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Samyang 100mm T3.1 ED UMC Macro Video Lens - Micro Four Thirds
This product is not currently in stock, but is usually available from our supplier within 5-7 days of your order being placed.
Free delivery also available - more info
The Samyang 100mm T3.1 VDSLR ED UMC is a macro telephoto manual focus cine lens designed for full frame sensor sizes. This macro lens with vivid colour and soft out-focusing is the best lens for close-up images of flower and insects. It also can be used as a 100mm telephoto lens for landscapes and portraits. The maximum close-up magnification is 1:1. More
1x Samyang 100mm T3.1 ED UMC Macro Video Lens - Micro Four Thirds Sorry, there are no more available.
Buy Now Pay Later
19.9% Representative
Credit subject to application and status
Key Features:
- Telephotos and close-ups for cinematography
- Macro Telephoto Manual Focus Lens
- Bright T3.1 aperture
- High refractive (HR) and extra low dispersion lens (ED)
- Uncoupled aperture and focus gear ring
- Ultra Multi Coating (UMC) technology of Samyang Optics
- Circular aperture with 9 blades
VDSLR Cine Lens Features
Samyang 100mm T3.1 VDSLR ED UMC MACRO allows more delicate video work with T number marks. The focus gear ring is installed for follow focus system. You may change the aperture quietly and smoothly with the uncoupled aperture gear rings. Also, distance scale and T numbers are marked on both sides of the lens for convenience.
Optical Features
Samyang 100mm T3.1 has a low T number of T3.1. You may control the lens precisely when shooting under various exposure environment including relatively dark or too bright situations This lens features 15 lenses in 12 groups especially including a high refractive lens (HR) and extra low dispersion lens (ED) to minimize color aberration and unnecessary light dispersion in order to offer high resolution throughout the image. Ultra Multi Coating (UMC) of Samyang Optics is used to optimize the light penetration and minimizes flare and ghost. With such optical construction, it has 0.307m of minimum focal length to film subjects in a very near distance.
Hardware Features
There are 9 aperture blades designed to be almost as a full circle when aperture is closed which expresses starlike ray clearly and beautifully. The frame of the lens is compact and solid since it is made of high-strength aluminum alloy so you can create trustworthy images. Also, detachable petal-shaped lens hood minimizes flare and ghost by sheltering lens from unnecessary lights. Available for 10 camera mounts: Canon EOS, Nikon, Pentax K, Sony ?, Canon M, Fujifilm X, Samsung NX, Sony E, FT, MFT.
Samyang Optics VDSLR II Cine Lens Line Up
Samyang 100mm T3.1 VDSLR ED UMC MACRO is one of Samyang Optics VDSLR II Cine Lens Line Up for full frame image sensor sizes. The lenses produce the same image color and have a united location of aperture and focus gear ring to maximize the convenience when filming.
Product Specification
|Aperture Blades
|Filter Thread Size (mm)
|Focal Length – Tele (mm)
|Focal Length – Wide (mm)
|Focal Mechanism
|Lens Mount
|Micro Four Thirds
|Lens Type
|Video Prime
|Maximum Aperture – Wide
|Minimum Aperture
|Number of Lens Elements
|Number of Lens Groups
|Sensor Format
|Full Frame
|Size (mm)
|730 x 81.6mm
|Minimum Focus Distance (m)
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Buy Now Pay Later
With our no deposit Buy Now Pay Later option, pay nothing for six months when you spend £250 or more, then either settle the cash price in full by paying a £29.00 settlement fee, or choose to spread the cost over 36 months at 19.9% APR Representative. Please see the repayment example below to see how much purchasing this item on finance would cost.
|Finance Example
|Item Value (Cash Price)
|Agreement Duration
|42 Months
|Total Amount Credit
|Settlement Fee
|Settlement Payment
|Monthly Instalments
|35 x £16.95
|Final Instalments
|Total Amount Payable
|Annual Rate of Interest
|Representative APR
Are you eligible for finance?
Applicants must be:
- Aged 18 years or older from the application date
- In permanent UK residence for a minimum of three years
- Fulfil at least one of the following employment criteria:
- In regular, permanent employment.
- Retired from regular employment - With a minimum age of 50.
- Not working through disability.
- Self-employed.
Note: All applicants will be subject to a credit reference check by the lender.
Credit is subject to application and status. Warehouse Express Ltd trading as Wex Photographic act as credit broker and not the lender. Barclays Partner Finance act as the lender.
Can I repay early? If so how?
No repayments are scheduled in the initial six-month deferral period. However, it is possible to pay off the loan, either by way of a lump sum or in smaller amounts. If the loan is fully repaid within the six-month deferral period, then no interest is payable, but a £29.00 early-settlement will be incurred. Such repayments may be made to Barclays Partner Finance by cheque, debit card or standing order. Unfortunately it is not possible to set up a direct debit within the deferral period. Further information on how to make such repayments will be set out in the loan agreement pack provided by Barclays Partner Finance.
What happens if I don't repay within the first six months (deferral period)?
Following the six month deferral period, Barclays Partner Finance will initiate a monthly direct debit payment for the remaining duration of the loan. Interest will be charged at a rate of 19.9% APR on outstanding balances (backdated to the first date of the loan). Late payment penalties and early repayment charges will apply from this point. Barclays Partner Finance will send a reminder letter approximately one month before the six month deferral period is due to elapse. Note: If you chose to spread the cost and pay monthly, interest is charged from the start of the loan, not from the start of the repayment period.
What will I receive from the finance provider (lender)?
Barclays Partner Finance will send a loan agreement pack approximately four weeks after delivery of the goods, confirming that the account has been activated and, from this point, it is possible to make repayments against the loan.
For further information on how our finance product work, see our Finance help section.
To apply for finance, follow these three easy steps
† Once your application has been accepted, usually within minutes, we will immediately dispatch your equipment.


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This DJ package includes Denon's killer DN-MC6000 Professional Mixer & Controller paired with Harbinger's APS15 15" Powered PAs, and Gear One G900DX headphones. Rounding it out is two Live Wire RC... Click To Read More About This Product
Find a similar product below or contact us for a recommendation of a great alternative.
Call: 866-498-7882 Email
This DJ package includes Denon's killer DN-MC6000 Professional Mixer & Controller paired with Harbinger's APS15 15" Powered PAs, and Gear One G900DX headphones. Rounding it out is two Live Wire RCA-RCA Dual Patch cable (20' each) and two Musician's Gear Speaker Stands.
Denon DN-MC6000 Professional Digital Mixer & Controller
The DN-MC6000 Mixer and MIDI Controller is a 4-channel/8-source standalone digital DJ mixer with MIDI interface and internal soundcard. With an astounding amount of features, realtime channel matrix operation, slim tabletop design, state-of-the-art solid steel chassis construction and quality sound, the DN-MC6000 is one of Denon DJ's flagship controllers. Also acting as an audio interface (with a 2-in/2-out stereo soundcard included), the DN-MC6000, when paired with the user's software of choice, is a turnkey control solution for mobile DJs and party DJs, and a clear centerpiece to any DJ rig.
The DN-MC6000 comes bundled with Virtual DJ LE, Audio/Video/Karaoke mixing software in North/South America and Canada, and Native Instruments TRAKTOR LE for Europe and Asia. The DN-MC6000 is MIDI-mapable and compatible with other popular DJ programs. The unit interfaces seamlessly with Mac OSX and Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 operating systems. Unlike other comparable products, the DN-MC6000 includes a selectable Video/Audio control cross fader feature. Each side of the unit can control up to two decks (for a total of four), with visible deck color change for intuitive, straightforward operation. Also notable is the fact that the DN-MC6000 is a real mixer, able to process audio inputs for external devices without a connection to a computer, as a dedicated mixer unit would.

Key features include rack-mountability (with included 19" rackmount accessory kit), a number of on-board MIDI effect controls, durable construction, intuitive layout, dual jog wheels, pitch fader, channel fader, cross fader and much more. The unit's Pitch/Fader/Volume lock function holds the last known Audio value and position until the NULL point is again reached. It is also easy for users to find where they are going, with the included File browse navigation keys and rotary encoder file selector knob with illuminated ring. Also featured are the unit's high-quality, high-output headphone amp, the independent 3-band Channel EQ with "Kills" (high-mid-low) and various Utility presets to customize user settings.
Harbinger APS15 15" Powered PAs
The APS15 from Harbinger combines a powerful 2-way loudspeaker, a simple mixer, and 200W of power into one convenient PA system. Featuring 3 channels with balanced and unbalanced inputs for microphones, music players or instruments, a 200W A/B amplifier, and a 15" speaker with a high horn driver, you get an active PA with flexibility, powerful reach, and concert quality sound. Equally capable of serving your needs in rehearsal spaces, small clubs, installs, banquet rooms, or outdoor events, the APS15 PA speaker is easy to setup, never wants for volume, and always provides full frequency, crystal-clear fidelity. With individual gain controls for each channel, 5-band graphic EQ, and a Master Output knob, you have the control you need to get the mix you want and the ability to tailor your sound to the distinct characteristics of any environment.
Gear One G900DX Headphones
Gear One G900DX are circumaural headphones designed for playback, monitoring, and recording. With a lightweight 40mm neodynium driver, soft leatherette earpads and versatile hinge design, the G900DX offers extended frequency response, hours of comfort, and easy storage and handling.
Reviewed by 1 customer
Comments about Denon DN-MC6000 / Harbinger APS15 DJ Package:
The controller. Wow. The Speakers. Wow. The Stands. Wow. Everything is absolutely fantastic in this package, and at an unbelievable price. Only requests would be to include XLR rather than RCA cables. They'd fit the setup a little better, and include Virtual DJ Pro.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dear fellow CAGs:
I apologize if this is a bit longer than most posts here, but I wanted to get CAG feedback.
I received an email on my phone from GameStop yesterday informing me of a weekend sale for its PC download service, Impulse. Among the many deals it posted, there was a listing for Namco's INVERSION for 50% off (retail price $39.95). With all due respect to the developers, I was not interested enough in that game to pay full price, but at half off, I might listen. Clicking through the email, the game's page on the site listed it at $9.95. NOW, I was willing to buy. I immediately entered my credit card information and purchased the game.
Or, so I thought....
I later received an email that reads as follows:
Dear [my real name],
Our records indicate that you recently placed order number 3-----1 with us at GameStop.com. Thank you for your business.
Unfortunately our system was unable to process your order. This has resulted in the order's cancellation. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused.
As a possible solution, we would recommend these steps:
1. Contact your financial institution and confirm that the information they have on file matches with all the information you included when you placed your order.
2. Place another order on www.gamestop.com using a different form of payment.
If you require any further assistance, please feel free to reply to this email and we will be more than happy to assist you further.
Best Regards,
GameStop PC Downloads Customer Service
Power To The Players
When I arrived home, I immediately went to my computer and tried to repurchase the game again, but through PayPal (more than enough funds). It would not allow the sale. I called the customer service line to which a very nice woman informed me that the site/service was encountering "technical difficulties" and to try the next day (today). Fair enough, I thought. Every site has had its share of technical difficulties, right? I told the customer service representative that I was concerned that if I waited the 24 hours, the price may change. She assured me that because of the problem the site would continue the sale further. I was satisfied with this answer.
To nobody's surprise who will read this (I am sure), the price is now $19.95. Still "on sale" and correctly being 50% off. I called to inform GameStop that I had tried to purchase the game several times the day before but was not allowed by the site. The response was that I should "go to the store and try to purchase it there."
I suspect GameStop fucked up by incorrectly pricing the game and are trying to cover it up through dishonest means. Am I wrong for feeling annoyed? They advertised a sale, I took the bait, attempted to buy the game at the price listed, but was not allowed.
Sorry for the rant!
GAMESTOP/ImpulseDownloads BAD EXPERIENCE
By xgideonx, Aug 25 2012 01:01 AM
#1 CAGiversary! CAGiversary! 53 Posts Joined 10.0 Years Ago
Posted 25 August 2012 - 01:01 AM
#2 CAGiversary! CAGiversary! 37483 Posts Joined 14.3 Years Ago
Posted 25 August 2012 - 01:08 AM
Don't worry, Tony has your back. He matched the price on Amazon. (Click PC Download)
#3 CAGiversary! CAGiversary! 53 Posts Joined 10.0 Years Ago
Posted 25 August 2012 - 01:15 AM
DUDE. You are amazing. This is the ultimate F--K YOU to GameStop. They would have had my money. Now, it's going to Amazon. Good looking out, bro!
#4 CAGiversary! CAGiversary! 2876 Posts Joined 5.8 Years Ago
Posted 25 August 2012 - 01:24 AM
Good to hear that was sorted out for you. I would've been really annoyed and pissed off as you were if this happened to me.
#5 CAGiversary! CAGiversary! 53 Posts Joined 10.0 Years Ago
Posted 25 August 2012 - 03:13 AM
It's pretty amazing. GameStop wants to get into the downloadable market and its attempts are awful. By the way, GameStop STILL has not responded to my complaint/request email. I think I'll preempt it by sending my Amazon receipt.
Thanks, as always, to CAG for having such an awesome and fair community.
Thanks, as always, to CAG for having such an awesome and fair community.
#6 CAG Veteran CAGiversary! 226 Posts Joined 5.5 Years Ago
Posted 25 August 2012 - 10:40 PM
Glad to hear you were able to get the game regardless.


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Roll over image to zoom in
Item Code: Skenco-Black [PY-P-368]
|0.177" (4.5mm)
|Ammo Type
|Ammo Shape
Create an online review and share your thoughts with other customers
3.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
4.0 4.0
Things I liked: Lead free, haven't found any defective pellets yet
Things I would have changed: I bought quite a few of these to shoot in a daisy target rifle, and also bout a container of golden rod long range lead free pellets, these shoot pretty well, that is, they fly nice and straight, but for some reason, when shooting these, I get extreme fluctuations in high/low trajectory, when by luck, all the shots are flew the same I got groups around an inch at 25 yards, but most of the time around 1 out of 3 shots went around 3" high, I thought the problem was with the rifle, but when shooting with golden rods, I never had this problem.
What others should know: Golden rods are even more overpriced than these, but they shoot noticeably better.
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0
Things I liked: Near Perfection. Outstanding Penetration, and Accuracy, also the added velocity is a welcome addition.
Things I would have changed: Lower the Price, or add more to the container,at least 250 per tin would be great.
What others should know: Alot of people are afraid to try these type's of L/F round's, They think it'll foul their barrel's, or leave "stringer's",,Well that's just not true. These are what all pellet's should be like. The "DIABOLO" design hasn't changed in 100 yrs, while the a/g's we shoot have changed 100x over,,TRY THEM!!, You'll LIKE them alot!!
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
3.0 3.0
Things I liked: Close range penertration
Things I would have changed: hard Alloy head ring not good for brass barrels, strands of black plastic from skirt clogs barrels.
What others should know: Good for up to 10m but useless any further, too light.
Show Other ReviewsCreate an online review and share your thoughts with other customers
Got a question? Got an answer?
Log in, then enter your text.


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A cyclist was knocked off his bike after a car was deliberately driven into him.
He was then assaulted and had his wallet stolen, and detectives are appealing for information.
The incident happened at about 11.15pm on May 17, when a 35-year-old man was cycling home along Ribbleton Lane in Preston and rode past a car with a foreign number plate.
Police said a number of men who were standing next to the car verbally abused him, before the car was intentionally driven at the cyclist, knocking him off his bike.
The men then punched and kicked him and stole his wallet.
Members of the public intervened, preventing the cyclist from being more seriously injured, but the man did receive some treatment at Royal Preston Hospital.
The attackers are described as white and spoke with Eastern European accents.
The car used is described as being a small, possibly light blue, hatchback.
The incident happened at the junction of Ribbleton Avenue and Blackpool Road.
DC Danny Greene described the attack as "nasty" and urged witnesses to contact police.
He said: "This was a nasty and unprovoked assault and we are working to try and find the people responsible.
"If you witnessed this assault or have any information about the people responsible then please contact us quoting log reference LC-20140517-1926."
Anybody with any information can contact Lancashire police on 101 or Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111 or online at Crimestoppers-uk.org.


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THE IMF requires Pakistan to roll out value added tax in two years under its $6.64bn loan programme. If implementing the full-fledged VAT regime is not possible because of political opposition, the government will have to consider other permanent tax policy measures to come closer to it through wholesale reductions in tax exemptions and concessions. In either case, VAT remains the first best option (for Pakistan) to raise tax revenues. Indeed, the IMF has a point. VAT isn't important only to boost the ever dwindling tax revenues to 13pc of GDP in the next five years under the agreement with the IMF. It also remains the best option to document the economy, to bring those into the net who aren't paying their share of taxes. Pakistan's present tax structure is distorted, corrupt and outdated, and needs to be drastically revamped if the economy is to march forward. It helps powerful lobbies stay out of the tax net, supports cheaters, and punishes honest taxpayers. Successive governments have dithered on reforming it for fear of a political backlash. The previous coalition government had to terminate the IMF programme midway because it couldn't muster enough support to implement GST in VAT mode in spite of renaming it Reformed General Sales Tax.
The PML-N, which had then, as the largest opposition party in the National Assembly, opposed VAT, has chosen to tax the already taxed, directly and indirectly, instead of broadening the base. It has promised the Fund to "move the existing GST regime to a full-fledged integrated VAT-style modern indirect tax system", through policy decisions to keep down fiscal deficit to 5.8pc of GDP this financial year. Yet it doesn't seem confident about, or willing to execute, its plan. After all, it is always a tough decision to collect taxes from those who form your core political base — traders, industry, real estate speculators, etc. It'll be unfortunate if even a government with such a strong mandate fails to take tough decisions.


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Things needed for second baby
A double stroller was a must have for me. A car seat of course was a must. I have all boys so it honestly wasn't much to buy.
My biggest issue was keeping the older child occupied if I could do it all over I would have found more ways to keep him busy jealousy was a issue.
If your son is still in a crib, you might want a second one, or you might want a basinet/cradle for your little girl until she's ready for the crib and your son is ready for a toddler bed. Otherwise, I'd just make sure you have a good car seat, clothes and maybe a double stroller. I don't think you need much else.
Check this stroller out on Amazon.com you can reverse the seats.
Contours Options LT Tandem Stroller
Quoting Ktmreggio: Thanks everyone I'm thinking I'm gonna invest in a good carrier so I can baby wear while chasing my toddler around..I have a car seat and will be getting a double stroller and I have a bassinet
You already have a child. You know what you need. My kids were 18 months and 23 months apart.
Quoting vamaria:
I was going to suggest a baby carrier. It will make a world of difference.
Also, check Pinterest ideas for busy bags for toddlers. Having special bags to play with when the baby is fussy or nursing full time can help reduce jealousy.
We just bought clothes, a car seat, and a new high chair.


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"my right foot"
About: Raigmore Hospital / Trauma & orthopaedics Raigmore Hospital Trauma & orthopaedics IV2 3UJ Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh at Little France / Trauma and Orthopaedics Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh at Little France Trauma and Orthopaedics EH16 4SA
Posted by footpain2 (as ),
This is an update to my previous experience (54032) of Raigmore Hospital.
Had operation to right foot recently .
Have just been back and had dressing changed, dissolving stitches looking good, also x rays of foot taken. Everything doing well.
Can only say how brilliant all the staff have been.
Seems a long time 2 years of constant pain and yes its a little sore just now but at least I know that will improve as am only going into 3rd week after operation.
I'm glad I had the courage and sense to ask my GP for a second opinion or who knows how things would have turned out. Big thank you Lothian Health Board.
Response from NHS Lothian 5 years ago
Many thanks for your kind words regarding your care. I will pass this on to the staff involved who will be very pleased to receive praise.
I am very glad that your care has been so successful and hope that you continue to be in good health and your foot gives you no more cause for concern
NHS Lothian
- {{helpful}} {{helpful == 1 ? "person thinks" : "people think"}} this response is helpful
- Was this response helpful? Yes | No
Thank you for your feedback.
See more responses from NHS Lothian
Response from Maimie Thompson, Head of Public Relations and Engagement, Chief Executive's Office, NHS Highland 5 years ago
Dear footpain2
This is good to hear and I do hope you are pain free. I am sorry that Raigmore was not able to resolve this matter. Thank you to colleagues in Lothian. If there is anything you would like to feed-back that NHS Highland can learn from then I would be very pleased to listen. You can call me on 01463 70 4722 or via e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
- {{helpful}} {{helpful == 1 ? "person thinks" : "people think"}} this response is helpful
- Was this response helpful? Yes | No
Thank you for your feedback.
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USB stick - memory problem (mysterious out of space)
none /mnt/removable supermount dev=/dev/sda1,fs=ext2:vfat,--,iocharset=utf8,kudzu 0 0
Hi, I have a mysterious problem with my USB stick. It has 1Gb of space, only half filled. However, when I try to add a little extra file both Nautilus and command line complain that there is no space.
What's up?
Maybe needs to be reformated. Backup whats on it, format it, put the stuff back on.
Worked for me.
Is it possilbe you have a hidden trash bin on your stick? Show the hidden files, and cd into your .trash and remove all the files in there. This happened on my stick.
No, hidden files are out. Formatted 1Gb fat32. Works in Window, but does not in Linux. Too bad.
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 09:40 AM.


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LaCie Rugged RAID. Hard drive capacity: 4000 GB, Hard drive size: 2.5", Device type: HDD. USB connector type: USB Type-A, USB version: 3.0 (3.1 Gen 1). USB data transfer rates: 5000 Mbit/s, RAID levels: 0, 1. Colour of product: Orange, Silver, Protection features: Crash proof, Shock resistant, Splash proof, Housing material: Rubber. Width: 90.9 mm, Depth: 148.3 mm, Height: 34 mm
The LaCie Rugged RAID delivers a game-changing blend of PC and Maccompatibility, capacity, speed, mobility, and reliability. As the ultimate solution foron-the-go professionals, the LaCie Rugged adapts to the need for performance orcomplete data security.Use Cases- Field-Based Content Storage: With 4 TB of capacity in RAID 0, the LaCie- Rugged offers massive amounts of storage to carry all the content needed for ongoing projects. Acquire more photos, footage, and other types of content in the field with a single solution than ever before.- Field-Based Editing: In RAID 0, users get up to 240 MB/s, which provides enough bandwidth to store and transfer twice as many photos at twice the speed. Users can even start to edit photos in the field with Adobe Lightroom.


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On October 16, 1938, Winston Churchill broadcast directly to the United States. This is a key passage from Churchill's own notes for that broadcast. It is set out in what his office called "psalm form"--the style used by Churchill for all his speech notes--with the verse-like structure informing the delivery and providing the emphasis.
The speech is an impassioned appeal for greater American involvement in Europe:
We must arm. Britain must arm. America must arm.... But arms...are not sufficient by themselves. We must add to them the power of ideas. People say we ought not to allow ourselves to be drawn into a theoretical antagonism between Nazidom and democracy; but the antagonism is here now. It is the very conflict of spiritual and moral ideas which gives the free countries a great part of their strength. 1
This is the Churchill that everybody recognizes. The great orator. The champion of democracy in the face of fascism.
Let me take you back to that point. Europe seems close to war. Hitler's latest territorial demand for the immediate transfer of the German-speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia has led to a tense period of international diplomacy, culminating in a four-power summit meeting between Britain, Germany, France, and Italy in Munich at the end of September. The Czechs have no voice. The Sudetenland is duly annexed.
Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain returns to London to a rapturous welcome from the relieved British public. Embarking triumphantly from his airplane at Heston airfield, he is pictured waving a piece of paper signed by himself and Chancellor Hitler, "symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again," and promising peace "for our time."1
Historical Perspective
Churchill has no government position. He speaks out powerfully against the Munich agreement. Firstly in the British Parliament on October 5, where he criticizes the whole policy of appeasement:
...[W]e have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged, and that the terrible words have for the time being pronounced against the Western democracies: "Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting." And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning of the reckoning.2
He then makes his broadcast directly to the United States, and there is no doubt that this particular speech was widely heard on this side of the Atlantic. Many of the letters Churchill received from American listeners survive among his papers. They are revealing and tell us something about how Churchill, Britain, and Munich were seen in the United States. Some are highly supportive. A gentleman in Ohio wrote, "...[A]s Americans, and of course, real lovers of true democracy, we know American frontiers are at the Rhine and our battlefield wherever and whenever democracy is challenged and imperilled." A similar vein from another gentleman in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia: "Certainly the time has come when the democracies of the world must hang together or there is a grave danger they may hang separately."
But others were more critical, blaming the British and their government for the mess in which they now found themselves. From Wayland, Massachusetts, "Why ask America's help, however, while the English retain in power a government that set in motion the whole damnable plot, that scuttled the ship of its friends?" And from Philadelphia:
Why should we trust a [British] government who time after time expresses pious platitudes and then walks out on democracies? ...American public opinion can and will change from an isolationist view to an active participation in the fight for freedom only when and if it is clearly demonstrated to us that Great Britain and France are willing and wholeheartedly, in that fight.
Then there is the woman from Jacksonville, Florida, who will not forgive the Abdication Crisis--the British refusal to countenance a Royal marriage to an American woman--and the man from New York who sees hypocrisy in British and French arms sales to Hitler and argues that, "since England and France have consistently polluted their bed, may the rest of the world see to it that they alone sleep on it!"3
These are just few examples. There does seem to have been some genuine respect and admiration for Churchill, and Anthony Eden is also often mentioned in a positive light, but it is clear--even from this small and unrepresentative sample--that there was no real consensus of support for Britain.
Churchill must have been only too aware that he faced an uphill task. In the October 16 speech he argues that America will not be able to remain isolated forever. He describes his audience as "increasingly involved spectators" and states, "We are left in no doubt where American conviction and sympathies lie; but will you wait until British freedom and independence have succumbed, and then take up the cause when it is three-quarters ruined, yourselves alone?"4 It was a theme to which he would return again and again in speeches, articles, letters, and telegrams during the course of the next three years as he attempted to forge an alliance with the United States.
The title of this talk is "Forging an Alliance for Freedom." This is an enormous subject, and I want to focus on the following questions. What did Churchill mean by freedom? Can we identify a coherent political philosophy and worldview? If we can, to what extent was this shaped by Churchill's long personal relationship with the United States, and to what extent did it shape his practical actions after 1940?
A Man of Many Faces
The problem, of course, is where to begin. Here is a man who was hero of both the Boer War and the Cold War; a politician who entered the British Parliament in 1900 at age 25 and left in 1964 at age 89; a statesman who took his first seat in the British Cabinet in 1908 and who held many of the major offices of state before becoming Prime Minister in 1940 at the age of 65; a soldier; a writer; a painter. A man who always provoked strong responses in those who met him.
Beatrice Webb, the famous social reformer, upon meeting Churchill early in his career in 1903, described him as
a self conscious and bumptious person with a certain personal magnetism, restless, shallow in knowledge, reactionary in opinions, but with courage and originality--more the American speculator in type than the English aristocrat.
The politician "Rab" Butler went slightly further: "He is a half-breed American and the greatest political adventurer of modern times."
In the Library of Congress exhibition, you will see Theodore Roosevelt's observation on Churchill and his father: "I can't help feeling about both of them that the older one was a rather cheap character, and that the younger one is a rather cheap character."
Of course, these can be offset against remarks like those of the British Labour Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, who described Churchill as "The greatest man any of us have known."
It is not surprising that the official biography--started by Winston's son, Randolph Churchill, but taken up and completed by Sir Martin Gilbert--runs to eight volumes, with companion volumes still in production. There is no shortage of raw material about Churchill. His own papers run to some twenty-five hundred boxes--an estimated one million pieces of paper.
In part, this is because Churchill himself was only too aware of the importance of archives. You only have to look at his multi-volume histories of the First and Second World Wars to see how he uses the documents to tell his story. Of course, he uses them selectively. This, after all, is the man who joked in the House of Commons in 1948 that, "For my part, I consider that it will be found much better by all Parties to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history myself."5
But that stresses the need for keeping this material. The archives are the evidence against which subsequent interpretations of events, including Churchill's, can be tested. And there are no shortages of subsequent interpretations!
It is certainly true that when you first look at Churchill's career, there appear many apparent contradictions.
- Here is the British aristocrat, the grandson of the Duke of Marlborough, who joined a radical Liberal government and supported Lloyd George's Peoples Budget of 1909: a budget that increased taxation of the landed classes and was used to break the power of the House of Lords.
- Here is the politician who changed his party twice. Starting life as a Conservative, crossing the floor to join the Liberal Party in 1904, and re-crossing it to return to the Conservative fold 20 years later in 1924. A rare feat, which led him to remark, "Anyone can rat, but it takes a certain ingenuity to re-rat."
- Here is the great defender of democratic values, who, as Home Secretary in 1910-11, refused to support calls for female suffrage and who spent many hours on the campaign trail being heckled by suffragettes.
- Here is the champion of international freedom, co-author of the Atlantic Charter, who also remained the most passionate supporter of Empire: His political isolation in the early 1930s stemmed partly from his opposition to greater Indian self-government.
- Here is the spokesman for the closer union of the English-Speaking Peoples who is also remembered as a leading advocate of greater European union. On 5 March 1946, during his famous "Iron Curtain" speech, Churchill talked at length about the "special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States," and went as far as to suggest that:
Eventually there may come--I feel eventually there will come--the principle of common citizenship, but that we may be content to leave to destiny, whose outstretched arm many of us can already clearly see.6
Yet just a few weeks later, speaking at The Hague in Holland, Churchill appeared to be promoting European union:
I say here as I said at Brussels last year that I see no reason why, under the guardianship of the world organisation, there should not ultimately arise the United States of Europe, both those of the East and those of the West, which will unify this continent in a manner never known since the fall of the Roman Empire.7
Such statements may sound contradictory. It seems strange that Churchill was Chairman of the English-Speaking Union in the 1920s and lent his name to the Movement for a United States of Europe in the 1940s. But that is because we look at these issues with a modern mind-set: the view that Anglo-American union and British participation in greater European Union are mutually exclusive. To Churchill they were not, and to understand why we need to look at the bigger picture.
In a political life as long as Churchill's, it is not surprising that there may appear to be contradictions. However, I maintain that it is possible to identify a core political philosophy that broadly underpins his whole career. Fortunately, it is a policy that Churchill articulated and which can be reconstructed from a number of his own articles and speeches.
A Core Political Philisophy
On September 18, 1938, he published a popular article for the British News of the World entitled, "Parliamentary Democracy or The British Parliamentary Bulwark." This article is being written against the backdrop of the unfolding Munich Crisis, and is a response to the spread of fascism and totalitarianism across Europe and an answer to those within Britain who had begun questioning the value of democratic government. He opens with the statement that:
The life and traditions of the British islanders have created parliamentary institutions which have spread in varying forms all over the world, and are still considered the best defence for the ordinary citizens and the best hope for social stability and economic well being.
He traces the evolution of parliamentary government in Britain and characterizes the message of the English people to the human race as:
Freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of movement, freedom to choose or change employment: the inviolability even of the humblest home: the right and the power of the private citizen to appeal to impartial courts against the State and the Ministers of the day: freedom of speech and writing: freedom of the press: freedom of combination and agitation within the limits of long established laws: the right of regular opposition to the Government: the power to turn out a government and put another set of men in their places by lawful constitutional means: and finally for all citizens the sense of association with the state and some responsibility for its actions and conduct.8
It is noticeable that he does not include freedom to vote. Indeed, in the same article he goes on to question whether the extensions of the franchise have contributed to the rise of fascism, reflecting about "how melancholy it would be if, when everybody had the vote in England, all they did with it was to throw away the rights and liberties so painfully and nobly gained in three or four hundred years."
To Churchill it is vital that parliamentary governments respond forcefully to threats to these liberties. They should not tolerate communism or Nazism, because both movements are fundamentally anti-democratic and can achieve their aims only through violence. If this means restricting the franchise or disqualifying parties from elections, then so be it. His conclusion is stark and prefigures his forthcoming broadcast to America:
What always strikes one in reading histories of the past and in surveying the degradation of so many great communities, is the failure of the sober, moderate, virtuous forces to act with vigour and, if need be, with violence against aggression.9
Here, I think we can identify some constants in Churchill's thought. He supported the British Empire, not just because it maintained British power and prestige, but because he saw it as part and parcel of the development of British rights and institutions, and as the means whereby these liberties could be extended across the globe.
He supported parliamentary democracy, but his was essentially a Victorian, paternalistic democracy in which the elected few ruled for the benefit of the mass. Hence, he promoted social reform, such as the introduction of labor exchanges and unemployment insurance, but resisted socialism and vigorously opposed trade unionism and industrial disturbances like the General Strike of 1926.
Above all, he held that hard-won rights and liberties could not be taken for granted and had to be defended by force. These beliefs led him to oppose communism from its inception, and he famously compared the arrival of Lenin in Russia to that of plague bacillus, but they also enabled him to identify and articulate the threat Nazism posed to the world order.
Churchill and the U.S.
By the 1930s Churchill had also realized that fascism and communism could not be defeated without strong international alliances. He favored greater European cooperation within the League of Nations, but he was also in no doubt of the importance of the United States.
Perhaps this is not surprising: After all, Churchill was himself the product of an Anglo-American union. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was very much the British aristocrat--the younger son of the Duke of Marlborough, educated at Eton, and moving in the highest social circles. Winston Churchill's mother, Jennie Jerome, was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of the celebrated entrepreneur Leonard Jerome. In this sense, Churchill was the living embodiment of an Anglo-American union: a fact that he was able to exploit for his own humorous advantage. During his historic speech to the Joint Session of the United States Congress in December 1941, he famously remarked:
By the way, I cannot help reflecting that if my father had been an American and my mother British, instead of the other way round, I might have got here on my own.10
For this audience, and given the nature of the Library of Congress exhibit, it is perhaps worth going into some detail on the development of Churchill's personal relationship with the United States--a relationship which was to prove critical at the moment of crisis in 1940. Churchill first travelled to the United States in November 1895, en route to military adventure in Cuba. His first impressions of his mother's homeland make for interesting reading. His host, the distinguished lawyer and democrat Bourke Cockran, wined and dined his young charge, dazzling him with New York high society.
To his mother, Churchill wrote:
What an extraordinary people the Americans are! Their hospitality is a revelation to me and they make you feel at home and at ease in a way that I have never before experienced. On the other hand their press and their currency impress me very unfavourably.11
These themes were further expounded in a letter to his brother Jack:
But the essence of American journalism is vulgarity divested of truth. Their best papers write for a class of snotty housemaids and footmen.... I think mind you that vulgarity is a sign of strength. A great, crude, strong young people are the Americans--like a boisterous healthy boy among enervated but well bred ladies and gentlemen.12
Yet Churchill returned to the United States on several occasions. In 1900, the 26-year-old capitalized on his newfound status as a hero of the Boer War and undertook a lecture tour of the Northeast. While the lecture tour was primarily a money-making exercise, it took Churchill to Philadelphia, New Haven, Washington, Baltimore, Boston, New Bedford, Springfield, Hartford, and Fall River. It also saw him introduced to some of the most prominent Americans of the day, including Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, the novelist Mark Twain, and his namesake and fellow author, the American Winston Churchill.
The decade leading up to 1914 saw Churchill immersed first in British, and then in European politics. He defected from the Conservatives to the Liberals and served in a succession of senior ministerial appointments. By the outbreak of the First World War, he was First Lord of the Admiralty and in charge of the largest fighting fleet in the world. Although he did not return to the United States in this period, Churchill's previous travels and personal contacts meant that he was well-informed about life on the other side of the Atlantic.
What happened next must have had a profound effect on Churchill's thinking. He was already an admirer of the United States, but the Great War of 1914-1918 highlighted a change in the balance of power between the old and new worlds: between Europe and North America.
Churchill was involved in the conflict from the outset. As a member of the British Cabinet, he fought hard to break the stalemate on the Western Front, sponsoring the development of the "land battleships" that would eventually evolve into the tank and advocating the opening of a second front against Turkey through the Dardanelles Straits. The failure to force the Dardanelles, and the disastrous Gallipoli landings that followed, cost Churchill his job at the Admiralty and ultimately led him to resign from the government. For a few months in 1916, he took up a commission and commanded a battalion in the trenches. He was not there during a major offensive, but he did serve his time on the front line.
The United States entered the war in April 1917 after the German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare. Writing his history The World Crisis in the 1920s, Churchill was in no doubt about the significance of the Congressional Resolution:
Of all the grand miscalculations of the German High Command none is more remarkable than their inability to comprehend the meaning of war with the American Union. It is perhaps the crowning example of the unwisdom of basing a war policy upon the computation of material factors alone. The war effort of 120,000,000 educated people, equipped with science, and possessed of the resources of an unattackable Continent, nay, of a New World, could not be measured by the number of drilled soldiers, of trained officers, of forged cannon, of ships of war they happened to have at their disposal. It betokens ignorance of the elemental forces resident in such a community to suppose that they could be permanently frustrated by a mechanical instrument called the U-Boat. How rash to balance the hostile exertions of the largest, if not the leading, civilized nation in the world against the chance that they would not arrive in time upon the field of battle!13
Back in the government as Minister of Munitions starting in July 1917, Churchill was well-placed to see the elemental forces of the United States war machine springing into action. Not only had the New World come to the rescue of the Old, but the war had actually destroyed the Old World while helping to stimulate the economy of the New.
This did not necessarily make for smooth Anglo-American relations. In the early 1920s there was a feeling in Britain that the United States was profiting from Britain's decline. Churchill remained a consistent friend of the United States, becoming Chairman of the English-Speaking Union in 1921. But he acknowledged in a private letter to Clementine that he found it "uphill work to make an enthusiastic speech about the United States at a time when so many hard things are said about us over there" (by which he means criticism of the British policy in Ireland) "and when they are wringing the last penny out of their unfortunate allies." And yet he felt closer friendship to be the only course for the future.
In 1924 Churchill rejoined the Conservative Party and, to his great surprise, found himself in charge of the country's finances as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He must therefore have been more aware than most of the cost of the war to Britain and her Empire.
Yet perhaps it was his visits to America in 1929 and 1931-32--after losing office--that really brought home to Churchill the post-war contrast between Britain and the United States. His impressions are vividly recorded in the letters he sent back and in the newspaper articles he was commissioned to write.
Of course, he did not like Prohibition! He described it as "a spectacle at once comic and pathetic" which had only resulted in "the vastest game of `hunt the slipper' that was ever known." This may have been colored by his experience of entering the U.S. via Seattle, where he had great difficulty getting his medicinal alcohol through customs! He did like California, which he visited for the first time in 1929, describing its people as
the finest Anglo-Saxon stock to be found in the American Union. Blest with abundant food and pleasing dwellings, spread as widely as they may wish in garden cities, along the motor roads, or in their farms, the Californians have at their disposal all the natural and economic conditions necessary for health, happiness and culture.
Perhaps it is not surprising that he liked California. He was, after all, entertained by the film magnate William Randolph Hearst, both at Hearst's private mansion in San Simeon and in Hollywood. He was introduced to Charlie Chaplin, whom he described as a "marvellous comedian--bolshy in politics, delightful in conversation." He also stayed for free at the exclusive Los Angeles Biltimore Hotel and even caught a large marlin on a fishing trip to Catalina Island.14
Churchill was also favorably impressed by Wall Street--this despite arriving there in time to witness the great crash at first hand, and the spectacle of a failed businessman throwing himself from a skyscraper.
Yet what really caught his eye was the strength and vibrancy of American business and industry. He toured the Bethlehem Steel factory, with its mechanized production line, and contrasted this with the outdated practices of British heavy industry. In December 1931, Churchill came face-to-face with the product of American industry when he was knocked down by a motorcar on Fifth Avenue. He had been attempting to find the apartment of his friend Bernard Baruch, having forgotten the address, and ended up in hospital--battered and bruised.
England and World War II
This brings us back to the dark days of the 1930s. It was against this backdrop and with this knowledge of the power of the United States that Churchill approached the question of the future of Europe. In the United States he saw a huge trading area that was unencumbered by the many national boundaries, customs tariffs, different languages, and currencies that bedevilled pre-World War II Europe.
Here it must be remembered that at heart Churchill was a romantic: self-taught on the epic histories of Gibbon and Macauley, harking back to the unifying days of the Roman Empire. He was also a committed and lifelong exponent of free trade. As a free trader he advocated the creation of a single European trading bloc, and as a survivor of the First World War he favored the creation of ties that might bind the European nations together and prevent another Armageddon.
These are the views that Churchill set out in an article entitled "The United States of Europe" in 1930. But the key to understanding this article is an understanding of where Churchill saw Britain. This is what he says:
But we have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not comprised. We are interested and associated but not absorbed.15
To Churchill, Britain was not just a European power. She was a global power. Her Empire gave her a presence on every continent. She should be prepared to act as a guarantor of Europe and to encourage, and perhaps participate in, schemes that brought Europeans closer together, but she also had the interests of her dominions to consider.
Then there was the question of the United States. Churchill felt, perhaps (because of his background) more keenly than most, that the shared language and culture gave Britain a unique position as the bridge between the old and new worlds. To quote the conclusion of his article:
Great Britain may claim, with equal justif-ication, to play three roles simultaneously, that of an European nation, that of the focus of the British Empire, and that of a partner in the English speaking world. These are not three alternative parts, but a triple part....16
There is plenty of evidence to indicate that this is the worldview that Churchill took into the Second World War. His view of Britain as a European Great Power, and a guarantor of the Continent's stability, meant that he was not prepared to support appeasement and allow a revived Germany to upset the balance of power.
His Victorian education, his romantic view of history, his experiences in the First World War, his awareness of his ancestry, and his own sense of destiny impelled him to speak out. He spoke against both a fascist totalitarian regime--which he saw as fundamentally anti-democratic--and against German militarism and Hitler's proposed domination of Europe. The emphasis of his speech after Munich is not about the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia so much as about "the disaster of the first magnitude which has befallen Great Britain and France."
In May 1940, war came in earnest. Northern France and Belgium were quickly overrun. The British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk. However, Churchill refused to abandon his European policy. He diverted fighter squadrons--which were much-needed for the defense of Britain--to the skies above France. He made repeated personal trips across the Channel to try and shore up Reynaud's faltering government, and even went so far as to suggest a union of the two countries to keep France in the conflict. Above all, he did not attempt to conclude a separate peace with Hitler.
It was as a partner in the English-Speaking world that Churchill appealed repeatedly to the United States. He was broadcasting to America before the outbreak of war, even though he held no formal position in the British government. His attempts to sway U.S. public opinion away from the prevailing mood of isolationism were not particularly successful, and Churchill found powerful voices--like those of Joseph Kennedy and Charles Lindbergh--ranged against him.
By the summer of 1940, the need for American support was paramount. The Soviet Union was not yet in the war, Western Europe was overrun, Britain was directly threatened with invasion, and the U-Boats were dominating the Atlantic. Churchill had no choice but to assiduously court President Roosevelt and American public opinion, but his well-known views and pro-American sentiments meant that he was the right man for this job.
Churchill's wartime telegram correspondence with Roosevelt is impressive. Interestingly, it starts at the President's request in September 1939. Why did Roosevelt do this? Churchill was not yet Prime Minister and had only just been brought back into the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. Strategically, Roosevelt had an interest in the war in the Atlantic: Politically, he had an interest in establishing a channel of communication with the most bellicose member of the British leadership. However, in part at least, this must be a testament to the fact that Churchill was already perceived as a friend of the United States.
Once Churchill becomes Prime Minister, the rate of correspondence increases dramatically. It is often very frank. On May 21, 1941, Churchill writes to Roosevelt expressing his anxiety about the American position: "Whatever happens you may be sure we shall fight on and I am sure we can at least save ourselves. But what is the good of that?"
But the messages are also increasingly warm in tone, noticeably so even before the two men actually meet. In January 1941, Roosevelt sends Churchill a hand-written message of encouragement quoting the famous verse by Longfellow:
Sail on, Oh Ship of State!
Sail on, Oh union strong and great.
Humanity with all its fears
With all the hope of future years
Is hanging breathless on thy fate.17
Churchill was so moved by this letter that he subsequently had it framed and placed on his study wall at Chartwell. Hence its faded appearance in the archives today. But, ever the politician, he also used it to try and bring more practical support from the U.S. He quoted it in his famous broadcast of February 9, 1941, perhaps his most celebrated appeal to North America, which ended: "Give us the tools and we will finish the job."
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor enabled Churchill to sleep the sleep of the saved. The German declaration of war on the United States brought America fully into the conflict and with her the real prospect of ultimate victory. It also sealed Churchill's reputation in the American psyche as the great war leader. His address to Congress in December 1941 was greeted by a standing ovation, and henceforth he would always be feted and honored in the U.S.
Yet American involvement came with a political price for Britain. When you see the famous photographs of Churchill at Yalta, he is almost physically squeezed out by Roosevelt and Stalin. Henceforth, it would be the United States and the Soviet Union that dominated events, in terms of manpower, machinery, and--because of this--in terms of the dictation of the post war settlement.
Throughout the war, and against the tide of this new political reality, Churchill remained the proud defender of British imperialism, famously asserting in 1942 that he had "not become the King's first minister to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire." This brought him into conflict with Roosevelt--particularly over India--where Churchill wholeheartedly approved of the incarceration of Gandhi, a man he had famously described as a "half naked fakir."
This tripartite worldview--which saw Britain as the bridge between Europe, America, and Empire--extended into the post-war world. The only hope for war-ravaged Europe was closer union, which would also serve as a check to the expansion of Soviet communism. Simultaneously, the only guarantee of global security was increased partnership with the United States and the preservation of Britain's strong links with her dominions and the Commonwealth nations.
Churchill's views were not always well-received. We have seen how, at various times, his support for the Boer War, his opposition to independence for India, and his calls for stronger action against Hitler's Germany were criticized in the United States. Even his "Iron Curtain" address, now widely revered as the most famous speech of the Cold War, was attacked at the time, most notably in America by the Wall Street Journal. It was too early for many in the United States and Britain to see the Soviet Union as a threat rather than as an ally.
What I argue is that Churchill's approach to world events was broadly consistent. He opposed anti-democratic forces, advocated closer bonds with both the United States and Europe, while resolutely maintaining the independence of Britain and her Empire.
We can see this very clearly if we return to 1946 and look at the texts of the "Iron Curtain" and Hague speeches. Churchill's famous address at Fulton, Missouri, quickly became synonymous with its most famous passage, in which Churchill commented on the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." But the actual title of the speech was "The Sinews of Peace," and Churchill used this high-profile platform--he was introduced by President Harry Truman--to comment on the structures that he felt were necessary to prevent a Third World War.
A large part of the talk is given over to the need for strengthened Anglo-American relations. Churchill deliberately contrasts the United States' standing "at this time at the pinnacle of world power" with "the awful ruin of Europe" and argues that the fraternal association of the English-Speaking peoples is needed as a safeguard to prevent further war, tyranny, and privation. He calls for closer military cooperation and the establishment of joint naval and air bases. But he also states that "The safety of the World requires a new unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast." He points out that America has now twice been dragged into conflicts of European origin. The solution that he advocates is for Britain and the United States to work together, negotiating from a position of strength with the Soviet Union and helping to build a more united, peaceful, and prosperous Europe.18
This message is repeated in reverse order for a European audience at the Hague in May. On this occasion Churchill comments first on the "Tragedy of Europe." He states that:
Two supreme tasks confront us. We have to revive the prosperity of Europe; and European civilisation must rise again from the chaos and carnage into which it has been plunged; and at the same time we have to devise those measures of world security which prevent disaster descending upon us again."
His solution is the same as that advocated at Fulton: There should be special associations of nations within the umbrella of the new United Nations organization. He refers specifically to Britain and the United States as one such association, and the United States of Europe as another.19
This is essentially the same worldview as that set out in Churchill's 1930s article--that of Britain's triple role in the world, binding together the different interests of the United States, Europe, and the Empire or Commonwealth. It was a view that Churchill often repeated during the late 1940s and early 1950s.
In essence, he believed in the voluntary and fraternal association of nations. He supported the establishment of strong military, economic, and cultural ties. But when he spoke of union, whether European or Anglo-American, I believe that the language of his speeches and articles shows that he was thinking in terms of a union or partnership of equals rather than any new union that might transcend those partners.
To conclude, there is no doubt that, on a purely personal level, Churchill did bridge the gap between the United States, Europe, and the Empire. When he died in January 1965, tributes poured in from all three, and all three were represented at his State Funeral. But, on a political level, he had to grudgingly accept the decline of Empire and was powerless to oppose the British withdrawal from India in 1947.
His legacy is partly the debate that still continues over Britain's destiny: Should we move closer to the European Union or seek to strengthen our special relationship with the United States? I am fairly confident that Churchill would have argued for both, although not at the cost of our sovereign independence. However, his legacy is also the survival, if not the strengthening, of parliamentary democracy itself.
I have presented my views. Of course, mine is just one interpretation. I hope that in doing so that I have given some indication of the huge range and scope of the evidence that survives in the Churchill Archives Centre and other repositories.
From tomorrow you can see more evidence at the Library of Congress in the exhibition "Churchill and the Great Republic." These documents are not dead and dusty relics: They record the origins and development of many of the great issues that face us today. They have huge potential to inform and educate the policymakers of today and tomorrow.
Our mission at Churchill College is both to preserve this material and to make it accessible. We are the equivalent of a presidential library, without the public funding, and we need the support of American partners--like the Library of Congress and The Heritage Foundation--to carry this mission forward.
Allen Packwood is Director of the Churchill Archives Centre at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. The author and the Heritage Foundation are grateful to Mr. Winston Churchill for his kind permission to reproduce quotations from the personal letters and writings of Sir Winston Churchill.
1. Extract from broadcast to the United States, October 16, 1938, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/132.
2. Speech by Winston Churchill, House of Commons, October 5, 1938, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/130.
3. Letters to Churchill in the aftermath of his radio broadcast, October 16-17, 1938, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 2/608B/132-133, 137-140, 142, 145, 146, 179.
4. Extract from broadcast to the United States, October 16, 1938, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/132.
5. House of Commons, January 23, 1948, cited in The Wisdom of Winston Churchill, ed. F. B. Czarnomski (London, 1956).
6. Extract from speech at Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHUR 5/4.
7. Extract from speech at The Hague, May 9, 1946, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHUR 5/5.
8. Extract from article, "Parliamentary Democracy," September 18, 1938, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 8/616.
10. Extract from speech to Joint Session of Congress, December 26, 1941, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/153.
11. Extract from letter to Lady Randolph Churchill, November 10, 1895, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 28/21.
12. Extract from letter to John Churchill, November 15, 1895, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 28/21.
14. Extracts from articles written by Churchill on "California" and "Prohibition" in 1930, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 8/232. Extracts from letters from Winston to Clementine, 1929, Churchill Archives Centre, Baroness Spencer-Churchill Papers, CSCT 2/22.
15. Extract from article, "The United States of Europe," Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHAR 8/279.
17. Hand-written letter from Roosevelt to Churchill, January 20, 1941, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Additional Papers, WCHL 13/1.
18. Extracts from speech at Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill Papers, CHUR 5/4.


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Egg drop challenge
Fifth gradestudents at the West PennElementary School had a chance to compete against each other during the school'sannual egg drop challenge held recently outside the school.Students were given a limited list of supplies to be used to prevent their eggs from breaking after being thrown off the school's roof. Nine students placed top in the egg drop challenge by each receiving a golden egg for preventing their eggs fromcracking. Topwinners pictured from back left are Michael Serrano, 12, Justin Frable, 11, Mitchell Miller, 11, Hanah Reed, 11, and Jacob Palmer, 10.Pictured from front left are Trinity Paul, 10, Hanah Stott, 11, Molly Clemson, 11, and Brandon Kemmery, 10. Fifth grade teacher TimGombar throws eggs off the roof while Fifth grade teacher Michelle Bittner drips one of many broken eggs that didn't survive the fall.


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Knox County deeds
The following deed transfers were recorded from Nov. 9 to Nov. 15 at Knox County Registry of Deeds.
Delora C. Peaslee Est. to Kelly R. Manning.
Earl R. Norwood Jr. and Marian I. Norwood to Jessica J. Hilt.
Barbara R. Pitman Est. to Lynn C. Pitman, James E. Pitman Jr., William R. Pitman and Amy L. Lane.
Linda M. Zeigler to Linda M. Zeigler and Martin L. Zeigler Jr.
Richard A. Hill Tr. and Shelia K. Billings Revocable Trust to Thomas G. Kandra Est.
Cynthia Kallet to Cynthia Kallet and Grey Larsen.
Joan S. Rockwell to David J. Rockwell and Bonnie B. Rockwell.
David Neubig to David Neubig and Ianna V. Milenina Neubig.
Margaret Willey to Kimberlee E. Brow.
Keith V. Gould Est. to Douglas E. Greeley and Carol A. Greeley.
Isle A Haut
Katherine Tully Est. to C. Leland Davis.
North Haven
Muriel Weckstein Tr., Beth Alison Harris Tr. and Richard S. Weckstein 1981 Family Trust to Howard Story Trust.
Brooks B. Crane and A. Weber Roberts to Paul Coster and Elysa R. Rose Coster.
Bank of American NA to Sally A. Davis.
Martha H. Collins to First NA.
Donald E. Dyer Sr. to Larry James Dyer and Gloria Jean Dyer.
Carol D. Proctor to John F. O'Loughlin and Mary Claire O'Loughlin.
Edwin D. Kyle Jr. Est. to Edith R. Kyle.
Joseph Pyne and Christina Pyne to Bodin Property LLC.
Gregory Blackwell and Karen Blackwell to Robert E. White III and Julie G. White.
Village At Rockport LLC. to Village At Rockport LLC.
MN and B Corporation to Clayton L. Tolman.
Maynard E. Tolman to Clayton L. Tolman.
Barbara Wilbur and Barbara Greenwood to Mary Anne Rouse.
South Thomaston
Federal National Mortgage Association to Charles Dee Meyer.
St. George
Sandra L. Griffel to Sandra L. Griffel Tr. and Sandra L. Griffel Trust.
Jeffrey A. Samson and Joyann S. Samson to James N. Bucknam and Ann L. Elderkin.
Dawn Grant and Dawn M. Smith to Benjamin Brodis and Amy Brodis.
Neil Cass Tr. and Geneva Lieber Est. to William Alexander Lieber Tr. and William Alexander Lieber Revocable Trust.
Susan B. Johnston to Mark H. Bither.
Dennis R. Sawyer, Ryan E. Sawyer, Ross E. Sawyer, Dianne C. Sparks, Cynthia A. Sawyer and Holly C. Day to Ross E. Sawyer and Ryan E. Sawyer.
William H. Albany to Mathew W. Thomson.
Frances Schroyer Est. to Raymond S. Hill and Stephanie J. Hill.
Lance J. Taylor and Yvonne M. Taylor to Ian Lance Taylor.


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In clear, pared-down prose, Seiffert, author of the critically acclaimed novel The Dark Room , crafts 11 intimate stories echoing with the dissonances of family life and massive historical upheaval. Set mostly in post-Communist Europe, the stories often start with Seiffert's characteristic sentence fragments, reminiscent of stage directions: "Summer and the third day of Martin's field study," begins the title story, in which Martin, a biology student, spitefully withholds information about the pollution levels of a river he's studying from a woman who rejects his advances. Descriptions are similarly telegraphic: in "Reach," a hairdresser mother is startled into fresh awareness of her seven-year-old daughter when the girl is ill, then cuts school ("Just looking at the slope of her daughter's shoulders, the nape of her neck, her sodden hair"). Though her settings are sharply rendered, Seiffert often omits crucial bits of information, turning her stories into puzzles, sad games, as in "The Crossing," in which a mother and children are helped across a river by a man whose accent betrays him as an enemy in an unspecified conflict. In "Second Best," the last, longest and best story of the collection, Seiffert allows herself more specificity in time and place (Poland and Berlin, 1996), as well as a more complete exploration of her characters' thoughts and feelings. Disciplined, spare and unsentimental, these are accomplished, often moving tales. Agent, Toby Eady. (July 20)
Release date: 07/01/2004


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BizTalk 2000 - Getting Started with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000
Getting Started with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000
A member of the Microsoft .NET Enterprise Server family of products, Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000 unites, in a single product, enterprise application integration (EAI) and business-to-business (B2B) integration. BizTalk Server 2000 enables developers, IT professionals, and business analysts to easily build dynamic business processes that span applications, platforms, and businesses over the Internet.
In addition to BizTalk Server 2000, Microsoft, with industry partners, has led innovation on enabling technologies that are necessary for Internet-based business solutions, including BizTalk Framework 2.0, which is a platform-independent, Extensible Markup Language (XML) framework for application integration and electronic commerce. BizTalk Framework 2.0 is not a standard, but it builds upon existing standards, such as the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). SOAP is also a key technology in other members of the .NET product line, such as Microsoft Visual Studio .NET. BizTalk Framework 2.0 provides the basis for interoperable reliable messaging for BizTalk Server 2000.
For more information about BizTalk Framework 2.0, as well as information about BizTalk Server 2000 product resources such as community services, a large library of schemas, and white papers, go to the Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000 Web site (http://www.microsoft.com/biztalk).
This section introduces the features, services, application model, and administration model of BizTalk Server 2000. You can also find topics about using online Help and Microsoft Accessibility options. Additionally, the BizTalk Server 2000 Glossary is included. The following topics are covered in this section:
- Introducing Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000
- BizTalk Server Glossary
- Differentiating BizTalk Server 2000 Standard and Enterprise Edition Features
- How to Use Help
- Accessibility for People with Disabilities
- Contacting Microsoft Product Support Services


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Member Services
Individual & Family
Women's Ministries (517) 316-1565
Programs & Program Ideas
Before you choose or begin any program, it is important to survey the needs of your church. Here is a sample survey you can use to guide you.
Other Programs Offered:
Hospitality Seminar, PPT
Prayer Initiative
NAD & GC Programs:
End it Now
International Day of Prayer
Outreach is for Everyone
Women of Distinguished Service


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Don't have a valentine? Valentine out of town?
Valentine forgot to make reservations? Well don't worry; we have a Valentine
event you will never forget! Come join the Military Law Association (MLA) community
service event at the Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center on Thursday, February 14,
2013 at 5:00 p.m. The event will be located at the Audie L. Murphy VA Medical
Center, 7400 Merton Minter Blvd, 78229. We will dine with patients and
following dinner, we will participate in fun valentine activities. You can sign up on the TWEN MLA page. If you
have any questions, please email email@example.com.


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ACParadise Network: American Cosplay Paradise American Cosplay Experience American Cosplay Snapshots
Cosplayer Samaimurai > Costume of Haruhi Fujioka (Ouran High School Host Club)
- Most Recent Photo
- 01-30-2014
- Series
- Ouran High School Host Club
- Character
- Haruhi Fujioka
- Year Completed:
- 2010
- Construction Difficulty:
- Costume worn at:
- AnimeNEXT 2009
- AnimeNEXT 2008
About this Costume
- Construction Details:
Ordered. Natural hair.
- Personal Thoughts:
- Ahh, Haruhi, the one that started it all. I was going through some stuff around this time, and cosplay was a great outlet for that, at least for a little while. I had my boy short hair, was Ouran-obsessed, and was ready to don the blue & black suit.
Add a Comment


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~ river of life ~
by abmdsudi
Wonder what she is doing in the late afternoon! She puts passion & soul and so deeply engaged in everything she does here and i just love to capture a moment of her busy life from some distant. This was shot in a village called Ban Mai 5 km south of Louangnamtha, showing a colourful highly energetic Tai Dam woman in Namtha river searching for edible river weeds found to be in great abundance on the clean fast flowing river. The green harvest is gathered using netting scoop then squeezed and finally brought home and sun dried - as food supplement.
Camera setting was preset manually to widest possible aperture to keep the background soft uncluttered and this was the result I aimed for from quick burst of shots. This capture a daily slice of life, is one take straight on shot, if I dont get it right the first time it will probably never happen again.
I truly enjoy the freedom of being on my own in this friendly photogenic remote outpost, set my own rules and move at my own pace. I enjoy every moment of it and being out there is fun and I am at peace alone while watching the river of life....
Additional pictures:
WS1: Overall river view
WS2: Fruits of her labour - the fresh green stuff
~ river of life ~
by abmdsudi
Edited by: abmdsudi (63455)
Fruits of her labour - the freshly harvested riverweed
Overall river view
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|Following the Bunny Wailer 2009 Autumn Release, 3 additional titles to be reissued!
Bunny Wailer and The Wailers
In 1963, Bunny Wailer made his first debut at Sir Coxsone's Studio One with Bob Marley and Peter Tosh as a group called the Wailing Wailers. He was commonly credited as Bunny Livingston at that time.
After graduating Studio One in 1966, they formed their own independent label called Wail'N Soul'M and basically handled their career themselves. Later, they renamed the group and the famous Wailers embarked. Their prolific recordings were produced with Lee Parry and it undoubtedly led them to achieve a major breakthrough in Jamaican music industry and establish a world well known label Tuff Gong.
In 1973, after signing with Island Records, [Catch A Fire] album was released by the label CEO Chris Blackwell for the international market. Soon, the group became a Reggae superstar icon and toured all over the world. However, Bunny Wailer returned to Jamaica because he was pining for the lifestyle of his home country.
After returning to Jamaica, he started his solo career and released some recordings from his Solomonic imprint periodically. Island Records released his debut sophomore [Blackheart Man] album and he gained the recognition internationally as a solo artist. Although his Solomonic imprint continued until around 1990, many artists from 70's faced much difficulty to carry on their career during the period of the digital revolution, which occurred 1985. However; as a pioneer of the Jamaican music industry, It was not hard task for him to create the shockwave to young Dancehall listeners with his song 'Rule Dancehall' in 1987. Truly, he is the original member of The Wailers who has been leading the Jamaican music scene.
|>>Find out more about the Bunny Wailer 2009 Autumn Releases
|>>Find out more about the United Africa January 2012 Release


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Automatically playing similar songs. To change, switch Autoplay to 'OFF'
Add to queue
drop here
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Carol of the Bells - 30 Most Loved A Cappella Christmas Songs
Composed by The Derric Johnson Vocal Orchestra
Play Now
added to MyPlaylist


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Is there any easy way to reset a fuel pump switch or security settings on a 2004 Saturn Ion 4-dr automatic? We were trying to install a ceiling mounted DVD by the dome light, had to remove some molding and I think the security system kicked in and disabled the remote and the fuel pump switch. We still have power to the car, it turns over and the lights work, but no radio and no keyless remote operation.
If we can't get it to work and have to tow it, how is that done if you can't get the car out of PARK?
have the same problem?
Monday, September 17th, 2007 AT 1:22 PM


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View Talay 2 A is a very popular condo development in Jomtien just off of Thappraya Road.
It is a high rise building with many on site shops and services.
It is on Taxi routes to Pattaya and Jomtien Beach.
Condos are available in many different sizes and floor plans.
The building offers a large communal pool and security. Condos are available for sale and rent.
It is within walking distance to Dongtan beach and many fine restaurants and shops in the area.


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Create a decorative and stylish window treatment with the Black Telescoping Curtain Rod Kit with Scroll Finial from Home Decorators Collection. Including 1 rod, 2 finials, installation brackets and mounting hardware, all you need for quick and easy installation is a screwdriver or cordless drill. Adjustable from 66 in. to 120 in. with a telescoping design, the rod is made of metal and has a black finish that will complement a wide variety of decor and is ideal for any room in your home.
- Rod extends from 66 in. - 120 in. for a customized fit
- Curtain rod has a 3/4 in. diameter
- Metal construction for durability and long life
- Includes all installation and mounting hardware