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Clyde is convinced that Meroitic must belong to the Niger-Congo superphylum, as put forth in his own words below:
I would classify Meroitic as Niger-Congo langauge.
The great savant Cheikh Anta Diop (1974,1981) was convinced that many West African groups had formerly lived in the Egypto-Nubian region before they migrated to West Africa(Diop,1974). He supported this hypothesis with a discussion of the cognation between the names for gods in Egypt-Nubia and West Africa (Diop,1974), Egypto-Nubian and West African ethnomyns and toponyms common to both regions (Diop,1981) and West African and Egyptian languages.
There are many relationships between Meroitic and other African languages. For example, In Oromo/Galla, the term for queen is 'gifti'; and both 'naaga-ta" in Somali and Wolof 'jigen' mean woman. These terms appear to be related to Kdi > gti/e.
Yet even though we find cognition between some Cushitic and Nubian we can not use these languages to completely decipher Meroitic as proven by many past researchers. The Tocharian language on the otherhand, does allow us to read Meroitic and show its relationship with other African languages.
A comparison of Meroitic to African langauges indicate that Meroitic is closely related to langauges spoken in West Africa. Like Meroitic, the pronoun is often a suffix in other African languages. This suffix of the third person singular is usually n-, in other African languages. For example:
- Bambara: no p r i 'his house'
Kpelle: nyin 'his tooth'
Akan: ni dan 'his house'
- Swahili: (1) a-ta kwenda 'he's going to go' (2) a-li-kwenda 'he is here' Manding: (1) ya zo 'he has come' (2) ya shirya mana 'he prepared (it) for us'. The use of -i particle to form nouns in Meroitic correspond to the use of the -it and -ayy suffixes to form nouns in Wolof. The Wolof abstract noun formative suffix is -it, -itt, e.g., dog 'to cut', dogit 'sharpness'.
Prefixes are rarely used in Meroitic. The most common prefixes include the prefix of reinforcement -p, the intensive prefix -a and the imperfect prefix -b. The p-, can be either the prefix of reinforcement e.g., ŝ 'patron', p-ŝ 'the patron' ; or the imperfect prefix e.g., ŝiñ' satisfaction', p-ŝiñ "continuous satisfaction'.
The Meroitic p- affix, means 'the'. This Meroitic grammatical element corresponds to the Egyptian demonstrative pi 'the'.
In Meroitic, the –o element is used to change a noun into an adjective. The Meroitic –o suffix, agrees with the use affix –u, joined to a vowel, in other African languages to form adjectives. In Swahili, many adjectives are formed by the k- consonant plus the vowel -u : Ku. For example:
- (1) imba 'sing' ; zuri 'fine'
Kuimba kuzuri 'Fine singing'
(2) -bivu 'ripe' Kuiva 'to ripen'
(3) -bovu 'rotten' Kuoza 'to rot'.
The Meroitic use of the -b suffix to make the plural number, corresponds to the use of the -ba- affix in African languages. In the Bantu languages the plural is formed by the ba- affix. In the Manding group of languages we see use of the -ba suffix. In Manding, the -ba affix is joined to nouns to denote the idea of physical or moral greatness. For example:
- (1) na-folo 'good, rich'
na-folo-ba 'great fortune'
(2) so-kalo 'piece'
so-kalo-ba 'considerable quarter of a village'.
- Egyptian: Ba
Mbachi : Ba
Coptic : Bai
Bambara : Be
Fang : Be.
The kha, existed within and without the human body. It would remain with the body until its flesh decayed, then it would either leave the tomb or hunt it. The Meroitic idea of Kha, as a spirit corresponds to Ka, in many African languages. For example:
- Egyptian : Ka
Manding : Ka
Banda : Ka.
The linguistic evidence makes it clear that some of the Meroites may have spoken languages that belonged to the Niger-Congo-Mande family of languages. This is supported by the linguistic evidence of shared grammatical forms and lexical items between Meroitic and Niger-Congo-Mande discussed above.
Mr. Winters' talks of some observed similarities between Meroitic and other African languages, which should not be unreasonable given the common origins of these languages, and close proximity of its speakers at some point or the other. Aside from C.A. Diop, other researchers have also noted similarities between Meroitic and other African languages; for instance, Kirsty Rowan was convinced of its closer relationship with the Afrasan superphylum, largely due to what she observed as a pattern of consonant co-occurrence restrictions, when other researchers, as exemplified in Mr. Rilly, were convinced of its closer relationship with Nilo-Saharan. Some of these links made are more tenuous than others; as an example, when Mr. Winters says:
There are many relationships between Meroitic and other African languages. For example, In Oromo/Galla, the term for queen is 'gifti'; and both 'naaga-ta" in Somali and Wolof 'jigen' mean woman. These terms appear to be related to Kdi > gti/e.
...it may be of interest to note that when Rilly examined a basic vocabulary term like woman, the correspondances he noted down between Meroitic and Northern branch of Eastern Sudanic phylum seem to be relatively stronger than what Mr. Winters is describing above. In looking at the table below, courtesy of Mr. Rilly, one sees this:
|kdi [kadi]or[Kandi] "woman"
|*kari or *kandi "woman"
|kede "sister"
|*kari "female"
|ke r "woman"
The issue of suffix and preffix pronouns, along with plural affixes, is a common phenomenon in many African language and African language-derived superphylums, perhaps going back to the point of shared origins between them. However, the most interesting thing to note about Mr. Winters' position above about the closer relationship between Meroitic and the Niger-Congo superphylum, is the idea that it was made possible largely due to decipherment of the Meroitic script using the Tocharian language and/or writing system...
Yet even though we find cognition between some Cushitic and Nubian we can not use these languages to completely decipher Meroitic as proven by many past researchers. The Tocharian language on the otherhand, does allow us to read Meroitic and show its relationship with other African languages. — Clyde Winters
The question that then jumps at anyone in the slightest know about Meroitic and Tocharian writing systems, is this:
How can you use Tocharian to decipher Meroitic when the question of what cognate terms are shared between Meroitic and Tocharian hasn't been addressed, and when they use completely different scripts, developed at completely different timeframes, with the Meroitic script apparently being much older?
With that question having gone unanswered by Mr. Winters as far as my recollection takes me, while on the subject of similarities between Meroitic and other African languages, there is no harm in noting that the apparent influences between Ancient Egyptian and Meroitic weren't lost him, notwithstanding his overlooking and downplaying of Demotic and Hieratic script influences in Meroitic script vis-a-vis the supposed relationship between Kharosthi and Meroitic [proposed by none other than Mr. Winters himself]:
Whereas Rilly is working from conjecture, my decipherment allows me to accurately and effectively compare Meroitic and Egyptian terms. Below is a discussion of the Meroitic and Egyptian relationship. The Kushites and Egyptians had a close relationship for millennia. As a result the Egyptians had a tremendous influence on the culture of the Kushites, especially in the area of religion . As early as the 12th dynasty the Egyptians controlled Nubia. After 1674 BC, the Kerma rulers regained control of Nubia until the raise of the New Kingdom. Pharaohs of the New Kingdom ruled Egypt for 500 years. Nubia gained independence after the decline of Egypt in 1085 B.C. During this period the Kushites developed a highly developed civilization at Napata and Meroe (880 B.C.-A. D. 350). Over time the Kushites became strong enough to conqueror Egypt and found the 25th Dynasty. The long association of Egypt and Nubia suggest that the Egyptians may have influenced more than the culture of the Kushites. In this paper we will review the affinities between the Egyptian and Meroitic languages. Ll. Griffith during his decipherment of Meroitic (M.) found many Egyptian (E.) terms . These terms were especially used in the political culture area e.g., E. p-sy-n-nsw 'son of king' > M. pesto 'king's foothold/foundation of light' ....
In the short review above of Egyptian and Meroitic cognates we can see the obvious influence of Egyptian, especially Demotic on Meroitic. This influence was shown not only in vocabulary but also grammatical features. This linguistic material discussed above clearly suggest some Egyptian substrata influence on Meroitic. It indicates Egyptian influence on both the structure and vocabulary of Meroitic. It is very interesting to note that much of the affinity between Meroitic and Egyptian is based on Demotic examples. This may be explained by the fact that Demotic was used by the Kushites during the 25th Dynasty, and forms the foundation for the Meroitic writing.
Naturally, the present author's response to this was:
Not news. Nobody questions the relationship between Demotic and Meroitic scripts, which is the argument I've always put forth in our exchanges. Apparently, Demotic script was a basis for developing Meroitic script, which did take its own character notwithstanding. You acknowledge this link and yet, talk of this questionable origin from the much younger Tocharian script.
Mr. Winters proceeds with this:
There was no evidence that Meroitic was related to any African languages until my decipherment as outlined above. — Clyde Winters
A disingenuous claim considering the point made above about other researchers having made links between Meroitic—including Mr. Winters own reference to Diop's viewpoint—and other African languages. Note: The so-called "decipherment as outlined above" was the discredited Kushana origins of Meroitic hypothesis, aspects of which will be revisited in posts to come.
The comparative method was used to find the cognate language of Meroitic. Using this method Meroitic scholars have compared the "known" Meroitic terms to vernacular African languages to establish morphological cognition between Meroitic and an African language. Up to now these linguistic comparisons failed to reveal the cognate language of Meroitic — Clyde Winters
That is actually false, as Rilly's demonstration was to show congnate lexicon relationship between Meroitic and sub-branches of the Nilo-Saharan superphylum, especially the Northern branch of the Eastern Sudanic subphylum. Now of course, Winters' approach to addressing Rilly's linguistic demonstrations, is to simply disregard it without actually engaging the specific points at hand, which is what the above citation really underlies.
Rilly recently claimed that Meroitic is related to Nubian , eventhough Griffith and Haycock failed to read Meroitic using Nubian. — Clyde Winters
Partially true, in that that previous attempts to classify Meroitic into the Nilo-Saharan superphylum had failed, using Nubian, but Rilly provided a good example of what caused such failures:
1)impossible to prove a genetic relation between given languages if only a few basic words are available, as was the case **until recently**. 2) Moreover, in the list of the allegedly translated Meroitic words, some were actually wrong.
...and he goes onto give a specific example, by referring to Bruce Triggers' attempt to determine the relationship between Meroitic and the Nilo-Saharan superphylum, using Nubian:
Moreover, in the list of the allegedly translated Meroitic words, some were actually wrong. In 1964, Bruce Trigger tried to prove that Meroitic was a Nilo-Saharan - and more specifically an Eastern Sudanic - language. He used a list of Meroitic words compared with Nubian and Nara, a language from Eritrea. But the list was still very scanty, and half the words he used, taken from Zyhlarz's articles, were erroneously translated - or simply did not exist at all. Although he was right in his conclusion, he was wrong in the way he reached them. — Claude Rilly
Clyde Winter then rationalizes that:
Rilly's hypothesis is that Meroitic can be read by reconstructing the proto-language of the Sudani language. — Clyde Winters
Another glaringly false statement, as Rilly's objective was to show family association of Meroitic, NOT reading Meroitic by using the so-called proto-language of "Sudani language". Rilly figured that:
In spite of the scanty available data, the result is obvious : Meroitic is more than probably a member of the North Eastern Sudanic family.
However, proto-NE Sudanic, proto-Nubian, proto-Taman, or any given language, can be reconstructed by cognate and phonetic correspondences across languages determined to be related and part of a 'monophyletic unit' via comparative analysis.
Rilly claims that Meroitic is Nilo-Saharan. He claims that this is supported by comparing the Proto-Nilo-Saharan to Meroitic, because the people living in Kush today are remnants of the Meroites. — Clyde Winters
False. He proclaimed Meriotic's family relationship with the Nilo-Saharan phylum, after having compared Meroitic with contemporary Nilo-Saharan dialects of the NE Sudanic family. Moreover, Rilly did also analyze Meroitic with other language families outside of Nilo-Saharan, and found no strong correspondence, further rendering Mr. Winters' rationale invalid.
We can disconfirm this theory because it is not supported by the historical and linguistic evidence we have concerning the linguistic and political history of Kush. — Clyde Winters
Simple: One can't disconfirm something that he/she hasn't gotten right. In Clyde's case, none of the charges he attributes to Mr. Rilly, as just demonstrated, has managed to stick, because quite simply, he hasn't gotten any of Mr. Rilly's premises right. He is simply busy setting up strawman points and knocking them down, rather than confront the actual points Rilly makes in his paper.
Rilly claims that Meroitic is Nilo-Saharan. He claims that this is supported by comparing the Proto-Nilo-Saharan to Meroitic, because the people living in Kush today are remnants of the Meroites. — Clyde Winters
In what appears to be a broken-record style of argument, Mr. Winters now turns to a similar claim as the one made above two citations ago, but this time substituting "proto-Nilo-Saharan" with "proto-Sudani language". Fact is, for anyone who simply has read Mr. Rilly's piece, that Mr. Rilly makes no such deduction; rather, Meroitic was compared with contemporary actual subphylums of Nilo-Saharan, and was found to be relatively closer to the northern branch of the Eastern Sudanic subphylum of Nilo-Saharan. In fact, Mr. Rilly did not make any mention of proto-Nilo-Saharan in entire his piece.
Because there are no cognate Meroitic terms and lexical items in the Eastern Sudanic Languages, Rilly has begun to reconstruct Proto-Eastern Sudanic, and attempt to read Meroitic text using his Proto-Eastern Sudanic vocabulary. — Clyde Winters
The claim about Mr. Rilly using Proto-Eastern Sudanic or any "Proto-Sudani language", as Clyde calls it, to read Meroitic, has already been falsified several posts ago — above. As to the issue of there being "no cognate Meroitic terms and lexical items in the Eastern Sudanic languages", it is a matter of fact that Rilly demonstrated lexical cognition in the tables. One of those tables specifically represents relationship via lexicostatistic analysis, using contemporary Nilo-Saharan languages and available Meroitic lexicons. The comparative analysis revealed that Meroitic was relatively closer to the northern branch of the Eastern Sudanic subphylum than any other Nilo-Saharan subphylum.
Even if I hadn't deciphered the Meroitic writing this method would never lead to the decipherment of this or any other language. — Clyde Winters
When it is obvious that Mr. Winters hasn't even grasped the proclaimed goal of Mr. Rilly, then how can anyone take it for granted that he has understood the body of Rilly's piece, which has correctly been demonstrated time and again nonetheless, that he hasn't?!
The problem with Rilly's method, is there is no way he can really establish the IPLs in Eastern Sudanic because we have not textual evidence or lexical items spoken by people who lived in the Sudan in Meroitic times. As a result, the languages spoken by people in this area today may not reflect the linguistic geography of the Sudan in the Meroitic period. — Clyde Winters
First glaringly ridiculous claim in that statement, is the notion that the "IPLs" (Intermediate Proto-languages) in the Eastern Sudanic branch is not possible, simply because there is no textual evidence or lexical items spoken by "people who lived in Sudan in Meroitic times". One doesn't need such evidence to reconstruct an 'intermediary' proto-language; all one needs as a prerequisite, are a number of related languages of the given subphylum, understand their relationship both lexically and morphologically, and henceforth, reconstruct the proto-terms.
Secondly, Mr. Rilly apparently has not come across any such problem of reconstructing the proto-language of certain subphylum(s) of the eastern Sudanic branch. Additionally, one need not establish that these languages were specifically spoken in Sudan in the Meroitic times with textual evidence; rather, only that comparative linguistic analysis has shown genetic relationship between Meroitic and these languages, after exhaustive comparative analysis between Meroitic and language phylums from other language superphylums...and Mr. Rilly has made it known that this is in fact what he had done.
Thirdly, Mr. Winters himself has no evidence that NO single contemporary Eastern Sudanic language spoken in the Nile Valley today existed therein since the Meroitic period, if not longer.
This is most evident when we look at modern Egypt. Today the dominant language is Arabic, and yet Arabic has no relationship to Egyptian. If we accept Rilly's method for deciphering Egyptian we would assume that once me reconstructed proto-Semitic , we could read Egyptian—but as you know Egyptian is not a Semitic language. — Clyde Winters
Mr. Winters proceeds with the above in an attempt to buttress his strawmen arguments, but it still fails to lend them any semblance of legitimacy. As a matter of fact, Arabic is deemed to have some relationship with Egyptian, as both are determined to be part of the northern branch of the Afrasan superphylum, and both are proclaimed to be largely non-tonal in their sound system. That aside though, Arabic isn't indigenous to Egypt, but is derived from a single source, 'Arabic' [albeit infused with some surviving local lexicon] from the Arabian peninsula. The same can't be said of the Nilo-Saharan dialects spread along Sudan to southern Egypt. These are 'indigenous' languages. If Mr. Winters' point is related to the above, which would be that Eastern Sudanic languages may not have existed in Sudanese Nile Valley back in the Meroitic times, then it would still go back to the aforementioned point about having utilized exhaustive comparative analysis, using various language superphylums to determine family association, which was the proclaimed goal of Mr. Rilly. Now of course, when Mr. Winters was asked if he was suggesting that *all* the different dialects of Eastern Sudanic language in the Nile Valley today suddenly replaced *all* the former languages of the region, leaving no trace of the original languages of the region, the question was met with graveyard silence. As invalid as ever before, Mr. Winters' analogy of using proto-Semitic to read Egyptian, on the account that Egyptian is not deemed to be Semitic, has no bearing on Mr. Rilly's premise, because time and again, Mr. Rilly didn't attempt to, nor did he have to read Meroitic by using some proto-Eastern Sudanic subphylum.
And to recap:
Rilly did also analyze Meroitic with other language families outside of Nilo-Saharan, and found no strong correspondence, further rendering Mr. Winters' rationale invalid in all counts to the citation above It is at this point, Mr. Winters revisits the idea of the key to unlocking the secret of Meroitic and its language family association by turning to the Kushana and their script:
This made it necessary to turn to the historical literature concerning the Kushites to form a new hypothesis related to possible sources of the Meroitic language. The historical literature of the Kushites comes from Egyptian and classical sources. It was the Classical authors who noted the influence of the Indians on Meroitic civilization. — Clyde Winters
The present author has already made the point about Meroitic being more like Demotic script [followed by Hieratic] than Kharosthi, and the fact that Meroitic is dated older than Kharosthi, not to mention the issue of geographical distance. We'll revisit the ideas laid down by Mr. Winters about the notion of the relationship between the Meroitic script and Kharosthi in the next part, the 3rd part, of this subject in my next posting. So watch this space. In the meantime...
The present author has amply demonstrated that Mr. Winters doesn't seem to have grasped the concepts Rilly is applying and what is being relayed. For instance, he keeps talking of Rilly's supposed reconstruction of proto-Nilo-Sahara, as a means to translate Meroitic, when there is no such thing to be found in the Rilly piece at hand. He keeps talking about Rilly's focus on geography, in that he chooses to focus on groups in Sudan simply because this is where the Meroitic complex used to be situated. Fact is, before even considering Nilo-Saharan, Rilly first sought after possible cognative association between Merotic and the Niger-congo and Afrasan families, only to find out that there was no strong correspondence, just as previous attempts by other researchers had demonstrated. On the other hand, stronger correspondence was observed in the Nilo-Saharan family, particularly the eastern Sudanic family, with the northern branches of this family being yet closer.
Rilly himself had this to say about the demographic events in the region:
According to the most recent archaeological work carried out by the University of Geneva, Kerma was founded around 2400 years BC and did not undergo any dramatic ethnic or cultural changes until its final stage. So the origin of Meroitic can now be placed very probably around this date or even a little earlier...
Nowadays, these languages are scattered from Chad to Eritrea, but in the past, there was a link between their present situations : the Wadi Howar, an ancient river, now dried up, once an important tributary of the Nile. In the fourth millenary BC, all the region around this river was still a green country convenient for cattle-breeding. But around this time, this part of the Sahara became arid. Very probably, the pastoral populations living in the region were progressively obliged to gather together along the banks of the Wadi Howar. There they lived together for centuries and acquired a common language : Proto-North Eastern Sudanic. But in the beginning of third millenary BC, the river itself progressively dried up. So a first population migrated to the Nile, where they founded the Kingdom of Kerma, not far from the confluence of the Wadi Howar and the Nile. The geographical, historical and climatic data offer a common support to this theory. The Taman group went East, towards the springs of the river, to the place where they still live today. Another refugee group, the ancestors of Nubian and Nyima speakers, went South to Kordofan, where they still live today. Later on, in the first centuries AD, Nubian groups invaded the dying Kingdom of Meroe and founded their own kingdoms along the Nile. As for Nara people, I think they first went to the Nile, like the future Meroites, and later went up the Nile and the Atbara toward Eritrea, where they live nowadays.
Although current work have linked Kerma settlements with earlier settlements in pre-Kerma phases, suggesting settlements stretching further back in time than what's been detailed here, clearly, Rilly notes certain population movements that Clyde accuses him to be ignorant of, and hence, not considering them in his analysis. Mr. Winters is just totally disengaged with the real specifics at hand. __________________________________________________________
*Reference material:


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Nickelodeon is adding a panda to its lineup – but not just any panda.
The cable channel announced that it's "Kung Fu Panda: The Series."
Based on the hit 2008 film, "Kung Fu Panda," the series' 26 episodes will be animated in the same computer-generated process. It will tell new adventures of Po, the frisky martial arts panda who starred in the film.
It's the second co-production between DreamWorks Animation and Nickelodeon. In March, the network launched "The Penguins of Madagascar," adapted from DreamWorks' successful 2005 film "Madagascar."
On the Net:

subset: commoncrawl


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Home :: Press & Media :: Program Archives :: 2013 Program :: Sat. Oct. 19th, 2013 :: Shorts Program #2- Life and Death :: Relics
A vacuum cleaner salesman gets caught up in the battle of wills between an ailing woman and her stubborn daughter and must decide how far he will go to please his customers.
When: Sat. Oct. 19, 2013 10:00 AM
Where: CCA Studio limit 45 people
Director: Jennie Allen
Origin: USA
Genre: Drama, Narrative Feature, Shorts Program #2: Life and Death
Runtime: 14 min
Status: New Mexico Premiere
Watch the Trailer
Get your Event Passes Here


text:
Written on: 28/11/2013
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Written on: 30/11/2013
Hey, sorry to hear this. We would never delete any messages or posts you put on Facebook. So we can take a closer look into this for you please send over your full query along with your order number to us through our help page on the website. You can also send the info over to us on our ASOS Facebook page or our customer care twitter page on @ASOS_Heretohelp. As soon as we get that through we'll get on the case as soon as we can. ASOS Gabby
Written on: 01/12/2013
Don't you want to understand? I said, there where a lot of E-Mails from Asos with a lot of stupid excuses, why Asos can't give me my money back. There was a new stupid E-Mail an hour ago. Asos gave me just a part of my money. Now I have to show Asos my statements of bank account of a whole month. Are you serious? Exactly that's the problem: You aren't serious!!! TO ALL CUSTOMERS: NEVER BUY ON ASOS!
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Guidelines for Sophomore Faculty Advising
Click here to login to your personal advising page with a list of your advisees
Table of Contents
- General Goals of Sophomore Advising
- What Sophomores Expect from Their Advisers, including
- Thinking about the Term at Hand, Thinking about the Next Three Years
- Drawing Up Tentative Schedules
- Mid-term and End-of-term Meetings
- Extracurricular Activities
- Summer Plans
- Helpful Details to Remember throughout the Year
- Distributional Requirements for the Sophomore Year
- Credit/D/Fail Option
- Deadlines and Academic Options to Keep in Mind
- Science, Engineering, and Premedical Students
- International Experience Options
- Useful links, including the Sophomore Website and its "For Advisers" Section
- Sources of Information
- Thoughts from Sophomores
General Goals of Sophomore Advising
The Yale College Dean's Office is grateful to you for having volunteered to advise sophomores about academics and other matters.
Unlike freshman advisers, who are both faculty and staff members and may come from both Yale College and the professional schools, all sophomore advisers are faculty members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
In many respects, the sophomore year continues the themes of freshman year. It is still a time to explore different subjects as students complete the distributional requirements for the sophomore year and earn the minimum of sixteen course credits required for promotion to junior standing. It is also a time when sophomores think seriously about what their major will be.
Some sophomores have already selected a major, particularly if they are in the sciences, mathematics, or engineering; some have one or two possible majors in mind; many are very uncertain about their choice of major and worry about making a decision. A typical sophomore wavers between indecision and decision.
A sophomore's choice of major should conform to his or her intellectual interests and preferences. These often become clear only after the students have looked into a variety of subjects and received advice from various members of the campus community. This is where you come in. As a sophomore adviser, you can help your advisees by guiding them in a discussion of the subjects they studied during their freshman year or plan to study during their sophomore year. Along with leading your advisees in a moment of reflection, such a discussion will also give you a sense of what engages your advisees' interest, what might make good use of their talents, and what satisfies them on an intellectual level.
We also encourage sophomores to discuss and analyze their academic programs as a whole with their sophomore adviser in order to ensure that their education has shape and coherence. We remind students that, toward the end of the sophomore year, they will be asked to choose a faculty member — perhaps their sophomore adviser — with whom to compile a tentative program of study for their junior and senior years, including courses both inside and outside the major.
How can you become the best possible sophomore adviser? We encourage you to explore the links and sections below; to stay abreast of developments in your department and across campus; to familiarize yourself with the location of non-departmental resources (for jobs, internships, and study abroad, for example), so you'll know where to refer your advisees for information outside your area of expertise; to peruse the Advising Resources for Freshmen and Sophomores Website (especially the "For Advisers" section); to read the occasional emails from the Director of Academic Advising and Special Programs; and to consider sophomore advising an important part of your broader commitment to teaching and learning.
In addition, you will find several sections below to help you with sophomore advising.
Please send any comments or questions to Risa Sodi, Assistant Dean of Academic Affairs and Director of Academic Advising and Special Programs, or call her at 432-8427.
What Sophomores Expect from Their Advisers
In 2010, the Sophomore Class Council interviewed sophomores about the role of the sophomore faculty adviser and prepared the following list of important points, which are as valid today as they were then.
Thinking about the Term at Hand, Thinking about the Next Three Years
The role of the adviser is not just to look over a student's schedule to make sure the course load looks appropriate and balanced. An adviser can play an important role in helping students think about how their courses for the term fit into their overall academic and career goals. Students also benefit from having their advisers tell them that it's fine to take a chance or two on courses.
Drawing Up Tentative Schedules
One of the most helpful things an adviser can do is ask their sophomore advisees to draw up a tentative schedule of courses for the rest of their time at Yale. Students who are considering several majors may need to make several proposed schedules.
Mid-term and End-of-term Meetings
Although it may seem unnecessary to mention this, sophomore advisers can make a difference just by making sure their students know that they are available for discussion throughout the term. A one-line e-mail checking in on each advisee at midterm will matter greatly to students. An end-of-term discussion about what went right or wrong allows (requires) the students reflect on the year just gone by and prepare for the year ahead. By reflecting together with their advisers, advisees get the benefit of your considerable expertise and counsel to guide them.
Extracurricular Activities
Find out about your advisees' extracurricular activities; don't neglect to ask about them. What are they involved in? What do they spend most of their time doing? (If you're unsure about how to approach non-academic topics, consult the conversation starters on the Advising Resources for Freshmen and Sophomores Website.)
Summer Plans
Ask your students about their summer plans. This isn't idle chit-chat: students increasingly use their summers for jobs, internships, study abroad, and other experiences to help refine their thoughts about potential majors and post-graduation plans. A sophomore adviser can help them think through their possibilities and ideas by asking questions such as
- "What do you want to get out of your summer experience?"
- "How does this relate to your major and career goals?"
- "Have you thought about funding?"
- "Have you contacted Office of Career Strategy or the Center for International and Professional Experience?"
The best advisers are accessible and take the initiative to contact their advisees.
Helpful Details to Remember throughout the Year
Distributional Requirements for the Sophomore Year
Sophomores need 16 credits for promotion at the end of the fourth term of enrollment.
Also by the end of the fourth term of enrollment, students must have enrolled for
- at least one course credit in each of the three disciplinary areas (Hu, Sc, and So)
- at least one course credit in each of the three skills categories (WR, QR, and foreign language)
in order to be eligible for promotion to junior standing.
For details regarding the distributional requirement for the bachelor's degree and the milestones students must meet along the way, see "Distributional Requirements" in the Yale College Programs of Study.
Credit/D/Fail Option
The Credit/D/Fail option was established to encourage experimentation and to promote diversity in students' programs of study. Complete information about this option is contained in the Yale College Programs of Study. Some of the pertinent restrictions are the following:
- Up to four of the thirty-six credits required for the bachelor's degree may be earned under the Credit/D/Fail option
- However, no course credit earned on a Credit/D/Fail basis may be applied toward satisfaction of the distributional requirements.
- No more than two credits per term may be taken under the Credit/D/Fail option, and at least two credits must be taken for letter grades each term.
- Students who have elected to take a course on the Credit/D/Fail option may reverse their decision and convert from Credit/D/Fail to a letter grade by filing a form in the residential college dean's office no later than two weeks after midterm in the fall term and one week after the end of spring recess in the spring term.
- Students may not convert from the letter grade option to the Credit/D/Fail option after turning in their completed course schedules at the end of shopping period.
Deadlines and Academic Options to Keep in Mind
Sophomores must obtain their academic adviser's signatures on their final schedules before submitting them to the residential college dean's office by the deadline indicated on the schedule.
• The election of a new course after this deadline is ordinarily not permitted. On advice of an instructor, however, a student may change course levels (e.g., from French 140 down to French 130 or up to French 150).
• Students may withdraw from a course at any time before the first day of reading period. If the withdrawal takes place by midterm, the student's transcript will not show that the student was enrolled in the course. Withdrawal after midterm results in the assignment of a "w" (Withdrew) on the transcript.
• If students have questions about acceleration, refer them to the residential college dean.
Science, Engineering, and Premedical Students
Students interested in the sciences or engineering and students wishing to pursue a premedical program often need special advice. In these cases it is recommended that such students select the DUS of their intended major as their sophomore adviser.
Students interested in the health care professions will find helpful information and advice from the Health Professions Advisory Program.
International Experience Options
Yale actively encourages students to gain international experience in the course of their undergraduate careers and has many avenues for pursuing this option. From a junior term abroad, to a summer of language study or internship abroad, Yale has advising and financial resources to help students gain exposure to the broader world. The advisers in the Office of International Education and Fellowship Programs can help students define their interests and find programs or funding that will benefit them.
As a sophomore academic adviser, you can assist in this process by reminding sophomores that they should continue their foreign language study if at all possible to maximize the likelihood that such opportunities will be available to them. You might also remind them that courses taken abroad may be used to fulfill distributional and major requirements, so studying abroad need not mean a break in progress toward the degree.
Useful links
- Advising dates and deadlines
- AYA database (find out the fields alumni majored in and the careers they have undertaken since graduation)
- Change your major
- Declare a major
- Information about choosing a major
- Majors in Yale College
- Rules about two majors
- Sophomore Website (courses and majors, getting advice, distributional requirements, for advisers, tutoring, calendar, and more)
Sources of Information
There are various sources of information about majors and major requirements.
- Primarily geared towards freshmen but also open to sophomores, the Academic Fair takes place on the Tuesday afternoon before the first day of fall-semester classes. Nearly all undergraduate majors and programs are represented by the DUS or other knowledgeable representatives who are available to answer questions about courses, prerequisites, and major requirements. Information is posted online and is distributed to freshmen with orientation materials.
- Directors of Undergraduate Studies (DUSes) or their designated representatives regularly advise sophomores about the programs and majors in their departments.
- Yale College Programs of Study itself has information about all majors, their prerequisites, and their requirements.
- Departmental publications. Most departments maintain websites, and some publish brochures with information about their majors. Departmental websites often have photos and short biographies of their faculty, with current research interests.
- Departmental info sessions. A number of departmental meetings take place during the days leading up to the beginning of fall-term classes. Meetings for prospective majors and interested students continue throughout the year and are posted on the Sophomore Website's Calendar and Departmental Info Sessions, Meetings and Placement page.
- The online Yale Facebook includes students' majors and can be sorted by major and college. Yale's Facebook requires a netID login.
- Residential college deans and heads of college can give you advice from their experience with Yale College and with students, as can your instructors.
Thoughts from Sophomores
"My adviser talks to me like a person. When I had her as a professor, she talked to me as a student, but now she talks to me as a person."
"She is always very accessible. If I e-mail her, I get a response right away, and she'll meet with me when I need her to."
"Sophomore year…should be a time to explore different fields."
"I went to her with ideas, and she helped me narrow my class list, and then I went back later with my schedule. […] She advised me about individual professors and classes."
"The DUSes are the best resources about majors. Meet with them."
"She makes herself available. We'll talk about things outside school."
"My adviser insisted on discussing my schedule with me before he would sign it."
"I thought I had my major decided when I began sophomore year, but after a few more courses, I changed my mind. I just went back to majoring in one of my other interests, even though I had taken only one course in it."
"Get to know upperclassmen in your major or possible major. They can be an amazing resource."
"I did not know what my major would be until after spring term started. I took Psychology 110 because I heard it was a good course, and the next thing I knew I found my major—psychology. I was stressed some until then, but for some of us it takes a bit longer to find a major."


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UPDATE: Owls finish fourth in Class A; Maranatha claims title
From the Minnesota State High School League
Mountain Iron-Buhl claimed third-place honors in Class A after defeating the Owls of Hancock 61-45 Saturday at Concordia-St. Paul.
Maranatha Christian Academy, which needed two overtimes to get past Hancock in the state semifinals on Friday, won the Class A championship Saturday with a 59-52 win over Nicollet.
The Rangers moved ahead for good at 17:11 of the second half when Kathy Ostman hit a lay-up attempt for a 23-21 lead. Charlotte Overbye extended Mountain Iron-Buhl's lead to 42-30 when she drained a 3-pointer at 9:57.
Three players scored in double figures for Hancock: Ilissa Koehl with 12 points, Kendra Schmidgall with 11 points, and Courtney Greiner with 10 points. Greiner also had the only double-double of the game with her 14 rebounds.
The Rangers shot 48 percent from the field to the Owls' 31, and they also hit 68 percent (15-22) from the free throw line.
Overby and Ostman scored 21 and 15 points, respectively, for Mountain Iron-Buhl. Ostman also had a team-high nine rebounds.


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Release Date: 2005 |
Album Rating: 2.5ugh this was hard, feel free to criticize review and opinions, im trying to get into this whole emo thing, the good stuff is so good but yea im just getting the hang of it
this is a snooze-fest though.
To compare and contrast their sound to another band, well, they sound like the unwanted bastard child of Off Minor and mewithoutYou, lacking the enthusiasm and innovation of both bands but seeming to draw influences from them at the same time.
Album Rating: 2.5I downloaded it recently with this, going to give it a spin in a day or two, filling that gap with some more exciting stuff.
"Tread, Not Trudge" rules.
Album Rating: 2.5aight, ill listen to that now
yup, better than anything on this. I still think they can do better though.
Seek Harbor is also good for about 2 minutes, but then it just kinda draggggggsssssss onnnnnnn.This Message Edited On 10.22.08
busty nice review (I'm not keen on the whole emo thing either)
Album Rating: 2.5i got into massive attack though, sorta, they are teh awesumz
Album Rating: 3.0i've seen this band a few times and their intesity and emotion doesnt translate all the way with the weaker recording quality of this album.
i really like this
ah man just realised my track list for this is all messed up
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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School lunchrooms, now under the thumb of bureaucrats in far away offices in Washington, got word back that not everyone is the same. Legislators attempted to cap the number of calories for a school lunch at 850. Some of the athletes burn that up in a few hours, while a lightweight freshman girl may not even come close. So Michelle Obama's rules for lunch fell flat on their face when the bean-counters in Washington realized that some individuals might need more meat or more carbs than others and finally relented.
The really scary part is this is the kind of thinking behind the socialists' proposals to force us to be equal on nearly every level. Either feed a 210-pound athlete on the same food as a 95-pound kid or force feed the 95-pound kid with an athlete's diet.
These are supposedly grown adults and they don't realize from the onset that humans are individuals.
Brice Nieveen


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With social media, restraint is recommended
As more of the Internet becomes social, members of many professions find themselves logging on to Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Pinterest to look for business opportunities, collect intelligence on competitors and share information about their business. But some legal ramifications can make certain online interactions tricky for lawyers who want to avoid gray areas in the practice of law.
As discussed in the ABA CLE "Social Media and Local Governments," many recent examples have shown that the First Amendment, attorney-client privilege and deceitful conduct can become factors when using social media to discuss or pursue legal cases. Julie Tappendorf, partner at the law firm Ancel Glick and co-author of the new book Social Media and Local Governments: Navigating the New Public Square, recommends carefulness and restraint when implementing social media to build your practice.
Another actionto avoid is inadvertently building an attorney-client relationship through social-networking tools.
One example was a case of an online discussion about a settlement reached in a class action suit against McDonald's. The settlement resulted in donations to charities and the payment of attorney fees, but only a small amount of financial compensation to the named plaintiff. An attorney in the area, who was not involved in the class action against McDonald's, posted negative comments about the outcome of the settlement on a community Facebook page. A judge later decided that the attorney had to take down the Facebook post and filed an injunction for his actions.
Tappendorf believes this will be appealed due to the First Amendment. "The ACLU has come out pretty strongly that they think that the attorney's speech was protected by the First Amendment," Tappendorf said. This case brought up several questions about whether attorneys can openly comment about a case of public interest as a private citizen, or if you are stepping into a sensitive legal zone where prior restraint is involved. To exercise caution, Tappendorf recommends checking with state bar ethical opinions or court legal opinions on similar matters to stay within the lines at all times.
Another action to avoid is inadvertently building an attorney-client relationship through social-networking tools. It is critical to be careful of too much interaction and communication. To avoid a potential complication, Tappendorf recommends limiting reader feedback, keeping information shared as general as possible, as well as using a disclaimer. These social-networking sites are considered communications and advertising, Tappendorf said, and are subject to state legal advertising guidelines that often include disclosures.
"Keep information very general and not providing advice or answering legal questions back and forth so that social media doesn't create a relationship you have no intention of creating," Tappendorf said.
When using social media, you should also keep in mind the anonymity aspect of the Internet. Lawyers could be communicating with adverse parties and not know it. "We have to be aware that people don't always use their real names," Tappendorf warned. Lawyers are also advised to avoid providing legal advice in a state where the lawyer is not licensed, which is hard to determine when it is happening online.
While all lawyers should know this inherently, making false or misleading statements or engaging in deceitful conduct in the virtual, social world is to be discouraged just as much as it is in the real world. A recent Philadelphia Bar Association decision found that a lawyer who used a third party to "friend" a witness on Facebook was categorized as obtaining information in a deceitful manner because the friend request was simply to gain access to the person's personal page. A recent bar opinion in New York said that lawyers cannot communicate with jurors over social media, either by their actions or through an acquaintance.
False statements also include declaring a specialization. Tappendorf said that lawyers "can't say you are specialized unless you are certified." So when completing a LinkedIn profile, she advised lawyers to ensure that they are not violating local regulations by saying they specialize in an area of the law. Rather than use the word "specialize," she recommended that lawyers use "focus" to describe a particular area of interest for their practice.
Moving forward, Tappendorf recommends caution and trusting your instincts when embracing social media and its communication abilities.
"We need to be cognizant that this is an evolving area," Tappendorf said.
The CLE was sponsored by the Section of State and Local Government Law, Government and Public Sector Lawyers Division and the Center for Professional Development.
Back to top
Summary on judges' use of electronic social networking media
What matters?Knowing what to know about technology
What you need to know about Android apps
Targeting clients for growth
Professional courtesyas a litigation strategy
3 golden rules of deposition preparation
A personalized 'dashboard' can help with work-life management
Young lawyers: How to survive in a down economy
Accepting credit cardson the go
Communications specialist shares secrets of surviving media spotlight duringa crisis
Panel looks at proposed solutions to 'orphan' works
Tell your ABA story
Spring into savings


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Thread: Help with our boy list!
September 11th, 2013 05:43 PM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- Sep 2013
- Location
- Nerbaska
- Posts
- 9
Help with our boy list!
This is our 6th and final baby. And the bean will be a surprise! We have a list a mile long for girls names. But our boy's list is slim. And get's smaller and smaller.
Our sweats names are Mack Kellen, Elisabeth Faith Marie, Joshua Gabriel, Annalyse Claire, and Mason Bradley.
On our list is:
Owen- Is the only name that has made it on to severel lists.
Nash- I like it. I'm not sure about a middle name.
Slade- Husbands pick.
Brantly- Is it to close to Bradley?Mommy to Mack Kellen, Elisabeth Faith Marie (Libby), Joshua Gabriel, Annalyse Claire (Anna) and Mason Bradley
Wife of Mark Bradley
September 11th, 2013 05:48 PM #3"C." Mid 20's. Sonographer and hobbyist writer. Just collecting.
⟿ Freya Valentine | Everett Barnaby ⟿
♀ : Harriet Miranda | Cordelia Autumn | Matilda Blythe | Laurel Adelaide
♂ : Bodhi Kenneth | Clark Sebastian | Rafferty Julian | Gideon Wilder
September 11th, 2013 06:11 PM #5Senior Member
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Delta feuds with Ex-Im Bank
The bad blood just keeps flowing between Delta Air Lines and the Export-Import Bank, each seemingly convinced the other is running scared in a post-holiday showdown fight in Congress this spring.
The latest exchange began Thursday when the bank gave its final commitment to an $84.8 million loan guarantee to help generate jobs for a subsidiary of Delta — which has sharply criticized the bank's performance elsewhere in the aircraft industry.
Story Continued Below
If the hope was to buy a little peace, it didn't last long, and the sparring ran through Thursday night and into Friday.
The loan guarantee is to go to the Brazilian airline, BG VRG Linhas Aereas S.A. (GOL) but with the understanding that GOL will then ship its engines from São Paulo City to Atlanta for heavy maintenance to be performed by Delta's maintenance, repair, and overhaul unit, Delta TechOps.
The engines are all from GOL's Boeing 737 fleet, and as part of a contract signed in 2010, Delta TechOps is expected to provide 253 scheduled engine removals and additional unscheduled removals. With two engines per plane, that number roughly corresponds with GOL's full 737 fleet, Ex-Im said, and the loan guarantee will cover the first two years of GOL's five-year contract with Delta TechOps.
A bank spokesman initially sought to downplay the politics. "Given the same circumstances, if a different company with a different name had been involved, it would have been the same result," he told POLITICO. "We don't pick winners and losers. Our mission is to create jobs."
But Delta saw the announcement as a political ploy and something of a surprise. A revised statement issued Friday didn't back down: the airline said it was "not party" to the loan transaction and then added with sarcasm that Delta "appreciates the bank bringing it to our attention."
"We never expected to be in the headline," said one official of the bank's press release which carried the banner "Ex-Im financing supports highly-skilled Delta jobs in Atlanta."
Bank officials reacted with anger and disbelief.
Indeed, Delta has an equity interest in GOL itself, and a bank official said that Ex-Im director Fred Hochberg and Delta CEO Richard Anderson had toured the Atlanta maintenance facility last fall—when "this deal was mentioned." Ex-Im said its staff had since been in communication with GOL and Delta personnel during the completion and processing of the financing documentation and due diligence activities. And at least some of the planes—from which the engines come—were first financed with help from Ex-Im.
A precise breakdown—without the specific numbers for each plane—is difficult. But Boeing told POLITICO it has sold a total 67 737's to GOL, the first delivered in July 2006, the latest in February 2012, and all with the type of engine specified in the contract. Ex-Im's records show it has helped to finance GOL's purchase of 39 737's, presumably some from Boeing.


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The Guardian has revealed the identity of the whistleblower who leaked the information on the US surveillance program.
The man responsible for one of the biggest leaks in US history is Edward Snowden, a 29-year old former technical assistant for the CIA, the Guardian reports.
Mr Snowden's identity was revealed at his own request, the newspaper says. He is the source behind revelations that the US government records millions of details about phone calls of citizens, and gathers information from tech firms such as Google, Facebook and Apple.
"I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong", he said.
Mr Snowden has been working at the National Security Agency for four years under various outside contractors.
Mr Snowden told the Guardian ha had enjoyed "a very comfortable life" that included a salary of roughly US $200,000 ($212,000), a girlfriend whom he lived with in Hawaii, a solid career, and a family he loves. "I'm willing to sacrifice all of that because I can't in good conscience allow the US government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building."
He copied the documents from his NSA office in Hawaii, then told his boss he was taking medical leave for epilepsy, which he discovered he suffers from after several seizures in 2012. Last month, Mr Snowden flew to Hong Kong, only telling his girlfriend that he had to go away for awhile. Since then, he has been hiding in a hotel in Hong Kong.
He says he chose the destination because "they have a spirited commitment to free speech and the right of political dissent" and also that it was "the principle" that made him turn over the documents.
"The [US] government has granted itself power it is not entitled to. There is no public oversight. The result is people like myself have the latitude to go further than they are allowed to," he told the Guardian.
Snowden views his best hope for the future as the possibility of asylum, perhaps in Iceland.
Mr Snowden predicts the US government will "say I have broken the Espionage Act and helped our enemies, but that can be used against anyone who points out how massive and invasive the system has become".
The NSA has filed a criminal report with the US Justice Department in relation to the leaks.
With the US government seeking a criminal probe, Mr Snowden admitted: "I do not expect to see home again."


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Release Date: 2009 |
written for school paper which explains the whole school librarian reference; really just ignore that hahaha
friend of mine likes these guys - said he was going to post an album on s4d, might check it out when he does
cool--report back with thoughts if ya end up listening to it
it's doom metal ofc ill like it i
Album Rating: 3.5This has a review, finally, fuck yeah pigeons. Good work.
Digging: Vreid - I Krig
ive only listened to half of this so far, the only thing that got on my nerves a bit were the synth sounds. even though they just sort of added a bit of ambience, i just dont particularly think it works well.
girls vocals are pretty cool, the sung parts are really creepy.
almost unanimously
Album Rating: 4.0said he was going to post an album on s4d, might check it out when he does
You will like this rasp. Good album/ review.
Album Rating: 4.0Awesome review dude. Album's pretty great, though I tend to only listen to "Gold" nowadays
is this something u want in the first sentence ppl are going to read?
outta yor head fred
Good review, this band is pretty great. The live videos I have seen are pretty intense. I like their Flower of Flesh and Blood tribute promo pics
Album Rating: 4.0I think if you had actually purchased this album, you would have written a different review robertsona.
That is the most amazing band name I have ever seen
Need to check this out still.
Portal remixed a track on this. Kinda cool.
Album Rating: 4.0This is pretty awesome.
Album Rating: 4.5I'm glad i discovered these guys.
Album Rating: 4.0This is a tough listen, but going through my second full listen and this album is still fucking awesome.
this was way heavier than i expected it to be
good stuff
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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The power of exports
The authors systematically document remarkably high degrees of concentration in manufacturing exports for a sample of 151 countries over a range of 3,000 products. For every country manufacturing exports are dominated by a few"big hits"which account for most of the export value and where the"hit"includes both finding the right product and finding the right market. Higher export volumes are associated with higher degrees of concentration, after controlling for the number of destinations a country penetrates. This further highlights the importance of big hits. The distribution of exports closely follows a power law, especially in the upper tail. These findings do not support a"picking winners"policy for export development; the power law characterization implies that the chance of picking a winner diminishes exponentially with the degree of success. Moreover, given the size of the economy, developing countries are more exposed to demand shocks than rich ones, which further lowers the benefits from trying to pick winners.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|Date of creation:
|01 Oct 2009
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| Postal: 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433
Phone: (202) 477-1234
Web page: http://www.worldbank.org/
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text: What a disappointment to find out that RC has replaced their signature Viking Crown Lounge with a private dining room for Suite guest members called the Coastal Kitchen. That was by far my wife's and I favorite place to sit and relax both during the day and at night. Just had friends come back from a cruise on the Oasis and they said the Coastal Kitchen had maybe 6 people in it. Although the food was free and good, they were disappointed to loose a public lounge at the expense of such a small group of people. What was RC thinking?? If they wanted a private dining room to reward their suite guest, why not put it where the Diamond Club is and move the Diamond Club up to one of the little used rooms beside the Viking Crown lounge? There are far more Diamond members than there are suite guests. Anyones else have comments?


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Site Upgrade 11/18/2017The Forums will be down, Friday, November 24th starting 8 AM PST for upgrade.We'll probably be down until 1PM PST, but it might be longer. I'm doing a major forum software upgrade, so I expect the forums to operate somewhat differently when we come back online.
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edl74x added a post in a topic Pocher AventadorI have a white one roadster. Built, repainted interior, but still need to work on the seats. By the way Harry, hope you get well soon.
edl74x added a post in a topic Pocher 1/8 AventadorI agreed, Scott. If Canadian rise up again like before more than American, I would buy more 1/12 scale too. Low rate really slow Canadian down, and living expenses keep rising.
edl74x added a post in a topic Pocher 1/8 AventadorThanks! I don't believe I bought such big kits with such big price. First I planned to spend over thousand dollars on 1/12 Laferrari diecast, then when I search about this big Aventador for how much, actually this is not bad, I could pay less than thousand dollars for bigger scale, why not go for this one. Plus this model company let customers to order separate parts if needed.
edl74x added a topic in Big BoyzPocher 1/8 AventadorThe Lamborghini isn't fully finish yet, so I won't post pics of interior at this time. I just snapped some pics of it with other scale toy, once I finish the interior, I will update the post, hope everyone like it.
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edl74x added a post in a topic 1/24 Super car collectionThanks everyone! I still have some more on my list, will post it later.
edl74x added a topic in Under Glass1/24 Super car collectionSince my new member post, here is my second post all time. Collecting super car model kit is my best interest. Here some photos of my kits that finished long time ago, the most latest finished model was Lambo Aventador. Hope you will like my collections and still in box collections, enjoy!
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edl74x added a post in a topic Hello from TorontoHi, Chris! That store also too far away from me as well. This is a welcoming page, so I will post my stuff to normal page sooner or later. My very latest model work was Lamborghini Aventador by fujimi. Thanks for everyone warm welcoming.
edl74x added a post in a topic Hello from TorontoI don't think there is different way to say welcome aboard in Canada. Chris, Dufferin and where, I didn't know. I always go to Danforth Wheels and Wings hobbies, I love that store.
edl74x added a post in a topic Hello from TorontoThanks everyone! To Dan: I went to that show once then I don't really like that place, too small and too tight there. I am waiting for the one in Ajax, that place is way much bigger.
edl74x added a post in a topic Tamiya's LaFerrari, new pics, OPI ordered 2 already
edl74x added a topic in Welcome! Introduce YourselfHello from TorontoI started to build model car since around 16 years old, and my first car was 1/24 Tamiya BMW 850i. That was a nice kit but too bad I ruin it, and now no longer exist. I mostly build 24 scale high performance cars like Ferrari, Lamborghini, Porsche and some Japanese car. I found this forum by searching to see full carbon Enzo, and I saw many cool topics I want to see, so I come here.
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text:
BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Sets New Monthly Passenger Record
Airport Reports 2.17 Million Passengers In July, Busiest Month Ever for BWI Marshall
Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport announced today that 2,170,517 commercial passengers flew through the Airport in July 2010. Passenger traffic for July, which increased 4.5 percent over July 2009, was an all-time monthly record for BWI Marshall. The previous monthly record for passenger traffic at BWI Marshall was August 2001, with 2,091,016 passengers.
"This important milestone reflects the success and continued growth of BWI Marshall Airport," said Governor Martin O'Malley. "This is a strong, growing market and our focus on customer service attracts passengers to BWI Marshall where they find that travel is easy, convenient, and affordable."
Southwest Airlines, the largest airline at BWI Marshall Airport, served 1,171,494 passengers in July, an 11.1 percent increase over July 2009. This was an all-time monthly record for Southwest at BWI Marshall. For the summer months, Southwest boosted its level of flights to 182 daily departures at BWI Marshall, the most ever for the airline.
AirTran Airways, the second leading carrier at BWI Marshall Airport, reported 383,786 passengers for July, an increase of 3.8 percent. The July figure was the all-time monthly record for AirTran at BWI Marshall. AirTran provided 63 daily departures this summer at BWI Marshall, a record for the airline.
"BWI Marshall is providing an excellent customer experience, increased air service, and low-fare competition," said Paul J. Wiedefeld, Executive Director of BWI Marshall Airport. "Our passenger traffic in July confirms the busy summer that we anticipated."
Passenger traffic has increased at BWI Marshall Airport for 13 of the past 14 months. The only exception was February 2010, when record winter storms seriously impacted airline flight schedules throughout the nation.
http://www.bwiairport.com/en/about-bwi/ ... leases/217
Too bad we don't see anything approaching that here on the network...


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Hard questions for Minnesota River Board
OLIVIA -- The Minnesota River Board needs to establish clear-cut goals and a strategy to meet them if it is to see continued state funding support, according to John Jaschke, executive director of the Board of Water and Soil Resources.
He told members of the board that the political mood in St. Paul is "ugly and getting uglier. Things always get worse before they get done,'' he said during the board's meeting on Monday in Olivia.
The River Board represents the 37 counties in the basin and works under a joint powers agreement to promote clean water initiatives. It receives $84,000 a year in state funding. Its member counties also pay dues to support its operations.
The River Board has been urging legislators to continue the state funding, according to Shannon Fisher, executive director.
Jaschke warned that legislators are certain to cut natural resource funding: It's just a question of how much. A conference committee recently approved a 26 percent cut, more than either the House or Senate had proposed, he said.
The River Board needs to become more action-oriented and set goals that will generate support for funding if it is to survive as a clean water organization.
"What's the state's interest in putting administrative funding into your organization?'' he asked.
Board members said there is a diversity of interests among the counties, and the slow and deliberate nature of government has made it difficult to achieve big results. Fisher described the efforts as "slow but steady.''
The members cited efforts to promote the redetermination of ditches in the counties -- and the consequent inclusion of more buffer strips -- as one example of where the board has helped make a difference.
They also pointed to the communication and relationships they have helped build between landowners and conservation initiatives.


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Each year, the Staff Employees' Council recognizes one outstanding classified employee. During the Honor the Best ceremony on May 13, 2009, JoAnne Gipson was announced as the 2009 Classified Employee of the Year.
JoAnne Gipson is a Program Officer for the Gaming Management Program at Extended Studies and provides a variety of invaluable services to the program. JoAnne coordinates the non-credit gaming courses, manages the department's copy program, and often travels to tradeshows on behalf of Extended Studies and the University to recruit students for the program. In addition to being meticulous, detailed and focused in her work, JoAnne is a tremendously gracious and caring representative to all of the Extended Studies students and instructors. She goes well out of her way to support students and assists instructors in developing their skills with presenting to adult learners as well as adjusting program curriculum to meet the needs of the audience.
JoAnne never hesitates to help when needed and does so without complaint. In January 2008, JoAnne gave the gift of life by donating her kidney to a coworker who had been diagnosed with a severe kidney disease. Due to her generosity, courage and sacrifice, the fellow employee is happy, healthy and living life with her family. JoAnne was also recently awarded a 2009 Red Cross Real Heroes award.
Classified Employee of the Year Runner-Up: Cindy Erskine Cindy Erskine is an Accountant Technician I working in the Controller's Office whose duties include reconciling three University bank accounts and setting up new account numbers for departments.
Cindy takes tremendous pride in her work, making sure that all three accounts are balanced to the penny and will often be the first to discover fraud. She frequently takes college level accounting classes to improve on her already stellar work. Besides the amazing work that she does, Cindy is courteous and friendly with fellow employees and is always willing to help others.
Congratulations to the other eligible nominees for Classified Employee of the Year:
Michelle Bruce
Kathleen Corkill
Michelle Horton
Melissa Viera


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- E. F. Schultz Jr.,
- W. R. Langford,
- E. M. Evans,
- R. M. Patterson and
- W. B. Anthony2
Annual acre beef gain is related to annual acre forage production. The relationship is quadratic and may be used for estimating differences in annual beef gain per acre among treatments evaluated as to forage production under grazing conditions in the same experiments. The difference-estimating equation is: D = 0.071,18 (X1 − X2) − 0.000,001,732 (X12 − X22), where X1 and X2 are the average annual acre yields in pounds of oven dry forage for the two treatments.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © . .


text: I built a new work station and rearranged the room. Moving 3 cabs, a twanger and bass around quite a bit. Bass took a header (fell in its stand strings down). At least 10 days later I finally notice a crack in the body. Putting on the Holmes hat (Sherlock not John), it seems the old pawn shopper Johnson by AXL 5 string Long horn was made of three pieces of alder and at one of the seams is where the crack started at bottom face of body about an inch from top of bridge. Will this get worse? I've had obviously no change in sound unless that crack made it better Should I do something about it? thanks, it's my one and only bass and I love the cheap slut, fnord! well, I got it for free but it really plays and sounds good to me.


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Insurers open the door to apprentices
Insurers will launch a collaboration today to try to double the number of apprentices across the sector.
The initiative, which coincides with the start of the government-backed National Apprenticeships Week, is supported by leading trade bodies, as well as by Aon and other companies from across an industry still counting how many apprentices it has.
Apprenticeships give school-leavers aged between 16 and 19 an opportunity to learn how insurance works and to take industry qualifications with the chance of a permanent job at the end.
The British Chambers of Commerce said that demand for apprenticeships generally still outstripped available places by a factor of 12 to 1. It is urging the Chancellor to use his Budget this month to announce a two-year extension to the…


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Artist description:
Sorry for such the long wait guys, my old computer crashed and I had to use my dad's labtop and it wouldn't let me draw on there, but I'm back now! And D'SC will continue again ^^
Java Draw Created May 09, 2011 460 x 640px Unless noted Copyright 2011 dragonwolfgirl.
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Haha good to see you again Ran ^¬^ Why'd you delete yours? I came on to read more and found it was all gone, what happend? 0.0
HAI! I missed your manga XDD I deleted mine ._. I really love your style :O DO MORE PLEASE!! X3


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We are seeing the weeks fly by at an alarming rate. Christmas will soon be here. We have an overload of planning we must do now to make it work in the near future.
This week, National Newspaper Week, some of our staff members reflect on what newspapers – The Spencer Magnet, in particular – mean to them.
We value highly our readers and the folks in Spencer County, and we are the only local news medium whose sole interest is to showcase Spencer County and mark its history for generations to follow.
We members of the solid waste and recycling field team learn a lot from our peers and the other areas of government. Studies are made on a regular basis pertaining to the general condition of and the functioning of our various infrastructure units.
All too often, we hear the question, "Where can you find good help these days?" On Saturday night, the staff of The Spencer Magnet found a great answer.
Last week, First Assembly of God and Plum Creek Baptist Church were linked together in our paper because they were the host churches for two Sept. 11 remembrance ceremonies.
This week, the two churches are linked again in our newspaper for far less hopeful circumstances – each church has been a victim of burglary over the past few weeks.
Now, we're not saying the parties responsible are the same or that the crimes are related, but we are saying it's a shame two of our visible, community-focused churches are victims of such acts.
We will continue to test the water with our roaming recycling trailer by having it placed at the Mount Eden Fire Department site this weekend. That will be the start of our fall activities.
Also on Saturday, volunteers are needed to make "Operation Clean Sweep" successful in clearing the trash and rubbish from the shores ofTaylorsville Lake. The Taylorsville Lake Conservation Association invites all willing helpers to meet at the Possom Ridge Picnic Shelter at 8 a.m.
Not surprisingly, 100 percent of those voting in last week's poll at www.spencermagnet.com remember where they were when the planes struck the towers of the World Trade Center on Sept. 11.
Some of our staff members shared last week where we were on that horrific day – we all remembered.
I have viewed the beginning discards in our traveling recycling trailer, and must suggest some adjustments pertainmg to the items disposed.
As of Sept. 6, the disposal compartments have been labeled as to what goes where. We would ask that the paper, plastic, aluminum and metal items be deposited in the proper compartment.
We have already seen the habit of putting all recyclables in one bag and tossing it. It would be so much better if you can put the proper item in the proper compartment.
Editor's Note: With the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks on the United States coming up this weekend, Spencer Magnet staff members were asked to share their memories from that tragic day.
Sept. 11, 2001, started out as a typical Tuesday morning at The Spencer Magnet office. As typical as a production day can be at a newspaper.
It's no secret that we here at The Spencer Magnet are in favor of open government.
We champion just about anything that increases the amount of information the taxpayers get to know about their government.
And let me remind you, taxpayers, it is your government. The money in the city, county, state, etc., bank accounts no more belongs to those who decide how to spend it than it belongs in my personal checking account.
We have wrapped up the Summer Roadside Litter Abatement Drive, and I thank one and all who helped give our roadsides a good cleaning. As in the past, we will have a final cleanup in the fall during the last week of October and the first week of November. Watch the paper for final instructions.
There is a quote I've always loved that, if memory serves me, was born in the mind of Jalal al-Din Rumi, the greatest Sufi thinker: You are raw until you travel – until you bring yourself into the world and join yourself with existence; then you are cooked.
At the time this paper printed, Taylorsville's Main Street Committee had four key vacancies.
Most are probably aware of the Main Street manager position left open when Annette King fulfilled her contract at the end of the fiscal year.
It's a minimum of 10 hours per week and pays $7,000 a year – at least that's what the city commission currently has budgeted in that slot.
The other three positions are strictly on a volunteer basis and are new to the Main Street structure this year.
Editor's Note: Lance Allison is the president/CEO of the Murray-Calloway County Chamber of Commerce. He spoke to the Taylorsville-Spencer County Chamber of Commerce last Thursday on the importance of relationships and shared this column, first published in the Murray Ledger and Times, with The Spencer Magnet.
As you can see on today's front page, law enforcement officials are chalking up the 18-month-old sale of alcohol to a wash – and rightly so.
Every official this reporter talked to shared the same sentiment. As Sheriff Buddy Stump put it, "I haven't seen any more [DUIs], but I haven't seen any less."
The numbers themselves are somewhat conflicting – at first glance, it looks like DUI arrests went up (+37) while DUI convictions went down (-11). And if that's as far as we take it, there are lots of questions to be asked.
Surprises! These are the unexpected and unforeseen occurrences in life which may elicit feelings of excitement and joy just as they can throw us a curve and perplex us.
It's not often a newspaper gets the chance to correct a mistake 37 years after the fact, but that's exactly what I'm doing today.
I was reading the book of Job and thought about our leaders trying to run our country without God. Every one of them needs to read the book of Job. The very best reason I can think of why they should read it is because they have taken the richest country in the world to the brink of bankruptcy. We may ask, "Why?" I think that is very simple. I believe they have quit listening to God and thought they knew more than he did and thought they had more power and they did not need God.
We live in truly amazing times, when literally anyone can instantly connect with the whole world. Any opinion or random thought can be posted and shared in seconds. The technological explosion of the last few years and the rise of things like Facebook and Twitter mean that you can share everything almost instantly.
Last Thursday, many of the county's business leaders (and myself) gathered at the Spencer County Chamber of Commerce building for the Chamber's annual picnic and membership appreciation meeting.
You'll see some pretty entertaining photos on the back of this week's B section, and if it looks like we were being goofy and having a good time, then you're getting the right idea.
The Chamber board provided plaques to all of its members and prepared a meal that we all enjoyed.
And then there was the game.
Copyright © 2017
The Spencer Magnet is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Spencer County, KY and the surrounding area.


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Information Technology Services: Data Security
All University employees and/or persons with access to University data have a responsibility to respect the highest level of privacy for all members of the University community.
Consider what information you store & where you store it
- Do not store personally-identifiable information (PII) about others on either desktop computers, or any portable media (such as laptops, flash drives, etc), even though it may be convenient to do so. The convenience of having the information is not be worth the risk of exposing someone else's identity to theft, and exposing you and the University to the liability and bad publicity that may follow.
- Do not store sensitive information on web servers or other machines that are open to the public. Web servers draw outside users, and provide security holes if they are not constantly patched and kept up-to-date.
Protect information stored electronically
- Leave data on the server. Avoid copying or downloading sensitive data from the University's administrative systems to your desktop computer, laptop, web server, PDA, etc. unless absolutely required. Make sure you have permission from your department administrator before downloading.
- Do not send unencrypted sensitive data via email. Email messages can be intercepted by third parties.
- Lock your office doors if no one from your department will be in the office. Protect printed sensitive data in a locked desk, drawer, or cabinet. Don't leave unattended sensitive data on a copier, fax machine, or printer. Shred sensitive data that needs to be discarded.
- Shut down your PC when you leave for the day
- Screen lock computer workstation when leaving it unattended
- Don't allow anyone else access to your computer in your absence.
- Manage passwords wisely
- Use strong passwords
- Do not post passwords near or on computers
- Never give anyone else your login password, or any password.
- MORE on passwords...
- Use secure connections to access resources. Use the VPN access to securely connect to the Northern network while at home or away.
- Remove all data from all devices (computers, PDAs, cell phones, etc) BEFORE they are transferred to another user or department, sold, or otherwise disposed of.
Respond to requests for information about students in accordance with FERPA.
- use the University ID number of a student in a public posting of grades or any other information.
- link the name of a student with that student's University ID number in any public manner.
- leave graded tests, papers, or other student materials for students to pick up in a stack that requires sorting through the papers of all students.
- circulate a printed class list with student name and University ID number, photo, or grades as an attendance roster.
- discuss the progress of any student with anyone other than the student (including parents) without the consent of the student.
- provide anyone with lists or files of students enrolled in your classes to anyone.
- provide anyone with student schedules or assist anyone other than university employees in finding a student on campus.
- access the records of any student for personal reasons.
- store confidential student information on any computer unless that information is required and secure from intrusion.
If you're in doubt about a request for student information, contact the Registrar's office.
Report any fraudulent attempts to obtain student information to the Registrar, who can then report the attempt to the appropriate law enforcement agencies.


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KEY WEST, Fla. (AP) — A 49-year-old grandmother and veteran endurance swimmer scuttled her quest early Sunday to become the first woman to swim unaided from Cuba to the Florida Keys, unable to close the gap on the last 26 miles of a more than 100-mile ocean odyssey.
Penny Palfrey fended off painful jellyfish stings while keeping an eye on hammerhead sharks as she attempted the crossing without a shark cage. But her support team said the tricky currents of the Florida Straits proved to be her biggest obstacle, thwarting her achingly close to her goal.
All told, the British-born Australian athlete swam nearly 41 hours after plunging into balmy waters near Havana on Friday. She was about three-quarters of the way into her swim when she gave up the effort about midnight, just 26 miles south of Florida's Key West.
Her crew tweeted few details early Sunday of the end of her quest but said: "Penny Palfrey had to be pulled out of the water … due to a strong southeast current that made it impossible for her to continue her swim. Penny is presently on her escort boat being taken care of by her crew."
"She is fine," Andrea Woodburn, one of the team members, confirmed by telephone from Key West.
Ms. Wooburn said early Sunday that she had been in contact with the escort vessel during the night and it was unclear where it would head next. She had no immediate details on Ms. Palfrey's physical condition or the currents she had encountered.
The Straits are notorious for their fickle ocean currents, including the powerful Gulf Stream. But whether Ms. Palfrey encountered problems with the Gulf Stream or a side eddy of that current or some other was not immediately apparent.
At last report about 10 p.m. EDT Saturday — roughly 39 hours into the swim — Ms. Palfrey was 79 miles from her starting point at a marina in the Cuban capital, according to an online GPS tracking report. She was positioned about 28 miles south-southwest of Key West.
But two hours after that report, it appeared, based on GPS data, that she had made difficult headway before scrapping her effort. GPS data released online suggested she had been averaging as much as 3 mph while swimming at her strongest Saturday, before her speed then slowed to 2 mph and less after sundown.
Earlier Saturday, however, Ms. Palfrey's crew reported she had been swimming steady and strong in calm, tepid ocean waters that were virtually ideal for the attempt at the record books. She also had reported no physical complaints other than the jellyfish stings more than halfway into the swim.
Ms. Palfrey sought to become the first woman to swim from Cuba to the Keys without the aid of a shark cage. Instead, she had been relying on equipment that surrounded her with an electrical field to deter the predators. Her support team consisted of more than a dozen navigators, handlers and medical personnel escorting her on the 44-foot catamaran Sealuver.
She said she spotted a few hammerhead sharks, and her crew said they delighted in dolphin pods spotted on the ocean.
After Ms. Palfrey set off Friday from Cuba, a member of her crew was tweeting to fans regularly, and her web page was updated with her location every 10 minutes or so based on data from a GPS device she wore. The daunting effort has been commonly reported as a 103-mile swim, but the GPS coordinates suggest it is more like 107 miles.
She faced numerous challenges, including the prospect of physical and mental fatigue and fending off dehydration, hypothermia and potentially dangerous marine life.
At the rate she was swimming, it was estimated the crossing would have taken more than 56 hours to complete — with arrival sometime Sunday in the Keys if she had kept going.
Australian Susie Maroney made the crossing in 1997 at age 22, but with a shark cage. American Diana Nyad made two unsuccessful cageless attempts last year on either side of her 62nd birthday but had to call them off because of a debilitating asthma attack and painful Portuguese man o' war stings. She has announced plans to try again this summer.
Copyright © 2017 The Washington Times, LLC.


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Jewish Student Union, Chicago, IL, USA
It has been great! I have been in the ETHS Israeli club for four years, and I am a president for my senior year. JSU always gets us to do the coolest things, and really shares the culture of Israel with both Jews and non-Jews in this diverse public high school.
More Feedback
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
The way that non-Jewish students in my high school love to learn about Israel through Israeli Club.
What I've enjoyed the most about my experience with this nonprofit is...
The really cool experiences we get to have because of the great funding.
The kinds of staff and volunteers that I met were...
Amazing! Everybody is creative, dedicated, and caring.
If this organization had 10 million bucks, it could...
Create even more programs and involve even more students!
Ways to make it better...
It's all been great!
How frequently have you been involved with the organization?
About every month
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


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About Me
About this Site
Curriculum Vitae
Expert Witnessing
For my Students
I had dinner in Comayagüela with Ángela, two of her cousins from Ceiba, and a baby. The conversation ranged from national university policies to our various health issues to the drug war. There was a lot of doting over the infant and passing it around. At some point one of the cousins brought up the recent visit of Mario, the second eldest of Ángela's 9 siblings. "Have you called him? He's waiting for you to call him. He has money." "Yeah, he flew in to Tegus from Ceiba, stayed in a nice hotel for three nights, and flew back on an airplane." "He's giving money to everyone. You have to call him!" Ángela nodded and said her mother had also been on her case and agreed, she should call Mario. The conversation continued along its path.
A couple days later we met for coffee and I brought it up. "So," I said, "that money…?"
She chuckled. "Oh yeah, I was meaning to tell you about that."
"Drugs, right?" I asked.
"Yeah, it has to be drugs."
She explained to me how among fishermen like Mario and her other older brothers, floating boxes of cocaine are not entirely uncommon finds. As I wrote about earlier this year, people who find bags of drugs on the northern coasts or waters of Honduras all know whom to bring them to, and those capos amply compensate the act, usually to the tune of 50K, US dollars, cash. To not do so would to be to risk death, and in any case would be stupid. Why turn it in to the police when the police are involved in trafficking themselves, and when they're helping the DEA to kill people who are suspected of having any drug connections? And why forgo the reward when there's so little paying work?
Within Ángela's community, at least, such finds are necessarily redistributed in a way that strengthens, reaffirms, and creates kinship ties. In her poor extended family—ranging from extremely poor to middle-of-the-road, getting-by-fairly-well and university-educated poor like Ángela—a Limited Good model of wealth distribution seems to guide the discourses of the poorest family members, who see the relative wealth of their less-poor kin as having been accumulated at their expense. Meanwhile, the less-poor family members tend to employ a Protestant ethic/developmentalist logic, blaming the extreme poverty of their family members on poor choices, bad morals, a disdain for formal education, and excessively high fertility.
In Foster's Image of Limited Good theory, the only legitimate way for Tzintzuntzeños to become rich was out of nowhere: to win the lottery, or discover buried treasure. In a sense, that is true here too. Of all the money distributed among the family, Mario kept the largest share for himself, and with it bought a house. In so doing he not only shifted his position within the range of familial poverty from more- to less-poor; he also strengthened the networks of familial solidarity, and in particular dyadic ties between himself and each family member through their acceptance of and thus complicity in his dangerous gifts. To not have distributed the money would have been looked upon very harshly, and could easily have caused irreparable rifts within the family.
I asked Ángela how accepting this money fit within the seemingly strict, religious mores of her family. I had heard her parents speak disparagingly of drug users. Her father, a retired public sector worker, goes to church every night. Her mother is one of those people who obsess about gang violence, not letting a conversation go by without two or three warnings to not go here or there, and to not associate with these or those people. Ángela chuckled again and said "They need the money. They look the other way."
"But," she told me, "It was different when [her eldest brother] Jorge actually got involved in dealing. It's one thing if they just find the drugs and turn them in to the capo for their reward. That's not really dealing. But when Jorge was actually in the business for a while, my mother went crazy. She was panicked, and was sure Jorge would get killed, and wouldn't shut up about it."
"Why did your mother know?" I asked.
"Of course she knew," she told me. "How was she not going to know?"
"But, I mean, couldn't Jorge just not have told her?"
Ángela rolled her eyes at me, as if to say "Ay, Adriana."
She explained further about the familial drug money redistribution scheme. "I've been aware of this dynamic within the family since I was, like, 11 years old. Most of the time we were poor, often hungry. But then every so often there would be a sudden influx of cash, and for a while, everyone in the family would be well-off. It's a tradition within our community to share." She told me she estimated it happened every couple years or so in her family.
Another couple weeks later, just before I was about to leave the country, I met up with Ángela again. "You won't believe this," she said in a low voice with a twinkle of clandestine thrill in her eyes as we sat in the mall cafeteria sipping our overpriced café drinks (my treat). "It wasn't drugs."
"What was it?" I whisper-shouted.
"It was a crate full of cash."
"Yes, a crate of cash. They found it wrapped up and floating off the coast of Trujillo. The captain gave Mario and all the other fisherman each a million lempiras [around USD $51,000]. So if he gave each of them a million, imagine how much he must have kept for himself!"
We laughed at this development, at the possible puns—"That's one way to wash your money!"—and at the fact that we'd never really thought before about how all those $20s were moved around outside of the banking infrastructure. Since it is a largely cash economy, after all, it makes sense that the same channels (in this case, ocean channels) that transfer the cocaine would also transfer the cash.
I asked Ángela if she had called Mario. She answered that she hadn't, and said she didn't know why. She didn't really have a moral objection, she told me. She actually seemed quite happy about the various purchases her family members had made- a computer for her younger sister's university studies, long-overdue healthcare treatments for her grandmother, Mario's house, etc. She just didn't want to take the money. I scolded her, saying she should at least give him a call to say thanks for thinking of her. It seemed (given the insistence of her cousins and mother) like a snub. More than a snub, it seemed to me that Ángela's refusal to participate in the redistribution scheme rendered her suspect, and put everyone at risk. "Huh," she said, with apparently genuine interest. "I hadn't thought about it that way." Then, just as she had told her cousins a few weeks earlier, she assured me she'd call Mario.
I thought for a long time about whether to write up these field notes. There's a lot of reflection that went into my ultimate decision to post them that I won't detail here (but hopefully will at some point). But the moral economy of a crate of cash is just too much of an ethnographic treasure chest to let float by.