tetrazolium (Sigma Chemical; 1 mg/ml Sorensen buffer, pH 7.4), which stains viable tissue purple but leaves infarcted tissue unstained. After the infarcted area (IA) was isolated from the non-IA, the different areas of the left ventricle were dried and weighed separately. Myocardial IS was computed as IA expressed as a percentage of AR (11, 40).
Experimental Design
Rat hearts were preconditioned with one or multiple 15-min CAOs separated by 15 min of reperfusion (nCAO15, adenosine-dependent IPC stimuli), a sequence of three 3-min CAOs interspersed by 5 min of reperfusion (3CAO3, adenosine-independent stimulus), or two 15-min mesenteric artery occlusions (MAOs) separated by 15 min of reperfusion (2MAO15, remote myocardial preconditioning stimulus). Pharmacological cardioprotection was produced by multiple 15-min infusions of adenosine (200 μg/min iv) separated by 15 min of washout (nADO15). Myocardial infarcts were produced by a 60-min CAO (index ischemia), and IS was determined after 120 min of reperfusion (35).
Pilot experiments to develop a model for tolerance to classical IPC by an adenosine-dependent IPC stimulus.
Because there were no previous studies on tolerance to IPC in the rat heart, we first established 1) the number and timing of CAO15 required to elicit tolerance to IPC (Fig. 1). On the basis of these experiments (see results), 4CAO15 interspersed by 15 min of reperfusion and applied between 175 and 70 min before the 60-min index ischemia was selected to induce tolerance, whereas 2CAO15 separated by 15 min of reperfusion was used as the preconditioning stimulus.
Adenosine and development of tolerance to preconditioning.
We first established whether the cardioprotection by 2CAO15, similar to 1CAO15 (23, 24), depends on adenosine receptor activation, but not on ROS generation (Fig. 2A). For this purpose, we used the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-sulfophenyl theophylline (8-SPT, 50 mg/kg iv) (23) and the ROS scavenger mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG, 1 mg·kg−1·min−1 iv) (24). Subsequently, we investigated whether loss of adenosine signaling could have contributed to development of tolerance to 2CAO15 (Fig. 2B). For this purpose, we measured interstitial adenosine levels during 4CAO15 and determined whether an exogenous adenosine infusion indeed reinstates protection in myocardium that has become tolerant to 4CAO15 by replacing the 2CAO15 by two episodes of ADO15 (4CAO15 + 2ADO15). Finally, we subjected rats to one (1ADO15) or six (6ADO15) episodes of 15-min intravenous infusion of 200 μg/min adenosine (Fig. 2C) to determine whether repeated administration of exogenous adenosine leads to tolerance to its cardioprotection (8, 13, 39).
Cross tolerance between adenosine-dependent and other IPC stimuli.
To investigate whether the cardioprotection by the adenosine-independent preconditioning stimulus 3CAO3 or remote preconditioning is also lost after myocardium has become tolerant to the adenosine-dependent stimulus (2CAO15), we replaced the 2CAO15 by the adenosine-independent classical stimulus 3CAO3 (4CAO15 + 3CAO3; Fig. 3A) or by remote preconditioning with two episodes of MAO15 (4CAO15 + 2MAO15; Fig. 3B).
Data Analysis and Presentation
IS was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Hemodynamic variables were compared by two-way ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Dunnett's test. Statistical significance was accepted when P < 0.05. Values are means ± SE.
Mortality and Exclusions
Of the 190 rats that entered the study, 21 were excluded because of sustained ventricular fibrillation during CAO or pump failure (≤3 rats per group) and 6 were excluded because of an AR <10% of the left ventricle.
Heart Rate and Arterial Blood Pressure
Table 1 shows the hemodynamic data for the various experimental groups. Importantly, there was no correlation between the rate-pressure product at the onset of the 60-min CAO and IS (r2 = 0.003, P = 0.55).
Area at Risk
There were no intergroup differences in AR (34 ± 1% of left ventricle, P = 0.09) between the experimental groups.
Development of the Model for Tolerance to Classical IPC
Figure 1A shows that the protection by 1CAO15 was not affected when the reperfusion period between 1CAO15 and the 60-min index ischemia period was extended from 10 to 90 min but was lost when the index ischemia period was further extended to 175 min. The protection by 1CAO15, when applied 70 min before the 60-min CAO, was abolished, however, when this stimulus was preceded by three additional episodes of CAO15 (4CAO15 + 70-min Rep; Fig. 1B). Figure 1 also illustrates that 2CAO15 tended to be slightly more protective (IS = 37 ± 6%) than 1CAO15 (IS = 43 ± 5%, P = NS) and that the protection was abolished when preceded by the tolerance-inducing 4CAO15. This loss of protection by 2CAO15 was not due to cumulative necrosis induced by the preceding 4CAO15 (10 ± 4%), because the combined IS of 4CAO15 (10 ± 4%) and 2CAO15 + 60-min CAO (37 ± 6%) amounted to 47 ± 7%, which was still significantly less than the IS produced by the 60-min CAO alone (69 ± 2%; Fig. 1A) and the IS produced by 6CAO15 followed by the 60-min CAO (68 ± 1%; Fig. 1B).
Adenosine and Development of Tolerance
The protection by 2CAO15 was virtually abolished by 8-SPT but not by MPG (Fig. 2A), demonstrating the critical role of adenosine in mediating the cardioprotection by 2CAO15 and its independence of ROS generation.
During the first CAO15, the average interstitial adenosine concentrations increased sevenfold; during the second, third, and fourth CAO15, however, the adenosine concentrations were no longer different from baseline (Fig. 2B). When 4CAO15 was followed by 2ADO15, IS produced by the 60-min CAO was limited to 40 ± 4%. Because 10 ± 4% of the AR had already become necrotic after 4CAO15, the additional irreversible damage produced by the 60-min CAO was (40 ± 4) − (10 ± 4%), which equals 30 ± 5% of the AR. If we take into account that only 90 ± 4% [100% − (10 ± 4%)] of the AR was viable at the onset of the 60-min CAO, the percentage of the AR that became infarcted during the 60-min CAO amounted to 33 ± 6% of the viable AR [(30 ± 5%)/(90 ± 4%)]. This degree of protection was not different from the IS limitation by 2ADO15 alone (IS = 35 ± 8%; Fig. 2B). These findings indicate that exogenous adenosine still produces cardioprotection at a time that the myocardium has become tolerant to protection by the adenosine-dependent stimulus 2CAO15.
Although the cardioprotection by exogenous adenosine was unperturbed in hearts tolerant to cardioprotection by 2CAO15, IS limitation by 6ADO15 was less than that by 1ADO15 (Fig. 2C), indicating that repeated adenosine infusions caused a blunting of its cardioprotective actions.
Cross Tolerance Between Adenosine-Dependent and -Independent Classical IPC Stimuli
When 4CAO15 preceded the adenosine-independent (22, 23) but ROS-dependent (24) 3CAO3 stimulus, IS limitation was still present, although it was less (IS = 50 ± 8%, P < 0.05 vs. control) than the protection by 3CAO3 alone (IS = 29 ± 5%; Fig. 3A). Taking into account that IS was 10 ± 4% after 4CAO15 alone, we calculated (see above) that 44 ± 9% of the AR that was viable at the onset of 3CAO3 became infarcted (P = NS vs. 3CAO3 alone). These findings indicate that myocardium that has become tolerant to protection by an adenosine-dependent IPC stimulus can still be protected by a classical adenosine-independent IPC stimulus.
Cross Tolerance Between Classical IPC and Remote IPC Stimuli
Remote myocardial preconditioning by 2MAO15 limited IS to 49 ± 6% vs. 69 ± 2% in control rats (P < 0.05; Fig. 3B). When 4CAO15 preceded 2MAO15 (4CAO15 + 2MAO15), IS was limited to 49 ± 6% (43 ± 7% of AR that was viable at the onset of 2MAO15), which was not different from the cardioprotection by 2MAO15 alone (IS = 49 ± 6%).
The present study was undertaken to assess whether the development of tolerance to a particular IPC stimulus also affects the cardioprotection by stimuli that employ different mechanisms. The major findings can be summarized as follows: 1) IPC by 2CAO15 resulted in potent cardioprotection against subsequent 60-min index ischemia in an adenosine-dependent manner. However, when 4CAO15 preceded 2CAO15, the myocardium had become tolerant to the protection by 2CAO15. 2) Development of tolerance coincided with loss of myocardial interstitial adenosine release. Although repeated infusion of adenosine was capable of producing tolerance as well, the loss of adenosine release, in conjunction with the finding that exogenous adenosine still afforded protection after 4CAO15, is consistent with previous observations in pigs (41) that loss of adenosine release contributes to the development of tolerance. 3) Myocardium that had become tolerant to 2CAO15 could still be protected by the adenosine-independent 3CAO3 stimulus and by the remote preconditioning stimulus 2MAO15.
Development of Tolerance to Preconditioning in Rat Heart
Cohen et al. (6) demonstrated in conscious rabbits that 5-min CAOs at 30-min intervals for 8 h during 3 days resulted in tolerance. Iliodromitis et al. (14) showed in anesthetized rabbits that myocardial tolerance already started to develop after four cycles of 5 min of CAO and 10 min of reperfusion. The present study shows that, also in the rat heart, tolerance develops after a limited number of brief CAOs. Because in our study we used 15-min, rather than 5-min, CAOs, it could be argued that the loss of protection by 2CAO15 after 4CAO15 was caused by cumulative necrosis. This is, however, highly unlikely inasmuch as the combined IS of 4CAO15 (10 ± 4%) and 2CAO15 followed by 60 min of CAO (37 ± 6%) was significantly less (47 ± 7%) than IS after 6CAO15 followed by 60 min of CAO (68 ± 1%). Moreover, the cardioprotection by 1CAO15 + 70 min of reperfusion (IS = 45 ± 8%) was prevented when 1CAO15 was preceded by three additional episodes of CAO15 (4CAO15 + 70 min of reperfusion, IS = 69 ± 2%). Nor can this loss of protection be explained by cumulative necrosis of 3CAO15 (which, in view of the IS by 4CAO15, must have been smaller than 10 ± 4%), and the 1CAO15 + 70 min of reperfusion + 60 min of CAO (IS = 45 ± 8%), which was still significantly less than <69 ± 2% in the group subjected to 4CAO15 + 70 min of reperfusion + 60 min of CAO.
We established that, similar to 1CAO15 (23), cardioprotection by 2CAO15 involves activation of adenosine receptors, whereas ROS do not play a role in 1CAO15 (24) or 2CAO15 (present study). In view of the similarly prominent role of endogenous adenosine in cardioprotection by 1CAO5 in rabbits (31) and 1CAO10 in swine (34), a reduced adenosine receptor responsiveness (13, 39) and a progressive loss of adenosine production during repeated occlusions (14, 41) have been proposed as mechanisms underlying the development of tolerance. Although we found that repeated adenosine infusions are capable of blunting adenosine's cardioprotection, the observation that during the second, third, and fourth CAO15, the myocardial interstitial levels of adenosine were no longer different from baseline is consistent with the hypothesis that a progressive loss of myocardial adenosine release contributes to the development of tolerance (41). Moreover, similar to the findings of Vogt et al. (41), we observed that intravenous infusion of adenosine could reinstate cardioprotection, suggesting that cardiac responsiveness to adenosine was maintained after 4CAO15.
Cross Tolerance to Other IPC Stimuli
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate whether jeopardized myocardium that has become tolerant to a particular preconditioning stimulus can still be rescued by an ischemic stimulus that operates via a different mechanism. Cross tolerance to remote preconditioning of the heart did not occur, inasmuch as the cardioprotection by brief intestinal ischemia, such as 2MAO15, was not affected when this stimulus was preceded by 4CAO15. We previously showed that MAO15 elicits cardioprotection via activation of a neurogenic pathway during early reperfusion of the mesenteric bed (11). We obtained evidence that adenosine receptor activation downstream of the neurogenic pathway, possibly in the myocardium (25), contributes to remote IPC by 1MAO15. However, in two additional rats, we did not observe an increase in myocardial interstitial adenosine levels during (1.6 ± 0.2 μM) or after (1.5 ± 0.1 μM) MAO15 compared with "baseline" adenosine levels measured after the preceding 4CAO15 (2.2 ± 0.9 μM). It must be emphasized that the myocardial adenosine concentrations represent the average concentrations of the 15-min microdialysis sampling period. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that a brief transient increase in myocardial adenosine concentration during early mesenteric artery reperfusion was masked. Alternatively, other mediators of remote preconditioning, including bradykinin (33), calcitonin-gene related peptide (37), and opioids (29, 42), may also have contributed to the cardioprotection by remote IPC of hearts that have become tolerant. Studies are needed to further investigate the role of these other mediators in the cardioprotection by remote IPC of myocardium made tolerant by 4CAO15 to the cardioprotection by 2CAO15.
Tolerance by 4CAO15 did also not abolish the cardioprotection by 3CAO3. If one assumes that the 15-min ischemia episode encompasses the signaling cascade triggered by the 3-min episode, one would expect a complete loss of cardioprotection by 3CAO3 in myocardium that had become tolerant to CAO15. However, we and others showed that, in contrast to its involvement in CAO15 (23), adenosine is not involved in the cardioprotection by 3CAO3 (22, 23). Conversely, we showed that the ROS scavenger MPG attenuated the protection by 3CAO3 (24) but left the protection by CAO15 unaffected. Hence, the partial loss of protection by 3CAO3 in myocardium tolerant to CAO15 is difficult to explain. Future studies, involving other triggers and mediators, are required to determine the molecular basis for this partial cross tolerance to other classical preconditioning stimuli. Nonetheless, our data suggest that myocardium that has become tolerant to the protection by a stimulus employing a particular signal transduction pathway might still benefit from an IPC stimulus employing a different signal transduction pathway.
Clinical Relevance
Abundant evidence has been presented that IPC also occurs in humans with use of end points other than IS (20, 21, 38, 43). However, clinical studies on IS limitation by preinfarct angina are discordant (4, 16, 27, 28, 44). This has, at least in part, been ascribed to loss of preconditioning in the aging (1, 2, 3, 19) and pathological (9, 12, 15, 18) hearts. We hypothesized that development of tolerance might also contribute to the equivocal clinical findings, inasmuch as multiple brief episodes of abrupt ischemia in the hours to days preceding a myocardial infarction render animal hearts tolerant to the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. However, rather than the repetitive bouts of brief ischemia of identical duration and severity that occur in the laboratory setting, patients are more likely to experience episodes of varying severity and duration of ischemia. The present study suggests that these patients could be less susceptible to the development of tolerance as a result of recruitment of different signal transduction pathways by distinct stimuli. Our study also indicates that, without a detailed knowledge of the number, severity, and duration of the preinfarct episodes of myocardial and/or remote organ ischemia, it is impossible to classify patients as preconditioned or tolerant. Finally, the observation that administration of exogenous adenosine is still protective in hearts that have become tolerant to IPC suggests that, in patients with unstable angina, administration of pharmacological agents that mimic preconditioning can still afford cardioprotection, at least in the (sub)acute setting (8, 13, 39).
The present study was supported by The Netherlands Heart Foundation Grant NHS 99.143. D. J. Duncker is the recipient of an The Netherlands Heart Foundation Established Investigator Stipend 2000T038.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Liz Keijzer.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2005 by the American Physiological Society


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A Walk Into the Sea: Danny Williams and the Warhol Factory
7:00 PM Mon, Jul 21, 2014
Venue: Shalin Liu Performance Center
37 Main Street, Rockport, MA 01966Contact:
Rockport Music
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A documentary about the mysterious 1966 disappearance of Danny Williams and was produced by his niece Esther Robinson. Virtually an unknown fact today, Danny Williams was Andy Warhol's lover and a promising young filmmaker at the time. The film includes 20 never-before-seen film shorts Williams made during his time at the Factory and what may be the earliest known footage of the Velvet Underground. In the film, Robinson interviews surviving Factory members and quietly dismantles the Warhol myth-making machine, allowing a deeper examination of the human fragility on which Warhol's empire was built. Esther Robinson will host a post-film Q&A.
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The 198 Km two lane carriageway from Sehwan to Ratodero will reduce the traveling time, boosting trade and the living standard of the community. It is major rd const project undertaken in the region. Having bypass around all majors cities / towns enroute will mark a substantial reduction in traveling time. The project is likely to be completed by Oct 2015.
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