text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 7, 2004
|Filing date
|May 7, 1998
|Priority date
|May 7, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Jonathan R. Merril, Peter A. Mangiafico, Rita Roy, Paul McGuire, Torsten Koehler
|Original Assignee
|Medical Consumer Media
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (145), Classifications (15), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a data processing system for digitally recording lectures and presentations. More particularly, it relates to the conversion of these lectures with little intervention to a standard Internet format for publication.
2. Related Art
The majority of corporate and educational institution training occurs in the traditional lecture format in which a speaker addresses an audience to disseminate information. Due to difficulties in scheduling and geographic diversity of speakers and intended audiences, a variety of techniques for recording the content of these lectures have been developed. These techniques include videotapes, audio tapes, transcription to written formats and other means of converting lectures to analog (non-computer based) formats.
More recently, with the advent and growing acceptance of the Internet and the World Wide Web, institutions have started to use this communication medium to broadcast lectures. Conventionally, in order to create a Web-based lecture presentation that utilizes 35-mm slides or other projected media and that includes audio, a laborious process is necessary. This process involves manually removing each slide and digitizing it and manually recording and digitizing the audio into a Web-based format. In addition, to complete the lecture materials, each slide must be manually synchronized with the respective portion of audio. Thus, the entire process of converting a lecture into a format that can be published on the Internet is labor intensive, time-consuming and expensive.
One technological challenge has been allowing audio/visual media to be made available on relatively low bandwidth connections (such as 14.4 kilobits/second modems). Native audio and visual digital files are too large to receive in a timely manner over these low bandwidth modems. This technological challenge becomes prohibitive when one attempts to transmit a lecture over the Internet, which requires slide updates while maintaining simultaneous audio transmission. To this end, Real Networks™, Microsoft™, VDOlive™ and several other companies have pioneered and commercialized a variety of techniques which allow for continuous, uninterrupted transmission of sound and images over the Internet, even over low bandwidth connections. This format, known as "streaming", does not require the end-user to obtain the entire audio or video file before they can see or hear it. Recently, Microsoft has provided a standard media format for Web-based multimedia transmission over the Internet. This standard is called the "Active Streaming Format" (ASF). The ASF Format is further described at the Internet website http://www.microsoft.com/mind/0997/netshow/netshow.htm, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Furthermore, a variety of manufacturers (e.g., Kodak, Nikon, AGFA) have developed technologies for scanning 35-mm slides and digitizing them. However, these systems have several disadvantages. Most significantly, they require removal of the slides from a slide carousel. Additionally, they require a separate, time-consuming scanning process (on the order of several seconds per slide), and as a result, a lecturer cannot use the scanners when giving a presentation due to the delay of scanning each slide independently. Even further, they are not optimized for capturing slide information for the resolution requirements of the Internet. These requirements are generally low compared with typical slide scanners, since smaller file size images are desired for Internet publishing. Finally, they are not designed to capture audio or presentation commands (such as forward and reverse commands for slide changes).
One device recently introduced to the market under the name "CoolPix 300™" (available from Nikon of Melville, N.Y.) allows for digital video image and digital audio capture as well as annotation with a stylus. However, the device does not permit slide scanning and does not optimize the images and audio for use on the Internet. Its audio recording is also limited to a relatively short 17 minutes. Similarly, digital audio/video cameras (such as the Sony Digital Handycam series) allow for the digital video and audio recording of lectures but have no direct means of capturing slides. In addition, they are not set up to record information in a manner that is optimized for the Internet. Generally, with these systems, the amount of audio captured is limited to about one hour before a new cassette is required to be inserted into the camera.
Although these conventional techniques offer the capability to transmit educational materials, their successful deployment entails significant additional manual efforts to digitize, synchronize, store, and convert to the appropriate digital format to enable use on the Internet. Adding to the cost and delay, additional technical staff may be required to accomplish these goals. Furthermore, there is a time delay between the lecture and its availability on the Internet due to the requirement that the above processes take place. As such, the overall time required for processing a lecture using conventional methods and systems is five to ten hours.
Another related technology for storing, searching and retrieving video information is called the "Infomedia Digital Video Library" and is developed by Carnegie Mellon University of Pittsburgh, Pa. However, the system under consideration will use previously recorded materials for inclusion into the database and thus makes no provisions for recording new materials and quickly transferring them into the database. Moreover, in this effort, there was no emphasis on slide-based media.
It is therefore desirable to provide a system that allows a presenter to store the contents of a lecture so that it may be broadcast across the Web. It is further desirable to provide a system that allows the efficient searching and retrieval of these Web-based educational materials.
Methods and systems consistent with the present invention satisfy this and other desires by optimizing and automating the process of converting lecture presentations into a Web-based format and allowing for the remote searching and retrieval of the information. Typically, systems consistent with the present invention combine the functionality of a projection device, a video imaging element, an audio recorder, and a computer. Generally, the computer implements a method for the conversion and enhancement of the captured lectures into a Web-based format that is fully searchable, and the lecture can be served immediately to the Internet.
A method is provided for recording and storing a lecture presentation using slides and audio comprising the steps of initiating display of a slide image, capturing slide image data from the slide image automatically in response to the initiation and storing the slide image data in a memory. The method may further include the steps of recording audio signals associated with the slide image, capturing audio data from the audio signals, and storing the audio data in a memory.
The advantages accruing to the present invention are numerous. For example, a presenter of information can capture his or her information and transform it into a Web-based presentation with minimal additional effort. This Web-based presentation can then be served to the Internet with little additional intervention. The nearly simultaneous recording, storage and indexing of educational content using electronic means reduces processing time from more than five hours to a matter of minutes. Systems consistent with the present invention also provide a means of remotely searching and retrieving the recorded educational materials.
In one implementation, optical character recognition and voice recognition software can be run on the slide data and audio recordings to produce transcripts. Using additional software, these transcripts can be automatically indexed and summarized for efficient searching.
The above desires, other desires, features, and advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred implementations when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates hardware components of a system consistent with present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a mirror assembly used to redirect light from a projection device to a digital camera consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 3 depicts the components of a computer consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates alternate connections to an overhead projector and LCD projector consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 5 shows input and output jacks on a system consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for capturing a lecture consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method for enhancing a captured lecture consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for publishing a captured lecture on the Internet consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 9 shows an example of a front-end interface used to access the database information consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 10 shows a schematic of a three-tier architecture consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 11 shows an alternative implementation consistent with the present invention in which the projection device is separate from the lecture capture hardware; and
FIG. 12 shows alternate connections to an overhead projector with a mirror assembly consistent with the present invention.
Systems consistent with the present invention digitally capture lecture presentation slides and speech and store the data in a memory. They also prepare this information for Internet publication and publish it on the Internet for distribution to end-users. These systems comprise three main functions: (1) capturing the lecture and storing it into a computer memory or database, (2) generating a transcript from the lecture and the presentation slides and automatically summarizing and outlining the transcripts, and (3) publishing the lecture slides image data, audio data, and transcripts on the Internet for use by client computers.
Generally, when the lecturer begins presenting, and the first slide is displayed on the projection screen by a projector, a mirror assembly changes the angle of the light being projected on the screen for a brief period of time to divert it to a digital camera. At this point, the digital camera captures the slide image, transfers the digital video image data to the computer, and the digital video image data is stored on the computer. The mirror assembly then quickly flips back into its original position to allow the light to be projected on the projection screen as the lecturer speaks. When this occurs, an internal timer on the computer begins counting. This timer marks the times of the slide changes during the lecture presentation. Simultaneously, the system begins recording the sound of the presentation when the first slide is presented. The digital images of the slides and the digital audio recordings are stored on the computer along with the time stamp information created by the timer on the computer to synchronize the slides and audio.
Upon each subsequent slide change, the mirror assembly quickly diverts the projected light to the digital camera to capture the slide image in a digital form, and then it flips back into its original position to allow the slide to be displayed on the projection screen. The time of the slide changes, marked by the timer on the computer, is recorded in a file on the computer. At the end of the presentation, the audio recording stops, and the computer memory stores digital images of each slide during the presentation and a digital audio file of the lecture speech. Additionally, it will have a file denoting the time of each slide change.
Alternatively, in another implementation, slides can be generated using machines that are not conventional slide projectors. A computer-generated slide presentation can be used, thereby avoiding the need of the mirror assembly and the digital camera. In the case of the computer-generated slide (e.g., PowerPoint™ available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.), the digital video image data from the computer generating the slide is transferred to the system's computer at the same time that the slide is projected onto the projection screen. Similarly, slides may be projected from a machine using overhead transparencies or paper documents. This implementation also avoids the need for the mirror assembly and the digital camera, because it, like the computer generated presentations, transfer the video image data directly to the computer for storage at the same time that it projects the image onto the projection screen. Any of these methods or other methods may be used to capture digital video image data of the presentation slides in the computer. Once stored in the computer, the digital video and audio files may be published to the Internet or, optionally, enhanced for more efficient searching on the Internet.
During the optional lecture enhancement, optical character recognition software is applied to each slide image to obtain a text transcript of the words on a slide image. Additionally, voice recognition software is applied to the digital audio file to obtain a transcript of the lecture speech. Once these transcripts are obtained, automatic summarization and outlining software can be applied to the transcripts to create indexes and outlines easily searchable by a user. In addition to the enhanced files, the user will also be able to search the whole transcript of the lecture speech.
Finally, after transferring the files to a database, systems consistent with the present invention publish these slide image files, audio files and transcript files to the Internet for use by Internet clients. These files are presented so that an Internet user can efficiently search and view the lecture presentation.
Systems consistent with the present invention thus allow a lecture presentation to be recorded and efficiently transferred to the Internet for use by end-users. Whereas several implementations of the present invention are possible, some alternative embodiments are also discussed below.
System Description
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate hardware components in a system consistent with the present invention. Although FIG. 1 shows an implementation with a slide projector, the system allows a presenter to use a variety of media for presentation: 35-mm slides, computer-generated presentations, overhead transparencies or paper documents. The overhead transparencies and paper documents will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 4.
FIG. 1 demonstrates the use of the system with an integrated 35-mm slide projector 100 that contains a computer. The output of the projection device passes through an optical assembly that contains a mirror, as shown in FIG. 2. In the implementation shown in FIG. 1, the mirror assembly 204 is contained in the integrated slide projector 100 behind the lens 124 and is not shown on the FIG. 1. This mirror assembly 204 diverts the light path to a chargecoupled device (CCD) 206 for a brief period of time so that the image may be captured. A CCD 206 is a solid-state device that converts varying light intensities into discrete digital signals, and most digital cameras (e.g., the Pixera Professional Digital Camera available from Pixera Corporation of Los Gatos, Calif.) use a CCD for the digital image capturing process. The video signal carrying the digital video image data from the CCD 206 enters a computer 102, which is integrated within the projection box in this implementation, via a digital video image capture board contained in the computer (e.g., TARGA 2000 RTX PCI video board available from Truevision of Santa Clara, Calif.). This system is equipped with a device (e.g., Grand TeleView available from Grandtec UK Limited, Oxon, UK) that converts from SVGA or Macintosh computer output and allows for conversion of this signal into a format which can be captured by the Truevision card, whereas the Truevision card is accepts an NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) signal.
As the lecturer changes slides or transparencies, the computer 102 automatically records the changes. Changes are detected either by an infrared (IR) slide controller 118 and IR sensor 104, a wired slide controller (not shown) or an algorithm driven scheme implemented in the computer 102.
As shown in FIG. 2, when a slide change is detected either via the slide controller 118 or an automated algorithm, the mirror 208 of the mirror assembly 204 is moved into the path of the projection beam at a 45-degree angle. A solenoid 202, an electromagnetic device often used as a switch, controls the action of the mirror 208. This action directs all of the light away from the projection screen 114 and towards the CCD 206. The image is brought into focus on the CCD 206, digitally encoded and transmitted to the computer 102 via the video-capture board 302 (shown in FIG. 3 described below). At this point, the mirror 208 flips back to the original position allowing the light for the new slide to be directed towards the projection screen 114. This entire process takes less than one second, since the video capture is a rapid process. Furthermore, this rapid process is not easily detectable by the audience since there is already a pause on the order of a second between conventional slide changes. In addition, the exact time of the slide changes, as marked by a timer in the computer, is recorded in a file on the computer 102.
FIG. 3 depicts the computer 102 contained in the integrated slide projector 100 in this implementation. It consists of a CPU 306 capable of running Java applications (such as the Intel Pentium (e.g., 400 MHz Pentium II Processors) central processors and Intel Motherboards (Intel� N440BX server board) from Intel of Santa Clara, Calif.), an audio capture card 304 (e.g., AWE64 SoundBlaster™ available from Creative Labs of Milpitas, Calif.), a video capture card 302, an Ethernet card 314 for interaction with the Internet 126, a memory 316, a secondary storage device 310 (which may be a hard disk drive), and an infrared receiver 312 to receive a slide change signal from the slide change controller 118. The CPU 306 also has a timer 308 for marking slide change times, and the secondary storage device 310 contains a database 318 for storing and organizing the lecture data. Referring back to FIG. 1, the computer 102 contains an integrated LCD display panel 106, and a slide-out keyboard 108 used to switch among three modes of operation discussed below. For file storage and transfer to other computers, the computer 102 also contains a floppy drive 112 and a high-capacity removable media drive 110, such as a Jaz™ drive available from Iomega of Roy, Utah. The computer 102 may also be equipped with multiple CPUs 306, thus enabling the performance of several tasks simultaneously, such as capturing a lecture and serving a previous lecture over the Internet.
Simultaneously with the slide capturing, audio signals are recorded using a microphone 116 connected by a cable 120 to the audio capture card 304 which is an analog to digital converter in the computer 102, and the resulting audio files are placed into the computer's secondary storage device 310.
In one implementation consistent with the present invention, the presentation slides are computer-generated. In the case of a computer-generated presentation, the video signal from the computer (not shown) generating the presentation slides is sent to a VGA to NTSC conversion device and then to the video capture board 302 before it is projected onto the projection screen 114, thus eliminating the need to divert the beam or use the mirror assembly 204 or the CCD 206. This also results in a higher-quality captured image.
FIG. 4 illustrates hardware for use in another implementation in which overhead transparencies or paper documents are used instead of slides or computer-generated images. Shown in FIG. 4 is an LCD projector 400 with an integrated digital camera 402, such as the Toshiba MediaStar TLP-511 U. This projection device allows overhead transparencies and paper documents to be captured and converted to a computer video signal, such as SVGA. This SVGA signal can then be directed to an SVGA-input cable 404. In this case, the computer 102 detects the changing of slides via an algorithm that senses abrupt changes in video signal intensity, and the computer 102 records each slide change. As in the computer-generated implementation, the video signal is captured directly before being projected, (i.e., the mirror assembly 204 and CCD 206 combination shown in FIG. 2 is not necessary).
In one implementation, optical character recognition is performed on the captured slide data using a product such as EasyReader Elite™ from Mimetics of Cedex, France. Also, voice recognition is performed on the lecture audio using a product such as NaturallySpeaking™ available from Dragon Systems of Newton, Mass. These two steps generate text documents containing full transcripts of both the slide content and the audio of the actual lecture. In another implementation, these transcripts are passed through outline-generating software, such as LinguistX™ from Inxight of Palo Alto, Calif., which summarizes the lecture transcripts, improves content searches and provides indexing. Other documents can then be linked to the lecture (i.e., an abstract, author name, date, time, and location) based on the content determination.
These documents, along with the slide image information, are converted to Web-ready formats. This audio, slide, and synchronization data is stored in the database 318 (e.g., Microsoft SQL) which is linked to each of the media elements. The linking of the database 318 and other media elements can be accomplished with an object-linking model, such as Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM). The information stored in the database 318 is made available to Internet end-users through the use of a product such as Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) software, and is fully searchable.
Methods and systems consistent with the present invention thus enable the presenter to give a presentation and have the content of the lecture made available on the Internet with little intervention. While performing the audio and video capture, the computer 102 automatically detects slide changes (i.e., via the infrared slide device or an automatic sensing algorithm), and the slide change information is encoded with the audio and video data. In addition, the Web-based lecture contains data not available at the time of the presentation such as transcripts of both the slides and the narration, and an outline of the entire presentation. The presentation is organized using both time coding and the database 318, and can be searched and viewed using a standard Java™ enabled Web-interface, such as Netscape Navigator™. Java is a platform-independent, object-oriented language created by Sun Microsystems™. The Java programming language is further described in "The Java Language Specification" by James Gosling, Bill Joy, and Guy Steele, Addison-Wesley, 1996, which is herein incorporated by reference. In one implementation, the computer 102 serves the lecture information directly to the Internet if a network connection 122 is established using the Ethernet card 314 or modem (not shown). Custom software, written in Java for example, integrates all of the needed functions for the computer.
FIG. 5 shows, in detail, the ports contained on the back panel 500 of the integrated 35-mm slide projection unit 100 consistent with the present invention: SVGA-in 502, SVGA-out 502, VHS and SVHS in and out 510-516, Ethernet 530, modem 526, wired slide control in 522 and out 524, audio in 506 and out 508, keyboard 532 and mouse port 528. In addition, a power connection (not shown) is present.
Generally, three modes of operation will be discussed consistent with the present invention. These modes include: (1) lecture-capture mode, (2) lecture enhancement mode, and (3) Web-publishing mode.
Capturing Lectures
FIG. 6 depicts steps used in a method consistent with the present invention for capturing a lecture. This lecture capture mode is used to capture the basic lecture content in a format that is ready for publishing on the Internet. The system creates data from the slides, audio and timer, and saves them in files referred to as "source files."
At the beginning of the lecture, the presenter prepares the media of choice (step 600). If using 35-mm slides, the slide carousel is loaded into the tray on the top of the projector 100. If using a computer-generated presentation, the presenter connects the slide generating computer to the SVGA input port 502 shown in the I/O ports 500. If using overhead transparencies or paper documents, the presenter connects the output of a multi-media projector 400 (such as the Toshiba MediaStar described above and shown in FIG. 4) to the SVGA input port 502. A microphone 116 is connected to the audio input port 506, and an Ethernet networking cable 122 is attached between the computer 102 and a network outlet in the lecture room. For ease of the discussion to follow, any of the above projected media will be referred to as "slides."
At this point, the presenter places the system into "lecture-capture" mode (step 602). In one implementation, this is done through the use of a keyboard 108 or switch (not shown). When this action occurs, the computer 102 creates a directory or folder on the secondary storage device 310 with a unique name to hold source files for this particular lecture. The initiation of the lecture capture mode also resets the timer and slide counter to zero (step 603). In one implementation, three directories or folders are created to hold the slides, audio and time stamp information. Initiation of lecture capture mode also causes an immediate capture of the first slide using the mirror assembly 204 (step 604). The mirror assembly 204 flips to divert the light path from the projector to the CCD 206 of the digital camera. Upon the capturing of this first slide, the digital image is stored in an image format, such as a JPEG format graphics file (a Web standard graphics format), in the slides directory on the secondary storage device 310 of the computer 102 (i.e., slides/slide01.jpg). After the capturing of the image by the CCD 206, the mirror assembly 204 flips back to allow the light path to project onto the projection screen 114. The first slide is then projected to the projection screen 114, and the internal timer 308 on the computer 102 begins counting (step 606).
Next, systems consistent with the present invention record the audio of the lecture through the microphone 116 and pass the audio signal to the audio capture card 304 installed in the computer 102 (step 608). The audio capture card 304 converts the analog signal into a digital signal that can be stored as a file on the computer 102. When the lecture is completed, this audio file is converted into the Active Streaming Format or RealAudio format for efficient Internet publishing. In one implementation, the audio signal is encoded into the Active Streaming Format or RealAudio format in real time as it arrives and is placed in a file in a directory on the secondary storage device 310. Although, this implementation requires more costly hardware (i.e., an upgraded audio card), it avoids the step of converting the original audio file into the Internet formats after the lecture is complete. Regardless, the original audio file (i.e., unencoded for streaming) is retained as a backup on the secondary storage device 310.
When the presenter changes a slide (step 610) using the slide control 118 or by changing the transparency or document, the computer 102 increments the slide counter by one and records the exact time of this change in an ASCII file (a computer platform and application independent text format), referred to as the "time-stamp file", written on the secondary storage device 310 (step 512). This file has, for example, two columns, one denoting the slide number and the other denoting the slide change time. In one implementation, it is stored in the time stamp folder.
Using the mirror assembly 204 (FIG. 2), the new slide is captured into a JPEG format graphics file (i.e., slide#.jpg, where # is the slide number) that is stored in the slides folder on the secondary storage device 310. When the new slide is captured, the mirror assembly 204 quickly diverts the light from the slide image back to the projection screen 114 (step 616). If any additional slides are presented, these slides are handled in the same manner (step 618), and the system records the slide change time and captures the new slide in the JPEG graphics file format.
At the completion of the lecture, the presenter stops the "lecture capture" mode with the keyboard 108. This action stops the timer and completes the lecture capturing process.
Enhancing Lecture Content
FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart illustrating a method for enhancing a captured lectured consistent with the present invention. When the lecture is complete, and the system has all of the source files described above, in one implementation, it may enter "lecture enhancement mode." In this mode, the system creates transcripts of the contents of the slides and the lecture, and automatically categorizes and outlines these transcripts. Additionally, the slide image data files may be edited as well, for example, to remove unnecessary slides or enhance picture quality.
Initially, optical character recognition (OCR) is performed on the content of the slides (step 700). OCR converts the text on the digital images captured by the CCD 206 (digital camera) into fully searchable and editable text documents. The performance of the optical character recognition may be implemented by OCR software on the computer 102. In one implementation, these text documents are stored as a standard ASCII file. Through the use of the time-stamp file, this file is chronologically associated with slide image data.
Similarly, voice recognition is performed on the audio file to create a transcript of the lecture speech, and the transcript is stored as an ASCII file along with time-stamp information (step 702). The system also allows a system administrator the capability to edit the digital audio files so as to remove gaps or improve the quality of the audio using products such as WaveConvertPro (Waves, Ltd., Knoxville, Tenn.).
Content categorization and outlining of the lecture transcripts is performed by the computer 102 using a software package such as LinguistX™ from Inxight of Palo Alto, Calif. (step 704). The resulting information is stored as an ASCII file along with time-stamp information.
Web Publishing
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for publishing a captured lecture on the Internet consistent with the present invention. After lecture capture or enhancement, (step 800), the system may be set to "Web-publishing mode." It should be noted that the enhancement of the lecture files is not a necessary process before the Web-publishing mode but simply an optimization. Also, note that for the Web-publishing mode to operate, a live Ethernet port that is Internet accessible must be connected. Standard Internet protocols (i.e., TCP/IP) are used for networking. In this mode, all of the source files generated in the lecture capture mode, as well as the content produced in the enhancement mode, are placed in a database 318 (step 800). Two types of databases may be utilized: relational and object oriented. Each of these types of databases is described in a separate section below.
Consistent with the present invention, the system obtains a temporary "IP" (Internet Protocol) address from the local server on the network node to which the system is connected (step 802). The IP address may be displayed on the LCD panel display 106.
When a user accesses this IP address from a remote Web-browser, the system (the "server") transmits a Java applet to the Web-browser (the "client") via the HTTP protocol, the standard Internet method used for transmitting Web pages and Java applets (step 804). The transmitted Java applet provides a platform-independent front-end interface on the client side. The front-end interface is described below in detail. Generally, this interface allows the client to view all of the lecture content, including the slides, audio, transcripts and outlines. This information is fully searchable and indexed by topic (such as a traditional table of contents), by word (such as a traditional index in the back of a book), and by time-stamp information (denoting when slide changes occurred).
The lecture data source files stored on the secondary storage device 310 can be immediately served to the Internet as described above. In addition, in one implementation, the source files may optionally be transferred to external web servers. These source files can be transferred via the FTP (File Transfer Protocol), again using standard TCP/IP networking, to any other computer connected to the Internet. They can then be served as traditional HTTP web pages or served using the Java applet structure discussed above, thus allowing flexibility of use of the multimedia content.
Use of the Captured Lecture and the Front-End Interface
The end-user of a system consistent with the present invention can navigate rapidly through the lecture information using a Java applet front-end interface. This platform-independent interface can be accessed from traditional PC's with a Java-enabled Web-browser (such as Netscape Navigator™ and Microsoft Internet Explorer™) as well as Java-enabled Network Computers (NCs).
FIG. 9 shows a front-end interface 900 consistent with the present invention. The front-end interface provides a robust and platform-independent method of viewing the lecture content and performing searches of the lecture information. In one implementation, the interface consists of a main window divided into four frames. One frame shows the current slide 902 and contains controls for the slides 904, another frame shows the audio controls 908 with time information 906, and a third frame shows the transcript of the lecture 910 and scrolls to follow the audio. The fourth frame contains a box in which the user can enter search terms 912, a pop-up menu with which the user can select types of media they wish to search, and a button that initiates the search. Examples of search methodologies include: chronological, voice transcript, slide transcript, slide number, and keyword. The results of the search are provided in the first three frames showing the slides, the audio and the transcripts. In another implementation consistent with the present invention, another window is produced which shows other relevant information, such as related abstracts.
Description of the Database Structure
Before the source files generated in the lecture capturing process can be published in a manner that facilitates intelligent searching, indexes to the source files must be stored in a database. The purpose of the database is to maintain links between all source files and searchable information such as keywords, author names, keywords in transcripts, and other information related to the lectures.
There are two major methods for organizing a database that contains multiple types of media (text, graphics and audio): object-oriented and relational. An object-oriented database links together the different media elements, and each object contains methods that allow that particular object to interact with a front-end interface. The advantage of this approach is that any type of media can be placed into the database, as long as methods of how this media is to be indexed, sorted and searched are incorporated into the object description of the media.
The second method involving a relational database provides links directly to the media files, instead of placing them into objects. These links determine which media elements are related to each other (i.e., they are responsible for synchronizing the related audio and slide data).
FIG. 10 shows a schematic of a three-tier architecture 1000 used to store and serve the multimedia content to the end-user. As shown in FIG. 10, the database 318 comprises part of the three-tier architecture 1000. The database 318 (labeled as the "data tier") is controlled by an intermediate layer instead of directly by the end-user's interface 1002 (labeled as the "client tier"). The client is a computer running a Web-browser connected to the Internet. The intermediate layer, labeled as the "application tier," provides several advantages. One advantage is scalability, whereas more servers can be added without bringing down the application tier. Additionally, the advantage of queuing allows requests from the client to be queued at the application tier so that they do not overload the database 318. Finally, there is increased compatibility. Although the application tier and front-end are Java based, the database 318 can communicate with the application tier in any manner which maximizes performance. The method of communication, protocols used, and types of databases utilized do not affect the communication between the business logic and the front-end.
FIG. 10 also shows how the application tier consists of a Main Processing Unit (MPU) 1004 and middleware 1020. On the MPU resides the custom Java code that controls query processing 1008, manages transactions 1010 and optimizes data 1012. Additionally, this code performs OCR 1014 and voice recognition 1016 and encodes the media 1018. The middleware 1020 provides a link between the custom Java code and the database 318. This middleware 1020 already exists as various media application programming interfaces (APIs) developed by Sun Microsystems, Microsoft, and others. The middleware 1020 abstracts the custom Java code from the database 318.
The end-user or client interacts with the MPU 1004 within the application tier. In addition, information entering the database 318 from the "lecture-capture mode" of the system enters at the application tier level as well. This information is then processed within the MPU 1004, passed through the middleware 1020, and populates the database 318.
Alternative Embodiments
There are many different methods of implementing a system that performs functions consistent with the present invention. Several alternative embodiments are described below.
Separation into Different Units
In one embodiment consistent with the present invention, the system is separated into several physical units, one for each mode (i.e., lecture capture, enhancement and publishing). One physical unit is the projection device and computer that contains all of the necessary hardware to perform the lecture-capturing process. This hardware includes the mirror assembly, the CCD digital camera, a computer with video and audio capturing ability, an infrared sensing unit, and networking ability. In this implementation, the sole function of this unit is to capture the lecture and create the source files on the secondary storage of the unit. This capture device contains the projection optics and can display either 35-mm slides, a computer-generated presentation, overhead transparencies or paper documents.
In this implementation, the lecture enhancement activities are performed in a separate physical enclosure. This separate device contains a computer with networking ability that performs the OCR, voice recognition and auto-summarization of the source files generated in the lecture capturing process.
Finally, a third physical enclosure provides Web-publishing function and contains a computer with network ability, a database structure and Internet serving software.
In this modular design, several categories of products can be envisioned. One provides lecture capturing ability only and requires only the lecture-capturing devices. This system is responsible for the creation and serving of the generated source files. Another implementation provides lecture capturing and Web serving and only requires the lecture-capturing devices and the Web-publishing devices. Yet another implementation adds the lecture-enhancement device to the above set-up and also makes the lecture transcripts and summaries available to the Web.
Separation of the Mirror Assembly from the Projection Device and Computer
FIG. 11 depicts a lower-cost and even more modular way of providing the lecture-capturing functionality involving the separation of the mirror assembly 204 and CCD 206 from the projection device. In this embodiment, the mirror assembly 204 and CCD 206 are a separate unit that snaps onto the lens of the 35-mm slide projector 1102. As shown in FIG. 11, the mirror assembly 204 and CCD 206 is connected by video cable 1104 to the computer 102, which sits in a separate box. This connection allows the computer 102 to receive digital video image data from the CCD 206 and to control the action of the mirror 204 via the solenoid 202 (shown in FIG. 2). The infrared beam from the slide controller 118 signals a slide change to both the slide projector 1102 and the computer 102. Both the infrared sensors on both devices are configured to receive the same IR signal so that the slide controller 118 can control both devices. For instance, the slide projector 1102 may be purchased with a slide controller 118, in which case the slide projector 1102 will already be tuned to the same infrared frequency as the slide controller 118, and the infrared sensor in the computer 102 may be built or configured to receive the same infrared frequency emitted by the slide controller 118. Such configuration of an infrared sensor to a particular frequency is well known to those skilled in the art. Additionally, a computer monitor 1110 is used in place of the LCD display. The advantage of this modular setup is that once the appropriate software is installed, the user is able to use any computer and projection device desired, instead of automatically having them provided in the lecture-capturing box described above.
For capturing computer-generated presentations, the mirror assembly is not used and the video signal and mouse actions from the user's slide-generating computer pass through the capture computer before going to the LCD projector. This enables the capture computer to record the slides and change times.
FIG. 12 shows another implementation using the connection of a separate CCD 206 and mirror assembly 204, described above, to a standard overhead projector 1200 for the capture of overhead transparencies. A video cable 1202 passes the information from the CCD 206 to the computer 27. A gooseneck stand 1204 holds the CCD 206 and mirror assembly 204 in front of the overhead projector 1200.
Alternate Slide Capture Trigger
With the use of a Kodak Ektapro Slide Projector (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) which can either be incorporated into device 100 or used as a stand-alone slide projector 1102, an alternative method of communicating the status of the slide projector to the computer 102 uses the P-Com protocol (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.). The P-Com protocol is communicated between the slide projector and the computer 102 over an RS-232 interface that is built into the Ektapro projector. The information obtained from the projector provides the computer 102 with the data signaling that a slide change has occurred and hence, the computer will then digitally capture the slide. This alternative approach alleviates the need for detecting signals from the infrared controller 118 and IR sensor 104 or the wired slide controller.
Alternate Front-End Interfaces
Although the front-end interface described above is Java-based, if the various modes of operation are separated, alternate front-end interfaces can be employed. For example, if lecture capture is handled by a separate device, its output is the source files. In this case, these source files can be transferred to a separate computer and served to the Internet as a web site comprised of standard HTML files.
In another implementation, the front-end interface can also be a consumer-level box which contains a speaker, a small LCD screen, several buttons used to start and stop the lecture information, a processor used to stream the information, and a network or telephone connection. This box can approach the size and utility of a telephone answering machine but provides lecture content instead of just an audio message. In this implementation, the lecture content is streamed to such a device through either a standard telephone line (via a built-in modem for example) or through a network (such as a cable modem or ISDN). Nortel (Santa Clara, Calif.) provides a "Java phone" which can be used for this purpose.
Alternate Implementation of Application Tier
The system described in the Main Processing Unit (1004) and the Application Programming Interface (1020) can be programmed using a language other than Java, e.g., C, C++ and/or Visual Basic Languages.
Alternate Optical Assembly for Image Capture
Another implementation of the present invention replaces the mirror assembly 204 with a beam splitter (not shown). This beam splitter allows for slide capture at any time without interruption, but reduces the intensity of the light that reaches both the digital camera and the projection screen 114.
If a beam splitter is used, redundancies can be implemented in the slide-capturing stage by capturing the displayed slide or transparency, for example, every 10 seconds regardless of the slide change information. This helps overcome any errors in an automated slide change detection algorithm and allows for transparencies that have been moved or otherwise adjusted to be recaptured. At the end of the lecture, the presenter can select from several captures of the same slide or transparencies and decide which one should be kept.
System Diagnosis
In one implementation consistent with the present invention, the user can connect a keyboard and a mouse, along with an external monitor to the SVGA-out port 504. This connection allows the user access to the internal computer 102 for software upgrades, maintenance, and other low-level computer functions. Note that the output of the computer 102 can be directed to either the LCD projection device or the LCD panel 106.
Wireless Communications
In one implementation consistent with the present invention, the network connection between the computer and the Internet can be made using wireless technology. For example, a 900 MHZ connection (similar to that used by high quality cordless phones) can connect the computer 102 to a standard Ethernet wall outlet. Another option uses wireless cellular modems (like those produced by Ricochet) for the Internet connection.
Electronic pointer
In another implementation, an electronic pointer is added to the system. Laser pointers are traditionally used by presenters to highlight portions of their presentation as they speak. The movement of these pointers can be tracked and this information recorded and time-stamped. This allows the end-user to search a presentation based on the movement of the pointer and have the audio and video portion of the lecture synchronized with the pointer.
Spatial positional pointers can also be used in the lecture capture process. These trackers allow the system to record the presenter's pointer movements in either 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional space. Devices such as the Ascension Technology Corporation pcBIRD™ or 6DOF Mouse™ (Burlington, Vt.), INSIDETRAK HP by Polhemus Incorporated (Colchester, Vt.), or the Intersense IS-300 Tracker from Intersense (Cambridge, Mass.) can be used to provide the necessary tracking capability for the system. These devices send coordinate (x, y, z) data through an RS-232 or PCI interface which communicates with the CPU 306, and this data is time-stamped by the timer 308.
Methods and systems consistent with the present invention provide a streamlined and automated process for digitally capturing lectures, converting these lectures into Web-ready formats, providing searchable transcripts of the lecture material, and publishing this information on the Internet. The system integrates many different functions into an organized package with the advantages of lowering overall costs of Internet publishing, speeding the publishing process considerably, and providing a fully searchable transcript of the entire lecture. Since the lecture is ready for publishing on the Web, it is viewable on any computer in the world that is connected to the Internet and can use a Web browser. Additionally, anyone with an Internet connection may search the lecture by keyword or content.
The foregoing description of an implementation of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not exhaustive and does not limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practicing of the invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
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|Nov 8, 2012
|Apple Inc.
|Remote slide presentation
|May 27, 2013
|Jun 12, 2014
|Jacob UKELSON
|System and Method for Crowd Sourced Multi-Media Lecture Capture, Sharing and Playback
|Oct 27, 2014
|Apr 28, 2016
|Chegg, Inc.
|Automated Lecture Deconstruction
|Nov 30, 2005
|May 31, 2007
|Deutsches Zentrum f�r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
|Presentation device for e.g. meeting, has software-processing device that detects current presentation image, where presentation information that is accepted into processing device is distributed over wireless-LAN-access point-unit
|Nov 30, 2005
|Nov 29, 2007
|Deutsches Zentrum f�r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
|Pr�sentationseinrichtung f�r Konferenzen, Vorlesungen, Versammlungen, Schulungen
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 31, 1998
Owner name: MEDICAL CONSUMER MEDIA, VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MERRIL, JONATHAN R.;MANGIAFICO, PETER A.;ROY, RITA;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009358/0420
Effective date: 19980702
|Feb 15, 2001
Owner name: ASTUTE TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C., VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MEDICAL CONSUMER MEDIA;REEL/FRAME:011526/0828
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|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
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Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 11, 2008
|Surcharge for late payment
|Feb 8, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 25, 2012
Owner name: ASTUTE TECHNOLOGY L.L.C., VIRGINIA
Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE WORD "TECHNOLOGIES" TO --TECHNOLOGY-- IN ASSIGNEE NAME; ASSIGNEE ADDRESS TO --11718 BOWMAN GREEN DRIVE, RESTON, VA 20190-- PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 011526 FRAME 0828. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT;ASSIGNOR:MEDICAL CONSUMER MEDIA;REEL/FRAME:029041/0030
Effective date: 20010209
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|Fee payment
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Owner name: PACIFIC WESTERN BANK, NORTH CAROLINA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ASTUTE TECHNOLOGY, LLC;REEL/FRAME:040176/0664
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Owner name: ECHO 360 CONTINUING EDUCATION, LLC, VIRGINIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:ASTUTE TECHNOLOGY, LLC;REEL/FRAME:042280/0424
Effective date: 20161107


text:
Granted, there is something really sad about this show: Disney-owned ABC sends the family to Disney World every week. Every branded material used during construction poses for a close-up, and by the end of each episode, some unfortunate has broken down in tears, mumbling, 'Thank you so much, ABC," while wiping snot from his or her nose. It's like the cultural intersection of prostitution, IKEA and the "Blair Witch Project."
If moral turpitude disguised as good will weren't enough to make me retch (which, let's be honest, it isn't) then Ty Pennington seals the deal. If Martha Stewart and Ryan Seacrest fucked in the back of a Ford Focus, the result would look a lot like this megaphone-toting, platitude-spewing douche bag. It's only a matter of time before his new line of Sears home-decorating products cross-brands with Kleenex to include "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition" tissues with clever phrases like "Move that bus!" scrawled in Ty's own handwriting.
Wipe your tears, bitches. I'll wipe my ass.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Toll Free Saskatoon Office: 1-800-644-8397
Can-Seed Equipment Ltd.
The Name in Grain Processing & Handling
In business for 31 years, established in 1984, Can-Seed Equipment Ltd. is a distributor for various manufacturers of grain cleaning and handling equipment. We have two offices in Western Canada where our staff brings years of experience and are committed to todays agri-business. A variety of equipment lines for seed processing, handling and packaging enables Can-Seed Equipment Ltd. to design complete processing facilities or offer upgrades to existing facilities. We look forward to helping you with your needs now in the future.


text:
Administrators announce that HMV will honour vouchers
HMV customers will be able to use vouchers and gift cards in stores from today, administrators have confirmed.
Deloitte previously said they were invalid after the chain went into administration last week. But after assessing HMV's financial status it will now honour vouchers. Thousands were bought at Christmas.
Joint administrator Nick Edwards said: "I am pleased to confirm we are able to honour gift cards.
"I can also confirm all money raised by HMV for various charities will be paid."
I am pleased to confirm we are able to honour gift cards
More than 4,000 HMV jobs are at risk after the collapse. But chief executive Trevor Moore said he was "convinced" its future could be secured.
Around 50 potential buyers have reportedly come forward, including Hilco, which owns HMV Canada. And this week Universal Music, Warner Music and Sony said they may cut the cost of CDs and DVDs to help save the chain.


text:
San Diego Surf Cup
Aug. 1-3
For 28 years, the San Diego Surf Cup has brought more than 100 of the best youth soccer teams in the country to San Diego County. The event concludes this weekend, with games in the U-16, U-17 and U-19 (including the Academy division).
The tournament is at the San Diego Polo Club (14555 El Camino Real, Del Mar) on 18 full-size fields, and attendance has averaged 25,000 to 28,000 in recent years.
Admission is free. All-day parking is available on site.
For more information, visit surfcup.com or call (760) 944-4256.
Encinitas Rotary Soccer Cup
What: Youth soccer tournament for boys and girls U-8 to U-19
When: Aug. 8-9
Where: Several locations in and around Encinitas
Cost: Admission is free.
Contact: rotarycup.com or call Toni DiCarlo at (760) 597-1102.


text:
I've always wished that my Mother would have gone with her original plan to name me 'Star.' When I tell people that, they typically furrow their brows, their expressions drowning in confusion. Sometimes they even ask 'why would you want to be named Star?'
'I don't really know,' I reply. 'It's just appealing to me, I guess.'
I'm not the type of person who usually has an incredible amount of meaning behind everything I do or say, or my likes and dislikes. I always think that if my first thought is 'I love it,' then I love it! When something appeals to me, I just go with it. Sometimes, I don't know why... the best way I can explain it is to say 'it's just me.'


text:
When a soldier comes home
Memorial Day is a day when we must put things in perspective. The following email has been making the rounds this week, and in case you haven't read it, I'm including it here so that you'll know why Memorial Day is special.
When a soldier comes home, he finds it hard....
....to listen to his son whine about being bored.
....to keep a straight face when people complain about potholes.
....to be tolerant of people who complain about the hassle of getting ready for work.
....to be understanding when a co-worker complains about a bad night's sleep.
....to be silent when people pray to God for a new car.
....to control his panic when his wife tells him he needs to drive slower.
....to be compassionate when a businessman expresses a fear of flying.
....to keep from laughing when anxious parents say they're afraid to send their kids off to summer camp.
....to keep from ridiculing someone who complains about hot weather.
....to control his frustration when a colleague gripes about his coffee being cold.
....to remain calm when his daughter complains about having to walk the dog.
....to be civil to people who complain about their jobs.
....to just walk away when someone says they only get two weeks of vacation a year.
....to be forgiving when someone says how hard it is to have a new baby in the house.
The only thing harder than being a Soldier ... Is loving one.
And speaking of perspective, the people who are starting college this fall across the nation were born in 1992. And this means:
They are too young to remember the space shuttle blowing up.
Their lifetime has always included AIDS.
Bottle caps have always been screw off and plastic.
The CD was introduced two years before they were born.
They have always had an answering machine.
They have always had cable.
They cannot fathom not having a remote control.
Jay Leno has always been on the Tonight Show.
Popcorn has always been cooked in the microwave.
They never took a swim and thought about Jaws.
They can't imagine what hard contact lenses are.
They don't know who Mork was or where he was from.
They never heard: "Where's the Beef?", "I'd walk a mile for a Camel", or "de plane, Boss, de plane. "
They do not care who shot J. R. and have no idea who J. R. even is.
McDonald's never came in Styrofoam containers.
They don't have a clue how to use a typewriter.
And finally, a little humor about jobs, sent by a reader who had his tongue firmly embedded in his cheek.
1. My first job was working in an Orange Juice factory, but I got canned. Couldn't concentrate.
2. Then I worked in the woods as a Lumberjack, but just couldn't hack it, so they gave me the ax.
3. After that, I tried being a Tailor, but wasn't suited for it mainly because it was a sew-sew job.
4. Next, I tried working at a Muffler shop, but that was just too exhausting.
5. Then, tried being a Chef figured it would add a little spice to my life, but just didn't have the thyme.
6. Next, I attempted being a Deli Worker, but any way I sliced it,?... I couldn't cut the mustard.
7. My best job was a Musician, but eventually found I wasn't noteworthy.
8. I studied a long time to become a Doctor, but didn't have any patience.
9. Next, was a job in a Shoe Factory. Tried hard but just didn't fit in.
10. I became a Professional Fisherman, but discovered I couldn't live on my net income.
11. Managed to get a good job working for a Pool Maintenance Company, but the work was just too draining.
12. So then I got a job in a Workout Center, but they said I wasn't fit for the job.
13. After many years of trying to find steady work, I finally got a job as a Historian until I realized there was no future in it.
14. My last job was working in Starbucks, but had to quit because it was the same old grind.


text:
New Voice Overs & sounds For White Gold
just got the new script done for White GOld, will start on cutscenes soon.
I have remixed the m16 reload, and it plays back fine in game.
Wesp, if I alter any sound files that are NOT already included in the sounds override folder, can we add them back into the game?
I have successfully added the m16 reload sound back in (it is a wav file, really easy), but if i take a file out of the russian sounds (like AK47 reload) the english game does not recognize the file or sound. Does the sndlist require modification to add in remixed audio files that ARENT in the sounds folder already(in english version)?
I added remixed files m16_reload and AK47_reload to sounds/weapons/player
i get an sndlist error. with just the remixed M16, it plays back fine. no error message.
Is It possible to modify the sndlist to include more remixed original sounds?
the volume and synch is a little off on some of the animations is all.
All Ive remixed were some reloads. there is a language file with russian voices doing what i think are the radio announcements, but I need a translation before i can do those in english.
I can email you the few things i go to work, though.
okay…..White GOld cutscenes are done. Ive passed them on to Wesp, sounds much better having Myers sound like an AMERICAN CIA agent instead of Australian.
australian, south african, …. point is, he didnt sound CIA
Hi niadly, didn't you want to send me some improved files before I release the patch?
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text:
This Roomba-Riding Baby Is the Perfect Way to Start 2014
We here at Gizmodo enjoy a rich, vibrant history of tiny creatures riding Roombas. So naturally, we can think of no better way to welcome Baby New Year than with an actual baby. Riding a Roomba. Straight into 2014 and into our hearts. Our clean, dust-free hearts. [@hellogiggle via Kyle Wagner]


text:
- You are here:
- Home
- Government
- Departments A - H
- Customer Service / Utilities
- News
- Water Conservation / Drought Plan
Water Conservation / Drought Plan
City Water Conservation / Drought Plan has changed
Originally Effective Dec. 1, 2013
Updated September 9, 2014
Time of Day Restrictions:
All irrigation is prohibited during the time period 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. from April 1 through October 31 each year. Water Use Restrictions. Under threat of penalty for violation, the following mandatory water use restrictions shall apply during a Stage 1 Drought Response.
Landscape watering is limited to mandatory maximum two-days-per-week based on
the last digit of the service address.
1. Even-numbered addresses (ending in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8) water Tuesdays and Saturdays only.
2. Odd-numbered addresses (ending in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9) water Wednesdays and Sundays
3. Properties having multiple addresses will be identified by the lowest address number. If
no number exists, the Director or his/her designee will assign one.
4. Watering by use of a hand-held hose with attached positive shutoff spray nozzle is
allowed for up to one hour on any day but not from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
5. Landscape watering will not be permitted on Mondays, Thursdays, or Fridays except for
hand-held hoses as described above.
6. Recommend irrigation of landscaped areas by means of hand-held hose with attached
positive shutoff spray nozzle, soaker hose, bucket, or drip irrigation system.
7. Recommend leaving automated irrigation system controllers turned off when not
8. Watering only one-day-per-week is encouraged.
Vehicle Wash:
1. Use of water to wash any motor vehicle, motorbike, boat, trailer, airplane or other
vehicle is prohibited, except on designated landscape watering days or at a commercial
car wash facility.
2. Such washing, when done, shall be with a hose with a positive shutoff nozzle and/or
buckets for hand washing.
3. Commercial car washing may continue on any day.
4. Fund raiser car washes are prohibited unless held at a commercial car wash facility.
5. City staff will reduce car washing to the extent practical for business operations given
the need for health, safety and welfare considerations.
Foundations may be watered up to two hours on the designated watering days as
prescribed for Stage (1) irrigation. Watering of foundations should be accomplished by
soaker hose, hand-held hose with positive shutoff, spray nozzle or drip systems.
Golf Course and Athletic Field Irrigation:
Maintenance personnel must use the twice weekly watering schedule prescribed in Stage 1
of this Plan for fairways and athletic fields. Tee boxes and greens may be watered on Tuesday, Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday though watering should be kept at a level that meets only minimum requirements.
Filling Pools and Hot Tubs:
Filling pools and hot tubs is prohibited except for required
maintenance and repair or new construction. Loss due to evaporation may be replaced.
Cool Season Grass Overseeding:
Installation of cool season grasses for aesthetic purposes is prohibited. Overseeding of grasses for erosion control is permitted for up to 30 days only with a written variance from the Director (see Section 11.0 of Drought Plan).
Non-essential Use:
The following uses of water are defined as non-essential and are prohibited
in Stage 1 and all subsequent stages:
1. Washing sidewalks, walkways, driveways, parking lots, tennis courts or other hardsurfaced
areas other than for human health and safety.
2. Washing buildings or structures for purposes other than immediate fire protection
or in preparation for painting.
3. Use of water for dust control.
4. Flushing gutters or permitting water to run or accumulate in any gutter or street.
5. Operation of free-flowing hoses for any purpose.
6. Operation of any equipment or device that uses water for recreation purposes (e.g.
slides, bounce houses, etc.)
7. Obvious water waste including but not limited to: water ponding in a parking lot or
driveway, water ponding or running down the street, broken sprinkler equipment,
unattended free flowing hoses or unrepaired leaks.


text:
Welcome to Free Technology for Teachers!
The free guides below will give you a sense of what this blog is all about.
Every day Free Technology for Teachers provides teachers with free websites and resources that they can use in their classrooms. If you like what you see, please subscribe to the blog using the RSS or Email subscription options by clicking the icons in the blog header.
The Super Book of Web Tools for Educators -
How to Do 11 Techy Things in the New School Year -
Google for Teachers
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Google for Teachers II
Google for Teachers II
Google Earth Across the Curriculum
Google Earth Across the Curriculum -
Beyond Google - Tips and Tools for Improving Internet Search Experiences


text:
Johannesburg - A "stubborn" elderly Brixton woman has told how three robbers threatened to cut off her finger with her butter knife if they couldn't get her wedding ring off. She also said she wouldn't let them tie up her hands or cover her face with a towel while they assaulted her husband.Annie Wilmans, 72, and her husband Mel, 77, were overpowered by three robbers when they left their home in Brixton, Johannesburg, on Friday May 13."Our dog, Muffett, was ill and we were on our way to the PDSA (People's Dispensary for Sick Animals, an organisation that treats pets for free)."We had just opened the front door when three men overpowered us and forced us back into the house," Wilmans said on Monday."It happened so quickly."StabbedHer husband was tied up in the house. "One man stabbed him with a screwdriver in the right leg. His ribs, chest and back were also hurt." She said her husband was also choked and a man sat on his chest.The robbers wanted to tie her up too but she refused. One of them then apparently called her "stubborn"."He then took off my wedding ring. He said he would cut off my finger with my own butter knife if the ring didn't come off easily," she said.By 09:10, the robbers fled.Wilmans said to one of the robbers that her husband had to be at the doctor's at 09:20 and that if they didn't get there on time, they would be fetched from the house.The robbers fled with her wedding ring and her husband's knife.Wilmans then called the police.Police confirmed on Monday they were investigating a case of house robbery and assault.
Let's guess- they grew up under disadvantaged circumstances, and their behaviour is all the fault of apartheid. Hang them too- attacking the elderly. Cowardly savages...
I hope your Husband makes a good recovery. and am disappointed that the elderly are targeted and yet treated with such violence.
UFC reference win!
Two thumbs down...maybe 2 of the 3 robbers on here..LMFAO
Only opened a case of assault and house robbery, what about atempted murder????? Surely being stabbbed by a Screwdriver is not just assault.
That is a strange thing...if you follow up on the stories on here, you will pick up a pattern with them. They seem to not always get charged with the most serious of the crimes they commit, but rather the 'slap-on-the-wrist' charges...if you are in the mind set these guys have when they do the crimes...it doesnt seem like that much of a big deal, hence - the mentality of 'lets do it'
They wont even be found because they not going to even try looking for these people. So sad that life means so little nowadays. Getting stabbed for a ring and a knife...
Really? Three men had to tie up an old man, stab him in his leg, choke him and try to suffocate him, to make sure that he wouldn't fight back? Really?
They are beyond evil, that is all I can say!!
barbaric animals!!! i hope they all get an ass cramp and die slowly of the pain!!!!
Bastards. Pity the old girl didn't have a gun she could have used. At her age, she's probably been married for a lengthy period and now has to lost her wedding ring, only of any value or meaning to her, to bastard thug bitches who are too lazy to work.
Woops, 'lose' not lost. So die bliksem in can't type properly. Bastards, hope they rot from the inside out
Vermin.. despicable lower than the stuff stuck on the bottom of my shoe vermin.. to prey on defenceless old people like that. But you will get what's coming to you, that I firmly believe.
Could not have said it better!!!
Karma... That wheel ALWAYS turns...
what a sick society we live in!
Send these thugs to Saudi Arabia they will sort them out.
They are lower than shark shit
...and just to think that the Brixton Murder and Robbery unit is just around the corner from their home.
Gosh these thugs are brazen.
They do this as they know the ANC regime in effect allows it.
Please explain how?
@SubZero - Facilitation via Incompetence.
What cowardly befouled creatures, preying on the elderly, truly these beasts are lowest of the low. I hope some one stabs them to steal the very same ring.
malema, for the ANC & ANCYL should personally be held responsible for all attacks on white people in this country.
And the rest of Saffers are what?, Not worthy of not getting attacked? My life has the same value to those that love me as yours to your loved ones. I will never condone such a barbaric act and this is not linked to any race priviledges.
Its tiring to blame ALL the actions of ALL thugs on one person. Until people are brought up with proper values of what is right and wrong, until communities stand up to people who hurt and take advantage of others and until Saffers stop blaming a few for all their troubles, we will never go anywhere. Its lame to blame Malema for this. It implies that he has all the power. And I believe WE have all the power. He is there because we let him carry on like that.
One more thing - what about all the black saffers that are being attacked? You want to tell me Malema is inciting that violence too?
Leigh is right. No further comment required.
I wish your husband makes a speedy recovery and may the police find the barbarians, scums.
very sad that the elderly are attacked and treated with such disrespect.
Another proud African tradition continues.
Stop stereotyping, i am proudly african and this has never been part of my tradition in any shape or form. By the way when this happens in the UK is it still linked to tradition?
If you want more of this behaviour, vote ANC!
What does the attacking of an elderly couple have directly to do with voting ANC? Would Helen Zille stop this?
Are you mad or something?! Under the ANC crime has become rampant! I expect more of the same if the ANC get voted in time and time again! There is no way I could expect the "Madam" to stop these herself but you can be damn sure I would expect her to get the police service sorted out and make the country a safer place while at the same time promoting responsibility of the citizens of this country to take care of themselves and not to sing to them about killing other people. If you put this into practice you can be sure the crime rate would drop and that is exactly what I mean! You must be on drugs to think that this attack has nothing to do with the ANC being in power! It has EVERYTHING to do with them, since everything they touch turns to cr@p!
Yes, Leigh, I am sick and tired of nitwits like you who cannot see the wood for the trees. Open your eyes dammit, cause and effect! The ANC is the cause and the rampant crime is the EFFECT! Get it! Now please, do not waste my time again! Go off and play with Malema, save us all a lot of trouble!
Doublepost, I agree with part of what you say.
But Helen, when she becomes President of the Republic, will still have a country of 50 million pax to manage.
Every signle Government Dept will require major overhaul, and incompetents replaced with competents. Where will all these hundreds of thounsands of people come from? Even assuming that the guys at the top will keep the rest honest and competent, it's still a mammoth undertaking after 50 years of incompetent Nat rule followed by 16 years of incompetent ANC rule.
It really does come down to the individual to stand together and say: enough! We should be marching in the streets!
And ultimately, no matter what we all do, poverty and the SA-specific breakdown in the family structure and brutalisation of all of us by apartheid will continue to underpin many more heinous acts ...
And no DP, Leigh most certainly is not mad. She is 100% sane and insightful ...
Hans, the Nats may have had screwed up policies, but they were not so incompetent. Where do you think the infrastructure and level of development that we currently enjoy and the ANC government is using came from?