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ith a bold, masculine design, Invicta chronograph has a poised and calm ambience that's sure to have you looking twice. INVICTA 6583 FEATURES: Series: Subaqua/Noma IV, Style: Chronograph, Size: Men's, Case: 18k Yellow gold plated stainless steel, Dial Color: Black grid, Markers: Yellow gold tone and dome shaped luminous hour markers, Hands: Yellow gold tone and luminous hour , minute and subdial hands, yellow gold tone second hand, Strap: Black polyurethane strap with 18k yellow gold plated accents, Clasp Type: Buckle, Movement: Swiss made chronograph quartz, Crystal: Flame-Fusion, Bezel: Black unidirectional, Case Diameter: 50 mm, Case Thickness: 20 mm, Water Resistant: 500 Meters, Subdials: 60 second, 30 minute 12 hour and 1/10th of a second perforated subdials, Calendar: Day display at 12:00 and date display between 4:00 and 5:00, Crown: Black screw-down crown with protective clasp, Case Back: Screw-down, Strap Width: 27 mm, Strap Length: 11.5 inches, Other: Black screw-down pushe
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Edit Article
wikiHow to Catch Small Food Objects in Your Mouth
Tossing small bits of food in the air and catching it is a great trick. Popcorn is one of the best and easiest to catch in the air, but you can use any other similar small bits like M&M's
1Get a piece of a desired morsel, for example, popcorn, etc.
2Hold the small food in your dominant hand.
3Keep your elbow close to your waist.
4Raise your arm with your hand, while keeping your elbow close to the waist (like a hinge). While doing so, flick your hand up quickly to make sure the food gets high enough in the air.
5Raise your head, following the now-flying food with your eyes. Move a little bit in case the food gets a little off centre.
6Curve your lips so your lips kind of roll-over your teeth to protect them. People have cracked their teeth from something as simple as an M&M. Not pretty.
7Keep your tongue out of the way, or on the bottom of you mouth. Extend your jaw to the slightest to prevent the food morsel from going straight down your throat. Still not pretty.
8Move your head so the food would appear to land on the tip of your nose. When you time it right, move your head and neck back without letting your jaw loose, so slightly move your chest and shoulders back with your head. If your timing was correct, you should have caught the morsel in your mouth! Great job!
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
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- Do not try to catch very hard objects such as ice.
- Beginners should use a soft food, such as mashed potatoes rolled into balls, or grapes.
- Try to catch the food in your mouth, not throw the food into it, it's not basketball, it's more like baseball.
- Keep practicing your timing. When you think you can do it without missing, you can really impress your friends!
- Make sure to curve your lips.
- Don't try this with grapes my friend did this and choked .
- For the first few times of practice, even when you can do it, make sure someone is around in case the morsel gets lodged in your throat. We don't want anyone dying here!
- Don't try to catch things like BBQ ribs or chicken legs!
- Before trying to complete this difficult task of throwing a giant object into your mouth, make sure you can follow this technique.
Things You'll Need
- A small piece of food, like Skittles, M&Ms, popcorn, chocolate chips, candy corn, peas, grapes, cereal (such as Reese's Puffs, Fruit Loops, Cheerios, etc).
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Article Info
Categories: Mouth and Nose Tricks
In other languages:
Italiano: Prendere al Volo con la Bocca Piccoli Frammenti di Cibo, Português: Pegar Comidas Pequenas com a Boca, Español: atrapar pequeños trozos de comida en la boca, Русский: ловить ртом маленькие объекты
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 36,449 times.
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subset: commoncrawl


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OSOYOOS — A new music festival is hitting the beaches of Osoyoos this summer, with a mixed lineup of indie, rock and blues artists.
The family-friendly event is being held at Gyro Beach in Osoyoos from June 27 to July 1. The concert area will be fenced off and open to anyone wishing to come listen to some great music.
Wristbands are available for those wishing to park take in the beer gardens at the main entrance.
The lineup, which isn't fully stacked yet, includes No Sinner, Yukon Blonde, and Osoyoos' own Kansas-Lee Hatherly.
For a list of the current lineup, accomodations and other information for this free event can be found at desertlive.ca.
To contact the reporter for this story, email Meaghan Archer at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 250-488-3065. To contact the editor, email email@example.com or call 250-718-2724.


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CHARLOTTE, N.C. -- Daytona 500 champion Trevor Bayne will miss Friday's Nationwide Series race at Richmond International Raceway to undergo further tests for symptoms believed to be related to an insect bite he received earlier this month.
Bayne, who was not scheduled to run in Saturday's Sprint Cup race for the Wood Brothers, was hospitalized Wednesday afternoon. He complained of fatigue and nausea and later was sent to a facility outside the Charlotte area that specializes in his symptoms.
Bayne remained hospitalized as of Friday afternoon.
"Trevor was not feeling well early this week and he is currently being evaluated for lingering symptoms that may be related to his previous insect bite," Roush Fenway Racing president Steve Newmark said in a statement.
"Unfortunately Trevor will not be available to drive the No. 16 Ford for us this weekend at Richmond. As of now, our plans are to use a substitute driver from the Roush Fenway family of drivers in place of Trevor at Friday night's race."
Later, it was announced Chris Buescher, a Roush Fenway development driver, would take Bayne's place.
Bayne, 20, ranks fifth in the Nationwide standings for Roush Fenway Racing, which owns his contract. Missing the race will severely damage his run for the championship.
"Obviously Trevor wanted to be in Richmond and he's upset about not being able to compete,'' Newmark said. "However, his health is our top priority and we insisted that he have these tests to get to the bottom of his symptoms.''
Bayne developed symptoms believed to be related to an insect bite following the April 3 Martinsville race. His left elbow swelled to almost twice its normal size and he developed a rash later in the week.
Bayne ignored the symptoms through the April 17 Cup race at Texas, but he was hospitalized the following day in Charlotte after complaining his arm was numb throughout the race.
He was released the same day and told to continue with normal activities, but with symptoms persisting, Roush Fenway officials believed there was no alternative but to find a specialist to determine the problem.
David Newton covers NASCAR for ESPN.com. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Eating in Cambodia
The highlight of my visit comes with chef Neil Wager's cuisine - in my villa, beside the pool, under the stars at the over-water restaurant, at picnics (and soon by waterborne 'room service' to secluded nearby coves). Wager spent months travelling through Cambodia, gathering recipes, experimenting with traditional methods and allowing his culinary ingenuity to roam free. He discovered, for example, that the juice of green coconuts from the coast has a distinctive smoky flavour. Chilled, unadulterated, it makes a heavenly consommé - offset with a little salt-cured hamachi (yellowtail fish) and lime granita. Headily aromatic Kampot pepper combines with fresh lemon to make ice cream to cry for.
Virgin rainforests, secluded beaches, coral reefs and quiet luxury are all prime draws for a first visit to Song Saa. I suspect Neil Wager's cuisine will be the reason many people return.
I know that I'll be coming back myself. The riches of Cambodia's ancient heritage, combined with the unspoiled beauty as such places as Song Saa, make a match that is hard to beat.
- 1. Temples of Angkor Wat
- 2. Angkor Wat at dawn
- 3. History of Angkor Wat
- 4. Religion and politics in Cambodia
- 5. Siem Reap
- 6. What to see in Angkor
- 7. Song Saa Private Island
- 8. Song Saa Private Island history
- 9. Environmental tourism in Cambodia
- 10. Song Saa Private Island villas
- 11. Eating in Cambodia
- 12. Cambodia travel information
- Open gallery


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nds4droid does not collect or transmit any personal or sensitive user data. The android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO permission is used only to emulate the microphone on the Nintendo DS, which some games use.
Obscure Ethernet for $200 please, Alex: The Ethernet PAUSE frame
This is a bizarre one. It all started when the internet seemed to go out at my house. My desktop, phone, TV, everything stopped working. The usual solution at a time like this is to power cycle the modem and router. While this fixed the situation temporarily, soon after the problem returned. What made me think this was more than just ISP flakiness was that for some reason Chrome actually locked up; good ol' Windows "this program stopped responding" so like any enterprising engineer I busted open Wireshark.
Continue reading "Obscure Ethernet for $200 please, Alex: The Ethernet PAUSE frame"
When code is suspiciously fast: adventures in dead code elimination
Part of a recent assignment for one of my classes involved calculating the Fibonacci sequence both recursively and iteratively and measuring the speed of each method. (BONUS: For a fun diversion, here is a paper I wrote about using the Golden Ratio, which is closely related to the Fibonacci sequence, as a base for a number system). In addition, we were supposed to pass the actual calculation as a function pointer argument to a method that measured the execution time.
The task was fairly straight forward, so I fired up Visual Studio 2015 and got to work. I usually target x64 during development (due to some misguided belief that the code will be faster), and when I ran the code in release mode I received the following output as the time needed to calculate the 42nd Fibonacci number:
Recursive: 0.977294758 seconds
Iterative: 0.000000310 seconds
Since calculating $F_{42}$ through naive recursion requires ~866 million function calls, this pretty much jived with my expectations. I was ready to submit the assignment and close up shop, but I decided it'd be safer to submit the executable as as 32-bit application. I switched over to x86 in Visual Studio, and for good measure ran the program again.
Recursive: 0.000000000 seconds
Iterative: 0.000000311 seconds
Continue reading "When code is suspiciously fast: adventures in dead code elimination"
CVE-2016-1562: Unauthenticated "filter" parameter leads to customer information leak in the DTE Energy Insight app
Here in southeast Michigan nearly all of our electricity (and a good chunk of our natural gas) comes from DTE Energy, which serves 2.1 million people in the greater Metro Detroit area. DTE recently upgraded most of their electricity meters to ZigBee-enabled smart meters, and as part of this rollout they released the DTE Energy Insight app which allows customers to view their energy usage, set targets, and earn a host of achievements (no Steam cards sadly) when meeting different energy goals. In addition, at no charge DTE sends customers an "Energy Bridge", a small device that connects to a home network and monitors the ZigBee messages generated by a smart meter to give real-time energy consumption information.
Given my curious nature I decided to poke around to discover how exactly the app and the Energy Bridge worked. This post is about a vulnerability in the app itself (although I've been tinkering with my Ettus Research B200 SDR to intercept the ZigBee messages as well).
Continue reading "CVE-2016-1562: Unauthenticated "filter" parameter leads to customer information leak in the DTE Energy Insight app"
nds4droid release 47
2016 brings us an update for nds4droid! Nathaniel D. was nice enough to provide a new German translation. In addition I went ahead and converted the code to an Android Studio project and moved everything away from Sourceforge (15 years too late, amirite) and over to GitHub. The code can now be found there: https://github.com/jquesnelle/nds4droid.
Go ahead and grab the latest APK or get it straight from Google Play.
Introducing MissionControl
A few months back I purchased a Parrot Bepop drone and started writing some code to actually fly it from my PC (being unhappy with only Android/iOS options). In particular I wanted a system that would let my fly it with my shiny new X-55 Rhino HOTAS I got for Star Citizen and Elite: Dangerous. Unfortunately my Bepop drone was stolen, so I'm releasing the code for what I call "MissionControl" a bit prematurely. You can connect and fly your Bepop drone with this, although there is no UI to configure the controls yet. If I get another drone at some point I may pick this back up but I wanted to release what I had because it didn't seem like anyone had gotten flight control of a Bepop working on Win32 yet.
It's up on github: MissionControl.
Hey everyone, I'll be at DEF CON 23 in Las Vegas this weekend helping at the Car Hacking village. Tweet at me if you'll be around!
Penguicon 2015: Scheduling
I'll be at Penguicon this weekend, Michigan's largest sci-fi/open source convention! I'll be giving a talk about my upcoming research paper "Scheduling a conference to minimize RSVP conflicts" which is currently undergoing peer review.
Here are the slides for my talk: Scheduling: The first academic paper about Penguicon
A pre-print of the actual paper: Scheduling a conference to minimize RSVPs
Foundations of the golden ratio base
Positional numeration systems have come to dominate mathematics, with the ubiquitous base-ten number system used nearly universally. In addition to base-ten, other bases such as base-two and base-sixteen have found widespread usage (for example in computer engineering). We review a particularly novel take on the positional numeration system: the golden ratio base, first introduced by George Bergman in 1957, who was a 12 year old junior high student at the time. We shall prove that the number system is correct, starting with basic properties of the golden ratio up to proofs of the existence and uniqueness of representations for certain classes of numbers, which rely on algebraic number theory. In addition we will introduce simple algorithms for performing arithmetic in the system.
Download PDF: Foundations of the golden ratio base
Convergence of arithmetic and geometric means of the n-th root of a sequence of certain binomial coefficients
Blaise Pascal first introduced the triangle that would later come to hold his name [1], although in modern notations the so-called binomial coefficient denoted by $n \choose k$ may be more familiar to the reader. We shall prove a few interesting results regarding a sequence of the $n$-th root of means of the set of binomial coefficients
{n \choose 0}, {n \choose 1}, {n \choose 2}, {\cdots}, {n \choose n}.
In particular, if $A_n$ is the arithmetic mean of (\ref{binomial}) and $G_n$ is the geometric mean of (\ref{binomial}), we will show that the infinite sequences
S_A = A_1, \sqrt{A_2}, \sqrt[3]{A_3}, \sqrt[4]{A_4}, \cdots, \quad S_G = G_1, \sqrt{G_2}, \sqrt[3]{G_3}, \sqrt[4]{G_4}, \cdots
converge to $2$ and $\sqrt{e}$ respectively.
Continue reading "Convergence of arithmetic and geometric means of the n-th root of a sequence of certain binomial coefficients"


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It appears that Juan Mata has finally earned Chelsea coach Jose Mourinho's faith. The club's two-time Player of the Season put in another confident,
string-pulling display in Chelsea's 4-0 hammering of Steaua Bucharest in UEFA Champions League Group E action in Romania on Tuesday night.
"He played No. 10. He played No. 7. He played very well with the ball, as he always does. But he also played very well without the ball, which he never did. Yes, he's coming closer to me. Very much closer," Mourinho said of Mata's performance. Regarding the win, he added: "If we hadn't won, we would've been in trouble. Now I just want to think about qualifying, not being first."
Chelsea's next two games are against Group E leader Schalke, which has 6 points from two games after beating FC Basel 1-0 in Switzerland on Tuesday.


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The Genesis Solution video
Featuring author and lecturer Ken Ham.
This is really a movie of Ken's book the Lie : Evolution in which he helps Christians understand the relevance of the Creation/evolution issue. He shows how essential it is for Christians not to believe in evolution, but to accept a literal Genesis. He also does a good job of explaining why countering the lies of evolutionism should be among the highest priorities for Christians today. It contains professionally produced animations to help illustrate vital points that Ken makes regarding the importance of Genesis. 45-minutes long.
Order through: Answers in Genesis at 1-800-778-3390, or on their web site:
The Genesis Solution Video
The Genesis Solution Book


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The date and time for the next court hearing will be listed on the order. The name and location of the court that issued the order is listed at the top right hand corner of the order. During that hearing, the judge will listen to the evidence and decide if the order should continue to remain in effect, be amended in some way(s), or be terminated (ended). Both the plaintiff and the defendant have a right to be heard at the hearing and to present evidence that the judge finds is relevant. If you do not appear at the next scheduled court hearing, the order will expire at the end of that court day.
If the judge grants the order, it will be in effect for up to one year. The order will state how long it will last, and will tell you when you need to go back to court if you want to renew it.
If you want to renew the order, you will need to go back to court on the return/expiration date on the order, and ask for the order to be renewed or the order will expire.
Harassment Prevention Orders
- What is Harassment?
- What Can I Request Under a Harassment Prevention Order?
- How Do I Get a Harassment Prevention Order?
- How Long Does the Order Last?
- 10-Day Hearing
- How Do I Appeal?
- What Happens if the Defendant Does Something He/She is Not Supposed to Do?
- What If I Want to Change or Terminate (End) the Order?
- More Information on Harassment Prevention Orders


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Don't miss a story. Like us on Facebook. Like Dallas News' Facebook Page
UPDATE: Rep. Dan Flynn, R-Van, said he was pleased the UT System's outside counsel reached a conclusion, issued the report and he was not surprised by the findings.
"That was their position all along," Flynn said. "They never changed any position, that's what their testimony was as they went through the process."
Flynn didn't put a timeline on when the House committee would make a decision, but said any decision will be accompanied by a comprehensive report.
University of Texas regent Wallace Hall didn't violate privacy laws as he dealt with massive data requests containing protected student data, according to a report made by UT System attorneys.
Hall is being investigated, and could be impeached, for allegedly divulging private student data he obtained while investigating UT officials for fixing admissions, among other matters. Hall's critics have called his massive requests for documents a "witch hunt" to remove UT Austin President Bill Powers.
The report, prepared for the House committee by UT System's outside counsel Philip Hilder, concludes Hall didn't violate laws by obtaining student data and later showing it to his personal attorney, Allan Van Fleet. Hall has denied any wrongdoing through Van Fleet and in the media, though he never attended a public meeting focused on his conduct.
"We find no credible evidence of violation…that would warrant a referral for criminal prosecution," Hilder concluded in the report.
Chairs of the House committee investigating Hall were not immediately available at the time of publishing. We will update this post when their comments become available.
The report plays in favor of Hall, but the committee could disagree with the findings or focus on other charges against Hall it has investigated. In November, the committee recommended its special counsel Rusty Hardin review Hall's alleged violation of privacy law and, if necessary, refer the matter to law enforcement.
Van Fleet wouldn't comment on behalf of Hall but said from his perspective the report exonerates his receiving of the materials in the course of the defense and is "the correct result."
The report makes numerous legal arguments asserting Hall met requirements to, among other things, show confidential documents to his attorney: Hall is a "school official," had an educational purpose and the investigation could be considered "pending litigation."
"In light of the fundamental role attorneys play, it would lead to an absurd result were it criminal for an official to provide student records to his or her attorney in the face of litigation, or anticipated litigation, involving those very records," according to the report.
Potential mishandling of confidential student data is just one of the charges levied against Hall. Numerous UT offiicals testified before the committee over a period of months. Many officials, including UT President Bill Powers and UT System Chancellor Francisco Cigarroa, said Hall's massive data requests were burdensome and harmed the university.
It could be weeks before the House committee makes its recommendation, which could include Hall's impeachment.


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Man climbs roller coaster to hang flag
SEASIDE HEIGHTS, N.J., Jan. 8 (UPI) -- New Jersey State Police said a man who climbed roller coaster wreckage and hung a U.S. flag is safely back on the ground.
State Police Sgt. Adam Grossman said the Lavallette man, whose name was not released, set out from his hometown in a canoe Tuesday and paddled to the roller coaster wreckage in Seaside Heights, The Asbury Park (N.J.) Press reported Tuesday.
Seaside Heights Police Chief Thomas Boyd said the man came down off the wreckage after hanging a U.S. flag from the top. The man is currently in police custody, he said.
Suit alleges pot brownie 'poisoning'
BRIDGEWATER, N.J., Jan. 8 (UPI) -- A New Jersey man's lawsuit against a country club and some of its members alleges he was tricked into eating a marijuana-laced brownie.
Barry Russo, 68, whose lawsuit describes him as a "diabetic with high blood pressure and a previous history of ... stroke," is accusing Copper Hill Country Club members James Kavanagh Jr. and Gregg Chaplin of tricking him into eating the marijuana brownie June 1 by claiming it had been made by Kavanagh after taking several culinary courses, the Bridgewater (N.J.) Courier News reported Tuesday.
The lawsuit, which names Kavanagh, Chaplin and club President James MacDonald, alleges club members told Russo about the brownie's contents after he started feeling lightheaded, dizzy and numb -- effects he described as similar to those he experienced when he had his stroke.
The lawsuit alleges MacDonald delayed calling medical help for Russo in an attempt to hide his "poisoning" from others at the club.
Calls to MacDonald and Chaplin for comment went unreturned, the Courier News said. A number listed for Kavanagh was out of service when the newspaper called it.
Facebook post leads to hit-and-run arrest
ASTORIA, Ore., Jan. 8 (UPI) -- Police in Oregon said a drunken driving suspect was busted after posting about his escapades on Facebook.
Astoria police said they were contacted by Facebook friends of Jacob Cox-Brown, 18, after he posted on Facebook about driving under the influence of alcohol and hitting a vehicle, The Daily Astorian reported Tuesday.
"Drivin drunk ... classsic ;) but to whoever's vehicle i hit i am sorry. :P" the Facebook post read.
Police said officers responded at 1 a.m. Wednesday to a report of a hit-and-run crash involving a parked car being sideswiped, causing significant damage. Investigators said some damage was also done to the car parked in front of the vehicle.
Investigators said they checked out Cox-Brown's car and it had sustained damage consistent with the early Wednesday crash.
"Astoria police have an active social media presence," Astoria police said in a news release. "It was a private Facebook message to one of our officers that got this case moving, though. When you post ... on Facebook, you have to figure that it is not going to stay private long."
Cox-Brown was arrested on two counts of failing to perform the duties of a driver.
Man allegedly used bear spray on cyclists
PORTLAND, Ore., Jan. 8 (UPI) -- Authorities in Oregon said they arrested a man accused of spraying bear repellent at a group of bicyclists during an argument.
Lt. Steve Alexander of the Multnomah County Sheriff's Office said Kenneth Lyle Tester, 68, was driving his Ford F150 truck when he got into an unspecified argument with bicyclists arriving at the Cracker Barrel store in Portland about 12:30 p.m. Sunday, The (Portland) Oregonian reported Tuesday.
Tester allegedly sprayed the group with bear repellent and bumped one bicyclist with his truck while leaving the parking lot.
The sheriff's office said Tester flagged down a deputy responding to a call about the incident and he was arrested after the deputy spoke to the involved parties.
Tester pleaded not guilty to charges of unlawful use of Mace and reckless endangerment.


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By Jessica Davidson
Oct 3, 2012
More Articles by Jessica
Understanding your PPC analytics and successfully munching your own numbers is only one part of the equation. But, to be a truly successful marketer, you must learn about your competitors' PPC efforts to avoid being gobbled up by your competition in paid search. In this session, Daniel Owen, Lyena Solomon, and Matt Van Wagner offer techniques to gain insight about your competition's paid search efforts in order to give yourself the competitive edge.
Daniel Owen suggested utilizing a wide variety of competitive analysis tools to find opportunities and weaknesses of your competitors to capitalize on. A couple of tools noteworthy of mentioning include:
SEM Rush: With this tool you can find the keywords of your competitors and their keywords with the most traffic. Obtaining keyword data allows you to discover overlap in your keywords as well as any keywords that you may not be tracking yet. The tool also offers media spend trends, which provides great insight about your competitors' media spend over time.
Google AdWords Auction Insights: This tool provides insight as to how you size up against your competitors on the keyword level for the following metrics: impression share, average position, overlap rate, position above rate, and top of page rate.
The Search Monitor: This tool will provide day parting reports containing the ad positions of you and your competitors' ads different times during the day. It will also track when your competitors test new ads and send you alerts when new ads are ran.
Google AdWords Ad Preview Tool: By setting devices to "mobile" or "tablet" you can determine whether or not your competitors are bidding on mobile and tablet traffic.
MOAT: This tool will display your competitor's image ads so you can determine how to differentiate your image ads to attract more searchers.
Lyena Solomon provided a competitive analysis model and process for paid search ad optimization as follows:
Matt Van Wagner offered three tips to avoid getting bogged down and obsessed with your competitors' PPC activity:
By utilizing the tactics discussed in this session, you are sure to successfully gain a competitive edge over your competitors in paid search.
Follow me on Twitter or Google+for more blogging from SMX East (#smx).
Join over 4,000 marketers who receive actionable digital marketing insights.


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Concentration Camps
Apart from Jews,Roma(gypsy), and Slavs they had captive homosexuals, alleged mental defectives and others.
End of concentration camps
First came the difficult physical recuperation from starvation and malnutrition.
The start of concentration camps
British set up concentration camps for afrikaner opponents in South Africa.
Death Camps
In 1941, the Nazis began to build Vernichtungslager (death camps)
Medical Experiments
People in concentration camps were also used for medical experiments.
Medical Experiments Cont.
Arrival to concentration camps
Arriving prisoners were processed and examined to determine if they were immediately killed or sent to work at concentration camps.
The first permanent nazi camp was located in Dachau,Germany, near Munich, in March 1933.
Hitler's plans to exterminate jews led to the construction of special camps called "death camps" that were used to kill thousands of jews.
People who did not pass examination were told they would be taken to relocation camps.
Lying was to keep them calm when in reality they were taken to gas chambers,then cremated.
*Before cremation their valuables were taken and sometimes woman's hair was shaved to make mattresses.
People would die of abuse,disease,and starvation.
Josef Mengele would select people for his medical experiments.
Experiments involving killing twins, were meant to provide information that would lead to the rapid expansion of the "Aryan Race"
Death Camps
There were a total of 6 death camps at the end of the war.
The most notorious of the death camps was Auschwitz. During the war, the Nazis murdered about 1.1 million people there.
Arrival to concentrations Cont.
German doctors used prisoners to test toxins and anti-toxins.
They performed experimental surgeries and studied the effects of diseases.
Then came the search for their families.
And finally, the uncertain future.
In 1944 the Allied forces liberated people from Majdanek, Belzec,Sobibor, and Treblinka.
In January 1945 they got to Auschwitz
survivors of WWll concentration camp in Dachau, Germany APimages
Roma (Gypsy) prisoners at the Belzec death camp.Reproduced by permission of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Group of Gypsy prisoners, sitting, awaiting instructions from their German captors, in Belzec, photograph. USHMM Photo Archives.
Flowers in honor of the dead lie over an oven at Ravensbrück concentration camp's crematorium
Members of the press view an exhibition at the Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem entitled "Architecture of Murder: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Blueprints" before it's official opening, January 24, 2010. The exhibition contains original blueprints of the Nazi death camps Auschwitz-Birkenau, where approximately one million Jews were murdered during World War Il.
UPI/Debbie Hill
As part of their philosophy of Aryan
supremacy, Nazis forced Jews, Gypsies
homosexuals, and others they deemed
"threats to the state" into concentration
camps. Over 5 million Jews and more than
500,000 Gypsies were killed in Nazi
concentration camps between 1933
and 1945. After the war, Nazi leaders stood
trial for these and other crimes against humanity
at Nuremberg. At the trials, photographs such
as this one, which shows German civilians
removing the bodies of victims at the Gusen concentration camp, were used to convict Nazi leaders
A cornerstone of Nazi
ideology was the belief
that Jews were less than
human.Inmates were
taken away from their
families and forced into
cramped cells that
obliterated any shred
of personal privacy.
A group of Hungarian
Jews arriving at the
camp in German-
occupied Poland.
Yad Vashem Photo
Archives, courtesy of
USHMM Photo Archives
An inmate of a concentration camp at Gusen, Austria, suffering from starvation (May 12, 1945).
Sleeping quarters of the prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp, Poland.
By: Gabriela Cardoza & Brittney Stevens
EnglishI, Period1, Mrs. Key
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|« Buy-to-let market hits all-time low in South Africa
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The secret behind why the rich get richer... and how YOU can too? Part 3
Article by Gary Wilde: CEO Wilde Insights™ in Credit Health
This is the last in a 3-part article written by Gary Wilde - behavioural specialist and turnaround expert. Enjoy.
About the Author: Gary is renowned for his ability to get to the root of problems and produce exceptional results through his unorthodox approach to business and personal challenges. He is a Corporate Turnaround Specialist and Behavioural Adaptation Strategist. Gary is also a certified NLP Coach, a practitioner in Timeline™ Paradigm Techniques and Ericksonian Hypnotherapy as well as a Demartini Method Facilitator. More of his articles can be found here.
The purpose of this series of articles is to reveal the secrets behind why the rich get richer and in doing so, reveal how anybody can achieve a status of financial independence or wealth, by adopting appropriate and empowering thinking and behavioural habits.
In today's article, I will reveal the single most powerful secret behind why the rich get richer, the poor get poorer and the middle class get deeper into debt! However, before I do that, let me summarise some of the powerful and life changing insights that were shared in Parts 1 & 2 of this article:
1. The outcomes we achieve in life, whether favourable or not, are a direct result of the choices we've made, and the actions we've taken in the past. If we want to achieve better outcomes in the future, we must learn from the poor choices we've made in the past and learn how to make more empowering choices.
2. Patterns of success or failure are the result of our thinking habits and behavioural patterns. If we want to change the pattern of results we achieve in our lives, the only way to do so is to change our thinking and our behaviour.
3. Being rich, middle-class or poor is not a blessing or a curse, it is in fact a skill that is learnt and mastered over an extended period of time. If we want to significantly improve and elevate our financial status, we need to be committed to doing what it takes to acquire the skills that will enable us to achieve this... and maintain it.
4. The rich/wealthy think and behave very differently to the middle class when it comes to spending, saving, investing and borrowing money or making use of short term credit facilities. While the middle class have the means to create wealth, they lack the self discipline and appropriate habits to do so. Only those people that have the courage to face their shortcomings and are committed to resolving them, will successfully make the transition into the elusive realm of the rich and wealthy!
Based upon our research and experience in the fields of wealth creation and behavioural causality, there is one underlying secret to creating wealth and maintaining it, that very few know about... one secret, that if truly understood and mastered, would automatically facilitate the acquisition of the necessary knowledge and the formulation of the necessary habits, to create and maintain financial wealth in your life...
The secret behind why the rich get richer... and how you can too, in its simplest form, is this:
The rich value money more than they value the things that money can buy!
When you value being in possession of money, more than you value owning the possessions or enjoying the pleasures that money can buy, you will always have more money than you will have possessions, regardless of how many possessions you may have! Paradoxically, someone that lives according to this formula, will eventually accumulate enough money to afford whatever possessions they wish to own, or pleasures they wish to indulge in and can then enjoy the lifestyle that the vast majority of people only dream of.
People within the middle class of society place a high level of importance on consumption and instant gratification... as opposed to investment and delayed gratification respectively. They place greater value on the possessions and pleasures that money can buy than they do on posse ssing money itself... so much so, that they are even willing to spend money that they do not have, to acquire these things ... hence the reason why the middle-class will always get themselves deeper into debt!
The bottom line is that if we don't value and get real enjoyment out of having money in our accounts and income-generating assets on our balance sheet, more than we value and enjoy the things that money can buy, we will always expend more time and energy on spending our money than we will on saving and investing it, or finding new and better ways of making more money!
To create wealth you have to be earning more money than you spend. It's a very, very simple equation, yet so few people take the time to do the mathematics when deciding to buy a better car, house or TV, or another bag, watch or suit that they don't need. Unfortunately however, even those that do the maths will likely find themselves compelled to spend, because we are not as rational as we'd like to think. We are in fact emotional beings that are compelled to do things that promise to attract pleasure or avoid pain in our lives... and for the vast majority of people, instant pleasure today is more attractive than a lifetime of pleasure tomorrow!
Therefore, the only way to change our destructive or devaluing patterns of behaviour and begin to create wealth for ourselves, is to reach a point where the pleasure of saving and investing money is greater than the pain of delaying gratification. When you get this right, your spending, saving, investing and borrowing behaviours and patterns will naturally begin to change. Thereafter, within a very short space of time, you'll find yourself enjoying the fruits of your actions and celebrating the steadily growing balance in your bank account.
It is ironic that in spite of the fact that the overwhelming majority of middle-class people express the desire to achieve financial independence, even wi th the formula in their hands, less than 0.3% will succeed. The reason for this isn't because there is a scarcity of resources or money in the world, but simply because of people's overwhelming resistance and reluctance to change. If you want to change your financial status, you need to overcome this resistance by finding one or more powerful and compelling reasons to achieve financial independence!
I know what it takes to go from being crushed by debt and being left with only the clothes on my back, to being debt free! Through the years, I have carefully observed and chronicled the transformation of my own thinking and behaviour and drawn upon the wisdom of people that have achieved financial independence to acquire the knowledge about wealth creation that I have today. Because of this, I am now in the privileged position to be able to confidently show those that are willing to learn, how simple it is to achieve financial independence for themselves through o ur one day Master Class entitled, "Wealth Mastery: Anyone CAN be Wealthy!" (See below for further details).
Regardless of whether you are earning a salary as an employee or running your own business, anyone can be wealthy! Becoming wealthy has less to do with how much you earn than it has to do with how you manage your thinking and behaviour and how you manage your money.
Until next time, choose your thoughts and actions wisely, commit yourself to doing what it takes to overcome destructive patterns of behaviour and next time you feel compelled to buy something that you don't really need, STOP and ask yourself, "Am I creating wealth or simply perpetuating old spending patterns that do not serve me?"


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Fast Multiplication of Large Permutations for Disk, Flash Memory and RAM
Permutation multiplication (or permutation composition) is perhaps the simplest of all algorithms in computer science. Yet for large permutations, the standard algorithm is not the fastest for disk or for flash, and surprisingly, it is not even the fastest algorithm for RAM on recent multi-core CPUs. On a recent commodity eight-core machine the authors demonstrate a novel algorithm that is 50% faster than the traditional algorithm, along with strong evidence that it will be up to twice as fast on future many-core computers. For larger permutations on flash or disk, the novel algorithm is orders of magnitude faster.
Provided by: Association for Computing Machinery Topic: Storage Date Added: Jul 2010 Format: PDF


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Musicians vs. Labels
So stated Don Henley, Courtney Love, Patti Austin, LeAnn Rimes, and other musicians in appearances before the California Legislature's Select Committee on the Entertainment Industry during the first week of September. The artists came to Sacramento to plead for changes in California contract law which they hope will free them from a form of indentured servitude that controls not only how their creations can be marketed, but also when and where they may play—even if privately and for free.
California contract law has a "Seven-Year Statute" that limits to seven years the length of time workers can be held to service contracts. In 1987, the music industry succeeded in having recording contracts exempted from the law. This, according to the musicians who spoke at the hearings, allowed record labels an unprecedented degree of control over the careers of artists under contract—including delaying or withholding the release of material already recorded, or holding artists financially responsible for albums they don't deliver. Country stars The Dixie Chicks, who are embroiled in a lawsuit against Sony Music Entertainment for accounting irregularities, were among those appearing. Courtney Love also testified. She and her band Hole are waging legal war with Universal Music over five albums their label claims it is owed. Love has also sued over accounting problems.
The contract law exemption is "unconstitutional because it singles out the record industry," according to Don Engel, attorney for The Dixie Chicks. "These contracts are unconscionable, signed by entry-level artists who mostly have no power." Country diva LeAnn Rimes testified that she was only 12 years old when she signed a contract with Nashville's Curb Records. Now 19, she will be 35 before she fulfills the contract—if ever, she claimed. "At 12, I didn't understand everything in my contract," she commented. "All I knew is that I really wanted to sing." Her contract also spells out where she can live: her choice of Texas or Tennessee.
Don Henley, The Eagles drummer and songwriter, has long been at the forefront of the artists' struggle against oppressive contracts. A co-founder of the lobbying group called the Recording Artists Coalition, Henley was instrumental in having a "works for hire" provision repealed from federal law in the last months of the Clinton administration. "The deck is stacked, and has been stacked for 60 years, in the recording companies' favor," he told the California senators. In recent years, powerless performers have resorted to bankruptcy filings as a tactic to escape bad contracts.
The music industry supplied a number of executives and representatives to bolster its case, which revolves primarily around the risk that a label assumes when it signs a new act. Binding contracts are necessary, according to Recording Industry Association of America senior vice president and general counsel Carey Sherman, who stated that "90% of all new acts lose money." He cautioned legislators not to "turn one-sided anecdotes into stereotypes of an entire industry. Labels are no more alike than all artists are alike." A San Francisco Chronicle report on the hearings quoted Sherman as calling some of the artists present "arrogant superstars who forgot that the industry once took a chance on them." Music industry marketing executives claim that it takes a minimum investment of one million dollars to "break" a band—that is, to do the necessary groundwork to gain it some public recognition.
Of the Recording Artists Coalition, Moody Blues manager Miles Copeland said, "They're attacking the livelihood of the record company. The position artists are taking will have a very detrimental effect on new artists." The changes in contract law sought by musicians "would have an impact on record companies operating in California," according to Roy Lott, deputy president of EMI Group PLC's EMI Recorded Music North America. "They'd either need to move the record company out of state or change the nature of their relationship to recording artists." California, New York, and Tennessee dominate the US recording industry. Changes in California law won't affect contracts signed elsewhere.
Henley and his colleagues hope to do for musicians what Olivia de Haviland did for actors in the 1940s. She successfully challenged Warner Brothers' contract policy, ushering in an era of free agency for actors and putting an end to the old Hollywood studio system. Many musicians have already stepped outside the system: Ani DiFranco has been very successful with her own Righteous Babe label, and pop stalwarts Prince and Peter Gabriel have both resorted to direct marketing to sell their recordings.
The California hearings are being chaired by Sen. Kevin Murray (D-LA), who was formerly a music agent with the William Morris Agency. Murray described the hearings as "informational only," but said he believes changes should be made to the statute. "I don't think the system works," he stated. "If you don't sign a contract, you don't have a career in the record industry. But you can't decide you don't want to be part of the system either." Describing his experience with the issue, Murray said, "What surprises me is that a lot of artists use their celebrity for charity, but they don't fight for their own self-interest."


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Oak Hill Animal Rescue Inc, Seagoville, TX, USA
This story is written to express our fulfilling experience with Bettye Baker, Executive Director, Oak Hill Animal Rescue, Inc., www.ohar.org, Compassion in Action, A 501(c)3 Non Profit Corporations, Federal ID 26-0453703
I am Carletta Burrows and I lost my Corgi, PJ, his name is short for "Pure Joy," in early September of this year. I was so lonely and in tears continuously missing my constant companion. I calmed myself by searching the internet for a Corgi that needing a friend and a home. On September 19, I found Oak Hill Animal Rescue, Bettye Baker, and Bunny. Bunny looked almost just like my PJ and needed a home. After talking with Bettye on the phone to get all the details and "how to" steps, I began the process. I filled out the application for adopting Bunny and faxed it to Oak Hill Rescue. I spoke with Bettye Baker several times over the course of the next week to answer questions and make sure all was in order for the adoption to be complete. On September 25, 2012, Bunny was delivered by Bettye Baker and two of her assistants. What a grand day! Bunny immediately began to fill the hole in all of our hearts and continues to do so to this very day. She has the chemistry it takes to be a farm dog and enjoys every opportunity given to her to help out on the farm. She is a fantastic guard dog and will not allow anyone or anything to go unnoticed and unannounced. We have kept in touch with Oak Hill Rescue and their successes, especially with the handicapped dogs that are great motivational tools in working with patients undergoing physical rehabilitation or training. We also recommend Oak Hill Rescue to others who are looking for a pet. We recommend adoption because of what Bettye Baker said to me when we discussed purchasing a puppy vs. adopting a rescued animal; she said, "Then you would be part of the problem rather than the solution. We will be ever grateful to Oak Hill Animal Rescue for taking such good care of the animals they rescue and for helping me find the perfect match for our family. It was a pleasure to work with Bettye Baker and Oak Hill Rescue, Inc. It is a joy for me to be able to share this story with you. Carletta Burrows 6001 Kilgore TX 75662 (903) 643-0530
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LONDON -- At 101, the Queen Mother Elizabeth has a new job.
During a luncheon at London's Guildhall, Britain's enduring royal matriarch on Thursday resumed her role as Honorary Air Commodore of Number 600 Squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Airforce, which has recently reformed.
Members of the 100-strong Reserve Squadron, recruited from the London area, have been called up to serve during the anti-terrorist offensive in Afghanistan.
The Queen Mother, the mother of Queen Elizabeth II, became the crack night-fighter squadron's Honorary Air Commodore in the late 1940s, but the unit was disbanded in 1957.
Dressed in a royal blue coat and matching hat, the Queen Mother wore a special squadron brooch that she received before the unit was disbanded.
Like other royals, she holds a number of other military titles, but the duties are largely ceremonial.
Jennings has leg surgery
NASHVILLE, Tenn. -- Waylon Jennings postponed two Arizona concerts this week after undergoing leg surgery in Phoenix on Nov. 8, a spokesman said.
The surgery was to improve circulation in one of the 64-year-old country singer's legs, spokeswoman Schatzi Hageman said Wednesday.
She didn't know which leg, and said the family didn't want to release the name of the hospital.
Jennings suffers from peripheral vascular disease that has made it difficult for him to walk in recent years. He also underwent surgery in April.
His concerts had been scheduled for Friday in Phoenix and Saturday in Tucson.
He moved from Nashville to Arizona last year.
Osmond mother suffers stroke
SALT LAKE CITY -- Olive Osmond, matriarch of the singing family, suffered a stroke at her St. George home and was taken to a hospital.
Olive Osmond, 76, was taken to Dixie Regional Medical Center in St. George on Tuesday and then flown to Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo.
All nine of her children visited her, said hospital spokesman Anton Garrity. Donny Osmond canceled a concert in Phoenix on Tuesday to visit his mother, who was in stable condition. Garrity said doctors have found no permanent damage from the stroke.
Some of Olive Osmond's children performed as the Osmond Brothers, a teen singing sensation that produced 34 gold and platinum records in the 1960s and '70s.
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The-Dream - Murderer
I always thought of The-Dream as more of a lover than a fighter but, as the Radio Killa's always been quick to remind us, romance is never without its dark side. A far cry from epically freaky two-part single Body Work/F*ck My Brains Out, newly-leaked digital album inclusion Murderer finds Mr. Terius Nash grappling with the fatal consequences of a love gone wrong. It's a theme worthy of a classic melodrama, and Dream takes an appropriately cinematic approach behind the boards, amping up the tension with ominous synth chords, delicate harp (?) notes and a pensive, martially-tinged percussion rhythm. Despite the decidedly dark instrumental vibe, his lightly-Autotuned vocals are as smooth and etheral as ever—even when he's making cryptic threats ("I'm coming back to deliver deliverance."), he delivers the lines as if he were whispering sweet nothings into his beloved's ear. If this haunting selection is any indication, R&B/pop-lovers won't want to miss the freshness in store on 1977, set to hit the 'net for free download on the August 31. In addition, keep your browsers locked you-know-where for release details on Dream's yet-unscheduled senior set, The Love, IV: Diary of a Madman.


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MOSCOW, Oct 18 (Reuters) - The Russian government has backed proposed legislation that would ban smoking in public places, paving the way for the draft law to be debated in parliament.
The bill, which would also limit tobacco advertising and sponsorship, aims to help tackle a public health crisis in the world's No.2 market after China.
"The draft law foresees a total, complete ban on smoking in public places ... Gradually, by Jan. 1, 2015, restaurants, cafes and other retail outlets must be free from smoking," Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev told his cabinet meeting, according to a transcript on the government's website.
The number of sale points will be reduced and advertising limited, Medvedev said.
Foreign tobacco firms - including British American Tobacco , Imperial Tobacco, Japan Tobacco, and Phillip Morris - control more than 90 percent of Russian sales and have been lobbying to soften the proposed legislation.


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Once again we present you the latest from Converse Japan. For October 2009 they present a series of new Chuck Taylors, featuring contrasting stitching, gingham uppers, leopard details and graphic uppers. Most variations of the sneaker come in both low top and high top versions. The Jack Purcell comes with checker uppers this month and the Chevron comes with a houndstooth pattern print. An interesting addition this month is the slip-on.
Take a detailed look at all upcoming Converse Japan October 2009 Releases after the jump.


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Need reasonably priced Salon in Chicago
Irminator Posts: 2Registered Users
Hello! My name is Irma, I have had curly hair all my life. I recently grew it out, but don't really have time to straighten it every day. I am interested in getting it cut, but I need a reasonably priced salon in Chicago. I don't know about paying $75 to $100 every other month for a hair cut!!
Thank you.
Thank you.


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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by infection with Leishmania donovani complex, remains a major public health problem in endemic regions of South Asia, East Africa, and Brazil. If untreated, symptomatic VL is usually fatal. Rapid field diagnosis relies principally on demonstration of anti-Leishmania antibodies in clinically suspect cases. The rK39 immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is based on rK39, encoded by a fragment of a kinesin-related gene derived from a Brazilian L. chagasi, now recognised as L. infantum, originating from Europe. Despite its reliability in South Asia, the rK39 test is reported to have lower sensitivity in East Africa. A reason for this differential response may reside in the molecular diversity of the rK39 homologous sequences among East African L. donovani strains.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Coding sequences of rK39 homologues from East African L. donovani strains were amplified from genomic DNA, analysed for diversity from the rK39 sequence, and compared to South Asian sequences. East African sequences were revealed to display significant diversity from rK39. Most coding changes in the 5′ half of repeats were non-conservative, with multiple substitutions involving charge changes, whereas amino acid substitutions in the 3′ half of repeats were conservative. Specific polymorphisms were found between South Asian and East African strains. Diversity of HASPB1 and HASPB2 gene repeat sequences, used to flank sequences of a kinesin homologue in the synthetic antigen rK28 designed to reduce variable RDT performance, was also investigated. Non-canonical combination repeat arrangements were revealed for HASPB1 and HASPB2 gene products in strains producing unpredicted size amplicons.
We demonstrate that there is extensive kinesin genetic diversity among strains in East Africa and between East Africa and South Asia, with ample scope for influencing performance of rK39 diagnostic assays. We also show the importance of targeted comparative genomics in guiding optimisation of recombinant/synthetic diagnostic antigens.
Author Summary
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by infection with parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex, spread by the bite of blood-sucking sandflies, especially in South Asia, East Africa, and Brazil. If untreated, symptomatic VL leads to systemic pathologies and is usually fatal. Up to approximately 400,000 new cases are estimated to occur annually, and regional epidemics have been devastatingly severe. Diagnosis of clinically suspect cases in the field, and thus appropriate treatment, relies principally on a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) based on detection of antibodies against a Leishmania antigen known as rK39. Although this test is reliable in South Asia, it has shown less success in East Africa. One reason may reside in diversity of the rK39 homologue among East African L. donovani, with consequent limitations in the binding of diagnostic antibodies. Here, we investigate the sequences of rK39 homologues in a panel of East African L. donovani strains, and show that there is significant diversity compared to rK39 and to South Asian sequences. Additionally, we examine diversity in another diagnostic antigen known as HASPB1/2. Our results indicate that an improved RDT may need to encompass East-African-specific antigen diversity to provide high performance field diagnosis for this region.
Citation: Bhattacharyya T, Boelaert M, Miles MA (2013) Comparison of Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnostic Antigens in African and Asian Leishmania donovani Reveals Extensive Diversity and Region-specific Polymorphisms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis7(2): e2057. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002057
Editor: Philippe Büscher, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
Received: September 19, 2012; Accepted: December 28, 2012; Published: February 28, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Bhattacharyya et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work is part of the NIDIAG network research partnership supported by the European Commission under the Health Cooperation Work Programme of the 7th Framework Programme (Grant agreement no. 260260, http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a major public health concern in many parts of the tropical world, with the great majority of the estimated 200,000 to 400,000 annual new cases found in South Asia, East Africa, and Brazil [1], [2]. VL is caused by kinetoplastid protozoa of the Leishmania donovani complex. These are: L. donovani in South Asia and East Africa; L. infantum, mainly in Europe, the wider Mediterranean region, and in Latin America, where it was historically also known as L. chagasi but is now demonstrated to be synonymous with L. infantum originating from Europe [3].
Leishmania promastigotes, transmitted during bloodmeal feeding by female sandflies (Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia spp., in the Old and New World respectively), are internalised by local dermal macrophages and dendritic cells. Within these host cells, flagella are lost, and transformation into proliferative amastigote forms is followed by cell lysis, re-invasion of other cells, and parasite dissemination by the lymphatic and vascular systems, which can lead to infiltration of bone marrow and hepatosplenomegaly. In symptomatic cases, VL is fatal if untreated [4].
Parasitological diagnosis, by demonstration of amastigotes in spleen aspirates, approximates to a gold standard for VL diagnosis but is applied cautiously due to associated risk. Serological (anti-Leishmania antibody) tests include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and direct agglutination test (DAT) [5]. However, after drug treatment and cure current serological tests may still give positive results and therefore cannot readily diagnose relapse. Furthermore, such tests can also detect anti-leishmanial antibodies in asymptomatic individuals living in endemic areas, but with no VL history or subsequent progression to VL [6].
Burns et al [7] identified a kinesin-related gene product, LcKin, as a candidate diagnostic antigen by screening a Brazilian L. infantum (L. chagasi) genomic library with serum of an L. donovani patient. A part of the coding sequence, comprising a 46aa region followed by 6.5×39aa repeats, forms the recombinant diagnostic protein rK39. In recent multicentre evaluations, the use of the rK39 in a lateral-flow immunochromatographic, rapid test format reported less success in East Africa than in the Indian subcontinent for point-of-care diagnosis of VL [8], [9]. Underlying explanatory factors may reside in molecular divergence between East African L. donovani kinesin gene homologues and the Brazilian L. infantum (L. chagasi)-derived rK39 sequence, and/or may be due to differential immunocompetence and antibody levels produced among African and Asian human populations.
Studies on South Asian L. donovani strains using PCR primers based on LcKin have identified rK39 homologous sequences [10]–[12]. Gerald et al [13] reported the first East African (Sudanese) L. donovani kinesin homologue, LdK39. The first two of the 39-aa repeats of LdK39, flanked by sequences of the L. donovani antigens HASPB1 and HASPB2 [14], comprise rK28, a novel recombinant protein for diagnosis of VL, designed to be an improvement over rK39 [15]–[16]. HASPB proteins are expressed on the surface of infective promastigote and amastigote Leishmania life cycle stages [14]. The first 3×14aa repeats of HASPB1 are incorporated into rK28, along with the complete ORF of HASPB2, which includes three imperfect consecutive repeats, 2×14aa and 1×13aa. HASPB1 and HASPB2 correspond with K26 and K9, respectively [17], which were originally identified in L. infantum (L. chagasi) at the same time as the HASPBs, but were given different nomenclature. A recent comparison of rK26 and rK9 showed significantly lower diagnostic efficacy than rK28 [15].
Here we investigate whether molecular divergence in rK39 kinesin sequence homologues of East African L. donovani may contribute to lower rK39 diagnostic test success rates in East Africa. We analyse the rK39 homologues in a panel of East African L. donovani strains and compare their diversity against published South Asian sequences. In addition, we compare sequence diversity of HASPB1 and HASPB2 in East African and South Asian strains.
L. donovani strains
Table 1 lists the East African L. donovani strains used in this study. Strains were selected to represent genetic groups within the L. donovani complex in East Africa (Baleela et al, unpublished data; identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and microsatellite analysis (MLMT)). Strains were cultured in αMEM medium supplemented by foetal calf serum (Sigma, UK), and genomic DNA was extracted from uncloned cultures using Gentra Puregene Tissue Core Kit A (Qiagen, UK). Uncloned cultures were specifically used here because the intention was to capture the diversity present within natural L. donovani populations. Table 2 lists the GenBank sequences derived in other studies [7], [10]–[14], [18]–[19] and used here for comparisons.
Kinesin homologues
PCR primers LdonK39F (gagctcgcaaccgagt) and LdonK39R (ctgrctcgccagctcc) were designed for this study based on a comparison of LcKin and LdK39 coding sequences (Figure 1A), and were targeted to amplify the 894 bp region of the L. donovani kinesin gene that is incorporated into the diagnostic antigen rK39. The level of conservation in the sequences encoding the 39-aa repeats predicts that primer LdonK39R would be expected to anneal to multiple sites within the kinesin gene template, generating multiple amplicons. Amplification reactions were performed in a total volume of 20 ul, and comprised of 1× NH4 Reaction buffer supplemented with 1.5 mM MgCl2 (Bioline, UK), 200 µM dNTPs (New England Biolabs, UK), 10 pmol of each primer, and 1 U BioTaq DNA polymerase (Bioline). Amplification conditions were: 1 cycle of 94°C, 2 mins; 25 cycles of 94°C for 30 secs, 55°C for 30 secs, 72°C for 1 min; 1 cycle of 72°C for 5 mins. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels (Bioline). Amplicons corresponding to rK39 homologues were excised and purified from gels using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), cloned into pGEM-T easy vector (Promega, UK), and transformed into XL1-blue E. coli on blue-white selection. Primers Sp6/T7 and M13for/rev were used to sequence from the vector (between 2–5 colonies per strain were taken forward for sequencing, except UGX-MARROW and SUDAN1, where due to difficulty in cloning the corresponding inserts only one clone was sequenced); in addition, LdonK39int (cgagcggctaaccagc), which binds to the 3′ end of the non-repeat region immediately upstream of the repeats, was used as an internal sequencing primer (Figure 1A). Sequences were analysed using BioEdit [20].
Repetitive coding regions depicted as filled boxes, PCR primers underlined, and 5′ and 3′ binding positions with amplicons are indicated by dashed lines. [A] Kinesin gene comparison for primer design (* = non-conserved nucleotide). [B] HASPB1 GenBank sequence displays 22× perfect 14aa repeats. [C] HASPB2 GenBank sequence displays 3 imperfect repeats.
PCR primers LdonHASPBfor (cataaaaccactgaggc) and LdonHASPBrev (atcttcgttcttctcctg) were designed for this study to flank the repeat regions of the HASPB1 ORF, amplifying a 1064 bp product (Figure 1B). Due to the identity between HASPB1 and HASPB2 at the primer binding sites, a 260 bp product would also be predicted to be amplified from HASPB2 by these primers (Figure 1C). Composition of PCR mix was as described above for kinesin, except that 40 µM dNTPs were used. Amplification conditions were: 1 cycle of 94°C, 2 mins; 25 cycles of 94°C for 30 secs, 50°C for 30 secs, 72°C for 1 min; 1 cycle of 72°C for 10 mins. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels (Bioline). Amplicons were excised and purified from gels using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit, and sequenced directly using the amplification primers. Sequences were analysed using BioEdit.
East African L. donovani kinesin diversity
Multiple kinesin amplicons were produced using a combination of primers LdonK39F, which binds to the non-repeat region and LdonK39R, because the latter primer binds to nucleotide sequence that is conserved across the repeats. An example is shown in Figure 2. Sequencing of cloned amplicons containing the rK39 homologous sequences into plasmid vectors revealed the presence of nucleotide and predicted amino acid diversity among East African L. donovani strains. Table 3 shows the amino acid polymorphisms that were found among the East African strains, together with their divergence from L. infantum (L. chagasi) derived LcKin rK39, and alongside the GenBank sequence for L. donovani derived kinesin LdK39 used in rK28. Substitutions between a non-charged and a charged residue (D−, E−, H+, K+, R+) in comparison with the LcKin rK39 sequence are shown underlined.
Amplifications from strains HU3 (LV9), Hussen, and UGX-MARROW, are depicted. Major amplicon sizes differ by 117 bp, the size of the nucleotide sequence encoding the 39aa repeat in the kinesin gene; mk = Hyperladder I (Bioline).
When the seven rK39 homologous repeats of all the East African strains were compared with the LcKin rK39 amino acid sequence, residues 2, 6, 10, 16 and 18 were each affected three or four times by substitutions involving charge changes. In contrast, although there were multiple substitutions in the latter half of the East African rK39 tandem repeats, especially affecting residues 21, 23, 27 and 39, none of these substitutions involved charge changes. Two tracts of the rK39 repeat, residues 11 to 15 and 28 to 34 were perfectly conserved between LcKin39 across all the East African strains examined and across all seven rK39 repeats within those strains.
Sequencing of multiple plasmid clones revealed the presence of alternative residues at single sites within single strains. This was notably widespread for the two strains Gilani and Hussen, in the case of Gilani, including several alternatives within the first and second repeats.
Comparison of L. donovani kinesin diversity between East Africa and South Asia
Figure 3 depicts the composite L. donovani kinesin polymorphisms for East Africa and South Asia and the divergence between the two geographic regions, in comparison with the LcKin rK39 derived from L. infantum (L. chagasi). The East African polymorphisms in Figure 3 incorporate the data obtained here together with the published LdKin (rK28) sequence. Substitutions between non-charged and charged residues (D−, E−, H+, K+, R+) compared to the LcKin rK39 sequence are shown underlined. East Africa-specific polymorphisms are boxed; South Asia-specific polymorphisms are circled.
Changes between charged and non-charged residues are underlined. No residue entered at a particular site indicates conservation of that residue with the corresponding residue of diagnostic rK39. Where two alternative residues are indicated in smaller text these are not necessarily always within the same strain, for clarification compare with Table 3. Region-specific polymorphisms in each repeat are boxed (East Africa) or circled (South Asia).
In the 46aa non-repeat region the only divergence from L. infantum (L. chagasi) diagnostic LcKin rK39 was Cys→Ser41, found among both South Asian and East African strains (Table 3). Throughout the 6.5×39aa repeats, there were polymorphisms divergent from the diagnostic LcKin rK39 that were unique to each region and other polymorphisms that were common to East Africa and South Asia. For example, Glu→Gly2 (Repeats 4, 5, 7) and Arg→His11 (Repeats 1, 2, 4) are found only in East Africa and South Asia respectively, whereas in Repeat 1, Ala→Ser21, Ala→Thr23, Ser→Met27, Thr→Ala39, which are all conservative changes found in the latter half of the repeats, were found in both regions. Indeed, as for the East African strains (Table 3) all such polymorphisms identified in the latter half of the repeats among South Asian strains are conservative, i.e., a non-charged residue is replaced by another non-charged residue; conversely, non-conservative substitutions between non-charged and charged residues are found in the first half of the repeats. Among the published South Asian sequences charges diverged from those in diagnostic LcKin rK39 at residue 4 (Gln→Arg; Repeats 2, 3, 4) and at residues 16, 17 and 18, for example uncharged to positive at these three sites in repeat 1 (Figure 3).
Comparison with L. donovani complex reference genomes
After the sequencing of the L. infantum reference genome [18], Downing et al [19] sequenced the Nepalese L. donovani strain BPK282/0cl4 as the reference genome for L. donovani. The sequence coding for the non-repeat 46-aa region of rK39 was submitted to NCBI BLAST against the reference genomes. For the L. infantum reference genome (Spanish, canine-isolated), there were no differences across the entire rK39 sequence, in accordance with this being the postulated source of L. infantum (L. chagasi) in South America [3]. For the genome sequence of BPK282, due to the repeat nature of the downstream region, only sequences of the first two repeats could be unequivocally aligned and these were incorporated into Figure 3 for comparisons with the individual repeat sequences generated here. From the unequivocal BLAST alignment information, BPK282 repeat 1 is the same as for rK39 except Thr→Ala39; in BPK repeat 2, where only the first 6 residues are unambiguously assembled, Gln→Arg4 is present.
L. donovani HASPB
PCR primers LdonHASPBfor and LdonHASPBrev were designed to bind unique sequences flanking the 22×14aa-repeat coding region of HASPB1 to produce a 1064 bp amplicon. However, with some of the strains studied here in addition to the 1064 bp product the smaller 260 bp amplicon corresponding to HASPB2 (Figure 1C) could also be seen: an example is shown for HU3 (LV9) in Figure 4. However, these primers unexpectedly gave amplicons of ∼400–500 bp for some of the strains (Hussen, UGX-marrow, LRC-L57, MRC(L)3, SUKKAR 2) (Figure 4).
Amplifications from strains HU3 (LV9), Hussen, UGX-MARROW, and LRC-L57, are depicted; mk = Hyperladder I.
Comparisons with rK28 HASPB sequences
Strains HU3 (LV9), Gebre1, Gilani, LEM3582, LEM3556, and LEM3458, which gave 1064 bp-amplicons, had identical sequences in their first 3×14aa repeats as the HASPB1 used in diagnostic rK28. However, subsequent repeats, not incorporated into rK28, were imperfect with polymorphic residues at certain sites, such as His→Arg6 (repeats 15, 18, 22) and Gly→Ala14 (repeats 5, 14, 17) for strains LEM3582, LEM3556, and LV9.
For those strains producing the predicted 260 bp amplicon of the HASPB2 homologue, (Figure 1) a comparison with the rK28 sequence identified a Gly residue inserted between Ala32 and Val33 preceding the imperfectly repeated 14/13aa region and a Pro→Gln96 substitution present after the 14/13aa region. The only polymorphism within the imperfectly repeated 14/13aa region, compared to rK28, was Lys→Glu49, at the third residue of first 14aa region, with a consequent charge change.
Interestingly, the strains producing unexpected ∼400–500 bp amplicons (Hussen, UGX-marrow, LRC-57, SUKKAR 2, MRC(L)3) revealed on sequence analysis a HASPB1/HASPB2-like combination composition across their repeats, due to the presence of the central motifs that were HASPB1-like (HTQKN) or HASPB2-like (HAH-N). The HTQKN and HAH-N motifs were not consistently present in the same repeat numbers across these five strains and the HASPB1-like and HASPB2-like sections of the tandem repeat were not necessarily aggregated (Table 4). In the case of LRC/L57, both the 1064 bp (predicted HASPB1-homologue) and ∼500 bp amplicons contained the HASPB2-like motif HAH-N. The Lys→Glu49 substitution at the third residue of the first 14aa region, described above, was also present in those strains giving the ∼400–500 bp amplicons.
Comparison with L. donovani reference genome
The sequence coding for the pre-repeat region of HASPB1 (not used in rK28, Figure 1A) was submitted to NCBI BLAST against the Nepalese L. donovani reference genome, to facilitate correct alignment. Due to the repeat nature of the downstream region, only the first two repeats of the reference genome could be unequivocally aligned for comparisons with the individual sequences generated here. The first two repeats of the reference genome showed the combination composition of central motifs HTQKN in repeat 1 (HASPB1-like) and HAH-N in repeat 2 (HASPB2-like). Thus, the South Asian reference genome has a HASPB1/2 combination structure like the four East African strains Hussen, UGX-marrow, LRC-57, MRC(L)3, and the Iraqi SUKKAR 2, and with the same organisation of repeats 1 and 2 seen in the Kenyan strains LRC-57 and MRC(L)3.
For VL there is a particular need for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that can be unequivocally applied in endemic regions at primary care level and with only basic technical training. Of the available options for serological diagnosis of VL only the immunochromatographic rK39 assay can be considered a point of care test for field application. The IFAT requires a fluorescence microscope. Use of the DAT is constrained by the readout delay, the relative sophistication of the procedure and limited access to lyophilised antigen. In agreement with other studies, Boelaert et al [8] recommend the use of rK39 in South Asia, but report less satisfactory results from East Africa. One factor influencing regional differences in diagnostic performance may be divergence in kinesin gene homologues in East African L. donovani from the L. infantum (L. chagasi)-derived LcKin rK39 sequence. In an attempt to overcome the geographical limitations of the rK39 test a modified recombinant antigen, rK28, has been devised, incorporating segments of the HASPB antigen.
Analyses of L. donovani complex isolates with multiple molecular markers have revealed extensive genetic diversity with at least six distinct lineages, and both inter- and intra-lineage diversity. Furthermore, genotyping of isolates from endemic regions has shown an association between genotype and geographical origin [21]–[22]. Kuhls et al [22] used multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) for high resolution comparison of the six global L. donovani genetic lineages, and showed that allelic diversity in Africa was greater than in India; a subsequent MLMT study also described comparative homogeneity among South Asian L. donovani [23]. Thus, the relative homogeneity of South Asian L. donovani and greater diversity in East Africa, if mirrored in diversity of the kinesin gene, is one potential explanation of the more limited efficacy of diagnostic rK39 in East Africa.
Here we determined across a panel of East African strains the diversity of the kinesin repeat region homologous to that used in both the rK39 diagnostic antigen (repeats 1 to 6.5) and the rK28 recombinant antigen (repeats 1 and 2). We then compared this diversity to that among predetermined South Asian sequences.
Surprisingly, in view of the proven value of the rK39 RDT in South Asia, there is considerable amino acid diversity among kinesin repeats 1 to 7 of South Asian strains as well as those from East Africa (Figure 3). Alternative residues at multiple sites suggested that Gilani and Hussen are heterozygous, although sequences were not obtained from DNA clones and therefore multiclonality rather than heterozygosity cannot be excluded. Across all strains the diversity was particularly notable in the first half of each rK39 repeat, because it involved charge changes at residues 2, 6, 10, 16, and 18, with only a short stretch of consistently conserved residues (11 to 15). Such charge changes among the South Asian strains are very likely to disrupt antigenic epitopes, if present. As far as we are aware epitopes within or across adjacent rK39 repeats have not yet been precisely mapped. However, we would predict that the diagnostic epitopes lie in the latter half of the rK39 repeat, where, although there is extensive diversity, the changes are conservative, none involving charge, and there is one stretch of residues (28 to 34) that is entirely conserved across all isolates and across all seven repeats. This is consistent with the recent work of Costa et al [24] in which antigen prediction software led to the synthesis of a 22mer peptide (ESTTAAKMSAEQDRESTRATLE) encompassing the region of rK39 from residue 20 of repeat 3 to residue of 2 of repeat 4, a sequence which is also found in the next two repeats. In that study, the peptide was recognised in ELISA by Brazilian sera from symptomatic and asymptomatic canine VL and symptomatic human VL. However, our study shows that at least 5 of the residues within that 22mer are polymorphic in East Africa.
Kinesin repeat divergence from the rK39 diagnostic recombinant is complex, and some divergence is common to both South Asia and East Africa, for example at residues 7, 10, 21, 23 (Figure 3). Nevertheless, there were polymorphisms unique to each region, for example at residues 4, 16, and 18, consistent with the expectation that differential sensitivities of rK39 assays may be partially attributable to positional and physiochemical polymorphisms of the kinesin gene. The identification and confirmation of region-specific polymorphisms may be limited by the amount of sequence data so far available. Also diversity beyond the seven sequenced repeats of the kinesin tandem array may present a wider range of epitopes for immunological recognition.
The differential immunocompetence and antibody titres of East African and South Asian human populations in the context of VL remains to be thoroughly explored, as a major alternative or contributing explanation of variable rK39 test sensitivities. Interestingly a recent WHO/TDR evaluation [9] of a rapid diagnostic test based on rKE16 antigen, a LcKin homologue derived from an Indian L. donovani [10], reported markedly lower sensitivities against Brazilian and East African sera, compared to South Asian. The same evaluation [9] also reported a lower sensitivity of rK39-based tests with Brazilian sera. However, the rK39 antigen is derived from a Brazilian L. infantum (L. chagasi) strain [7], which originated from Iberia in Europe and is considered to be relatively homogeneous, based on microsatellite typing [3]. Thus, kinesin diversity among Brazilian L. infantum should be explored further and comparative immune response levels among Brazilian and South American populations.
In the rK28 recombinant diagnostic antigen, designed to improve on performance of the rK39 test, highly conserved HASPB repetitive amino acid sequences flank the first two repeats of Ldk39, derived from an East African strain. Alce et al [14], following the work of McKean et al [25], amplified two homologues of the L. major Gene B protein from L. donovani, naming the ORF of the larger HASPB1 and that of the smaller HASPB2. Recombinant HASPB1 has been used in animal vaccine models [26]–[27], and HASPB has a role in L. major differentiation within the sandfly vector P. papatasi [28]. The PCR primers used in the current study, like those used by Alce et al [14], anneal to regions flanking HASPB repeat regions and generate two PCR products of predicted size corresponding to HASPB1 and HASPB2, compatible with the presence of two distinct HASPB1 and HASPB2 loci in the genome, as concluded for the L. major genome [29]. However, several strains produced unexpected sized amplicons with a mix of HASPB1 and HASPB2 motifs within these PCR products, indicating a structural reorganisation of HASPB in these strains. Similarly, Haralambous et al [30] in K26, a homologue of HASPB, also found unexpected amplicons for the Hussen strain as compared to Gebre1 and Gilani. Nevertheless, despite this structural reorganisation, there was limited HASPB amino acid diversity across the strains. There was only one polymorphism compared to rK28 that involved a charge change, Lys→Glu49 in HASPB2, potentially affecting antigenicity. A recent study [31] reports HASPB repeat sequence diversity in Indian L. donovani strains; a comparison with sequences derived here shows that among those East African strains producing unexpected sized amplicons (Table 4), there is the presence of repeat sequence types that are also predominant among Indian strains (PKEDDHAHNDGGG, PKEDGHTQKNDGDG, PKEDDHAHNDGDG). In addition we find repeat types not reported from Indian strains, for example repeats beginning with Lys in place of Pro (Hussen, UGX-Marrow, SUKKAR 2), or ending in Val (LRC-L57, MRC(L)3).
We did not have patient samples from which to attempt direct amplification of kinesin and HASPB and confirm diversity in situ. Nevertheless the polymorphisms described here do not occur stochastically across strains but at sites of reported kinesin diversity, or in the case of the HASPB2, are consistent among strains (Ala32-Gly-Val33 or Pro→Gln96). Furthermore, the strains were cryopreserved, not subjected to prolonged passage in vitro, and sequences were determined bi-directionally and/or repeated to confirm their validity.
We have undertaken the most comprehensive analysis of diagnostic kinesin and HASPB antigen diversity in East African strains to date. We show that there is extensive kinesin genetic diversity among strains and between East Africa and South Asia, with ample scope for influencing performance of rK39 diagnostic assays. Future research should both widen and focus the genomic comparisons between strains and also compare immune competence profiles among East African, Brazilian and South Asian populations as an alternative or contributory factor to variable RDT performance. There are broader implications from these findings. Firstly, we see the crucial importance of sustaining accessible collections of Leishmania strains representative of genetic lineages and global diversity. Secondly, due to present limitations in the capacity of whole genome sequencing to assemble complex antigen gene families, especially those comprised of repeated sequences, targeted analysis of individual strains is also necessary for these comparisons of genetic diversity. Thirdly, it is evident that comparative genomics has a vital role in guiding the optimisation of recombinant or synthetic diagnostic antigens. Not only are even better diagnostic tests needed for diagnosis of VL but biomarkers are urgently required to distinguish symptomatic cases, asymptomatic infections at risk or not of progression to VL, and post-treatment outcome (relapse versus cure).
We thank Isabel Mauricio and Rania Baleela for guidance on choice of strains, Matthew Yeo for contributing to parasite culture, and for their constructive comments on the manuscript. We also thank François Chappuis for his comments. The authors are also grateful to anonymous reviewers for their improvements to the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TB MAM. Performed the experiments: TB. Analyzed the data: TB MAM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TB MAM. Wrote the paper: TB MAM MB. Coordinated funding application and the NIDIAG associated research partnership: MB.
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Case Studies, Now Online, Grapple With Global Health Dilemmas
For anyone interested in global health, fixing big problems in poor countries or just getting a sense of how the folks at Harvard Business School think, check out these newly accessible, free (for students and educators, at least) case studies that deal with thorny health care delivery dilemmas in poor regions of Rwanda, India, Haiti and throughout Africa.
The 21 studies range in scope and geography, for instance, Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in Peru (a classic) to Botswana's Program for Preventing Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission.
The case study model was pioneered at Harvard Business School to help students simulate a decision-maker role in examining various issues in the financial and corporate world. But a few years ago, the renowned doctors and medical anthropologists who launched the non-profit Partners in Health — Paul Farmer and Jim Kim, now president of Dartmouth — began to apply the case study method to public health problems in poor countries in collaboration with Harvard Business School's Michael Porter.
Medical and other students needed some kind of out-of-classroom experience dealing with health issues among the poor, the thinking went, and short of getting on a plane, the cases provided detailed, real-life problems — and in some cases, solutions. And though some of the studies might appear dry — perhaps you're not fired up about Building Local Capacity for Health Commodity Manufacturing: A to Z Textile Mills Ltd. — I've had the privilege of sitting in on classes with all three of these guys and I can say it's truly inspiring and intellectually gripping. Never, ever dry. (In fact, the A-Z Textile case study is the amazing story of a local Arusha, Tanzania maker of insecticide-treated bednets to prevent malaria and the misaligned incentives that brought them, sadly, down).
All 21 cases were developed jointly by the Global Health Delivery Project, a collaboration between Harvard's medical and business schools, the Brigham & Women's Hospital and Partners In Health.


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New Business Development Services
New business development services will be available even before the opening of our new facility. These include:
- Business planning
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New Product Development
New product development services will include:
- Ingredient resourcing
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- Recipe and product design
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- Quality assurance, food safety systems and regulatory compliance
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- Innovative technology and technology commercialization
- Small-scale manufacturing under USDA and FDA inspection
Our Facility
Our facility is currently in the design phase. It will be housed within the Pilina building, in the space which formerly served as the campus kitchen.
The 3,600 square foot space will be converted into a state-of-the-art commercial kitchen designed for shared-use food processing and equipped for test batches and small-scale production of wet, dry, hot and cold processed foods, as well as labeling and packaging. The facility will be available for commercial and community use on a fee basis. The illustration below shows the layout of the new facility.
The architectural firm Design Partners, Inc. (DPI), of Honolulu, has been retained to design and build the project. An initial assessment and conceptual plan has been completed. Renovation is anticipated to begin in 2014.