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Tutorial: Floating-point arithmetic on FPGAs
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[Editor's note: For an intro to fixed-point math, see Fixed-Point DSP and Algorithm Implementation. For a comparison of fixed- and floating-point hardware, see Fixed vs. floating point: a surprisingly hard choice.]
Inside microprocessors, numbers are represented as integers—one or several bytes stringed together. A four-byte value comprising 32 bits can hold a relatively large range of numbers: 232, to be specific. The 32 bits can represent the numbers 0 to 4,294,967,295 or, alternatively, -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647. A 32-bit processor is architected such that basic arithmetic operations on 32-bit integer numbers can be completed in just a few clock cycles, and with some performance overhead a 32-bit CPU can also support operations on 64-bit numbers. The largest value that can be represented by 64 bits is really astronomical: 18,446,744,073,709,551,615. In fact, if a Pentium processor could count 64-bit values at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, it would take it 243 years to count from zero to the maximum 64-bit integer.
Dynamic Range and Rounding Error Problems
Considering this, you would think that integers work fine, but that is not always the case. The problem with integers is the lack of dynamic range and rounding errors.
The quantization introduced through a finite resolution in the number format distorts the representation of the signal. However, as long as a signal is utilizing the range of numbers that can be represented by integer numbers, also known as the dynamic range, this distortion may be negligible.
Figure 1 shows what a quantized signal looks like for large and small dynamic swings, respectively. Clearly, with the smaller amplitude, each quantization step is bigger relative to the signal swing and introduces higher distortion or inaccuracy.
(Click to enlarge)
Figure 1: Signal quantization and dynamic range
The following example illustrates how integer math can mess things up.
A Calculation Gone Bad
An electronic motor control measures the velocity of a spinning motor, which typically ranges from 0 to10,000 RPM. The value is measured using a 32-bit counter. To allow some overflow margin, let's assume that the measurement is scaled so that 15,000 RPM represents the maximum 32-bit value, 4,294,967,296. If the motor is spinning at 105 RPM, this value corresponds to the number 30,064,771 within 0.0000033%, which you would think is accurate enough for most practical purposes.
Assume that the motor control is instructed to increase motor velocity by 0.15% of the current value. Because we are operating with integers, multiplying with 1.0015 is out of the question—as is multiplying by 10,015 and dividing by 10,000—because the intermediate result will cause overflow.
The only option is to divide by integer 10,000 and multiply by integer 10,015. If you do that, you end up with 30,094,064; but the correct answer is 30,109,868. Because of the truncation that happens when you divide by 10,000, the resulting velocity increase is 10.6% smaller than what you asked for. Now, an error of 10.6% of 0.15% may not sound like anything to worry about, but as you continue to perform similar adjustments to the motor speed, these errors will almost certainly accumulate to a point where they become a problem.
What you need to overcome this problem is a numeric computer representation that represents small and large numbers with equal precision. That is exactly what floating-point arithmetic does.
Floating Point to the Rescue
As you have probably guessed, floating-point arithmetic is important in industrial applications like motor control, but also in a variety of other applications. An increasing number of applications that traditionally have used integer math are turning to floating-point representation. I'll discuss this once we have looked at how floating-point math is performed inside a computer.


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PolySure is Polypipe's radial press fit system, available in UK sizes, and installed using specialist crimping tools.
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I just bought a 1929 Gibson A Jr. That needs to be refinished due to someone putting some wipe on stain on her. I want to sand her down and refinish her with an amber color. What is the best way for a first time instrument refinisher to go?
I just bought a 1929 Gibson A Jr. That needs to be refinished due to someone putting some wipe on stain on her. I want to sand her down and refinish her with an amber color. What is the best way for a first time instrument refinisher to go?
Refinishing vintage instruments is considered to reduce the instruments' value, and is to be avoided under almost any circumstance. In your case, it would appear that someone else has irreversibly abused the instruments' finish. Unless you have a lot of experience finishing instruments, my advice would be to not attempt to refinish it yourself. Something like what you are describing comes under the category of restoration. If I were you, I would bring the instrument to a very experienced restorer/repairer for evaluation. Refinishing an instrument is not a trivial job; it is one of the most difficult aspects of woodworking. I have heard it said that there are many woodworkers who enjoy cutting wood, but relatively few who enjoy finishing it. Finishing requires a combination of equipment, chemical knowledge, and skill in application. The exact combination depends on what the original type of finish is. If you are lacking in any one of those things, the attempt at finishing will likely be a nightmare. Even removing the old finish is not trivial. An inexperienced finisher going at it with some sandpaper could compromise the appearance of the instrument permanently, and might compromise more than just its' appearance.
If you can read the serial number on the label, you might be able to trace the instrument through something like the Mandolin Archive, or maybe contact Gibson. If you can find it there, there might be some clues as to the type of original finish, and that is what should be put on the instrument.
I havn't finished an instrument in the past and what you are describing is just what I was wondering about.
I have done some wood work and even finished wood (longbows) with a hand rubbed oil finish but was not shure if a rubbed oil type finish was proper for an instrument.
I am not worried about "restoring" the mando to it's original glory just wanting it to be a "nice" blues mando. It may show up this week and have so much blues carater that I won't want to touch it but that's why I am checking with people to help decide the best course of action.
Thanks for the input.
Dan, you don't want to take the finish completely off if you can help it. It's quite possible that the stain did not penetrate all the way through the finish. If you are determined to do this yourself ( ), I would suggest first using some 3200 grit micro mesh and carefully sand a bit to see if the stain can be gotten off. You might try under the tailpiece first. If it can, you might start the painfully slow process of doing it to the instrument. Do not use a courser grit. The object is to use as fine of a grit as possible to do the job. It is quite possible that you might proceed to 6000, 8000, and 12000 grit to finish the job. You might even be able to start with 6000 grit...even better.
Oil finishes are not what is called for, rather if it has to be done, French polishing is the way to go. As that is rather difficult for a beginner, if you need it done, contact a violin repair person. Most good ones are pretty adept at it.
Hope this helps. The object is always not to decrease the value of the instrument, but to try to help it on it's way to restoration.
Good luck!
Thanks for all the input and I will have to see what the Mando looks like when I get back to the house Friday.
I like the idea of trying some 6000 grit mesh and see if the stain will "clean" off rather than "sanding" on my new mandolin.
I shure do hope the original finish is still intact.
Thanks again and cross your fingers that she looks better than expected and I won't be messing with her at all.
I'm probably just super cautious, but I would post a picture here to get input before doing anything at all to the instrument. The folks around these parts know what they are doing.
I have found that refinishing a old instrument or finishing a new instrument requires as much talent and craftsmanship as building one.
stringed instrument construction and repair
Got home to find my 29 Gibson Jr. A has arived. Tunned her up and she sounds wonderful, exacly what I was looking for.
As for the finish......The poor thing has been slopped with some sort of stain and a nasty job of it. I do have hope though. The area of the neck that get a lot of playing time has worn through the stain to the original finish. I rubbed on the surrounding area a bit with some used (clean but smoother than new) 2000 grit paper I had and it smoothed out the feel of the area (was kind of sticky, not wet sticky but not fast smooth) and started working through the slobber stain as I will call it.
Here is an overall shot and I will post other shots with questions next.
Here is a shot of the neck, the area at the first fret and above was as I found it and the area down the neck was after some rubbing for an hour or so. As you can see there are some scars and such but looks like she may could be cleaned up.... What ya think?
More to come.....
The label is in great shape and the body is solid other than the messy repair on the bottom of the back. It is a verry strong repair but they used a ton of glue doing it.
I would like to put a strap button of her but I am a bit nervious to do much with the plate (can't think of the name of the plate that holds the strings, Been a long week and as soon as I post this I will think of I know) I have thought of putting a heavier cast piece on her, what you guys think?
Came back to mention that the tailpiece (see I told You I would remember) I have see is the cast bronze Allen. I have also seen some other nice ones but I don't realy like the chrome/gold covered ones. I realise what I am talking about is not original but I think we are way far away from being original with this one....
Last edited by Dano Reible; Sep-12-2008 at 11:36pm. Reason: update info
I realy don't mind an instrument not looking new, afterall it's not new and I accualy love a distressed look but this thing looks like some kid desided to paint the thing with some sourt of stain and didn't care what he was doing. So what you all think, could I get a distressed look without ruining what is the most important thing afterall, the instrument integrity and sound (she sounds great) with some love and care?
Thanks in advance for any coments and sujestions!!!!
Hard to tell from the pix Dano, try some without flash outdoors. From what I see, I'd be inclined to say leave it be and call it a player. I'm more worried about the cracks around the tailpiece, but if they seem solid, you are OK.
The finish looks pretty beat, so I don't think any amount of sanding will help, and will probably make things worse. A complete refinish is possible, but I wouldn't recommend you do it, having someone experienced do it will cost a bundle and will likely not increase the value of the instrument.
I'd be inclined to just do this...
I woke up thinking the same thing but of course wishing something could be done. I wish I could even do a better job of coating her with some sort of finish to even out the look. but the sound is wonderful and at least I don't have to worry about putting the first nick in her now do I.
Anyone have any tailpiece recomendations? I would like to put a heavy one on there without a cover that I can install a strap button with. The one that's on there isn't much og one and the hole in the middle doesn't look big enough to put a button through.
Thanks All....
Changing the tailpiece will change the sound. It is possible to attach a strap to that type of tailpiece using a bit of shoelace or leather lace. As for the finish, try wearing it off a bit at a time through obsessive playing and practicing--works every time!
Thanks for the tip I didn't realise the leather would go through that slot and I now have me strap installed.
Getting to accualy like the way she looks. Like there is so much history in her and I just wonder what stories the mandolin could tell. Maybe the blues will spill out of her like tears..
Any specific instrument is different. I distinguish two paths.
First, restoring the old finish. That's where I suspect you are. Work the junk off what's left of the original. Remove the effects of working off the refinish. Put on the minimum amount of stuff required to bring the finish back.
Second, replacing the finish. Determine what will be the least harmful removal method and how far to go. Then neutralize whatever you used to take the refinishing junk off. Sometimes an instrument can be taken back to bare wood, sometimes works to take back to an original surface treatment. Then build up an entirely new finish, either matching the historic one or a new finish entirely. Gets into whether you desire buildup or want to keep things very thin.
Issues that arise in the restoration include expected durability, ability to patch in the original without mapping, and color matching.
French polish over the initial fill in, where possible, is nice. Easy technique. Especially if you can do the touchup polishes yourself over the years.
Anyway. If you want to learn small-instrument polishing I can show you. Located east TN. No big deal, but much much much easier to show in person!!!
Stephen Perry
www.giannaviolins.com - Primarily violin family
mandovoodoo.com - Acoustic blueprinting
35 miles from the Dragon, Great Smoky Mountains, TN


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Well here are the pic's. It all turned out great even with all the issues I had (i failed to mention I used GFS lump and ran empty halfway thru). 35lbs on the large went 20hrs even at 225 to 250 dome temp. Last 2 hours I bumped it to 300. Pulled it at 198. Reviews at the office were that it was the best they ever had and a lot of folks are taking the left overs. I could have gotten away with half (17lbs). Oh well, at least I am happy and ready to start tailgating for the game tomorrow. Go Green.
Sparty On!!!
Congrats on the cook, you nailed it and I'm sure learned a lot to apply to the next round.
I'm surprised by the GFS lump issue. GFS is rebranded Royal Oak that I have had good success with. If doing a low&slow I will load well into the fire ring and can easilty get 20+ hours and have plenty left for another cook. Regardless, you powered thru and had a great result. Enjoy the left-overs while tail-gating.


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Coach Bios
Carrie is from Aurora, Colorado, where she played volleyball for Aurora Central High. She played club volleyball at the well known Denver club, Front Range.
She played collegiate volleyball for Rollins College in Florida, where she was a two-time team captain.
Carrie began her coaching career at age 18 with Orlando Gold Volleyball Club. She coached in the boys 16s age group during her college years, and after graduating, she took over as one of two Directors of the club. Subsequently, she was the boys 16-1 coach for five years, during which her teams had high finishes at the East Coast Championships.
During her time in Florida, Carrie also was the head coach of the boys program at University High for five years, where her teams excelled, including an undefeated season her last year.
After moving to San Diego, Carrie began coaching at San Diego Volleyball Club, where she was the boys 16-1 coach her first year, then she assisted husband Darrell Dilmore for two seasons with the boys 18-1 team.
Carrie is a math teacher at Francis Parker High, where she coached the boys JV team for three seasons.
Carrie and Darrell are the dynamic duo of boys volleyball. Their reputation as top-notch coaches was upheld following 2008's outstanding Silver Medal finish at Nationals. We are pleased to have them as a part of the boys program at Epic Volleyball Club.


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Pelosi: House Took Strong Action Today to Curb Excessive Speculation in Energy Futures Markets
Speaker Nancy Pelosi released the following statement on House passage of the Commodity Markets Transparency and Accountability Act, legislation that takes crucial, common-sense steps to curb excessive speculation in the energy futures markets. The bill passed the House overwhelmingly by a vote of 283 to 133, and now goes to the Senate.
"This week, the Democratic-Led Congress has taken serious and comprehensive steps to ensure American energy independence and help consumers with the price at the pump.
"Earlier this week, we passed comprehensive energy legislation to put us on the path toward energy independence by expanding domestic supply, protect consumers with strong action to lower the costs of energy and to protect taxpayers by making Big Oil pay for its fair share of our transition to a clean, renewable energy future, ensure a clean, green future through energy efficiency and conservation, and commit America to renewable energy and help create millions of good-paying green jobs.
"Today, we have built on that accomplishment with another critical step to protect consumers and lower energy costs. Experts have testified before Congress that excessive speculation in the oil markets may be responsible for inflating oil prices by as much as $20 to $60 more per barrel. With the legislation passed today, we have taken strong action to curb excessive speculation in the energy futures markets, and make the market work for the consumer.
"The American people have been clear: it is time for an oil change. The Democratic-led Congress has responded by taking our country in a New Direction."
Source: http://www.house.gov/pelosi/press/releases/Sept08/curb.html


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Lenox Hill Neighborhood House's Health Insurance Enrollment Day
331 E. 70th Street
New York, NY 10021
Lenox Hill Neighborhood House is holding a Health Insurance Enrollment Day on Thursday, February 6!
Meet one-on-one with an application counselor to determine your eligibility for Medicaid, Child Health Plus or financial subsidies. Enroll in health insurance through the online marketplace -- NewYorkStateofHealth.ny.gov
Pre-registration required. Space is limited. Call Lenox Hill Neighborhood House at (212) 744-5022, ext. 1372 to make an appointment.
Co-sponsored by Senator Liz Krueger, Senator Jose Serrano, Assembly Member Dan Quart, Assembly Member Micah Kellner, and Council Member Dan Garodnick.
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text: And I say this is important not to rake in all the views and replies but because a lot of people are missing the point. Anyways, I don't know if someone already made a thread explaining this, but here it is: As you know, online play for the Wii is far less convenient and bearable than its competitors' (notably the X-BOX 360) style of online play. When you see a bunch of "awaiting registration" boxes floating around when you added a bunch of [random] people, this means that the other person has not entered your code into their system. Which is again all the more inconvenient. What the other person has to do is type YOUR code into THEIR system as well in order for the "exchange" to work. And walla! You're buddies. Don't expect a list of friend invites to conveniently aid you in your quest to add who you want to add to your limited list of 64 friends. They will not receive a message saying that they got a friend invite either. With that said, my brawl code (my signature is not changing for some reason, though I save it and repeatedly tried to change it but it's acting weird so) is: 0602-5954-4722 I added everyone on the list of brawl codes from NJ, NY and some of Connecticute as of last weeks update. So if you're included in there please add me. Was this of any help or was this just common sense to everyone reading this... :crazy:


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Scott Jagow: There's more to this story. The Securities and Exchange Commission is getting involved. The SEC wants to make sure Wall Street firms aren't hiding any subprime losses. More now from Jeremy Hobson.
Jeremy Hobson: We're talking about big, respected firms like Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch. And University of Delaware corporate governance professor Charles Elson says the SEC is doing the right thing.
Charles Elson: Totally appropriate and no surprise, given the turmoil in the credit markets.
Elson says the SEC has a responsibility to give shareholders in these firms an accurate picture of what's going on.
Elson: These securities that are in question are not typically traded on well-established securities markets. So it's hard to establish their precise value, but these are assets that affect these institutions' financial health.
Neither Goldman Sachs nor Merrill Lynch would confirm that the checks were going on. A Merrill Lynch spokesman said only, when the firm is asked by regulators for information, it cooperates.
In Washington, I'm Jeremy Hobson for Marketplace.


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Calling its own policy "unclear" and "difficult," Google opted Tuesday to kill off its restriction on pseudonyms for Google+ and YouTube accounts.
"Over the years … we steadily opened up this policy … Today, we are taking the last step: there are no more restrictions on what name you can use," Yonatan Zunger, chief architect at Google+, said in a blog post.
Privacy advocates had petitioned the company for years, insisting the restrictions on false names especially harmed "marginalized" society members, such as rape survivors or victims of stalking, who want to remain anonymous but still yearn to get a message out to hungry audiences who could share in their life lessons.
Google wasn't the only social platform under scrutiny for its naming policy; privacy groups also reeled when former Facebook marketing lead — and the founder's sister — Randi Zuckerberg said in 2011 that she would like to get rid of Internet anonymity altogether.
"I think anonymity on the Internet has to go away. People behave a lot better when they have their real names down," Randi Zuckerberg said."I think people hide behind anonymity and they feel like they can say whatever they want behind closed doors."
The name change policy didn't make all Google+ users happy; several commenters jumped on Zunger's post to declare their fondness for accountability.
"I loved the real names enforcement … So sad to see it go, let's hope it will not look like the Facebook mess," Lauren Dinclaux said. And user Chris Chase didn't hold back: "I'm not sure that I care for this change. Does this mean that YouTube comments will go back to being a steaming pile of monkey s**t? Anonymity has its place on the internet. I'm just not sure that G+ is that place."
But Google seems confident the policy change won't mean Internet trolls will roam free.
"Oh, don't worry. One of the reasons this is safe to launch is that our troll-smashing department has gotten very good at their jobs," Zunger said in response to the commenters. "I spent two years working closely with the YouTube team on comments, and I think we have a much better understanding of what turned them into the wretched hive of scum and villainy we all know."
Zunger indicated the change will likely affect the way comments are rated and shown, which perhaps opens the company up to a freedom of speech and censorship discussion.
[sharequote align="center"] "Our troll-smashing department has gotten very good at their jobs…" [/sharequote]
"It had to do with more subtle aspects of the interface there: things like "top comments" rewarding people for getting the most interaction, rather than the most positive interaction," Zunger said. "We've changed all of those broken behaviors that we could find and are definitely not changing those back."
What do you think? Do you prefer to have the option to be anonymous while using online forums, or do you prefer that real names be used to enforce accountability?


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Map of Belfield
Street Map of Belfield (New South Wales), Australia. Below map you can see Belfield street list. If you click on street name, you can see position on the map.
Belfield in New South Wales state on the street map:
List of streets in Belfield (nsw)
Click on street name to see the position on Belfield street map. In list you can see 59 streets.


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Barrie-Collingwood rail line to be decommissioned
COLLINGWOOD - It's the end of the line for the Barrie-Collingwood Railway.
Collingwood councillors have voted to discontinue the service as of July 15.
On Monday, councillors directed staff to begin the abandonment process of the line - specified under federal legislation - and begin investigating how much the municipality could get from selling the rails.
Council had decided during budget talks earlier this year to discontinue the service, after councillors were informed the Collingwood end of the line was slated to lose about $425,000 in 2011.
In 2008, the railway cost taxpayers $200,000 to operate.
Collingwood's chief administrative officer, Kim Wingrove, said some of the heavier-gauge rail could be 're-purposed' and sold for other rail services. Most of the rail, however, is of a lighter gauge, though still has significant value for scrap.
It was noted the move to decommission the line at this point - several months ahead of schedule - was to facilitate upgrades on the Poplar Sideroad, south of Collingwood. Decommissioning the rail now will allow the municipality to level out the section where the rail crosses the road.
The municipality will still own the corridor to Utopia.
Collingwood Coun. Dale West said if there was ever an intention to run passenger service in the future, the rails would be required to be torn up regardless as the current rails are not able to accommodate speeds greater than 10 kilometres per hour.
The corridor is also used for the Alliston-to-Collingwood water pipeline.
Wingrove said the three users at this end of the line - Canadian Mist, Amaizeingly Green and F.S. Partners in Stayner - have been advised that council would be considered decommissioning. Wingrove said all three industries are "fine" with the early termination.
Canadian Mist was using the rail service to ship out product, while Amaizeingly Green only used the line sporadically.
The municipality, in partnership with the City of Barrie, bought the former Meaford subdivision from CN in 1998, after the company announced it was initiating abandonment proceedings. The municipalities hired Cando Contracting, a short-line rail operator based in Manitoba.
The line was first built in 1855.
Passenger service was discontinued in 1963.


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Hello again folks, and finally we have the bottles, though I was staring to think they may have been a figment of our imagination, though when they finally arrived Thursday afternoon in time for us to take with us to Manchester, he assured me as he'd carried them in, that they were there, and breathe.
Those of you that have read our blog, will know I work for Chris and Sue, and we have now had one problem solved, great news for the brewery, but in my other life I hit another crisis, well isn't that a surprise?
I volunteer with a group in North Yorkshire, doing events for heritage railway, our first beer and band festival is 2 weeks away, when the plug was pulled on a brewery leaving us without several beers, one or two would have been fine, however 15 not so great, fortunately working for a brewery and several breweries rallying round, the beer festival will go ahead, so any of you in the Redmire area Spring bank holiday, get yourselves up to The WensleyAle Festival, beers, bands, fod and trains, what more could you want? On top of that we'll have 70 Fathom and of course Brigadista.
Brigadista was launched in Manchester and what a great night, drinking beer listening to Joe Solo, people were appreciative and welcoming and we can't thank everyone enough for being so welcoming, let alone the support we have received when we've got a bit bogged down.
Lobby those pubs and shops for bottles and casks and we'll see what we can do, I'm signing off now for an evening of Eurovision, enjoy yours folks!


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Legal Question in Real Estate Law in Pennsylvania
Hello. I'm considering a quit claim deed to transfer my house to my two adult children. My deceased wife's name is still on the house. Can I in one filing:
1) have my wife's name removed from the deed?
2) have my two adult children added?
3) have my name remain on the deed?
Thank you.
Asked on 7/15/13, 12:57 pm
1 Answer from Attorneys
John Davidson Law Office of John A. Davidson
You deed the house to your children. You'll need to have your wife's death certificate. Then a new deed. That said there are some tax issues that make what you want to do a bad idea, So before you hit Legal Zoom. Go ask a real lawyer to advise you of the income tax ramifications among anything. You can do it but check with a lawyer to figure out how to do what you want and not get whacked with taxes.
Answered on 7/15/13, 1:50 pm


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Route Grade Votings
Total votes cast 3
Adjacent Routes
A great route with a hard, well-protected crux. Climb the cracked wall to the right of the slab of rock at the base of the crag to the overlap. Pull through this to gain a single crack in the upper headwall. Make tough moves past this to easier climbing above and a ledge. 'Beached-whale' off the ledge via a weakness to an easier finish up the final slab.
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- select colour
it's an internet thing!
it's an internet thing!
"It's a great thing when you can show that you've been successful and that you've made a lot of money and that you've employed a lot of people."
"Great minds discuss ideas average minds discuss events small minds discuss people."Donald Trump on Eleanor Roosevelt
"Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds."Donald Trump on Albert Einstein
"Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them."Donald Trump on William Shakespeare
"One sees great things from the valley only small things from the peak."Donald Trump on Gilbert K. Chesterton
"All the great things are simple, and many can be expressed in a single word: freedom, justice, honor, duty, mercy, hope."Donald Trump on Winston Churchill
"Obama and his attack dogs have nothing but hate and anger in their hearts and spew it whenever possible."
"That's one of the nice things. I mean, part of the beauty of me is that I'm very rich. So if I need $600 million, I can put $600 million myself. That's a huge advantage. I must tell you, that's a huge advantage over the other candidates."
"Experience taught me a few things. One is to listen to your gut, no matter how good something sounds on paper. The second is that you're generally better off sticking with what you know. And the third is that sometimes your best investments are the ones you don't make."
"Sometimes your best investments are the ones you don't make."
"I have made the tough decisions, always with an eye toward the bottom line. Perhaps it's time America was run like a business."


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text:
Chapter Liability Insurance
It is almost time to purchase chapter liability insurance for your chapter. The annual premium for coverage is $1.00 per chapter member and is based on the number of members of your chapter as of October 1, 2013. In order to include this coverage for your chapter, AALL must receive your check and completed insurance form no later than Monday, October 21 2013. If you have any questions, please contact AALL Director of Finance & Administration Paula Davidson.
October Chapter Leadership Virtual Training Sessions
I hope everyone had an opportunity to register for these virtual training sessions:
Tuesday – October 1, 2013 at 2pm (central time)
Financial Management and Reporting
Presenter: Paula Davidson, AALL Director of Finance and Administration
Tuesday – October 8, 2013 at 1pm (central time)
Education Program Development Resources
Presenters: Celeste Smith, AALL Director of Education and Heidi Letzmann, AALL Education and Program Manager
Tuesday – October 15, 2013 at 2pm (central time)
Meeting Planning Tools and Resources
Presenter: Pam Reisinger, AALL Director of Meetings
2014 AALL Annual Meeting Program Proposals
A final reminder, that program proposals are due by October 7, 2013 for the 2014 AALL Annual Meeting in San Antonio, July 12-15. Your chapter members can find information for program proposers on AALLNET. The theme of the 2014 AALL Annual Meeting is Beyond Boundaries.
Chapter Visits
AALL has a commitment to its chapters to keep them informed of national issues and the activities of the Association. It's never too late to consider scheduling a Chapter visit. AALL will pay the visitor's travel expenses, so the visit is usually at no cost to your Chapter. You will benefit with a wonderful speaker and stay connected to the AALL Board. Simply fill out the chapter visit request form and return it to Kim Rundle. Information on policies and procedures for chapter visits can be found on the Chapter Visit page on AALLNET. Chapter visits are a great way to network and show off your chapter!
Chapter Listserv
I encourage all of you to use the Council of Chapter Presidents listserv (email@example.com) to share news about your chapter, as well as, ask questions or make comments about chapter leadership issues, and policies.
Join the AALL Advocacy Team
Your chapter can make a difference in the federal, state, and local issues that affect law libraries. The AALL Government Relations Office provides information on the policy issues in which AALL is involved and resources on effective advocacy. Please encourage your chapter members to take the brief Advocacy Team Questionnaire today to get in on the action! Chapter members can help to expand our advocacy influence and make a difference in the policies that impact our profession. Your chapter members can help to implement public policies that ensure no-fee permanent public access to official, authentic legal resources, create an equitable balance in copyright laws, protect the privacy of library users, and impact other key information policy issues.
AALL Board Agenda Items
Agenda items for the 2013 Fall AALL Executive Board Meeting, on October 31-November 2 are due October 7. All agenda items should be submitted electronically using the Agenda Item Submission Form on AALLNET. Please consult with me before you submit an agenda item, as I will be asked to explain your agenda item to the Board and will need to be familiar with the issue.
If you have questions or concerns for the AALL Executive Board, please let me know and I will be happy to bring them up for you.
JoAnn Hounshell
Chair of the Council of Chapter Presidents 2013-2014
Member Login


text:
Customer experience management software enables more engaging, personalized digital experiences
What's New
IBM Digital Experience V9 is now
available,click to learn more
IBM® Customer Experience Suite delivers rich, engaging and personalized web experiences through multiple channels. This customer experience management software integrates social and mobile technologies with content and analytics to help you anticipate customer needs and build brand loyalty. IBM Customer Experience Suite helps you respond to individual expectations, reach more customers and deliver exceptional customer experiences.
IBM Customer Experience Suite helps y ou:
- Create. Use customer experience management software tools to help you develop and manage dynamic content and rich media, and deliver them to a variety of channels.
- Target. Create more targeted campaigns and dynamically adapt content and offers based on user actions and preferences.
- Socialize. Make it easier for users to interact with your business and share ideas and opinions.
- Integrate. Communicate throughout multiple channels such as mobile devices, other websites, social sites, kiosks and email. Link to back-office applications, cloud-based services, social sites and more.
- Optimize. Use customer experience management software analytics to refine the online experience. Maximize sales opportunities, publish offers and improve content throughout all devices.
- Use customer experience management software tools to create microsites, portals and mashups, and manage content-rich media and documents.
- Reduce costs and save time by enabling content owners to create and manage rich web content more quickly without IT involvement.
- Use e-forms to automate forms-based processes. This helps you improve efficiency and become more responsive to customer needs.
- Use personalization to improve the online experience by delivering highly targeted and dynamic content.
- Personalize a user's experience based on identity, clicks, device, browser, social networks, location or even time of day.
- Adapt your strategies and tactics according to each visitor's preferences.
- Support and enable conversations with and between users through online communities.
- Use customer experience management software social capabilities to help improve customer services, enhance brand loyalty and resolve problems faster. These include user profiles, blogs, forums communities, ratings, commenting, polling, surveys and instant messaging.
- Adapt content to mobile devices including smartphones.
- Reach mobile customers more easily with targeted content and streamlined user experiences.
- Syndicate content into social networking sites.
- Make the most of your existing IT and web assets and resources. IBM Customer Experience Suite includes connectors and restful services to integrate the solution with existing data sources.
- Integrate your IBM customer experience management software with enterprise and desktop applications, commerce solutions, cloud-based services, social and rich media sites, databases, web services, widgets, portlets and analytics systems.
- Use customer experience management software tools to analyze social trends, user activities and content throughout your environment.
- Provide knowledge-driven search.
- Help optimize selling opportunities and capture new leads by improving cross-sell and up-sell opportunities.
- Publish dynamic offers and content.
- Run A/B tests to help determine content variations. Run multivariate tests to understand the effectiveness of different areas of a website.
IBM Customer Experience Suite resources
- Brochure: Anticipate, engage and deliver exceptional web experiences (674KB)
Learn how to create exceptional web experiences that redefine the ways we live, work and play.
- Announcement letter: IBM Customer Experience Suite
Read more about this software's social, mobile and integration capabilities.
- Video: IBM Customer Experience Suite
See how this software can help your marketing and sales, customer service and IT organizations improve your business.
- Analyst report: The Total Economic Impact Of IBM Exceptional Web Experience
Forrester Consulting examines the potential return on investment companies might experience from deploying IBM Exceptional Web Experience solutions.
Improve online experiences by using customer experience management software to deliver highly targeted and dynamic content to customers.
Create, find, join, and work with communities to grow customer interest and knowledge, deepen engagement, and improve self service.
Help customers discover experts or similar users to connect with by using tags to identify expertise and responsibilities.
Leverage existing investment in components & applications developed using a range of supported tools and frameworks.
Create and deploy custom-branded customer experiences with simple-to-use customer experience management software capabilities.
Use powerful customer experience management software tools to analyze social trends, user activities and content throughout your environment and benefit from knowledge-driven search.
Automate forms-based processes to improve efficiency and become more responsive to customer and market needs.
Access and interact with people, information and project materials more effectively to improve customer service.
Files and content libraries
Post, share, and discover documents, presentations, images, and organize and share more quickly.
Gain secure and optimized access to corporate assets and information, and collaborate on the go.
Content management
Empower content owners to quickly create and manage rich web content without IT involvement.
Blogs and wikis
Improve loyalty by providing simple ways for customers to provide feedback and ideas.
Speed site deployments and get started quickly with sample templates.
Tags and ratings
Allow customers to share their opinions using customer experience management software.
Choose the combination of authentication, authorization and single sign-on (SSO) that best meets your security needs.
Organize work, plan next steps, tap networks, and gather information to meet customer objectives.
Not in United States?
Considering a purchase?
Contact IBM
Considering a purchase?
- Email IBM
Or call us at: 1-877-426-37741-877-426-3774
Priority code: Commerce


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IDC/Zebra Research
More than 65 percent of European manufacturers said they plan to invest in plant floor visibility technology in the next three years as part of a push toward operational excellence, according to a recent IDC survey of more than 240 manufacturers.
In a report on the survey, IDC outlines the most critical initiatives for manufacturers during the next three years and the "extraordinary advancements" in technology that will support those efforts – RFID and 2-D barcodes in the short-term, and IoT (Internet of Things) in the near future.
Factors Driving Operational Excellence
Gain more plant floor visibility
European manufacturers believe that the most compelling approach to achieving operational excellence is through gaining better plant floor visibility. This means enabling plant floor personnel to have a better understanding of the status and performance of plant floor operations in an optimal timeframe.
Invest in Factory Automation
Manufacturers will continue investing in factory automation to standardize production, increase quality, and reduce operational costs. Automation will also enable enterprises to gather essential data from their plant floors in real-time.
Embrace green manufacturing principles: reduce, reuse and recycle.
Improve Manufacturing Flexibility
Making the plant floor more flexible will require manufacturers to completely rethink their plant floor in a way that it can be quickly reconfigured to fulfill frequently changing customer needs.
Improve maintenance management / assets utilization
Invest in plant floor IT
Manufacturers are realizing that investing in modern IT that can create a real-time decision making environment for plant floor employees will play an essential role in achieving better levels of operational excellence.
Remove unnecessary / non-value added activities
Increase sourcing from low labor-cost countries
Attract younger generation to work on the plant floor
Implement or extend existing lean / six sigma or other continuous improvement initiatives
Improve visibility along the supply chain
Improve quality
Outsource manufacturing operations
Reduce plant floor workers
Challenging Plant Floor Areas
All plant floor areas are still considered challenging
European manufacturers have a growing awareness of the importance of inbound and outbound processes which have traditionally been considered of marginal importance. Poor management of these processes may lead to excess inventory and poor customer fulfillment.
The excess of WIP (work-in-process), which is the result of suboptimal and disconnected operational processes, particularly material flow and production, is of notable concern.
Maintenance & Quality
Ancillary processes such as maintenance and quality are considered a challenge in the modern manufacturing enterprise, as they are typically poorly coordinated with manufacturing operations processes.
Maturity Levels of Plant Floor Visibility
IDC Manufacturing Insights created a set of five incremental definitions for plant floor visibility. Each definition describes a different level of maturity of plant floor visibility and supersedes the previous one in terms of business benefits (e.g., expected impact on business performance) and technology drivers (e.g., frequency of data collection, type of data collected). The five levels of plant floor visibility can be defined as follows:
+ 1. Limited
This is the lowest level of plant floor visibility definition where we positioned manufacturers that do not recognize or expect a particular impact of plant floor visibility on business performance. The key operational driver for these companies is merely cost cutting. These companies therefore have a very reactive attitude and would not invest in IT to support plant floor visibility. They would see this as a mere cost and in fact tend to still use manual data collection processes, supported by spreadsheets.
Plant floor visibility is not considered relevant or required
Expected Impact on Business Performance:
Low Impact
Operational Driver:
Cost Reduction
Frequency of Data Collection:
Data is manually collected from time to time
Type of Data Collected:
Enabling Technology:
Paper, spreadsheets
+ 2. Basic
Manufacturers at this level of maturity have basic visibility of plant floor data. This is generally limited to production data from a few areas of the plant floor. These organizations have made or are making focused investments in plant floor technologies such as factory automation, ruggedized handheld devices and barcodes. They are essentially able to gather production data from "fixed assets" (e.g., CNC machines, PLCs, controls) on a time-based fashion (e.g. at end of each day or end of each shift). This data is integrated into limited in scope manufacturing execution systems (MES) or ERP applications.
Basic visibility of production data that is gathered in some areas of the plant floor
Expected Impact on Business Performance:
Low Impact
Operational Driver:
Cost Reduction
Frequency of Data Collection:
End of Each Shift or Day
Type of Data Collected:
Data from fixed assets (e.g. CNC Machines, PLCs, controls, etc.)
Enabling Technology:
Factory automation, ruggedized hand held devices, barcodes, MES, ERP
+ 3. Integrated
This level of maturity is an extension of the previous one and includes those organizations that are able to gather production data from across the entire plant floor, including inbound/outbound, warehouses and production processes through widespread automation investments and end-to-end MES applications. These companies see production data collection as a way to save workers from time-consuming data entry activities, reduce overall operational costs, and improve quality, timeliness and reliability of data input.
Production data is gathered across all areas of the plant floor, including receiving, warehouse, production and shipping
Expected Impact on Business Performance:
Medium Impact
Operational Driver:
Cost Reduction
Frequency of Data Collection:
Event-driven (e.g. at the end of batches, work orders, production phase, etc.)
Type of Data Collected:
Data from fixed assets (e.g. CNC Machines, PLCs, controls, etc.)
Enabling Technology:
Factory automation, ruggedized hand held devices, barcodes, MES, ERP
+ 4. Extended
Going beyond automatic gathering of plant floor data, organizations with an "extended" level of plant floor visibility are able to measure plant floor performance in real-time by measuring dashboards of critical KPIs. Those companies believe that plant floor visibility has a high impact on business performance and strive to increase productivity rather than just looking for cost cutting opportunities. These organizations have extended their plant floor visibility capabilities through the use of RFID or other location-based technologies that enable real-time gathering of information, particularly from "moving assets" such as bins, pallets, racks, parts, finished goods, tools, etc.
Real-time dashboards enable to understand the status of most critical KPI
Expected Impact on Business Performance:
High Impact
Operational Driver:
Increase productivity
Frequency of Data Collection:
Type of Data Collected:
Data from moving assets (e.g. bins, pallet, racks, parts, finished goods, AGV, tracks, fork-lifts, tools, etc.)
Enabling Technology:
+ 5. Advanced
The most advanced organizations in this maturity framework are those that believe that plant floor visibility has a very high impact on business performance and is a fundamental enabler for faster decision making on the plant floor. These organizations not only have invested in automation and RFID to enable real-time visibility across the entire plant floor, they have also adopted advanced technologies such as Big Data analytics, social business, cloud, and Internet of assets to create a real-time, collaborative decision-making environment that enables their plant floor employees to make informed decisions faster.
Plant floor visibility is fundamental to achieve faster decision-making capability on the plant floor. This enables autonomic or self-healing processes, teams and production systems
Expected Impact on Business Performance:
Very High Impact
Operational Driver:
Increase productivity
Frequency of Data Collection:
Type of Data Collected:
People knowledge and collaboration
Enabling Technology:
Big Data Analytics, Social Business, Cloud, Internet of Assets
Evolution of the Maturity Framework
With an average level of plant floor visibility between "basic" and "integrated", the framework highlights how many European manufacturers are still immature in their understanding of plant floor visibility. But for how long?
In three years from now, the level of plant floor maturity will be significantly higher than today among European manufacturers. What are you waiting for?


text:
Enable or disable IP header compression in PPP
Updated: October 14, 2010
Applies To: Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 7
You can use this procedure to enable or disable the IP header compression in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) packets sent over dial-up or other slow links.
IP header compression involves negotiation between two computers as to what is compressed and how. It can reduce the size of packets, improving the throughput on a slower communications link.
Any user account can be used to complete this procedure.
If you want to modify the connection you are currently using, disconnect from the server.
Open the Network Connections folder and view available connections.
Right-click the connection that you want to modify, and then click Properties.
On the Networking tab, click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), and then click Properties.
On the General tab, click Advanced.
Under PPP Link, select or clear the Use IP header compression check box.
IP header compression is not a configurable option for IPv6.
For more information on IP header compression, see RFC 2507 and RFC 3544. (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=121).
See Also


text:
Franken drops Becker County ballot claim
ST. PAUL - Becker County officials will not have to explain their unusual handling of a group of ballots in the U.S. Senate election trial.
Al Franken's campaign today dropped its objection to the inclusion of 61 ballots from the northwestern Minnesota county in the Senate recount.
The Democrat's campaign recently raised concerns about how county officials handled those ballots, which were misplaced for a few days beginning election night. The campaign also claimed it was not told of that problem until after the ballots were counted for the first time during the statewide recount.
That issue was among several Franken's campaign had prepared to bring before the trial's three-judge panel when it begins to make its case in the proceeding next week.
"We made a decision for the sake of judicial efficiency and keeping the election contest on track and moving that we would agree to withdraw the Becker County claim if it was going to be the source of delay and consternation," Franken attorney Marc Elias said.
Coleman netted 22 votes out of that pile of 61 ballots, Franken's campaign said.
Becker County Auditor-Treasurer Ryan Tangen has said that on election night the ballots were mistakenly placed in a box that was not moved to an election center, where ballots are stored, until the stack of ballots were found a few days later.
The ballots then were stored securely until the recount, when state officials advised Becker County's election crew that it could count those ballots, Tangen said.


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Young Eagle Corsair A-7 conversion help.
The Young Eagle is a 120g, 26.7" wingspan foam model. It it rumored that you can bash this into a EDF R/C model. I already ordered it. It looked too fun to pass up.
I posted on the open board, and got kinda bashed, for not doing my homework, and not being smart enough to post in the proper forum, so here goes.
I wish to power this EDF conversion with one of three EDF's.
1. Blue Blaster. Recommended by website I purchased kit from. 35 Watt, 143g with 5@270 cells. Static thrust, 3 oz. Reccomended wing area, 150-200" on a 16-20oz. model
2. Red Blaster. designed to run on 1-3 800mah batteries. 6 oz. thrust. 105g with 3@800 cells.
3. Knight and Pridham KP-44. I have no specs on this motor. I would like some.
I also wish to know if it would be possible to power one of these small, low draw?, light fans with a 2 cell Li battery.
I admittedly do not have the experience or knowledge to figure this out on my own. So what will probably happen ( unless I can get some good advice ) is I will end up with 3 DF units, and have to purchase a foam cutting setup to make some new DF models for my spare motors.
That's the same kit.. Some sites list them as Young Eagle, but it's the same product line, as far as I can tell. You still cleaning out the garage, btw??
Check out Electric Jet Factory they have a conversion of the A-7 to EDF. See http://220.127.116.11/docs/a7doc.pdf for the instructions.
Bob Ruff
PS Still cleaning. ;-)
[This message has been edited by bruff (edited 08-01-2001).]
I saw the conversion page, great stuff.
I will follow it closely when my little A-7 arrives.
But the real kicker for me is can I shoehorn in those long-life Li batteries?
I would love to fly some long "missions" with this bird.
ok, i looked at the EJF turbo 200 and reg 200. the reg 200 makes 3.5 oz of thrust on 4@600AE cells. Thats a pretty sweet number
But I still want to continue discussing this project, and the optimum motor/battery configuration.
Quick run down on EJF 200 vs. Blue Blaster.
the EJF+4 600mahAE cells: 142.56g 3.5oz. thrust
the BFB+5 300mah cells: 142.9g 3.0oz. thrust
for .5oz more thrust, not considering the addition of one more 600mah cell (28g) the EJF is the superior mini DF. and its significantly smaller, the drawback or gain yet to be seen.
25 min flights would be all my heart could take, and better than Disneyland if it works.
[This message has been edited by watersharer (edited 08-01-2001).]
[This message has been edited by watersharer (edited 08-01-2001).]
More in the A-7 saga.
EJF sells this same plane. They claim 13-15oz all up weight. I believe it.
This complicates things tremendously, as I suspect 3, or even 6 ( Red Blaster ) oz of thrust may be insufficient to power 13oz of very careful built jet.
As EJF makes a EDF400 w/ 8 oz static thrust, this sounds much better, but the added weight+added battery+largerBEC/ESC+higher current draw.....
I calculated weights with the EJF 200EDF. With a fairly generous margin for building, I project 350g. 13oz. With a 3.5oz thrust powerplant. 27% power to weight. Sounds a little weak.
But to go to the 8oz thrust EDF400, I add an additional 132.3g of motor and battery. 18oz plane, 8 oz thrust. 5oz of weight to gain 4.5 oz of thrust. 44% power to weight.
Now if I could just run that EDF400 off of my 51g Li battery, I get back in line with my weight, saving almost 150g. More than the weight of my power upgrade! 61.5% power to weight.
Can 3 Li cells pull 10-12A?
[This message has been edited by watersharer (edited 08-01-2001).]
[This message has been edited by watersharer (edited 08-01-2001).]
Oh I just cant stop.
I saw a blurb about guys using their Tadiran Li cells at up to 3.5A draw, successfully. Long term effects unknown, but this really seems to me to be a crucial issue for many small electrics.
The general consensus around here seems to be, "Don't risk it." Good advice.
But does anyone have any experience running Li cells at higher draws?
5 oz of battery could make a lot of difference for a lot of planes. And if Li cells can be used at even, say 2.8A per cell... thats 8.4A. Speed 300 class power. Heck, properly propped, many planes could draw 8A, if they could just shed a little flying weight. And what about a 6 cell 1600mah Li pack? Properly wired, for 9v, thats 12A of draw@ 2A per cell. At 102g. About half the weight of a 800mah NiMh. Manufacturers recommended daily allowance of fun anyone?
Can someone please tell me if I am completely off my rocker here?
Very interesting indeed. Well, I too have been told the Lion cells cant put out the current needed. But, I have some things that might answer some questions.
I have EJF EDF 400 fans sitting around.
I also have a good supply of Lion cells from old laptop packs whose smart circuits went bad, cells are fine.
I will have to wire some of them up to the EDF 400 and see what kind of current I can pull from them.
The problem with the low current is you will need to put the cells in parallel to get the cumlitive current form them. That means lower voltage and more or less you will need to double the cell count to get the voltage up. If you can in fact get about 3.5 A form them, than 2 cells in parallel will get you about 7 A but at nominal Voltage, about 1.5 V? I think this is why the Li Ion cells are not used, once you double up the cell count, your way to heavy. NiHh seem to be the better cells with around 20 - 25 A max current figures.
So the question is what type of voltage dose your motor need? It would take 4 LI Ion cells to get 7A at about 3V. 6 cells to go to 10A at 4.5V and so on. I am not sure how the Li Ion cells stack up against NiMh as far as weight, but you can bet that if they were a better mouse trap for EDF, they would be in use. I have not hered of anyone using them. They are used in laptops because of the high life capacity, the laptops do not draw much current so its not a problem.
according to motocalc the 4 and 6 battery set up are the most efficient.
Here's the poop, straight from the motocalc's mouth.
2 cells: 3.3A, 3.4oz thrust, AUW 8.8oz
4 cells: 7.3A, 7.9oz thrust, AUW 10.1oz
6 cells: 9.4A, 10.2oz thust, AUW 11.3oz.
this is what I plugged in to get these numbers.
Motor: AF brushless 010, weight 1.9oz (including EDF unit)
Battery: Tadiran Li 3.6v cells 2-6, .62oz
Drive: Red Flame Blaster
Speed Control: Astro 800 brushless
Airframe: basic Robart F-16 for coeff., the modded wingspan to 25.1" (680mm), 160 sqin area, and a empty weight of 5 oz.
I arrived at 5 oz weight for empty frame by taking shipped weight ( 120g) and adding 1.5 oz of glue, hinges, ect. This may end up being more, but without completed airframe, tough to accurately predict.
Speed Control:
[This message has been edited by watersharer (edited 08-01-2001).]
I do believe that your EJF EDF400 may pull to many amps for LI.
But the 010 pulls half the current of a 400, and still makes its power.
How are you setting up your batteries in motocalc. You looking to do series or parallel packs? Which one do we normally use. I'm always getting these two mixed up.
series + to -
parallel + to + and - to -
Is that right? Anyway. Is their a way to tell motocalc which way you want your battery packs configured? Interesting thing is if you put 2 motors in series the amps drom to 3.5. Bet that'll get you thinking.
Actually, on an after thought. I don't think I have a clue as to what I'm talkng about.
[This message has been edited by Foxtrot (edited 08-01-2001).]
I think that is the root of the confusion here. Ill try to brek it down quick and easy. First off, yup. + to - to + to - is series. In series, the cells will have additive voltage, that is 1.5 V + 1.5 V = 3V. Thats cool BUT, to max current will be the max current of ONE cell. So if the Li Ion Cells are 1.5 V with 2 amps max, with 2 cells in series we get 3V at 2 amps.
Parallel is + to + and - to - .
in parallel current is cumlitive wich means 2 of the above cells gives you 4 A,,,,, BUT voltage is = to V max of one cell. So we get 1.5 V and 4 Amps max.
So you can take your 8 cells and put them in series and get the 8V or so but still only get 2 Amps from the pack.
Put the same 8 cells in parallel and get 16 Amps but only 1.5 V . The 1.5 V may not even be enough to spin the fan.
The best solutioin for this low current cell, is a series / parallel combination pack. That means we make up say two packs of 4 cells in series, and put the two pack in parallel with each other and get a total of 6 V @ 4 Amps.
You can get 6 V @ 6 Amps by adding another 4 cells in series with each other by in parallel with the other 2 sets of 4. Thats not a bad voltage and current figure, but you now are up to 12 cells! . Like was said before in the post, if you can get it to fly, it will be up there a while as moto calc has suggested.
So you can see how even though you can get either the Voltage or the Amps you need but not both. You need to double or tripple the cell count to get the numbers you need.
You can get the numbers you need from the correct series / parallel combo, BUT, you now need to do the weight, space, and cost figures and see if it adds up.
Now, realize that as you start to push the Max current of a cell, the Voltage begins to drop and the cell can be damaged . Also, the nominal voltage of a cell differs by the material it is made from and nominal voltage is the voltage the cell maintains with NO LOAD. There is ALWAYS a drop in voltage when a cell is loaded.
Hope this helps, sorry about any misspelled stuff, I am a BAD speller .
[This message has been edited by JasonJ (edited 08-01-2001).]
what about if I use 3.6v cells?
6 cells wired as 3 parallel packs at 7.2v
would this work?
3@2A=6A which is real close to my target of 7.1A ( per motocalc)
|Thread Tools


text:
Mistletoe is on the march. While many aspects of Christmas appear leaner and meaner this year, there is consolation for romantics in a bumper crop of the festive plant.
There are an unusually high number of white berries on mistletoe this season and shoppers can expect to pick up a bargain.
'We don't know for certain why there are so many berries, but it could be because we had a mild winter last year when the flowers were being fertilised,' said Jonathan Briggs, who runs Mistletoe Matters in Gloucestershire. 'According to tradition, a man should pluck a berry when he kisses a woman under a branch of the plant and when the last berry is gone there should be no more kissing. With so many berries this year it should certainly be a good Christmas for kissing.'
Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that grows on a wide range of trees, particularly apple, poplar and lime. In Britain it is mainly harvested in Herefordshire, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire. Only female mistletoe bears berries, which ripen in October and November, turning from green through yellow to a pearly white. The quality of a piece of mistletoe is measured by the number of berries on the branch.
It is harvested around Christmas and much of it is sold at the famous mistletoe market in Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire, where prices this year are expected to be low.
The custom of kissing under the mistletoe originates in Scandinavia, where it was seen as a plant of peace and harmony. The sticky white berries held between suggestively splayed leaves also made it an ancient fertility symbol.
Tradition dictates that girls who refuse to be kissed under the mistletoe will remain old maids.


text:
Heart Failure: Avoiding Colds and Flu
Topic Overview
If you have heart failure, it is important that you do as much as possible to avoid catching colds, the flu, and other respiratory infections. Although these may be relatively minor illnesses in healthy people, they are more dangerous if you have heart failure, and you are at higher risk for dangerous complications, such as pneumonia.
Related Information
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
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Christmas Presents
Christmas has traditionally been a time where people exchange presents with the people in their life that they love. Just past midwinter, the shortest day of the year, December 25th is a time to celebrate the coming year ahead, and in the past it was a celebration of having endured the darkest months of the year. Nowadays the tradition of giving presents is said to be in emulation of the Wise Men who are said to have given baby Jesus gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh on the eve of his birth over two thousand years ago.


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Delhi: Essential Taj - 1 Day
Explore the legendary sights of Agra, from the imposing Red Fort on the banks of the Yamuna River, with its numerous beautiful mosques and palaces, to the iconic white marble Taj Mahal, one of the world's greatest masterpieces, on this day tour from Delhi.
Trip Highlights
Not Included
Departing Delhi early in the morning we begin our drive towards Agra. Upon arrival we head to the monumental Red Fort on the banks of the Yamuna River. Dating back to the 16th century this imposing red sandstone fortress once encompassed the imperial city of the Mughal rulers, and within its fortified walls you can still find evidence of the empire's grandeur. Enter the fort through one of the four grand gates and discover the enchanting Pearl Mosque and a number of stunning palaces, including the Jahangiri Mahal, Diwan-i-Am, Moti Masjid and Diwan-i-Khas.
Following lunch at a local restaurant we make our way to the legendary Taj Mahal for a guided tour. The spectacular white marble mausoleum was meticulously planned and constructed over a period of 22 years between 1631 an 1648 as a testament of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan's undying affections of his most beloved wife. This magnificent structure was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 and continues to be one of the most universally recognised and admired masterpieces in the world. We leave Agra and begin our drive back to Delhi, arriving in the evening.
Prices & Dates
The 'per person' price is based on 2 persons or more undertaking the day tour together. If you are travelling solo and booking this tour on your own the 'Single supplement' needs to be added to the 'per person' price.Read More


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Wales vs Portugal Euro 2016 preview: Cristiano Ronaldo can not afford to let this final opportunity pass by
There must have been moments, even for a man so crammed with self-belief, when Cristiano Ronaldo feared that this would be another early flight home, another missed chance, another tournament in which he was unable to drag his team to glory. Portugal drew all three of their group games, and were 1-0, 2-1 and 3-2 down to Hungary before getting that third point that sent them through.
It took Portugal 117 minutes to get a shot on goal against Croatia in the last sixteen, but when Ronaldo's shot was saved, Ricardo Quaresma put in the rebound, still their only real win from five games. They were on the back foot for most of their quarter-final against Poland, but won on penalties.
Now Ronaldo finds himself facing a semi-final against Wales, a prospect that would have been scarcely believable one month ago. Even given Wales' noble over-performance, this semi-final is still a world away from the clashing giants in Marseille on Thursday evening.
Portugal are no strangers to semi-finals, having lost to Spain in 2012 and France in 2006. But this is a far better chance than either of those. This is the best chance Portugal and Ronaldo have had to win something since 2004, when they ran into a spoiling Greek side in the Euro final who ruined their party with a 1-0 win in Lisbon that no-one expected. Nineteen-year-old Ronaldo left the pitch in tears.
Since then Ronaldo has won three European Cups, four domestic titles and three Ballons d'Or, marking him out as the best European player of his generation. He is now 31 years old and has passed his peak as a player. He is not the dashing young hope of this team out on the wing, but Portugal's leader and spearhead up front.
Back at Euro 2004 Ronaldo played in a team with Luis Figo, Deco and Rui Costa, but now he is the main danger in a team which plays conservative minimalistic football. Coach Fernando Santos does not find a starting place for Joao Moutinho, their best creative midfielder, preferring to trust in two banks of four and the occasional threat on the break.
It is similar to the football Greece played when they beat Portugal twice in 2004, and it is no surprise that Santos spent much of his career there. Portugal could very plausibly do to France or Germany what Greece did to them three European championships ago.
All tournament Ronaldo has looked like a man who knows that this is his last best chance at this level. He will be 33 by the time of the next World Cup in Russia, and for a player so reliant on physical power he cannot count on producing so much of it in two years time. This is an open Euros, thanks to the format and the lack of top rivals.
That is why Ronaldo was so furious when Portugal blew their opening-game lead to Iceland, prompting his laughable comments about Iceland having a "small mentality". That is why he has looked so tense away from the pitch, throwing a journalist's microphone into a lake when he did not like a line of questioning. That explains the contrast with Gareth Bale, more relaxed, more happy to drink in his first tournament experience, more excited at 27 years old about what him and his team may be able to do at the next tournament or the one after that.
But almost all of that nervous energy and desperation has been backed up so far. Ronaldo may never have played in a team that sees less of the ball than this one, but, penalty miss against Austria aside, when he does get it he is doing enough to keep them alive. He scored twice against Hungary to keep Portugal in the group stage. He set up Quaresma's winner at the death against Croatia. He converted his penalty in the shoot-out against Poland, setting the tone with Portugal's first kick rather than futilely waiting for the fifth as he did against Spain four years ago.
So Ronaldo will go into Wednesday's duel with Wales consumed by the importance of not letting this opportunity go. This year has been good to Ronaldo: less than six weeks ago he won the Champions League despite not playing especially well for Real Madrid over the run-in. Having won that trophy twice in the last three years, he now has a medal-haul that does more justice to his remarkable individual performances.
If Ronaldo were to leave Paris on Sunday night with a European Championship medal too, it would add a whole new dimension to a lifetime of achievement. It would elevate him into a group of players – Zinedine Zidane, Diego Maradona, Michel Platini – who dominated both the club and international games. That is not a category that Lionel Messi currently belongs to, having lost his third international final in three years with Argentina last month, prompting an exasperated international retirement.
But these judgements, as definitive as they sound, often obscure a simple but forgotten point, that football is still a team game. That is why Leicester City won the Premier League this year. Or why Atletico Madrid have gone toe-to-toe with the giants for the last few years. Or why England went out to Iceland last week, while Wales have reached the semi-finals.
And as desperate as Ronaldo is to win this, he knows that it is not entirely in his hands. Even football's great individualist, the Ballon d'Or obsessive, the man who has done more than anyone else to recast football from a collective to an individual pursuit is still just one of 22 players on the pitch in Lyon on Wednesday night. As Bale said, it is 11 against 11, not just a duel of two stars.
Even if Ronaldo does not see it that way.