text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|16 Dec 1986
|Filing date
|22 Mar 1984
|Priority date
|22 Mar 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yoshio Shionozaki, Hiroshi Mukai
|Original Assignee
|Seiko Epson Kabushiki Kaisha
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (4), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
______________________________________ Weight percentagecompound (Wt %)______________________________________ ##STR73## 33.9 ##STR74## 22.3 ##STR75## 23.8 ##STR76## 10.0 ##STR77## 10.0 ##STR78## 0.3 100.3%______________________________________
______________________________________ mixing ratecompound (Wt %)______________________________________ ##STR79## 33.0 ##STR80## 25.0 ##STR81## 22.0 ##STR82## 10.0 ##STR83## 10.0 ##STR84## 0.3 100.3______________________________________
______________________________________ Weight percentage (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR85## 40 ##STR86## 40 ##STR87## 10 ##STR88## 10______________________________________
______________________________________ Weight percentage (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR89## 40 ##STR90## 40 ##STR91## 10 ##STR92## 10______________________________________
______________________________________ Weight percentagecompound (Wt %)______________________________________ ##STR93## 33.9 ##STR94## 22.3 ##STR95## 23.8 ##STR96## 10.0 ##STR97## 10.0 ##STR98## 0.3 100.3%______________________________________
______________________________________ mixing ratecompound (Wt %)______________________________________ ##STR99## 33.0 ##STR100## 25.0 ##STR101## 22.0 ##STR102## 10.0 ##STR103## 10.0 ##STR104## 0.3 100.3______________________________________
______________________________________ Weight percentage (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR105## 40 ##STR106## 40 ##STR107## 10 ##STR108## 10______________________________________
______________________________________ Weight percentage (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR109## 40 ##STR110## 40 ##STR111## 10 ##STR112## 10______________________________________
This invention relates to azoxybenzene compounds and a method for preparation, and more particularly to asymmetric trans-4-4'-N-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene compounds.
Liquid crystal display devices have many advantages over a luminesence-type display. The liquid crystal display unit including the driver circuit is small and flat, can be driven at low voltage by a small power source and provide a visual display which is far superior to the luminescence-type display. In view of these advantages, liquid crystal display devices have become widely used for computer terminals, POS terminals, video displays and the like in place of conventional cathode ray tubes.
Liquid crystal materials used in liquid crystal display cells are generally of the nematic type. A matrix-addressing driving system for a twisted nematic liquid crystal display device (hereinafter referred to as the TN-LCD) is considered promising to increase the advantages of the liquid crystal display devices. New liquid crystal materials having suitable characteristics for such TN-LCD devices are highly desirable.
In order to provide a high-quality display of the TN-LCD driven by a matrix-addressing driving method, the dynamic characteristics of the liquid crystal material used must be improved. Specifically, the property of the steepness of the threshold of the voltage-contrast characteristic is significant. The steepness of threshold is expressed by β wherein β=Vsat /Vth. This relationship is shown in FIG. 1. The smaller the value of β, the more suitable the liquid crystal material is for a matrix-addressing-driving method.
The steepness characteristic varies with the construction of the display device, such as the alignment treatment of the panels. However, the property which affects the display most significantly is the steepness β. It is also well known that if the value K33 /K11, wherein K11 and K33 are the spray and bend elastic constants, respectively, which acts on the interaction of the liquid crystal molecules is small, the steepness β is also small. See, Takahashi, Uchida, Electronic COmmunication Society of Japan, Research Report, vol. 80, No. 120, pp. 13-18, 1980.
In general, all liquid crystal compositions used in conventional TN-LCD are compounds having at least one of the following general formulae as the basic material thereof: ##STR4## wherein R1 and R2 are straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups and ##STR5## is a phenyl, cyclohexyl or pyrimidine ring or a dioxane ring. Representative compounds of formulas (a), (b) and (c) have the following general formulae: ##STR6## wherein R1 and R2 are straight-chain alkyl groups.
In order to observe the steepness β, each of the materials (a'), (b') and (c') a base liquid crystal material was prepared. Each base liquid crystal material was formed by mixing two compounds of each formula wherein R1 and R2 were n-C3 H7 and n-C4 H9, respectively, and n-C4 H9 and n-C4 H9, respectively in a 1:1 molar ratio. To 90 weight percent of the mixture, the following additional compounds were added to yield compositions (a"), (b") and (c").
Thus, the total percentage for each crystal is 100.3%.
Each of the compositions (a"), (b") and (c") were sealed in a TN-type liquid crystal cell having a 6 μm thickness. The electrooptical properties, particularly the threshold voltage Vth, and the steepness β were examined upon application of 100 Hz alternating voltage, static driving at a temperature of 20� C. The results were as set forth in the following Table I.
TABLE 1______________________________________basic compound Vth(V) β______________________________________a" ##STR10## 2.0 1.33b" ##STR11## 2.28 1.26c" ##STR12## 2.17 1.18______________________________________
As shown in Table 1, the relative steepness β is (a")>(b")>(c"). Based on this, it can be seen that the steepness for compounds having polar bonding groups, such as --COO--, or ##STR13## in a liquid crystal composition is greater than that for compounds without the polar bonding groups. It is believed that the interaction of the pliable polar bonding groups and the liquid crystal molecules reduces the value of the ratio K33 /K11. When comparing the two polar bonding groups, the effect of lowering the value of the ratio of K33 /K11 is greater for a compound having an azoxy group, ##STR14## than for a compound having a carbonyl group, --COO--. Accordingly, the steepness of compounds including the azoxy group is more suitable for the TN-LCD rather than the carbonyl group, which is confirmed by the results set forth in Table 1.
Based on the above, a liquid crystal material with excellent steepness which was considered most suitable for matrix-addressing driving method was considered to be a compound having ##STR15## bonding, that is an azoxybenzene compound. However, conventional azoxybenzene compounds have presented difficulties. For example, 4-alkoxy-4'-alkylbenzene having the general formula: ##STR16## or a 4-acyloxy-4'-alkylazoxybenzene having the general formula: ##STR17## are known to be degraded by light, particularly with respect to resistivity. Moreover, these azoxybenzene compounds are colored by light. Consequently, in order to protect them it is necessary to use the yellow filter having a 480 nm absorption edge.
As another example, an isomer admixture of 4,4'-dialkylazoxybenzene having the general formula: ##STR18## in symmetrical form wherein R1 =R2 and in the asymmetrical form wherein R1 ≠R2 admixed with the asymmetrical form wherein R1 ≠R2 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,907,768 and Dabrowski, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1980, Vol. 61, pp. 61-78.
The various azoxybenzene compounds disclosed in these references may be obtained by the following reaction schemes. ##STR19##
As shown by Scheme 1, two molar equivilents of P-alkylaniline are oxidized to yield an azo compound (d) and by oxidizing the azo compound (d), asymmetrical azoxy compound (D) is obtained. Scheme 2 and Scheme 3 yield asymmetrical azoxy compounds. In Scheme 2, two types of P-alkylaniline having different alkyl groups are treated in the same manner as in Scheme 1. An asymmetrical azoxy compound (G) admixed with two types of symmetrical azoxy compounds (E) and (F) are obtained. It is almost impossible to separate the asymmetrical azoxy compounds (G) from the resulting mixture.
Under Scheme 3, P-alkylaniline and P-alkylnitrosobenzene having different alkyl groups are oxidized to yield an azo compound (h). Then, the azo compound (h) is oxidized and an asymmetrical azoxy compound (H) is obtained. However, the nitroso compounds are easily reduced so that R2 is limited to only methyl or ethyl.
Under both Scheme 2 and Scheme 3, the asymmetrical azoxy compound inevitably includes two isomers wherein the coordination of oxygen is different. In other words, 4,4'-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene and 4,4'-dialkyl-NNO-azoxybenzene having the following formulae, respectively are obtained: ##STR20## Again, it is not possible to separate one of the asymmetrical isomers from the mixture. Similarly, in the case of forming azoxy compounds by oxidizing an azobenzene compound, the following isomers are formed, namely 4-alkoxy-4'-alkylazoxybenzene and 4-acyloxy-4'-alkylazoxybenzene.
The liquid crystal properties of the above symmetrical and asymmetrical azoxy compounds as reported in the above references are shown in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. In each of the tables the following notation controls:
S/N: Smectic-Nematic transistion temperature,
N-I: Nematic-Isotropic transision temperature,
S-I: Smectic-Isotropic transistion temperature,
value in parenthesis: monotropic value, and
value with mark *: data from U.S. Pat. No. 3,907,768.
TABLE 2______________________________________ ##STR21## S/N.sup.(a), R mp (�C.) ##STR22## ##STR23##______________________________________n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 65˜66 60n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 18 27n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 21˜22 71.5˜72n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 20˜21 47.5˜48n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 33˜34.5 70˜71 (55).sup.(a)n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 38˜39.5 67 (66).sup.(a)n-C.sub.9 H.sub.19 45˜45.5 77.5.sup.(b)n-C.sub.10 H.sub.21 50.5˜51.5 77.5.sup.(b)______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________ ##STR24## R1 R2 mp (�C.) S/N (�C.) ##STR25##______________________________________CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 70 (38) or 69.8C.sub.2 H.sub.5 " 40˜47 (31)n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 " 6˜7 0.5n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 " 24.5˜27 28.5n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 " 18˜22.5 53.5n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 " 24.5˜25.5 42.5n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 " 31˜32 56n-C.sub.8 H.sub.16 " 26˜27.5 51n-C.sub.9 H.sub.19 " 34.5˜35.5 60n-C.sub.10 H.sub.21 " 32˜34 (25.5) 57.5C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 23˜23.5n-C.sub.3 H.sub.9 " 13.5˜14 33 16* 35*n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 " 16.5 (12) 13* 18*n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 " 5 40.5 10* 41*n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 " 9.5 31.5 11* 31*n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 " 8 45n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 " 10.5 (2) 42n-C.sub.9 H.sub.19 " 19.7 23 49.5n-C.sub.10 H.sub.21 " 24.0 26.5 47.5______________________________________
As is shown in Table 2 with respect to the symmetrical azoxybenzene compounds, those compounds wherein the alkyl group R is pentyl or hexyl present a fairly suitable range of nematic liquid crystal temperature. On the other hand, the other compounds do not present such a range of nematic liquid crystal temperature, or if present, the range is substantially narrow due to the appearance of the smectic phase.
As shown in Table 3, some of the asymmetrical isomers have fairly suitable liquid crystal properties. Among those, compounds wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl are not desirable. This is due to the above noted effect of polar bonding groups on the molecules which effect K33 /K11. R1 and R2 must have a minimum number of carbon atoms. It has been shown experimentally that the larger the number of total carbon atoms there is, the smaller is the value of K33 /K11.
In all cases, the conventional methods for preparing azoxybenzene compounds present many problems. The pure compound is difficult to obtain or the properties of the compound are not reproducable because of unavoidable production of isomers or the presence of isomers in the product. Additionally, it is difficult to obtain specific proportions of symmetrical compounds or compounds having specific alkyl groups. Thus, it has not been possible to obtain the liquid crystal compositions of excellent properties as had been expected.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide improved asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds having excellent dynamic properties while avoiding the above-mentioned problems in the prior art.
Asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds, namely trans-4,4'-di-alkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene having the general formula: ##STR26## wherein R1 and R2 are straight-chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and R1 ≠R2 are provided. The asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds are prepared by condensing an arylaminodimagnesium with P-alkylnitrobenzene to yield a mixture of azo compounds and asymmetrical azoxy compound. The azoxy compound is separated from the azo compounds by column chromotography and recrystallization.
The asymmetric azoxy compounds prepared in accordance with the invention present a wide range of nematic liquid crystal temperatures compared to conventional symmetric azoxy compounds. These azoxy compounds have crystal-nematic transistion temperatures which are less than normal temperature and nematic-isotropic liquid transistion temperatures which are higher than normal temperature. Thus, the azoxy compounds are particularly well suited for liquid crystal display devices utilized at room temperature. The compounds have excellent dynamic properties, improved visual angle dependence, steepness, improved light-resistivity and are particularly well suited for use in a liquid crystal display device driven by the matrix-addressing driving method.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide improved liquid crystal compounds.
It is another object of the invention to provide improved liquid crystal compounds which can be utilized as base materials to be used in a TN-LCD driven by a matrix-addressing driving method.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method for preparing asymmetric azoxybenzene liquid crystal compounds without producing undesirable residium or mixing with an isomer.
Still another object of the invention is to provide high-quality TN-LCD display driven by a matrix-addressing driving method.
Still a further object of the invention is to provide trans-4-4'-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene having the general formula: ##STR27## wherein R1 and R2 are straight-chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and R1 ≠R2.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.
The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the composition possessing the features, properties, and the relation of constituents which are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cruve illustrating the voltage-contrast characteristic of a TN-liquid crystal display device;
FIG. 2 is the infrared absorption spectrum of the compound, trans-4-hexyl-4'-N-pentyl-ONN-azoxybenzene in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is the infrared absorption spectrum of the compound, trans-4-ethyl-4'-N-propyl-ONN-azoxybenzene in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a TN-liquid crystal display device with a liquid crystal composition including an asymmetric azoxybenzene in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a matrix-addressing drive for a liquid crystal display device including an asymmetric trans-4-4'-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene in accordance with the invention.
The asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds in accordance with the invention are trans-4,4'-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene having the general formula: ##STR28## wherein R1 and R2 are straight-chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and R1 ≠R2. These azoxybenzene compounds are prepared in accordance with the following procedure.
According to the literature (Masao Okubo, Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 844, 845, September 1982), aryliminodimagunesium [ArN(MgBr)2, hereinafter referred to as Ar-IDMg] is prepared from ethyl magnesium and P-R3 -aniline. The Ar-IDMg is condensed with P-R4 -nitrobenzene to yield a mixture of an asymmetric azoxy compounds and mixed azo compounds. The literature does not teach how to separate the asymmetric azoxy compound from the mixture which includes R3 and R4 groups of methyl and methoxy or methoxy and halogen.
In the following three step procedure the azoxybenzene compounds in accordance with the invention are separated from a reaction mixture of an azoxy compound and azo compounds by column chromotography and recrystallization. The reaction mechanism of this synthesis in accordance with the invention is illustrated below with a brief description of each step: ##STR29##
In Step 1, in a nitrogen atmosphere ethyl bromide (C2 H5 Br) is dripped into magnesium dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to provide the Grignard Reagent, ethylmagnesiumbromide (C2 H5 MgBr).
Under Step 2 the Grignard Reagent is refrigerated and stirred while a solution of P-alkylaniline ##STR30## in THF is added. At this time ethane is produced and removed from the system. When the ethane production under refrigeration ceases, the reagent is heated to 50� C. under stirring until ethane production at the elevated temperature stops thereby resulting in the aryliminodimagnesium(ArN(MgBr)2),Ar/IDMg).
In Step 3, the Ar-IDMg is refrigerated and stirred and a solution of P-alkylnitrobenzene ##STR31## in THF is added slowly. The solution is maintained at a temperature of 55� C. for three hours to complete the reaction. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is added to a saturated ammonium chloride solution and the mixture is hydrolized. The resulting organic layer is washed with water and condensed. The residue contains three compounds, that is the asymmetric azoxy compound (A), an asymmetric azo compound (B) and a symmetric azo compound (C). The azoxy compound (A) is separated from the mixture of the three compounds by column chromotography and recrystallization.
The asymmetric azoxy compounds prepared in accordance with this method provided a wide range of nematic liquid crystal temperatures compared with symmetric azoxy compounds. A comparison of these temperatures is set forth in Table 4 below. Additionally, most of the azoxy compounds prepared in accordance with the invention have crystal-nematic transistion temperatures which are less than room temperature and nematic-isotropic liquid transition temperatures which are higher than room temperature. Thus, as most TN-liquid crystal display devices are used at about room temperatures, the azoxy compounds prepared in accordance with the invention are extremely suitable for such devices.
The azoxy compound in accordance with the invention also have excellent dynamic properties, such as α: visual angle dependence; β: steepness, γ:α�β. These are demonstrated in the examples below. Additionally, the light-resistivity of the azoxy compounds in accordance with the invention is also improved. If a light yellow filter having a 480 nm absorption edge is used, the light-resistivity is greater than that of conventional compounds utilizing the filter. When using such a filter, the quality of the display including the azoxy compounds in accordance with the invention are no lower than that of other types of display devices wherein the filter is not used. This effect is also shown in the Examples.
As noted above, 4,4'-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzenes in accordance with the invention are particularly well suited for a liquid crystal display device driven by the matrix-addressing driving method. It goes without saying that by including the azoxy compounds in accordance with the invention in various conventional liquid crystal display devices, the efficiency of such devices are enhanced.
The azoxy compounds in accordance with the invention will be described in more detail in the following examples, including methods of preparation, application and reliability of the compound in display devices. These examples are set forth for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended in a limiting sense.
Step 1. In a nitrogen atmosphere, 21.0 g of ethylbromide was added to 4.7 g of magnesium scraps in 200 ml of THF to yield ethylmagnesium bromide, (the Grignard Reagent).
Step 2. The Grignard Reagent was refrigerated and stirred while 40 ml of THF having 16.1 g of P-n-pentylaniline dissolved therein was added. When production of ethane under refrigeration ceased, the reaction solution was heated to 50� C. and maintained at that temperature under stirring until production of ethane under heating stopped. The resulting product was AR-IDMg.
Step 3. The AR-IDMg was refrigerated and stirred while 50 ml of THF having 11.9 g of P-n-hexylnitrobenzene dissolved therein was added. After addition was complete, the reaction solution was maintained at a temperature of about 55� C. for three hours. The reaction solution was added to saturated ammonium chloride solution and the mixture was hydrolized.
The resulting organic layer was washed with water and condensed. The residue was refined by column chromotography to yield an acetone-methanol solution from which trans-4-n-hexyl-4'-n-pentyl-ONN-azoxybenzene was recrystallized. The quantity of crystals obtained weighed 11.0 g. The infrared absorption spectrum of this azoxybenzene compound is shown in FIG. 2.
The procedures of Example 1 were reproduced except that in Step 2, 13.3 g of P-n-propylaniline was added to the refrigerated Grignard Reagent and in Step 3, 8.68 g of P-ethylnitrobenzene was added to the refrigerated AR-IDMg. The resulting azoxybenzene was trans-4-ethyl-4'-n-propyl-ONN-azoxybenzene crystals weighing 8.7 g. The infrared absorption spectrum of this azoxy benzene is shown in FIG. 3.
The procedures of Example 1 were followed to prepare the following azoxybenzene compounds from the corresponding P-n-alkylaniline and P-n-alkylnitrobenzenes:
______________________________________Example Azoxybenzene______________________________________3 trans-4-ethyl-4'-n-butyl-ONN--azoxybenzene4 trans-4-ethyl-4'-n-pentyl-ONN--azoxybenzene5 trans-4-ethyl-4'-n-hexyl-ONN--azoxybenzene6 trans-4-ethyl-4'-n-heptyl-ONN--azoxybenzene7 trans-4-ethyl-4'-n-octyl-ONN--azoxybenzene8 trans-4-propyl-4'-n-ethyl-ONN--azoxybenzene9 trans-4-propyl-4'-n-butyl-ONN--azoxybenzene10 trans-4-propyl-4'-n-pentyl-ONN--azoxybenzene11 trans-4-propyl-4'-n-hexyl-ONN--azoxybenzene12 trans-4-propyl-4'-n-heptyl-ONN--azoxybenzene13 trans-4-propyl-4'-n-octyl-ONN--azoxybenzene14 trans-4-butyl-4'-n-ethyl-ONN--azoxybenzene15 trans-4-butyl-4'-n-propyl-ONN--azoxybenzene16 trans-4-butyl-4'-n-pentyl-ONN--azoxybenzene17 trans-4-butyl-4'-n-hexyl-ONN--azoxybenzene18 trans-4-butyl-4'-n-heptyl-ONN--azoxybenzene19 trans-4-butyl-4'-n-octyl-ONN--azoxybenzene20 trans-4-n-pentyl-4'-ethyl-ONN--azoxybenzene21 trans-4-n-pentyl-4'-propyl-ONN--azoxybenzene22 trans-4-n-pentyl-4'-butyl-ONN--azoxybenzene23 trans-4-n-pentyl-4'-hexyl-ONN--azoxybenzene24 trans-4-n-pentyl-4'-heptyl-ONN--az$xybenzene25 trans-4-n-pentyl-4'-octyl-ONN--azoxybenzene26 trans-4-n-hexyl-4'-ethyl-ONN--azoxybenzene27 trans-4-n-hexyl-4'-propyl-ONN--azoxybenzene28 trans-4-n-hexyl-4'-butyl-ONN--azoxybenzene29 trans-4-n-hexyl-4'-heptyl-ONN--azoxybenzene30 trans-4-n-hexyl-4'-octyl-ONN--azoxybenzene31 trans-4-n-heptyl-4'-ethyl-ONN--azoxybenzene32 trans-4-n-heptyl-4'-propyl-ONN--azoxybenzene33 trans-4-n-heptyl-4'-butyl-ONN--azoxybenzene34 trans-4-n-heptyl-4'-pentyl-ONN--azoxybenzene35 trans-4-n-heptyl-4'-hexyl-ONN--azoxybenzene36 trans-4-n-heptyl-4'-octyl-ONN--azoxybenzene37 trans-4-n-octyl-4'-ethyl-ONN--azoxybenzene38 trans-4-n-octyl-4' -propyl-ONN--azoxybenzene39 trans-4-n-octyl-4'-butyl-ONN--azoxybenzene40 trans-4-n-octyl-4'-pentyl-ONN--azoxybenzene41 trans-4-n-octyl-4'-hexyl-ONN--azoxybenzene42 trans-4-n-octyl-4'-heptyl-ONN--azoxybenzene______________________________________
The infrared spectrum of each of the azoxybenzenes of Examples 3-42 are substantially as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.
All the above azoxy compounds have the following general formula: ##STR32## For the following seven azoxybenzene compounds shown in Table 4, C is the crystalline phase, N is the nematic phase and I is an isotropic phase.
TABLE 4______________________________________Example R1 R2 C N(C) N I(C)______________________________________ 1 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 20.0 61.328 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 31.5 41.623 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 22.1 61.822 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 12.0 54.321 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 27.0 64.020 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 n-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 13.5 45.2 7 n-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 20.0 43.2______________________________________
For the following 35 azoxybenzene compounds shown in Table 5, S is a smectic phase, N is a nematic phase and I is an isotropic liquid phase.
TABLE 5______________________________________Ex-am-ple R1 R2 mp (�C.) S/N (�C.) N → I (�C.)______________________________________2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.9 23.5 35.43 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 23.0 (20.1)5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 22.3 33.06 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 18.5 47.37 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 21.2 4.0 43.98 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.9 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 16.5 33.89 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 48.8 (46.3)10 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 31.9 62.811 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 34.2 58.012 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 33.0 64.513 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 33.4 (6.2) 68.214 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 16.2 19.315 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 21.5 47.016 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 n-C.sub. 5 H.sub.11 16.1 52.717 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 17.6 (8.0) 40.118 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 16.0 24.0 57.519 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 17.3 36.3 45.624 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 23.6 69.425 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 22.5 47.5 67.826 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 14.5 35.227 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 20.0 58.729 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 21.0 47.1 63.030 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 21.8 50.0 53.431 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 11.3 53.032 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.9 23.7 67.333 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 30.4 40.5 58.634 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 21.4 44.6 70.335 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 41.3 50.8 63.436 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 45.3 61.2 66.737 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 14.7 (10.0) 43.038 n-C.sub. 8 H.sub.17 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 19.4 35.0 68.839 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 31.5 44.7 54.540 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11 20.5 50.8 68.441 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 n-C.sub.6 H.sub.13 34.8 55.0 62.742 n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17 n-C.sub.7 H.sub.15 30.0 61.9 67.0______________________________________
Liquid crystal compositions including the asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds in accordance with the invention were prepared as follows.
Two liquid crystal compositions of composition A based on symmetrical azoxybenzene compounds and composition B based on asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds in accordance with the invention were prepared as follows:
______________________________________ Weight percentagecompound (Wt. %)______________________________________COMPOSITION A ##STR33## 21.9 ##STR34## 27.9 ##STR35## 30.2 ##STR36## 10.0 ##STR37## 10.0 ##STR38## 0.3 100.3%COMPOSITION B ##STR39## 33.9 ##STR40## 22.3 ##STR41## 23.8 ##STR42## 10.0 ##STR43## 10.0 ##STR44## 0.3 100.3%______________________________________
In each case, the total weight percent amounted to 100.3%. The nematic liquid crystal temperature range of the liquid crystal Composition A wherein the basic material is symmetric azoxybenzene compounds is from -6.5� to 48.5� C. The range for liquid crystal Composition B wherein the basic material is asymmetric azoxy compounds in accordance with the invention is from -9.5� to 51.2� C. Thus, the liquid crystal compositions including azoxy compounds in accordance with the invention have a wider range of nematic liquid crystal temperatures than conventional compositions. Most significantly, in accordance with the invention, the lower limit of the liquid crystal temperature range is lower compared to conventional liquid crystal compositions including symmetric azoxy compounds.
With respect to both Composition A and Composition B, the voltage-contrast characteristics were examined in terms of the dynamic characteristics, α: visual angle dependence, β: steepness and the ratio γ:α�β. The results of the examination of both Composition A and Composition B are shown in the following Table 6 and Table 7, respectively.
The TN liquid crystal cell utilized included substrates wherein the surfaces were oriented by rubbing at an angle of 45� to the left hand and outer polarizing plates having a polarizing axis at an angle 55� to the left. The observations were performed after applying 1 KHz alternating voltage in dynamic driving mode at a temperature of 20� C.
TABLE 6______________________________________Composition Athickness of cell (μm) α β γ Vth(V')______________________________________4.5 1.143 1.221 1.395 1.5064.5 1.140 1.215 1.385 1.5095.5 1.164 1.195 1.390 1.6055.6 1.166 1.198 1.398 1.6086.5 1.181 1.207 1.426 1.6596.5 1.187 1.212 1.439 1.670______________________________________
TABLE 7______________________________________Composition Bthickness of cell (μm) α β γ Vth(V)______________________________________4.4 1.155 1.208 1.395 1.5294.4 1.155 1.202 1.389 1.5395.6 1.172 1.196 1.402 1.6205.6 1.169 1.185 1.386 1.6316.5 1.179 1.203 1.418 1.6536.6 1.188 1.207 1.433 1.668______________________________________
The comparison of Example 43 was reproduced utilizing omposition A of Example 43 and new Composition C including asymmetric azoxy compound in accordance with the invention as follows:
______________________________________COMPOSITION C mixing ratecompound (Wt %)______________________________________ ##STR45## 33.0 ##STR46## 25.0 ##STR47## 22.0 ##STR48## 10.0 ##STR49## 10.0 ##STR50## 0.3 100.3______________________________________
As reported in Example 43, Composition A having asymmetric azoxy basic material has a nematic liquid crystal temperature range of from -6.5� to 48.5� C. Composition C having a base material of the asymmetric azoxy compound in accordance with the invention has a nematic liquid crystal temperature range of from -7.5� to 54.5� C. The results of the examination of the dynamic characteristics under the conditions reported in Example 43 are set forth in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________Com-position Thickness of cell (μm) α β γ Vth(V)______________________________________A 4.5 1.143 1.221 1.395 1.506 5.5 1.164 1.195 1.390 1.605 6.5 1.187 1.212 1.439 1.670C 4.4 1.156 1.202 1.386 1.535 5.6 1.169 1.184 1.384 1.629 6.5 1.177 1.201 1.414 1.650______________________________________
The following liquid crystal compositions, Composition D, Composition E and Composition F as follows were prepared and subjected to a light-resistivity test. Composition D included the following liquid crystal compounds:
______________________________________COMPOSITION D Weight percentage (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR51## 40 ##STR52## 40 ##STR53## 10 ##STR54## 10______________________________________
Composition E in accordance with the invention included the following:
______________________________________COMPOSITION E Weight percent- age (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR55## 40 ##STR56## 40 ##STR57## 10 ##STR58## 10______________________________________
Composition F in accordance with the invention was included the following:
______________________________________COMPOSITION F Weight percent- age (Wt. %)______________________________________ ##STR59## 40 ##STR60## 40 ##STR61## 10 ##STR62## 10______________________________________
The light-resistivity results are shown in the following Table 9:
TABLE 9______________________________________Composition Starting Value (Ω � cm) After 360 H (Ω � cm)______________________________________D 1.2 � 10.sup.10 9.4 � 10.sup.7E 8.6 � 10.sup.10 1.4 � 10.sup.9F 6.3 � 10.sup.10 1.4 � 10.sup.9______________________________________
By including asymmetric 4-4'-dialkyl-ONN-azoxybenzene in a liquid crystal composition, the light-resistivity of the composition is reduced from 1/2 to 1/3 of conventional compositions, such as Composition D. Additionally, conventional Composition C turned red after 360 hours of use, whereas Composition D in accordance with the invention exhibited no change in color.
FIG. 4 illustrates a typical liquid crystal display device 10 and includes a drive circuit 11 for applying drive signals to a liquid crystal cell 12. Cell 12 includes an upper substrate 15 and a lower substrate 14 spaced apart by a spacer 16. Each substrate 13 and 14 has electrodes 17 and 18 disposed on the interior surfaces thereof, respectively. Cell 12 also includes an upper polarizer 20 and a lower polarizer 21 in a transmissive device illustrated and may include a reflector on lower polarizer 21. A liquid crystal composition 19 including asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds prepared in accordance with the invention is disposed in the space between substrate 13 and 14. The interior surfaces of substrate 13 and 14 and electrodes 17 and 18 may be covered with a liquid crystal molecule orientation layer 22 and 23, respectively.
Signals are selectively applied to electrodes 17 and 18. The voltage drop between cooperating opposed electrodes cause the portion of the liquid crystal composition therebetween to be rendered visually distinguishable from the remainder of the liquid crystal composition in response to polarized light entering cell 12. At least one of electrodes 17 and 18 is transparent.
FIG. 5 illustrates an arrangement of picture element electrodes in a liquid crystal matrix panel in which the asymmetric azoxybenzene compounds in accordance with the invention are particularly well suited. Data lines S1 to Sn extend in vertical columns and are parallel to each other in a row direction N. Scanning lines C1 to Cn extend in a horizontal or row direction and are numbered in direction m of the columns. Thereby n�m picture element or pic pixels are formed where the scanning and data lines overlap in the usual manner. These electrodes are formed on one substrate of an enclosed liquid crystal display cell as illustrated in FIG. 4.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method and in the composition set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
Particularly it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or compounds recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of such ingredients wherever the sense permits.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|3 Sep 1974
|17 Aug 1976
|Beckman Instruments, Inc.
|Low voltage actuated field effect liquid crystals compositions and method of synthesis
|20 Oct 1975
|1 Mar 1977
|Taylor Manufacturing, Inc.
|Carpet and tile stripper
|17 Apr 1974
|8 Mar 1977
|Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung
|Modified nematic mixtures with positive dielectric anisotropy
|30 Nov 1973
|12 Jun 1974
|Suwa Seikosha Kk
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Dabrowski, R. et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 61, pp. 61 78 (1980).
|Dabrowski, R. et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 61, pp. 61-78 (1980).
|Demus, D. et al., Flussige Krystalle in Tabellen, Veb Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, p. 165 (1974).
|Gray et al., Electronics Letters, vol. 9, No. 26, pp. 616 617 (1973).
|Gray et al., Electronics Letters, vol. 9, No. 26, pp. 616-617 (1973).
|Okubo, M. et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., vol. 53, pp. 281 282 (1/80).
|Okubo, M. et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., vol. 53, pp. 281-282 (1/80).
|Okubo, M. et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., vol. 54, pp. 2337 2340 (8/81).
|Okubo, M. et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., vol. 54, pp. 2337-2340 (8/81).
|Okubo, M. et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., vol. 56, pp. 199 202 and pp. 203 207 (1/83).
|Okubo, M. et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., vol. 56, pp. 199-202 and pp. 203-207 (1/83).
|Shashidhara Prasad, J., et al, Liquid Crystals & Ordered Fluids, vol. 4, pp. 673 686, Plenum Press, N.Y. (1984).
|Shashidhara Prasad, J., et al, Liquid Crystals & Ordered Fluids, vol. 4, pp. 673-686, Plenum Press, N.Y. (1984).
|Shivaprakash, N. C., et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 74, pp. 215 226 (1981).
|Shivaprakash, N. C., et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 74, pp. 215-226 (1981).
|Van der Veen, J. et al, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 17, pp. 291 301 (1972).
|Van der Veen, J. et al, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 17, pp. 291-301 (1972).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|4 Sep 1987
|20 Mar 1990
|Konishiroku Photo Industry Co., Ltd.
|Liquid crystal display device
|27 Jun 1989
|21 May 1991
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Drive method of liquid crystal device
|4 May 2014
|25 Nov 2015
|Preparation method for aromatic-azoxybenzene by oxidizing aromatic amine
|4 May 2014
|7 Jul 2017
|U.S. Classification
|349/182, 252/299.67, 252/299.68, 534/572, 252/299.66, 534/566
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|25 Jul 1984
Owner name: KABUSHIKI KAISHA SUWA SEIKOSHA, 4-1, NISHI-SHINJUK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SHIONOZAKI, YOSHIO;MUKAI, HIROSHI;REEL/FRAME:004299/0301
Effective date: 19840627
|30 Mar 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|26 Jul 1994
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|18 Dec 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|28 Feb 1995
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19951221


text:
Livelihood Strategies in Rural South Africa: Implications for Poverty Reduction
This paper has the objective of identifying dominant livelihood strategies in rural South Africa. It differs from previous studies done for South Africa in that it analyses a recent large household survey; classifies livelihood strategies into four broad and eight specific livelihood strategy groups and matches them with welfare strata of rural households; and analyzes socio-economic constraints poor households face to enter into high return livelihood strategies. Two approaches are applied to achieve these objectives -stochastic dominance test and multinomial logistic regression. It finds that households that generate income from wage employment in non-farm and farm activities are better off than other households. Analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of rural households also reveals that age, labour endowment, education, and community characteristics in terms of access to basic infrastructure are some of the barriers that poor households in rural areas face to enter into high-return livelihood strategies.
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| Web page: http://www.iaae-agecon.org/
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Stifel, David, 2010.
"The rural non-farm economy, livelihood strategies and household welfare,"
Journal of Cooperatives,
NCERA-210, vol. 4(1), March.
- Stifel, David, 2010. "The rural non-farm economy, livelihood strategies and household welfare," African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, African Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 4(1), March.
- Escobal, Javier, 2001. "The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 497-508, March.
- Perret, Sylvain R. & Anseeuw, Ward & Mathebula, F., 2005. "Poverty and livelihoods in rural South Africa: Investigating diversity and dynamics of livelihoods. Case studies in Limpopo," Working Papers 60885, University of Pretoria, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development.
- Dercon, Stefan, 1998. "Wealth, risk and activity choice: cattle in Western Tanzania," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 1-42, February.
- Stefan Dercon, 1996. "Wealth, risk and activity choices: cattle in Western Tanzania," CSAE Working Paper Series 1996-08, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
- Carter, Michael R. & May, Julian, 1999. "Poverty, livelihood and class in rural South Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-20, January.
- MICHAEL R. CARTER & Julian May, 1997. "Poverty, Livelihood and Class in Rural South Africa," Wisconsin-Madison Agricultural and Applied Economics Staff Papers 408, Wisconsin-Madison Agricultural and Applied Economics Department.
- Julian MAY & Michael R. CARTER, 1997. "Poverty, Livelihood And Class In Rural South Africa," Staff Papers 408, University of Wisconsin Madison, AAE.
- Russell Davidson & Jean-Yves Duclos, 2000. "Statistical Inference for Stochastic Dominance and for the Measurement of Poverty and Inequality," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(6), pages 1435-1464, November.
- Davidson, R. & Duclos, J.-Y., 1998. "Statistical Inference for Stochastic Dominance and for the Measurement of Poverty and Inequality," G.R.E.Q.A.M. 98a14, Universite Aix-Marseille III.
- Davidson, Russell & Duclos, Jean-Yves, 1998. "Statistical Inference for Stochastic Dominance and for the Measurement of Poverty and Inequality," Cahiers de recherche 9805, Université Laval - Département d'économique.
- Russell Davidson & Jean-Yves Duclos, 1998. "Statistical Inference for Stochastic Dominance and for the Measurement of Poverty and Inequality," LIS Working papers 181, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
- von Braun, Joachim & Pandya-Lorch, Rajul, 1991. "Income sources of malnourished people in rural areas: Microlevel information and policy implications," IFPRI working papers 5, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Elbers, Chris & Lanjouw, Peter, 2001. "Intersectoral Transfer, Growth, and Inequality in Rural Ecuador," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 481-496, March.
- Abdulai, Awudu & CroleRees, Anna, 2001. "Determinants of income diversification amongst rural households in Southern Mali," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 437-452, August.
- Janvry, Alain de & Sadoulet, Elisabeth, 2001. "Income Strategies Among Rural Households in Mexico: The Role of Off-farm Activities," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 467-480, March.
- Brown, Douglas R. & Stephens, Emma C. & Ouma, James Okuro & Murithi, Festus M. & Barrett, Christopher B., 2006. "Livelihood strategies in the rural Kenyan highlands," African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, African Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 1(1), December.
- Deininger, Klaus & Olinto, Pedro, 2001. "Rural Nonfarm Employment and Income Diversification in Colombia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 455-465, March.
- Lanjouw, Peter & Quizon, Jaime & Sparrow, Robert, 2001. "Non-agricultural earnings in peri-urban areas of Tanzania: evidence from household survey data," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 385-403, August.
- Smith, Davd Rider & Gordon, Ann & Meadows, Kate & Zwick, Karen, 2001. "Livelihood diversification in Uganda: patterns and determinants of change across two rural districts," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 421-435, August.
- Leibbrandt, Murray & Woolard, Christopher & Woolard, Ingrid, 2000. "The Contribution of Income Components to Income Inequality in the Rural Former Homelands of South Africa: A Decomposable Gini Analysis," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), vol. 9(1), pages 79-99, March. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
November 1, 2011
JDMV Holdings, LP and the Pennsylvania State University have been selected for USDA funding through the Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG) program. Testing for "Swine Manure Odor Reduction Using a Humic Amendment".
Testing with JDMV's ManureMax product at a commercial swine operation will commence in November, 2011 in Pennsylvania. Project testing will run through December 2012. CIG funding is supported by the USDA.
Please contact Michael Suttle at JDMV Holdings, LP with any project inquiries at 281-558-3433.


text:
Thursday, March 22, 2012 | 4:48 p.m.
'Buscando Estrellas' studios
Mexican-American radio and television personality Janet Revere knows there is a lot of undiscovered talent in Las Vegas.
Since 2007, she's done her best to promote that talent through her local bilingual program "Buscando Estrellas," or "Looking for Stars," which first aired on radio and now is televised.
Now Revere is taking another step to promote "Buscando Estrellas" and the talent it showcases.
Revere and co-host and producer Linda Shore wanted to get the word out about what they were doing in the community. Revere's idea was to rename a private portion of Constitution Way, the street nearest to the "Buscando Estrellas" studio, at 2201 Civic Center in the Discount Mall shopping center.
With the blessing of North Las Vegas, Constitution Way will have signs proclaiming it "Buscando Estrellas."
Revere and Shore asked members of the North Las Vegas City Council in February for permission to add the signage, and the council jumped on board.
"The sign is for the desire to promote the art and culture through the TV show," Revere said.
"We appreciate what Janet is doing and the diversity and the cultural interests that we can bring to our city and to show our youth that families and our heritage and our country is so important," Mayor Shari Buck said at a ribbon-cutting ceremony this week. "(You) remind Southern Nevada that North Las Vegas is such a great place."
A new sign is expected to be up in the next few months, and for now a "Buscando Estrellas Walk of Stars" banner hangs above the street.
"We promote everything good in our neighborhood, and it's something to create a showcase for people in Las Vegas," Revere said.
Five years ago, Revere said she was overwhelmed with the audience's reaction to the first Spanish talent search show in the valley.
"Once we did a talent show, we had an incredible response," Revere said. "It was only for promotion, not a contest. Around 35 people came on one Sunday."
As the show grew, Revere said she realized how many talented people were going unnoticed in the valley.
"We present not only singers, but dancers, people who paint and multiple people who have a talent. … It's for the whole family," Revere said.
"I think it's opening up culture," Shore said. "I think (viewers) realize there is something more, that there is culture here, that they do have a chance to express their feelings."


text:
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Toyota Sienna Maintenance and Repair (2003 earlier)
rsbasu12 Posts: 2Thanks user777, for your input. Would an overfill of oil cause the car to hesitate when the accelerator is pressed, as well as white smoke? RB
Who knows what happens in a computer controlled car when one parameter goes seriously out of spec? If I were you, I'd leave my computer and run not walk to the car to check the oil level.
Overfilling is seriously bad if it's more than a quart or so... if the level in the crank case is high enough, the crankshaft throws will whip it up into something frothy and creamy... and then it lubricates about as well as a latte...
Always always always check your oil level after someone else changed your oil.
Make sure you still have an engine, and worry about driveability problems later.
try to remove the carpet next to the lever and squirt some kind of lube or penetrant like wd-40 in the tube that holds the wire for the release. Try tracing the wire for kinks and such all the way back to the fuel door. Since the lever is starting to bend, try getting a new lever. While your a it, look at my post before yours and see if you can answer my ?.
White smoke isn't oil, its engine coolant. Your car is leaking coolant through the enginge and it is being burnt, but i dont know why it is doing that all of a sudden, but i am certain that white = coolant and blue = oil.
32valveuser Posts: 31Sorry to here you are having these problems with your Van. It's been ages since my last post. If I read your post correctly you indicated you had the throttle body cleaning done. When this is done the car will produce a ton of white smoke out the tail pipe. Driving the car around will eventually clear you engine of this strong cleaner and no smoke. However, while doing this cleaning the car can trip the check engine light as your car did. In an extreme case they may have fried your 'o2' sensor thus your hesitation problem. If the car ran well and the MPG was perfect you should be ok. It sounds like to me they want to replace your engine and get the money for that and then pop in a new 'o2' sensor. Planting the sludge seed may have started something? You may try a different dealer and tell them what happened. As far as I know the service you had done should not have caused a engine replacement.
No catch, but sometimes the code can mislead you from the real problem
"My questions to you are:
1. Could sludge cause the symptoms I described?
2. The car had been running very smoothly before I took in for service...how is it that these problems happened right after the service? Why would an oil change cause this problem to surface?
3. Are there any other explanations for these symptoms (aside from sludge?) "
1. Yes, sludge could cause these symptoms, but the only way to tell is have the valve cover pulled. if you want to be sure for yourself, be present when they do this to see for yourself.
2. Yes, the car can be running fine up to a certain point. Usually there are other signs before you notice the engine acting up, like the smoke in the exhaust, high usage of oil, check engine light illuminating, or visible signs of sludge on the dipstick. It may not be that noticeable on an oil change except the oil would have looked old and less than the normal amount would have drained. This could have lead to an overfill of oil as others have suggested and caused your immediate problems. I don't know, but it is possible that draining the oil that was still liquid could have stirred the remaining sludgy oil up enough to make it clog the system.
3. Probably.
If you feel uncomfortable with this dealerships diagnosis, take it elsewhere. If you can show records of reasonable maintenance, the 8 yr, unlimited mile sludge policy should cover you.
donb13 Posts: 4I tried as you requested to hear the fuel prime on my sienna but could not hear anything as well.
THank you. I guess its just the way these are built. Oh well.
I was just driving a week ago and making a left turn, then all of a sudden, the signal light didn't work. After I parked the van, I did some troubleshooting, checked the fuses(and they're fine), press the emergency lights switch and still didn't work. Should I go to the dealer to have it fixed(even though they'll charge me pretty high)? Is there any other way to fix it (myself)? :confuse:
gartmacd Posts: 27You probably need a new flasher. Low cost item, you can pick one up at autozone or any other auto parts store, and change it yourself. If you don't want to do it yourself, any gas station with a service bay can do it in less than 15 minutes. They don't last forever, no matter who made the automobile.
Thanks. Appreciate it.
Just have another question, where exactly is the flasher located? Thanks.
It depends on your dash setup. If you stick your head where the brake pedal is and look up, you may see a box looking thing that is small, but since my discription is bad, heres what you should do. Buy a haynes manual for the 1998-2002 Siennas. The info is in there and it is good to have in any repair situation. Make sure you get one
01siennaja Posts: 4I am experiencing the squealing brakes again in my 2001 Sienna, this problem has occurred on and off. I am totally out of warranty so the TSB from 2004 won't cover me to get new brake drums. My question is, do you think that non-toyota brake parts such as pads etc will affect the squeal? The dealer suggested that if I had non-toyota brakes the squeal would be worse. Well I do have non-toyota brakes as far as I remember but I am not convinced this is true. Should I invest in A. toyota brand brakes and/or B. new brake drums. Thanks.
The dealer is right. Always buy OEM parts from the dealer. They are more expensive but in the long run, they are better.
Theres a TSB on 2001 siennas breaks? Where can I find this? Anyway, I put in ceramic break pads and brand new rotors in my 2001 camry. It cost me about $90.00 for the parts the labor was free since I did it myself. The rotors were very cheap about $25.00/per disk, beats grinding the old ones down, because they are a lot smoother and not warped from heat. When I asked the dealer if they put ceramic pads on my camry they said they werent available. But going through any auto part store they are. Ceramic break pads are known to be quiet and last longer. Of course the dealer won't want that would they. My camry breaks are quiet as a mouse now.
The squealing usually comes from front discs not the rear break drums make sure they work on the right breaks.
garandman Posts: 524We're going to start looking at 2001-03 Siennas as we need a shorter van than the large models now available.
It seems sludge is a persistant problem wit hthe Toyota V6 of this vintage. Can you tell by the way the engine sounds or runs, or must you open up the valve cover?
coonky Posts: 1I recently turned off my 1998 Sienna and my headlights were flashing. When I went back into the car to turn them off my Automatic locks would not work and I could not see my clock display. I dont know much about cars so was wondering if anyone knows of common things that would cause this so i dont have to go into the dealer. Thanks.
Toyota made some minor changes to the design sometime in 2002, so the ones manufactured later in 2002 and 2003 are less likely to develop sludge. Really the only way to tell for sure is to have the valve cover pulled, and take a look, but I am not sure I would go that far with a 2003.
I heard that the design was modified further in 2004, so you may want to consider getting one of that vintage.
If you do go for a 2001 or early 2002 (really this goes for any year and any make/model car you buy), try to get all the maintenance records from the owner and make sure it was properly maintained. That way, if something happens down the line, you may be covered under the 8 year sludge warranty.
There is a way to check for short driving periods or not letting the engine warm up as well. Doing those things it what causes the sludge. You dont have to pull the valve cover, which by the way isn't hard, just remove coils, plugs and bolts. Anyway, remove the oil fill cap. Flip it upsidedown and scratch the underside, especialy right in the corners and edges. If an oily crusty slimylike substance comes off, that is sludge. With that being the case, there is a higher chance of slludge being in the engine. While the cap is off, stick a flashlight in the oil fill and once again scratch the surface below if crusty crap comes off, there may be sludge. We bought a van with this, a 1999 Sienna with 60'000 miles. After we got it. We drove it on the highway in hot weather and did some city driving. Then we did an oil change right after that and we did get most of the remaining sludge out. We have never missed a 3000 oil change. I do it right at 3000. Here is the biggest thing. CHANGE THE OIL EVERY 3000 MILES WHILE THE ENGINE IS HOT. Get the van if you like it. Take the 15 minutes to remove the front valve cover and inspect it. If only trace sluge, do a hot oil change and you will be good to go.
2003 Sienna 57k miles.
Owned since new, and I did all the oil changes on the car myself & documented them. Winter oil changes at 3k miles; summer up to 5k, depending on conditions.
And there is plenty of crud on the top surface of the baffle under the oil filler cap. No circulation; it gets hot, there's junk on it and has been since 10k miles. I would guess the filler cap isn't much different. I doubt that these indicators are all that helpful.
That said, sludge in these engines is very rare, just not as rare as in, say, the Toyota 1.8l engine.
Good luck,
typesix Posts: 320Your front disc brakes automatically adjust for wear. Parking brakes are usually rear only(except for some Saabs).
First off, I made a mistake, the place where you pour oil in is not a good indicator place, but under the oil cap for sure is. Your lucky, your 2003 has the most advanced 3.0 V6 out of that Sienna's era. The 98-2000's had most of the problems. If you really want to know, take 20 minutes and take the valve cover off and look.
pguna Posts: 1Hi Alan_s,
I do have the same problem that you experienced in item(7). Can you please guide me how you resolved the issue? I am having 98 Sienna XLE and it is a manual door.
Appreciate your help in this regard.
Alan_S hasnt posted in 6 years so I'll answer. There is a TSB for your problem. Here is how you get it. You will neeed to buy a new handle assembly. Go to dogpile.com. Type in "AARC auto repair" in the search box. Then click on Bedford Public library link. Then click on the ARRC link/picture. On the next page, click on 1998 then click on toyota then sienna then service bulitins and recalls. Then down to Glass Doors Hood Deckid, etc..... There are a couple of TSB's regarding your problem. Look through them and read them.
There is a new kind of alternator that has better output while sitting at a light or idling with accesories on. That is your prob.
2003 Sienna were just on a road trip noticed a noise that sounded sort of like static everytimeI would accelerate it would go away when crusing but come back during acceleration. any guesses as to what this would be??
If the radio is on, it very well could be static from various engine compnents. If not, then it can't be static. It could be a rattle, which sounds like static somewhat. If it is, then check the following:: Secure objects in the cabin, secure engine and transmission mounts, secure exhaust hangers and clamps. Check those and get back with me.
The radio is not on. I said static because i was trying to describe the noise. It only makes the noise when accelerating.
Once i ease on gas the noise stops


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NCPC News
McGruff Turns 35 and Joins Instagram
McGruff the Crime Dog®, the National Crime Prevention Council's symbol of safety and crime prevention, is turning 35 this year. He is marking the occasion with a month-long social media celebration. McGruff will make his first appearance on Instagram (follow @McGruff_NCPC) on his birthday, July 1, 2015. Celebrate McGruff's and the National Crime Prevention Council's efforts to "Take A Bite Out Of Crime®" by joining us on your favorite social media site beginning July 1, 2015. For more information, click here.
- Testimony of Ann Harkins President and CEO NCPC
- Testimony of Ann Harkins President and CEO National Crime Prevention Council before The House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice and Science 2013.


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Jolie's Maleficent story revealed
Disney has released the full synopsis for Maleficent, the Sleeping Beauty spin-off starring Angelina Jolie.
The upcoming film, inspired by the 1959 Disney classic, will tell the "untold story" of the fairytale villain, portrayed by Angelina, and look at what turned her "pure heart" into a heart of stone, reported Digital Spy.
Her transformation occurs after an invading army threatens the harmony of the land, and Maleficent "rises to be the land's fiercest protector, but she ultimately suffers a ruthless betrayal".
"Bent on revenge, Maleficent faces an epic battle with the invading king's successor and, as a result, places a curse upon his newborn daughter Aurora. As the child grows, Maleficent realises that Aurora holds the key to peace in the kingdom - and perhaps to Maleficent's true happiness as well," the synopsis continued.
Disney live-action production director Sean Bailey has said: "We'll see the events that drove her to be evil. The film will intersect with scenes from the classic animated film. We initially meet Maleficent as a teenage fairy and how she's betrayed."
Elle Fanning is set to play Princess Aurora, while Miranda Richardson, Imelda Staunton, Peter Capaldi and Sharlto Copley also have roles in the film.
Maleficent, which is scheduled for release in July 2014, will be the directorial debut of Oscar-winning visual-effects specialist Robert Stromberg.


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The Problem with Toronto's Professional Sports TeamsAugust 20, 2009
The first team on any Toronto sports fans mind is the Toronto Maple Leafs, and as we all know they haven't won Lord Stanley's cup since 1967.
There were a few years, back in the days, where they actually had a chance, but it seems to me every time they got close, the fans and the media are so critical of every little stupid thing, that the players can barely scratch their own nuts without someone crying bloody murder!
This problem has just escalated as the corporate dollar has become the only one that seems to be able to purchase a ticket in the metropolis of Toronto. You can apply the same theory to the Raptors who can't seem to keep a star player past their first big contract, we've seen it with Mighty Mouse Damon Stoudamire, Marcus Camby, Tracy McGrady, and of course Wince Carter, who's a puke anyhow.
But none of them wanted to stay here because everyone was on their asses, thinking they may be the Messiah when they got here, and then when perhaps they weren't perfect one night, people turned on them like a Judas! Is the next one on this list going to be Bosh perhaps, chance!
The only teams that seem to be able to win anything are the ones that have the younger fans and the cheap tickets...case in point...Argo's, Rock, and the Blue Jays. Why do these teams win championships...because anyone can get a ticket and the support for the team is felt through the contingency of fans that get out to the games and cheer!
While watching the Leafs and the Raps, it's so rare to hear the fans cheer with any sort of enthusiasm because the crowd is so full of people that don't give a shit about the sport, but more so care about having the tickets and being able to say they were at the game and making "an appearance" so to speak.
It's just like a high school 9ers party where a couple of the older cool kids show up for awhile, drink their booze, and leave to go to a real party, but those 9ers talk about how the "cool guys" showed up at their party.
I haven't touched on the Toronto FC but because of the diversity of nationalities in the city and the world wide appreciation of the game, the stadium will be packed with raving beer drinking hooligans for as long as the city has a team, I would figure. They are too young of a league and a franchise to really harp on, yet.
But I'm sure if they don't produce a winning product the fans and media will eventually jump down their throats as well!
In so many other cities around North America and Europe no matter how poorly the teams play, their fans seem to support them. The Oakland Raiders for example, always have the wild fans done up in a "road warrior" type battle gear adorned with skulls and spikes and cheer like maniacs even though the team sucks!
Any English soccer game no matter what division show fierce support for their home team and are most of the time willing to fight for them no matter how brutal the team is.
Where is that feeling of home town support here? Toronto needs to learn to have some pride and show some support for their teams whether or not they win or lose! Perhaps if Toronto as a city pulled together behind their teams, they might just win! Let's GO TO get on the ball, or puck for that matter!


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WASHINGTON (AP) -- The White House rejected calls Monday from Ronald Reagan's family and others to relax President Bush's restrictions on stem-cell research in pursuit of potential cures for illnesses.
Bush signed an executive order in August 2001 that limited federal help to financing stem cell research on 78 embryonic stem cell lines then in existence. Because day-old embryos are destroyed when stem cells are extracted, the process is opposed by some conservatives who link it to abortion.
Shortly before Reagan's death, presumptive Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry and 57 other senators asked Bush to relax the restrictions. Nancy Reagan has long argued that using stem cells from embryos could lead to cures for a number of diseases like the Alzheimer's that afflicted her husband. Bush opposes using embryos for stem cell research. White House spokesman Scott McClellan said Bush continues to believe that his policy is the right one.
"The president came up with a policy that will allow us to explore the promise of stem-cell research, and do so in a way that doesn't cross a certain moral threshold that he set," McClellan said. "And I think he articulated his reasons for arriving at that decision. And that is his position, and that remains his position."
Moreover, he said, "we are still at a phase where we are conducting the basic research so that we can better understand the promise of stem-cell research. There's a lot we don't know at this point."
McClellan would not directly answer questions about whether Bush would be open to relaxing his policy if current "basic research" begins to show promise.
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Please visit and bookmark my new blog.
* * *
I didn't say I would stop blogging, I am just trying to divorce my new posts from the legacy of HBD posts which are considered racist by the center-left elite, and to be racist is to be the most evil person in the world. I will still blog about the same topics, I will just use more measured language and leave things for readers in the know to read between the lines. The readers too lazy to read between the lines are probably the ones leaving the comments I have to keep deleting anyway.
Perhaps I was influenced by Les Miserables. Victor Hugo apparently looked kindly upon the students participating in the June Rebellion, but they all got themselves killed and the king they were protesting against continued to be in charge of France.
I don't expect to become rich and famous because of this blogging change.


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Jeff Schwalen, retiring president/CEO of Hiway FCU, receives Minnesota Credit Union Foundation Credit Union Builder Award
White has been the Minnesota credit union's manager of systems and infrastructure for the past six years.
Pat Brekken of Richfield-Bloomington CU will continue as foundation chair.
BOSTON — The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's qualified mortgage rule that limits closing costs to 3% of the loan balance will have such a big impact on Midwestern credit unions, one Minnesota-based executive said he'd lose money if he complied.
Veteran CIO succeeds retiring Jeff Schwalen at $918 million Minnesota institution.
HarborOne Credit Union, Brockton, Mass., announced the addition of Barbara Graveline to its residential mortgage team. Graveline is responsible for the


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Dina Meyer (born December 22, 1968) is an American film and television actress, perhaps best known for her roles in Starship Troopers and the Saw films.
Meyer was born in Queens, New York to a father who owns an auto parts/repair shop. She has two brothers. Meyer loved dancing and acting...
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Fans of the Cardinals cope with the loss
PHOENIX (KSAZ) - Some Arizona Cardinals fans are mourning because it's never fun to get thrown off a ride like the one we've been on this season. It was unexpected, it was stunning, it was in slow agonizing motion, and it was a long way down.
After you feel like you've been mauled by a panther, never mind a whole team of them, the day after is about licking your wounds.
"It wasn't just a loss, it was a beating, and that was hard to watch," said one fan.
We found several Arizona Cardinals fans consoling themselves at a cafe in Phoenix.
"It was a shame, they got whipped so bad, but it's a great team... it just kind of sucks because we were doing good, and I was expecting to see a Super Bowl," said another fan.
Adam Berry, a sports psychologist, weighed in on the loss.
"An old coach used to say to me, no conceit in victory, no despair in defeat, and I think it is important to remember all of them performed as well as they possibly could," said Adam Berry.
Berry says fan emotions took an extra beating because the game was a blowout.
"I think the people just expected if not a Super Bowl, then a really good game, and it wasn't, and it's the problem that coaches and players have when they do well, the expectations go up, and when they're not met, they're greeted with a great disappointment," said Berry.
Bashing and blaming people won't help people shake this off says Berry.
"The coaches, the fans, the players, need to identify how we take the next step, I think a loss helps you to learn from that, we don't tend to learn by wins, we learn by losses, and that is the way forward," he said.
Most of the people at the cafe were already comforting themselves and saying next year. A game changer here was social media in terms of reaction. People were so hard on Cards Quarterback Palmer, and some of the other players. Berry says no one athlete goes out to have the kind of game the Cardinals had.


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No. 36: TE Zach Derby
Arrival: The 6-3, 240-pounder spent the first couple of years at Iowa as an anonymous walk-on building his body into Big Ten tight end. You never know how that's going to come out, and, yes, this is becoming a familiar story early in this series. Walk-on or lightly recruited player trying to work his way into relevancy. These are the stories that put the cherry on top of rosters and, potentially, push them into the Big Ten contender status.
Now, we're not talking just Derby, but the whole contribution of the periphery, walk-ons and young or unestablished scholarship players.
As of now, it's unclear whether or not Derby has a scholarship. If you look at the tight end depth chart, it's lined with scholarship players, five in total including incoming freshman George Krieger-Kittle.
The fifth-year senior walk-on is such a rare commodity. This is a kid who's playing football because he loves it. And even if Derby does have a scholarship, he didn't for several years and that speaks to "want to."
2012 Takeoff:�As a sophomore, Derby caught one pass. Last season, he held the No. 1 spot until C.J. Fiedorowicz finally emerged and took the position by the facemask.
Derby caught nine passes in the first seven games, but had just three the last six, when Fiedorowicz took off.
Fiedorowicz is the clear No. 1 going into August. Derby is . . . probably the No. 2. The other candidates are sophomore Ray Hamilton and redshirt freshman Henry Krieger-Coble and Jake Duzey. One of them could emerge, but Derby has a solid resume and has been an overall solid player. A crucial drop at Penn State does stand out, and he would be the first to tell you.
What we don't know is how the No. 2 tight end position will evolve under new OC Greg Davis. The zone rushing scheme will be a giant peg in what Iowa is offensively. You have two Ferentzes coaching the Hawkeyes this year. The zone scheme, which have been the featured running plays for the Hawkeyes under Kirk Ferentz, isn't going away. So, the No. 2 TE isn't going away. The position is a staple in the zone scheme.
You still want flexibility. Davis will want to pass out of running formations and run out of passing formations. So, where does No. 2 TE fight? Does it come down to a situation where the No. 3 wide receiver brings more to the table than the No. 2 TE? Remember, the mission statement from Davis was Iowa will be what the players make it.Throw in challenges from younger TEs, Derby will have to fight to keep that spot. He's the frontrunner, to be sure, but competition, scheme, it'll be interesting.
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Spanish workers are angry over what they say are pro-business labor reforms enacted by the country's new conservative government. Unions worry that new laws would make it easier for companies to fire workers; the government argues that unemployment will be brought down in the long term.
During Thursday's strike, workers formed picket lines in front of markets and garages. In scattered clashes with police, 58 people were detained and nine were injured, according to the AP.
The unions said there would be more unrest unless they received a "gesture" of some kind from the government to indicate that it was scaling back reforms. The government said no. On Friday, in fact, the government's announcement of a 2012 budget will include tens of billions of dollars in deficit-reduction measures, which is likely to further anger workers.
On Twitter, Spaniards on strike rallied Thursday around the hashtag #enhuelga, which means "on strike," and #29M, for the date. One Barcelona striker tweeted:
Spain is on strike. We are losing our rights, and losing democracy! #29M— Elisabet Roselló (@Lisbushi) March 29, 2012
Spain has been protesting its economics woes for nearly a year, including a 10,000-strong demonstration last May in Madrid's Puerta del Sol square during which protesters similarly demanded jobs, economic equality and "real democracy."
See photos of Thursday's strike below:


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Posting the strongest annual returns since 1997, the S&P 500 Index gained 32.4 percent in 2013, including dividends. Most of the gain however was driven not by fundamental earnings growth, but by an expanding price-earnings (P/E) multiple, as I pointed out previously.
But if you drill down a bit further and look at the composition of stock market gains last year, you'll find that more speculative, lower-quality and small-cap stocks outperformed higher quality blue-chips.
Stocks in the S&P 500 Index that pay regular cash dividends again lagged the overall market last year. In fact, if you owned the top 50 stocks in the index sorted by highest dividend yield, you would have earned a total return of just 24 percent during 2013 — 25 percent less than the S&P 500 Index.
But at least one time-honored dividend stock strategy paid off for investors in 2013: The venerable Dogs of the Dow strategy found the scent again in 2013, edging out the S&P 500 in total return with a gain of 34.9 percent, versus 32.4 percent for the index.
|The Dogs of the Dow strategy is easy to follow since it involves just one portfolio rebalanced each year.
The real question is: Will the Dogs of the Dow keep leading the pack in 2014?
Here's a refresher on the Dogs of the Dow: This strategy suggests buying the 10 highest-yielding stocks from among the 30 stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
It's an easy to follow set-and-forget strategy because it involves just one portfolio rebalancing each year in January, yet has produced market-beating results over the long haul.
The theory is that many of the highest-yielding stocks in the Dow get that way in part due to a depressed share price, boosting the stock's dividend yield in the process. Eventually, mean-reversion kicks in and depressed stocks rise back near the top of the heap, producing market-beating returns, plus rich dividend income while you wait.
Alas, dogs will be dogs, and in 2012 the Dogs of the Dow gained just 9.8 percent compared to a 16 percent return for the S&P 500 Index. So the strategy doesn't pay off each and every year. But even though the margin of victory was small last year at just 2.5 percent, that was good enough to make the Dow dividend leaders top dogs again.
And this strategy has been best-in-breed over the long run, too.
The folks at Dow Jones created an index to track the Dogs of the Dow strategy stretching back 13 years. Since inception, the Dow Jones High Yield Select 10 Total Return Index has gained 226.6 percent, outperforming the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is up 153.3 percent over the same period.
Looking at individual changes in this year's list, three new stocks are in the dog pound this year:
* Chevron Corp. (CVX),
* Cisco Systems Inc. (CSCO), and
* Microsoft Corp. (MSFT)
These three pedigree stocks join the hunt in 2014, replacing Du Pont (DD), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) and Hewlett Packard (HPQ), which was deleted from the Dow altogether. The table below shows the best-in-breed Dogs of the Dow for 2014.
Although there are only 10 stocks on the list, it's a pretty diversified group of household names from a wide variety of industries both cyclical and defensive.
Aside from owning the individual stocks on this list, there are also a few ETFs available that track various dividend stock investment disciplines, including the ELEMENTS Dogs of the Dow Exchange-Traded Note (DOD), which tracks the Dow Jones High Yield Select 10 Index.
Remember, investing isn't all about capital appreciation; even after a 32 percent gain in the stock market last year, dividends still matter.
True, interest rates have been rising, but the 10-year Treasury bond still yields just 2.95 percent. Several of the stocks on the list above have significantly higher yields, plus you can expect dividends to grow over time. In fact, over the long run almost half the total return from stocks comes from reinvested dividends alone.
Bottom line: Dividend-paying stocks offer both capital gain and cash dividend growth potential that bonds simply can't match. The Dogs of the Dow may not always be an investor's best friend, but it's a user-friendly strategy worth considering for a portion of your investment portfolio.
Good investing,
Mike Burnick
P.S. Find out which of the Dow Dogs are my personal favorites for 2014 and beyond by visiting the Money and Markets Facebook page.


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Electric battery maker A123 Systems' (NASDAQ:AONE) recent Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing is just the latest in a laundry list of negative headlines marring electric vehicles' technological march.
General Motors (NYSE:GM) has twice suspended production of its electric hybrid Chevy Volt this year as inventory piled up. Meanwhile, sales of the Nissan (PINK:NSANY) Leaf plug-in have dropped 28% year-over-year through September. The Fisker Karma luxury plug-in was panned by Consumer Reports. And a number of automakers have instead focused on improving other fuel technologies rather than deal with electric batteries.
All told, President Barack Obama's goal of putting 1 million electric cars on the road by 2015 has been only 5% realized since 2011.
It's a shaky time for the EV frontier, so naturally, Tesla Motors (NASDAQ:TSLA) — the premier name in electric vehicles — has been put into the spotlight. The luxury automaker's shares are roughly flat year-to-date amid both successes and setbacks to its small fleet of vehicles, and it faces a nation that has been sluggish to adopt EV technology overall.
Which leaves investors stuck with the following question: Is Tesla fated to the same eventual petering out of A123 as consumers shrug and embrace other technologies? Or is EV truly the future — and one that Tesla shareholders can ride to electric gains?
Two InvestorPlace writers who sit on opposite sides of the fence might be able to help you decide.
The Bulls: Tesla's Leader Is One of a Kind
By Jim Woods
In the interest of full disclosure, I want to say I've actually driven Tesla's game-changing Roadster. I've also actually met with and interviewed the company's impressive CEO, Elon Musk.
Now, I suspect that either of these two stimulating experiences on their own would tend to engender a tremendous bias in favor of Tesla, but that's not why I am firmly in the bull camp when it comes to the company's growth prospects, or its share price outlook going forward.
My bullish bias has more to do with the real positive factors that lead me to believe this company will continue to be the hottest growth story in the auto industry for years to come.
There is nothing more powerful than a new company with a cool new product that caters to a well-heeled demographic less concerned with cost than it is with product quality. This is precisely what has made the all-electric automaker a favorite among sophisticated, luxury vehicle buyers. It's also what has made Tesla shares a hot — yet admittedly volatile — stock during its past two-plus years of public trade.
In fact, since its June 2010 debut, the stock has accelerated more than 48%; however, that road higher has been anything but a smooth, steady climb. The recent trend in the stock has been lower, as there's been a tremendous amount of short interest. This level of short interest didn't go unnoticed by Elon Musk. In an interview with Liz Claman of Fox Business Network, Musk made a forceful statement about the high number of investors who hold short positions in TSLA shares (emphasis mine):
"I think it's very unwise to be shorting Tesla. I think there's a tsunami of hurt coming for those holding a short position, and it's going to be very unpleasant. I advise people to exit while there is time."
This kind of statement regarding your company's stock is extremely rare from a CEO, but that's just the kind of person at the helm of Tesla. In fact, the business acumen and vision possessed by Musk is one big reason why I am bullish on Tesla, both as a company and as a stock.
Already, Musk has made the new Model S sedan one of the most highly anticipated vehicles ever, and the company continues to see order growth with every quarter. In fact, Tesla continues to have a huge backlog of orders for the electric sports sedan. That order growth also is reflected in the growth of the company, which has hired more than 1,000 workers during the past eight months, and now employs approximately 3,000.
The bottom line here is that despite the growing pains associated with a new technology, and despite the politically charged atmosphere that has caused Tesla to be mentioned by name during the first presidential debate, I suspect Tesla will continue to be a stellar growth story in the auto space. As such, look for the share price to continue its long-term trend higher.


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2014 FIFA World Cup: What We Learned, Day 11
Belgium reserved its spot in the knockout rounds with a 1-0 win over Russia.
More World Cup: Scoreboard | Schedule | Group Standings | U.S. Team news
At the end of each day of action at the 2014 World Cup, our writers weigh in on what we learned from each match.
Soccer can rip your heart out of your chest. It looked as though the United States was going to get three points after scoring two goals in the second half to come back from an early 1-0 deficit, but then heartbreak. Portugal took away dreams of early advancement to the Round of 16 thanks to a beautiful cross by Cristiano Ronaldo that found the head of Varela before finding the back of the net. It will be really interesting to see how the United States responds to this disappointment as it heads to a match against Germany that will decide the winner of Group G. It's simple at this point: win or draw against Germany and the United States is moving on. Lose and and things get really interesting.
The United States is a lot better than it has been in the past. Here's the thing about today's heartbreaking loss. The United States is actually in a position now that managing a draw against one of the best teams in the world in a World Cup match is actually considered a disappointment. The United States has four points after two matches in the "Group of Death!" We should be thrilled, but instead we're all disappointed because the expectations have been raised for this team. That's a good thing.
Jurgen Klinsmann knows what he's doing with substitutions. Whether he's making them out of necessity, or he's trying to change things up, Jurgen is working the substitution magic so far in this World Cup. First John Brooks replaced an injured Matt Besler against Ghana before scoring the winning goal, and today the late addition of Deandre Yedlin led directly to the Clint Dempsey goal to give the United States a lead late.
Belgium's late goal sends it to the knockout rounds. Maybe it was the Russian defense, or maybe it was the surprising inactivy of star striker Romelu Lukaku, but Belgium looked relatively pedestrian against Russia. There were very few chances inside the box, and it wasn't until the 88th-minute when 19-year-old sub Divock Origi finished off a gorgeous pass from Eden Hazard that Belgium finally had some breathing room.
It had chances in the first half along the edges of the goal, but no real point-blank opportunities -- surprising given their wealth of talent on the offensive side. And couple that with what we saw against Algeria -- an unconvincing 2-1 comeback win -- and it's hard to take Belgium as a serious threat to advance deep into the knockout rounds.
Kokorin missed Russia's chance. Alex Kokorin, who tallied four goals for his side in qualifying, botched what should've been a late first-half goal for the Russians. He took a wonderful cross of his head from the six yard line, but it skidded far right of the goal. For experienced strikers, that's the kind of ball they drool about. He knew he missed his chance to give Russia the lead. Aside from that instance, Belgium's defense was perfect in its positioning. Rarely did Russia's strikers have space and if they did get a shot off, it was from well beyond the 18.
Belgium still has something to play for. Even though it's through to the knockout stages, Belgium hasn't won its group just yet. South Korea could still give it a run pending the result of today's other Group H clash (South Korea vs. Algeria). The results of Group H should be extremely important to US fans as the top finisher in this group plays the second team from Group G (hint, wink, elbow, elbow ... that could be the US). Even though the overall product from Belgium wasn't too impressive, singular moments from midfielders Eden Hazard, Kevin De Bruyne and Dries Mertens were fantastic and enough to see them through for the win.
Construction comes to halt at World Cup site
The city of Samara's stadium, set to be used for the 2018 World Cup, has seen its construction...
Women's World Cup: Fastest hat-trick in history; Norway, Germany cruise
Norway beat World Cup debutants Thailand 4-0 before a historic rout by Germany over Ivory Coast...
Iowa State's Bryce Dejean-Jones arrested early Thursday
He'll be suspended for Friday's game against Iowa.
FIFA 15 cover boy Dempsey, Yedlin point towards US soccer future
The World Cup was 'amazing,' but Seattle Sounders teammates Clint Dempsey and DeAndre Yedlin...
Robin Van Persie flying header memorialized by mural in Brazil
A painting in Brazil depicts the Dutchman's amazing goal against Spain.
Injured German player to ref in World Cup final: 'Is this the final?'
German midfielder Cristoph Kramer has become the face of the ongoing concussion crisis after...


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Honey Bee Gala
Tamara Uselman, Perham-Dent School Superintendent, told those in attendance at this year's Honey Bee Gala that she's always identified with the saying "it takes a village to raise a child."
She then took this a step further and gave the adage a local application, concluding, "It certainly takes a village to make a 'School of Champions' like we have."
With all of the financial stress the district's schools have faced over the past several years, and more budget cuts predicted for the future, community organizations such as the 549 Family Foundation will be even more essential in helping to provide local students with a high quality education.
This year's Honey Bee Gala was the fourth annual event for the 549 Family Foundation. Held at Mulligan's on March 29, the gala gathered together a roomful of people, all invested in helping Perham-Dent schools.
It is because of the support of the organization's many members and sponsors that several of the school district's programs are made possible.
One example Uselman gave of how the 549 Family Foundation has helped support students was the laser engraver that was recently purchased for the Perham Industrial Technology program. Grants from the foundation assisted with purchasing the engraver, which, in turn, was used to create the plaques given to this year's Honey Bee Gala award recipients.
The 549 Family Foundation also helped purchase technical equipment for the science department, a laptop computer for the media center, and sent students of all ages on a variety of field trips during the past year.
The 549 Family gala started out with pre-program entertainment by Bomb the Day Band, composed of students John Carlson, Luke Hofland, Mike Howey, and Gus Rutten. Scott Eickschen and Tony Guck followed the band's performance with several guitar selections.
Soloist Sam Stoll, accompanied by pianist Jennifer Strege, took the stage next, with Strege also playing some solo selections on the piano.
The event's emcee was Perham High School Student Council President David Tomporowski. Joining Tomporowski in hosting the gala were the host and hostess Abram Silbernagel, Perham High School Snow King, and Haley Skow, Miss Perham.
Event sponsors, who donated $1,000, were Arvig Communications Systems and Bauck Busing LTD. It is because of these donations from area businesses and individuals that 549 Family is able to have the impact that it does.
"Membership and sponsorship are the backbone of our foundation," said 549 Family Foundation President Brian Mort.
The guest speaker for the evening was Bill Bauck, a 1948 PHS graduate. Bauck gave an account of the changes he's seen in the school over the time span of several decades. He expressed his appreciation for the multitude of people who've helped shape the Perham school system into what it is today.
Bauck recounted a time in the 1920's when married women were prohibited from teaching. He also talked about his happening upon a 1917 PHS yearbook, featuring a graduating class of just 10 students-- five boys and five girls.
The 549 Family Advisory Board is composed of Coordinator Jo Strege, President Brian Mort, Secretary Dean Bahls, Treasurer Sandra Waldon, Treasurer IT Tom Spencer, Delegate Tom Tomporowski, and Delegate Bob Wilkowski.
Gala Awards List:
549 Family Past President - David Arvig
HOTL Community Investment Award - June Stafki
DENT Community Investment Award - Marcene Doll
AR Achievement Award - Grade 5 - Aimee Christopherson
AR Achievement Award - Grade 6 - Jonathon Siira
Student Investment Award - Grade 7 - Tanya Berns
Student Investment Award - Grade 8 - Samantha Salathe
PWMS Community Investment Award - Erin Anderson
Civic Investment Award - FOCUS - Lisa Glynn
Civic Investment Award - Rotary - Tamara Uselman
Civic Investment Award - Perham Lions - John Knight
Student Investment Award - Freshman - David Altstadt
Student Investment Award - Sophomore - Jessica Speicher
Student Investment Award - Junior - Andrew Gorentz
Student Investment Award - Senior - Audrey Huwe
PHS Community Investment Award - Jean Gunderson
K-4 Teacher Investment Award Nominees:
Julie Vomacka - winner
Deb Johnson
Marcia McEachran
PW Teacher Investment Award Nominees:
Kitty Krueger - winner
Shelly Januszewski
Peggy Rutten
PHS Teacher Investment Award Nominees:
Jeff Morris - winner
Scott Bjerke
Karen Zepper


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Drink 2010
Happy hour: Daily, 3-6 p.m.
The goods: $3 wells, $2 Coors Light drafts, $4 house wines, $1 off any call drink, and half price appetizers
Bites 2012
A classic Manitou destination for tourists and locals, Stagecoach serves satisfying specials like a wild game meatloaf (elf, venison and beef), and it's regular lunch and dinner menus feature equally hearty burgers (buffalo and turkey options), sandwiches, steaks and seafood entrées.
Click here for Stagecoach Inn's Smoked Pheasant Chowder
Built in 1881, the Stagecoach Inn in Manitou Springs has long thrilled tourists with its Western schtick. But the dependable, hearty country fare — beefy chili, chicken fried steak and traditional turkey dinners — make it a local favorite too. Dine on the covered back porch on a breezy summer afternoon.
Price: $$
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All quotes by Edward Kearns
(3 quotes found)
"The oceans store an enormous amount of heat energy, and they act to buffer any rapid climate change. If there is any significant change in the amount of heat stored by the oceans, this would effect global temperatures."
"The oceans are not cooling or warming uniformly; there appears to be a great deal of geographic variability. When people usually speak of global warming, they think of the entire ocean warming up or cooling down. We don't have the accuracy yet to determine the magnitude of the average global trend, but we at least are trying to point out the signs of these trends."
"If temperatures continue to increase in the tropical North Atlantic, many of the coral reefs there (and their ecosystems) may be affected by bleaching. Also, since hurricane development does depend on sea surface temperatures, the conditions necessary for hurricanes to form may be accentuated."


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Hong Kong's JUICE unveil their Reebok Pump 20 design. Marking the retailer's first ever collaborative release, JUICE took inspiration from an 1989 Pump colorway, and applied a rusty, oxidized-look to the uppers. This is offset by clean metallic silver elements alongside white perforated leather and navy accents. Though most other retailers have confirmed 31 pairs, apparently JUICE will only have 24 pairs available at their HK storefront on November 20th, 2009.
More looks at the JUICE x Reebok Pump 20 after the jump.
via HB