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Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries
Preliminary Guide to the Alfred Halvorson papers
Table of Contents
Summary Information
- Repository
- Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries
- Creator
- Halvorson, Alfred R., 1921-
- Title
- Alfred Halvorson papers
- Date [inclusive]
- circa 1958-1985
- Extent
- 40.0 Linear feet 40 boxes.
- Location Note
- (MASC Staff Use- MS.1986.21: 2-5-16-17; MS.1986.46: 2-5-12-5; MS.1987.31: 2-5-1-5; MS.1990.57: 2-10-19-1; MS.1996.29: 2-8-12-1)
- Language
- English
- Languages
- Materials are in English.
Biographical/Historical note
Dr. Alfred R. Halvorson (1921- ) was a Professor in the Department of Crop and Soils Sciences at Washington State University, who retired in 1986. Dr. Halvorson was the Extension Specialists in Soil Testing, where he developed and promoted the Soil Testing Laboratory from 1957 to 1982. Dr. Halvorson was also the Mayor of Pullman, Washington, from 1991 to 1995.
Scope and Contents note
This collection contains the research materials of Dr. Alfred R. Halvorson (1921- ), who was a Professor in the Department of Crop and Soils Sciences at Washington State University until 1986. The collection includes research materials related to soil testing and Dr. Halvorson's work as an Extension Specialist in the Soil Testing Laboratory at WSU from 1957 to 1982. These research materials include papers pertaining to orchard research with Alcoa, soil and plant fertility, nitrate nitrogen in soils, water quality, agricultural safety, fertilizers, the agricultural applications of algae and "crop conditioners," yield enhancing seed treatment, methods for measuring fertilizer, the effects of volcanic ash on farming, tillage, soil temperature, hydroponics, plant diseases, organic gardening, animal waste management, composting, crop tolerance of saline and alkali soils, erosion, application of limestone to balance soil pH, air pollution, soil acidity, Palouse watershed water quality, soil conservation, arsenic, irrigation, the impact of the energy crisis on Washington agriculture, forestry, and Australian agriculture, as well as materials concerning various agricultural products produced in Washington and by professional organization in the field of agronomy, and various publications on related subjects. The collection also contains internal correspondence, memorandums, annual reports and reviews, fiscal records, grant applications and documentation, correspondence with other universities' agronomy departments, farmers and orchardists, materials pertaining to Dr. Halvorson's employment with WSU, speeches, photographs, reports, and printed materials (journals, clippings, etc.).
Organization of Collection
This is an unprocessed collection. It consists of multiple accessions received between 1986 and 1996: MS.1986.21, MS.1986.46, MS.1987.31, MS.1990.57, MS.1996.29. It has not yet been arranged.
Administrative Information
Publication Information
Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Librarieshttp://www.libraries.wsu.edu/masc
Terrell Library
P.O. Box 645610
Pullman, WA, 99164-5610
This collection is open and available for research use.
Acquisition Information
Collection donated by Al Halvorson to Washington State University Libraries in 1986, 1987,1990, and 1996. This is an unprocessed collection with multiple accessions.
Controlled Access Headings
Corporate Name(s)
- Washington State University -- Faculty -- Archives.
Geographic Name(s)
- Pullman (Wash.) -- History -- Sources
Personal Name(s)
- Halvorson, Alfred R., 1921-
- Agriculture -- Washington (State)
- Agronomy -- Washington (State) -- History
- Soils

subset: commoncrawl


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The importance of Whole foods.
As people's waistlines increase, and the rate of type two diabetes and obesity soars in New Zealand, it is time we as a nation start looking at what we are eating. There are around 200,000 New Zealanders that have type two diabetes and 18.6% of us have pre-diabetes which in many cases leads to type 2 diabetes. There are also a number of other diet related illnesses that are in the incline and that comes as no surprise when the number of pre packaged and processed foods on our supermarket shelves are increasing.
'Processed' is becoming one of the frowned upon words when it comes to diet. The rise of consumers who want to eat locally grown, organic, real food is beginning to thrive. Eating a clean diet full of whole foods has become a mantra for many of us. There has been a spike in the amount of people adapting to the Paleolithic diet, which is based around eating whole foods. Have you been on Instagram lately? My news feed is a wash with photos of peoples food adorned with "clean eating" hash tags. It is now trendy to "eat clean" and lets hope this current trend does not go away any time soon as it is a fantastic way to eat and one of the ways that we can combat diet related illnesses.
So what are whole foods? Whole foods are natural, unrefined and unprocessed. When a food is in its natural state it provides essential nutrients that the body needs to function optimally. Whole foods contain beneficial enzymes and nutrients that nourish the body from the inside out. Whole foods have high amounts of important nutrients and many of them are low in calories. Foods that contain all the essential vitamins and minerals have been proven to prevent cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancers, skin issues, diabetes and obesity.They are foods given to us in nature, that haven't been tampered with in a factory and then stuffed inside a cardboard box.
Foods that have been canned, processed with artificial colors, preservatives, additives and flavors and that are genetically altered (GMO) are not recommended, as they will do more harm in the body then good. Generally New Zealanders eat a large amount of pre made meals and packaged foods. People are eating whole grains that come from instant rice, boxed cereals, refined white breads and pastas. All these foods contain little nutrients and are simply empty calories.
Eating highly processed foods can artificially stimulate dopamine (the pleasure neurotransmitter), which plays a role in addiction. You are eating foods that contain no nutrients but they will create a pleasurable feeling. Then a food addiction will start because you feel good when you are eating these foods.
Processed food is usually stripped of its fiber. Fiber lowers cholesterol levels, regulates bowel movements, slows down the absorption of sugar and regulates blood sugar levels and promotes weight loss. What's not to love about that?
Potato chips, muesli bars, packaged cereals (you've probably guessed by now we hate them!), processed meats and biscuits start out as whole foods but then have dozens of synthetic chemicals, additives and preservatives added into them to increase shelf life, enhance appearance and flavour. Try eating a baked potato over potato chips, whole grains over boxed cereals, nuts and seeds over a muesli bar and fresh fruit over sugar laden canned fruit. Read food labels; if you can't pronounce the ingredients then stay away.
Our body is an incredible organism, constantly repairing itself, filtering out toxins and supplying us with energy. It works 24/7 so we need to respect it and nourish our temple with the right food.
Our body contains over one hundred trillion cells, each cells converts the nutrients from food we eat into to the energy we need in order to function and survive. Because of this we need to be fueling ourselves with the right nutrients, our bodies depend on it. Good nutrition is fundamental to our very existence.
The key to optimal health is to feed and nourish our bodies with the necessary nutrients to achieve what they were designed to do.
By adapting to a whole foods diet you are able to get all of your required vitamins and minerals from the foods you eat. Eat fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, lean meats, fish, and healthy fats and oils to form the basis of a healthy diet. Cook from scratch. This means taking basic foods in their natural form and making them into wholesome, tasty, nourishing dishes. Next time you are at the supermarket ditch the biscuit isle, your body will thank you for it.
As the great Author Michael Pollan says, "Don't eat anything incapable of rotting".


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The response to Southern California's recent fires provided stark contrast to the ineffectiveness of government after Hurricane Katrina. It is true the disasters were different in many ways, but California is ahead of the curve in preparedness because we have come to expect periodic upheavals from Mother Nature, be it earthquake or firestorms.
Much praise has rightfully been heaped upon our brave firefighters as well as engine companies from surrounding states. The next time you read or hear some drivel that government employees are nothing but a bunch of slackers feeding off the public trough, you might take a moment to recall how impressively these public servants saved lives and property in the region.
As thousands fled the flames with little notice and nowhere to go, Temecula officials were prepared and opened up evacuation centers at the Community Recreation Center and two high school gymnasiums. This included providing shelter and food for families, their pets, horses and other livestock. Preplanning was key to the city's effectiveness.
In August, Temecula officials, in conjunction with Riverside County Emergency Services, conducted a series of disaster-preparedness workshops that included tabletop exercises in dealing with various scenarios. Obviously, that training went a long way in the city's coordinated response to provide assistance to fire evacuees.
The American Red Cross operated the local shelters and the cityprovided additional volunteers through the Temecula Citizens Corpsprogram, which residents are encouraged to join by calling Janet at(951) 302-4548 or visiting the city Web site,www.cityoftemecula.org. A number of residents approached theevacuee centers to help, but with no training or experience, mostwere turned away. The Citizens Corps provides the training to getyour family through an emergency and the ability to help others inneed.
I was in another county when the call came to my cell phone for Corps members to respond. By the time I got to the group's office, all needed positions were filled and I was put on standby. That evening, I stopped by an evacuation center and the emergency command post set up at Ronald Reagan Sports Park. Police officers from Temecula and surrounding cities were being briefed on areas potentially in need of evacuation so they would be ready for immediate dispatch. Additional officers were also on duty to thwart any criminal element that might take advantage of the situation.
On TV dramas, city officials are often fictitiously depicted in some room sticking pins in wall maps far from the action. Many of Temecula's top administrators and employees were in the shelters doing the hands-on work and obtaining whatever resources were needed. Mayor Chuck Washington provided updates and reassured residents through broadcasts on local cable and the city Web site.
Local businesses needed little or no prompting to donate tons of food, water and other supplies. Residents also went shopping for the sole purpose of donating to help evacuees. Even seasoned Red Cross volunteers were in awe of the community response to provide whatever they could to help evacuees from other cities and San Diego county.
Preparedness is what made Temecula's response so impressive, and that is the lesson each of us needs to bring into our own homes.
Paul Jacobs of Temecula is a regular columnist for TheCalifornian. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com .


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K&N Performance Gold® Oil Filters for automotive and marine applications have been constructed from the ground up to satisfy the high performance needs of race car owners and drivers, as well as the average vehicle or boat owner who wants the very best oil filter available. The heavy-duty construction provides strength to reduce the possibility of bursts and helps reduce the risk of rock and stone damage. A Sturdy 1" wrench nut makes removal quick and easy. The filter's inner filter element traps contaminant as small as 10 to 20 microns in size. The solid construction allows for oil flow rates between 12-16 gpm (depending on filter size), and is unaffected by racing fuels.
Part HP-6001 Product Specifications
Anti Drain Back Valve: No
Bypass Valve: Yes
Filter Material: High Flow Premium Media
Gasket Material: Nitrile Rubber
Height: 8.313 in (211 mm)
Outside Diameter: 4.219 in (107 mm)
PSI Relief Valve: 16-20
Removal Nut: Yes
Style: Canister
Thread Specification: 1-1/2 In. - 16UN-2B


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 27, 2011
|Filing date
|Jan 10, 2008
|Priority date
|Jun 15, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael A. Vaudrey, William R. Saunders
|Original Assignee
|Akiba Electronics Institute Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (92), Non-Patent Citations (10), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/139,243 entitled "Voice-to-Remaining Audio (VRA) Interactive Hearing Aid & Auxiliary Equipment," filed on Jun. 15, 1999.
This patent application is a reissue application for commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,594, issued from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/593,149, filed on Jun. 14, 2000.
Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to processing audio signals, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for processing audio signals such that hearing impaired listeners can adjust the level of voice-to-remaining audio (VRA) to improve their listening experience.
As one ages and progresses through life, over time due to many factors, such as age, genetics, disease, and environmental effects, one's hearing becomes compromised. Usually, the deterioration is specific to certain frequency ranges.
In addition to permanent hearing impairments, one may experience temporary hearing impairments due to exposure to particular high sound levels. For example, after target shooting or attending a rock concert one may have temporary hearing impairments that improve somewhat, but over time may accumulate to a permanent hearing impairment. Even lower sound levels than these but longer lasting may have temporary impacts on one's hearing, such as working in a factory or teaching in a elementary school.
Typically, one compensates for hearing loss or impairment by increasing the volume of the audio. But, this simply increases the volume of all audible frequencies in the total signal. The resulting increase in total signal volume will provide little or no improvement in speech intelligibility, particularly for those whose hearing impairment is frequency dependent.
While hearing impairment increases generally with age, many hearing impaired individuals refuse to admit that they are hard of hearing, and therefore avoid the use of devices that may improve the quality of their hearing. While many elderly people begin wearing glasses as they age, a significantly smaller number of these individuals wear hearing aids, despite the significant advances in the reduction of the size of hearing aids. This phenomenon is indicative of the apparent societal stigma associated with hearing aids and/or hearing impairments. Consequently, it is desirable to provide a technique for improving the listening experience of a hearing impaired listener in a way that avoids the apparent associated societal stigma.
Most audio programming, be it television audio, movie audio, or music can be divided into two distinct components: the foreground and the background. In general, the foreground sounds are the ones intended to capture the audiences attention and retain their focus, whereas the background sounds are supporting, but not of primary interest to the audience. One example of this can be seen in television programming for a "sitcom," in which the main character's voices deliver and develop the plot of the story while sound effects, audience laughter, and music fill the gaps.
Currently, the listening audience for all types of audio media are restricted to the mixture decided upon by the audio engineer during production. The audio engineer will mix all other background noise components with the foreground sounds at levels that the audio engineer prefers, or at which the audio engineer understands have some historical basis. This mixture is then sent to the end-user as either a single (mono) signal or in some cases as a stereo (left and right) signal, without any means for adjusting the foreground to the background.
The lack of this ability to adjust foreground relative to background sounds is particularly difficult for the hearing impaired. In many cases, programming is difficult to understand (at best) due to background audio masking the foreground signals.
There are many new digital audio formats available. Some of these have attempted to provide capability for the hearing impaired. For example, Dolby Digital, also referred to as AC-3 (or Audio Codec version 3), is a compression technique for digital audio that packs more data into a smaller space. The future of digital audio is in spatial positioning, which is accomplished by providing 5.1 separate audio channels: Center, Left and Right, and Left and Right Surround. The sixth channel, referred to as the 0.1 channel refers to a limited bandwidth low frequency effects (LFE) channel that is mostly non-directional due to its low frequencies. Since there are 5.1 audio channels to transmit, compression is necessary to ensure that both video and audio stay within certain bandwidth constraints. These constraints (imposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)) are more strict for terrestrial transmission than for digital video disk (DVD)s, currently. There is more than enough space on a DVD to provide the end-user with uncompressed audio (much more desirable from a listening standpoint). Video data is compressed most commonly through MPEG (moving pictures experts group) developed techniques, although they also have an audio compression technique very similar to Dolby's.
The DVD industry has adopted Dolby Digital (DD) as its compression technique of choice. Most DVD's are produced using DD. The ATSC (Advanced Television Standards Committee) has also chosen AC-3 as its audio compression scheme for American digital TV. This has spread to many other countries around the world. This means that production studios (movie and television) must encode their audio in DD for broadcast or recording.
There are many features, in addition to the strict encoding and decoding scheme, that are frequently discussed in conjunction with Dolby Digital. Some of these features are part of DD and some are not. Along with the compressed bitstream, DD sends information about the bitstream called metadata, or "data about the data." It is basically zero's and ones indicating the existence of options available to the end-user. Three of these options are dialnorm (dialog normalization), dynrng (dynamic range), and bsmod (bit stream mode that controls the main and associated audio services). The first two are an integral part of DD already, since many decoders handle these variables, giving end-users the ability to adjust them. The third bit of information, bsmod, is described in detail in ATSC document A/54 (not a Dolby publication) but also exists as part of the DD bitstream. The value of bsmod alerts the decoder about the nature of the incoming audio service, including the presence of any associated audio service. At this time, no known manufacturers are utilizing this parameter. Multiple language DVD performances are currently provided via multiple complete main audio programs on one of the eight available audio tracks on the DVD.
The dialnorm parameter is designed to allow the listener to normalize all audio programs relative to a constant voice level. Between channels and between program and commercial, overall audio levels fluctuate wildly. In the future, producers will be asked to insert the dialnorm parameter which indicates the sound pressure level (SPL)s at which the dialog has been recorded. If this value is set as 80 dB for a program but 90 dB for a commercial, the television will decode that information examine the level the end-user has entered as desirable (say 85 dB) and will adjust the movie up 5 dB and the commercial down 5 dB. This is a total volume level adjustment that is based on what the producer enters as the dialnorm bit value.
A section from the AC-3 description (from document A/52) provides the best description of this technology. "The dynrng values typically indicate gain reduction during the loudest signal passages, and gain increase during the quiet passages. For the listener, it is desirable to bring the loudest sounds down in level towards the dialog level, and the quiet sounds up in level, again towards dialog level. Sounds which are at the same loudness as the normal spoken dialogue will typically not have their gain changed."
The dynrng variable provides the end-user with an adjustable parameter that will control the amount of compression occurring on the total volume with respect to the dialog level. This essentially limits the dynamic range of the total audio program about the mean dialog level. This does not, however, provide any way to adjust the dialog level independently of the remaining audio level.
One attempt to improve the listening experience of hearing impaired listeners is provided for in The ATSC, Digital Television Standard (Annex B). Section 6 of Annex B of the ATSC standard describes the main audio services and the associated audio services. An AC-3 elementary stream contains the encoded representation of a single audio service. Multiple audio services are provided by multiple elementary streams. Each elementary stream is conveyed by the transport multiplex with a unique PID. There are a number of audio service types which may be individually coded into each elementary stream. One of the audio service types is called the complete main audio service (CM). The CM type of main audio service contains a complete audio program (complete with dialogue, music and effects). The CM service may contain from 1 to 5.1 audio channels. The CM service may be further enhanced by means of the other services. Another audio service type is the hearing impaired service (HI). The HI associated service typically contains only dialogue which is intended to be reproduced simultaneously with the CM service. In this case, the HI service is a single audio channel. As stated therein, this dialogue may be processed for improved intelligibility by hearing impaired listeners. Simultaneous reproduction of both the CM and HI services allows the hearing impaired listener to hear a mix of the CM and HI services in order to emphasize the dialogue while still providing some music and effects. Besides providing the HI service as a single dialogue channel, the HI service may be provided as a complete program mix containing music, effects, and dialogue with enhanced intelligibility. In this case, the service may be coded using any number of channels (up to 5.1). While this service may improve the listening experience for some hearing impaired individuals, it certainly will not for those who do not employ the proscribed receiver for fear of being stigmatized as hearing impaired. Finally, any processing of the dialogue for hearing impaired individuals prevents the use of this channel in creating an audio program for non-hearing individuals. Moreover, the relationship between the HI service and the CM service set forth in Annex B remains undefined with respect to the relative signal levels of each used to create a channel for the hearing impaired.
Other techniques have been employed to attempt to improve the intelligibility of audio. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,344 discloses a method of creating a "center channel" for dialogue in cinema sound. This technique disclosed therein correlates left and right stereophonic channels and adjusts the gain on either the combined and/or the separate left or right channel depending on the degree of correlation between the left and right channel. The assumption being that the strong correlation between the left and right channels indicates the presence of dialogue. The center channel, which is the filtered summation of the left and right channels, is amplified or attenuated depending on the degree of correlation between the left and right channels. The problem with this approach is that it does not discriminate between meaningful dialogue and simple correlated sound, nor does it address unwanted voice information within the voice band. Therefore, it cannot improve the intelligibility of all audio for all hearing impaired individuals.
In general, the previously cited inventions of Dolby and others have all attempted to modify some content of the audio signal through various signal processing hardware or algorithms, but those methods do not satisfy the individual needs or preferences of different listeners. In sum, all of these techniques provide a less than optimum listening experience for hearing impaired individuals as well as non-hearing impaired individuals.
Finally, miniaturized electronics and high quality digital audio has brought about a revolution in the digital hearing aid technology. In addition, the latest standards of digital audio transmission and recordings including DVD (in all formats), digital television, Internet radio, and digit radio, are incorporating sophisticated compression methods that allow an end-user unprecedented control over audio programming. The combination of these two technologies has presented improved methods for providing hearing impaired end-users with the ability to enjoy digital audio programming. This combination, however, fails to address all of the needs and concerns of different hearing impaired end-users.
The present invention is therefore directed to the problem of developing a system and method for processing audio signals that optimizes the listening experience for hearing impaired listeners, as well as non-hearing impaired listeners, individually or collectively.
An integrated individual listening device and decoder for receiving an audio signal including a decoder for decoding the audio signal by separating the audio signal into a voice signal and a background signal, a first end-user adjustable amplifier coupled to the voice signal and amplifying the voice signal, a second end-user adjustable amplifier coupled to the background signal and amplifying the background signal, a summing amplifier coupled to outputs of said first and second end-user adjustable amplifiers and outputting a total audio signal, said total signal being coupled to an individual listening device.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to an integrated individual listening device and decoder. An example of one such decoder is a Dolby Digital (DD) decoder. As stated above, Dolby Digital is an audio compression standard that has gained popularity for use in terrestrial broadcast and recording media. Although the discussion herein uses a DD decoder, other types of decoders may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Moreover, other digital audio standards besides Dolby Digital are not precluded. This embodiment allows a hearing impaired end-user in a listening environment with other listeners, to take advantage of the "Hearing Impaired Associated Audio Service" provided by DD without affecting the listening enjoyment of the other listeners. As used herein, the term "end-user" refers to a consumer, listener or listeners of a broadcast or sound recording or a person or persons receiving an audio signal on an audio media that is distributed by recording or broadcast. In addition, the term "individual listening device" refers to hearing aids, headsets, assistive listening devices, cochlear implants or other devices that assist the end-user's listening ability. Further, the term "preferred audio" refers to the preferred signal, voice component, voice information, or primary voice component of an audio signal and the term "remaining audio" refers to the background, musical or non-voice component of an audio signal.
Other embodiments of the present invention relate to a decoder that sends wireless transmissions directly to a individual listening device such as a hearing aid or cochlear implant. Used in conjunction with the "Hearing Impaired Associated Audio Service" provided by DD which provides separate dialog along with a main program, the decoder provides the hearing impaired end-user with adjustment capability for improve intelligibility with other listeners in the same listening environment while the other listeners enjoy the unaffected main program.
Further embodiments of the present invention relate to an interception box which services the communications market when broadcast companies transition from analog transmission to digital transmission. The intercept box allows the end-user to take advantage of the hearing impaired mode (HI) without having a fully functional main/associated audio service decoder. The intercept box decodes transmitted digital information and allows the end-user to adjust hearing impaired parameters with analog style controls This analog signal is also fed directly to an analog play device such as a television. According to the present invention, the intercept box can be used with individual listening devices such as hearing aids or it can allow digital services to be made available to the analog end-user during the transition period.
Significance of Ratio of Preferred Audio to Remaining Audio
The present invention begins with the realization that the listening preferential range of a ratio of a preferred audio signal relative to any remaining audio is rather large, and certainly larger than ever expected. This significant discovery is the result of a test of a small sample of the population regarding their preferences of the ratio of the preferred audio signal level to a signal level of all remaining audio.
Specific Adjustment of Desired Range for Hearing Impaired or Normal Listeners
Very directed research has been conducted in the area of understanding how normal and hearing impaired end-users perceive the ratio between dialog and remaining audio for different types of audio programming. It has been found that the population varies widely in the range of adjustment desired between voice and remaining audio.
Two experiments have been conducted on a random sample of the population including elementary school children, middle school children, middle-aged citizens and senior citizens. A total of 71 people were tested. The test consisted of asking the end-user to adjust the level of voice and the level of remaining audio for a football game (where the remaining audio was the crowd noise) and a popular song (where the remaining audio was the music). A metric called the VRA (voice to remaining audio) ratio was formed by dividing the linear value of the volume of the dialog or voice by the linear value of the volume of the remaining audio for each selection.
Several things were made clear as a result of this testing. First, no two people prefer the identical ratio for voice and remaining audio for both the sports and music media. This is very important since the population has relied upon producers to provide a VRA (which cannot be adjusted by the consumer) that will appeal to everyone. This can clearly not occur, given the results of these tests. Second, while the VRA is typically higher for those with hearing impairments (to improve intelligibility) those people with normal hearing also prefer different ratios than are currently provided by the producers.
It is also important to highlight the fact that any device that provides adjustment of the VRA must provide at least as much adjustment capability as is inferred from these tests in order for it to satisfy a significant segment of the population. Since the video and home theater medium supplies a variety of programming, we should consider that the ratio should extend from at least the lowest measured ratio for any media (music or sports) to the highest ratio from music or sports. This would be 0.1 to 20.17, or a range in decibels of 46 dB. It should also be noted that this is merely a sampling of the population and that the adjustment capability should theoretically be infinite since it is very likely that one person may prefer no crowd noise when viewing a sports broadcast and that another person would prefer no announcement. Note that this type of study and the specific desire for widely varying VRA ratios has not been reported or discussed in the literature or prior art.
In this test, an older group of men was selected and asked to do an adjustment (which test was later performed on a group of students) between a fixed background noise and the voice of an announcer, in which only the latter could be varied and the former was set at 6.00. The results with the older group were as follows:
To further illustrate the fact that people of all ages have different hearing needs and preferences, a group of 21 college students was selected to listen to a mixture of voice and background and to select, by making one adjustment to the voice level, the ratio of the voice to the background. The background noise, in this case crowd noise at a football game, was fixed at a setting of six (6.00) and the students were allowed to adjust the volume of the announcers' play by play voice which had been recorded separately and was pure voice or mostly pure voice. In other words, the students were selected to do the same test the group of older men did. Students were selected so as to minimize hearing infirmities caused by age. The students were all in their late teens or early twenties. The results were as follows:
Setting of Voice
The ages of the older group (as seen in Table I) ranged from 36 to 59 with the preponderance of the individuals being in the 40 or 50 year old group. As is indicated by the test results, the average setting tended to be reasonably high indicating some loss of hearing across the hoard. The range again varied from 3.00 to 7.75, a spread of 4.75 which confirmed the findings of the range of variance in people's preferred listening ratio of voice to background or any preferred signal to remaining audio (PSRA). The overall span for the volume setting for both groups of subjects ranged from 2.0 to 7.75. These levels represent the actual values on the volume adjustment mechanism used to perform this experiment. They provide an indication of the range of signal to noise values (when compared to the "noise" level 6.0) that may be desirable from different end-users.
To gain a better understanding of how this relates to relative loudness variations chosen by different end-users, consider that the non-linear volumen control variation from 2.0 to 7.75 represents an increase of 20 dB or ten (10) times. Thus, for even this small sampling of the population and single type of audio programming it was found that different listeners do prefer quite drastically different levels of "preferred signal" with respect to "remaining audio." This preference cuts across age groups showing that it is consistent with individual preference and basic hearing abilities, which was heretofore totally unexpected.
As the test results show, the range that students (as seen in Table II) without hearing infirmities caused by age selected varied considerably from a low setting of 2.00 to a high of 6.70, a spread of 4.70 or almost one half of the total range of from 1 to 10. The test is illustrative of how the "one size fits all" mentality of most recorded and broadcast audio signals falls far short of giving the individual listener the ability to adjust the mix to suit his or her own preferences and hearing needs. Again, the students had a wide spread in their settings as did the older group demonstrating the individual differences in preferences and hearing needs. One result of this test is that hearing preferences is widely disparate.
Further testing has confirmed this result over a larger sample group. Moreover, the results vary depending upon the type of audio. For example, when the audio source was music, the ratio of voice to remaining audio varied from approximately zero to about 10, whereas when the audio source was sports programming, the same ratio varied between approximately zero and about 20. In addition, the standard deviation increased by a factor of almost three, while the mean increased by more than twice that of music.
The end result of the above testing is that if one selects a preferred audio to remaining audio ratio and fixes that forever, one has most likely created an audio program that is less than desirable for a significant fraction of the population. And, as stated above, the optimum ratio may be both a short-term and long-term time varying function. Consequently, complete control over this preferred audio to remaining audio ratio is desirable to satisfy the listening needs of "normal" or non-hearing impaired listeners. Moreover, providing the end-user with the ultimate control over this ratio allows the end-user to optimize his or her listening experience.
The end-user's independent adjustment of the preferred audio signal and the remaining audio signal will be the apparent manifestation of one aspect of the present invention. To illustrate the details of the present invention, consider the application where the preferred audio signal is the relevant voice information.
Creation of the Preferred Audio Signal and the Remaining Audio Signal
Once the relevant speakers are identified, their voices will be picked up by the voice microphone 301. The voice microphone 1 will need to be either a close talking microphone (in the case of commentators) or a highly directional shot gun microphone used in sound recording. In addition to being highly directional, these microphones 301 will need to be voice-band limited, preferably from 200-5000 Hz. The combination of directionality and band pass filtering minimize the background noise acoustically coupled to the relevant voice information upon recording. In the case of certain types of programming, the need to prevent acoustic coupling can be avoided by recording relevant voice of dialogue off-line and dubbing the dialogue where appropriate with the video portion of the program. The background microphones 302 should be fairly broadband to provide the full audio quality of background information, such as music.
A camera 303 will be used to provide the video portion of the program. The audio signals (voice and relevant voice) will be encoded with the video signal at the encoder 304. In general, the audio signal is usually separated from the video signal by simply modulating it with a different carrier frequency. Since most broadcasts are now in stereo, one way to encode the relevant voice information with the background is to multiplex the relevant voice information on the separate stereo channels in much the same way left front and right front channels are added to two channel stereo to produce a quadraphonic disc recording. Although this would create the need for additional broadcast bandwidth, for recorded media this would not present a problem, as long as the audio circuitry in the video disc or tape player is designed to demodulate the relevant voice information.
Once the signals are encoded, by whatever means deemed appropriate, the encoded signals are sent out for broadcast by broadcast system 305 over antenna 313, or recorded on to tape or disc by recording system 306. In case of recorded audio video information, the background and voice information could be simply placed on separate recording tracks.
Receiving and Demodulating the Preferred Audio Signal and the Remaining Audio
In either case, these signals would be sent to a decoding system 309. The decoder 309 would separate the signals into video, voice audio, and background audio using standard decoding techniques such as envelope detection in combination with frequency or time division demodulation. The background audio signal is sent to a separate variable gain amplifier 310, that the listener can adjust to his or her preference. The voice signal is sent to a variable gain amplifier 311, that can be adjusted by the listener to his or her particular needs, as discussed above.
The two adjusted signals are summed by a unity gain summing amplifier 132 to produce the final audio output. Alternatively, the two adjusted signals are summed by unity gain summing amplifier 312 and further adjusted by variable gain amplifier 315 to produce the final audio output. In this manner the listener can adjust relevant voice to background levels to optimize the audio program to his or her unique listening requirements at the time of playing the audio program. As each time the same listener plays the same audio, the ratio setting may need to change due to changes in the listener's hearing, the setting remains infinitely adjustable to accommodate this flexibility.
Configuration of a Typical Individual Listening Device
Although the components of a hearing aid have been illustrated above, other individual listening devices as discussed above, can be used with the present invention.
Individual Listening Device and Decoder
In a room listening environment, there may be a combination of listeners with varying degrees of hearing impairments as well as listeners with normal listening. A hearing aid or other listening device as described above, can be equipped with a decoder that receives a digital signal from a programming source and separately decodes the signal, providing the end-user access to the voice, for example, the hearing impaired associated service, without affecting the listening environment of other listeners.
As stated above, preferred ratio of voice to remaining audio differs significantly for different people, especially hearing impaired people, and differs for different types of programming (sports versus music, etc.).
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the bitstream from bitstream source 220 is also supplied to repeater 222. Repeater 222 retransmits the bitstream to a plurality of personal VRA decoders 223. Each personal VRA decoder 223 includes a demodulator 266 and a decoder 267 for decoding the bitstream and variable amplifiers 225 and 226 for adjusting the voice component signal and the remaining audio signal component, respectively. The adjusted signal components are downmixed by summer 227 and may be further adjusted by variable amplifier 281. The adjusted signal is then sent to individual listening devices 224. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the personal VRA decoder is interfaced with the individual listening device and forms one unit which is denoted as 250. Alternatively, personal VRA decoder 223 and individual listening device 224 may be separate devices and communicate in a wired or wireless manner. Individual listening device 224 may be a hearing aid having the components shown in
For 5.1 channel programming, voice is primarily placed on the center channel while the remaining audio resides on left, right, left surround, and right surround. For end-users with individual listening devices, spatial positioning of the sound is of little concern since most have severe difficulty with speech intelligibility. By allowing the end-user to adjust the level of the center channel with respect to the other 4.1 channels, an improvement in speech intelligibility can be provided. These 5.1 channels are then downmixed to 2 channels, with the volume adjustment of the center channel allowing the improvement in speech intelligibility without relying on the hearing impaired mode mentioned above. This aspect of the present invention has an advantage over the fully functional AC3-type, in that an end-user can obtain limited VRA adjustment without the need of a separate dialog channel such as the hearing impaired mode.
One solution contemplated by the present invention is to provide the end-user with the ability to block the ambient sound while delivering the signal from the VRA personal decoder. This is accomplished by using an earplug as shown in
While this method will work up to the limits of the earplug ambient noise rejection capability, it has a notable drawback. For someone to enjoy a program with another person, it will likely be necessary to easily communicate while the program is ongoing. The earplug will not only block the primary audio source (which interferes with the decoded audio entering the hearing aid), but also blocks any other ambient noise indiscriminately. In order to selectively block the ambient noise generated from the primary audio reproduction system without affecting the other (desirable) ambient sounds, more sophisticated methods are required. Note that similar comments can be made concerning the acceptability of using headset decoders. The headset earcups provide some level of attenuation of ambient noise but interfere with communication. If this is not important to a hearing impaired end-user, this approach may be acceptable.
What is needed is a way to avoid the latency problems associated with airborne transmission of digital audio programming while allowing the hearing impaired listener to interact with other viewers in the same room.
One other possibility is available that combines adaptive feedforward control with fixed gain feedforward control. This option, illustrated in
Ideally, the hearing aid (H) will invert the hearing impairment, G3. Therefore the last three terms where both G3 and H appear, will have, those coefficients to be approximately one. The resulting equation is then
This does not provide the sound quality needed. While the desired and decoder signals do have level adjustment capability, the last three terms will deliver significant levels of distortion and latency both through the electrical and physical signal paths. The desired result is a combination of the pure decoder signal and the desired ambient audio signal where the end-user can control the relative mix between the two with no other signals in the output. The variables "S" and "d+G1S" are available for direct measurement and the values of H, w1, and w2 are controllable by the end-user. This combination of variable permits the adjustment capability desired. If the adaptive filter and the plant estimate (G2 hat) are now included in the equation for the output to the end end-user's nerve, it becomes:
Now, if the adaptive filter converges to the optimal solution, it will be identical to G1 so that the third and fourth terms in the above equation cancel. And if the estimate of G2 approaches G2 due to a good system identification, the last two terms in the previous equation will also cancel. This leaves only the decoder signal "S" end-user modified by w2 and the desired ambient sound "d" end-user modified by w1, the desired result. The limits of the performance of this method depend on the performance of the adaptive filter and on the accuracy of the system identification from the outside of the hearing aid to the inside of the hearing aid while the end-user has it comfortably in position. The system identification procedure itself can be carried out in a number of ways, including a least mean squares fit.
Interception Box
VRA set top terminal 60 includes a decoder 61 for decoding a digital bitstream supplied by a digital source such as a digital TV, DVD, etc. Decoder 61 decodes the digital bitstream and outputs digital signals which have a preferred audio component (PA) and a remaining audio portion (RA). The digital signals are feed into a digital-to-analog (D/A) converters 62 and 69 which converts the digital signals into analog signals. The analog signals from D/A converter 62 are feed to transmitter 63 to be transmitted to receivers such as receivers 270 shown in
While many changes and modifications can be made to the invention within the scope of the appended claims, such changes and modifications are within the scope of the claims and covered thereby.
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|Digidesign's web page listing of their Aphex Aural Exciter. Available on-line at www.digidesign.com/products/all-prods.php3?location=main&product-id=8. The Examiner is encouraged to review the entire website for any relevant subject matter.
|Digidesign's web page listing of their Aphex Aural Exciter. Available on-line at www.digidesign.com/products/all—prods.php3?location=main&product—id=8. The Examiner is encouraged to review the entire website for any relevant subject matter.
|Digital Audio Compression Standard (AC-3), ATSC, Annex C AC-3 Karaoke Mode pp. 127-133, available on-line at www.atsc.org/Standards/A52/.
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|U.S. Classification
|341/96, 381/307, 381/104, 381/18
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 20, 2011
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|Jun 19, 2012
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text:
Originally published in German as Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido, this is the book that set Carl Jung on his independent path as a psychoanalytic theorist and explorer of the mysterious world of the unconscious mind of the individual and the mythological mind of humanity. He bases his work on an exploration of Miss Frank Miller's Quelques Faits d'Imagination Creatrice, demonstrating complex connections between Miller's self-portrait of her own dreams and fantasies and the world of myth, symbol, and religion. From there, he explores a wide range of myth and religion, always relatiing the mythological and religious products of human culture to the functions and fantasies of the unconscious mind, with particular attention to the workings of that fundamental life-energy he calls the libido. The book is a challenge to the reader. Jung does not limit himself to the boundaries of any one language, culture or discipline. He draws from sources in German, French, Italian, English, Greek and Latin, from Milton to Goethe to Longfellow to Augustine. He explores literature, etymology, and anthropology freely to support his views. Where Jung quotes from the original language, this edition provides an English translation immediately following, and gives each of the quoted authors their own voice, thereby providing an audio equivalent of the quotation typography of the original book. The challenge, and the length of the book, is worthwhile. Jung is a fundamental thinker in the history of 20th century Western culture, and this book is the foundation of all his later work. This audiobook is an unabridged recording of the 1916 translation of the first edition of Jung's book.
(P)2012 Robert Bethune
"Performer inadequate"
Read this book many years ago - had hoped to revisit via Audible, but found the performer's reading to be very tedious.
Nasal, high-pitched, and emotionally flat. Reminded me of some college lectures where I was turning to people in class pleading with them to 'shoot me now'.
Did not finish it...
Would love to see other title from Jung's Collected Works on Audible, but obviously with a different performer.
As a student of Depth Psychology with a commute, I was looking forward to getting to dive into additional works of Jung. Jung's writing is complex and a bit obtuse to begin with (at least his early works, IMHO). In this course, they have a male who sounds like a victorian butler whose performance makes this course almost entirely UN-LISTENABLE. LOVE JUNG -- but had to return this book -- AWFUL!!
Specified above
"Nice to listen to this classic."
A collection of Carl Jung's ideas on the Unconscious, at an early stage in his career.
The connections Jung makes seem personal, in response to Freud, and maybe or maybe not intuitive for the reader.
There is not much differentiation in characters required for this text. The challenge is making the theories sound fresh and vibrant. It is a well-done narration.
"Solid and Informative"
I absolutely would! It's an amazing, to the point way of introducing listeners to Jung and has interesting views that are still applicable today!
Occasionally, there were some parts where foreign languages were read with little translation but it was an overall solid reading!
He did a great job narrating! His monotone, straight to the point approach made this a very informative read! He performed poetry with amazing talent and I was very impressed.
The whole book moved me. I had never heard Jung's work before and it opened up my mind by presenting me with alternative views on motivations and the human mind.
10/10 would read again
"Only book I have returned"
I guess I was expecting to learn about the unconscious. Instead this talks on about pedophilia, Negros and other "inferior" races, children equated with said inferior races, drawers as children of tables, nervous women having a predilection for caviar, etc. I also don't speak french, so the long french only sections were lacking meaning. Its easy to see the mindset that allowed eugenics and strength through joy to grow.
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text:
Monthly Archives: March 2012
It turns out that Occam's Razor wasn't really Occam's razor …
|March 29, 2012
|Posted by News under Intelligent Design, News, science education
"The odd nature of this attribution is accentuated when one considers that Ockham … thinks that God continually works miracles to make the world look like it is)."
David Coppedge trial: Coppedge was never informed that he was being investigated
|March 29, 2012
|Posted by News under Intellectual freedom, News
And after you read this, you will never ever try selling chocolate almonds for charity at work again.
Human evolution: Why can everyone learn Portuguese?
|March 29, 2012
|Posted by News under Human evolution, language, News
"It's perfectly obvious that there is some genetic factor that distinguishes humans from other animals and that it is language-specific."
At Wheaton (Christian U), an interesting contest is shaping up: ID vs. Christian Darwinism
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by News under Intelligent Design
Philosopher of science Alvin Plantinga is cast as the voice of reason, justly we hope.
Dave Coppedge trial: Today's Darwinism suits a world run by bureaucrats
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by News under Intellectual freedom, News
He kept his mouth shut about ID? But that makes no difference once they knew he wasn't just a stooge.
Don Johnson's new Programming of Life vid
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by News under Irreducible Complexity, News
An exploration of microbiology, information science, and the origin of life.
Oxford mathematician John Lennox on fine tuning in the universe
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by News under Fine tuning, News
"We should note that the preceding arguments are not 'God of the gaps' arguments; it is advance in science, not ignorance of science, that has revealed this fine-tuning to us."
Here Are Those Two Protein Evolution Falsifications That Have Evolutionists Rewriting Their Script
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by Cornelius Hunter under Intelligent Design
About twenty years ago the television show Dallas was in trouble. The writers had eliminated a popular character named Bobby and the show was losing popularity. The writers realized their mistake and began thinking up ways to solve the problem. They finally decided that the previous year of programming would become nothing more than a dream in […]
New theory of evolution: Evolving dependence on others
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by News under Evolution, Intelligent Design, News
Well sure, living at the expense of others can certainly work, but let's not confuse it with innovation.
Roger Scruton: "first major outbreak of a new academic disease, which one might call 'neuroenvy'."
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by O'Leary under Intelligent Design, Neuroscience, News
"It seems to me that aesthetics, criticism, musicology and law are real disciplines, but not sciences. "
Reason Rally featured an under-reported low turnout?
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by News under Atheism, Culture, News
"The pre-rally publicity was too ridiculous to believe. "
If Odd Arrangements and Funny Solutions are the Proof of Evolution, Then What About These Optimized Designs?
|March 28, 2012
|Posted by Cornelius Hunter under Intelligent Design
You've heard all those evolutionary arguments about how nature's sloppy, repetitive, inefficient and downright evil designs prove evolution. Then what about the many optimized designs in biology, such as those in this New York Times article, suggested by a friend, such as our eye's ability to detect even a single photon: Read more
From The Best Schools: All Dawkins's Straw Men
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by News under Darwinism, News
Dawkins has nothing to say to his growing numbers of competent professional critics.
Jerry Coyne as a "tailless catarrhine primate" (self-description); John Hawks as the adult
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by News under Human evolution, News
A more basic point is, we are having this discussion, and apes are not.
Here's the Real Message Behind This Week's Sunday Book Review
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by Cornelius Hunter under Intelligent Design
Tired of the New Atheists, and the old atheists as well? Delighted to see the likes of Philip Kitcher taking them down in this week's Sunday Book Review? Philosophers Kitcher and David Albert reviewed books by atheists Alex Rosenberg and Lawrence Krauss in an exercise that was more like shooting fish in a barrel than any […]
In the days when Mars had life, the 1970s …
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by News under Extraterrestrial life, News
Lichens, maybe?
Yet Another Embarrassing Finding for the Global Warming Crowd
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by Barry Arrington under Intelligent Design
It turns out the earth heats up and cools naturally with no human intervention. Who ever thought that it didn't? Oh, the consensus.
But one person would have known everything …
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by News under Intelligent Design
"In June 1858 a slender package from Ternate, an island off the Dutch East Indies, arrived for Charles Darwin at his country home in Down, Kent."
Why math matters. Also, can we get a word in for common sense?
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by News under Intelligent Design, Mathematics, News
"Mathematics is the language spoken by the professionals. The amateurs offer an alternative set of visions."
A new WAC: On those ever so revealing chalkboards (of the quantum physicists) and the law of non-contradiction, LNC
|March 27, 2012
|Posted by kairosfocus under Intelligent Design
Below, is a picture of Einstein's chalkboard at Princeton as he left it — and you should see his bookshelves and desk, too! What does this have to do with the now so commonly dismissed laws of thought, especially the law of non-contradiction? A lot. AKA, one cannot wisely saw off the branch on which […]


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Sponsor Profile: Spincraft
The 29th National Space Symposium will conclude with an opportunity to relax and continue building relationships at the "Reception in Celebration of New Generation Space Leaders," immediately following the Space Technology Hall of Fame® dinner on April 11.
The reception will be held in the Main Ballroom of The Broadmoor Hotel, and all Symposium attendees are invited to attend the reception, co-sponsored by Spincraft, a Space Foundation Patron.
Spincraft's two U.S. locations support aerospace, aviation, energy and defense markets. Its assemblies, sub-assemblies and component hardware can be found in today's most advanced space launch vehicles, commercial and military aircraft, land-based gas turbines, nuclear submarines and more.
Learn more by visiting www.spincraft.net


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In the Chinese language dust and old have the same pronunciation. It�s a fitting tradition, then, that during the Chinese New Year celebration houses are cleaned to bid farewell to the past and embrace the future. This is one of the many fun facts I learned during a recent visit to Indiana�s historic state house. Now through October 21, a colorful and free exhibit about the Chinese New Year, now commemorated as the Spring Festival, is on display.
More than two dozen sculptures, paper art works, toys and other artifacts are showcased. Informative panels chronicle the history of the Chinese New Year/Spring Festival and explain some of the rituals and beliefs associated with it�from dragons to dumplings. Did you know, for instance, that the Chinese were the first to recognize the concept of a year? Or that a carrot is good luck and that a popular delicacy during Spring Festival is the spring roll. Chinese lanterns and screens adorned with delicate paper cuttings called window flowers are other exhibit highlights.
The exhibition gives visitors rare insight on the heritage and culture of the Chinese people. It was made possible through a partnership between the Office of Lt. Governor Becky Skillman and the Confucius Institute at IUPUI.
The Capitol is open Monday through Friday 8 am to 5 pm and on Saturday for tours. The public entrances are on the east side (upper level) and west side (lower level). Please note that visitors are required to pass through metal detectors and bags are subject to inspection. More information on hours and access is available here. The exhibit is located on the fourth floor.
It�s free and it�s new. Check it out before it�s gone.


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After a PQ candidate was discovered to have supported a fringe conspiracy theory holding that Jews use kosher food to fund clandestine political causes, Quebec Premier Pauline Marois publicly declared Friday that her party is not anti-Semitic.
At Friday campaign stop, Ms. Marois stood by Louise Mailloux, and told reporters "the Parti Québécois is not an anti-Semitic party."
"We have very good relations with the leaders of this community and all the different communities in Quebec," she said.
Ms. Mailloux has made repeated public statements backing the idea of the "kosher tax," a widely debunked canard claiming that kosher certification drives up the cost of food and imposes a de facto tax on secular consumers.
"This is a religious tax, and it's a tax we pay directly to mosques, to synagogues and to religious groups. It's a theft," Ms. Mailloux said on a March 2012 edition of Bazzo.tv, a panel show on Tele-Quebec.
Ms. Mailloux, a philosophy professor at the Cégep du Vieux Montréal, had been invited to speak on the issue of halal and kosher certifications, and quickly dominated the discussion with accusations that Quebecers were unwittingly funnelling tens of thousands of dollars to potentially shady religious causes.
"What you have to see is that, when we have established a link between halal certification, an imam and a mosque, we have to go see what they are saying in these mosques and the ideology that lives there," she said.
In a Thursday statement, the Quebec branch of the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs accused Ms. Mailloux of echoing "a conspiracy created and spread by the Ku Klux Klan, and championed by many other racist and neo-Nazi groups."
Although theories vary, the premise of the so-called kosher tax is that Jews extort food companies for the cost of certification, and then pass on the funding to Zionist causes.
As a KKK pamphlet cited by the Anti-Defamation League writes "Jews have discovered a way to coerce business to pay taxes directly to Jewish organizations and pass the cost on to the consumer."
In reality, while kosher and halal certification is not free; food companies do it for the same reason they would claim a product is low fat or GMO-free: to open up a new market segment and boost sales.
In a 2010 interview posted to the website of the Quebec Humanist Association, Ms. Mailloux said halal and kosher certifications were a "challenge to modernity and an attempt to inject religion into secular society."
"But companies are not wise to these political considerations, and unfortunately see these demands as nothing more than a fertile market in which to reap profits," she said.
Later, in an April 2012 editorial for L'aut'journal, she mocked the lack of culinary prohibitions in Christianity, claiming that the church missed "a great opportunity to make money."
"Just as the prayers of a priest turns bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ, those of the rabbi turns slaughtered chickens, Nestle Quick and ketchup into thousands of dollars," she wrote.
On Thursday, Ms. Mailloux refused to renounce the existence of a kosher tax, telling a reporter from La Presse, "at this time, what interests me is defending the charter [of values]."
She is running in the Montreal riding of Gouin, very close to some of the city's Hasidic Jewish communities. A prominent secularist, she has been a persistent champion of the charter.
In a January interview with the Radio-Canada program Second Regard, Ms. Mailloux said that Quebec is under siege by a "religious offensive" and accused the Catholic Church of quietly hoping for Muslims to destroy Quebec secularism.
National Post


text: On 17 September 2010 17:40, Lennart Sorensen <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > On Fri, Sep 17, 2010 at 07:26:53AM +0200, Gandalf wrote: >> Linux need ext2 for /boot partition. > > Well no Linux doesn't care. The boot loader might. U-boot probably > doesn't read ext4 yet. > > -- > Len Sorensen > Just an update. Even with ext2 I am having problems, U-Boot cannot boot Debian. I think it might be something to do with ext2load. I have documented exactly where I am with this on the New IT forum (see latest message): http://www.newit.co.uk/forum/index.php/topic,554.msg2730.html#msg2730 Thanks -- GPG Key fingerprint = B323 477E F6AB 4181 9C65 F637 BC5F 7FCC 9CC9 CC7F


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Your donations keep RPGWatch running!
Sacred 2 - Hotfix 2.12, NA Version Gold
by Dhruin, 2008-10-24 23:45:32
Ascaron has released Hotfix 2.12.0 for Sacred 2 - this patch is required for online play. You can grab the file link and notes on this page.
Blue's also has news from CDV that Sacred 2 has passed the Games for Windows certification and the NA version (no specific word on the shipping patch revision) has gone Gold and is expected in stores on November 11.
Newsbit options: Add / View Comments (0) | Forward this newsbit | Link to this Newsbit
Information aboutSacred 2
SP/MP: Single + MP
Setting: Fantasy
Genre: RPG
Platform: PC, Xbox 360, PS3
Release: Released


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api.ai - Voice AI API
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[bitsontherun 8YQdtVnU]
COLUMBUS, Miss. (WCBI)-The Mississippi State amphitheater was full of greek men and women this morning during Sigma Chi Derby Days.
Students came to support the Catch A Dream Foundation during the weeklong event comprising of a basketball tournament, banner competition, and ultimately, a dance off. Over $60,000 is raised each year through the event and all proceeds go to a child with a terminal illness.
"I think the main thing is to make people excited about it. Not only excited but to help realize what it really is about," said Rob Dambrino, a student at MSU.
This year, Sigma Chi chose to sponsor Lindsey Crawley, a long time victim of a brain tumor.


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MGoRadio is on the Air
Sponsor Reid McCarthy of Ann Arbor Elder Law (and David)
Call in: 734-998-1050. Priority to people who haven't been on with us before.
Listen in: 1050 AM in Ann Arbor or wtka.com
Monday Recruitin' Snaps Cake, Eats It Too
I Will Now Surgically Attach Myself To My Laptop
247's Steve Lorenz has published an early list of visitors for The Game. It's free, extensive, and includes the following big names, among many others:
- Five-star GA ATH Mecole Hardman, a Peppers-type who's expected to stay in SEC country but is giving M a serious look.
- Four-star TX ILB Dontavious Jackson and his teammate, three-star S Chris Brown, will take their long-awaited official visits.
- Four-star MD OG Terrance Davis, who maintains Michigan as his leader heading into his official visits, per 247's Luke Stampini ($).
- Detroit King teammates LaVert Hill and Donnie Corley could be back on campus for unofficial visits, as could Hill's fellow tenuous PSU commit, Quinn Nordin.
- Four-star FL DT Keyshon Camp is showing a lot of interest despite his USC commit; after taking an official in September, he'll pay his way back for an unofficial.
- Three-star FL WR Keyshawn "Pie" Young has had Michigan at or near the top of his impressive offer list for a while. He'll be in on an official.
- In addition to hosting a huge number of current commits, M will host six top-150 recruits each from the 2017 and 2018 classes.
Michigan also will have a second USC flip candidate on campus in three-star WR Velus Jones Jr., who added an offer a couple weeks ago and will be in on an official visit.
One big name who initially planned to make the trip is four-star TX OT Jean Delance, who had to reschedule his official visit because his team advanced in the playoffs. In a sign that his interest is legit, he told 247's Ryan Bartow that as a result he's pushing back his announcement date ($):
Delance had hoped to announce a verbal commit January 2 at the Under Armour All-American Game.
That's now up in the air.
"No I will not commit," Delance said. "I will visit these schools before I (am) committing if possible."
This might put Michigan in a tight spot if another lineman wants to commit before Delance is ready to make a decision, but that's one of those good problems.
[Hit THE JUMP for the rest of the roundup.]
MGoPodcast 7.12: What Are Those Gameplans
To learn more about The Chad Tough Foundation, DIPG and to donate to the cause. Link is here: https://t.co/iGucRmnZD8
— Josh Henschke (@HenschkeScout) November 23, 2015
1 hour 31 minutes
[Eric Upchurch]
Rudock still locked in. The receiving corps is legit good. Appreciating De'Veon Smith's blocking.
Back to the salt mines for opposition running games after the first carry. Poor Hackenberg. Peppers still a little rickety in coverage.
Refs, punt block, Ohio State gameplan, basketball, announcers… we cover every single complainy complaint we can muster.
Rutgers played Army! Did you know that? We spend like 20 minutes talking about that game and zero minutes bewailing OSU's game plan against MSU.
"Across 110th Street"
"All The King's Horses," Aretha Franklin
"Pencil Rain," They Might Be Giants
"Avant Gardener," Courtney Barnett
- Helpful iTunes subscribe link
- General podcast feed link
- Direct download link
- What's with the theme music?
It look's like you don't have Adobe Flash Player installed. Get it now.
maybe try the giant weakness next time
RIP Chad Carr
#chadtough gained his angel wings today. Please pray for peace for our family pic.twitter.com/4eZee8oVNG
— Tammi Carr (@tamcarr21) November 23, 2015
More Or Less Making Sense Most Of The Time
- 2015 penn state
- amara darboh
- amara darboh is citizen dang
- chris wormley
- deveon smith
- deveon smith surprisingly effective third down back
- dymonte thomas
- game columns
- jabrill peppers
- jabrill peppers offense offense offense
- jake rudock
- jake rudock is pleasantly corporeal
- james ross
- jehu chesson
- jim harbaugh
- jim harbaugh is mildly peeved
- jim harbaugh philosopher king
- jim harbaugh photos are the best photos
- jim harbaugh take off all your clothes
- taco charlton
11/21/2015 – Michigan 28, Penn State 16 – 9-2, 6-1 Big Ten
[Eric Upchurch]
I have seen things when Michigan plays Penn State. I have seen boggling things. Things I should not repeat but am about to anyway.
I have seen a free Hail Mary handed the opposition. I have seen a timeout just before an intentional safety. I have seen 27 runs for 27 yards. I have seen Michigan's slot receiver left alone, all alone. I have seen a slot receiver wonder if any of these 100,000 people can see him, especially the offensive coordinator. I have seen a slot receiver's constituent atoms disperse as he convinces himself he must not exist after all. Then I saw some more runs for one yard. Somewhere in there Dennis Norfleet dances in a loop for all time, because sure that makes as much sense as anything.
I have been baffled. I have been enraged. I have been morbidly entertained. I have been stupefied, watching Michigan play Penn State.
Things have been a bit frustrating the past few weeks, what with an avalanche of procedure penalties, offsides calls, and special teams mishaps. But when presented with a situation where they did not expect to and could not run the ball much, Michigan did not repeatedly bang their collective head into a brick wall.
Michigan's final drive featured five De'Veon Smith runs and one kneel-down. Five Jake Rudock attempts were sacks or scrambles. Once those are put in the appropriate bins, Michigan ran just 19 times to 43 passes.
Two years ago in that very stadium a complete wreck of an offensive line took on an equally stout Penn State defense. They didn't throw one wide receiver screen. Fitzgerald Toussaint ran 27 times for 27 yards. This year before garbage time time, De'Veon Smith had 8 carries; 6 went to Chesson and Peppers.
Michigan's going to be a good rushing offense. Probably great. But even though that's what Harbaugh wants to do, he adapted to the situation he was presented with. That's terrific.
Coaching can be divided into a few different categories. Development, recruiting, and tactics seem to cover the bases. While Michigan is still struggling with the near-total lack of the former under the previous regime, the latter was totally on point here. Can't say that about two years ago. Or a year ago. While Michigan remains a bit wobbly, a bit rickety, the things they are doing make sense.
Michigan played Penn State on the road and the only stupefying things that happened came from reliable sources like Big Ten referees and James Franklin trying to manage a game. Meanwhile Ohio State played Michigan State in the most stupefying game of the year. Now is the time to sit back and appreciate the fact that things more or less make sense.
It ain't perfect and it'll never be, but Michigan tries a bunch of things and takes what the opposition gives and if something isn't going great they stop doing it. The only time I've gotten really twitchy about tactics was against Indiana when Michigan ran play action on second and twenty that led to an interception. (I was mildly twitchy about Michigan's passivity on Indiana's go-ahead touchdown drive.)
In a world where Ohio State throws 16 times against Michigan State, where Tim Beckman is seen as a viable hire for a position more involved than vending machine*, where every coach in America seems to need a 14-year-old kid who plays Madden nonstop on the sideline, "more or less makes sense most of the time" is gold. Michigan's coaching staff has not punched itself in the face for four hours on any given Saturday, and in the cold light of dawn two days after a stupefying weekend of college football that warms the ol' cockles right up.
*[Not "vending machine technician." Vending machine.]
Parking God:
Wolverine Devotee:
Also a Butt TD solo clip.
Known Friends And Trusted Agents Of The Week
you're the man now, dog
#1 Amara Darboh changed the complexion of the game with an outstanding tip-toe catch along the sidelines at the end of the first half. He had six other catches and blocked for a bunch of wide receiver screens, as well.
#2 Chris Wormley was the most consistent and dangerous of Michigan's defensive linemen, racking up 1.5 sacks and another half TFL. Wormley and the rest of the DL gave up one big Saquon Barkley run (mostly on Willie Henry and the linebackers) and shut everything else down, leaving PSU relying on the tempestuous Christian Hackenberg to move the ball.
#3 Jake Rudock threw one ugly interception. When not doing that he completed two-thirds of his passes for 256 yards. 6.7 yards an attempt isn't electric but since a half-dozen or more of those were wide receiver screens that Michigan used in place of a running game that may understate things. Also, Penn State has had one of the best pass defenses in the country to date.
Honorable mention: Jake Butt and Jehu Chesson had 66 and 69 receiving yards, respectively, and along with Darboh have established Michigan's receiving corps as a very good one. Henry, Hurst, and Taco Charlton helped out immensely, minus the Henry cut. Jourdan Lewis remains Jourdan Lewis; his KO return also helped seal the game.
KFaTAotW Standings.
9: Jourdan Lewis (#1 UNLV, #1 Northwestern, #1 MSU), Jabrill Peppers(#2 BYU, #2 Northwestern, #2 MSU, #1 Minnesota)
8: Jake Rudock (#3 Northwestern, #1 Rutgers, #1 Indiana, #3 Penn State), Chris Wormley(#2 Utah, #1 Oregon State, #3 Rutgers, #2 Penn State)
5: Jake Butt(#1 Utah, #2 Rutgers)
4: Maurice Hurst (#2 Maryland, #2 Minnesota),
3: De'Veon Smith(#2 Oregon State, #3 BYU), Ryan Glasgow (#1 BYU), Desmond Morgan (#1 Maryland), Amara Darboh(#1 PSU)
2: Ty Isaac(#2 UNLV), Willie Henry(#3 Utah, #3 MSU), Jehu Chesson(#2 Indiana)
1: AJ Williams (#3 Oregon State), Channing Stribling(#3 UNLV), Blake O'Neill(#3 Maryland), Drake Johnson(#3 Minnesota), Delano Hill(#3 Indiana).
Who's Got It Better Than Us Of The Week
This week's best thing ever.
Jourdan Lewis rips off a 60-yard kickoff return after Penn State draws within five, setting up a short field that Michigan drives for a game-sealing TD. Better is that he called his shot with Harbaugh beforehand.
Honorable mention: Darboh's tip-toe catch. #Buttdown. Harbaugh strippin' rage. Any number of sacks and TFLs.
WGIBTUs Past.
Utah: Crazy #buttdown.
Oregon State: #tacopunts.
UNLV: Ty Isaac's 76 yard touchdown.
BYU: De'Veon Smith's illicit teleporter run.
Maryland: Jehu Chesson jet sweeps past you.
Northwestern: Chesson opening KO TD.
MSU: the bit where they won until they didn't.
Minnesota: form a f-ing wall.
Rutgers: Peppers as Denard.
Indiana: Delano Hill seals it with a PBU.
PSU: Jourdan Lewis breaks their back on a kickoff.
This week's worst thing ever.
Ohio State tests Michigan State's secondary twice. In a game of football. Against Michigan State. What are you even doing?
Honorable mention: Punt blocked. Any number of offsides or false start penalties. The touchdown Peppers allowed. Any number of infuriatingly bad calls. That fourth and ten conversion against great Lewis coverage.
PREVIOUS EDBs
Utah: circle route pick six.
Oregon State: Rudock fumbles after blitz bust.
UNLV: Rudock matches 2014 INT total in game 3.
BYU: BYU manages to get to triple digit yards in the last minutes of the game.
Maryland: Slog extended by deflected interception at Houma.
Northwestern: KLINSMANN OUT
MSU: Obvious.
Minnesota: The bit where the lost it until they didn't.
Rutgers: KO return given up.
Indiana: run run run run run run run run run run run run.
PSU: OSU's WHAT ARE THOOOOOOSE gameplan against MSU.
[After THE JUMP: defense back, Rudock maintaining.]


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christmas garland Be Merry photoprop banner
Product Info
A simple and sweet message to spread some holiday cheer- be merry!
This banner is approximately 36 inches long. However, you can move the cards on the ribbon to allow more room between them and lengthen the banner. The cards are strung on .25 inch red satin ribbon. Each card measures 4x4 inches and is made of a heavy weight paper board material, much thicker than cardstock. Your banner will be durable enough to use for many years.
The letters are hand stamped in two shades of green and the accent star is a bright red. For a perfect finish, I rub the edges of each card with brown ink. There are unique flaws and "imperfections" in each card that are the result of hand stamping with paint and distressing with ink. These flaws add to the artistry and unique beauty of each banner and give it a vintage feel.
This banner is usually ready to be shipped within 3 days of when we receive your payment. Please see our shop banner for current shipping speeds.
We ship our banners within the United States via USPS First-class mail. The delivery time for First-class mail is 2 to 5 days. If you need your banner to be delivered a little more quickly and you live within the US, you can upgrade your order to USPS Priority Mail by purchasing this listing in addition to your banner purchase-
International orders are shipped via USPS First class International mail. Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery on international orders. If you would like to upgrade your order to Priority Mail International, please contact us for an estimated shipping cost and we will create a special listing for you.
All designs copyright 2008-2013 by BekahJennings. Please live the golden rule and do not copy. This is my own original design, as is every banner in my shop. If you see it somewhere else, it's a copy.


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How Castellanos weathered storm of first hitting slump
Nick Castellanos has weathered the storm of his first major-league hitting slump.
The Detroit Tigers rookie third baseman has batted .469 in the nine games since May 29, boosting his average from .229 back to a respectable .270.
Castellanos had three consecutive three-hit games on the just-completed home stand and will try to keep a six-game hitting streak going Monday night, when the Tigers open a four-game series with the White Sox in Chicago. (Coverage begins with "Tigers Live" at 7 p.m. on FOX Sports Detroit, with the first pitch scheduled for 8:10.)
Castellanos will have more hitting droughts. He knows that, but he also knows that he has an inner belief that will carry him through the hard times.
What he might not realize is just how rare that is to find in a hitter his age — only 22.
VIDEO: Tigers-Red Sox series recap
While his average dropped from .274 to .229 during the five-week skid, Castellanos didn't appear frazzled or lost in the least. He still had that look of steel in his eyes, a strength that was noticeable.
Castellanos went so far as to do something many veterans didn't while the team went 4-13. He met the press on a daily basis and faced the music. The kid believed in the team as much as he believed in himself.
He credits the team veterans, specifically Torii Hunter and Ian Kinsler, who have taught him about the game and encouraged him. But his approach to the game is something Castellanos didn't just discover.
"I got this attitude from my dad," he said of Jorge Castellanos, a doctor who lives in Davie, Fla. "Dad drilled being positive into me and into my head. He always has told me, 'If you are not confident in yourself, who will be?'
"If I'm 0-for-20, on the 21st at-bat, I feel I am going to hurt somebody. I am going to hit the ball hard somewhere."
Castellanos' eyes lit up in saying that, showing his obvious passion for success.
Tigers manager Brad Ausmus has been extremely impressed with Castellanos.
"His resiliency has been outstanding," Ausmus said. "He always comes to the park with a fresh face and looking forward to the new day. He's learning for sure.
"Any young player has lessons to learn, and he is learning them at the major-league level."
Castellanos, an aggressive hitter, had to learn when to be passive. The key element there was resisting low, outside breaking balls. He had to learn to take a walk.
Dad drilled being positive into me and into my head. He always has told me, 'If you are not confident in yourself, who will be?'
Nick Castellanos
The rookie had four walks through his first 151 plate appearances, but has eight in his last 50.
"That was the key," Castellanos said. "It's amazing how you hit better when you walk. If the pitchers knew I was going to swing, why throw strikes?"
That the recent scouting report on how to pitch Castellanos no longer applies was evident Sunday night in the second inning.
Boston's John Lackey — a cagey, veteran starter — threw Castellanos a low, outside breaking ball on a 2-2 count. Castellanos resisted the pitch, and Lackey stepped off the mound to pace a bit. The pitcher was clearly frustrated by Castellanos not taking his bait.
Castellanos ended up fouling off the first full-count pitch before grounding out. It was clear, however, that an adjustment had been made.
That's what baseball's about. Hitters and pitchers make adjustments, and the ones who keep making them are the ones who stick around.
Castellanos took a pitch from Lackey the other way for a leadoff single in the seventh inning, then scored the go-ahead run.
In the top half of that inning, Castellanos dove for a ball in the hole to make a play on Xander Bogaerts that kept Boston from taking the lead.
Castellanos's a gamer, but far from perfect. On Sunday, he also made his fifth error of the season on a relatively easy grounder.
But while his .953 fielding percentage puts him 15th among 21 major-league third basemen with enough fielding chances to rank, there are 18 third basemen with more errors than Castellanos.
He's holding his own with the glove and coming on with the bat — showing us why he was rated Detroit's top prospect, and why he's caught the attention of Hall of Famers such as Al Kaline and Reggie Jackson.
The common thread to finding a way is that belief in himself, fostered by his father and reinforced by teammates.
"Struggling is a mindset," Castellanos said. "Every game is individual. Every play is individual. Every at-bat is individual.
"Torii and Kinz have helped me with my confidence, too. They said, 'There's no need to create a new Nick. Your talent got you here.'"
FOX Sports Go


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mmm I like this! thanks so much for the sample Kittenna!
This is good. Now, I accidentally steeped it at near boiling so there is a good chance I burnt the leaves… but it tasted great. Like… fruit! but not your average fruity green. No it went much deeper than that. and yet it didn't entirely cover up the tea.
Need to try this again with proper conditions. oh and a kettle that is NOT brand new. It's possible that some of the new plastic scent got into my cuppa, even though I boiled it out atleast four times.
Oh and it did require a teensy bit of agave to bring out flavour
Rating: 86
mmm I like this! thanks so much for the sample Kittenna!


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This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
Moo Talking Lunchbag Clip
This fun clip will keep their snacks from falling out of their lunchbag. The little ones will also love the clip because, each time they open it, it says "moo!" For any child who still has an adorable sense of humor.