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Moyea SWF to Video Converter F.A.Q
FAQs in this section is applicable to all products of Moyea SWF to Video Converter Family, including SWF to Video Converter Pro, SWF to Video Converter Standard, SWF to iPhone Converter, SWF to iPod Converter, SWF to PSP Converter, SWF to Zune Converter, SWF to Apple TV Converter, SWF to MPEG Converter, and SWF to 3GP Converter. If you stilll could not solve your problem here, please feel free to contact our online support center or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com
1. The program tells me that I haven't installed Flash Player ActiveX Control, what do I need to do?
To download Flash Player ActiveX Control plugin. Please dwonload Flash Player ActiveX Control here flash9playercontrol.exe and install it.
2. What Flash files does SWF to Video Converter support?
SWF to Video Converter supports both compressed and uncompressed Flash Movie (.swf) files. Windows Flash Projector (.exe) files are also supported. If you encounter difficulties in installing Flash Player ActiveX Control, please try visiting the website of Adobe at: http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi
?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash&promoid=BIOW via Internet Explorer(IE), not Firefox or other browsers.
3. What files does SWF to Video Converter output?
SWF to Video Converter Pro and Standard can both convert your Flash file to MPEG1/MPEG2, AVI, MPG, VOB, MP4, 3GP, 3G2, MOV, WMV, FLV, DV, AAC, WMA.
4. I cannot save the height and width I have set, Why?
This program does not support height and width that are not the mutiples of 4, If you want to set height and width in such numbers, the program will automatically make deductions of the input numbers to make them multiples of 4.
5. Can this program convert all Flash Projector files?
No. Only Windows EXE Flash Projector files by Macromedia are supported.
6. What is the difference between AVI and AVI with alpha?
An AVI file with alpha has an alpha transparent channel, and through this channel, the AVI with alpha file can be added to other video files by video editing software to do alpha blending.
7. What are the video codecs with VFW extensions?
Apart from the built-in codec in SWF to Video Converter, the codecs detected from your computer are also supported by the program. These codes are called VFW codecs.
8. The output quality is not high enough. How do I improve it?
The final output quality depends on the video codec and the video bit rate. With the same bit rate, MPEG4 is better than the old codecs such as Cinepak and H263. With the same codec, the higher bit rate, the better quality and the bigger final file size, vice versa. You can also check the option for 32 bits/pixel after you click "Convert" button and click the " Show Advanced Settings" button.
9. I want to convert my Flash file to AVI with no quality loss and import it to a video editing program. What settigns shoud I make?
For video, you can choose lossless codec. The program has a non-loss compression video codec-MFZ0 (MyFlashZip0). For audio, you can choose PCM.
10. I am using VFW to encode my AVI file, but the file size is too big (or the video quality is pretty bad) regardless of what bit rate I set.
Some VFW codecs do not support setting bit rate outside the codec. On this occasion, you shold use the settings of the codec itself.
11. What is the difference between manual conversion mode and automatic conversionmode?
In manual conversion mode, users can interact with the file, like clicking the buttons and control bars. And it is up to the users when to finish capture. So this mode works well with files that need users to interact.
In automatic conversion mode, the file will jump to the next frame if the current frame is paused by the original file itself. And the capture will be automatically finished.
12. What is the difference between automatic conversion in single mode and the the batch mode?
The batch mode enables you to conversion multiple files by clicking the "Convert" button if there is not any changes when converting. You should confirm the conversion settings in single mode. The batch mode ensures you that the capture is automatic finished if you do not specify the end time, and the conversion will not stop if you do not cancel or skip the conversion.
13. The program tells me that I didn't make the correct settings when I click "Convert". What should I do?
Please try to change video codec, video size, video frame rate, audio sample rate, audio bit rate or audio channel to see if it works.
14. When should I choose to reduce Capture Speed?
Lowering the Capture Speed can avoid losing frames. If your CPU is not very advanced or your Flash file is CPU intensive, please lower the Capture Speed. It will not affect the playback speed of the output file.
15. When I play the converted file, it is very jumpy, both the video and the audio. How can I fix this?
You can lower the Capture Speed and try again. Usually lowering Capture Speed will fix this.
16. How do I convert a part of my Flash file?
In the convert window, click the "Start Play" button and the program will start to play your Flash file for conversion. Then the button on the bottom will be shown as Start Capture. Click it if you want to set the current frame as the first frame. After you click it, it will be shown as Finish. Click Finish when you see the frame that you want to set as the last frame. If you want to capture from the very beginning, you can just click Start Capture when it begins to play. Then the button will be shown as Finish. Click it if you want to set the current frame as the last frame.
17. The converted AVI file can be played on the computer on which I did the conversion, but it cannot be played on other computers. What has gone wrong?
To play AVI files, correct codecs should be installed. For example, if you want to play AVI files encoded by DIVX, you should install DIVX codec on your computer. MFZ0 is a video codec that developed by our company, you can download the codec of MFZ0 from MFZ0Codec.exe.
18. The output AVI file is even bigger than 2G. Can it still be played by Windows Media Player?
Windows Media Player does not support playing AVI files that are bigger than 2G.
19. What kind of settings do I have to set if I want to get Zune movies?
With Moyea SWF to Zune Converter, you can select the commonly used profile. The key point in this aspect is the proper choice of video size and codec. The popular video size and codec are offered in the profile for your reference.
With Moyea SWF to Video Converter Pro or Moyea SWF to Video Converter Standard, you can choose Zune Movie (*wmv) from the Profile to specify the output format. Then the program will offer the possible choices of video size, codec for you to choose from.
20.Why sometimes my video and audio is not sync to each other in the result video?
Sometimes, the streaming audio in flash movie will cause the out of sync problem.
To this problem, I would like to explain to you that Flash Player is not played according to the frame rate which is set when designing the SWF file. There is a post named "Frame rates in the Flash Player" which is written by the developer can help you to understand this point http://www.kaourantin.net/2006/05/frame-rates-in-flash-player.html.
If you want that a SWF file can be played in the same duration under different browser, different machine or the same machine but the different time of the day and to get the best result, we suggest to change the streaming sound to event sound, and disable the "Audio Streaming" setting in the Publish Setting Dialog Box when you export flash to swf.
21. why sometimes only first one or two frames get captured and converted?
It maybe your swf file has only a few frames, please convert in manual mode. And it is up to you when to finish capture by clicking on the "Finish" button.[ Top ]
22. I keep getting the message saying "Flash Player ActiveX Control not found or the controls version is lower than 7" when trying opening the program. I have installed the latest Flash ActiveX (9) installed, but the program still cannot run. Any ideas?
As to the error message, please update the SWF to Video Converter to the latest version from the download link included in the confirmation email that we previously send to your registration email address when you purchased, then it will be OK.
-- From Med vennlig hilsen
Thanks for your great work – and keep up with the good work.
-- From Jay Burt
-- From Rajesh Madhawarayan .........


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Meet Coolbean the Soybean! He's a super bean, but he has something very important in common with kids everywhere. He needs the support and knowledge of his family and friends—including an awesome farmer and some smart scientists—to grow up.
Interactive features include complete voice-over read-along text, simple animation, videos of planting and harvesting equipment, and a review quiz.
Check your device for compatibility with the epub3 format, which is supported on iBooks and some Android readers. Certain Android readers and Kindle devices do not yet support epub3 interactive features.
Available from ASA, CSSA, SSSA
In a hands-on inquiry activity, students observe and document the first two stages in the life cycle of a soybean plant: germination and the development of a seedling.
Using a random sample of edamame, students will collect, present, and interpret data to determine the number of beans a soybean pod is likely to contain.
Check out Coolbean's TV appearance with Alice in Dairyland.
COOLBEAN the Soybean is published by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, with generous support from the Wisconsin Soybean Marketing Board.
Volume discounts are available for purchases of 15-99 and 100+ copies. Email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Also available at Amazon.

subset: commoncrawl


text: "After an off-set accident involving Sullivan Stapleton, there has been a change in the Strike Back production schedule. Following completion of shooting in Thailand, production in Hungary will be on hiatus to allow him time to recover. We plan on resuming production in the fall. HBO/Cinemax, Sky and Left Bank Pictures all join in wishing Sullivan a full and speedy recovery."


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German 1916A 2 Kopeken - KRIEGSGELD coin-Gebiet des Oberbefehlshabers Ost
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Antique German coin
This auction is for 1 authentic and Extremely rare German coin.Gebiet des Oberbefehlshaber OST . This would be a wonderful addition to any collection. You will get the exact coin pictured above. You are allowed 7 days to combine addtional items at no additional cost......please request an invoice if the shipping is not combinned. Worldwide shipping is $1.64. Invoices over $40 must be sent Registered. Worldwide Registered shipping is $8.30. Please contact us before leaving feedback if your purchase was anything less than expected….we will do our utmost to insure your satisfaction. *** All items are sold for educational purposes only. This auction complies with all of eBay's stringent rules and regulations. ***
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International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Achieving Change in Practice New!
11-15 December 2017, Vienna, Austria
The International Conference on Radiations and Applications New!
20-23 November, 2017, Algiers, Algeria
International Course on Theranostics and Molecular Radiotherapy
2-6 October 2017, Brussels, Belgium
International Conference on Molecular Imaging and Theranostics in Prostate Cancer
1-3 February 2018, Valencia, Spain
European Congress of Medical Physics
23-25 August 2018, Copenhagen, Denmark
Technical Meeting on Strengthening Safety Culture through the Use of Incident Learning Systems
10-11 October 2017, Vienna, Austria
VI Congress of ALATRO
5-8 November 2017, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
IPEM conference on New Developments in Radiotherapy Quality Assurance
7 November 2017, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
International Symposium on Radiological Protection in Medicine
20-24 August 2017, Arequipa, Peru
30th Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine
21-25 October 2017, Vienna, Austria
World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
3-8 June 2017, Prague, Czech Republic
Radiation Oncology Safety Course
21-24 August 2017, Dublin, Ireland
Conference on Dose Management in Contemporary Radiological Practice
4 October 2017, Birmingham, UK
The 4th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection of ICRP and the 2nd European Radiation Protection Research Week of the European research platforms
10-12 October 2017, Paris, France
5th GEC-ESTRO Workshop, The Strength of Brachytherapy
30 November-1 December 2017, Rome, Italy
Regional Workshop on Patient Safety in Radiotherapy
12-16 June 2017, Sofia, Bulgaria
Radiation Protection of Patients in Nuclear Medicine
10-14 July 2017, Lusaka, Zambia
IPEM meeting on Practical Approaches to Optimisation in Diagnostic Radiology
11 July 2017, Peterborough, UK
Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP) Annual Scientific Meeting
12-15 July 2017, Ottawa, Canada
Radiological Physics Committee of The Nordic Association for Clinical Physics Course on Occupational Dosimetry in Hospitals
27-29 September 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
5-9 May 2017, Vienna, Austria
6th International Conference on Education and Training in Radiological Protection
30 May-2 June, Valencia Spain
AAPM 59th Annual Meeting and Exhibition
30 July-3 August, Denver, Colorado, USA
17th Asia-Oceania Congress of Medical Physics
4-7 November 2017, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
IAEA Technical Meeting on Preventing Unintended and Accidental Medical Exposures in Radiology
6-8 March 2017, Vienna
Dental CBCT performance testing for physicists and technologists
16 March 2017, Manchester, UK
European Workshop on Quantitative Imaging for molecular radiotherapy - metrology for clinical practice
5-6 April 2017, Vienna, Austria
AAPM Summer School on Clinical Brachytherapy Physics
10-14 June 2017, Portland, Oregon, USA
Conference on Radiological Protection in Healthcare
27-29 September 2017, Lisbon, Portugal
Advancing Brachytherapy: tumour coverage and accuracy through collaboration
1 December 2016, London, UK
School of Medical Physics for Radiation Therapy: Dosimetry and Treatment Planning for Basic and Advanced Applications
27 March-7 April 2017, Trieste, Italy
14th Romanian Conference of Medical Physics
4-6 November 2016, Oradea, Romania
World Radiography Day
8 November 2016
International Day of Radiology
8 November 2016
International Day of Medical Physics
7 November 2016
International Conference on Advances in Radiation Oncology (ICARO-2)
20-23 June 2017, Vienna, Austria
IPEM conference: Current issues in fluoroscopy and interventional radiology
12 October 2016, Birmingham, UK
SNMMI Annual Meeting
11-15 June 2016, San Diego, USA
Ibero-American Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine (CIPRaM)
18-20 October 2016, Madrid, Spain
Radiation Induced Cataracts: Science, Policy, and Impacts to Radiation Protection
1-2 June 2016, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
IPEM Conference: Optimisation in paediatric imaging
27 April 2016, London, England
IPEM conference: Optimising the use of CT in SPECT/CT and PET/CT
15 June 2016, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
AAPM ISEP/FAMPO Diagnostic Imaging Symposium
26-29 March 2016, Rabat, Morocco
International Conference on Integrated Medical Imaging in Cardiovascular Diseases (IMIC 2016)
10-14 October 2016, Vienna, Austria
Technical Meeting on Justification of Medical Exposure in Diagnostic Imaging
7-9 March 2016, Vienna, Austria
European Congress of Radiology
2-6 March 2016, Vienna, Austria
Course modules in the EUTEMPE-RX project opened for application
Five course modules scheduled for 2016
6th World Congress of Brachytherapy
27-29 June,2016, San Francisco, USA
1st European Congress of Medical Physics
1-4 September 2016, Athens, Greece
ESTRO School: Comprehensive quality management in radiotherapy - Risk Management & Patient Safety
1-4 October 2016, Avignon, France
22nd International Conference on Medical Physics
9-12 December 2016, Bangkok, Thailand
Regional Workshop on Imaging Referral Guidelines
13-16 December 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Educational course "Tips, Tricks and Pearls in Paediatric Radiology"
17-19 February 2016, Riga, Latvia
Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Computed Tomography: Quality Control, Dosimetry and Optimization
2-13 May 2016, Trieste, Italy
Regional Workshop on Information and Strategies to Support the Development of National Infrastructure for Safety and Protection of Public, Patients and Workers from the Risks of Ionizing Radiation
16-27 November 2015, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
29 April-03 May, 2016, Turin, Italy
AAPM/IOMP/ISEP Imaging Physics Workshop 2015
11-14 November 2015, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
International day of radiology
8 November 2015, worldwide
Training Course on Implementation of the IAEA Safety Guide on Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation
2-6 November 2015, Vienna, Austria
International day of medical physics
7 November 2015, worldwide
Regional Workshop on Radiation Protection in Paediatric Imaging
9-13 November 2015, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional Workshop on Implementation of Clinical Imaging Guidelines
13-16 December 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Global Summit on Radiological Quality and Safety
10-11 October 2015, Barcelona, Spain
1-4 November 2015, Rosario, Argentina
Conferencia Iberoamericana Sobre Proteccion Radiologica En Medicina
18-20 October 2016, Madrid, Spain
Train the Trainers Course on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
28 September-2 October 2015, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
CIRSE Radiation Protection Pavilion at its Annual Meeting
26-30 September 2015, Lisbon, Portugal
Workshop on Justification and Optimization of medical exposure to ionizing radiation
10-12 September 2015, Lisbon, Portugal
Consultancy to Review the comments of Member States on the draft Safety Guide DS399
6-10 July 2015, Vienna, Austria
1st European Inspection Workshop HERCA MedInspector 2015
6-8 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium
International Conference on Clinical PET/CT and Molecular Imaging (IPET-2015)
9 October 2015, Vienna, Austria
Workshop on European Diagnostic Reference Levels for Paediatric Imaging
15-17 October 2015, Lisbon, Portugal
ICRP 2015, 3rd International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection
20-22 October 2015, Seoul, Korea
Technical Meeting on Justification of Medical Exposure
9-11 March 2015, Vienna, Austria
The 14th Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association
9 - 13 May 2016, Cape Town, South Africa
Technical Meeting on Tracking the Radiation Exposure of Patients
28-30 April 2015, Vienna, Austria
3rd ESTRO Forum
24-28 April 2015, Barcelona, Spain
European Congress of Radiology
4-8 March 2015, Vienna, Austria
17-21 May 2015, Washington, DC, USA
100th annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, RSNA 2014
30 November-5 December 2014, Chicago, USA
World Congress of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering
7-12 June 2015, Toronto, Canada
Optimisation in X-ray and Molecular Imaging 28-30 May, 2015
Fourth Malmo Conference on Medical Imaging
International Conference on Occupational Radiation Protection: Enhancing the Protection of Workers - Gaps, Challenges and Developments, Vienna, Austria, 1-5 December 2014
The second international conference on this topic will be held at the IAEA's Headquarters in Vienna
Joint ICTP-IAEA Meeting on Training in Patient Safety in Radiotherapy
The course in November 2014 will provide advanced knowledge in safety of patients undergoing radiotherapy procedures.
IV International Conference on "Medical physics - the current status, problems, ways of development, cutting-edge technologies"
23-24 October 2014, Kyiv, Ukraine
4th African Regional IRPA Congress, Rabat, Morocco, 13-17 September, 2014
AFRIRPA04: Strengthening of radiation protection infrastructures in support to the health sector in Africa
International Congress of Radiology, Dubai, 9-12 September 2014
The ICR 2014 is a result of cooperation between the Egyptian Society of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (ESRNM) and the International Society of Radiology (ISR)
8th European Conference on Medical Physics, Athens, 11-13 September 2014
4th European IRPA Congress, Geneva, Switzerland, 23-27 June, 2014
Theme of the congress will be: "Radiation protection culture - a global challenge"
2014 Annual Meeting of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology, Amsterdam, 2-6 June 2014
The theme of SPR 2014 will be "Back to the future"
ESTRO 33, Vienna, Austria, 4-8 April, 2014
ESTRO 33 is the premier European event in Radiation Oncology and will focus on new and emerging developments in the field
International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine, Varna, Bulgaria, 30 May-2 June, 2014
The motto of the conference will be: Facing increasing challenges
Technical Meeting on Justification of Medical Exposure and the Use of Appropriateness Criteria, IAEA Headquarters, Vienna, 11-13 March 2014
European Congress of Radiology, Vienna, Austria, 6-10 March, 2014
The European Congress of Radiology is the annual meeting of the European Society of Radiology
Image Gently ALARA CT Summit, Orlando, 21-22 Feb. 2014
Information about an Image Gently conference


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Mark Cuban, Bill Simmons and the Mavericks Offseason
July 16, 2012 | Scott
The Dallas Mavericks and Owner Mark Cuban went into this NBA offseason ready to go all-in for Deron Williams. They have known for a while that they need a second, younger star to pair with Dirk Nowitzki as he ages. However, the Nets improved their roster enough with the re-signing of Gerald Wallace and the trade for Joe Johnson that Williams spurned the Mavericks to re-sign with the Nets.
Things changed drastically for the Mavericks and Cuban after this. With no other top tier free agents on the market this season, the Mavericks realized they had to start building their team a different way. They added Chris Kaman at center, a former All-Star that proved he can still play late last season for the Hornets, on a one-year deal. They also claimed another former Clippers All-Star, Elton Brand off amnesty waivers on a one-year deal. Both of these guys improve the Mavericks frontline while giving them solid financial flexibility next offseason as well. However, Bill Simmons doesn't agree:
Whether you agree or disagree with Simmons assessment of the Mavs big man moves this offseason, they real gem of their offseason was acquiring a cheaply signed Darren Collison from the Pacers to be their starting point guard. It cost them basically just Ian Mahinmi and gives them a point guard of the future that looked good filling in for Chris Paul in New Orleans as well as in inconsistent minutes in Indiana last year. The Mavericks have greatly improved their team heading into this season, all while maintaining the financial flexibility to make a run at Dwight Howard and/or Chris Paul this time next season. And don't be surprised if Mark Cuban pulls something like that off.


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down feeds = problems
I had two RSS-Feeds who were down today (at the moment they are down) and this was causing a long load time for my page (around 30s before something happened). I disabled the widget and everything was OK again. So, I checked every RSS-Feed and found two down feeds. After deleting the two feeds in multiimporter plugin and activating the widget again, the problem disappeared.
Viewing 11 replies - 1 through 11 (of 11 total)
Viewing 11 replies - 1 through 11 (of 11 total)
- The topic 'down feeds = problems' is closed to new replies.


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Looking After Our Natural And Human Community
The Great Rift Valley is a continuous geographic trench of approximately 6,000 kilometers, which runs from, northern Syria in Southwest Asia, to central Mozambique in South East Africa. Today, the term is most often used to refer to the valley of the East African Rift most famously viewed In Kenya.
Running from Turkana in the north, toward Magadi in the south, the Rift Valley's floor is broken with extinct volcanoes, and contains a series of Lakes. Majority of these lakes are shallow, and with no natural outlet are alkaline with a high concentration of minerals. Three of these soda lakes, represent the most significant of all of the Rift Valley lakes within Kenya. Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru and Lake Elmenteita, have all been gazetted as individual protected areas and are collectively recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Site, The Kenya Lake System.
These soda lakes, support one of the most diverse populations of birds in the world, are the most important feeding area for the lesser flamingo, and Lake Elmenteita remains the last nesting and breeding site in East Africa for the Great White Pelican. The property is home to 13 globally threatened bird species and some of the highest bird diversities in the world. It is the single most important foraging site for the lesser flamingo anywhere, and a major nesting and breeding ground for great white pelicans
The lakes' terrestrial zones also contain important populations of many mammals, including the endangered Rothschild Giraffe, as well as bird species that are globally or regionally threatened, and hosts over 100 species of migratory birds.
The Kenya Lake System and surrounding land is critical in contributing to the conservation of the natural values within the Great Rift Valley, and provides valuable insights into the evolution and development of soda lake ecosystems and the related communities of plants and animals.


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The Golden State Warriors held the Utah Jazz to a season low points at home beating Utah 94-83.
Al Jefferson had a double-double scoring 18 points and grabbing 10 rebounds. Paul Milsap also had 14 points and seven rebounds.
The Warriors dominated the Jazz in fast break points out scoring the Jazz 25 to 5. The Jazz trailed by as much as 22. They closed the gap late in the fourth quarter, but it was not enough.
Four Golden State players hit double figures with Steph Curry leading all scoring with 23 points.


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The story of what happened to an elderly woman who was reading her Bible while aboard an airline flight is being circulated online.
It is unknown when or where the interaction between the Bible reading woman and the Muslim man who was seated next to her transpired, but what happened when a flight attendant intervened subsequently went viral…
The conclusion to this story is priceless!
I would have applauded as well with a huge, loud, "Bravo..Bravo"
In short, this cannot be substantiated but if it put a smile on your face or gave you a chuckle then perhaps that's what really matters the most.
Psalm 119:
86 All thy commandments are faithful: they persecute me wrongfully; help thou me.
87 They had almost consumed me upon earth; but I forsook not thy precepts.
88 Quicken me after thy lovingkindness; so shall I keep the testimony of thy mouth.
89 For ever, O Lord, thy word is settled in heaven.
90 Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established the earth, and it abideth.
91 They continue this day according to thine ordinances: for all are thy servants.
92 Unless thy law had been my delights, I should then have perished in mine affliction.
93 I will never forget thy precepts: for with them thou hast quickened me.
94 I am thine, save me: for I have sought thy precepts.
95 The wicked have waited for me to destroy me: but I will consider thy testimonies.
96 I have seen an end of all perfection: but thy commandment is exceeding broad.
97 O how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day.
98 Thou through thy commandments hast made me wiser than mine enemies: for they are ever with me.
99 I have more understanding than all my teachers: for thy testimonies are my meditation.
100 I understand more than the ancients, because I keep thy precepts.
101 I have refrained my feet from every evil way, that I might keep thy word.
102 I have not departed from thy judgments: for thou hast taught me.
103 How sweet are thy words unto my taste! yea, sweeter than honey to my mouth!
104 Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate every false way.
105 Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.


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Megadeth's Dave Mustaine Talks Digital Recording, Internet Piracy
After making several controversial comments lately about the Aurora, Colo., shootings, President Obama and his wife Michelle and other topics, Megadeth's Dave Mustaine has given a relatively tame interview to the Seymour Duncan blog.
Foo Fighters 'Rock the Vote' in Charlotte as Frontman Dave Grohl Gets His Drink On
Foo Fighters are scheduled to perform live tonight at the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte before President Obama's speech. Last night (Sept. 5), the band played a nearly four-hour concert for Rock the Vote, an organization formed to engage young people in the political process.
Man Claiming To Be Former White Zombie Drummer Arrested on Fraud Charges
An unusual case in Saulsalito, Calif., resulted in police arresting a man claiming he is former White Zombie drummer Phillip Buerstatte for allegedly defrauding a rehab center out of $75,000. He is also accused of defrauding a rehabilitation center in Novato. However, authorities identified the man as 46-year-old Loren Breckenridge.
Halestorm To Headline 2012 Fall U.S. Tour With Support From In This Moment + Eve to Adam
It's been a big year for Halestorm, with their latest album 'The Strange Case Of…' climbing the charts and being the first female fronted rock band ever to take the No. 1 spot on the Active Rock airplay chart with their single 'Love Bites (So Do I).' Now the band will be launching a headlining tour beginning in November.
Korn Fan Presents Uniform of Fallen Marine Brother to Jonathan Davis
Metallica Add $5 Vancouver Show to Finish Filming Live Portion of 3D Concert Film
Zakk Wylde to Host Sports Talk Radio Show
Zakk Wylde, founder of Black Label Society, will host a new weekly sports talk series on SiriusXM. 'Wylde on Sports' will debut Sept. 4 and air every Tuesday for six weeks on SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio. The co-host will be Ken Thomson, Wylde's brother-in-law and a veteran sports talk host.
Marilyn Manson Unveils Video for 'Slo-Mo-Tion'
'Slo-Mo-Tion' is the second video from Marilyn Manson's latest album 'Born Villain,' and is now available for your viewing pleasure (watch below). Music videos can sometimes be generic, but with Manson you know you're not going to get the usual band playing in a warehouse clip.
Nonpoint Add Fall Dates to 2012 Tour
Nonpoint are hitting the road for a late summer / early fall tour, and have added a number of dates to their itinerary. The initial dates include supporting acts Eye Empire and Surrender The Fall. Later on in the tour, Nonpoint will be playing with Taproot, Bobaflex and others. The band's latest album, a self-titled effort, will be released in October. 'Nonpoint' was produced by Johnny K (Disturbed, Megadeth) with additional production and mixing from Brian Virtue (Chevelle).
All That Remains Singer Phil Labonte To Appear on '3-Gun Nation' TV Show
'3-Gun Nation' is a TV show hosted by country singer Mark Wills, and the new season of the program will add Phil Labonte from All That Remains to the mix. Willis and Labonte will receive training tips from professional 3-Gunners as the two singers compete head-to-head in various challenges.
Tommy Lee Accused of Stealing Roller Coaster Drum Idea
Tommy Lee is no stranger to the legal system, having several run-ins with the law over the years. Now, according to TMZ, an engineer claims he had the idea for the Motley Crue drummer's circle-shaped roller-coaster drum solo back in 1991.
Mike McCready: New Pearl Jam Album in 'Holding Pattern'
Fans anxiously awaiting the follow-up to Pearl Jam's 2010 album 'Backspacer' will have to wait a little longer. Guitarist Mike McCready tells Spin.com that although there were reports the band was spending time together in the studio, they are currently in a 'holding pattern.'


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Disingenuous at best.
Update to this story (video above).
WASHINGTON — A top official at the Environmental Protection Agency has apologized after being captured on video saying his agency's method of enforcing oil and gas regulations was to find a few bad actors to "crucify" and hold up as examples.
"I apologize to those I have offended and regret my poor choice of words," Region 6 EPA Administrator Al Armendariz said in a statement first provided to the Daily Caller. "It was an offensive and inaccurate way to portray our efforts to address potential violations of our nation's environmental laws. I am and have always been committed to fair and vigorous enforcement of those laws."
Mr. Armendariz, whose region includes Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas, made the comments in 2010. A video recording of his remarks was released Wednesday by Sen. James Inhofe, Oklahoma Republican, who quoted them during a speech on the Senate floor. Mr. Inhofe has also launched an investigation into what he is calling President Obama's "war on fossil fuels."
"What he has attempted to do is kill oil, gas and coal. . . but do it in a way that the American people won't be aware of it," Mr. Inhofe said. "They are able to scare people, intimidate people, and these are the very people who are hiring people and doing what's necessary to run this machine called America."


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Secunia reports:
Simon Kilvington has reported a vulnerability in FFmpeg libavcodec, which can be exploited by malicious people to cause a DoS (Denial of Service) and potentially to compromise a user's system.
The vulnerability is caused due to a boundary error in the "avcodec_default_get_buffer()" function of "utils.c" in libavcodec. This can be exploited to cause a heap-based buffer overflow when a specially-crafted 1x1 ".png" file containing a palette is read.
Disclaimer: The data contained on this page is derived from the VuXML document, please refer to the the original document for copyright information. The author of portaudit makes no claim of authorship or ownership of any of the information contained herein.
If you have found a vulnerability in a FreeBSD port not listed in the database, please contact the FreeBSD Security Officer. Refer to "FreeBSD Security Information" for more information.


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Charge amplifiers convert electrostatic, high impedance charge signals generated by charge generators, such as charge mode accelerometers, to lower impedance voltage mode signals that can drive longer cables without signal degradation.
Model 4753B is specifically designed to operate with high temperature charge mode sensors because of its ability to tolerate very low levels of insulation resistance. This is a typical characteristic of high temperature piezoelectric accelerometers, and would force a conventional charge amplifier to shutdown. The Dytran model 4753B can accept sensors with insulation resistance as low as 100kOhms without any deterioration in performance.
Available with a sensitivity of 10 mV/pC, the model 4753B is offered with a 10-32 jack input connector and BNC jack output connector, and features extremely fast turn-on time (<5 seconds).
Dytran Instruments Inc.
818-700-7818; www.dytran.com [1]


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The lungs and esophagus are innervated by sensory neurons with somata in the nodose, jugular, and dorsal root ganglion. These sensory ganglia are derived from embryonic placode (nodose) and neural crest tissues (jugular and dorsal root ganglia; DRG). We addressed the hypothesis that the neuron's embryonic origin (e.g., placode vs. neural crest) plays a greater role in determining particular aspects of its phenotype than the environment in which it innervates (e.g., lungs vs. esophagus). This hypothesis was tested using a combination of extracellular and patch-clamp electrophysiology and single-cell RT-PCR from guinea pig neurons. Nodose, but not jugular C-fibers innervating the lungs and esophagus, responded to α,β-methylene ATP with action potential discharge that was sensitive to the P2X3 (P2X2/3) selective receptor antagonist A-317491. The somata of lung- and esophagus-specific sensory fibers were identified using retrograde tracing with a fluorescent dye. Esophageal- and lung-traced neurons from placodal tissue (nodose neurons) responded similarly to α,β-methylene ATP (30 μM) with a large sustained inward current, whereas in neurons derived from neural crest tissue (jugular and DRG neurons), the same dose of α,β-methylene ATP resulted in only a transient rapidly inactivating current or no detectable current. It has been shown previously that only activation of P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors produce sustained currents, whereas homomeric P2X3 receptor activation produces a rapidly inactivating current. Consistent with this, single-cell RT-PCR analysis revealed that the nodose ganglion neurons innervating the lungs and esophagus expressed mRNA for P2X2 and P2X3 subunits, whereas the vast majority of jugular and dorsal root ganglia innervating these tissues expressed only P2X3 mRNA with little to no P2X2 mRNA expression. We conclude that the responsiveness of C-fibers innervating the lungs and esophagus to ATP and other purinergic agonists is determined more by their embryonic origin than by the environment of the tissue they ultimately innervate.
- nodose ganglion
- jugular ganglion
- dorsal root ganglion
- afferent neurons
- purinergic receptors
the majority of nerve fibers in the vagus are unmyelinated C-fibers (1, 14). Vagal C-fibers innervating the respiratory tract have activation profiles consistent with nociceptors. They are normally quiet during normal respiration, but are activated by potentially noxious stimuli including capsaicin, acid, tissue inflammation, and excessive stretch. Activation of these fibers does not evoke the sensation of pain. Rather, they elicit a panoply of cardiopulmonary reflexes including changes in the rate and depth of breathing, increases in airway smooth muscle tone, mucus secretion, changes in heart rate, and vascular resistance (9, 20).
In the somatosensory system, at least two distinct sensory nociceptive C-fiber subtypes have been described based mainly on neuropeptide content and binding to the isolectin B4 (IB4) (22), and, more recently, on expression of the transcription factor Runx1 (38). The IB4-postive neurons are relatively devoid of neuropeptides, whereas the IB4-negative subtype expresses tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide. These two fiber subtypes display distinct functional characteristics in vitro (34). Moreover, they may also serve distinct physiological functions based on the fact that their central terminals synapse on distinct layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (12, 22).
Much less is known about vagal C-fiber subtypes innervating visceral tissues. In the 1970s, the Coleridges (8) concluded that two different types of vagal C-fibers innervate the respiratory tract and that they can be distinguished based on the vascular accessibility of the nerve endings. One C-fiber type responded immediately to capsaicin only when injected into the right atrium (pulmonary circulation); the other responded immediately only when injected into the left atrium or directly into the bronchial artery (systemic circulation). The former type was referred to as "pulmonary C-fiber," whereas the latter was referred to as "bronchial C-fiber." The pulmonary C-fibers were considered to be analogous to the J receptors elegantly described in the 1950s by Paintal (26–29) and are thought to terminate near the pulmonary capillaries. The bronchial C-fibers were thought to reflect those that terminated within the wall of the conducting airways. Despite observations that these two C-fiber subtypes were differentially stimulated by certain inflammatory mediators, the idea that they represent distinct phenotypes was not universally accepted (31).
Independent evidence of vagal bronchopulmonary C-fiber subtypes was obtained by considering the location of the cell body rather than the nerve endings (35). The cell bodies of ∼50% of the vagal C-fibers innervating the guinea pig lungs were found to reside in the nodose ganglion with the balance located in the jugular vagal sensory ganglia. These two ganglia are embryologically distinct, with neurons in the jugular ganglion derived from neural crest cells of the postotic hindbrain, whereas the nodose neurons arise from the epibranchial placodes (2). Both the nodose and jugular C-fibers were found to terminate within the lung compartment, but only jugular C-fibers terminated in the extrapulmonary airways (30, 35). The nodose and jugular C-fiber neurons could be readily distinguished pharmacologically. Both subtypes responded directly to capsaicin and bradykinin, but only the nodose C-fibers responded with action potential discharge to ATP and other purinergic P2X receptor-selective agonists, adenosine receptor (A1 and A2A) agonists, and 5-HT3 receptor agonists (5, 6, 35). In addition, the jugular C-fibers were more apt to express neuropeptides than the nodose C-fibers (35). Others studies have shown that the vagal sensory innervation of the respiratory tract of mice and rats is also derived from both nodose and jugular ganglion neurons (18, 32). The advantage of studying the guinea pig, however, is that unlike the adult mouse, where the two ganglia are often found fused into a nodose-jugular complex, and even the rat, where they are distinct but not completely separate structures, in the guinea pig the two ganglia form readily recognizable discrete structures (e.g., see Fig. 1 in Ref. 13).
Action potential discharge in response to ATP also differentiates nodose from jugular C-fibers innervating the guinea pig esophagus. There are seven members of the P2X receptor family (17). Members of this family assemble as homomeric and heteromeric channels. Extensive studies have revealed that the P2X2 and P2X3 subunits are particularly relevant in peripheral sensory neurons (11). Receptor activation by ATP elicits a nonselective cationic conductance with a distinctive kinetics: activation of P2X3 homomeric channels display a rapidly inactivating conductance, whereas activation of P2X2/3 heteromeric channels display a non-inactivating conductance (11). In both lungs and esophagus, activation of nodose C-fibers by ATP is mimicked by the P2X3 (P2X2/3) selective agonist α,β-methylene ATP (3, 37). This agonist can also stimulate nodose-derived, low-threshold mechanosensitive A-fibers in the lungs and esophagus (3, 37).
The question arises as to whether these two phenotypes of vagal C-fibers reach the tissue as naive C-fibers and then are "instructed" to a defined phenotype based on cues emanating from their different tissue microenvironments, or, alternatively, whether their embryonic origin selects the phenotype before reaching the tissue of innervation. We have addressed this question here using two strategies. First, we compared the C-fiber phenotype, focusing specifically on purinergic receptor expression and function, of spinal (dorsal root ganglion; DRG) neurons innervating the intrapulmonary tissue with that of jugular and nodose ganglion lung-specific C-fiber neurons. The neurons in the more rostral DRGs are derived from the same postotic hindbrain neural crest structure as the jugular neurons. Therefore, if the embryonic environment selects the phenotype, we predict that these neurons will resemble jugular neurons more than nodose neurons. The second strategy is to compare the placodal (nodose) and neural crest (jugular and DRG) C-fiber neurons innervating a disparate tissue environment, namely the esophageal wall. We again predict that if the embryonic environment is more important than the tissue environment in selecting the phenotype then the C-fiber subtypes will be the same in the two distinct tissue compartments. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the purinergic responsiveness of C-fibers, as defined by action potential discharge, is limited to placodally derived C-fibers, regardless of the tissue they innervate, and that this responsiveness is due to the selective dual expression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors compared with the neural crest C-fibers innervating these tissues that express only the P2X3 receptor subtype.
Experimental procedures were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee.
Extracellular Recording of Bronchopulmonary Vagal Afferent Nerves
The method for the extracellular recording from the vagal sensory neurons projecting to the guinea pig lungs has been described in detail previously (3). Briefly, male Hartley guinea pigs (100–200 g) were killed with CO2 and exsanguination. The blood from the pulmonary circulation was washed out by in situ perfusion with Krebs bicarbonate solution (KBS), composed of (in mM) 118 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.0 NaH2PO4, 1.2 MgSO4, 1.9 CaCl2, 25.0 NaHCO3, and 11.1 dextrose, gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2 (pH 7.4). The buffer contained 3 μM indomethacin to reduce the indirect influence of tissue prostanoids on sensory fiber activity. Trachea and right lungs with intact right-side extrinsic vagal innervation including right jugular and nodose ganglia were dissected and placed in a two-compartment tissue bath. The right nodose and jugular ganglia along with rostral vagus nerve were placed in one compartment and lung and trachea in the second compartment. The two compartments were separately superfused with KBS (6 ml/min, 37°C). In addition, the pulmonary artery and trachea were cannulated with PE tubing and continuously perfused with KBS (4 ml/min and 2 ml/min, respectively). The tracheal perfusion pressure reflecting the airway smooth muscle contraction was measured with a pressure transducer (P23AA; Statham, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico). Before the perfusion, 10 punctures with a 26-gauge needle were made through the surface of the lung. The perfusing buffer solution therefore exits the lungs via both these puncture ports as well as via the pulmonary veins.
The glass microelectrode recording electrode was manipulated into the nodose or jugular ganglion. A mechanosensitive receptive field was identified when the mechanical stimulus (Von Frey hair, 1,800–3,000 mN) bluntly applied to the lung surface evoked a burst of action potentials. Once a mechanosensitive receptive field was identified, a brief (<1 ms) electrical stimulus was delivered by a small concentric electrode positioned over this discrete mechanosensitive region to determine the conduction velocity of the fiber.
The drugs were diluted in KBS and infused simultaneously into both the tracheal and pulmonary artery circuit at a rate of 50 μl/s. The agonist α,β-methylene ATP was infused through each route in a volume of 1 ml. The selective P2X receptor antagonist (1 or 10 μM) was infused to the lungs simultaneously via tracheal and pulmonary artery perfusion 30 min before agonist. All the activity evoked by a given concentration of agonist was recorded in 1-s bins and analyzed offline.
Identification of Ganglion Neurons Innervating Organ-Specific Compartments
Seven animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/ml) and xylazine (2.5 mg/ml) dissolved in PBS. Supplemental anesthesia was given as needed to abolish the hind paw-pinch reflex. A fluorescent retrograde tracer, DiI (2% in DMSO, then diluted 1:10 in sterile saline; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), was used for identification of jugular, nodose, and DRG neurons innervating organ-specific compartments as previously described (35, 37). Briefly, for tracing of lung- and airway-specific neurons, DiI was injected into the lumen of the trachea through a tracheal incision. For labeling of esophagus-specific neurons, the esophagus was surgically exposed, and DiI was injected into two to five sites up to the total volume 20 μl. All animals were closely monitored on an hourly basis for several hours postoperatively and twice daily thereafter. The animals were allowed to recover for ∼2 wk for sufficient labeling of cell bodies in the various ganglia. Any animal that displayed behaviors indicating excessive pain or infection was euthanized immediately. Postmortem showed that the dye injected into the trachea remained delimited to respiratory tissues, and the dye injected into the esophagus remained in the esophagus.
Cell Culture
The cell culture is a modification of the protocol performed previously (19). Briefly, animals were euthanized using CO2 asphyxiation. The jugular, nodose, or dorsal root ganglia (T1 to T4) were separately treated with an enzymatic cocktail of dispase (2 mg/ml) and collagenase (2 mg/ml) dissolved in HBSS without calcium or magnesium. The cells were gently triturated using fire-polished Pasteur pipettes. The cells were washed in L-15 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and centrifuged. To increase the density of culture, the pellet was resuspended in a small volume of L-15 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, pipetted (25 μl) onto the center coverglass treated with poly-d-lysine (0.1 mg/ml) and laminin (5 μg/ml), and incubated at 37°C for 2 h. The cells were flooded with additional L-15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and incubated at 37°C. Recordings were performed between 12 and 24 h postculture. All cell culture materials were obtained from Invitrogen.
Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology
Voltage clamp recordings were made using standard whole cell patch-clamp technique (lung-specific neurons) or perforated patch technique (esophagus-specific neurons). A total of 38 lung-specific neurons harvested from 18 animals was analyzed. A total of 36 esophagus-specific neurons from 19 animals was analyzed. Patch pipettes (1–3 MΩ) were fabricated from borosilicate capillary tube with filament (Sutter Instrument, Novato, CA). The pipette solution was composed of (in mM) 100 CsCl, 40 tetraethylammonium-Cl, 10 NaCl, 1 CaCl2, 10 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 11 EGTA, and 2 Mg-ATP, pH 7.2, 334 mosM. Gramicidin (1 μg/ml) was dissolved in the pipette solution for the perforated patch experiments. The bath solution was Locke solution, which was composed of (in mM): 136 NaCl, 5.6 KCl, 2.2 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 14.3 NaHCO3, 1.2 sodium phosphate, and 10 dextrose, pH 7.4, 336 mosM, gassed with a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Electrophysiological recordings were made using a 700A Multiclamp amplifier and Digitata 1320A (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). Voltage clamp signals were sampled at 50 kHz and filtered at 2 or 10 kHz. Membrane currents were normalized to the cell capacitance and expressed as current density (pA/pF).
Recordings were made at room temperature (lung-specific neurons) or at 35–37°C using an inline heating system (esophagus-specific neurons). A gravity-feed perfusion system was used to change the bath solution and to deliver drugs (∼8 ml/min). A complete solution change in the recording chamber was estimated to be <1 min. Cells were categorized as sensitive to capsaicin if the evoked current magnitude was >−2 pA/pF (−100 pA for an average cell) and displayed an appropriate time course for onset and offset of the response.
Single-Cell RT-PCR
Experiments were performed from lung- and esophagus-specific neurons identified by retrograde DiI labeling as described and published previously (19, 23). An average of 3–10 lung-specific or esophagus-specific neurons were harvested from a total of 7 lung- or esophagus-labeled animals. Individual fluorescent neurons from nodose, jugular, or DRG (or perfusion buffer from the vicinity of these cells as a bath control) were collected in microcentrifuge tubes that contained 1 μl of RNase OUT (Invitrogen) and immediately placed on dry ice. Cells were processed using SuperScript III CellsDirect cDNA Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For first-strand synthesis, 1 μl of oligo(dT) and 1 μl of random hexamers (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN) were used for each reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction. RT and no-RT reactions were obtained from each cell. First-strand reaction conditions were 50°C for 50 min followed by 85°C for 5 min. The PCR reaction mix (final volume of 20 μl) contained 0.5 units of HotStar Taq Polymerase (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) supplemented with 2.5 mM MgCl2, PCR buffer, dNTPs, custom synthesized primers for β-actin (sense: 5′-tggctacagtttcaccacca-3′, antisense: 5′-ggaaggagggctggaaga-3′, GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ acc. no. AF508792, calculated product length 212 bp); TRPV1 (sense: 5′-gtcgtcgcctattgattgct-3′, antisense: 5′-agagcttgagtggcttctcg-3′ or sense: 5′-cagagagccatcaccatcct-3′, antisense: 5′-gggaccagggcaaagttc-3′, GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ acc. no. AY729017, calculated product length 167 or 284 bp, respectively); P2X2 (sense 5′-gctgctcatcctgctctacttt-3′, antisense 5′-gggcttcacatactcctccac-3′, GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ acc. no. AF053327/AF053328/AF053329, calculated product length 157 bp); or P2X3 (sense 5′-ttcccctggctacaacttca-3′, antisense 5′-cagtcacctcctcaaacttcct-3′, GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ acc. no. NM145526, calculated product length 266 bp), and 3 μl of template (cDNA, no-RT control or bath control). As a positive control, cDNA from a whole trigeminal ganglion (isolated by RNeasy Plus Mini Kit, Qiagen) and reverse transcription by OmniScript RT Kit (Qiagen) was used. Primers were purchased from Invitrogen. PCR reaction conditions were initial activation at 95°C for 15 min, denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 60°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 60 s for 45 cycles, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Control experiments testing the amplification of the no-RT of each individual neuron (or bath control) by using either one or multiple primer pairs did not produce a specific product. Electrophoresis of PCR products was run on 1.5% agarose gels.
Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Pairwise comparisons were made using Tukey post hoc tests. P values of <0.05 were considered significant.
Lung-Specific Sensory Neurons
Nerve ending responses.
We have previously reported the P2X3 (P2X2/3)-selective purinergic agonist α,β-methylene ATP stimulated action potential discharge in 20 of 20 guinea pig lung C-fibers arising from the nodose ganglion, but failed to evoke action potential discharge in jugular C-fibers in the lung (0 of 7 fibers tested) (35). To provide further evidence that the effect of α,β-methylene ATP on nodose C-fibers in the lung involved P2X3 or P2X2/3 receptor activation, we evaluated the response before and after addition of a selective P2X3, P2X2/3 receptor antagonist A-317491 (15). At 10 μM, α,β-methylene ATP evoked 125 ± 23 action potentials in every nodose lung C-fiber tested. This was reversibly inhibited by nearly 70% with the selective P2X3 receptor antagonist A-317491 (10 μM) (Fig. 1).
P2X currents in lung-specific capsaicin-sensitive neurons.
Bath application of α,β-methylene ATP caused a large slowly inactivating inward current in 10 of 10 lung-specific (retrogradely labeled with DiI in the lungs), capsaicin-sensitive nodose neurons (Fig. 2). Consistent with its lack of effect at the jugular C-fiber nerve terminals, α,β-methylene ATP did not evoke large slowly inactivating currents in lung-specific, capsaicin-sensitive jugular neurons (n = 14). Although large inward currents were absent in jugular neurons, in six jugular neurons, a much smaller, rapidly inactivating current was observed (in Fig. 2, note difference in scale between jugular and nodose neurons).
DiI injected into the lungs also labeled a small population (1–2%) of neurons in the thoracic T1 to T4 DRGs. Similar to the jugular neurons, the lung-specific, capsaicin-sensitive DRG neurons failed to respond to α,β-methylene ATP with a large slowly inactivating inward current (n = 7, from 2 guinea pigs). Also, like the lung-labeled jugular neurons, three of the seven DRG neurons responded to α,β-methylene ATP with a very small rapidly inactivating current (Fig. 2).
Single neuron RT-PCR analysis of P2X receptor expression.
P2X2 and P2X3 receptors have been found to account for the electrophysiological purinergic responses in primary afferent neurons (7). Lung-labeled neurons were obtained from three animals. Those neurons that expressed TRPV1 mRNA (presumably capsaicin-sensitive neurons) were further evaluated for expression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors at the level of the single identified neuron. All 24 lung-labeled TRPV1-positive nodose neurons evaluated expressed both P2X3 and P2X2 mRNA (Fig. 3).
P2X3 mRNA was also expressed in 18 of 22 TRPV1-positive lung-labeled jugular neurons. In contrast to the nodose neurons, however, only 3 of 22 jugular neurons also expressed P2X2 (Fig. 3). Similar to the jugular neurons, 11 of 13 TRPV1-positive lung-specific DRG neurons expressed P2X3 mRNA, but none of the 13 expressed P2X2 mRNA (Fig. 3). These data would indicate that nodose neurons are apt to express P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors, whereas the jugular and DRG neurons will likely express mainly homomeric P2X3 receptors.
Esophagus-Specific Jugular, Nodose, and DRG C-Fiber Neurons
We evaluated the phenotypes of capsaicin-sensitive neurons innervating the esophagus, focusing specifically on the response to α,β-methylene ATP. We previously noted that 13 of 16 nodose C-fiber in the esophagus responded to α,β-methylene ATP with an action potential discharge that averaged nearly 10 Hz, whereas 0 of 8 jugular C-fibers responded to the P2X3 agonist (37). As with the lungs, dye injected specifically into the wall of the esophagus backlabeled neurons in the nodose, jugular, and rostral DRGs (n = 4 animals). Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of esophageal-specific nodose neurons responded to α,β-methylene ATP in the same fashion as lung-specific nodose neurons with a large slowly inactivating current (n = 16 neurons; Fig. 4). The esophageal-labeled neurons in the jugular and the DRG (T1 to T4) failed to respond with a large slowly inactivating current; however, as observed with lung-specific neurons, some (3 of 10 jugular and 4 of 10 DRG neurons) responded with the small rapidly inactivating current that was also observed in lung-labeled neurons.
Single neuron RT-PCR analysis of P2X receptor expression.
Esophagus-specific TRPV1-positive neurons were evaluated for coexpression of P2X2 and P2X3 mRNA (Fig. 5). All nine TRPV1-positive nodose ganglion neurons expressed P2X3 mRNA, and eight of these neurons also expressed P2X2. All seven TRPV1-positive jugular ganglion neurons innervating the esophagus expressed P2X3, but only one of these neurons coexpressed P2X2. Likewise, of the six esophagus-specific TRPV1-expressing DRG neurons evaluated, all expressed P2X3, but P2X2 mRNA was not detected in any of the esophagus-specific DRG neurons. No products were detected in the no-RT or bath controls (not shown). Overall, the pattern of mRNA expression in esophagus-specific neurons is in full agreement with that in the lung-specific neurons.
The data presented here provide direct evidence, at the level of purinergic receptor gene expression, of two distinct phenotypes of capsaicin-sensitive C-fibers innervating guinea pig lungs and esophagus. The data support the hypothesis that the two phenotypes are based less on the location and nature of the visceral tissues the nerve terminals innervate than on the embryological origin of the ganglion in which their cell bodies are situated. One type of C-fiber has its cell body in the neural crest-derived vagal jugular ganglia or rostral DRG; the other type has its cell body in the vagal nodose ganglia, a structure derived embryologically from the epibranchial placodes. Virtually all C-fibers innervating the lungs and esophagus expressed purinergic P2X3 receptors. This was somewhat surprising inasmuch as only the nodose-derived C-fiber terminals respond to ATP with action potential discharge. This is likely explained by the finding that only the nodose-derived neurons also expressed P2X2 receptors and thus are capable of forming functional P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors.
In several cranial nerves, the cell bodies of sensory neurons are spatially segregated into a neural crest-derived proximal "root" ganglion and a placodal-derived distal ganglion (2). In the vagus nerve, these ganglia are referred to as jugular and nodose, respectively. In mice and rats, these ganglia may fuse to form a nodose-jugular complex. In guinea pigs and larger mammals, these ganglia are spatially distinct entities (e.g., see Fig. 1 in Ref. 13). We previously reported that guinea pig lung C-fibers arising from nodose ganglia could be differentiated from the jugular C-fibers in the lungs by their neuropeptide content and by their responsiveness to purinergic receptor activation (35). The terminals of nodose C-fibers responded with action potential discharge to ATP and the P2X3, P2X2/3 selective agonist α,β-methylene ATP, whereas the jugular C-fibers failed to respond. On the other hand, the jugular C-fiber neurons nearly uniformly expressed tachykinins, whereas relatively fewer nodose C-fiber neurons expressed these neuropeptides.
There are seven members of the purinergic P2X family of receptors, P2X1 to P2X7 (17). The putative receptor subunit stoichiometry for the ion channel is thought to be homo- and heterotrimers (16, 24, 33). A wealth of information exists regarding the expression of purinergic receptors in peripheral ganglia (11). In nodose and dorsal root ganglia, P2X2 and P2X3 are the purinergic receptor subunits responsible for neuron activation (7). Here we confirm the distinction between nodose and jugular lung C-fiber terminals with respect to activation by α,β-methylene ATP and go on to show that this response is strongly inhibited by A-317491. This drug is a selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors (15).
Extensive electrophysiological studies have revealed that both homomeric P2X3 receptors and P2X2/3 receptors can be stimulated by α,β-methylene ATP, but the kinetics of the ionic current is markedly different (10, 17, 21). The homomeric P2X3 response is a transient, very rapidly inactivating current, whereas the P2X2/3 current is a long-lasting, slowly inactivating current. In our patch-clamp studies, we found, as predicted from the single neuron RT-PCR analysis of P2X receptor mRNA expression, that the capsaicin-sensitive nodose neurons innervating the lungs responded to α,β-methylene ATP with large, slowly inactivating P2X2/3-like current, whereas the jugular neurons failed to respond to α,β-methylene ATP, or responded only with a very transient P2X3-like current. That nodose neurons express P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors is consistent with both immunohistochemical and electrophysiological studies showing coexpression of P2X2 and P2X3 in a substantial population of nodose ganglion (36). It should be noted that the conditions were not optimized to study the rapidly inactivating P2X3-like current, and therefore the peak currents observed may be underestimated. Nevertheless, the data from the ex vivo vagus innervated lung preparation indicate that if the transient P2X3 current observed in capsaicin-sensitive jugular cell bodies exists in the terminals in the lungs and esophagus, it is not sufficient to evoke action potential discharge. One might speculate that the homomeric P2X3 receptors in these neurons may play a more important role at the central synapse than at the peripheral terminals.
The question arises as to whether the two C-fiber phenotypes are instructed by signals they received from the different compartments their terminals may innervate within the lungs or whether they are "preselected" and arrive at the tissue already as distinct phenotypes. The jugular neurons are derived from neural crest tissue in the region of the postotic hindbrain, whereas the nodose neurons are derived from the most caudal epibranchial placodes (2). This likely has ramifications with respect to nerve phenotype in development. The suite of transcription factors coordinating neurogenesis and development of sensory neurons in these two ganglia is only partially understood. It suffices to say that among the overlap of transcription factors, many are expressed selectively in placodal neurons, whereas others are expressed selectively in sensory neurons of neural crest origin (see Ref. 2).
Although both jugular and nodose C-fibers studied here innervated the lungs, it is likely that there may be substantive differences in the compartments within the lungs that the endings terminate. In fact, the jugular C-fibers innervate the guinea pig major conducting airways (i.e., trachea and main bronchus), whereas the nodose C-fibers do not (35). It is therefore possible that cues from these respective tissue compartments innervated may direct the C-fiber phenotype with respect to responsiveness to purinergic agonists and neuropeptide content. The neurons within the rostral DRGs are derived from the same postotic hindbrain neural crest as the jugular ganglia (2) and presumably would depend on a similar suite of transcriptional regulators for neurogenesis and development as jugular neurons. If it is the embryologic origin that is the most important factor in determining the characteristics of the C-fibers studied here, we would therefore predict that the C-fibers innervating the lungs that arise from the rostral DRGs would be more similar to jugular neurons than nodose neurons. Indeed, with respect to P2X receptor expression and function, the lung-specific DRGs seemed essentially indistinguishable from lung-specific jugular neurons. Recently, it has been found that the vast majority of small-diameter DRG neurons innervating guinea pig lungs expresses tachykinins (25). This too puts them in line with the neuropeptide-containing jugular C-fiber phenotype and differentiates them from most lung nodose neurons (35).
Additional evidence that would seem to indicate that ganglionic origin is more important than tissue of innervation with respect to directing the C-fiber phenotype comes from our findings with neurons innervating the wall of the esophagus. The tissue environment of the esophageal wall is distinct from the lungs, yet, at least with respect to their purinergic receptor pharmacology, the esophageal nodose neurons were very similar to the intrapulmonary nodose neurons, and the phenotype of the esophageal jugular/DRG neurons was basically the same as the intrapulmonary jugular/DRG neurons. Although this study focused on the functional analysis at the level of the esophageal-specific sensory cell soma, we have previously reported that, at least with respect to P2X sensitivity, the terminals of nodose C-fibers, but not jugular C-fibers, in the guinea pig esophagus responded to ATP and α,β-methylene ATP with action potential discharge (37). In addition, it has been shown that the neuropeptide-containing C-fibers innervating the esophagus are predominately jugular C-fibers (37). It should be noted that although recording conditions were different between the recordings of lung-specific (ruptured patch at room temperature) and esophagus-specific neurons (perforated patch at body temperature), similar results were found in each group. We can therefore conclude that with respect to neuropeptide content as well as purinergic receptor expression, the placodal and neural crest C-fiber phenotypes, in general, are similar between lungs and esophagus.
The hypothesis favored here that the two purinergic receptor phenotypes of vagal C-fibers innervating lungs and esophagus is instructed by signals early in development finds support from the observations of Cheung and Burnstock (4). These investigators noted that in rats, P2X3 is expressed in various sensory ganglion neurons as early as embryonic day 12.5 and is coexpressed with P2X2 in some rat nodose neurons as early as embryonic day 16.5. The type of modulation of vagal C-fiber phenotype that is caused by tissue-derived cues in inflammatory airway disease will likely depend on whether the C-fiber in question is neural crest or placodally derived.
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
We thank Sonya Meeker for excellent technical expertise.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2008 the American Physiological Society


text:
RW FA 5 years ago
Alexander Semin scored twice and added an assist but it wasn't enough as his Sokol Krasnoyarsk team lost 5-4 in overtime to Angarsk.
Semin is playing in the Russian second division VHL league, albeit for his hometown in Siberia. He will return to the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL once the lockout is over.


text:
|Numķro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numķro de demande
|Date de publication
|23 avr. 2002
|Date de dķp¶t
|13 fķvr. 1998
|Date de prioritķ
|29 oct. 1996
|╔tat de paiement des frais
|Autre rķfķrence de publication
|Numķro de publication
|David Morrison, James McCulloch
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Microfibres, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (4), Rķfķrencķ par (31), Classifications (12), ╔vķnements juridiques (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/740,429, filed Oct. 29, 1996, entitled, EMBOSSING CYLINDER FOR EMBOSSING PILE FABRIC, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,796 on Jun. 30, 1998.
The present invention relates to an embossed fabric and a method for making it.
Pile fabrics formed by flocking or other methods are frequently embossed to form a wide range of surface patterns and textures. Ordinarily embossing a pile fabric is achieved by running the fabric through a single cylinder bearing an engraved pattern and subjecting the pile surface to selective amounts of heat, pressure and time embossed with the various parameters determined in part by the type of pile fabric treated. Of particular importance is the engraving cylinder upon which the pattern being embossed is formed. There are basically three types of engraving techniques used to form patterns on these engraving cylinders. They are (a) film photo engraving, which uses an acid etch; (b) mill and dye tooling engraving; and (c) router engraving; which includes both mechanical and hand tooled applications. The choice of each results in an engraved cylinder having different characteristics from the others.
In the film photo engraving, which is predominantly used for fabricating wall coverings and foil wraps using vinyl or vinyl coated papers, a cylinder is made having the capability of very shallow embossing at low heat and pressure. A cylinder capable of shallow embossing, known in the trade as kiss embossing, is ordinarily achieved by acid etching a pattern on a steel or copper cylinder. The pattern is engraved by selectively wrapping the embossing steel or copper cylinder with a special film and thereafter exposing the wrapped cylinder to an acid bath which etches the steel or copper only in areas where the metal is exposed to duplicate the desired pattern. Although steel or copper cylinders are ordinarily used for film photo acid etch engraving, brass will, on occasion, be used to make small cylinders or rolls for specialized applications. Ordinarily the use of brass cylinders or rolls is avoided because the cost is prohibitive. The range of the engraved depth obtained on a steel base cylinder or roll varies from about 0.003 to 0.035 of an inch, while a copper base cylinder or roll has a slightly deeper range of engraving depth possibility of up to 0.050 of an inch. To some extent the engraving depth that is achieved is dependent upon the characteristics of the particular design to be engraved. In general the use of this film photo etch engraving technique to form cylinders or roll for embossing pile fabric is rarely selected because the depth of engraving is too shallow for a permanent embossed design.
A second type of engraving involves a mill and dye tooling engraving technique. Ordinarily mill engraving is effected primarily on steel cylinders although it may also be used on copper or brass cylinders. Steel is preferred because copper does not stand up well to the high heat and pressures ordinarily used during the embossing process for upholstery fabric while brass is cost prohibitive for this type of application.
In the mill and dye tooling engraving process, a hand crafted cutting tool is used for the actual pattern to be engraved. The depth of the engraving in the cylinder is dependent upon the configuration of the pattern. The actual object size, line thickness and spacing of the pattern to be engraved determines or limits the engravers ability to achieve depth. Ordinarily, the depth achieved ranges from 0.002 to 0.060 of an inch. One limitation in utilizing mill engraved cylinders for embossing is the engraving depth while another is pattern repeat size. In a furniture upholstery fabric application this is quite relevant since the repeat size relates to the usefulness of a particular design used for furniture upholstery. A 54 inch repeat would be considered a full repeating pattern. A 27 inch repeat would be considered a half repeating pattern. In this type of engraving, with few exceptions, the largest pattern typically engaged is much smaller and usually is an all-over texture. In many cases the technique is used for all-over textures which do not have pattern repeats and thus can be applied to furniture fabric in any manner or direction required. For example, a background striation type of pattern is possible.
A third type of engraving technique, routing engraving, is used to engrave patterns with larger repeat sizes or patterns that require greater depths of engraving. A full repeat of 54 inches may be engraved and depending on the pattern configuration, engraving in the order from 0.060 of an inch to 0.200 of an inch on a cylinder is achievable. In this routing engraving process, the embossing cylinder is ordinarily a brass based cylinder rather than steel based cylinders. Steel based cylinders can be used, but the hand tooled routing technique is very time consuming and costly. Depending on the particular design and the desired end result the additional cost of hand tooled router engraving may be justified. Steel base cylinders are not ordinarily used for mechanical routing applications because the steel is too hard and brittle and has a tendency to break or crack when deep engraving is required. In the mechanical routing process a film is wrapped about the brass embossing cylinder or roll bearing the exact pattern to be engraved. The cylinder or roll is cut with an overhead milling machine that is ordinarily manually operated to engrave the pattern outlined on the film. Because the engraving on the cylinder is achieved manually on brass, a much deeper cut in the cylinder is achievable. Hand tooled router engraving typically involves the use of either a steel or brass cylinder or roll. Again the film is wrapped around the cylinder or roll to be engraved, but in this case the technician uses strictly hand tools to cut out and engrave the design. Routing engraving is typically used to engrave patterns with large repeat size and great depth of engraving a full repeat of 54 inches can typically be engraved into a cylinder or roll, depending upon the pattern configuration with a depth of anywhere from about 0.060 of an inch to 0.200 of an inch. The advantage of the routing technique is that due to the depth of engraving that can be achieved, the unembossed areas in the pile surface are never exposed to the high heats and pressure associated with the embossing process. Thus, the free ends of the pile under the deep embossed area of the cylinder do not touch the cylinder surface. The end result is that the finished fabrics exhibit a far superior overall improvement in "hand" than when other types of engraving are used.
Heretofore, embossing cylinders have been used that were engraved by acid etching, mill engraving or router engraving to form patterns on flocked or pile fabric. It has, also, been not uncommon in the industry to combine on one embossing cylinder or roll a design formed in part by acid etching and in part by mill engraving. Insofar as is known this technique has not been used to emboss pile type fabrics. Also, insofar as is known, embossing cylinders have not been heretofore made by combining either mill or acid etch in combination with routing engraving (hand or mechanical) engraving techniques in a single cylinder to emboss pile fabrics.
In the manufacture of upholstered, embossed fabric one common problem that has plagued the industry relates to the shiny, glossy, flat areas that are created when a pile surface is embossed. These shiny, glossy, flat surface areas make the fabric look cheap and reduce the overall value of the material. It has been customary to try to avoid these shiny, glossy, flat areas by further processing the embossed goods through a wet or dry processing, or, alternatively use designs that exhibit fine areas only of embossing. The washing processes, however, are relatively costly and often make the fabric of limited commercial value because of costs involved. On the other hand, utilizing patterns with limited embossing areas for small embossed patterns limit the scope of marketable product. These problems have developed primarily when using router engraved cylinders alone.
The problems of fabrics with these glossy flat areas is particularly acute in flocked fabrics using synthetic fibers because the high heat and pressure used during the embossing process plasticize the synthetic fibers, resulting in a shiny area. Additionally, when embossing woven, knitted or tufted pile fabrics the fabric can initially be formed with an irregular pile surface area or texture, which when embossed reduces the undesirable shiny effect.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved pile fabric which can be made with a wide range of patterns of large repeat size and without costly processing after the fabric has been embossed. A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved embossed pile fabric that is relatively simple to manufacture and which is less likely to encounter rejection in the manufacturing process. It is, also, an object of this invention to obtain a very soft hand with a texture in the background that eliminates the unfavorable shiny areas in the embossed pattern.
In the present invention a pile fabric is embossed using an overall non-repeating or repeating texture design engraved on an engraved steel or brass cylinder or roll using a mill and dye tooling or, for very shallow embossing, an acid etch technique to create a background for an embossed design, and a foreground or pattern, in turn, formed by a router engraving technique.
The process utilized uniquely combines two or more separate and distinct designs having different levels of engraving depths to achieve a texture and finish that is uncommon in flocked velvets or other pile fabrics and particularly flocked fabrics. In the present invention, the finer detail of elements achievable by use of mill tool or, in some cases, acid etch engraving on a cylinder or roll is combined with the deeper engraving advantages of a router engraving technique on the same cylinder or roll to produce a bold well-defined or clean cut pattern with a soft overall hand.
It is thus an object of this invention to provide a method of making a pile upholstered fabric having a wide variety of pattern applications with the patterns well defined and the fabric having a soft overall hand.
A further object of this invention is to provide an improved means and method of forming a pile fabric embossed using an embossing cylinder or roll having a background pattern defined by mill engraving or acid etch engraving techniques and a foreground pattern formed by a routing engraving technique, either mechanical or hand tooled or a combination of both.
Another object of this invention is to provide an embossing cylinder or roll having a surface defined in part by mill tool engraving or acid etch technique and in part by routing engraving technique either mechanical or hand tooled or a combination of both.
Another object of this invention is to create a pile fabric with a very soft hand which has a textured background and which eliminates the unfavorable shiny areas in the embossed pattern.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of embossing a flocked fabric using an engraving cylinder having a background formed by an acid or mill engraving technique and a foreground pattern formed by a routing engraving.
One more object of the present invention is to provide a method of forming an embossed surface on a pile fabric in which a background pattern is embossed with an embossing roll defined by an acid or mill engraved area and foreground area is defined by a routing engraved area having a depth greater than the depth of the pile fibers.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an engraving cylinder made of steel or brass and having at least one area engraved by an acid or mill routing technique to form a background pattern and a second area engraved by a routing technique to form a foreground pattern.
Another object of the present invention is to produce a soft embossed pile fabric utilizing a flocked fabric consisting of synthetic pile fiber which has been embossed with a multilayer cylinder produced with a mill and dye of acid etch technique combined with a router technique.
In the present invention in a preferred form, there is provided an embossed flocked fabric which preferably may have a total weight in the order of 6.5 to 9.0 ozs., per square yard, and a pile weight in the order of 1.0 to 3.5 ozs., per square yard with the fabrics preferably having a denier in the order of 0.6 to 3.5 DPF (denier per filament) and with the flocked fabrics embossed in a pattern having a background and foreground with the background formed with a mill tool or acid etch engraved pattern on the cylinder or roll and the foreground formed with a routing engraved pattern on the same cylinder or roll.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a flocked fabric embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of equipment utilized in practicing the process of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross sectional illustration of a flocked fabric in relation to an engraving roll as it is fabricated.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical flocked fabric made in accordance with and embodying features of the present invention. The flocked fabric 1 may be made by conventional means for forming flocked fabrics. Such flocked fabric may typically consist of a nylon pile face 2 with an adhesive layer 4 and substrate or backer layer 6. The pile face 2 may, for example, consist of 100% nylon fibers having a pile weight typically in the range of 1.0 to 3.5 ozs., per square yard and a fiber denier range of from about 0.6 to 3.5 DPF. The adhesive layer 4, which may be a convention acrylic polymer adhesive, typically may be applied in uniform thickness with 2.0 to 3.0 ozs., per square yard while the substrate may comprise a poly-cotton blend of 65%/35% having a weight in the order of 3.0 to 3.5 ozs., per square yard. The various parameters of the fabric components may be varied by varying the flock weight, the adhesive weight or the substrate weight and by varying the cut length of the flock fibers or their denier. By varying these combinations, a wide and rich range of products may be produced to satisfy various customers or marketing requirements. Depending on the nature of the product desired, and the thickness of the product which typically will range between 0.025 to 0.080 of an inch, the embossing pressure, heat and line speed of the embossing process hereinafter described will be determined.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the fabric made in accordance with this invention consists of a pattern 10 on a textured background 12. The pattern 10 may, of course, be varied with innumerable patterns possible. In the illustrated embodiment, the pattern is a floral type pattern. The textured background pattern 12 is characterized by groups of pile fibers arranged in a visually discernable pattern, each group including pile fibers extending from the substrate to a distance differing from that of pile fibers located adjacent to the group (see also FIG. 3). The textured background 12 is preferably a non-repeat pattern, which in the illustration is essentially a striation style consisting of a series of parallel ridges 14 extending the length of the fabric. Other styles of overall background treatment are possible including, for example, striations or ridges extending crosswise of the fabric run and simulated weave effects.
In the preferred embodiment, the parallel ridges 14 may typically have a depth in the range of 0.002 to 0.060 of an inch. The actual object size, line thickness and spacing of the pattern to be engraved determines the engraver's ability to achieve depth on the engraving roll and consequently controls the normal depth of the ridges 14.
The pattern 10, in this case a floral pattern, will typically be formed of pile segments 16 shaped to simulate leaves or petals having depths in the range of 0.060 of an inch to 0.20 of an inch. Thus, The pattern 10 has a depth in the order of 1.5 or 2 to 100 times the depth of the textured background 12.
The embossing process starts with an unembossed pile fabric comprising a flocked fabric adhered to a substrate by an adhesive using materials and parameters as described above. The embossing of the fabric may be achieved using conventional embossing equipment in which fabric is embossed using a specially designed cylinder having a background pattern formed preferably by mill and dye tooling engraving techniques and a foreground pattern formed by a routing engraving cylinder in place of the rolls heretofore used.
The engraving roll 50 used, for example, to create a floral pattern with a striation background is made of brass or steel. Typically, the brass or steel cylinder has an outer circumference of 27.5″, plus or minus 0.25″, or a diameter of approximately 8.678″. The diameter can change depending on the type of embossing equipment used and the requirements of the design. The overall width of the cylinder may vary but, typically, may be 60″ to 80″, with an engraved pattern width of 60″ to 80″. The engraved cylinder 50 is initially treated by engraving a background using mill and dye tooling engraving techniques or acid etch techniques. Typically, the background 12 is defined by engraving the mirror images of the ridges 14 over the entire surface and circumference of the roll 50. After the background has been engraved on the roll 50, the pattern 10 is then engraved on the same roll using routing engraving techniques. The depth of engraving in the mill and dye tooling or acid etch process to form the background will typically range from about 0.002″ to 0.060″. On the other hand, the engraving of the foreground pattern will involve engraving depths in the cylinder of in the order of 0.060″ to 0.200″, with this routing engraving forming the floral pattern illustrated in FIG. 1.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the equipment preferably used in the present invention is a three-roll embossing system. Such systems are made, for example, by Ramisch Kleinwefer of Kriefeld, Germany. Other systems may be used.
Since embossing is a function of dwell time, heat and pressure, the material being embossed determines the amount of dwell time, heat and pressure that has to be used to achieve the desired results. The approximate roll pressure typically used ranges between 300 and 450 PLI, with a surface roll temperature preferably of 375░ F. to 500░ F., and with a line speed of between 5 to 20 yards/minute. The exact combination of pressure, heat and speed used depends on the material intended to be embossed including the thickness of the material as well as the particular kind of material used.
Various types of embossing equipment is available for use with the present invention. Selection of the particular equipment depends upon the material to be embossed, the depth of the engraved cylinders or rolls used, and the speed at which the fabric is to be processed. Commercial equipment may comprise an embosser which is either a two-roll or three-roll configuration. In a two-roll configuration, the equipment will include an engraved cylinder or roll and a base roll. The base roll ordinarily consists of either a steel or paper/wood-type roll. In more sophisticated, newer equipment, a plastic base roll is used. In a two-roll configuration, the pressure that may be generated is limited since the engraved cylinder or roll will deflect or bend and create uneven embossing if too much pressure is applied.
In the three-roll embossing machine, illustrated in FIG. 2, an engraved cylinder or roll 50 bearing a design formed by the mill and dye tooling engraving process and the routing process is positioned between two paper/wood filled base rolls respectively 52 and 54. In this three-roll system, the pressure that can be generated is far greater than possible in a two-roll system because the top and bottom rolls 52, 54 stabilize the engraved cylinder 50 and minimize deflection problems. In some more recently developed equipment, a special compensating base roll is now available to virtually eliminate deflection. It is this system that is preferred in practicing the present invention.
In the preferred embodiment, the engraved cylinder or roll is typically a cylinder made of brass or steel with an outside circumference of 27.5 inches▒0.25 of an inch for a diameter of approximately 83.678 inches. In Europe, it is also common to find a circumference of 25″, which would also be suitable for this invention. The interior diameter of the sleeve will vary in accordance with the type of embossing equipment used. The overall width of the sleeve and the width of the engraved pattern, as well as the overall circumference of the engraved cylinder or roll may vary in accordance with the desired end use and the type of embossing equipment that is used.
The relation of the roll to cylinder to the flocked fabric during the embossing process is illustrated in FIG. 3. In this relation the embossing cylinder 50 has an engraved portion 12A for forming the textured background 12 and an engraved portion 16A for forming the pile segments 16. In the embossing process the portions 12A engage and compress under heat and pressure surface areas of the pile to form the background pattern 12. Simultaneously the foreground pattern or pile segments 16 are spaced from and are not engaged by the engraved portion 16A. This leaves the surface of the foreground pattern untouched. Preferably the space between the upper surface of the pile segments 16 are spaced from the surface of the engraved portion 16A sufficient to avoid plasticizing or adversely affecting the surface. Preferably this may be achieved by making the depth of the foreground 16 engraved portion 16A at least 20% deeper than the height of the pile.
Although the present invention is described in connection with the embossing of the nylon flock fabric, other types of fabrics may also be embossed including woven, knitted, chenille and tufted fabric using features of the present invention. Additionally and for example, propylene, acrylic, polyester and rayon fabrics may be similarly processed. However, in using each of these other materials, heat and pressure, as well as the speed with which the embossing takes place, will necessarily have to be adjusted to compensate for the particular physical characteristics of the material.
|Brevet citķ
|Date de dķp¶t
|Date de publication
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|Mohawk Carpet Mills Inc
|Method of producing embossed pile fabric
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|21 sept. 2000
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|Classification aux ╔tats-Unis
|428/89, 428/88, 428/90
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopķrative
|Classification europķenne
|24 oct. 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|30 nov. 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|23 avr. 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|15 juin 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100423


text:
I am getting a REPEAT PROGRAM Security Alert --
Windows Driver Foundation - User-mode Driver Framework Host Pr is trying to access the trusted zone.
Identification: Unknown
Application: WUDFHost.exe
Destination IP: 192.168.0.1
Clicking on View Properties indicates the program is on c:\windows\system32\. It clearly has been allowed in the past, because it indicates "This program has previously asked for Internet access".
I've had version 8.0 for about a month and I'm not sure what to do here. I've read up on WDF on the web and I think I understand a bit of what it is, but I'm not sure why it needs to access the trusted zone and why I'm getting this alert now. Any suggestions would be appreciated.
Operating System:Windows Vista Home Premium
Software Version:8.0
Product Name:ZoneAlarm Internet Security Suite


text:
Posted: Sunday, January 22, 2017 3:47 PM
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