text:
Journal of Combustion
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 153410, 9 pages
Screening of Industrial Wastewaters as Feedstock for the Microbial Production of Oils for Biodiesel Production and High-Quality Pigments
1Crop Science, Universität Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraβe 23, 70599 Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
2Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville P.O. Box 9595, MS 39762, USA
Received 1 November 2011; Revised 26 January 2012; Accepted 1 February 2012
Academic Editor: Panagiotis Grammelis
Copyright © 2012 Teresa Schneider et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The production of biodiesel has notably increased over the past decade. Currently, plant oil is the main feedstock for biodiesel production, but, due to concerns related to the competition with food production, alternative oil feedstocks have to be found. Oleaginous yeasts are known to produce high amounts of lipids, but no integrated process from microbial fermentation to final biodiesel production has reached commercial realization yet due to economic constraints. Therefore, growth and lipid production of red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis was tested on low-cost substrates, namely, wastewaters from potato, fruit juice, and lettuce processing. Additionally, the production of carotenoids as high-value by-products was examined. All evaluated wastewaters met the general criteria for microbial lipid production. However, no significant increase in lipid content was observed, probably due to lack of available carbon in wastewaters from fruit juice and lettuce processing, and excess of available nitrogen in potato processing wastewater, respectively. During growth on wastewaters from fruit juice and lettuce processing the carotenoid content increased significantly in the first 48 hours. The relations between carbon content, nitrogen content, and carotenoid production need to be further assessed. For economic viability, lipid and carotenoid production needs to be increased significantly. The screening of feedstocks should be extended to other wastewaters.
1. Introduction
In the course of the ongoing endeavor to find alternatives for fossil energy, significant effort has been put into expanding the utilization of renewable resources. Accordingly, there is already a considerable variety of products and commodities based on renewable resources available, which are fed both into energetic and material utilization pathways. Especially in the field of energy supply, the progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels along with a worldwide growing demand for petroleum-based fuels has put high pressure on science and industry to find alternative energy sources [1]. Over the last decade, research has successfully managed to develop a broad range of sustainable and cost-effective techniques to produce renewable energy, one of them being the conversion of biomass into biofuels. While biofuels in general also include, for example, firewood or woodchips for direct combustion and use for heating or electricity production, liquid biofuels are mainly researched in order to replace conventional liquid fuels like diesel and petroleum [1].
Within this class, biodiesel is a renewable fuel, which is produced through the transesterification of oils to generate fatty acid methyl/ethyl esters (FAME/FAEE) [2]. Depending on the origin of the oily feedstock, it is referred to as 1st generation, 2nd generation, or meantime 3rd generation biodiesel.
While 1st generation biodiesel uses plant oils from for example, rapeseed and soybean for transesterification, 2nd generation biodiesel is derived from, lignocellulosic biomass that underlies biological or thermochemical processing thus increasing the land use efficiency [1]. Nevertheless, both approaches amplify the highly discussed competition with food production either due to the direct use of edible crops for energetic purposes thus causing worldwide rising commodity prices, or because of shifting high-quality agricultural land away from food production to the cultivation of crops for energy production [3]. Biodiesel production of the 3rd generation tries to overcome this conflict by using fatty acids produced by oleaginous microorganisms for the transesterification into the FAMEs/FAEEs. In general, microorganisms that accumulate more than 20–25% of their cell dry weight in the form of lipids are referred to as oleaginous species [4], which include different types of yeast, molds, and algae. Especially the use of oleaginous yeast is a promising approach since they stand out from other heterotrophic microorganisms in terms of fast growth rate and high lipid content [3, 5, 6]. In addition, their lipids are mainly composed of triacylglycerols, which make their chemical characteristics and thus the potential applications comparable to plant oil [3]. Further advantages of yeasts compared to other microorganisms like fungi or microalgae include the low duplication times and the more easily scale up [5]. Commercial oil production using autotrophic algae, for example, might be restricted due to the need for sunlight during the cultivation process [1, 6].
The idea to use oleaginous yeast as source for microbial oil is not new [4]. Also, the various advantages over plants for the production of lipids such as short life cycles, low demand on space and independence of location, season, and climate [3, 5] have been widely recognized. Nevertheless, so far hardly any approach reached commercial realization, because the economics of production cannot compete yet with the comparable low costs of agricultural plant oil production [4]. Moreover, the comparatively costly process of microbial oil production and extraction results in biodiesel, which is considered as a rather low-value product. However, in the last years, interest in microbial oil production increased again due to the serious need for feedstock alternatives and biotechnological progress regarding the efficiency and scale up of the process of lipid production, extraction, and conversion to the desired FAMEs/FAEEs. Still, in order to reach economic feasibility, it is unavoidable to find low-cost and abundant feedstocks as well as low-cost and efficient extraction methods for microbial oil production.
The biochemical pathway of lipid accumulation in oleaginous yeasts is a secondary anabolic activity, which takes place under the preconditions of nitrogen depletion and carbon excess conditions in the culture medium, leading to a "metabolic overflow," where products from carbon degradation are not channeled into cell growth due to the lacking nitrogen, but into the synthesis of cellular storage lipids [7]. Regarding the characteristics of the carbon source, yeasts have only few requirements [6]. Consequently, they can utilize a broad range of substrates ranging from monosaccharides like glucose and xylose and polysaccharides like starch over cellulose hydrolysates to industrial and municipal organic waste with the latter fulfilling the criteria of cheap and vast availability [3]. Against this background, a variety of fermentation substrates have been tested for their ability to serve oleaginous yeast as adequate growth and production media, including, for example, effluent from steam fish processing [8], whey [9], municipal wastewater and sewage sludge [10–12], lignocellulosic materials [13], molasses [14–16], glycerol [17], and starch wastewater [18].
Still these feedstocks, even if renewable and abundant, have some negative aspects. Agricultural by-products like molasses from sugar beet and sugarcane can be used for other purposes like animal feed, thus resulting in a certain conflict of utilization. Other substrates like hydrolysates from lignocellulosic materials require a treatment prior to fermentation thus causing additional cost. That is why this paper looks at substrates—namely, wastewaters from food and beverage industry with a supposable high organic load—that have no alternative utilization and generally do not need an additional pretreatment.
In addition, the fermentation process with the microorganisms could possibly be included in an already existing wastewater treatment process, thus leading to a decrease in both chemical (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater, bearing an additional cost-saving potential [8, 11, 18].
In order to reach the economic feasibility of microbial biodiesel production, the marketing of higher added value products that are formed in the course of microbial fermentation of the feedstock is another option. Depending on the substrate and microorganism used, this can be, for example, specialty chemicals, biosurfactants, or certain pigments. The red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis is a very efficient oleaginous yeast, that is able to accumulate up to 70% of its cell dry weight in the form of lipids [19] with a biomass production up to 180 g L−1 in rich fermentation media [20]. Additionally the fatty acid profile is rich in palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acid [21] and therefore comparable to vegetable oils allowing for biodiesel production. In addition, it is comparatively unproblematic to handle, being nontoxic and easy to grow and harvest [16]. Furthermore, Rhodotorula glutinis is able to produce certain carotenoids, namely, β-carotene, torularhodin, and torulene [22]. Especially, β-carotene, displaying an orange-yellow color, is commercially used as a natural colorant in food, feed, and cosmetic industry and, being the main source of provitamin A, as nutritional supplement [23]. It also finds application in the pharmaceuticals industry due to the ability to act as antioxidant and anticancer agent [24]. The production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis has also already been tested on a broad range of different waste and residue substrates including radish brine [24], whey [25], molasses, grape must, and different flour extracts [26]. Based on numbers of the Brazilian market, 1 kg of pure β-carotene corresponds to US $600, making it a high-value product [23]. The natural production of carotenoids via microorganisms also takes into account the shift in consumer preferences from synthetically produced towards naturally produced food additives [27].
This shows that the economic restrictions regarding the application of microbial oils as renewable resource for biodiesel production can be overcome by the use of a cheap feedstock and the production of two products including a high value pigment. Since pigments will mostly be used for applications in the food and cosmetic sector, feedstocks like municipal wastewater or sewage sludge, which hold the same economic advantages as wastewaters from food and beverage processing, have to be ruled out since the mentioned products could hardly be marketed if they are derived from human or animal waste.
In order to combine the production of biodiesel with In order to combine the production of biodiesel with the production of carotenoids as high value by-product and with the utilization of a cheap and abundant carbon source, the goal of this study was to examine cell growth, lipid and carotenoid production of Rhodotorula glutinis grown on wastewaters from fruit juice production, potato processing, and lettuce processing.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater
Three different process wastewaters were tested as growth substrate for Rhodotorula glutinis. Samples of potato process water were taken from a potato processing company directly after mechanical peeling. Wastewater from lettuce processing was collected after the processing steps of washing and cutting. Samples of fruit juice processing wastewater, mostly from apple processing, were obtained from a small fruit juice producer. This wastewater included all process waters from washing and pressing as well as any run-off water within the production. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen content (Nt) were determined photometrically using reagent vials from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). For COD measurement, 2 mL of wastewater were added to the vials and digested for 2 h. COD values were then determined using a spectrophotometer (NANOCOLOR 400D; Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) operated at 620 nm. Total nitrogen was determined according to DIN EN ISO 11905-1 using a wavelength of 385 nm. pH was measured potentiometrically using a pH-meter with glass electrode (SenTix 61, WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Germany) (Table 1). For the determination of lipid production, all wastewaters were sterile filtered prior to inoculation in order to maintain Rhodotorula glutinis as only microorganism. The potato wastewater had an initial high starch content, which decreased after sterile filtration. Therefore, 100 mg L−1 soluble starch was added to the wastewater according to the difference in starch content prior and after filtration.
2.2. Microorganism, Cultivation, and Analysis
R. glutinis (CBS 20) from the collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands) was used for all experiments. The yeast was grown in a 1000 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing a yeast malt broth (YMA) (3 g L−1 yeast extract, 3 g L−1 malt extract, 10 g L−1 glucose and 5 g L−1 vegetable peptone) for 5 days at room temperature on a rotary shaker at 115 rpm. After 5 days, 15 mL of this media was used for inoculation of the wastewaters. The fermentation was carried out in 1000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 500 mL of the respective waste-waters, which were cultivated under the same conditions as the initial YMA for 168 h. For analysis of cell dry mass, lipid content and fatty acid composition 40 mL samples were taken regularly every 24 h. For the analysis of carotenoid content and composition, 40 mL samples were taken at , , , and . From wastewater media from fruit juice and lettuce processing, additional samples were taken at . The experiment was carried out in triplicate.
For determination of cell dry weight, the samples were centrifuged at 2750 rpm. The pH of the supernatant was determined, and the supernatant discarded afterwards. Cells were freeze-dried to constant weight. The cell mass was then measured using a calibrated balance.
The lipid content of the cellular material was determined using a modification of the method described by Bligh and Dyer [28]. Cells were disrupted using 12.5 mL methanol added to 5 mL aqueous mixture of water and cell material. Lipids were extracted with chloroform following the procedure described by Zhang et al. [29]. After N2 evaporation at 50°C for 60 min, the weight of the extracted lipids was determined by a calibrated balance.
Afterwards the microbial lipids from sampling times , , and were transesterified to FAMEs to allow for chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid composition. Transesterification was carried out using methanol with 2% H2SO4 as catalyst at 60°C for 2 h. After quenching the reaction with NaHCO3 solution, the FAMEs were extracted by toluene and analyzed using an Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) 6890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) equipped with a Stabilwax-DA capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm ID and 0.25 μm film thickness). The different peaks were identified and quantified by comparison to responses from known FAME standards.
The samples for carotenoid analysis were centrifuged at 2750 rpm, freeze-dried, and hydrolysed with 1 N HCl in a water bath at 70°C for 0.5 h [30]. The HCl solution containing the hydrolysed cells was filtered through a 0.7 μm glass fiber filter. The filter paper with the residual cells was thoroughly rinsed with distilled water to remove the acid. The cells were extracted over the night in 35 mL acetone : methanol (1 : 1) solution. The acetone : methanol solvent was evaporated under N2 blow at 50°C for 60 min, the extract then redissolved in 2 mL acetone, filtered, and prepared for HPLC analysis. For analysis, a Merck-Hitachi (Darmstadt, Germany) system was used, including interface module D-7000, pump L-7100, autosampler L-7200 and DAD detector L-7450A, and an Agilent (Böblingen, Germany) Eclipse Plus C18 column (5 μm; 250 mm × 4,6 mm). A gradient from 70 to 100% acetone was used as the mobile phase [31]. Chromatographic results were quantified by using response factor of β-carotene standards. Three distinct peaks were identified as compared to known retention time profiles [22, 31]. Amounts of the three peaks were summed to provide the total carotenoid content.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
All data was subject to statistical analysis using SigmaStat version 10.0 (Jandel Scientific, USA). The statistical significance of differences in mean values of cell mass, lipid production, and lipid content over the course of cultivation time was calculated using single factor variance analysis with the Tukey-Test at the 5% level of probability.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cell Growth of R. glutinis Grown in Wastewater Media
As shown on Figures 1–3, R. glutinis realized a significant increase in cell mass production on all wastewaters in the first hours of cultivation. Grown on the wastewater from fruit juice processing (Figure 1), cell mass rapidly increased sixfold from 0.08 g L−1 to 0.48 g L−1 during the first 24 h of cultivation and more or less stagnated for the remaining growth time with only slight but not significant increases to a maximum of 0.59 g L−1 at 96 h. Wastewater from potato processing (Figure 2) also allowed for fast and significant cell growth until 48 h of cultivation, reaching a 3.5 higher weight (0.91 g L−1) compared to the initial cell mass (0.26 g L−1). After this peak, cell mass constantly decreased to a final value of 0.51 g L−1 at . When grown on wastewater from lettuce processing (Figure 3), cell mass increased rather slowly from 0.11 g L−1 () to 0.31 g L−1 () until and stagnated after this. Due to different compounds in the wastewaters and possible differences in the cell mass of the inoculum, the initial cell mass concentration of the wastewaters was not the same for all three wastewaters. When compared on a relative basis, R. glutinis realized the highest increase of cell mass on wastewaters from fruit juice processing. In this case, cell mass increased sixfold, whereas it only increased ca. threefold regarding wastewaters from potato and lettuce processing. These different patterns of cell growth are probably caused by the different levels and characteristics of the carbon sources available from the wastewaters. HPLC sugar analysis showed that fruit juice wastewaters contained small amounts of easily degradable glucose (0.31 g L−1) and xylose (0.47 g L−1), allowing for a quick and strong increase in cell mass during the first 24 h of cultivation. After this period, the carbon in the wastewater was exhausted leading to stagnation in cell growth. For wastewaters of potato and lettuce processing, HPLC analysis could not detect any glucose or xylose. Nevertheless, COD measurement showed that some organic but probably less degradable substances were present in the wastewaters, leading to lower and slower growth rates. This could also explain the similarity of relative growth rates realized on potato and lettuce processing wastewaters, despite the high difference in measured COD values.
3.2. Lipid Production of R. glutinis Grown in Wastewater Media
None of the wastewaters allowed for significant lipid production by R. glutinis. When grown on wastewaters from potato (Figure 2), lettuce (Figure 3), and fruit juice processing (Figure 1), the initial lipid content, the initial lipid content, which is explained by the lipid saturated cells of the inoculum, constantly decreased. The lipid content was calculated as ratio of cell mass and lipid production. Thus, in the first cultivation period, the decline in lipid content was probably mostly caused by the increase of cell production along with a stagnation in lipid production. On the contrary, during the second phase of cultivation, cell production stagnated while the lipid production decreased.
Oleaginous microorganisms start to produce lipids when a growth required nutrient, mostly nitrogen, is exhausted in the medium [1, 7]. The excess carbon is then channeled into lipid production. Accordingly, it has been shown that the lipid content is constantly low when nitrogen is present in the culture medium [32]. Thus, the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) of the culture medium is a very important parameter for the potential lipid production. As shown in Table 1, wastewaters from fruit juice and lettuce processing contain only a small amount of carbon as reflected by the low COD value. With comparatively low total nitrogen content of 10 mg L−1, it can be assumed that the fruit juice wastewater has a beneficially high C/N ratio. Wastewater from lettuce processing showed a lower COD combined with a higher nitrogen content therefore indicating a lower C/N ratio. However, the increases in cell mass in Figures 1 and 3 suggest that nitrogen was still available and the carbon sources were used in favor to cell production. The stagnation of cell growth along with the low lipid production indicated that most of the available carbon was exhausted before nitrogen became the growth limiting factor. The wastewater from potato processing is characterized by a relatively high COD value (Table 1). However, with simultaneously high total nitrogen content, this leads to an unfavorable C/N ratio, which probably hindered lipid production. Also, here, it can be assumed that the carbon in the media was consumed before nitrogen was exhausted. Under favorable conditions regarding carbon and nitrogen content, R. glutinis was observed to display an -shaped growth curve including a lag phase followed by an exponential phase and a stationary phase [18, 29]. In this context, Xue at al. [18] suggest an initial COD concentration of over 30,000 mg L−1 to allow for lipid production which indicates that the COD of all chosen wastewaters in this experiment was to low to facilitate the classical course of lipid production.
As described by Papanikolaou and Aggelis [7], previously stored lipids are to some extent degraded to generate lipid-free material (lipid turnover) when the carbon sources in the fermentation medium are completely exhausted. The same observation could be made in this study, since lipid content further decreased after cell growth stagnated. The variability of lipid production in Figure 1 can be explained by the various anabolic and especially catabolic processes during cultivation. In the course of cell death and cell decay, new carbon sources are released into the media to some extent. In addition, the fluctuations of data for lipid production are ranging on a very low scale between 0 and 0.1 g L−1 and are also characterized by a high variance as reflected by the standard error.
The pH value is also an important factor influencing lipid production. Ranging between pH 7 and pH 8 (Table 1), all wastewaters were slightly alkaline. Since the medium was not buffered, the pH further increased in the course of cultivation. This could be due to organic acids being consumed from the medium. Since the optimum pH values for lipid accumulation of yeast cells were reported to be between pH 5.0 and 6.0 [14], the high pH value of the wastewaters could be another limiting factor for lipid production. In subsequent experiments, the impact of pH adjustment and pH buffering during cultivation through the addition of alkaline (NaOH) and acidic (HCl) solutions should be investigated.
However, the most important limiting factors for lipid production in the screened wastewaters seem to be the low content of available carbon sources in fruit juice and lettuce processing waters and the high content of nitrogen in potato processing waters, respectively. Potential options to overcome these inhibitory factors could be the supplementation with additional carbon sources (e.g., monosaccharide) in order to increase the carbon content on the one hand or the reduction of nitrogen content on the other hand. However, it has to be carefully assessed if these actions would still be consistent with the premise of economic feasibility. Likewise, the screening of feedstocks has to be extended to other wastewaters like wastewaters from vegetable processing (especially blanching water), sugar refining, and beer production. Even though lipid production and lipid content were low, all wastewaters met the general criteria for microbial oil production. There was no evidence for the existence of any inhibitory wastewater components found.
Regarding the aspect of economic viability, it is difficult to determine a certain minimum necessary lipid production target, since this is strongly influenced by the substrate and the cost of the selected process to convert the oleaginous microorganisms into biodiesel. Mondala et al. [33] calculated for their work with activated sewage sludge that a lipid content of approximately 10% (wt/wt) is necessary to produce biodiesel at a break-even price of approximately $3.20 per gallon. This price would be economically competitive with that of petroleum-based diesel which is around $3.82 per gallon (US Energy Information Administration, January, 2012) and with that of conventionally produced biodiesel (B 100) which is around $4,18 per gallon (US Department of Energy, October 2011).
According to Revellame et al. [34], a biodiesel yield of more than 10% (wt/wt) will make the utilized feedstock cheaper than petroleum-based diesel (Figure 4). While in latter papers, the process of in situ transesterification was taken as the basis for calculation, this study uses the conventional process of drying, oil extraction, and conversion. Accordingly, it is difficult to apply these results to the approach described in this paper. Nevertheless, looking at the obtained results in this study, the lipid production needs to be significantly increased in order to reach a financially viable stage, even if the carotenoids as high value by-products are taken into consideration.
3.3. Fatty Acid Composition of Microbial Oils Produced in Wastewater Media
The gas chromatographic analysis of the FAMEs from microbial lipid showed a significant increase in the FAME content in the first 48 hours of cultivation for all three wastewaters (data not shown). The FAME composition, shown exemplary for sampling time in Figure 5, also varied in the course of cultivation, whereas it was always predominated by long chain C 16 and C 18 fatty acid methyl esters, with oleic (C 18 : 1) and palmitic (C 16 : 0) acid methyl ester being the most important. This makes the properties of the microbial lipid comparable to plant oil, which mainly consists of palmitic and oleic acid [35]. Especially when wastewater form fruit juice and lettuce processing was used as growth substrate, linoleic (C 18 : 2) acid methyl ester was a main component of the overall FAME content as well. This is in accordance with Papanikolaou and Aggelis [7], who state that yeast lipid, which was produced utilizing sugar-based substrates, is generally composed of C 16 and C 18 fatty acids, while oleic acid (C 18 : 1) is the principal fatty acid followed by linoleic (C 18 : 2) and palmitic (C 16 : 0) acid. For the specific strain of R. glutinis (CBS 20) used in the present study, this fatty acid profile has been confirmed as well [36]. When grown on wastewaters from potato processing, the FAME composition also exhibited a high percentage of palmitoleic (C 16 : 1) and stearic (C 18 : 0) acid methyl esters (Figure 5).
3.4. Carotenoid Production of R. glutinis Grown in Wastewater Media
The total carotenoid production per Liter of wastewater in course of cultivation as displayed in Figure 6 showed great similarities for growth on wastewater media from fruit juice and lettuce processing. Grown on fruit juice wastewater media, R. glutinis realized a significant increase of almost 50% from 0.15 mg L−1 to 0.22 mg L−1 within the first 96 h of cultivation. Grown on lettuce wastewater the relative increase was 66% from 0.11 mg L−1 to 0.18 mg L−1 within the first 48 h. The increases were followed by a stagnation of carotenoid production for both wastewaters. On the contrary, the results from cultures grown on potato processing wastewater displayed a decrease of carotenoid production in the first 48 hours, followed by stagnation at around 0.13 mg L−1. Yet, the differences in total carotenoid production were not at a significant level. Regarding the carotenoid composition, the wastewaters varied slightly from each other at the inoculation time . After 48 h of cultivation, the shares of the different carotenoids remained at constant proportions.
Again the similarities between wastewaters from fruit juice production (32% β-carotene, 39% torulene, 29% torularhodin) and lettuce processing (33% β-carotene, 42% torulene, 25% torularhodin) could be observed, while results from potato processing wastewaters (43% β-carotene, 13% torulene, 44% torularhodin) differed.
In consideration of the initially measured wastewater properties COD, total , and pH (Table 1), it is difficult to evaluate these results, since the particular influence of these parameters on carotenoid production on R. glutinis has not been fully investigated yet. Of course the availability of a carbon source is a prerequisite for all metabolic processes. Thus, the limited amount of carbon in fruit juice and lettuce processing wastewaters probably caused the early stagnation of carotenoid production and the associated comparatively low level of carotenoid content. Accordingly as already stated for lipid production, the tested wastewaters have to be improved if they should serve as medium for lipid and carotenoid production. However, although both lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis have the same precursor [37], results cited in literature are somewhat ambiguous when it comes to the influence of carbon and nitrogen source and the related C/N ratio on carotenoid production. While some authors [37, 38] report an enhancement in carotenoid production with increasing C/N ratio, others [39] found the opposite. Tinoi et al. [40] found that both increases in nitrogen and carbon source led to an increase in carotenoid content. The interactions between carbon and nitrogen source could also help to explain the drop of carotenoid production when grown on potato processing wastewaters. Based on the COD value, it can be suggested that carbon was available in sufficient quantities. Thus, it was probably the amount of nitrogen which influenced the carotenoid production or other substances in the wastewater that hindered carotenoid formation. Also, the relatively high pH value of the wastewaters could be a reason for the poor carotenoid production, since the optimum is reported to be around pH 6 [40]. Accordingly, it needs to be further investigated how carbon and nitrogen contents are related to carotenoid production before wastewaters can be effectively amended or specifically screened regarding their carbon and nitrogen content. If lipid and carotenoid production should be combined, it also needs to be considered that the optimization of process parameters and wastewater properties for the improvement of lipid yield will most likely be at the expense of carotenoid yield and vice versa.
4. Conclusion
All wastewaters showed the essential properties, which are mainly the presence of a degradable carbon source and the absence of any inhibitory substances, to allow for growth and second metabolism production of R. glutinis for the production of biodiesel and high-value pigments. Nevertheless, lipid production was very low and lipid turnover processes already started in early stages of cultivation time. This indicated that the amount of degradable carbon in the wastewaters was too low, especially in wastewaters from fruit juice and lettuce processing, using all carbon for cell proliferation processes at the onset of cultivation when nitrogen was still available. Also, in the case of potato processing wastewater, where the COD and accordingly the carbon content was expected to be comparably higher, no significant lipid production was observed, probably owing to the high nitrogen content. Thus, if lipid production should be enhanced, the wastewater properties have to be modified regarding their carbon and nitrogen content, respectively. This could be achieved by the supplementation with additional low-cost carbon sources (e.g., biomass hydrolysates) or the removal of nitrogen through chemical or biological measures but yet needs to be in accordance with the aim of financial viability. Also, the reduction of initial pH and buffering of the pH during cultivation could be a way to enhance lipid and carotenoid production. The production of carotenoids was quantitatively confirmed, showing the general compatibility of lipid and carotenoid production. However, the influence of carbon and nitrogen content on carotenoid production needs to be further investigated in order to optimize both lipid and carotenoid production. For economic feasibility, lipid and carotenoid production needs to be increased significantly. Likewise, the screening of wastewaters should be extended with additional promising wastewaters like wastewaters from sugar refining, vegetable processing (i.e., blanching water), or beer production.
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- A. Mondala, K. Liang, H. Toghiani, R. Hernandez, and T. French, "Biodiesel production by in situ transesterification of municipal primary and secondary sludges," Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 1203–1210, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Friday Feral Field Lion DOWN!!! Called in... NO PICS...
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May 6, 2012, 06:17 PM
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Join Date: February 21, 2012
Location: Wisconsin
Posts: 763
Any suggestions for catching one (ie, traps)?
I use a raccoon size Havahart live trap with a single door. I usually place a can of half open undrained tuna in the back of the trap then cover it with cardboard or wood. This helps collect the scent around the trap then as the wind gets to it it drifts out and is a great bait for cats and coons. The trap remains set up in a single location near my garbage cans. I don't seem to have any possum here in my neck of the woods so I don't catch any of them. I have however trapped over a dozen cats in the last couple of weeks and a few coons too. It seems the feral cats outnumber the coons here.
Every varmint that has gone into that trap has never made it out of the trap alive. They all enter the trap and leave by way of a .22short bullet to the top of the head from my single six. I use a .22short so I don't get overpenetration - I don't want to put any bullet holes in the catch plate of my trap.
Anyway cats and coons can't seem to resist the smell of tuna going bad. Try it and see what it does for you.
I have adopted two West Highland White Terriers from a rescue organization here in Southern California. In the last 18 months the have killed 2 rats, 5 mice and 9 oppossum. They each weigh about 18 pounds. If the cats would come down off the fence, they would be history, too....
Two 18lb Westies would have difficulty with a healthy mature feral cat. Those things are lean, mean and agile killing machines. I've seen a single feral cat take on and chase off full grown german shepherds, pit bulls and even a small pack (4 dogs) of jack russels terriers - not the same cat but I've seen those incidents with different cats. Be careful with your wish for a cat to climb into your yard. While you may end up with a dead cat to dispose of you may also end up with one or two heavily wounded dogs to care for too.
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Made, by hand, in Winona, Minnesota (yes, we're all about Minnesota), two year old Sanborn Canoe Company has been creating some of the best looking wooden canoe & kayak paddles we've encountered. Founded by a cadre of enthusiasts looking to play a closer role with the products they used, Sanborn Canoe Co now produces an assortment of well-priced wood paddles we can't decide if we want to mount on our walls or hit the water with. Our favorite: the Gunflint Paddle ($125). Made from western red and white cedar, the Gunflint isn't just a hunk of wood that moves water. It features a slightly wider span and 14° bend for more powerful strokes, hard epoxy tip for protection from underwater nasties, and an indexed shaft to preclude hand and joint stress. The fact that it looks like a million bucks is just icing.
Buy Now: $125


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Blake Shelton And Gwen Stefani Split Over Miranda Lambert's "Mean Texts"?
Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani have not "split," despite yet another inaccurate tabloid cover story. Gossip Cop can exclusively correct this claim. We're told it's entirely "false."
According to OK!, Stefani and Shelton "broke up after fighting about a series of mean texts" that the country singer's ex-wife Miranda Lambert had allegedly sent Stefani. The tabloid has one of its questionable sources claiming Lambert began harassing Stefani after she supposedly heard the latter was referring to her as a "redneck harlot." The magazine's so-called "insider" alleges, "Miranda got ahold of Gwen's cell-phone number and started calling, sometimes as many as four times in one day."
The outlet goes on to claim that since the calls were coming from an unknown number, Stefani didn't pick up, but eventually she "got annoyed and texted back, 'Who is this, and how did you get my number?'" The tabloid's presumably phony "source" alleges that after Lambert identified herself, she called Stefani a "home-wrecker" and told her that she's "lucky I don't find you and kick your ass." The seemingly fictional "source" then notes Lambert further slammed Stefani by telling her her career was "over," and that her music hasn't been "relevant since the '90s."
Even more absurdly, the publication has its fake "source" say, "Gwen accused [Shelton] of somehow letting her phone number slip to his ex" and even "defending Miranda." The magazine's alleged "insider" claims Shelton told Stefani to "calm down and tried to brush off the situation, explaining that it was just Miranda's tough 'country gal' personality coming through, and that Gwen shouldn't get too worked up about it."
Gwen took that as Shelton "taking his ex-wife's side," alleges the outlet, leading her to become "livid enough to put the brakes on their entire relationship over his supposed betrayal." Very dramatically, the magazine's bogus source adds, "Gwen decided that if Blake wouldn't stand up for her and tell Miranda off, she didn't want to be with him."
And yet, despite the tabloid's entirely made-up story, Shelton has been by Stefani's side, including being at her son Apollo's second birthday party on Sunday at her Beverly Hills home, where they were openly affectionate. It all makes Gossip Cop wonders if OK! relied on its same know-nothing "source," who fed the magazine a slew of false reports, such as its cover four weeks ago that claimed Steni was "pregnant with twins." Oddly, the publication makes no mention of the couple's impending "twins" in its new bull "split" story.
Regardless, Gossip Cop checked in with actual Shelton and Stefani insiders. A source close to the country singer says it is simply "more garbage" from the tabloids, while Stefani's rep exclusively tells us the entire story is "false."


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In Reply to: CPAP with Auxilliary Power Backup posted by Katherine on November 02, 1999 at 13:47:05:
: : Has anyone found ANY cpap machines out there that have battery backup? I'm thinking of Y2K and other times we lose power. I called my local (awful) health care company who provide me with CPAP stuff and they said "it has to be made with marine batteries - that NO ONE makes this type of machine. ONly thing they offered was the CAR lighter/plugin thing like people use while camping!.: Thanks!!!!!!!!!!: Katherine
Thanks for asking the question. I have the same problem with my machine when on a boat or camping where there is no (AC) electricity. I can't find any encouraging words from this or any other site so I am going to build my own from a 12V marine blower, flow valve and a portable auto charging battery. I'll use a ping pong ball in a funnel to match flow rates with my current machine to determine flow rates. Wish me luck.It may not be perfect, but it will be better than nothing.
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A sizable majority of faculty in the University of Georgia's Franklin College of Arts and Sciences wants the college's Faculty Senate to express some view on the leadership of UGA President Michael Adams, while a slightly smaller majority wants the college to take a vote of confidence/no confidence in Adams' leadership.
According to poll results released at Thursday's senate meeting, 471 of the college's 721 faculty members - 65 percent - voted on two questions: whether the senate should express a view on Adams' leadership, and whether a vote of confidence/no confidence should be taken.
On the question of whether the college faculty should express a view on Adams' leadership, 347 faculty members - 73.67 percent of respondents - responded affirmatively. Twenty-one percent said no view should be expressed, and remaining faculty members either had no opinion or abstained.
On the question of whether a vote of confidence/no confidence should be conducted, 300 faculty members - 63.69 percent of respondents - favored a vote. Slightly more than 28 percent of respondents said no vote should be taken, while remaining faculty members either had no opinion or abstained.
''I didn't know how widespread the disaffection was,'' classics professor Nancy Felson, chair of the senate, said in reacting to the poll results.
Randy Hammond, an associate professor of psychology, said he was surprised that more than 200 faculty members did not respond at all to the poll.
''I think people are a little bit nervous about polls,'' he said. ''But at any rate, 65 percent is an accurate reflection of what the faculty (feels.)''
The poll questions were developed during the course of several weeks, after a number of faculty members expressed concern about what they perceive as Adams' top-down management style, and his failure to involve faculty in important decisions.
''Arts and Sciences feels like we're besieged,'' said Felson. ''When something happens, we're the last ones to be consulted.''
''The senate needed to see how faculty feels,'' said Hammond. ''Now what we do with this information is the real key.''
The senate now plans to form a committee to come up with an official statement reflecting the responses to the poll. A draft statement will be presented at the senate's next meeting, scheduled for Feb. 19.
The committee will also discuss the ramifications of a confidence/no confidence vote in advance of the Feb. 19 meeting.
''A vote of confidence or no confidence is a much bigger step (than developing a statement),'' Hammond said. ''A statement is a soft shell, but a vote of confidence or no confidence is a major step.''
Published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Friday, February 6, 2004.
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December 28 2003 at 10:57 PM
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Response to
sexual and natural selection
"sexual selection always overides natural selection in animals."
Actually, sexual selection is part of "natural selection".
"it's shown to be half true with us humans. men will choose sexy physical traits in a woman over her mind, soul, etc."
Contraceptive devices are those things which are used to prevent pregnancy, generally while allowing sex to take place (there are exceptions - a chastity belt can be considered a contraceptive device). Reference to contraception exist almost as far back as written records go.
This implies that humans have differentiated the idea of sex (and thus what they find to be sexy) from the idea of procreation (and who to procreate with) for as long as humans have been aware of how conception takes place.
It also implies that humans consciously make decisions based on criteria which have nothing to do with what they find sexual - specifically, this means men will not "choose sexy physical traits in a woman over her mind, soul, etc.".
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definition of attractivness
- elijah on Dec 29, 2003
big eyes?
- michaela on Dec 29, 2003
Re: big eyes?
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- John Bayko on Jan 1, 2004
Re: definition of attractivness
- peter on Dec 29, 2003
Re: definition of attractiveness
- JB on Dec 29, 2003
Re: Re: definition of attractivness
- elijah on Dec 30, 2003
- John Bayko on Dec 29, 2003
wealth as an attraction
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Partisan Bias and Information Discounting in Economic Judgments
Version of Record online: 6 SEP 2013
DOI: 10.1111/pops.12064
© 2013 International Society of Political Psychology
Political Psychology
Volume 35, Issue 3, pages 401–415, June 2014
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ramirez, M. D. and Erickson, N. (2014), Partisan Bias and Information Discounting in Economic Judgments. Political Psychology, 35: 401–415. doi: 10.1111/pops.12064
Publication History
- Issue online: 16 MAY 2014
- Version of Record online: 6 SEP 2013
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If you browse back my blog archive, I didn't post any post at all in year 2014. So, it came across my mind that I should at least have a post to share all the happenings in 2014... yeap, it will be a very long blog post with tons of pictures. *wink*
In October 2013, I changed job and joined a company in Melaka. Most of my friends and family was surprised that I will move out from KL. Since I'm still single and yet to have any kids yet, why not? Thus, most of my time was spent in Melaka in 2014.
In October 2013, I changed job and joined a company in Melaka. Most of my friends and family was surprised that I will move out from KL. Since I'm still single and yet to have any kids yet, why not? Thus, most of my time was spent in Melaka in 2014.
YAY! January is my birthday month!!
Beautiful Melaka river view at night.
Red lantern @ Jonker Street.
I was celebrating 29 on 17th January 2014.
Stepping into 30s soon.
Early birthday celebration with my colleagues in Alto Sky Lounge @ Hatten Hotel, Melaka.
This is one of the best laksa that I have in Melaka - Calanthe Art Cafe @ Jonker.
Calanthe Art Cafe is serving 13 states coffee and since I'm from Pahang, I ordered Pahang Coffe.
*forgotten how it taste*
Visited Tous Les Jours when they first opening at WOLO Bukit Bintang KL.
(Actually I back to KL almost every weekend because I can't get use with the boring lifestyle in Melaka. Thus, some of my friends told me that I don't even seems like leaving KL and work in Melaka)
Tous Les Jours at WOLO Bukit Bintang KL.
Breakfast at Tous Les Jours.
This is my first yellow maxi dress. Love it.
Birthday gift from le bf.
Doing my own manicure.
Ex-colleague visited me and my boss (Penny) in Melaka and we brought them for yummylicious Nyonya foods @ Melaka Raya. There are tons of nyonya restaurant there for you to choose.
YUM! The Nyonya dishes.
Melaka city view from Alto Sky Lounge @ Hatten Hotel Melaka.
Lunch date with bf at Ben's Pavilion.
@ Ben's Pavilion.
@ Ben's Pavilion.
2014 CNY deco @ Pavilion.
2014 CNY deco @ Pavilion.
I always love to have a mini plant in my office table.
This one was bought from the night market in Jonker, Melaka. It is still growing healthy now.
First time went for gel manicure for CNY. Beautiful right?
Accessories that I wore on 1st day of CNY.
* * *
* * *
We visited JB and Singapore during CNY since we were driving my sister back to work in Singapore.
Moonlight cafe at JB.
First time trying the rainbow cake.
Another rainbow cafe, but this is at a cafe in Singapore.
p/s: I curled my hair by myself (for the first time).
This rainbow cake taste nicer than the one in Moonlight Cafe @ JB.
Beautiful night view of Marina Bay Sands, Singapore.
Singapore night view.
I heard many good comments about Wild Honey @ The Scott, Singapore. Thus, we were here to try their famous dishes.
Salmon with asparagus - this is one of their signature breakfast dish. No regret and indeed, it taste really yummy!!!
Valyn was here in KL!!!
I brought her to ACME BAR & Coffee.
I brought her to ACME BAR & Coffee.
@ ACME Bar & Coffee.
The portions for both of us - Valyn and me.
Yes, we sapu all of 'em.
Company (now ex-company) CNY luncheon.
One of my valentine's gift - another huge bear added into my bears' family.
Valentine's Day #140214
Cafe Studio @ Kota Damansara
One of the nicest corner of Cafe Studio @ Kota Damansara.
Cafe Studio @ Kota Damansara
Cafe Studio @ Kota Damansara
Latte, at Cafe Studio @ Kota Damansara
Ex-colleagues visited me in Melaka and I brought them jalan-jalan.
This was taken at Mamee shop at Jonker.
Ex-colleagues visited me in Melaka and I brought them to Alto Sky Lounge @ Hatten Hotel Melaka.
Healthy breakfast at Limau-Limau Cafe@ Jonker.
* * *
* * *
Dinner with sister..
Cafe hopping to Podgy & The Banker @ Hartamas.
It is a cafe with nice and cozy ambiance.
Juicing trend is slowly started and this was my first try on La Juiceria - a 3 days juice cleanses program. No food, no other drinks, purely have these drinks which is the mixture of fruits, vegetables and alkaline water.
* * *
Candy crush..
A short roadtrip to Penang & Ipoh.
ChinaHouse Cafe @ Penang.
The famous tiramisu @ ChinaHouse Cafe, Penang.
Breakfast, in a cafe @ Penang.
Penang wall mural - a must do and visit when you're here.
Minion @ Penang.
Cafe hopping to Ipoh - @ Burp and Giggles Cafe.
First time visited PULP cafe @ Bangsar, unfortunately full house.
I didn't visit them since after that, because went there few times also full house. T.T
* * *
I didn't visit them since after that, because went there few times also full house. T.T
* * *
Balik Kampung to Kuantan.
@ Swiss Garden which located by the beach, we always love to chill at there when there's time.
Family - who always be there for me.
Coffee of the month.
Big breakfast @ Kaffa Cafe, TTDI.
Thanks to Groupon, we get to enjoy good food at cheaper price.
Always love to do this in dressing room.
My hair was really long and I decided to....
Cut it short!
From waist length to shoulder length.
I visited Number 76 for the first time and I'm quite satisfy with their services.
Dinner with colleague (who is now my ex-colleague) after work .
Outing to Shah Alam - first experience in AVT ride.
I hurt my leg but it was fun!
* * *
Anniversary dinner @ Casa de Rio, Melaka.
Crazy moment with ex-colleague.
Ex-Company annual dinner @ Hatten Hotel, Melaka.
So lovely, the welcome message was written by my younger sister.
Coffee of the month.
My working desk @ ex-company.
The signature drinks @ Oh Scooter Cafe @ USJ.
Coffee with cotton candy.
Thursdvys Cafe @ TTDI, KL.
I knew her when she was my good friend's gf. We still keeping in touch even after they broke up.
Glad to know more friends in my life.
Coffee date with my pretty girlfriend, Ashley.
to be continued....
- Saturday, June 27, 2015
- 0 Comments


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Practice Areas
Saint Louis University School of Law, J.D., 2010
Saint Louis University, B.A., 2006, magna cum laude
Jessica remembers first and foremost that clients are people and whether she is representing an individual or a Fortune 500 company, she knows that being named in a lawsuit is a personal experience. She walks her clients through a process that is not normal or pleasant, telling them to forget about the lawsuit 90% of the time and she will let them know when the other 10% occurs. Her ability to put clients at ease and her unwavering confidence in having the right answer, make her an attorney clients can trust.
As a member of both the firm's Commercial Litigation Practice Group and Toxic Tort & Environmental Practice Group, Jessica defends clients in matters relating to personal injury liability defense.
Memberships & Involvement
- Member: Missouri Bar Association; Illinois Bar Association; Collinsville Planning and Zoning Commission
- Obtained a successful jury verdict for insured defendant in a motor vehicle accident
- Obtained dismissal of health care defendant in medical malpractice action by arguing no liability due to physician's independent contractor status pursuant to Missouri statute 538.210.3
- Instrumental in reaching resolution through mediation in multi-million dollar matter involving several parties wherein insured Defendant did not contribute to settlement


text: > like [(x, y) | x <- xs | y <- ys], and it's not clear how to define > "zip" for a monad - but perhaps there is some extension of a monad > where it makes sense? Well, I question that the above notation makes sense (for lists). It is trying to be too clever. "standard" list comprehensions at least are consistent with mathematical notation for sets. (That is, they are putting the cart before the horse consistently.) But could you show the above code example to some non-ghc-aware person and expect her to guess the meaning correctly? I think not. And even if, the implied zip is dangerous because it does not complain about unequal lengths, and you cannot guess that either. If you write (x,y) <- zip xs ys instead then at least you know that you need to lookup the definition of zip. Best regards, J.W. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 257 bytes Desc: OpenPGP digital signature Url : http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell-cafe/attachments/20081109/368307d6/signature.bin


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WEDNESDAY, Aug. 29 (HealthDay News) -- Although consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) increases alertness and may negate some intoxication-related sedation effects, it can lead to negative physiological and psychological side effects associated with overstimulation, according to a study published online Aug. 15 in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.
In an effort to examine the subjective psychological, physiological, and behavioral risk-taking outcomes of AmED consumption compared with alcohol consumption, Amy Peacock, of the University of Tasmania in Hobart, and colleagues surveyed 403 adults aged 18 to 35 years who had consumed AmED and alcohol only in the preceding six months.
The researchers found that, although compared with alcohol-only sessions, participants consumed much more alcohol during AmED sessions, they were significantly less likely to experience disinhibition and risky behaviors. They were also less likely to experience physiological and psychological sedation outcomes. These included speech and walking difficulties, nausea, slurred speech and confusion, exhaustion, and sadness. However, physiological and psychological outcomes associated with overstimulation were significantly increased during AmED sessions. These included heart palpitations, sleep difficulties, agitation, tremors, jot and crash episodes, increased speech speed, irritability, and tension.
"In summary, co-ingestion of energy drinks with alcohol appears to offer a reduction in the experience of sedation outcomes but amplification of adverse stimulation outcomes," the authors write.
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Issue No. 03 - May/June (2010 vol. 8)
pp: 74-76
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MSP.2010.107
Jon Giffin , Georgia Institute of Technology
Malware has become a natural aspect of Internet computing due to the imperfectness of systems that identify malware and prevent their installation. Our ability to control the volume of unwanted and malicious traffic on the Internet—the spam messages, the DoS attacks—hinges on our ability to not only prevent the initial installation of malware known to us but also to repair systems that unknown malware has successfully attacked. This article discusses techniques that identify and remove unknown infectious software.
remediation, recovery, malware, security, bot, botnet
Jon Giffin, "The Next Malware Battleground: Recovery After Unknown Infection", IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 8, no. , pp. 74-76, May/June 2010, doi:10.1109/MSP.2010.107


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[JURIST] US President George W. Bush submitted three new nominations [press release] for the Federal Elections Commissions (FEC) [official website] to the Senate Tuesday in an effort to break a deadlock which has left the FEC without a quorum to conduct business during a presidential election year. The new nominees include former legislative director for Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY) Cynthia L. Bauerly; former National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) [official website] counsel Donald F. McGahn; and former White House official Caroline C. Hunter.
Also Tuesday, Bush withdrew the nomination of current FEC Chairman David Mason [official profile], but refused to withdraw the nomination of current FEC Commissioner Hans von Spakovsky [SourceWatch profile]. Von Spakovsky faces tough Democratic objections over his record on voting rights issues during his tenure at the US Department of Justice [official website]. AP has more.


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Las Vegas, Nev. -- Askia Booker scored 21 points and Colorado held off a late-charging USC for a 59-56 victory in a Pac-12 Tournament first- round matchup.
Booker added seven rebounds and four assists while going 9-of-17 from the field for the fifth-seeded Buffaloes (22-10), who will take on California in Thursday's quarterfinals. Josh Scott tallied 13 points and nine rebounds in the win.
Byron Wesley finished with a game-high 23 points for USC (11-21), which tied the contest at 50-50 with seven minutes left before Scott netted the first six points of an 8-0 Colorado run that Booker capped with a successful layup with 3:07 to play.
The Buffalos didn't make a field goal the rest of the way, however, and the Trojans closed within 59-56 when Wesley drove and scored with 47 seconds left.
Scott then missed from in close on the ensuing possession, but Colorado survived when Wesley's 3-point try that would have forced overtime landed off the mark.
USC ended a poor 5-of-22 from beyond the arc and was outrebounded by a 38-27 margin.


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dr. Robert Bruce Reppa, Sr. '41
Bob Reppa died August 23, 2005 on the way to the Inova Alexandria Hospital. He had Parkinson's disease. At the time of his death Bob was a resident with his wife, Jane Maynard Reppa, of Alexandria, VA.
Bob was born in Richmond Hill, NY, raised in the Panama Canal Zone, and graduated from the New Mexico Military Institute. At Amherst he was a member of Beta Theta Pi and majored in Political Science.
Called to active duty in the Army in 1941, he was initially assigned to the Panama Canal Zone and later served in the European theater during World War II. He was captured by Germans on the second day of the Battle of the Bulge in December, 1944. Sent to prisoner-of-war camps at Nuremberg and later Hammelberg, he suffered through inadequate heat and food, depending upon twice-monthly Red Cross packages to survive.
According to a 1994 article in the Army's Soldiers magazine, the fourth Armored Division's Task Force Baum fought sixty miles through German territory to liberate the POWs at Hammelberg, but the force was too small to handle the hundreds of POWs who were wandering in the darkness. The task force was surrounded and wiped out. Bob was among the few who escaped, but four days later, their group was recaptured by the Germans and returned to the camp, where they helped bury their fellow prisoners. After a month-long forced march to a point just east of Munich, Bob and another soldier escaped again, taking refuge in a German house that flew a white sheet. U.S. forces finally freed them in May, 1945.
Bob and Jane Maynard (Mt. Holyoke '41) married in 1946 and raised two children, Robert Jr., who died in 2002, and a daughter, Katherine or Kathy, of Carbondale, CO, the mother of two sons.
After the war, Bob remained in the Army. At Fort Hood, TX, he commanded the first Medium Tank Battalion, 67th Armor. He was a staff officer in the Defense Intelligence Agency's national intelligence analysis and estimates office, Middle East branch, from 1961 to 1966, when he retired as a lieutenant colonel.
After retiring from the Army in 1966, Bob began a career, first as a graduate assistant at the University of Maryland. Three years later he joined the University College division as coordinator of its degree program. He earned a Master's degree in 1966 and a Ph.D. in Government and Politics in 1973. His dissertation Israel and Iran: Bilateral Relationships and Effect on the Indian Ocean Basin was published by Praeger in 1973. Subsequently Bob developed and initiated Maryland's weekend program through which thousands of part-time students obtained graduate degrees and was named Assistant Vice Chancellor to administer all of the University's statewide activities including five thousand credit and twenty-three thousand noncredit students.
Bob's second retirement came in 1978. Avid travelers, he and Jane visited many parts of the world after his retirement, including Germany, France, Belgium, Mexico, and the Panama Canal Zone. Their particular avocations have been cultivating an extensive Japanese garden and antiquing to add to their collection of Limoges and Minton china and sterling dresser sets. Writing for the Olio Revisited of 1981, Bob summed up by saying "For my part, I believe that my lifetime activities have resulted in the direct betterment of my family and a host of military and academic associates and thus, indirectly, to this country. Just as I have benefited from the opportunities, including Amherst, afforded me, I trust that I, in turn, have made it possible for those others to so benefit in the future. Amen."
—Henry B. Prickitt '41


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 378,795 this week
Ignazio Balsamo (1912–1994)
Ignazio Balsamo was born on October 25, 1912 in Catania, Sicily, Italy. He is known for his work on Outlaw Girl (1950), In the Name of the Law (1949) and The Giant of Marathon (1959). He died on August 7, 1994 in Catania. See full bio »
Born:in Catania, Sicily, Italy
Died:(age 81) in Catania, Sicily, Italy


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8-Bit Retro 2D, Street Fight Game Scene/Sprite Sheets.
All the items are in both GIF & PNG , Sized 128×128px.
There is only one character, with 16 different positions & figures.
There are 14 different Objects for using in game scene/theme like boxes, knifes, bins, doors and hedges.
If you have any question, ask me!


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Tigers improve to 7-1 with sixth straight win
December 10, 2005
December 10, 2005, Greencastle, Ind. - DePauw, ranked 12th in the Division III Coaches' Poll and 17th by D3hoops.com, improved to 7-1 with a 94-56 victory over William Woods. The Owls dropped to 6-3 with the loss.
William Woods led by as many as five early at 14-9 before the Tigers scored 10 straight at the start of a 37-10 run. The Tigers led at the intermission, 46-27. DePauw started strong in the second half with a 22-5 run that put the game away.
Suzy Doughty led the Tigers with 13 points and seven assists, while Bridget Bailey added 12 points and a school-record nine blocked shots. Bailey broke the mark of six blocks set by Kelly Bailey against Hendrix on February 7, 1999. As a team, DePauw swatted away 11 shots, breaking the previous record of nine against Franklin on February 1, 1997.
Stephanie Burger paced the Owls with 13 points followed by Shanna Lonsberry with 11 and Kim Tennill and Blanca Casale with 10 apiece. Lonsberry grabbed six boards for William Woods and Tennill dished out five assists.
The Tigers shot a season-high 51.3 percent from the floor and held the Owls to just 36.2 percent. DePauw outrebounded William Woods 44-30 in claiming its sixth straight win.
DePauw returns to action on Saturday, December 17, when it hosts Wittenberg at 6 p.m.


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OverviewAmazon Woman is the central climb of the South America formation on the Little Baldy (aka Quartz) climbing area. The formation is aptly, though not cleverly, named South America because it alarmingly resembles the continent. Several classic lines exist on this formation, from South Pacific (5.7, which ascends the west "coast"), The Atlantic Route (5.7, on the east "coast"), L.A. Woman (5.11c R) and Woman in Bondage (5.11b R), both of which meander through Brazil. Amazon Woman (5.10b R) takes the central line right up though what would be Argentina and Columbia.
Getting There1) Ascend the trail to the base of the S-Wall formation, then scramble/follow the climber's trail to the east (right) until you reach a large, flat boulder directly underneath the South America Formation.
2) You can also follow the trail into the woods, then ascend the boulder field to a point approximately below the formation, then proceed to the large boulder.
Once at the boulder, scramble up and left along a flake/knee-sized chimney until it levels out and you can sit on top of it. Belay from here.
Route DescriptionFrom the belay, traverse out and right without moving too far up until you are nearly in line with the first bolt, then start looking for ways to move up.
This is the crux of the climb. With your feet at the bolt, step up over the roof and onto the slab. The hands above the roof are thin, but there is just the right number of combinations of dishes and crystals to make it go at 10b. I won't describe the sequence, but I have watch 6-7 people do this route, and they all do about the same thing.
From here, climb the remaining 20 feet or so of unprotected slab until you can reach the chain anchors. When pulling onto the anchor ledge, be careful of cacti and rattlesnakes (no joke on the snakes)
Essential Gear4 Draws
Your personal preference for setting a belay at a chain setup.
2 ropes for the rappel*
*You can rappel to the ledge at the start of South Pacific with a 70m, but this requires some downclimbing.


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Discussion in 'General Glocking' started by DaBigBR, Jul 18, 2006.
Here's a couple of pics of the duty belt I carry...
Ahhh, gotcha. I was going to post my rig, but a) my camera's busted, and b) I had to take it all apart and only use the flashlight and glove pouch as I started a new job (last one is under investigation by the labor department, if that tells you anything). Whenever I get it back together, and a new camera, I will post it, though.
Not a cop yet but got a duty belt setup from a rummage sale for $1. In pretty good condition too.
Has [L->R]:
Safariland belt
Streicher's double mag case for Glock 9mm
ASP baton case for 26" model
Safariland OC case
Safariland cuff case
Gall's two pouch glove case
Safariland cuff case
G&G flashlight loop for D-cell
G&G holster*
*Judging by the 9mm Glock mag carrier I ***-u-me the holster is for a G17/19. Has thumb snap and middle finger snap (by trigger guard). No model info on it, just the G&G stuff on the back.
Not too shabby for a dollar. And it fits me. I'll post a pic when I can get to a broadband computer.
One spare mage mate. Next to H/cuff pouch.
In New South Wales the only people who carry a second spare are our SPG and Weapons trainers.
Victoria are sill using .38 revolvers. Their commissioner is getting her knickers in a knot over them wanting to convert to Glocks.
Yes TRDVET! Nice to see a SIG Pro in service.
I'm glad you like it because I'd rather have a Glock which in fact we are going to at the end of this year. So maybe my department will have a buy back for the officers and you can pick some up if you like.
You're killin' me Smalls. I have one already, but I'm sure they'll make a good deal for somebody.
Here's a picture of my Class C belt
I'm not certified in Tazer yet, so I left some room on the belt.
We can't carry OC so even though I'm certified the department says no.
It looks so light! Wanna trade belts What agency do you work for?
Thaaat would be a M&P peeking out there, you guys got the .40s?
Mine's the 9mm. The department issues Ruger
They supply 9mm ammo. I also carry a 40 Steyr but supply my own ammo.
I work for the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (Houston/ Metro Transit) we cover over 4000 square miles in 4 counties.
Ahh, I work in and around the Med Center so I see you guys a lot at transit centers and on the light rail.
I don't know what I want more now...your Vertec or OX's Sig.
Just pay the fare, they're on a zero tolerance kick these days.
are those the yellow asp cuffs peaking out of there?
This thread is very cool to me. If you havent seen the post I just got hired, im going to be ordering all my stuff tonight or tomorrow so this is kinda cool to see. Mine will all be basket weave, ill get it and get pics up once its done
Any advice for someone whos just starting?
The Cuffs are hiatts. They come in several colors. I have yellow and red. I also own yellow ASP cuffs but they are harder to get a case for.
Bianchi also makes the Accumold elite in basket weave. It is lighter than leather. and a bit less maintenance intensive. If the department allows I would look into it.
If you think that's good, check out the new Gould & Goodrich molded nylon gear. That stuff is SHARP.
Ray "The Big Boss Man" Taylor Dies
I know it's old news by now, but here's an article I just found about him. He was big when I was a wrestling fan. Apparently, as I've known for some time, he was a Prison Guard in Georgia before joining WWF.
Anyways...onto happier things:
My duty rig, from left to right...
...ummm...sorry, I need to go grab it. In fact, I'll get back on this later....with pictures too.
Just gettin' mine started..
Missing holster, radio holder, and X26..
Ummmmm, you planning on throwing your bullets ?


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The LAP-BAND AP® Adjustable Gastric Banding System is designed to induce weight loss by limiting food consumption. No cutting or stapling of the stomach is required, and there is no bypassing of portions of the stomach or intestines.
Weight loss associated with the LAP-BAND® System has been shown to improve or lead to remission of type 2 diabetes in patients with BMI greater than or equal to 35.2
Important LAP-BAND® System Safety Information
Indications: The LAP-BAND® System is indicated for weight reduction for patients, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of at least 35 kg/m2 or a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2 with one or more weight-related comorbid conditions. It is indicated for use only in adult patients who have failed more conservative weight reduction alternatives, such as supervised diet, exercise and behavior modification programs. Patients who elect to have this surgery must make the commitment to accept significant changes in their eating habits for the rest of their lives.
Contraindications: The LAP-BAND® System is not recommended for non-adult patients, patients with conditions that may make them poor surgical candidates or increase the risk of poor results (e.g., inflammatory or cardiopulmonary diseases, GI conditions, symptoms or family history of autoimmune disease, cirrhosis), who are unwilling or unable to comply with the required dietary restrictions, who have alcohol or drug addictions, or who currently are or may be pregnant.
Warnings: The LAP-BAND® System is a long-term implant. Explant and replacement surgery may be required. Patients who become pregnant or severely ill, or who require more extensive nutrition may require deflation of their bands. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, should be used with caution and may contribute to an increased risk of band erosion.
Adverse Events: Placement of the LAP-BAND® System is major surgery and, as with any surgery, death can occur. Possible complications include the risks associated with the medications and methods used during surgery, the risks associated with any surgical procedure, and the patient's ability to tolerate a foreign object implanted in the body. Band slippage, erosion and deflation, reflux, obstruction of the stomach, dilation of the esophagus, infection, or nausea and vomiting may occur. Reoperation may be required. Rapid weight loss may result in complications that may require additional surgery. Deflation of the band may alleviate excessively rapid weight loss or esophageal dilation.
Important: For full safety information please click here, talk with your doctor, or call Apollo Customer Support at 1-866-878-7812.
CAUTION: Rx only.
*Patients shown here are LAP-BAND® System patients who were treated in the United States. Results are from individual customer testimonials and your results may vary.
1 Apollo Endosurgery MMO-00220-00.
2 Dixon JB, et al., Adjustable Gastric Banding and Conventional Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial, JAMA 2008;299(3):316-323.


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New Walkera Scale RC Helicopter: WZQ2 Is Available on Market
The toys today are so advanced that they attract both children and adults. The toy stores in Canada are filled with such toys. They work further to make their customers more comfortable with their services
May 20, 2013 (Newswire.com) - Walkera, A RC Hobby Helicopter manufacturer, just released their new products: Walkera WZQ2 RC Scale Helicopter in May, 2013 The product is available on North America today
Of late, the demand for toys has been rising which means that there are more customers than the toy stores can cater to. As a result, the stores have been under constant pressure to cater to a variety of needs of these millions of customers. In fact certain toy stores in Canada have gained so much popularity that they have felt the need to gradually expand their network from just a few stores in a city to various parts of the country.
RC Helicopter Select is one such store which ensures that customer convenience comes first. They have a grand variety of toys to choose from and have been popular or their wide range of airplanes and cars. RC Helicopter Select has recently made the much awaited Walkera Scale RC Helicopter available for customers now. It has the best features in the market and has the promise of attracting a lot of customers, young and grown-ups alike.
RC Helicopter Select has made this toy exclusively available for purchase online. Like all its other toys, the new Walkera Scale RC Helicopter does not compromise on quality.Nothing but the Best
The new model of helicopter that it has made available in the market has the best features that children can ask for. Always a step ahead, RC Helicopter Select makes the best models of helicopters available in the market.
This particular model has quite a number of things to look forward to. Walkera Scale RC Helicopter has a CNC-machined metal rotor head. Further it has a high-tech simulation shape.
What's New?
The brand new material that gives it the finishing adds to the looks of the helicopter. Fine simulation reveals mien of a famous helicopter. The controls of the helicopter are easy to understand and the flight also remains smooth as a result of the 3-axis controlled balance system that the helicopter has. As far as performance goes, it has a commendable brushless motor which allows for both longevity and power.
The package includes batteries, transmitter, charger and a manual among other things.
Categories: Retail
Tags: walkera, walkera hwzq2, walkera rc helicopter


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6 High Protein Vegan Breakfast Ideas
5 High-Protein, Vegan-Friendly Breakfasts
Vegans are often on the hunt for a new and tasty protein-packed breakfast. These five animal- and dairy-free recipes are all varied, but they each share one common thread: at least 10 grams of protein per serving. Whether you prefer a sweet or savory start to your day, there's an option on this list for everyone.
Banana Bread Batter Oatmeal Banana bread lovers will fall hard for this banana bread batter oatmeal recipe with just under 12 grams of protein. While you can enjoy it warm, it's even more delicious when served cold!
Apple Cinnamon Overnight Smoothie The refreshing coconut water in this fibre- and protein-packed apple cinnamon flaxseed smoothie from registered dietitian Erin Palinski makes it a hydrating and healthy Winter breakfast.
Quick Quinoa Bowl Make the most of your leftover grains with this quick quinoa breakfast bowl. There's just one swap necessary: instead of Greek yogurt, dollop on your favorite soy variety.
Banana-Carob Protein Bars For a vegan grab-and-go breakfast, cook up a big batch of these banana-carob protein bars for the week to come. Instead of egg whites, be sure to use an egg replacement; this way the recipe is 100-percent vegan-friendly.