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Nissan store prevails in suit over financing
The South Carolina Court of Appeals has tossed out a $19,963 judgment against a Nissan store, finding no bad-faith violations of the state dealer law in the financing and repossession of a used car.
Dick Smith Nissan in Columbia, S.C., didn't treat its customer, Latoya Brown, in an unfair and deceptive manner in the transaction involving a 2005 Mazda6, the unanimous three-judge panel held.
Instead, any financial injury that Brown suffered was caused by the third-party lender, Sovereign Bank, which wasn't sued, the panel said.
Dealer lawyer J. Gregory Studemeyer in Columbia said the customer suffered no actual damages.
In addition, he said, "As a practical matter in South Carolina, every disagreement between a consumer and a dealer is presumed to arise out of an unfair or deceptive act by the dealer. I think this case stands for the proposition that if a dealer carefully documents all of its communications with its customer, the presumption can be overcome, eventually."
In June 2007, Brown went to Dick Smith Nissan, where a college friend was a salesman. She hoped to buy a Nissan Altima but ended up with the Mazda in a contingent financing deal in which she was allowed to take the car before the loan was approved, according to legal documents.
After seven lenders sent rejection letters, she called the salesman and returned to the store, according to court documents. The store then gave her an approval letter from Sovereign, but it referred to an Altima rather than the Mazda and it said financing was contingent on proof of a higher monthly income than she earned.
In fact, Sovereign already had funded the loan and paid Dick Smith Nissan $13,091. However, several days later, Brown received a denial letter from Sovereign citing "insufficient credit file."
Brown left the car and keys at the store despite the salesman's warning that it would be repossessed. Sovereign subsequently repossessed it and claimed a $3,843 deficiency plus interest. Brown didn't dispute or pay the deficiency, nor did Sovereign sue to collect it.
Brown sued Dick Smith Nissan and its surety company under the South Carolina Dealer's Act. The litigation alleged wrongfully refusing to accept the car after the loan wasn't funded, submitting a fraudulent loan application, submitting an application on a vehicle other than the one she was buying, providing a purported approval letter that contained misrepresentations and failing to refund her down payment.
The dealership and its surety company denied any wrongdoing.
At a nonjury trial in Richland County, a judge awarded Brown damages, interest, court costs and attorney fees.
But the appeals court overturned the verdict, saying: "Any misconceptions Brown had about her financing that caused her to leave the Mazda6 at Dick Smith and incur damages were made by Sovereign Bank."
Inaccuracies in the approval letter based on "puffed" information were aimed at Sovereign to help obtain credit, not aimed at Brown, the court said.
"While we do not condone this practice," it said, there was insufficient evidence that any inaccuracies "rise to the level of bad faith, fraud or a deceptive act in violation of the Dealer's Act or otherwise caused Brown damage."
Brown's lawyer declined to comment on the ruling.
NADA fights to save floorplan interest deduction in Senate tax bill
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Global EV sales jump 63% as China demand surges
FCA, Guangzhou look to deepen China tie-up
Dealership's refresher class lures buyers back
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AutoNation's Jackson: 'I feel like the Cheshire cat'
Lithia a winner on Wall St.
NADA fights to save floorplan interest deduction in Senate tax bill
Aston Martin reshapes Vantage to lure younger buyers
Global EV sales jump 63% as China demand surges
FCA, Guangzhou look to deepen China tie-up
Dealership's refresher class lures buyers back
Economists expect sales of used cars to rise in '18
AutoNation's Jackson: 'I feel like the Cheshire cat'
Lithia a winner on Wall St.
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Excellence in Assessment Applications DeadlineMarch 14
HDCC SIG Webinar, Say What?: Communicating with Patients…March 25
Annual Meeting School Poster Abstract Submission DeadlineMarch 26
President- and Speaker-elect Candidate Materials DeadlineApril 15
The next installment of the Health Disparities and Cultural Competence SIG's Webinar series, Say What?: Communicating with Patients with Limited English Proficiency and/or Limited Health Literacy, will take place Tuesday, March 25, at 2:00 p.m. EST. For more details, visit the AACP Web site. Previous Webinars, including the recently-recorded Cross-Cultural Communication for Pharmacists: Challenges and Opportunities in Immigrant and Refugee Patient Care are also available.
Registration has sold out for the AACP Institute, CAPE Educational Outcomes 2013, taking place on May 19–21, at The National Conference Center in Leesburg, Va. Teams of 3–5 faculty and preceptors from one institution will gain an understanding of the 2013 CAPE Educational Outcomes as a framework for the development of Doctorate of Pharmacy graduates, and will discover how programs are working toward curricular delivery, mapping and assessment. Visit the AACP Web site for information about getting on the waitlist.
The call for applications for the 2014 Award for Excellence in Pharm.D. Program-Level Assessment is open and submission criteria are available on the AACP Web site. This award recognizes outstanding Doctor of Pharmacy assessment programs for their progress in developing and applying evidence of outcomes as part of the ongoing evaluation and improvement of pharmacy education. The deadline for submissions has been extended to Friday, March 14, at 5:00 p.m. EST.
The AACP Nominations Committee seeks candidates interested in the positions of AACP President-elect and Speaker-elect. As specified in the AACP Bylaws, candidates for President-elect in even numbered years must be active members of the Association, who have dean in their current titles. The member elected in this cycle serves a 3-year term on the Board and will assume the office of the President in July 2016.
Additional information on the responsibilities of each position is available by contacting J. Lyle Bootman, Immediate Past President and Chair of the AACP Nominations Committee; Philip M. Hritcko, Speaker of the AACP House of Delegates; or Lucinda Maine, staff liaison to the Nominations Committee. Interested candidates are asked to submit a CV and letter describing their qualifications and experience to Lucinda Maine by Tuesday, April 15.
AACP member institutions are called to submit school poster abstracts for the 2014 AACP Annual Meeting school poster session at the Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center in Grapevine, Texas. The theme for this year's school posters is "innovations in community engagement." Details for the school poster abstract criteria are available on the AACP Web site. Each institution may submit one abstract on a first come, first served due to space constraints. CEO deans must authorize the abstract's inclusion by signing and returning a verification form by fax or email to Alex Tozer. The deadline to submit school poster abstracts is Wednesday, March 26, at 11:59 p.m. PDT. Please contact Melinda Colón with any questions.
AFPEThe American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education has announced a call for applications, due March 31, for a new Gateway Research Scholarship program for promising pre-professional degree pharmacy students or baccalaureate degree students. Applications for a Pharmacy Faculty Development Fellowship in Community Pharmacy - Medication Adherence and Geriatric Pharmacy are due April 1. To apply, visit the AFPE Web site for more information, or contact Grants Manager Sherri Hunter.
G2C2The Genetics/Genomics Competency Center, created by the National Human Genome Research Institute at NIH, has added a new section on pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics to their free, online learning materials. For more information, visit the G2C2 Web site.
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Founded in 1900, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) is a national organization representing the interests of pharmacy education and educators. Comprising all accredited colleges and schools of pharmacy including more than 6,400 faculty, 57,000 students enrolled in professional programs and 5,700 individuals pursuing graduate study, AACP is committed to excellence in pharmacy education.


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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|27 Nov 1990
|Fecha de presentación
|5 Sep 1989
|Fecha de prioridad
|5 Sep 1989
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Kenneth Chyung, Robert M. Morena, Mark P. Taylor
|Cesionario original
|Corning Incorporated
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (10), Otras citas (1), Citada por (26), Clasificaciones (17), Eventos legales (6)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the manufacture of ceramic matrix composite structures, and more particularly to methods for making such structures from composite component parts by permanent bonding of the parts into a unitary assembly.
Ceramic matrix composite products comprising glass, glass-ceramic, or ceramic matrix materials reinforced with inorganic fibers or whiskers are well known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,987, for example, discloses glass-ceramic composites reinforced with silicon carbide fiber wherein the matrix consists of an alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass-ceramic composition. Similar composites wherein the matrix consists of a barium-modified magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic are reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,589,900, while U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,489 discloses SiC-reinforced glass-ceramics wherein the glass-ceramic matrix contains excess Al2 O3 and consists predominantly of anorthite in combination with mullite or alumina.
Prospective uses for fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites such as described in these and other prior patents and literature include use as structural elements in high temperature environments such as heat engines. High temperature ceramic composites for these prospective uses are typically made by hot-pressing or hot isostatic pressing. Unfortunately, these forming processes are generally limited to pieces that are relatively small and/or have a rather simple geometry. The joining of advanced components to form larger assemblies and more complex shapes will thus be a practical requirement for the commercialization of high-technology ceramics.
One approach to the fabrication of complex structures of glass or ceramic composition is that of frit sealing or frit bonding. Frit bonding involves the application to one or several of the components to be sealed of a frit sealing composition, the term frit referring to a finely divided powdered glass. Frits are normally applied as a dispersion in a suitable carrier medium; with the application of heat the frit will melt, flow and bond mating surfaces of the parts together to provide an integral composite structure.
The ceramic bond resulting from the frit sealing process may consist simply of fused glass, or it may be a devitrified or crystallized bond developed in the course of the sealing process. U.S. Pat. No. 2,889,952 describes sealing frits useful for the formation of devitrified seals in cathode ray tube manufacture. As pointed out in that patent, devitrified seals advantageously permit the sealing of parts at relatively low temperatures, while forming a crystalline seal having an upper use temperature well in excess of that of the glass from which it is formed.
The use of devitrified seals in the manufacture of complex structures comprising components which consist of ceramic matrix composites is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,460. As disclosed in that patent, the sealing frits may consist simply of glass frits having the composition of the glass-ceramic matrix materials used in the composites, or they may be modified by the addition of various ceramic fillers such as zircon, aluminum titanate, mullite or cordierite to modify physical properties such as thermal expansion.
The preferred sealing frits in accordance with the patent have compositions close to or identical with the compositions of the matrix materials used in the components to be sealed, to provide thermal expansion matching seals. However, expansion matching seals comprising an added combination of ZrO2 particles and alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass are also disclosed as forming good seals with selected glass-ceramic matrix composite materials.
The performance of the sealing frit in a sandwich or other bonded composite structure will obviously be critical to the performance of the bonded assembly. During the actual high-temperature bonding process, the frit will preferably exhibit a wide temperature region over which it softens and flows without crystallizing, so that good adherence can occur to the composite structure. At some later point in the bonding firing, the frit should undergo extensive crystallization and form refractory phases with a minimum of residual glass. This requirement is particularly important from the standpoint of subsequent high temperature service for the bonded structure.
In addition, both the flow and crystallization processes for the sealing frit must occur at temperatures low enough and times short enough to avoid damage to the bonded composite components. As is well known, the strength and toughness of most present composite materials can be damaged in the course of prolonged exposure to temperatures above the design limits of the material.
The seals described in the prior art do not always satisfy these requirements. For example, in many cases high temperatures are required to achieve full maturation or "curing" of the devitrified seal. The seals are usually closely related in composition to the matrix materials, and the latter are specifically designed for high refractoriness, thus requiring relatively high processing temperatures to achieve full crystallization. Yet full crystallization is required to achieve a seal that will be stable at high use temperatures.
It is also found that the firing of known sealing frits at temperatures below their designed curing temperatures frequently provides seals of substandard strength. This is deemed to be a consequence of the limited melt-flow characteristics of the sealing compositions employed, resulting in low adherence to the composite ceramic substrate. A seal which would exhibit a strength approximating or exceeding the strength of the composite material forming the components of the sealed structure would have substantially improved utility for the fabrication of complex composite structures.
It is therefore a principal object of the present invention to provide sealing frit compositions offering improved sealing capabilities for the fabrication of complex composite structures.
It is a further object of the invention to provide improved sealing frit compositions for composite bonding which may be cured at moderate temperatures.
It is a further object of the invention to provide improved sealing frit compositions for composite bonding which provide higher bond strengths than prior art sealing compositions.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a sealing method which employs novel sealing frits to provide sealed composite assemblies at temperatures lower than possible with prior art sealing frits.
It is a further object of the invention to provide sealed assemblies of glass-ceramic matrix composite components which exhibit high strength and refractoriness.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description thereof.
The sealing frits of the invention are based on thermally crystallizable alkaline earth aluminosilicate glasses, and are thus related in composition to the matrix materials employed for the fabrication of high temperature fiber-reinforced glass ceramic. The frits are provided as thermally crystallizable glass powders, yielding principal crystal phases selected from the group consisting of anorthite (CaO·Al2 O3 ·2SiO2), celsian (BaO·Al2 O3 ·2SiO2), and sanidine, orthoclase or other potash feldspar (K2 O·Al2 O3 ·6SiO2) polymorphs, with minor proportions of gehlenite (2CaO·Al2 O3 ·SiO2) and cordierite (2MgO·2Al2 O3 ·5SiO2) also being present in some formulations.
In contrast to the sealing frits utilized for the fabrication of complex composites structures in the prior art, the peak curing or crystallization temperatures of the sealing frits of the invention are sufficiently low that degradation of the ceramic matrix composite components to be bonded is readily avoided. Yet the maximum use temperatures of the frit seals provided in accordance with the invention remain as high or higher than prior art compositions.
In addition, the bonds formed by these low-firing frits when joining fiber-reinforced composite components together have strengths approaching or in many cases exceeding the cross-ply tensile strength of the ceramic matrix composite components themselves. Thus structural strength in assemblies provided using these seals is limited not by the strength of the seals but by the strength of the components.
The compositions of the thermally crystallizable glasses useful for providing sealing frits in accordance with the invention will be selected from one of the following alkaline earth aluminosilicate composition regions:
I. glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 36-43% SiO2, 15-25% Al2 O3, 20-25% BaO, 5-10% K2 O, 0-1% As 2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0.5-6% B2 O3, the glasses being thermally crystallizable to yield celsian as the principal crystal phase and potash feldspar as a minor phase;
II. glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 43-53% SiO2, 24-36% Al2 O3, 12-16% CaO, 2-7% K2 O, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0-6% B2 O3, the glasses being thermally crystallizable to yield anorthite as the principal crystal phase and potash feldspar as a minor phase; III. glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 24-44% SiO2, 26-38% Al2 O3, 5-35% CaO, 0-35% BaO, 0-4% K2 O, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0-6% B2 O3, the glasses being thermally crystallizable to yield anorthite and/or celsian as the principal crystal phases and gehlenite as a minor phase;
IV. glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 35-55% SiO2, 25-37% Al2 O3, 0.5-7% MgO, 1-8% K2 O, 0-20% CaO, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-6% ZrO2, and 0-6% B2 O3, the glasses being thermally crystallizable to yield anorthite and/or cordierite as the principal crystal phases and potash feldspar as a minor phase; and
V. glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 35-42% SiO2, 34-46% Al2 O3, 16-20% CaO, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0.5-5% B2 O3, the glasses being thermally crystallizable to yield anorthite as the principal crystal phase. These latter glasses may be combined with a minor addition of particulate crystalline ZrO2 intermixed therewith to improve the quality of the sealing interface.
The invention also provides an improved method for sealing one or more alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composite components into a refractory bonded assembly. In accordance with that method, a thermally crystallizable alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass sealing frit having a composition such as above described is provided as a layer or other member between a first mating surface provided on the composite component and a second mating surface on at least one other component of the refractory bonded assembly. Then, while maintaining the first and second mating surfaces in contact with the glass sealing frit, at least the first and second mating surfaces and glass sealing frit are heated to a temperature sufficient to melt and thermally crystallize the sealing frit.
The resulting crystallized seal provides better bonding at lower crystallization temperatures than the sealing frits utilized for the purpose in the prior art. Advantageously and preferably, the curing temperature will not exceed about 1150 ° C., although of course higher temperatures may be used to achieve equivalent bonding if very short curing times are desired.
Further, the invention includes a bonded refractory assembly provided in accordance with the method above described, that assembly including at least one alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composite component bonded with a crystalline seal to at least one other refractory component. The crystalline seal is characterized by a composition which is selected from:
I. crystallized glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 36-43% SiO2, 15-25% Al2 O3,20-25% BaO, 5≧10% K2 O, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0.5-6% B203 and comprising celsian as the principal crystal phase and potash feldspar as a minor phase;
II. crystallized glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 43-53% SiO2, 24-36% Al2 O3, 12-16% CaO, 2-7% K2 O, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0-6% B2 O3 and comprising anorthite as the principal crystal phase and potash feldspar as a minor phase; III. crystallized glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 24-44% SiO2, 26-38% Al2 O3, 5-35% CaO, 0-35% BaO, 0-4% K2 O, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0-6% B2 O3 and comprising anorthite and/or celsian as the principal crystal phases and gehlenite as a minor phase; IV. crystallized glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 35-55% SiO2, 25-37% Al 2 O3, 0.5-7% MgO, 1-8 % K2 O, 0-20% CaO, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-6% ZrO2, and 0-6% B2 O3 and comprising anorthite and/or cordierite as the principal crystal phases and potash feldspar as a minor phase; and
V. crystallized glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 35∝42% SiO2, 34-46% Al 2 O3, 16-20% CaO, 0-1% As2 O3, 0-5% ZrO2, and 0.5-5% B2 O3, wherein anorthite constitutes the principal crystal phase, and wherein the glasses further include an optional addition of crystalline zirconia in a proportion of 0-15% by weight of the crystallized seal.
Preferably, the alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composite component bonded into the assembly is a fiber-reinforced composite wherein an anorthite-containing glass-ceramic constitutes the matrix of the composite and the fiber reinforcement comprises silicon carbide or silicon oxycarbide fibers.
The sealing frits of the present invention satisfy five basic requirements of key importance in the fabrication of bonded ceramic matrix composite products. These are: (i) chemical and thermal compatibility with refractory calcium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composite materials and silicon carbide fiber reinforcement; (ii) good crystallization characteristics at frit curing temperatures not exceeding about 1150° C.; (iii) a wide thermal curing range, i.e., a large interval of temperature (preferably at least about 150° C.) between the flow temperature and the crystallization temperature of the frit; (iv) a service temperature of at least 900° C., preferably at least 1100° C.; and (v) a bond strength in the cured state of at least about 2500 psi to refractory calcium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composite materials.
As previously mentioned, difficulties attending the use of prior art frit formulations intended for the bonding of ceramic matrix composite parts include a relatively short working range and the need for relatively high sealing temperatures to obtain full curing of the seal. Table I below sets forth examples of some prior art formulations, and indicates some of the principal characteristics of the seals provided thereby.
Included in Table I for selected examples are an indication of the type of crystal phase present in the seal, the curing temperature needed to achieve full crystallization, the working range dT for the material, where dT is the temperature interval between the transition temperature Tg and the crystallization temperature Tc of the glass, and the service temperatures of the resulting seals.
TABLE I______________________________________ A B C______________________________________SiO.sub.2 39.5 37.4 43.1Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 38.5 36.3 22.8CaO 18.4 17.4 --BaO -- -- 24.0ZrO.sub.2 3.0 2.8 3.0As.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.5 0.5 0.75K.sub.2 O -- -- 6.33B.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- 5.7 --Crystal anorthite anorthite celsian,Phase(s) potash feldsparCuring 1250° C. 1100° C. 1250° C.TemperaturedT 130° C. -- >200° C.Bond 2040 psi 2890 psi 2100 psiStrength(at 1100° C.)Service 1200° C. 850° C. 1250° C.Temperature______________________________________
As is evident from Table I, frit compositions A and C require relatively high curing temperatures with composition A also exhibiting a short working range. Composition B has a lower curing temperature, but also demonstrates a relatively low service temperature as estimated from the annealing temperature of the cured seal. And, when cured at 1100° C., compositions A and C provide seal strengths below the 2500 psi level generally desired for multicomponent structures comprising refractory calcium aluminosilicate components.
Examples of improved sealing frit compositions within the scope of the invention are reported in Table II below. As in the case of the known sealing frits, each of the novel compositions reported is physically and chemically compatible with anorthite-based calcium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix materials, in that cured coatings of each of the frits show no crazing, debonding, blistering or other adverse interactions with such materials.
In addition, each of these compositions provides seals which are non-porous, well bonded, and well crystallized after curing at 1100-1150° C. for three hours. Further, the thermal expansion coefficients of the crystallized frit seals are in the range of about 40-55×10- 7/° C., values which are considered to be appropriate for sealing to anorthite-based glass-ceramic composites.
Included in Table II for each of the compositions reported are the oxide components and proportions thereof in each glass, in parts by weight, and an indication of the principal celsian or anorthite (anorth.) crystal phase present in each glass when crystallized, followed by minor phases present, if any. Also reported are the preferred curing temperatures for each of the compositions.
TABLE II______________________________________Oxide 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________SiO.sub.2 40.8 39.7 47.9 45.9 45.6Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 21.6 21.0 30.1 31.8 28.6CaO -- -- 13.7 15.5 13.0BaO 22.7 22.1 -- -- --ZrO.sub.2 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9As.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5K.sub.2 O 6.0 8.6 4.9 3.3 4.6B.sub.2 O.sub.3 4.7 4.6 -- -- 4.8Crystal celsian, celsian, anorth., anorth., anorth.,Phase(s) potash potash potash potash potash feldspar feldspar feldspar feldspar feldsparCuring 1100° C. 1100° C. 1100° C. 1100° C. 1000° C.Temp.Oxide 6 7 8 9 10______________________________________SiO.sub.2 32.9 53.2 39.4 39.2 38.8Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 30.7 27.8 38.3 38.1 37.7CaO 12.2 3.9 18.3 18.2 18.0BaO 28.3 -- -- -- --ZrO.sub.2 -- 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9As.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5K.sub.2 O 1.7 6.4 -- -- --B.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- -- 0.5 1.0 2.0MgO -- 5.5 -- -- --Crystal celsian anorth., anorth., anorth., anorth.,Phase(s) gehlenite potash feldspar, cordieriteCuring 1100° C. 1100° C. 1150° C. 1150° C. 1150° C.Temp.______________________________________
The curing temperatures for sealing frits such as shown in Table II are most accurately determined by X-ray diffraction analysis of frit samples subjected to various curing temperatures and times. The minimum temperature at which full crystallization of a frit sample can be achieved within about three hours is reported as the curing temperature for the material. Of course, depending upon the resistance to thermal degradation of the composite component(s) being assembled, higher curing temperatures can be used if desired. The principal benefit obtained in that case is a shorter curing cycle than is possible with higher-curing prior art compositions.
Each of the frit compositions shown in Table II can be compounded and melted to form homogeneous glass by known melting methods. Frits can then be easily formed from the resulting glasses by conventional processing, as by drigaging or ribbon-rolling the melt and then ball-milling the resulting coarse powder to yield fine glass powder. Preferably, the final frit will have a mean particle size in the range of approximately 5-10 μm.
The bond strength of the bonding frits of the invention can be tested by using them to seal together test plates of silicon carbide-reinforced ceramic matrix composite materials. The composite material preferably employed is a high-temperature composite material having a matrix of the glass-ceramic reported as Example A in Table I above, and is provided in the form of two 5/8" diameter composite disks. The fiber reinforcement in the material consists of Nicalon.sup.™ silicon oxycarbide fiber yarn, the latter material being commercially available as NLM-202 silicon carbide yarn from the Nippon Carbon Company of Tokyo, Japan.
To seal the plate assembly for testing, a paste of the selected frit is prepared by blending the frit with an ethylene glycol vehicle, and then applying a layer of the paste to one of the contacting surfaces of the plates. The resulting assembly is then cured at 1100° C. for two to three hours.
After curing, metal pins are cemented to the outer faces of each assembly using a cyanoacrylate adhesive. The pins are then fastened in opposed tensile loading fixtures on an Instron Model 1331 tensile testing machine, and tensile force is applied to the cured sealing frit at a cross-head speed of about 0.05 cm/min until failure of the sealed assembly is induced.
The recommended upper use temperature for sealing frits such as those of the invention is typically a temperature near the annealing point temperature of the crystallized frit material. The annealing point temperature, corresponding to that temperature at which the viscosity of a cured sample of the sealing material is about 1013 -1014 poises, may be determined by conventional viscosity testing on bending beam samples of the fully cured material.
Table III below sets forth selected sealing properties for the frit compositions reported in Table II above, the sample numbers in Table III corresponding to those in Table II. Included in Table III where recorded on individual samples are the working range dT of the composition, reported as the difference between the glass transition and minimum crystallization temperatures of the material, the average (mean) bond strength of the material in psi as determined by tensile testing of sealed assemblies as above described, and the recommended maximum service temperatures of each of the compositions. Estimated values (*) are given where actual measurement data are not provided.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Composition 1 2 3 4 5__________________________________________________________________________dT >150° C.* >150° C.* 190° C. 180° C. 200° C.Bond 2820 >2500* 2880 3070 2690StrengthService 900° C. 900° C. 1200° C. 1200° C. 1000° C.Temp.Composition 6 7 8 9 10__________________________________________________________________________dT >150° C.* >150° C.* 190° C. 180° C. 200° C.Bond >2500* >2500* >3840 >4390 2500StrengthService 1100° C. 1000° C. 1100° C. 1000° C. 900° C.Temp.__________________________________________________________________________
As is evident from the data reported in Table III, each of the frit compositions of Table II exhibit a working range in excess of 150° C. and bond strength of at least 2500 psi. Significantly, Examples 1 and 2, which are of the celsian type, show complete curing to high strength at 1100° C., in contrast to prior art celsian-based frits which exhibit seal crazing and/or low bond strength if cured at temperatures in this range. Thus 1100° C. curing of celsian composition C as shown in Table I results in seal strengths only on the order of about 2100 psi. The total omission of B2 O3 from these compositions provides materials which will not bond well even at 1150° C., but which instead require curing at temperatures as high as 1250° C.
With regard to Examples 3-5 of Table II, these anorthite/potash feldspar compositions exhibit excellent stability at the stated maximum use temperature despite the presence of the alkali component K2 O therein. This behavior is attributed to the fact that anorthite and potash feldspar phases may coexist with stability at the use temperatures required. Particularly advantageous is the fact that, in several of these compositions, the service temperature of the seal exceeds the required curing temperature.
The high bond strengths observed in the orthoclase, sanidine, or other potash feldspar systems may be partly due to the required presence of K2 O therein. Increased flexural strength, perhaps due to improved fiber/matrix bonding, has been observed in some carbon-fiber-reinforced glass-ceramic composite systems when potassium is added to the glass-ceramic matrix. The desirable refractoriness achievable with these sealing frits is aided by the fact that B2 O3, which in excessive amounts can lower the use temperature of the seal, is merely optional and preferably used only in moderate proportions.
The long term stability of anorthite seals containing potash feldspar phases, such as Examples 3-5, is further illustrated by high-temperature creep tests performed on these seals. In one test, a 3-plate lap joint sealed with composition 4 of Table II showed a creep rate in shear of less that 0.02% per hour under a 500 psi compressive stress, even at temperatures up to 1150° C.
Compositions 6 and 7 also contain K 2 O and thus appear to provide improved bonding with carbide-fiber-containing composite structures.
The maximum bond strengths demonstrated by the compositions of Examples 1-7 of Table II are generally in the range of about 3,000 psi. These values begin to approach the cross-ply tension strength of the composite itself (3000-4500 psi), but of course further enhancements in seal strength, capable of providing joint strengths equivalent to or exceeding those strengths of the component parts, would be desirable.
Examples 8-10 of Table II are representative of the anorthite-based sealing compositions of the invention which are substantially free of orthoclase and related polymorphs. These compositions provide a combination of relatively low sealing temperature and exceptional seal strength. Thus seal strength values up to and exceeding 4,000 psi have been observed in these systems. At these strength levels, failure of the seal test specimens frequently occurs within one of the composite plate components, rather than within or adjacent to the seal joint, during strength testing as above described.
The attainment of these properties is achieved through the addition of a small effective amount of B2 O3 to a defined family of anorthite base compositions. This additive may act to increase the flow properties of the bonding frit, but if present in excess can undesirably reduce the service temperature thereof. However, the use of quantities of B2 O3 in excess of about 5% by weight is to be avoided since such will reduce service temperature due to pronounced flow and creep in the cured seal.
As an optional constituent of the potassium-free sealing compositions of the invention, a small amount (5-15% by weight) of a particulate zirconia additive such as partially-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) may be incorporated as a mill additive to the powdered frit. The function of particulate ZrO2 to improve bond strength is not clear, although scanning electron micrograph data suggest that the presence of this agent appears to facilitate a more coherent frit/composite interface than achieved with seals not comprising particulate ZrO2.
Table IV below sets forth compositions illustrative of orthoclase-free anorthite sealing compositions comprising mill additions of zirconia. The oxide components of the glass compositions are recorded in parts by weight, approximating weight percent values, while the ZrO2 additions are reported in parts by weight added to the base glasses.
Also included in Table IV are representative properties of sealing frits and seals provided from the illustrative compositions. The bond strengths reported are again average (mean) values as determined from a series of strength tests; where the indicated strength is greater than (>) the reported value, the uncertainty resulted from the failure of a composite component, rather than a seal, in the course of testing.
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________Oxide 11 12 13 14 15 16__________________________________________________________________________SiO.sub.2 39.4 39.2 39.2 38.8 38.8 38.8Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 38.3 38.1 38.1 37.7 37.7 37.7CaO 18.3 18.2 18.2 18.0 18.0 18.0ZrO.sub.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9As.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5B.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0t-ZrO.sub.2 15.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 20.0AdditionCuring 1150° 1150° 1150° 1150° 1150° 1150°Temp. (°C.)Bond >3600 4320 >3500 2880 >3370 >2980StrengthCrystal anorth. anorth. anorth. anorth. anorth. anorth.Phase(s) (+ZrO.sub.2) (+ZrO.sub.2) (+ZrO.sub.2) (+ZrO.sub.2) (+ZrO.sub.2) (+ZrO.sub.2)Service 1150° 1100° 1100° 1000° 1000° 1100°Temp.__________________________________________________________________________
The t-ZrO2 additions to the frit compositions shown in Table IV are preferably made by wet-mixing the frit with the zirconia. A suitable wet-mixing slurry comprises about 50 g total of powdered ZrO2 and glass frit of the selected composition dispersed in 750 ml of isopropanol and 250 ml of distilled water. The source of the ZrO2 utilized is not critical; a suitable material is TZ3Y yttria-doped zirconia commercially available from the Toya Soda Company of Tokyo, Japan. Following wet-mixing, the mixture of glass frit and particulate ZrO2 can simply be dried, and later mixed with an appropriate vehicle for use in sealing.
As is evident from an inspection of the data set forth in Tables III and IV above, the potassium-free anorthite sealing frits of the invention offer particularly high sealing strength with only moderate curing temperatures being required. However, service temperatures are not quite as high as the strong-bonding K2 O-containing anorthite compositions of Tables II and III. Further, while the highest strengths have been observed in ZrO2 -free compositions containing 0.5-1.0% B2 O3, zirconia additions do appear to enhance strength in the compositions containing more than 1% B2 O3.
The improved bonding behavior resulting from B2 O3 and optional ZrO2 additions presently appears to be limited to orthoclase-free anorthite frits alone. Zirconia additions to other frits, including the celsian-based frits, produce bond weakening, while B2 O3 additions to anorthite/orthoclase frits failed to produce bonding improvements. Similarly, mill additions to these frits other than zirconia, such as silicon carbide whiskers, likewise appear to reduce bond strength in these sealing systems.
As previously indicated, the sealing frits of the invention are particularly well suited for the production of sealed assemblies comprising high temperature glass-ceramic matrix composite components. These are assemblies of two or more composite components, joined by one of the sealing frits hereinabove described, wherein the matrix of the composite components consists essentially of a refractory calcium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic comprising a predominant crystal phase consisting essentially of triclinic anorthite, usually in combination with at least one of mullite and alpha alumina.
Matrix glass-ceramics of this type are known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,489, for example, describes glass-ceramic materials and fiber-reinforced composites produced by the thermal crystallization of glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 16-20% CaO, 38.5-46% Al2 O3, 35-42% SiO2, 0.25-1.5% As2 O3, and up to 10% total of at least one nucleating agent selected in the indicated proportion from the group consisting of 0.1-3% Cr 2 O3, 0.25-3% HfO2, 2-5% MoO3, 0.25-3% Nb2 O5, 0.25-3% Ta2 O5, 0.25-3% WO3, and 1-10% ZrO2, the composition being substantially free of TiO2 and containing Al2 O3 in an amount which is at least 10 mole percent and up to 50 mole percent in excess of that present in stoichiometric triclinic anorthite.
An alternative matrix material for composite components is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,987, being produced through the crystallization of glasses consisting essentially, in weight percent, of about 0-25% CaO, 0-30% SrO, 10-30% CaO+SrO, 0.15% MgO, 0-25% BaO, 0-4% Na2 O, 0-6% K2 O, 25-38% Al2 O3, 35-60% SiO2, 0-15% ZrO2, 0-3% As2 O3, 0-30% total of BaO+MgO+Na2 O+K2 O+TiO2 +ZrO2 +As2 O3, and 0-10% total of nucleating agents selected in the indicated proportion from the group consisting of 0.1-3% Cr2 O3, 0.25-3% HfO2, 2-5% MoO3, 0.25-3% Nb2 O5, 0.25-3% Ta2 O5, and 0.25-3% WO3. The predominant crystal phase in these materials is selected from the group of anorthite (CaO·Al2 O3 ·2SiO2) and its pseudo-binaries with mullite (3Al2 O3 ·2SiO2), cordierite (2MgO·2Al2 O3 ·5SiO2), barium osumilite (BaO·2MgO·3Al2 O3 ·9SiO2), albite solid solution (Na2 O·Al2 O3 ·6SiO2), Al2 O3, SiO2, CaO·SiO2, and gehlenite (2CaO·Al2 O3 ·SiO2).
Composite components to be sealed in accordance with the invention will further comprise, in addition to one of the matrix materials above described, a reinforcing phase consisting of silicon carbide or silicon oxycarbide fibers or whiskers. Examples of such fibers include the above-disclosed Nicalon.sup.™ fibers as well as other fibers of similar composition. Of course the matrix may comprise other reinforcing phases such as silicon carbide or other whiskers or chopped fiber reinforcement, if desired. The reinforcing fibers will generally make up about 15-70% by volume of the composite structures forming the components of the bonded assemblies of the invention, with the glass-ceramic matrix making up the remainder of those components.
In carrying out the sealing of composite components in accordance with the invention, the means by which the sealing frit is applied to the component parts to be sealed is not critical. Typically, the frit composition will be applied to the mating surfaces of one or both of the components to be sealed in the form of a suspension or dispersion of the frit in a suitable vehicle, application being by a technique providing good contact between the frit and the composite component or components. The mating surfaces of the components will then be clamped or otherwise placed together and the assembly and frit will be heated together to thermally cure the frit via melting and conversion to a highly crystalline glass-ceramic bonding seal.
The curing conditions employed are not restricted by the nature of the sealing frit, provided that a temperature sufficient to cure the frit is achieved. However, temperature and/or curing atmosphere limitations may be imposed by the nature of the glass-ceramic matrix composite components being sealed. Generally, the use of curing temperatures not exceeding about 1150° C. will be preferred to protect the composite components from the risk of thermal damage.
While the invention has been particularly described above with respect to specific materials and specific procedures, it will be recognized that those materials and procedures are presented for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting. Thus numerous modifications and variations upon the compositions and processes specifically described herein may be resorted to by those skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|1 Feb 1956
|9 Jun 1959
|Corning Glass Works
|Composite article and method
|4 Jun 1956
|12 Ene 1960
|Corning Glass Works
|Method of making ceramics and product thereof
|19 Mar 1975
|12 Oct 1976
|Corning Glass Works
|Spontaneously-formed celsian glass-ceramics
|23 Nov 1981
|24 May 1983
|Corning Glass Works
|Glass-ceramic coatings for use on metal substrates
|27 Sep 1985
|20 May 1986
|United Technologies Corporation
|High-strength thermally stable magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix sic fiber composite
|15 Abr 1985
|7 Oct 1986
|Corning Glass Works
|Reinforcement of alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass-ceramics
|9 May 1986
|12 Ene 1988
|Corning Glass Works
|Laminated ceramic structure
|18 Dic 1986
|5 Jul 1988
|Corning Glass Works
|Reinforced calcium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics
|18 Feb 1987
|4 Oct 1988
|Corning Glass Works
|Composite substrate for integrated circuits
|2 Jun 1987
|28 Feb 1989
|Corning Glass Works
|Laminated structures containing an inorganic corrugated or honeycomb member
|Patente citante
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|31 Jul 1990
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|United States Of America, As Represented By The Administrator, Nat'l. Aero. And Space Admin.
|Composite thermal barrier coating
|30 Jun 1993
|25 Ene 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Method of producing a ceramic fiber-reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composite
|7 Ene 1993
|8 Feb 1994
|Corning Incorporated
|Glass-doped ceramic matrix composites
|26 Jul 1995
|24 Jun 1997
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Sintering aids for producing BaO.Al2 O3.2SiO2 and SrO.Al.sub. O3.2SiO2 ceramic materials
|8 Abr 1996
|13 Oct 1998
|Motorola Inc.
|Ceramic composition
|12 Ago 1997
|12 Ene 1999
|Motorola Inc.
|Ceramic composition with low dielectric constant and method of making same
|3 Abr 1998
|4 Sep 2001
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
|Ultra precision and reliable bonding method
|30 Jul 1999
|13 Ago 2002
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Glass-ceramic material and method of making
|10 Feb 2004
|15 Ago 2006
|General Electric Company
|Bondcoat for the application of TBC's and wear coatings to oxide ceramic matrix
|8 Jul 2002
|12 Ago 2008
|Aos Holding Company
|Water-resistant porcelain enamel coatings and method of manufacturing same
|24 Ene 2007
|16 Mar 2010
|Asml Holding N.V.
|Bonding silicon silicon carbide to glass ceramics
|28 Ago 2007
|11 Ene 2011
|Corning Incorporated
|Refractory glass ceramics
|4 Feb 2010
|1 May 2012
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|Bonding silicon silicon carbide to glass ceramics
|28 Oct 2013
|22 Dic 2015
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|Honeycomb filter
|4 Sep 2014
|24 May 2016
|Ngk Insulators, Ltd.
|Porous material and honeycomb structure
|10 Feb 2004
|15 Jun 2006
|General Electric Company
|Bondcoat for the application of tbc's and wear coatings to oxide ceramic matrix
|29 Jun 2007
|1 Ene 2009
|Subhasish Mukerjee
|Glass seal with ceramic fiber for a solid-oxide fuel cell stack
|28 Ago 2007
|5 Mar 2009
|Beall Gregory H
|Refractory glass ceramics
|27 Ago 2009
|4 Mar 2010
|COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE and INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE GRENOBLE
|Process for the Moderately Refractory Assembling of Articles Made of SiC-Based Materials by Non-Reactive Brazing in an Oxidizing Atmosphere, Brazing Compositions, and Joint and Assembly Obtained by this Process
|4 Feb 2010
|27 May 2010
|Asml Holding N.V.
|Bonding Silicon Silicon Carbide to Glass Ceramics
|1 Dic 2010
|31 Mar 2011
|Beall George H
|Refractory glass ceramics
|23 Jun 2011
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|Yoichi Funabiki
|Method of manufacturing piezoelectric vibrator, oscillator, electronic device, and radio-controlled timepiece
|28 Oct 2013
|1 May 2014
|Ngk Insulators, Ltd.
|Honeycomb filter
|4 Sep 2014
|18 Dic 2014
|Ngk Insulators, Ltd.
|Porous material and honeycomb structure
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|Glass seal with ceramic fiber for a solid oxide fuel cell stack
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|12 Mar 2009
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|Alkali-resistant ceramic products and protective layers and method for the production thereof
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|501/32, 501/8, 428/312.6
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|5 Sep 1989
Owner name: CORNING INCORPORATED, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHYUNG, KENNETH;MORENA, ROBERT M.;TAYLOR, MARK P.;REEL/FRAME:005131/0471
Effective date: 19890830
|28 Abr 1992
|Certificate of correction
|27 Abr 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|23 Jun 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|29 Nov 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|9 Feb 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19981127


text:
This crazy matrix table from British Designer Andrew is constructed with birch plywood, walnut face veneer and glass. With crossing latices we can see getting completely lost in the top of this coffee table and perhaps even putting some things inside the trapped triangle spaces. The designer refers to the "Matrix Table" as a set of interlocking pieces - a simple puzzle. We think it's simply elegant.
At TYE3D via Josh Spear
We like the basic boxiness of this coffee table and we think it's aptly named the the Geometric Storage Coffee Table from West Elm. This coffee table measures 46" x 24" x 16"(h) and features two open storage shelves in addition to a central drawer.
Via productdose.com at Coffee Table
What's not to like about a coffee table that gets you off the couch and in shape! We think the new FiTable is just the thing to keep your spirits up and you coffee belly off. FiTable's is very versatile and has four different uses: it's a weight bench, a cardio step, a rolling storage drawer and a coffee table all in one!
It comes fully assembled and includes everything you need to get started: workout DVD, exercise guidebook, resistance band and mat for table top. The FitTable retails for $249 and is available online.
At FiTable
For $79.99 - what's not to like about this rather interesting coffee table from Ikea. The Hemberg Coffee Table features a storage drawer that floats beneath the table's surface. Perhaps this storage drawer might be perfect for your K-Cups or Coffee Pods? The safety glass on top is designed to withstand a more weight than ordinary glass and perhaps more coffee cups.
Via Product Dose at IKEA
Don't get us wrong - we like computers, but we love our coffee computer tables even more. This coffee table is made from an original 26-inch hard drive platter from a 1967 Control Data Corporation 6603 Disk File Controller. The center hub of the platter and the custom-made pedestal are both made from solid aluminum, and the entire platter is covered with a 1/4-inch piece of table glass to protect its surface and of course it's data.
For the tech-heads out there, looking at the original manual (PDF) this drive could store 37,355,520 12-bit words which works out to be about 53 MB of total storage. (37,355,520 * 12 /8 = 56,033,280 bytes /1024 /1024 = 53.4 MB) Given this drive was made in 1967 I was expecting it to be far smaller than that so I'm quite impressed. Of course the entire drive would have probably consisted of at least 6 platters like this one so you can only imagine how big it was when completely assembled.
Via OhGizmo! at Grand Idea
The premise is, why have a middle on a coffee table when the drinks are placed on the edge- might as well be a trampoline. Made with 3/4" walnut veneer plywood with a waxed oil finish, the exquisite handmade cast urathane light can be moved among three low volt(12v) electrical contact points around the edge. Oh...and it costs a whopping $4500 bucks so you'd better start jumping for cash.
At Trampoline Coffee Table Via Product Dose
This coffee table is made of korean pine wood and is finished with a light walnut stain. We love the strong square features of the overall coffee table along with the 3 inch thick top. Sections of the coffee table are also made from sections of Korean farm house floors that have been walked on for over 100 years making this an instant classic.
At 5 ft maru coffee
We fell in love with this coffee table the minute we saw it. We love the curved ends and the simple storage. This is part of Chris Jamison's Plywood Office furniture collection.
The range focuses on handcrafted wood and bamboo furniture with conservative lines and clever detailing. The table is part of a Stripe(s) Series of furniture Chris is offering and is appropriately named the Stripe's Series Coffee Table.
Via productdose.com at Chris Jamison
It's exciting to see touchscreen lcd technology used for something we're interested in. Imagine firing up your single serve coffee maker and then sitting down your coffee mug on your touch-screen lcd coffee table while pictures float by or you see your email pop-up. Maybe you'd like to then play a virtual board game? Whatever you do, this touch-screen coffee table is sure to make relaxing on the couch a little more difficult.
Misto, as it's known, developed by HP Labs, is basically a large touchscreen table that allows groups of fawning nerds to gather 'round to share pictures, play games, and occasionally spoil everyone else's fun by "accidentally" putting down their coaster at just the wrong moment. Apparently HP's actually shooting for commercial release by Thanksgiving of this year; here's to hoping they make it multi-touch capable.
At News.com via Engadget
Everyone here at Single Serve Coffee was pretty sure we were missing out on music making during the coffee drinking process and now we can have both. These coffee tables are also designed with kids in mind, most of the company's offerings combine tables, chests, and chairs with a xylophone, with each slat playing a different note.
Why are musical furnishings better than a regular furnishings? Fun. The tables start at $175 for a musical chair all the way up to $3,500 for a "quartet" table). But can you really put a price tag on music made on your coffee table? We think not. Fire up the Keurig! It's time for another round of Sumatra and dance!
Via SCI-FI at Musical Furnishings


text:
Build A LEGO Table
A dedicated space for kids to play with LEGOS is the equivalent of an enthusiastic home chef having a marble countertop set at the perfect height for rolling dough. Sure, you don't really need it, but it would be kinda nice, wouldn't it? Here is a homemade LEGO table that will not only keep the pieces off of the floor but will keep the kids entertained for hours.
When Holly and her husband went to buy a LEGO table for their older boys, all they could find were ones aimed at toddlers. After some research they decided to build their own, and that modifying an Ikea table was the best way to do it (isn't it always?). By using the legs from one table and the top from another and then applying some carefully cut-to-fit LEGO baseplates, they managed to create the perfect platform for Legomaniacs.
A big green border with a street layout in the center should provide many an afternoon of creative play. But just in case a road layout isn't exactly what is called for on a given day, the center pieces are removable. Nice touch, Holly.
• See more: Quirky Momma
(Images: Holly/Quirky Momma)


text:
GZ News Update 11/6/13: Microsoft gets crazy generous and Infinity Ward's cutting corners
Welcome fellow video game enthusiasts to GameZone's News Update. Want the latest breaking news, delivered in a quick, easy to digest way? Then look no further, and enjoy these latest headlines from the day.
Sony invites you to the 'PS4 All Access: Greatness Awaits' launch event
On November 15th, we'll take our first steps into the next-generation of gaming as Sony launches the PlayStation 4. To celebrate the occasion, Sony and Spike TV will be hosting a "PS4 All Access: Greatness Awaits" launch event.
Microsoft giving away Xbox One's Killer Instinct with all characters unlocked to loyal customers
No, that email you received from email@example.com promising you a free Xbox One and a crap ton of games is not a scam.
Some Xbox account owners are reporting receiving an email stating they've been given a free Xbox One, 12 months of Xbox LIVE Gold, 12 months of Xbox Music, Ryse: Son of Rome, Dead Rising 3, Forza 5,and Zoo Tycoon for free. Yes, for free.
Call of Duty: Ghosts uses the exact same scene from Modern Warfare 2
If you loved Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, I have some good news for you: you're going to love Call of Duty: Ghosts. The two games are so alike thatGhosts features the exact same cut-scene from Modern Warfare 2, just re-skinned.


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, Inc AKA RAINN, Washington, DC, USA
I belong to an organization called R.A.I.N.N. - Rape, Abuse, Incest, National Network, which focuses on raising sexual awareness for children, teens, adults, women & men. Dealing with rape & incest issues is widespread throughout our country. Having a personal story, and being a survivor, I will present to audiences, ways in which rape, date rape and incest can be prevented. R.A.I.N.N. has many speakers which travel to different states, and within communities to spread the good news of survival and tactics, and help other victims through a painful experience, that will help them over come their ordeal. I am so grateful that I have been doing presentations for not only R.A.I.N.N, but for myself as well. ***This is my passion and my calling*** I recently did a presentation at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, where I compiled a powerpoint presentation on sexual awareness. I was very informative and detailed. I also am a professional Certified Alcohol & Substance Abuse Counselor-CASAC with a B.S. in Human Services & Mental Health Management. I will continue to venture out to more facilities, colleges, hospitals and churches as well as schools in the Tri -State and surrounding areas. ( NY, NJ, Ct.. ,Pa.,and Md. ***I want to thank R.A.I.N.N for being in existence***
More Feedback
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
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text:
|09 Aug 2013
Windows 7 Home Premium 64Bit
Windows Live Mail Deleted Emails WITHOUT Permission!
I am beyond livid right now. I went to look up an old email and discovered that Windows Live Mail had taken it upon itself to delete every email of mine from before 1/1/2013!! How DARE it. I had saved mails from 9/2012 onwards and did NOT delete them nor give Windows Mail permission to. I am sure they are gone forever but what can I do to make sure WLM doesn't pull this BS again? Some of those emails were very special to me. I am infuriated! The emails were from my ISP accounts (POP3), not my Outlook.com one and I don't have it set to save messages on the server. Why on earth did Windows Live Mail think it had the right to delete my emails?
|My System Specs
|09 Aug 2013
Win7 H.Prem. 32bit+SP1
Hi GF,
This is how I use mail on my PC. Mail Tips.pdf Hope it helps.
|My System Specs
|12 Aug 2013
Win7 Pro-64 Bit
This may help you recover your mails that got eaten.
1. You will first need to select the Show hidden files option.
a. Open Win Explorer and click Organize / Folder and search options. Click the View Tab.
b. Place a check mark in the Show Hidden files, folders and drives option>Click Apply/OK> Restart Windows Explorer.
2. Open the WLM Store folder.
a. Navigate to the following folder.
C:\Users\your name\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows Live Mail
(Where 'your name' is the name of the account that you use to logon to Windows 7)
b. In this folder you will see all of the WLM storage folders. Each email account will have its own group of folders.
c. Any general storage folders that you created will under the main Storage Folder item.
3. Make a copy of the Windows Live Mail folders previous version.
a. Right click the Windows Live Mail folder and select Properties / Previous Versions Tab.
b. After the list populates, select a version of the folder with a date and time prior to when the folders were deleted.
c. Click the Copy Button. In the Copy dialog box, select the Desktop or external device as the location to place the copied folder, or just use the restore tab in the previous versions window.
4. Use WLM import to retrieve the mails you lost if you saved them to an external device or desktop.
Hope this may be of help to you.
Don't forget to back up any new mails that have arrived in your account before doing this.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Windows Live - Deleted emails disappear
I recently migrated to Windows Live 2011....IMAP with Hostgator webmail. Two bugs persist... 1. When I delete emails in WL, they disappear. (When I delete them through webmail, OTOH, they properly go to the server Trash folder and that properly synchs with WL Trash.) I've seen many threads...
|Browsers & Mail
cannot send emails windows live mail
Hi, been having problems with windows live mail keep receiving this- The host 'smpt.arrakis.es' could not be found. Please verify that you have entered the server name correctly. Subject 'testing' Server: 'smpt.arrakis.es' Windows Live Mail Error ID: 0x800CCC0D Protocol: SMTP Port: 587...
|General Discussion
Windows Live Mail - how to bounce emails
Hi, Can anyone tell me how to bounce emails back to a sender so that it registers on their compute that the message has not been received? I don't mean junk mail or spam which waits for me to delete it. I want to stop it from accesing my computer altogether. Thanks, CeeBee52
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When I send an email from my Windows Live Mail, and have contracted words like it's, don't and so on, and quotation marks and other characters, the received email contains other characters I did not type. For example when I type it's, the receiver reads it as itâs When I type something with...
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WILDFIRE! American Humane Association Offers Tips to Help Protect You, Your Family and Your Pets Before, During and After a Wildfire
Aug 18, 2013, 07:00 ET from American Humane Association
WASHINGTON, Aug. 18, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Wildfires are terrifying and dangerous phenomena. Officials are working valiantly to battle the blazes in Idaho but it is important for all families to be prepared. To help, here are some tips from American Humane Association and the experts at its Red Star™ emergency services program to help protect you, your family and your pets in the event a wildfire threatens you:
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20101108/DC97343LOGO )
Before the Fire
- Know your wildfire risk and be aware of fire conditions.
- Plan multiple routes to a safe destination. NEVER leave pets behind.
- Evacuate your family and pets as early as you can and remember to take your disaster preparedness kit for your pets (i.e. First Aid kit, leashes, and pets' carrying cases, bowls, sanitation materials, chew toy, minimum 3 days, ideally 7-10 days of food, meds, water).
- Create a defensible space. Visit www.firewise.org for tips for preparing homes to reduce wildfire risk.
- Have a list of evacuation destinations including family and friends' addresses, boarding facility, pet-friendly hotels and emergency shelter locations.
- Make sure your animals are wearing collars and have current ID (consider micro chipping your animals as it provides a secondary means for identifying your animal); take their updated vaccination papers and a photo in case you become separated and need to identify your pet if he/she should you become separated.
- Stock extra pet supplies in your vehicle.
- Don't leave children or pets in vehicles.
- Don't leave pets tethered or crated without you.
- Practice loading cats and dogs in pet carriers before you have to.
- Practice loading large animals into a trailer and driving them before you have to.
- Stay tuned to emergency channels and heed instructions. Disasters can change quickly.
After the Fire
- Use caution when returning home and walking around the affected area. Avoid debris and do not allow children or pets to wander.
- Be cautious about all food, which may have spoiled when electricity was interrupted.
- Keep your dogs on a leash and cats in a carrier (until you can make sure your house and yard are safe and secure)
- Watch for objects that could cause injury or harm to your children or pets.
- Given pets time to re-orient. Familiar scents and landmarks may be altered and cause your pet confusion or to become lost.
- Keep children and pets away from downed power lines and debris.
- Keep an eye on children's emotional reaction to the crisis. Talk to children – and just as important – listen to them. Reassure them frequently that you, local officials, and their communities are all working to keep them safe and return life back to normal. Watch for symptoms of stress, including clinginess, stomachaches, headaches, nightmares, trouble eating or sleeping, or changes in behavior. If you are concerned about the way your children are responding long after the crisis is over, consult your doctor, school counselor or local mental health professional.
- Uncertainty and change in the environment affect animals, too, presenting new stresses and dangers. Your pet's behavior may change after a crisis, becoming more aggressive or self-protective. Be sensitive to these changes and keep more room between them, other animals, children or strangers. Animals need comforting, too. Comfort your pet with kind words and lots of pats or hugs. If possible, provide a safe and quiet environment, even if it is not their own home.
- Be aware that flooding or even flash flooding may be a concern after a wildfire, so please see our tips on flood preparedness.
"Now is the time to act," said Justin Scally, national director of emergency services for American Humane Association. "If you have time to prepare and you haven't been ordered to evacuate, be sure to start your preparations now. If you have been ordered to evacuate, do NOT leave your pets behind and leave immediately."
"Please follow the directions of local officials very closely," said Dr. Robin Ganzert, president and CEO of American Humane Association. "These situations can change drastically, very quickly and therefore it's important to prepare now even if you haven't yet been ordered to leave. For your safety, your children's safety, and the safety of your pets – act now."
About American Humane Association and its Red Star™ emergency services program
American Humane Association is the country's first national humane organization and the only one dedicated to protecting both children and animals. Since 1877 American Humane Association has been at the forefront of virtually every major advance in protecting our most vulnerable from cruelty, disasters, abuse and neglect. Today they're also leading the way in understanding the human-animal bond and its role in therapy, medicine and society.
Their legendary Red Star emergency services program has been involved in nearly every major relief effort over the past 100 years, including World War I when they rescued wounded horses on the battlefields of Europe, the Great Ohio Flood of 1937, Pearl Harbor, Hurricane Katrina, the eruption at Mount Saint Helens, the terror attacks on 9/11, the Japanese earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster, Superstorm Sandy, and the killer tornadoes in Joplin and Oklahoma. The Red Star program has rescued more than 70,000 animals in just the past five years alone.
For more information and tips, or to support Red Star's efforts, go to www.americanhumane.org or call 1-866-242-1877.
SOURCE American Humane Association


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A thunderstorm swept through the Tucson area Tuesday afternoon, dropping up to 2 inches of rain on the city's southwest side and on Mount Lemmon.
The summer storm also brought about 500 lightning strikes — from the cloud to the ground — from about 2 to 4 p.m., said Chris Rasmussen, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service.
An apartment near East 29th Street and South Craycroft Road was struck by lightning, which also set a palm tree on fire on the property.
No one was injured , said Capt. Barrett Baker, a Tucson Fire Department spokesman.
There were scattered power outages throughout the metropolitan area, and Tucson Electric Power Co. crews worked into the late evening to restore power, said Joseph Barrios, a TEP spokesman.
The largest outage affected about 1,200 customers northwest of the city in the area of North Thornydale Road and West Linda Vista Boulevard, Barrios said.
The storm developed over Mount Lemmon and the Rincon Mountains with an outflow over the city, Rasmussen said.
"It was a monsoon-type storm, and it cooled off the area. Temperatures dropped from 103 to 77 degrees," said Rasmussen.
The city's southwest side between Ajo Way and Valencia Road, west of Interstate 10, received up to 2 inches of rain, and a flash- flood warning remained in effect for hours because of running washes, Rasmussen said.
The Pima County Fairgrounds near South Houghton Road and Interstate 10 received 1.22 inches of rain, according to flood control gauges.
Other portions of the city's southeast side received up to 1 inch.


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.mode - sets a mode on a channel
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.logout - logout
.exit - causes the botnet to exit and remove itself
.sh - runs on shell
.tlist - lists all threads
.kill - kills a thread
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.rejoin [delay] - cycle the channel after delay
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text:
As children grow, they may feel that they identify more with the opposite gender than the one they were assigned at birth. They may behave and dress in ways typical of the opposite gender (gender-variant behaviors), which may be confusing to parents and others.
At Children's National Health System, we believe these children have the best chance of being happy and developing into healthy, productive adults if they are given support and understanding. Our Gender and Gender Identity Development Program does just that. We help children and their families learn ways to cope with the confusion and social pressures that can occur with these variations.
We offer:
At Children's National, we tailor counseling and support to each patient's individual needs. In our program, we counsel children and their families on issues including:
You can learn more about these issues in the our guide for parents (PDF). This guide also is available in Spanish (PDF).
Your child's care will start with an evaluation by our team. During this two-hour visit, you will meet the team together with your child and also separately. The goals of these visits vary from family to family. They can include:
We may ask you and your child to return for periodic follow-up visits. These visits can help us make a more extended evaluation. Your team also may suggest treatments or supportive services through Children's National or in the community such as:
Our colleagues and peers have recognized the important care our Children's Gender and Gender Identity Development Program provides. Our advocacy and education efforts have been honored with the following national awards recognizing our commitment to providing compassionate, patient- and family-centered care:
For more information or to make an appointment, please contact us at 202-476-5980.
David Call
Veronica Gomez-Lobo
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologist
Martine Solages
John Strang
Neuropsychologist | Director, Gender and Autism Program
John Strang contributes to research on using science to understand gender identity.
Learn how to contact the Gender and Sexuality Development Program.
We see children from around the Washington, DC, metropolitan region, nation, and world who need the specialized expertise and child-focused care we offer.
Pediatric specialists work closely to ensure an integrated approach to caring for each child and family.
We offer resources for families to help answer questions and ease their experience.
We value the network of referring physicians and staff and offers resources for medical education and referring patients.